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Saji Cherian

2026-05-08T14:23:52Z

Rik: started new stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saji Cherian <ref>{{cite web | url=https://minister-fisheries.kerala.gov.in/en/profile/ | title=Minister for Fisheries & Culture }}</ref>
| image = Saji Cheriyan.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| office = [[Second Vijayan ministry|Minister for Fisheries, Culture and Youth Affairs]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2023|01|04|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = {{Unbulleted_list|[[V. Abdurahiman]] (Minister for Fisheries)|[[V. N. Vasavan]] (Minister for Culture)|[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]] (Minister for Youth Affairs)}}
| office1 = [[Second Vijayan ministry|Minister for Fisheries, Culture and Youth Affairs]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2021|05|20|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{Start date|2022|07|06|df=yes}}
| predecessor1 = {{Unbulleted_list|[[J. Mercykutty Amma]] (Minister for Fisheries)|[[A. K. Balan]] (Minister for Culture)|[[E. P. Jayarajan]] (Minister for Youth Affairs)}}
| successor1 = {{Unbulleted_list|[[V. Abdurahiman]] (Minister for Fisheries)|[[V. N. Vasavan]] (Minister for Culture)|[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]] (Minister for Youth Affairs)}}
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|5|28|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office2 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2018
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]]
| predecessor2 = [[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]]
| successor2 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Bishop Moore College]], [[Kerala Law Academy]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
}}

{{Indian name|Saji|Cherian}}'''Saji Cherian''' (born 28 May 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Kerala]]. He currently serves as the minister for fisheries, culture & youth affairs in the [[Second Vijayan ministry|second Pinarayi Vijayan government]] and as the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cpim-led-ldf-s-saji-cheriyan-wins-chengannur-assembly-bypoll-by-huge-margin-2620769|title=CPI(M)-led LDF's Saji Cheriyan wins Chengannur Assembly bypoll by huge margin|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ldf-wins-chengannur-in-record-majority-1.2851830|title=LDF wins Chengannur in record majority|date=2018-05-31 |website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> He was also the former Minister for Fisheries, Culture and Youth Affairs (2021 – 2022) in the [[Second Vijayan ministry]]. Following a controversial speech in [[Mallapally|Mallappally]] in 2022 in which he spoke derisively of the Indian constitution, he resigned on 6 July amid mounting pressure from the opposition. He returned as the minister again on 4 January 2023 after the high court of Kerala rejected petition against him.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=980096&u=saji-cherian-becomes-seventh-person-to-be-sworn-in-twice-as-minister-in-the-same-cabinet | title=Saji Cherian sworn in again as minister}}</ref>

==Early life==
Saji Cherian was born on 28 May 1965 to T. T. Cherian and Sosamma Cherian.<ref name="niyamasabha">{{cite web |title=Saji Cherian |url=https://niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/profile/index/2327 |publisher=niyamasabha.nic.in |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> He hails from [[Kozhuvalloor]] in [[Alappuzha district]] of [[Kerala]], India. He graduated from [[Bishop Moore College]], [[Mavelikkara]] and [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=Saji Cheriyan: The humanitarian in Pinarayi 2.0 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/05/19/saji-cheriyan-the-humanitarian-in-pinarayi-2-0.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=19 May 2021 |author=Our Correspondent}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Saji's entry into politics was through [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI). He did his graduation from Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara. He held positions of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] district committee secretary and president of SFI. He then went on to become the district committee president and secretary of [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]], district president of [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]], chairman of the District Panchayat Development permanent committee, president of [[Chengannur]] Block Panchayat, secretary of [[CPI(M)]] Alappuzha district committee, syndicate member of the [[University of Kerala]], president of district Sports Council, president of Alappuzha District Co-operative Bank, and executive member of [[Kerala Bank|Kerala State Cooperative Bank]].<ref name="Manorama"/>

He has contested [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chengannur]] constituency in 2006 and lost to [[P. C. Vishnunath]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 5321 votes. He was elected to [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chengannur]] constituency in the by-election held on 28 May 2018 necessitated by the demise of [[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-cpm-saji-cheriyan-sworn-in-as-chengannur-mla-5203589/|title=Kerala: CPM's Saji Cherian sworn in as Chengannur MLA|website=The New Indian Express|date=4 June 2018 }}</ref> He won with a margin of 20956 votes defeating Adv. D. Vijayakumar of [[Indian National Congress]]. Saji Cherian has recorded the best winning-margin for an [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] candidate in an Assembly election in [[Chengannur]].

[[File:SAJI CHERIYAN.jpg|thumb|Saji Cherian, Minister From Kerala along with H Salam, MLA]]

On 17 August 2018, his controversial [[Facebook]] post went viral among social media, stating his helplessness and request to the central government, regarding his constituency, which was at a highly dangerous zone during [[2018 Kerala floods]]. In the aftermath, actions were taken in order to save Chengannur.

In 2021 assembly elections, Saji was again elected from [[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur assembly constituency]] by defeating his nearest [[Indian National Congress]] rival M. Murali with margin of more than 30000 votes and became the Minister in charge of the portfolios of Fisheries, Harbour Engineering cultural affairs and cinema in [[Pinarayi Vijayan Ministry 2021|Pinarayi Vijayan ministry 2021.]]

In July 2022 at Mallappally he made a controversial speech in which it is alleged that he spoke derisively about the Indian Constitution and thus had violated his oath as a Minister and MLA. He resigned his post as Minister on 6 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-minister-saji-cherian-resigns-facing-flak-over-anti-constitution-remarks-1971078-2022-07-06 | title=Kerala minister Saji Cherian resigns facing flak over anti-Constitution remarks }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/kerala-high-court-dismisses-pleas-seeking-cpim-mla-saji-cheriyans-disqualification-216184 | title='No Case for Interference Under Article 226': Kerala High Court Dismisses Plea Seeking Former Minister Saji Cherian's Disqualification as MLA | date=8 December 2022 }}</ref>

There was a petition filed against him to disqualify him as an MLA based on this incident. The same was rejected by the high court of Kerala on 8 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/kerala-high-court-dismisses-pleas-seeking-cpim-mla-saji-cheriyans-disqualification-216184 | title=Saji Cherian disqualification case rejected}}</ref> Based on this court verdict, Saji Cherian returned as a minister on 4 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/saji-cherian-sworn-in-again-as-minister/article66338627.ece | title=Saji Cherian returns as minister}}</ref> The local police had filed a case against him but later closed the same citing no evidence. A petition against this police report was also rejected by the Thiruvalla first class magistrate on 5 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/kerala/a-day-after-saji-cherian-sworn-in-as-minister-kerala-court-rejects-plea-to-defer-final-decision-on-police-report-1573892 | title=Saji Cherian case rejected based on police report}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Christeena S. Cherian and they have three children–Dr. Nithya, Dr. Drishya, and Dr. Shravya. He resides in [[Kozhuvalloor]] in [[Alappuzha district]]. He became the chairman of Karuna Pain and Palliative Care Society, a charitable society.<ref name="Manorama"/>

==Controversies==
In July 2022, Saji Cherian made controversy by ridiculing the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] and said it condoned exploitation of workers, triggering condemnation and demands for his resignation. Inaugurating the 100th episode of a Facebook live programme on "political developments of the week" organised by Mallappally CPM area committee, Saji alleged that the Constitution was "compiled by the British" and it was written as such by an Indian and implemented in the country for the last 75 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jul 6, 2022 |title=Kerala minister Saji Cherian, facing protests for his anti-Constitution remarks, resigns {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-minister-saji-cheriyan-facing-protests-for-his-anti-constitution-remarks-resigns/articleshow/92704266.cms |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/profile/index/2327 Saji Cherain at Niyamasabha.nic.in]

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cherian, Saji}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

N. Marie Wilson

2026-05-07T19:09:54Z

Rik: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Marie Wilson
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| father = Nestore
| education = B.Tech; MBA; Ph.D.
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]], Hyderabad
| birth_date = {{circa|1979}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}

'''N. Marie Wilson''' (born {{circa|1979}}) is an Indian politician and educationist from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], elected from the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency]] in [[Chennai district]] in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK).<ref>{{Cite web |title=N. Marie Wilson, DR.RADHAKRISHNAN NAGAR constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/n-marie-wilson-36/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Wilson is from [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name="indiacom">{{Cite web |title=Dr Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly Election Results 2026: TVK's Marie Wilson wins by a margin of 49668 votes |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/dr-radhakrishnan-nagar-assembly-elections-2026-results-live-updates-constituency-seats-eci-vote-counting-aiadmk-bjp-dmk-smp-winners-list-loser-candidates-tamil-nadu-election-results-latest-news-8401176/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=india.com |language=en}}</ref> His father is Nestore. He is associated with the Jeppiaar group of educational institutions in Tamil Nadu.

== Education ==

Wilson holds a B.Tech degree and an MBA, followed by a doctorate (Ph.D.) in Management Science from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]], Hyderabad, awarded in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=N. Marie Wilson – MyNeta profile |url=https://www.myneta.info |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=MyNeta}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Educational administration ===

Wilson has been Managing Director of Jeppiaar Institute of Technology, Sriperumbudur ([[Kanchipuram district]]), since January 2011, and is the Managing Trustee of the Jeppiaar Remibai Educational Trust. Prior roles within the Jeppiaar group include Founder-Director of Jeppiaar Engineering College (2001–2010) and Founder-Director of Jeppiaar International School (2003–2010). He is also Director of JIT Global Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. (2013–present) and Founder-Director of JIT Sports Academy (2019–present).

=== Political career ===

Wilson joined the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] on 9 June 2025, in a batch that also included former [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] officer K.G. Arunraj, former judicial officer C. Subash, and former [[Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] R. Rajalakshmi, S. David Selvan and Dr. A. Sridharan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former I-T Officer Joins Vijay's Party, Gets Plum Post |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> This was the first electoral involvement of the Jeppiaar family since Col. Dr. Jeppiaar contested the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from T. Nagar on the Janaki faction ticket and was not elected.

On 23 November 2025, TVK leader Vijay addressed approximately 2,000 cadres at the Jeppiaar Institute of Technology campus in an indoor closed-door meeting — the party's first such event following the 27 September 2025 Karur stampede incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TVK holds indoor meeting at Jeppiaar campus |url=https://thefederal.com |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Federal |language=en}}</ref>

Wilson was named TVK's candidate for Radhakrishnan Nagar when the party released its full 234-seat candidate list on 29–30 March 2026. Polling in the constituency took place on 23 April 2026. On 4 May 2026, Wilson was declared elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], defeating the sitting MLA, [[J. John Ebenezer]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 49,668 votes. Wilson polled 97,800 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dr.Radhakrishnan Nagar Election Result 2026 Live |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/drradhakrishnan-nagar-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905758-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dr Radhakrishnan Nagar election results 2026: TVK's Marie Wilson wins by 49,668 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/dr-radhakrishnan-nagar-election-results-2026/articleshow/130577002.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="indiacom" />

== Electoral history ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! Margin !! Result
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]] || [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Radhakrishnan Nagar]] || [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] || 97,800 || 49,668 || {{won}}
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marie Wilson, N.}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University alumni]]

INS Astradharini

2026-05-06T12:24:04Z

Rik:

{{Short description|Indian naval research vessel}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2015}}{{italic title|string=Astradharini}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Astradharini.jpg
| image_caption = Torpedo Launch and Recovery Vessel INS ''Astradharini'' in [[Visakhapatnam]], 2015.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Astradharini''
| namesake =
| owner =
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]
| registry =
| route =
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = Shoft Shipyard Pvt. Ltd
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched =
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 6 October 2015
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service = 6 October 2015
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport = Vishakhapatnam
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: A61
| motto =
| nickname =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = Torpedo launch and recovery vessel<ref name=intoday/>
| displacement = {{convert|650|t|ST}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2015/10/astradharini-to-speed-up-weapon.html| title=ASTRADHARINI TO SPEED UP WEAPON DEVELOPMENT |publisher=Indian Defence News |date= |accessdate=2015-10-24}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=intoday>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/ins-astradharani-266811-2015-10-07 |title=India's first indigenous torpedo vessel INS Astradharani got commissioned today: All you need to know |date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2015-10-08 |publisher=India Today |archive-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011005642/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/ins-astradharani/1/492396.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=commisionthehindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-astradharani-commissioned/article7730364.ece |title=INS Astradharani commissioned |work=The Hindu |date= 6 October 2015|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref>
| beam =
| draught =
| draft =
| propulsion =
| speed = {{convert|15|kn|km/h}}<ref name=intoday/><ref name=commisionthehindu/>
| range =
| complement = 2 officers and 27 sailors and can carry 13 additional crew<ref name=intoday/><ref name=commisionthehindu/>
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes = Catamaran Hull design.<ref name=intoday/>
}}
}}

'''INS ''Astradharini''''' (from {{langx|sa|अस्त्र}} ''astra'', "weapon" and धारिणी ''dhārini'', "holder"; ''trans.'' "she who wields the weapon") is an indigenously designed and built torpedo launch and recovery vessel built by Shoft Shipyard for the [[Indian Navy]]. She was commissioned into Navy Service on 6 October 2015 at the Naval Base in Visakhapatnam. After her commissioning, the ship joined the [[Eastern Naval Command]].

==History ==
The vessel is a replacement for ''[[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel| INS Astravahini]].'' INS Astradharini is designed to conduct technical trials of underwater weapons and systems including torpedoes and mines.<ref name=intoday/><ref name=commisionthehindu/> The ship has a cabin for 13 Researchers in addition to two crew members and 27 sailors.It was developed by the ''Naval Science and Technology Laboratory'' under [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] with assistance from [[IIT Kharagpur|IIT-Kharagpur]]. The [[Catamaran|catamaran hulled]] boat can operate on high sea states and its stability makes it very suitable for carrying passengers and testing weapon systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-23 |title=Astradharini to speed up weapon development |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/astradharini-to-speed-up-weapon-development/article7799360.ece |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2015-10-10 |title=Indian Navy Welcomes INS Astradharini |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/Oct/07/indian-navy-welcomes-ins-astradharini-825956.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Hindustan Shipyard|Hindustan Shipyards ltd]] conducted a refit of the ship in 2019 and 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2022-12-03 |title=HSL refits INS Astradharini ahead of schedule |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/hsl-refits-ins-astradharini-ahead-of-schedule/article66214500.ece |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Defence Watch |date=2022-12-04 |title=HSL completes refit of INS Astradharani 3 weeks ahead of schedule |url=https://psuwatch.com/defencewatch/hsl-completes-refit-of-ins-astradharani-3-weeks-ahead-of-schedule |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref> She also participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
*[[INS Makar]]

==References==
{{commons category|INS Astradharini (A61)}}
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astradharani, INS}}
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Auxiliary training ship classes]]
[[Category:2015 ships]]

Majuli Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T10:14:19Z

Rik: created.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Majuli
| established = 1962
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Majuli district|Majuli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 98
| map_image = Majuli Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Majuli''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. [[Majuli]] is also part of [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is a reserved seat for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled tribes]] (ST).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|1962
|Malchandra Pegu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1967
|M. Pegu
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1972
|Mal Chandna Pegu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1978
|Chakbhal Kagyang
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1985
| rowspan="2" |[[Padmeswar Deley|Padmeswar Doley]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1991
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|1996
|[[Karuna Dutta]]
|-
|2000^
|[[Jogeswar Doley]]
|-
|2001
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajib Lochan Pegu]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2006
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|2022{{efn|by-election}}
|[[Bhuban Gam]]
|-
|}
^ indicates Bye-Elections

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Majuli}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Bhuban Gam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=78324 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Indraneel Pegu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43024 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=958 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35300 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2022 by-election===
This by-election was triggered after the incumbent MLA, [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], resigned to become a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sarbananda-sonowal-resgins-from-assam-assembly-rajya-sabha-1858241-2021-09-28 |title=Day after election to Rajya Sabha, Sarbananda Sonowal resigns from Assam Assembly |date=28 September 2021 |author=Hemanta Kumar Nath |access-date= 8 March 2022 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2022 Assam Legislative Assembly By-election|Assam Legislative Assembly Election, 2022: [[Majuli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bhuban Gam]]|votes=67,242|percentage=69.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Chittaranjan Basumatary
|votes = 25,101
|percentage = 26.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Bhaity Richong
|votes = 2,265
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=96,250|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,33,227
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: [[Majuli]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=71,436|percentage=67.53|change=+16.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rajib Lochan Pegu]]|votes=28,244|percentage=28.27|change=-3.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Bhaity Richong|votes=1,080|percentage=1.02|change=+0.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=1,075|percentage=1.02|change=+0.01}}
{{Election box majority||votes=43,192|percentage=39.26|change=+19.90}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,05,782|percentage=79.89|change=-5.44}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,32,403
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing = +16.79
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: [[Majuli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=49,602|percentage=50.74|change=+47.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rajib Lochan Pegu]]|votes=30,679|percentage=31.38|change=-14.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Ranjit Doley]]|votes=15,695|percentage=16.05|change=+16.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=[[Hemanta Pegu]]|votes=798|percentage=0.82|change=+0.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=987|percentage=1.01|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,923|percentage=19.36|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=97,761|percentage=85.33|change=+4.67}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,14,572
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +47.82
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: [[Majuli]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajib Lochan Pegu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 39,655
|percentage = 46.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Padmeswar Doley]]
|votes = 23,691
|percentage = 27.70
|change = +27.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Premadhar Doley]]
|votes = 19,690
|percentage = 23.02
|change = +23.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Achiram Doley]]
|votes = 2,500
|percentage = 2.92
|change = +2.92
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,964
|percentage = 42.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 85,536
|percentage = 80.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Majuli]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Majuli]]
[[Category:Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Majuli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Assam]]

Banwari Lal Hansaria

2026-04-24T23:11:10Z

Rik: starting a data...

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Banwari Lal Hansaria
| image =
| office = 13th [[Chief justice]] of [[Odisha High Court]]
| term_start = 22 February 1990
| term_end = 13 December 1993
| predecessor = [[Hari Lal Agrawal]]
| successor = [[G. T. Nanavati]]
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|12|25|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date|1997|11|3|df=y}}
}}
'''Banwari Lal Hansaria''' (25 December 1931 ― 3 November 1997) was a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].

==Career==
Hansaria completed his schooling in [[Sardarshahar]] and studied at Birla Arts College, [[Pilani]]. He passed M.A. from the [[Calcutta University]] and M.Sc. from the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Assam (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBL_fJghgWcC&q=Banwari+Lal+Hansaria|title=The Assam Gazette|date=April 1962|language=en}}</ref> After passing [[LL.B]]., he started practice and was engaged in [[JB Law College]] of [[Guwahati]] as a lecturer. Hansaria was appointed District and Sessions Judge in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges/District Court in India {{!}} Official Website of District Court of India|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/dhubri/former-judges|access-date=2021-08-02|website=districts.ecourts.gov.in}}</ref> From 15 July 1976 to 9 February 1979, he served as the Legal Remembrancer and Judicial Department Secretary to the [[Government of Assam]]. In 1979, Hansaria was elevated as Judge of [[Gauhati High Court]]. He became the Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]] on 22 February 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Justices/ Judges Elevated to Supreme Court {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack|url=https://orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/chief-justices-judges-elevated-to-supreme-court/hon-ble-mr-justice-banwari-lal-hansaria/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=orissahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> Justice Hansaria was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 14 December 1993 and retired from the service in 1996. He is the author of number of law books and articles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Hon'ble Judges of the Supreme Court of India/ Chief Justice of India, who served as Chief Justice/ Hon'ble Judge of this High Court – The Gauhati High Court|url=https://ghconline.gov.in/index.php/former-honble-judges-of-the-supreme-court-of-india-chief-justice-of-india-who-served-as-chief-justice-honble-judge-of-this-high-court/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=ghconline.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Formats and Editions of Justice B.L. Hansaria's sixth schedule to the Constitution [WorldCat.org]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/formats-editions/68192868|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansaria, Banwari Lal}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]

Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)

2026-04-24T22:37:40Z

Rik: adding first entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jamai Raja Break Bumper Poster.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| alt_name = King of Hearts
| genre = Soap opera
| creator = [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Ashvini Yardi]] Devyani Rale
| based_on =
| developer = Devyani Rale
| writer = Abhishek Kumar Pranjal Saxena Aayush Agrawal
| director = [[Sangieta Rao]] Jackson Sethi Rohit Diwedi Jafar Shaikh
| creative_director = Nisha Boridkar Niraj Kumar Mishra
| presenter =
| starring = {{ublist|
*[[Nia Sharma]]
*[[Ravi Dubey]]
*[[Achint Kaur]]
*[[Shiny Doshi]]
*[[Indraneil Sengupta]]}}
| voices =
| narrator =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 701
| music = Aashish Rego
| producer = [[Akshay Kumar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Akshay-Kumar-turns-TV-producer/articleshow/38208736.cms?|title=Akshay Kumar turns TV producer|work=The Times of India|date=12 July 2014 |access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> [[Ashvini Yardi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Ashwini-Yardi-Bollywood-stars-are-not-meant-for-daily-soaps/articleshow/39350215.cms|title=Ashwini Yardi: Bollywood stars are not meant for daily soaps|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> Meenakshi Sagar
| editor =
| company = [[Grazing Goat Pictures Pvt. Ltd]]<ref name=JRJ>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140717092221/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2576644/Akshay-turns-TV-serial-producer-with-Jamai-Raja Akshay turns TV serial producer with Jamai Raja]. [[Bollywood Hungama]]. BH News Network. 14 July 2014</ref>
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|8|4|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|3|df=y}}
| runtime = 22 minutes
| caption =
| list_episodes =
| released =
}}

'''''Jamai Raja''''' ({{Translation|''King Son-in-Law''}}) (International title: '''''King of Hearts''''') is an Indian television drama series, aired on [[Zee TV]] from 4 August 2014<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/TV/News/Bahus-offer-tips-to-the-latest-jamai-on-TV/articleshow/39552454.cms|title=Bahus offer tips to the latest jamai on TV - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 September 2017|last1=Olivera |first1=Roshni }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/akshay-kumar-to-produce-daily-soap-jamai-raja_158229.html|title=Akshay Kumar to produce daily soap 'Jamai Raja'|date=12 July 2014|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> to 3 March 2017. It replaced ''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]'' and was replaced by ''[[Piyaa Albela]]'' in its timeslot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |title=Jamai Raja to replace Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se on Zee TV |url=https://www.adgully.com/jamai-raja-to-replace-do-dil-bandhe-ek-dori-se-on-zee-tv-58432.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.adgully.com |date=24 July 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamai Raja to go off-air, will make way for Piyaa Albela |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/jamai-raja-off-air-piyaa-albela-to-replace-ravi-dubey-nia-sharma-lifetv-959441-2017-02-07 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=India Today |date=7 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> It was produced by actor [[Akshay Kumar]] and co-produced by [[Ashvini Yardi]] and Meenakshi Sagar. ''Jamai 2.0'' is the sequel to ''Jamai Raja'' which streams on [[ZEE5]]. It stars [[Ravi Dubey]], [[Nia Sharma]], [[Shiny Doshi]] and [[Achint Kaur]] in lead roles. It premiered on 10 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/jamai-raja-2-0-ravi-dubey-and-nia-sharma-start-shooting-for-zee5-show-see-pictures-1033840|title=PICS: Ravi Dubey and Nia Sharma Start Shooting For 'Jamai Raja 2.0'|date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Season 1===
{{expand section|date=February 2022}}Durga Devi (DD) Patel and her daughter have many misunderstandings, and differences between them. DD is a wealthy jewellery designer. Her daughter, Roshni Patel believes that her mother does not love her and does not give her time, and only loves money. Due to this reason; she hates DD and never behaves well with her. The show starts by showing Roshni getting her kids at the NGO she manages ready for school, and it is shown that it is her birthday. She goes to the airport with her Nani to pick up DD who is returning to India. Meanwhile, DD is shown to be arrogant. On her flight, she is seated next to Siddharth Khurrana; who seeing how arrogant DD is decides to mess with her and act like a middle-class person; who has no manners or etiquette. When DD meets Roshni, she hugs her and tells her that she should have dressed better. She gives Roshni a heap of birthday gifts but does not wish her a happy birthday as she did in the past. Roshni meets Siddharth and he acts like a middle-class man after Roshni starts to hate Siddharth Khurrana without knowing who he is, believing him to be responsible for wanting to demolish her NGO's building via goons, to build his resort.

Siddharth changes his identity in front of Roshni and says that he is a middle-class man named Siddharth Kukreja. He falls in love with her and after a few meetings, she reciprocates. They get married, with even his parents, Raj & Simran, joining in on the lower middle class facade. DD is not in the attendance at the marriage as she does not approve of their relation. After marriage, they start living together in DD's house and Siddharth becomes a "Ghar Jamai" as per DD's terms and conditions. After many episodes, DD finally starts to accept Siddharth as her son-in-law. She trusts him and gives him the power of attorney papers for her property and business to guard and keep safely. Sid's mother Simran's long lost daughter, Kritika, from her previous marriage turns up who has been brought up in bad company. She poison's her mom's mind against Roshni and Sid's ''ghar jamai'' status leading to Simran hating DD as she believes that she is ruining Sid's life.

Rajveer, Samaira's husband, has been cheating DD in business during this time and also has an affair with Kritika, prepares fake divorce papers and convinces Simran for his & Kritika's marriage. Simran by this time has lost all her goodness in over-compensating lost years with her daughter. DD decided to get Roshni and Siddharth married again in a grand manner. On the day of both the weddings Sid tries to reveal Rajveer's truth to Simran but she does not believe him. Rajveer fakes getting beat up by DD's goons and, Sid's mother; who had been acting like a middle-class woman, revealed her identity and the fact that she has named all of DD's businesses and property for herself. She did this using the power of attorney papers Sid had with him. DD and Roshni are shattered. Siddharth knows nothing about this and he is not present there. Roshni starts to hate Siddharth, thinking that he was also involved in what Simran (Siddharth's mother) had done. Roshni goes away from him and goes to Bangkok.

====6 months later====
Roshni lives in Bangkok and has become friends with Yash Mehra; who loves her. DD wants them together. Roshni returns to India and meets Sid; who convinces her that he did not have any hand in what happened that he really loves her and that she does too. Roshni is sick and to make her feel better, he tells her to drink some brandy. She doesn't trust him and tells him to drink some to prove that there is no poison in it. He takes a big gulp from the bottle and makes her drink some too. They become drunk and become intimate. The next day, Roshni receives a video where it is perceived that Siddharth is telling Kritika that he will fool Roshni and get her to sleep with him. However, this is not the case, and what Siddarth was saying was part of a game and not about Roshni. Roshni doubts Siddharth and accuses him of raping her. Then Sid becomes angry. He takes Roshni to the family court. The judge gives them three months to save their marriage. Sid and Roshni grow closer.

Meanwhile, Sam is being forced to marry her boss, Baweja; who Rajveer helped to succeed. Roshni goes as a maid to Baweja's house and finds Sam unconscious in a cupboard. Baweja is caught and imprisoned, where he dies. Rajveer kidnaps Roshni. DD reaches and when Rajveer threatens to kill Roshni, DD kills him to save her daughter. Sid's sister, Kritika files a case against DD and withdraws it, leading Sid and everyone else to think that she forgave DD, but when she will take her revenge without Sid's suspicion. Roshni and Sid reunite, and after the end of three months, they decide not to divorce. Sid's mother, Simran tells Sid saying that if he divorces Roshni, she will return DD's property and business. Sid is now compelled to divorce Roshni to restore her former life. He divorces her and Roshni is shattered. Yash falls for Sam and proposes to her, which she accepts. Roshni's biological father (DD's husband) Shiv Patel, returns to the house and has lost his memory. However, he soon regains it, but pretends not to get DD's love.

Sid and Roshni, along with Mona Bua and Shiv, team up to get DD to confess her true feelings to Shiv. She accepts that he is her husband when Sid informs a reporter about Shiv's identity. Meanwhile, Yash finds out about an accident that claimed the life of his sister and brother-in-law. Simran and Kritika plots to separate Roshni and Sid. Kritika tracks down Sid's childhood friend, Misha, and convinces Simran to meet her and marry Sid. One day, Siddharth tells Roshni to make a banana milkshake for him and Misha. She goes and makes the milkshake, but while she is away, Kritika puts mango in Misha's milkshake. Misha is severely allergic to mangoes and can die if she consumes them. She takes a sip of the milkshake and suffers from an allergic reaction. Siddharth believes that Roshni did this on purpose and yells at her. Then Siddharth with the help of Misha, finds out that it was Kritika who put the Mango in the milkshake and is shattered as he blamed Roshni. Misha tells him about the real reason for her coming to India (to marry Sid) he goes and convinces Roshni and apologies to her.

DD and Shiv Patel's problems are solved, and they remarry. On the day of marriage, Roshni learns the truth behind her divorce. She proposes to Sid, and he accepts. Misha's love interest with Neil (fake). Sid, Roshni, Misha and Neil go on a date. They return home when some goons attack them. Sid fights with the goons and is shot. They kidnap Misha and molest her. Misha feigns mental instability to trick Sid into marrying her. In the process, Roshni's father is killed; Misha frames Kritika, but Sid can prove her innocence, and Kritika finally realised her mistake and apologies to Sid. Misha's obsession with Sid's love was exposed, and she is arrested. Roshni tells DD that she is pregnant. DD hides it from everyone and accepts Siddharth's proposal for Roshni. They marry with the truth unveiled.

DD wants special care for Roshni, so she makes her live in her house. Siddharth and family accompany her as they do not want to miss the opportunity to care for Roshni. Roshni and Sid meet a child named Ayesha. They bring Ayesha home upon knowing that Ayesha is lost. She is greeted with happiness by all family members except for DD, NM (Nani Mausi) and Dadi bua. Roshni has a miscarriage while Sid and Ayesha are out. DD blames Sid and Ayesha for this situation and accuses him of murdering his child. Sid and Roshni grieve over the miscarriage. Sid decides to adopt Ayesha. Roshani (initially) opposes it, but later agrees. DD is unhappy with their decision. Later, Ayesha saves DD from the fire, and becomes kind to Ayesha and agrees over the adoption. DD meets Shabnam at her workplace and decides to bring her to her house, listening to her back story.

DD organises a party to introduce Ayesha to everyone. Shabnam threatens to kill Roshni but fails. Shabnam and Ayesha are falsely said to be the daughters of Shiv Patel. DD becomes enraged after hearing the news and plans to kill Shabnam.Siddharth saves Shabnam. He learns how Kritika married Bunty. He is enraged and expels Bua Dadi from the house. Sam gets divorce papers from Yash and everyone; such as Roshni, blames Sid for that. Shabnam drugs Sid and brings him to her room. When Sid wakes up, he finds himself in a bad situation. Shabnam accuses Sid of molestation. Everyone but Roshni loses faith in Siddharth. Shabnam kills Sid and DD is blamed for his murder. Shattered Roshni tries to save her mother from jail, but fails. She meets DD and they both cry over Sid's death. Sid's parents leave.

====6 months later====
Shabnam is controlling DD's house, and Roshni is taking care of Nani and Ayesha. She meets a mechanic named Raghu; who is the exact copy of Sid. She finds him only the way to save her mother and to avenge Siddharth's murder from Shabnam. Raghu helps him like Sid and this against the advice of sumati, his "supposed mother" suffering from mental disorders. With this asset, Roshni follows Raghu during his marriage with Shabnam and thinks that he is Siddharth suffering from amnesia. Raghu acts to be in love with Shabnam as Sid, and takes advantage of this personality to reconcile Sam and Yash. Sid's mother puts up an act of being sick and the truth for Siddharth being Raghu is revealed. Roshni supports Sid and they manage to defeat Shabnam. The day after Shabnam and Raghu's failed marriage, which ended with the arrest of the bride, the Patels and Sid are surprised to see coming to their house a backward Rajasthani family who claims that Roshni married their son Kunal; until she reveals Roshni isn't DD's real girl which turns out to be just blackmail on her part, she leads her and Nani to the wand while Kunal does her better to please Roshni by hiding his violent character. Bansi's daughter and also Kunal's aunt, Shakun falls in love with Sid's father and only belatedly realizes Raj's insincere feelings for her.

Shabnam, who claims to be bipolar to avoid jail, returns to the Patels after saving Roshni from a traffic accident perpetrated by Kunal. She (initially) pretends to be nice, then allies with Bansi to accomplish her revenge against Sid. Later, they drug Roshni, which causes her to lose her memory, telling her that they are her family. Confused, Roshni accepts it, and when Sid and DD reach there, they find themselves in a worse situation. Kunal beats Sid and throws him out of the house. Siddharth comes and saves Roshni from Shabnam and the family by being Jyoti Tai. Shabnam comes again to destroy their lives, but they threw her back again with no returning point. DD plans a trip for Siddharth and Roshni; who are soon accompanied by Yash and Sam to Goa to spend some quality time with each other, which Alex destroys. Sid enters Alex home and finds her dead. The one; who killed Alex and playing the game even going so far as to kidnap Ayesha was Yash. Sid acts for being in the coma and Yash reveals his identity by claiming to have always loved Roshni and to act in the shadows to get her back.

Sid saves Ayesha and tells Roshni about the situation. By the time things get better, Sid sends Ayesha abroad while Shabnam, having falsely reconciled with the Patels earlier to save her sister, definitely accompanies her. Unable to endure his defeat against Siddharth, Yash cheats on DD to kidnap her and then throws her from the hilltop, and Sid fails to save her. DD loses her memory after the incident and remembers Siddharth as Kukreja. Sid tries to bring her memory back while trying to protect her from Amol's evil intentions, Roshni's new suitor chosen expressly by her mother while ignoring welcoming the non-biological brother of her worst enemy. A second time, Yash kidnaps DD after his escape. This time, he ties Roshni from one rope and DD from the other. Sid tries everything to save her but fails. DD dies and Roshni blames Sid for that. She leaves him and everyone thinks that she died..

===Season 2===
====2 years later====
Roshni and Sid have been separated after the death of DD as Roshni thinks DD died because of Sid. Two years have passed since Roshni's presumed death. Siddharth still blames himself for being responsible for the incident and refuses to remarry. On the other hand, Roshni, who turns out to be alive, has forged a whole new identity for herself alongside a good friend, Neil. She calls herself Ragini Desai and acts exactly like DD at the start of the show.

When Sid goes to meet Ragini on business unaware that she is actually Roshni, he crosses paths with and saves a girl called Anya from suicide. It turns out that she is part of the Sengupta family, being herself Neil's sister and Ragini's assistant. Her concern is about her illegitimate pregnancy and the abandonment of her fiancé for whom she had to rebel against his family. In order to convince her not to commit suicide, Siddharth proposes to pretend to be her fiancé and to become the father of her child while waiting to find the person concerned.

As the future son-in-law of the Sengupta family, Siddharth regularly visits Anya, without meeting Ragini/Roshni. Some days later, on Roshni's birthday, Sid and Roshni meet again. Constantly, Roshni seeks to get away from Sid to avoid further trouble while Sid himself is blinded by his love for her. When the link between Sid and Anya becomes known to Roshni, she takes it so badly that in revenge, she asks Neil in marriage, who accepts. According to her, it is only like this that they will manage to forget each other.

So, Roshni is going to marry Neil Sengupta. Misunderstandings soon arise considering Roshni always thinks it would be better for everyone if she and Sid don't meet again, which ends up happening in a twist of fate. These characters, once lovers, both become in-laws. But Neil's conspiracies and his bipolarity issue bring them together again, as Anya takes Siddharth's services for love and seeks for a while to separate her alleged fiancé from her sister-in-law.

Meanwhile, the aunt and the cousin of the Segunta siblings are far from stupid. From the start, they never approved of Neil and Roshni's relationship, for the simple reason that they are secretly working on behalf of Neil's ex-sister-in-law, Payal Walia, who has promised to give them more attention than their family if they were to make her the owner of the premises. This goal being finally achieved with the help of Anya, Roshini and Sid reunite to save this family in distress, and reconcile at the same time. Payal is out against Neil's family and creates a lot of drama in their lives.

Later, as Payal is sent away and released from prison and Neil reconciles with Ria, his lost love, Roshni gives birth to a son who is named Karanveer by Neil. Getting ready to join the Khurranas in London, Sid and Roshni are invited one last time by the Sengupta family where they share a romantic dance. Payal, who planned to take revenge, refrains from learning this sudden departure and now being a changed person. Unfortunately, unable to prevent her revenge which she herself carried out, she just hopes to see them leave as soon as possible.

This is how after moving farewells, Sid, Roshni, Karanveer and her governess, Gangu, experience a road accident perpetrated by an old enemy of the Patel family, Gafur, whom Payal allied with in prison. Everyone predicts that Karanveer Khurana has died with his parents, but the truth was that Satya, the son of Roshni's governess, died, but Gangu makes Karan as Satya. Ria gives birth to a daughter who was named Mahi by Sid on the day he died with Roshni. Ria dies after Mahi's birth.

===Season 3===
====20 years later====
Things have changed after the death of Sid and Roshni. Karanveer "Karan" Khurana, Sid and Roshni's son, has grown up. Gangu named him Satya as her deceased son (that's what she believed), raised him and taught him good values despite his innate street boy character. Neil and Ria are dead too. Their child, Mahi Sengupta is taken care of by Payal who changed her surname from Walia to Sengupta. Mahi and Karan's relationship is like Roshni and Sid. But unlike DD Patel who loved her daughter, Payal hates Mahi for her parents' mistakes. By making her brother-in-law her husband, she thought of taking back the property that the Sengupta stole from her. Then finally, she adapted to passing herself off as a nice mother in the eyes of her niece, because this one turns out to be the true heiress.

When Satya comes into Mahi's life, it is Mahi's half-sister, Koyal, who interests him. But Sid's prediction about his son's future had an effect. Satya has fallen in love with Mahi, but Mahi does not immediately realize her feelings for him. Knowing Payal's malicious intentions towards his daughter-in-law, Satya vowed to protect her.

With the help of a friend who will turn against him, he will succeed in bringing down Payal's mask. But she comes back into their lives, still pretending to be a good person. It later turns out that she is in contact with Kritika and is blackmailing her to see her nephew again. Thus, after a series of attempts to repossess Sengupta property that will lead to the revelation of Satya's real identity, Payal is still exposed and goes back to prison while Kritika brings Mahi and Karanveer (Satya) back to the Khurannas.

Along the way, they meet and take in a weirdo who turns out to be an exact copy of an old family acquaintance. It is in fact Kareena, Shabnam's daughter. She also comes back to take revenge for her mother knowing that she took her model just like Karanveer took her father's.

Several attempts by Kareena would later involve the return of a more loving Payal. When Mahi is expecting twins, everyone will be happy. Payal, who has made herself accepted in the family, tries to keep Kareena away from Mahi. At the end of the show, Kareena will be hit by a car after yet another attempt while Mahi, Satya and the entire Khurana family welcome the newborns to the maternity ward.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Ravi Dubey]] as [[double role]]
**Siddharth (Sid) Khurana: Raj and Simran's son; Kritika's half-brother; Roshni's husband; Karanvir's father (2014-2016)
** Karanvir "Karan" Khurana / Satya Sawant:Siddharth and Roshni's son; Gangu's adoptive son; Mahi's husband (2016-2017)
*[[Nia Sharma]] as Roshni Patel Khurana<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nia-Sharma-injured/articleshow/51023799.cms|title=Nia Sharma injured|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ek-Hazaaron-Mein-Meri-Behna-Hai-fame-Nia-Sharma-in-Sagar-Arts/articleshow/33435319.cms?|title=Nia Sharma back to act opposite Ravi Dubey|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nia-gets-a-new-look-in-Jamai-Raja/articleshow/52073148.cms|title=Nia gets a new look in 'Jamai Raja'|date=2 May 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nia-Sharma-bids-farewell-to-Jamai-Raja-posts-pic/articleshow/53629741.cms|title=Nia Sharma bids farewell to Jamai Raja; posts pic|work=timesofindia.com|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref>: Shiv and Durga's daughter; Siddharth's wife; Karanvir's mother; Shabnam and Ayesha's half-sister (2014-2016)
*[[Achint Kaur]] as Durga Devi (DD) Patel:Shiv's wife; Roshni and Rohan's mother; Siddharth's mother-in-law; Shabnam and Ayesha's stepmother; Karanvir's grandmother; Kareena's step-grandmother (2014–2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ravi-Dubey-is-Achint-Kaurs-bahu/articleshow/41435128.cms?|title=Ravi Dubey is Achint Kaur's bahu|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mujhe-Mogambo-type-extreme-negative-roles-pasand-nahi-hain-Achint-Kaur/articleshow/39890131.cms?|title=Mujhe Mogambo type extreme negative roles pasand nahi hain: Achint Kaur|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016|last1=Bhatia |first1=Saloni }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Indian-TV-actors-are-treated-like-Gods-in-Pakistan-Achint-Kaur/articleshow/38788022.cms?|title=Indian TV actors are treated like Gods in Pakistan: Achint Kaur|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016|last1=Misra |first1=Iti Shree }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/290416/achint-kaur-bids-adieu-to-jamai-raja.html|title=Achint Kaur bids adieu to Jamai Raja|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=29 April 2016|access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jamai-Raja-to-no-longer-feature-Achint-Kaur/articleshow/52023166.cms|title='Jamai Raja' to no longer feature Achint Kaur|date=28 April 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[Shiny Doshi]] as Mahi Sengupta Khurana: Neil and Ria's daughter; Payal's step-daughter; Koel and Shyom's half-sister; Karanvir's wife; Siddharth and Roshni's daughter-in-law (2016-2017)
* [[Mouli Ganguly]] as Payal Walia Sengupta:Ria's elder sister; Neil's second wife and widow; Mahi's step-mother; Karanvir's step-mother-in-law; Koel and Shyom's mother (2016–2017)<ref>{{cite news |title=Moulli Ganguly to enter 'Jamai Raja' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/moulli-ganguly-to-enter-jamai-raja/articleshow/53285166.cms |access-date=20 July 2016 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*[[Sanjay Swaraj]] as Raj Khurana; Simran's widower; Siddharth's father, Kritika's step-father; Karanvir's grandfather (2014–2017)
*[[Shruti Ulfat]] as Simran Khurana; Raj's wife; Siddharth and Kritika's mother; Karanvir's grandmother (2014–2016)
*Isha Sharma/[[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Kritika Khurana; Rajveer's widow; Bunty's wife; Aryan's mother; Simran's daughter; Raj's step-daughter; Siddharth's half-sister; Karanvir's aunt (2014–2017)

==== Season 1 ====
*[[Apara Mehta]] as Alaknanda (Nani Maa): Durga Devi's mother; Roshni's grandmother (2014–2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Apara-Mehta-turns-Sexy-for-Jamai-Raja/articleshow/39810162.cms?|title=Apara Mehta turns 'Sexy' for Jamai Raja|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jamai-Raja-Apara-Mehta-turns-modern-grandmother/articleshow/39531990.cms?|title=Jamai Raja: Apara Mehta turns 'modern' grandmother|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/Apara-Mehta-Gujarati-actress-back-on-the-small-screen/articleshow/34720048.cms?|title=Apara Mehta's new telly outing|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 April 2016|last1=Patel |first1=Ano }}</ref>
*KC Shankar as Shiv Patel: Durga's husband; Mona, Kesar and Babloo's brother; Roshni, Rohan, Ayesha and Shabnam's father; Samaira's uncle; Karanvir and Kareena's grandfather (2015) (Dead)
*[[Deepti Sharma|Aaryaa Sharma]] as Mona Patel: Samaira's mother; Shiv's sister; Roshni, Rohan, Ayesha and Shabnam's aunt (2014–2016)
*[[Reyhna Malhotra]] as Samaira Patel: Mona's daughter; Rajveer's ex-wife; Yash's wife; Roshni, Rohan, Ayesha and Shabnam's cousin (2014–2016)
*Darpan Shrivastava as Kesar Patel: Shiv, Mona and Babloo's brother; Resham's husband; Roshni, Rohan, Samaira, Ayesha and Shabnam's Uncle (2014–2016)
*[[Delnaaz Irani]]/[[Tanaaz Irani]] as Resham Patel: Kesar's wife (2014–2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Proud that I've sustained for many years: Delnaaz Irani |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Proud-that-Ive-sustained-for-many-years-Delnaaz-Irani/articleshow/50357555.cms |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Why Delnaaz Irani quit Jamai Raja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Why-Delnaaz-Irani-quit-Jamai-Raja/articleshow/47297150.cms |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Delnaaz Irani: Why should I punish the audience with serious roles? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Delnaaz-Irani-Why-should-I-punish-the-audience-with-serious-roles/articleshow/38865011.cms? |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Gautam Sharma]] as Babloo Patel: Rohan, Roshni, Samaira, Ayesha and Shabnam's Uncle; Pratima's husband (2014)
*Amrin Chakkiwala as Pratima Patel: Babloo's wife (2014)
*Delissa Mehra as Ayesha Patel: Shiv's daughter; Durga's stepdaughter; Roshni and Samaira's stepsister; Shabnam's sister (2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mattoo |first1=Seema |title=Little Delissa calls Ravi Dubey 'dudu' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Little-Delissa-calls-Ravi-Dubey-dudu/articleshow/48858553.cms |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Garima Ajmani|Shagun Ajmani]] as
** Shabnam Patel: Shiv's daughter; Ayesha's sister; Rohan, Roshni and Samaira's stepsister; Siddharth's one-sided obsessive lover; Kareena's mother(2015)
** Kareena Patel '''(Season 3)''': Shabnam's daughter; Karan's one-sided obsessive lover (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/jamai-raja-shagun-ajmani-quits-because-her-character-turned-positive/article_c5071538-0b11-11e6-8cf0-47f0e67867df.html|title='Jamai Raja': Shagun Ajmani Quits, because Her Character Turned Positive|work=India West|access-date=1 May 2016|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709114223/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/jamai-raja-shagun-ajmani-quits-because-her-character-turned-positive/article_c5071538-0b11-11e6-8cf0-47f0e67867df.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Strange-Actress-quits-after-her-character-turns-positive/articleshow/51941329.cms|title=Strange! Actress quits after her character turns positive|date=22 April 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref>
*[[Vishal Karwal]] as Rajveer Singh Ranawat: Samaira's ex-husband; Kritika's first husband (2014–2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishal Karwal: Movies are a better option than TV shows |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vishal-Karwal-Movies-are-a-better-option-than-TV-shows/articleshow/45133165.cms? |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 2014 |title=Vishal Karwal is the new jamai on Ravi's show |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vishal-Karwal-is-the-new-jamai-on-Ravis-show/articleshow/44994990.cms? |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Mohit Malhotra]] as Yash Mehra/Joker: Samaira's second husband (2015–2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Ano |title=Mohit Malhotra: I am not ready to play the role of a father |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohit-Malhotra-I-am-not-ready-to-play-the-role-of-a-father/articleshow/46541894.cms |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Mohit Malhotra to enter Jamai Raja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohit-Malhotra-to-enter-Jamai-Raja/articleshow/46030813.cms |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Sumit Verma as Bunty Khanna: Anupama's son; Kritika's second husband; Aryan's father (2015–16)
*[[Sumona Chakravarti]] as Misha Grewal (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sumona Chakravarti: Will surprise audience with 'Jamai Raja' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sumona-Chakravarti-Will-surprise-audience-with-Jamai-Raja/articleshow/47540393.cms |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=Sumona Chakravarti: I don't want to play another sari-clad character |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sumona-Chakravarti-I-dont-want-to-play-another-sari-clad-character/articleshow/47514252.cms |access-date=9 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Sushma Prashant as Sukhi (Beeji) (2014–2016)
*Poonam Mathur as Bua Daadi (2015)
*Preeti Kochar as Naani Masi (2015)
*[[Sandit Tiwari]] as Prashant Kulkarni: Siddharth's friend and colleague (2014)
*Ujjwal Gauraha as Siddharth's friend and business manager (2014)
*[[Sanchita Banerjee]] as Jigna
*[[Savant Singh Premi]] as Pintu Pandey (2015–16)
*[[Adhvik Mahajan]] as Kunal (2015–2016)
* Gopi Desai as Bansiben (2015–2016)
* Hitesh Rawal as Premal (2015–2016)
*[[Kiran Srinivas]] as Amol Mehra/Sonu Raj: Yash's brother (2016)
*Samir Harhash as Ram Chatturvedi (2014–16)

==== Season 2 ====
*[[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Neil Sengupta: Naina's elder son; Anya's brother; Ragini's fake-husband; Ria's widower; Payal's husband; Mahi, Koel and Shyom's father (2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Indraneil-Sengupta-to-enter-Jamai-Raja/articleshow/52025369.cms|title=Indraneil Sengupta enters Jamai Raja|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 Apr 2016}}</ref>(Dead)
*Sonal Minocha/Anaya Soni as Ria Walia Sengupta: Payal's younger sister; Neil's first wife; Mahi's mother (2016)/(2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/Sonal-Minocha-in-Jamai-Raja/articleshow/53175155.cms|title=Sonal Minocha enters Jamai Raja|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>(Dead)
*[[Seema Pandey]]/Kulbir Baderson as Naina Sengupta (Dida): Neil and Anya's mother; Mahi, Koel and Shyom's grandmother (2016–2017)/(2017)
*Rajeshwari Datta as Mitul Sengupta: Ranjit's mother (2016–2017)
*Sunny Arora as Ranjit Sengupta: Neil and Anya's cousin; Mitul's son (2016)
*[[Aalisha Panwar]] as Anya Sengupta: Naina's daughter; Neil's sister; Siddharth's ex-fiancee; Mahi, Shom and Keol's aunt (2016)

==== Season 3 ====
*[[Asawari Joshi]] as Gangu Sawant: Krishna's widow; Roshni's caretaker; Satya's mother; Karanvir, Kajal and Sunil's adoptive mother (2016–2017)
*Karan Singhmar as Sunil Sawant: Gangu's adoptive son; Satya, Karanvir and Kajal's adoptive brother (2016–2017)
*[[Pranitaa Pandit]] as Kajal Sawant: Gangu's adoptive daughter; Karanvir and Sunil's adoptive sister; Satya's ex-fiancée (2016–2017)
*[[Prashant Chawla]] as Satya Sawant (Real)/Dhruv Raizada (fake): Gangu and Krishna's son; Karanvir and Sunil's adoptive brother; Kajal's ex-fiancée; Mahi's one-sided obsessive lover; Sunaina's husband (2017) (Dead)
*Orvana Ghai as Koel Sengupta: Neil and Payal's daughter; Shyom's sister; Mahi's half-sister; Karanvir's love interest (2017)
* Rudraksh Thakur as Shyom Sengupta: Neil and Payal's son; Koel's brother; Mahi's half-brother (2017)
*[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1985)|Sara Khan]] as Aleena Verma/Mahi Sawant (fake): Karanvir's friend turned one-sided obsessive lover (2016–17)
*[[Vikram Sakhalkar]] as Dhawal: Mahi's ex-fiancee (2016–2017)
*[[Neelu Kohli]] as Anupama Khanna: Bunty's mother; Kritika's mother-in-law; Aryan's grandmother (2017)
*Kushabh Manghani as Deepu (2016)

==Guest==
*[[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Twinkle
*[[Sidhant Gupta]] as Kunj
*[[Zain Imam]] as Yuvraj
*[[Asha Negi]] as herself
*[[Drashti Dhami]] as Gayatri
*[[Shabir Ahluwalia]] as Abhi
*[[Sriti Jha]] as Pragya
*[[Karan Patel]] as Raman
*[[Divyanka Tripathi]] as Ishita
*[[Shikha Singh]] as Aaliya
*[[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Naren
*[[Ankita Lokhande]] as Ankita
*[[Shakti Arora]] as Ranveer
*[[Radhika Madan]] as Ishani
*[[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] as Prem
*[[Dipika Kakar]] as Simar
*[[Manish Raisinghan]] as Siddhant
*[[Avika Gor]] as Roli
*[[Ronit Roy]] as Nachiket
*[[Pallavi Kulkarni]] as Ragini
*[[Ravish Desai]] as Vihaan
*[[Mugdha Chaphekar]] as Aarushi
*[[Karanvir Bohra]] as Aahil
*[[Surbhi Jyoti]] as Sanam
*[[Disha Parmar]] as Jhanvi
*[[Ahmad Harhash]] as Balan Sengupta (2016)

==Awards==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2016}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| rowspan="17" | 2014
| rowspan="16" | [[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
| Favourite Saas Jamai Rishta
| [[Ravi Dubey]] & [[Achint Kaur]]
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
|-
| Favourite Saas Bahu Rishta
| [[Nia Sharma]] & [[Shruti Ulfat]]
|-
| Favourite Saas
| Achint Kaur
|-
| Favourite Nayi Jodi
| Ravi Dubey & Nia Sharma
|-
| Favourite Naya Sadasya - Male
| Ravi Dubey
| rowspan="13" {{nom}}
|-
| Favourite Naya Sadasya - Female
| Nia Sharma
|-
| Favourite Popular Face (Male)
| Ravi Dubey
|-
| Favourite Jodi
| Ravi Dubey & Nia Sharma
|-
| Favourite Popular Face - Female
| Nia Sharma
|-
| Favourite Beti
| Nia Sharma
|-
| Favourite Parivaar
| [[Ashvini Yardi]]/Meenakshi Sagar
|-
| Favourite Beta
| Ravi Dubey
|-
| Favourite Saas-Sasur
| rowspan="2" |Shruti Ulfat & [[Sanjay Swaraj]]
|-
| Favourite Mata-Pita Rishta
|-
| Favourite Dosti
| Ravi Dubey & [[Sandit Tiwari]]
|-
| Favourite Dharavahik - Fiction
| [[Grazing Goat Pictures]]
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| GR8! ON-Screen Couple Of The Year
| Ravi Dubey & Nia Sharma
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2015
| rowspan="9" | Zee Rishtey Awards
| Favourite Zee Personality of the Year
| Achint Kaur
| rowspan="5" {{won}}
|-
| Favourite Kutumbh
| Ashvini Yardi/Meenakshi Sagar
|-
| Favourite Bhai
| Ravi Dubey
|-
| Favourite Sautan
| [[Shagun Ajmani]]
|-
| Favourite Stylish Personality of the Year
| Achint Kaur
|-
| Favourite Beti
| Nia Sharma
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
| Favourite Beta
| Ravi Dubey
|-
| Favourite Pati-Patni Rishta
| Ravi Dubey & Nia Sharma
|-
| Favourite Buzurg
| [[Apara Mehta]]
|-
| Television Style Awards
| Most Stylish Beti
| Nia Sharma
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Couple
| Ravi Dubey & Nia Sharma
| rowspan="8" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in Leading Role]]
| Ravi Dubey
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in Supporting Role]]
| Achint Kaur
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Gold Awards|Zee Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actor - Female]]
| Nia Sharma
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor - Male]]
| Ravi Dubey
|-
| Most Popular Jodi on Television
| Ravi Dubey & Nia Sharma
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor - Male]]
| Sanjay Swaraj
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor - Female]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Apara Mehta]]
|-

|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0;"
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:LightGreen; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:LightGreen; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:LightGreen; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Jamai Raja'' जमाई राजा
| 4 August 2014
| [[Zee TV]]
| 3 March 2017
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Jamai Raja (2017 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'' জামাই রাজা
| 5 June 2017
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 12 August 2018
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Jawai Ji'' ਜਵਾਈ ਜੀ
| 28 October 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 31 May 2025
|}

==Reboot==
In June 2017, a spin-off titled ''Jamai 2.0'' debuted on [[ZEE5]] with cast members [[Ravi Dubey]], [[Nia Sharma]], and [[Achint Kaur]] reprising their roles. [[Ravi Dubey]], [[Nia Sharma]] and [[Achint Kaur]] are shooting for ''Jamai 2.0'' season 2.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/jamai-raja/0-6-446}}

[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:Television series about marriage]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in 2014]]
[[Category:Television series set in 2015]]
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[[Category:Akshay Kumar]]

Rakkasapuradhol

2026-04-24T02:44:22Z

Rik:

{{Short description|2026 Indian Kannda film by Ravi Saranga}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakkasapuradhol
| image = Rakkasapuradhol.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ravi Saranga
| story =
| producer = K. Ravi Varma
| writer = Ravi Saranga
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Raj B. Shetty]]
* [[Swathishta]]
* [[Archana Kottige]]
}}
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = William David
| editing = KM Prakash
| studio = KN Entertainments
| distributor = [[KVN Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|6}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
| gross = ₹15.23 crore
}}
'''''Rakkasapuradhol''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Psychological fiction|psychological]] [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Ravi Saranga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |date=2026-02-06 |title=Rakkasapuradhol review: Raj B Shetty-led mystery is an adequate watch, despite pitfalls |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/rakkasapuradhol-review-raj-b-shetty-led-mystery-is-an-adequate-watch-despite-pitfalls |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Swathishta]] and [[Archana Kottige]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rakkasapuradhol' Trailer: Raj B Shetty Is A Maverick Cop In This Murder Mystery |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/rakkasapuradhol-trailer-raj-b-shetty-is-a-maverick-cop-who-solves-a-murder-mystery |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-12-29 |title=Rakkasapuradhol gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/29/rakkasapuradhol-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}

== Cast ==
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Shiva
* [[Swathishta]] as Roopa
* [[Archana Kottige]] as Parvathi
* Anirudh Bhat in a dual role as Aadhi and Aruna
* [[B. Suresha]] as Siddayya, the temple priest
* [[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]] as a teacher
* Gowrav Shetty
* Siddanna
* Jahangir
* Nisha
* Tarun

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2026-01-12 |title='Neena Neena' offers a window into the world of Rakkasapuradol |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Jan/12/kannadanews2026jan11neena-neena-offers-a-window-into-the-world-of-rakkasapuradol |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Neena Neena
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 4:24
| lyrics1 = Manjunath BS
| title2 = Siddayya Swamy Banni
| extra2 = [[Prem (director)|Prem]]
| title3 = Title Track
| length3 = 2:03
| lyrics3 = Kranthi Kumar
| extra3 = Nishan Rai
| title4 = Amavase Raatri
| length4 = 3:16
| lyrics4 = Bharath Lingesh
| extra4 = Kushala
| title5 = Villain Theme
| length5 = 1:08
| lyrics5 = Devraj Sulok
| extra5 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| length2 = 3:51
| lyrics2 = Kranthi Kumar
}}

==Release and reception==
''Rakkasapuradhol'' was released on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hegde |first=Roopa |date=3 February 2026 |title=ರಿಲೀಸ್‌ ಗೂ ಮೊದ್ಲೇ ರಕ್ಕಸಪುರದೋಳ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನೋಡುವ ಅವಕಾಶ, ಎಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯಲಿದೆ ಪ್ರೀಮಿಯರ್ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/rakkasapuradhol-movie-premiere-to-be-held-in-mysore/articleshow-e0vw4by |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]''<nowiki/>'s Sanjay Ponnappa rated it 4 .5 out of 5 quoting the film's writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2026-02-06 |title=Rakkasapuradol review: Strong writing lifts Raj B Shetty-led murder mystery |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/raj-b-shetty-rakkasapuradol-review-kannada-murder-mystery-smart-writing-suspense-2863864-2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and stated, "More than its mystery, ''Rakkasapuradhol'' remains effective because of its human core".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2026-02-08 |title=Rakkasapuradhol Movie Review: Gripping suspense thriller elevated by haunting performances |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Feb/08/kannadareview2026feb06rakkasapuradhol-movie-review-gripping-suspense-thriller-elevated-by-haunting-performances |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Calling Raj B. Shetty's performance as the "film's backbone", Yemen S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakkasapuradhol Movie Review: when fear, faith and a troubled mind collide in a quiet village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/kannada/when-fear-faith-and-a-troubled-mind-collide-in-a-quiet-village/movie-review/127984319.cms |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that, "''Rakkasapuradhol'' is a thriller that punches above its weight. More importantly, it gets the job done after a shaky start".<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2026-02-08 |title=‘Rakkasapuradhol’ movie review: This Raj B Shetty-starrer gets the job done after a shaky start |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rakkasapuradhol-movie-review-this-raj-b-shetty-starrer-gets-the-job-done-after-a-shaky-start/article70606938.ece |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of [[The Hollywood Reporter|''The Hollywood Reporter India'']] felt that the film is "uneven in parts".<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Rakkasapuradhol’ Movie Review: Raj Shetty Holds His Ground In This Meandering Thriller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/rakkasapuradhol-review-raj-shetty-holds-his-ground-in-this-meandering-thriller |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> Nikhil Waiker of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 and criticised the film editing, background music and writing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Rakkasapuradhol’ Movie Review: Loud Horror With Little Substance |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rakkasapuradhol-movie-review-another-loud-and-empty-horror-flick-3889541 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33240865|Rakkasapuradhol}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]

Waheed Para

2026-04-23T05:43:22Z

Rik: started some info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Waheed Para In Assembly.jpg
| office = [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|Leader of Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party in]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| office2 = Youth Wing President [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]
| term_end2 = October 2024
| term_start2 = January 2013
| birth_place = Naira, Pulwama
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| term_start = 14 November 2024
| office1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| office3 = Secretary, J&K Sports Council
| term_start3 = July 2016
| term_end3 = June 2018
| alma_mater = [[Boston University]], [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]]
| birth_date = 24 September 1988
| caption = Waheed Para
| constituency1 = [[Pulwama]]
| president2 = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| successor2 = Aditya Gupta
| predecessor1 = [[Mohammad Khalil Bandh]]
| predecessor = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
}}

'''Waheed ur Rehman Para''' (وحید اررحمان پارہ) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician of [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] and member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Pulwama]] constituency.<ref name="Kaul">{{Cite web |last=Kaul |first=Sumir |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pulwama erupts in joy as PDP's Waheed Para holds victory rally |url=https://theprint.in/india/pulwama-erupts-in-joy-as-pdps-waheed-para-holds-victory-rally/2303129/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pulwama, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKPDP's Waheed Ur Rehman Para defeats JKNC's Mohammad Khalil Band with 8148 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pulwama-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612902-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is the legislative party leader of the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in the J&K assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-14 |title=PDP appoints Dr Mehboob Beg as party's chief spokesperson |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu-kashmir/pdp-appoints-dr-mehboob-beg-as-partys-chief-spokesperson/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/J-K--PDP-appoints-Waheed-Parra-as-legislative-party-leader/1983002 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref><ref name="Ashiq">{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2024-11-14 |title=PDP's Waheed-ur-Rehman Parra, 36, becomes youngest legislative party head in J&K Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/pdps-waheed-ur-rehman-parra-36-becomes-youngest-legislative-party-head-in-jk-assembly/article68868664.ece |access-date=2024-11-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Born and raised in Naira village of South Kashmir's [[Pulwama district]], he joined the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in 2013 and was subsequently appointed its youth wing president.<ref name="Raafi">{{Cite web |last=Raafi |first=Muhammad |date=2015-05-17 |title=Now, PDP Nominates Wahid Youth President, Formally |url=https://kashmirlife.net/now-pdp-nominates-wahid-youth-president-formally-79084/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014152758/https://kashmirlife.net/now-pdp-nominates-wahid-youth-president-formally-79084/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the following years, he served as the political analyst to then J&K CM [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] in 2015<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raafi |first=Muhammad |date=2015-06-26 |title=PDP's Youth President Appointed Political Analyst in CM's Office |url=https://kashmirlife.net/pdps-youth-president-appointed-political-analyst-in-cms-office-81337/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202141553/https://kashmirlife.net/pdps-youth-president-appointed-political-analyst-in-cms-office-81337/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and as secretary J&K Sports Council in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2018-06-22 |title=Waheed Para resigns as Secretary Sports Council |url=https://kashmirlife.net/waheed-para-resigns-as-secretary-sports-council-178321/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202153933/https://kashmirlife.net/waheed-para-resigns-as-secretary-sports-council-178321/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was arrested by National Investigation Agency on 25 November 2020 for alleged terror links,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Peerzada Ashiq & Vijaita |date=2020-11-25 |title=NIA arrests PDP youth leader Waheed-ur-Rehman Parra for alleged links to the Hizbul Mujahideen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pdp-youth-wing-leader-parra-arrested-by-nia-in-connection-with-terror-case/article33178819.ece |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202141552/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pdp-youth-wing-leader-parra-arrested-by-nia-in-connection-with-terror-case/article33178819.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2021-06-01 |title=PDP's Parra arrested, faced abusive interrogations: UN rights body |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/un-rights-group-seeks-centres-response-on-arrest-of-pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para/article61813619.ece |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/un-rights-group-seeks-centres-response-on-arrest-of-pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para/article61813619.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and was again rearrested by J&K Police after receiving bail from Special NIA Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-01-11 |title=PDP youth wing president Waheed Para arrested again over case on alleged terror nexus |url=https://theprint.in/india/pdp-youth-wing-president-waheed-para-arrested-again-over-case-on-alleged-terror-nexus/583459/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202141552/https://theprint.in/india/pdp-youth-wing-president-waheed-para-arrested-again-over-case-on-alleged-terror-nexus/583459/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrested, Denied Bail And Allegedly Tortured: The Story Of A Kashmiri Politician Who Had No Problem Being Indian |url=https://article-14.com/post/arrested-denied-bail-and-allegedly-tortured-the-story-of-a-kashmiri-politician-who-had-no-problem-being-indian--610b52ba2c1c2 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=article-14.com |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101054437/http://article-14.com/post/arrested-denied-bail-and-allegedly-tortured-the-story-of-a-kashmiri-politician-who-had-no-problem-being-indian--610b52ba2c1c2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waheed was released on bail by the Jammu and Kashmir High Court in May 2022,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=J&K HC Grants Bail to PDP Leader Waheed Para; Mehbooba, Lone Hail Decision |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Jammu-kashmir-grants-bail-PDP-leader-waheed-para-mehbooba-lone-hail-decision |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Kashmir: J&K High Court grants bail to PDP leader Waheed Para |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/srinagar/kashmir-jk-high-court-bail-pdp-waheed-para-7936020/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202141552/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/srinagar/kashmir-jk-high-court-bail-pdp-waheed-para-7936020/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=KNS |date=2022-05-25 |title=After nearly 2 years Waheed Parra granted bail by High Court |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/after-nearly-2-years-waheed-parra-granted-bail-by-high-court-140901 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=KNS |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202141552/https://www.knskashmir.com/after-nearly-2-years-waheed-parra-granted-bail-by-high-court-140901 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was also selected as the inaugural Yale Peace Fellow at [[Yale University]]'s International Leadership Center in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-19 |title=Jailed under UAPA,Yale University selects PDP leader Parra for International Leadership Center |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jailed-under-uapayale-university-selects-pdp-leader-parra-for-international-leadership-center/article66755518.ece |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202153933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jailed-under-uapayale-university-selects-pdp-leader-parra-for-international-leadership-center/article66755518.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2023-04-19 |title=Waheed Para Is Yale University Peace Fellow 2023 |url=https://kashmirlife.net/waheed-para-is-yale-university-peace-fellow-2023-315420/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202153933/https://kashmirlife.net/waheed-para-is-yale-university-peace-fellow-2023-315420/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political career ==
Waheed had been informally associated with [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] since 2002 but formally joined the party in 2013 and was subsequently appointed its Youth Wing President.<ref name="Raafi"/>

He is believed to have played a major role in the party's electoral success in 2014 parliamentary and state assembly elections. He was appointed as political analyst to then J&K CM [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] and later served as Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir State Sports Council from July 2016 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth PDP President Waheed Para is New Secretary J&K Sports Council |url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/5110/youth-pdp-president-waheed-para-is-new-secretary-jk-sports-council.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.crosstownnews.in |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150141/https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/5110/youth-pdp-president-waheed-para-is-new-secretary-jk-sports-council.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also attended the UNCCC 2015 at Paris as a special representative from the state of J&K.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raafi |first=Muhammad |date=2015-12-09 |title=In France, PDP's Para Discusses Climate Change Effects on Kashmir |url=https://kashmirlife.net/in-france-pdps-para-discusses-climate-change-effects-on-kashmir-91560/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203113524/https://kashmirlife.net/in-france-pdps-para-discusses-climate-change-effects-on-kashmir-91560/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018 he survived an attack on his life after terrorists closely fired at his vehicle in Central Kashmir's [[Budgam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |title=Unknown gunmen carried attack on PDP's Waheed Para |url=https://www.onlykashmir.in/20914/unknown-gunmen-carried-attack-on-pdps-waheed-para/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Only Kashmir |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150140/https://www.onlykashmir.in/20914/unknown-gunmen-carried-attack-on-pdps-waheed-para/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-15 |title=J-K: PDP youth president shot at in Budgam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/j-k-pdp-youth-president-waheed-para-shot-at-in-budgam-5307263/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150140/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/j-k-pdp-youth-president-waheed-para-shot-at-in-budgam-5307263/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP Youth President Says He Was Shot At By Suspected Terrorists |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pdp-youth-president-waheed-para-says-he-was-shot-at-by-suspected-terrorists-1900497 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018112158/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pdp-youth-president-waheed-para-says-he-was-shot-at-by-suspected-terrorists-1900497 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has been an [[International Visitor Leadership Program]] (IVLP) fellow, and was amongst a couple of politicians invited by the U.S. Government from India for the program. Para had also been invited for the Australia-India Youth Dialogue (AIYD) 2019, which is a track-two young leaders’ dialogue held every alternate year, but owing to his detention following 5 August 2019 was not allowed to attend the conference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detained PDP Leader Unable to Attend Australia-India Youth Dialogue |url=https://thewire.in/politics/india-australia-youth-dialogue-waheed-ur-rehman-para |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title=Despite prison, torture, this Kashmiri politician won't give up on India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/9/18/despite-prison-torture-this-kashmiri-politician-wont-give-up-on-india |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Following arrest by the National Investigation Agency,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Rahul |date=2020-11-25 |title=J&K: Ahead of first phase of DDC polls, NIA arrests PDP youth wing's Waheed Ur Rehman Para |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jk-ahead-of-first-phase-of-ddc-polls-nia-arrests-pdp-youth-wings-waheed-ur-rehman-para/articleshow/79413461.cms |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203113948/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jk-ahead-of-first-phase-of-ddc-polls-nia-arrests-pdp-youth-wings-waheed-ur-rehman-para/articleshow/79413461.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-11 |title=PDP youth wing president Waheed Para arrested again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pdp-youth-wing-president-waheed-para-arrested-again/articleshow/80214917.cms |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203113948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pdp-youth-wing-president-waheed-para-arrested-again/articleshow/80214917.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> he won the DDC Elections, 2020 from Pulwama constituency while being under custody.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-22 |title=Jailed PDP youth leader Waheed Para wins DDC election |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jailed-pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para-wins-ddc-election/articleshow/79859356.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018114512/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jailed-pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para-wins-ddc-election/articleshow/79859356.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Azaan |date=2020-12-22 |title=PDP youth leader Waheed Para, arrested under UAPA, wins J&K DDC poll from Pulwama |url=https://theprint.in/politics/pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para-arrested-under-uapa-wins-jk-ddc-poll-from-pulwama/571738/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150139/https://theprint.in/politics/pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para-arrested-under-uapa-wins-jk-ddc-poll-from-pulwama/571738/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jailed PDP Leader, Gupkar Alliance Candidate Waheed Para Wins J&K Local Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jailed-pdp-leader-gupkar-alliance-candidate-waheed-para-wins-j-k-local-polls-2342072 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014153024/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jailed-pdp-leader-gupkar-alliance-candidate-waheed-para-wins-j-k-local-polls-2342072 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-22 |title=J&K DDC election results: Waheed-Ur-Rehman Para, jailed PDP leader, wins; 'couldn't be prouder', says Mehbooba Mufti |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/j-couldnt-be-prouder-says-mehbooba-mufti-6258751.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150139/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/j-couldnt-be-prouder-says-mehbooba-mufti-6258751.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After remaining incarcerated at Srinagar's central jail for over 17 months, he was released after the Jammu and Kashmir High Court granted him bail and observed "The evidence as is gathered by the prosecution is too sketchy to be believed prima facie true, that too, with a view to deny bail to the appellant."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Kashmiri leaders demand Waheed Para's release |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/kashmiri-leaders-demand-waheed-para-s-release-101643916803206.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019000136/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/kashmiri-leaders-demand-waheed-para-s-release-101643916803206.html |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Waheed Para signing papers after oath.jpg|thumb|249x249px|'''Waheed Para signing papers after taking oath in [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] at [[Srinagar]] (2024)''']]
Para contested the [[2024 Indian general election]] from the Srinagar Parliamentary Constituency as a candidate of the PDP, and secured the runner up position with 1.68 lakh votes.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Srinagar election results 2024 live updates: JKNC's Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi wins with over 1.8 lakh votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/srinagar-election-results-2024-jammu-kashmir-srinagar-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-aga-syed-ruhullah-mehdi-jkn-waheed-ur-rehman-para-jkpdp/articleshow/110640350.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606022845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/srinagar-election-results-2024-jammu-kashmir-srinagar-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-aga-syed-ruhullah-mehdi-jkn-waheed-ur-rehman-para-jkpdp/articleshow/110640350.cms |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=2024-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Ashiq |date=2024-06-05 |title=Mega win for Aga Ruhullah Mehdi as Srinagar reposes faith in NC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mega-win-foe-aga-ruhullah-mehdi-as-srinagar-reposes-faith-in-nc-101717541974858.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606022846/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mega-win-foe-aga-ruhullah-mehdi-as-srinagar-reposes-faith-in-nc-101717541974858.html |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He won the 2024 [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] elections from [[Pulwama]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pulwama Assembly Election Results 2024 LIVE: PDP gets huge boost! Waheed Para wins old guard vs new guard battle |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/pulwama-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jammu-kashmir-election-results-waheed-ur-rahman-para-peoples-democratic-party-pdp-mohammad-khalil-band-national-conference-449125-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kaul" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pulwama, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKPDP's Waheed Ur Rehman Para defeats JKNC's Mohammad Khalil Band with 8148 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pulwama-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612902-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Waheed ur Rehman Para.jpg|thumb|219x219px|Waheed Para poses with the delegation of American Council of Young Political Leaders after an interaction at [[New Delhi]] (2016)]]He was the first legislator from Jammu and Kashmir to introduce the resolution condemening and opposing the revocation of J&K's special status (Article 370) with other constitutional guarantees through the J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019 on the first day of assembly session at Srinagar. The resolution called for, "restoration of special status and all constitutional guarantees granted to Jammu and Kashmir in their original, pristine form".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Chaos in J&K Assembly 1st session over resolution against Article 370 abrogation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-first-session-chaos-erupts-pdp-mla-waheed-para-moves-resolution-against-article-370-abrogation-2627664-2024-11-04 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-04 |title=PDP's Waheed Para moves resolution against abrogation of Article 370 in JK Assembly |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pdps-waheed-para-moves-resolution-against-abrogation-of-article-370-in-jk-assembly/articleshow/114934429.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 14 November 2024, he became the youngest legislative party leader in J&K Assembly at the age 36, after being appointed the same by [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref name="Ashiq" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-14 |title=J&K: PDP appoints Waheed Parra as legislative party leader |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-pdp-waheed-parra-party-leader-9669730/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Land Bill 2025 ==
Among the major legislations brought in by him in his first year as Member of Legislative Assembly was '''The Regularization and Recognition of Property Rights Bill''' in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly, a land-regularisation initiative aimed at protecting poor families who had been living on State, Kahcharai, Common and Shamilat land for over two decades. Para stated that the Bill recognised long-term occupants not as “encroachers” but as citizens with a constitutional right to shelter under Article 21.<ref>{{Cite web|title=J&K assembly autumn session: House rejects PDP's land regularisation bill|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jk-assembly-autumn-session-house-rejects-pdp-s-land-regularisation-bill-101761681864142.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-10-29|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>

The proposed legislation sought to provide a one-time compassionate measure to prevent demolitions and displacement by granting ownership rights to these families.<ref>{{Cite web|title="It is unfortunate": Waheed Para on rejection of Land Regularisation Bill|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/uncategorized/it-is-unfortunate-waheed-para-on-rejection-of-land-regularisation-bill/|website=Greater Kashmir|date=2025-10-28|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en-US|first=GK Video|last=Desk}}</ref> It aimed to bring long-established settlements into the legal system by enabling access to property registration, documentation, bank loans and formal recognition of homes that had existed for decades.<ref>{{Cite web|title=J&K Assembly rejects bill seeking proprietary rights for houses built on government land|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/jk-assembly-rejects-bill-seeking-proprietary-rights-for-houses-built-on-government-land/|website=The Tribune|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>

The Bill was ultimately rejected by the Assembly. Both the ruling National Conference (NC) and the opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) voted against it. Chief Minister [[Omar Abdullah]] opposed the proposal, arguing that it would “help the land mafia”, while the BJP labelled it “land jihad” and praised the government for blocking what it called the PDP’s “nefarious designs”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PDP's Para's Land Ownership Bill Sparks Row Within, Outside Jammu Kashmir Assembly|url=https://kashmirlife.net/pdps-paras-land-ownership-bill-sparks-row-within-outside-jammu-kashmir-assembly-411073/|website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir|date=2025-10-28|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en-GB|first=Syed Shadab Ali|last=Gillani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Trust Of India|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/j-k-assembly-rejects-bill-seeking-recognition-of-proprietary-rights-of-houses-built-on-govt-land-illegally/3042617|website=www.ptinews.com|access-date=2025-11-29}}</ref>

== Detention ==
Waheed was first arrested on 4 August 2019, as the Government of India moved to abrogate Article 370. Like other mainstream political leaders in the region, Parra was initially detained at the SKICC and the MLA's hostel in Srinagar, before being placed under house arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=J&K: Detained leaders may be moved, admin billed over Rs 3 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-detained-leaders-may-be-moved-admin-billed-over-rs-3-crore-6106966/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Azaan |date=2019-11-17 |title=Angry Kashmiri politicians confront cops after security personnel 'body search' Sajad Lone |url=https://theprint.in/politics/angry-kashmiri-politicians-confront-cops-after-security-personnel-body-search-sajad-lone/322369/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=J&K Leaders Sajjad Lone, Waheed Para Put Under House Arrest After Release |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-politicians-sajjad-lone-waheed-para-to-be-released-today-six-months-after-they-wer-2175281 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

On 26 November 2020, two days after filing his nomination papers for the [[District Development Council]] (DDC) elections, Parra was arrested by the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA). Despite being in custody, he won the DDC elections in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Rahul |date=2020-11-25 |title=J&K: Ahead of first phase of DDC polls, NIA arrests PDP youth wing's Waheed Ur Rehman Para |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jk-ahead-of-first-phase-of-ddc-polls-nia-arrests-pdp-youth-wings-waheed-ur-rehman-para/articleshow/79413461.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="Quint">{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2021-01-11 |title=Arrested After Bail, PDP Leader Waheed Para Remanded to Custody |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/waheed-para-detained-after-bail-by-nia-court-jammu-and-kashmir |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-22 |title=Jailed PDP youth leader Waheed Para wins DDC election |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jailed-pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para-wins-ddc-election/articleshow/79859356.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Azaan |date=2020-12-22 |title=PDP youth leader Waheed Para, arrested under UAPA, wins J&K DDC poll from Pulwama |url=https://theprint.in/politics/pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para-arrested-under-uapa-wins-jk-ddc-poll-from-pulwama/571738/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly after being granted bail by the Special NIA Court in Jammu, Parra was re-arrested by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]].<ref name="Quint" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2020-12-30 |title=CIK Raids Waheed Parra's Residence, Other Places In South Kashmir |url=https://kashmirlife.net/cik-raids-waheed-parras-residence-other-places-in-south-kashmir-256523/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Police clear the way for PDP leader Waheed Para as he arrives to collect winning certificate.jpg|thumb|235x235px|J&K Police clear the way for PDP leader Waheed Para as he arrives to collect winning certificate at [[Pulwama]] (2024)]]During his detention, he was reportedly subjected to harsh interrogation conditions, including being kept in freezing temperatures. Allegations of abusive interrogations lasting up to 12 hours surfaced, with Parra being questioned about his participation in a virtual meeting with [[United Nations Security Council]] members, where he had raised concerns regarding the [[Government of India]]’s actions in Jammu and Kashmir and border tensions with [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN experts concerned over rights abuses in Kashmir |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/un-experts-concerned-over-rights-abuses-in-kashmir/2260057 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After 18 Months Of Humiliation, Trauma In Jail, J&K's Waheed Parra Is Still A Unionist & A Candidate For Parliament |url=https://article-14.com/post/after-18-months-of-humiliation-trauma-in-jail-j-k-s-waheed-parra-is-still-a-unionist-a-candidate-for-parliament-66417eb264748 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=article-14.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-02-03 |title=Arrested PDP leader Waheed Para being tortured to admit to false charges, alleges Mehbooba |url=https://theprint.in/politics/arrested-pdp-leader-waheed-para-being-tortured-to-admit-to-false-charges-alleges-mehbooba/598274/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2021, five Special Rapporteurs of the [[United Nations]] sought an official reply from the [[Government of India]] on reports of torture meted out to him. The report highlighted serious accusations, including the claim that "Para had been held in a dark underground cell at subzero temperatures, deprived of sleep, and subjected to physical abuse, including being kicked, slapped, beaten with rods, and hung upside down. His alleged ill-treatment was documented, and he was reportedly required to meet with medical professionals due to the severity of the torture."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2021-06-01 |title=PDP's Parra arrested, faced abusive interrogations: UN rights body |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/un-rights-group-seeks-centres-response-on-arrest-of-pdp-youth-leader-waheed-para/article61813619.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devadas |first=David |date=2021-06-07 |title=UN Eyes on Kashmir: Is Waheed Para Being Punished for Speaking Up? |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/waheed-para-charged-with-terrorism-democracy-dissent-clampdown-kashmir-conflict-indian-govt-diplomacy-united-nations-rapporteurs-scrutiny |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fareed |first=Rifat |title=UN experts say Kashmir leader 'stripped naked, hung upside down' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/3/pro-india-kashmiri-politician-tortured-in-custody-say-un-experts |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Waheed was eventually shifted to [[Srinagar]]'s Central Jail, where he remained incarcerated for over 17 months. His release came after the [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]] granted him bail, stating that the evidence presented by the prosecution was "too sketchy" to justify his continued detention.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2022-05-25 |title=PDP's Parra gets bail, Jammu and Kashmir parties welcome court order |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pdps-parra-gets-bail-jk-parties-welcome-court-order/article65460705.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Kashmir: J&K High Court grants bail to PDP leader Waheed Para |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/srinagar/kashmir-jk-high-court-bail-pdp-waheed-para-7936020/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-05-25 |title=PDP leader Waheed-ur-Rehman Para gets bail in militancy case |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/pdp-leader-waheed-ur-rehman-para-para-gets-bail-in-militancy-case/na20220525154858854854843 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Waheed Para addressing a group of party workers in Jammu.jpg|thumb|201x201px|Waheed Para addressing supporters at Jammu in 2018]]
Despite being granted bail, he was disallowed to accompany his cancer hit father for treatment outside Jammu and Kashmir alongside not being allowed to also accompany his 8 year old nephew for treatment at AIIMS Delhi in 2023 - 2024 after repeated pleas, both of whom expired in month's time from each other.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2023-09-30 |title=Srinagar court refuses to permit PDP leader Waheed Para to travel out of J&K for a year for ailing father's treatment |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/srinagar-court-refuses-permit-pdp-leader-waheed-para-travel-out-jk-year-ailing-fathers-treatment |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-29 |title=Court denies permission to PDP leader Parra to accompany ailing father outside J&K |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/court-denies-permission-to-pdp-leader-parra-to-accompany-ailing-father-outside-jk/article67362670.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=PDP leader Waheed Para seeks travel permission to visit ailing nephew in Delhi; NIA objects |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jailed-terror-case-pdp-waheed-para-court-visit-ailing-nephew-nia-flee-clutches-law-9111667/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><gallery>
File:Waheed Para with an elderly supporter.jpg|Waheed Para during 2024 Lok Sabha election campaigning at [[Pulwama]]
File:Waheed Para with a group of supporters at a rally in Srinagar.jpg|Waheed Para poses with suppoters at a rally in [[Srinagar]] (2019)
File:Waheed Para speech.jpg|Waheed Para addressing a crowd at [[Anantnag]] (2024)
File:Waheed Para amongst supporters.jpg|Waheed Para after winning elections from [[Pulwama]]
</gallery>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Pulwama district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Mizo District

2026-04-20T22:57:50Z

Rik: done

{{Short description|Former district of Assam (1947–1972)}}
{{Infobox Former subdivision
| native_name = {{lang|lus|Mizoram}}<ref>"Mizo Chanchin, Bu II – A History of Lushai Hills, Part II [1947]", British Library, EAP454/13/12, https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP454-13-12</ref>
| conventional_long_name = Lushai Hills {{nobold|{{small|(1947–1954)}}}}<hr>Mizo District {{nobold|{{small|(1954–1972)}}}}
| common_name =
| nation = [[India]]
| era = [[Cold War]]
| event_start = [[Indian independence movement|District established]]
| year_start = 1947
| date_start = 15 August
| event_end = Ascension to [[Union Territory of Mizoram]]
| year_end = 1972
| date_end = 21 January
| life_span = 1947– 1972
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event2 = Abolished chieftainship (Lushai Hills Reorganisation of Chiefs’ Rights Act, 1954)<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10383/chapter-abstract/158192519?redirectedFrom=fulltext | doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199460892.003.0009 | chapter=The Final Leap | title=The Uprising | date=2016 | last1=Nag | first1=Sajal | pages=346–362 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-946089-2 }}</ref>
| date_event2 = 1954
| event3 = Renamed as Mizo District (The Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act, 1954)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kanoongpt.in/bare-acts/the-lushai-hills-district-change-of-name-act-1954/section-3 | title=Section 3: Amendment of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution | the Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act, 1954 }}</ref>
| date_event3 = 1954
| event4 = ''[[Mautam]]'' famine
| date_event4 = 1959
| event5 = [[Mizo National Front uprising]]
| date_event5 = 28 February 1966
| image_map = Assam 1960-en.svg
| image_map_caption = Map of Autonomous Hill Districts of Assam demanded by the [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] for a separate Hill State.
| status_text = Former [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous district]] of [[Assam (1947–1963)|Assam]]
| image_flag =
| image_flag2 =
| flag =
| flag_type2 =
| flag_border =
| image_coat =
| symbol =
| symbol_type =
| capital = [[Aizawl]]
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader3 =
| leader4 =
| year_leader4 =
| leader5 =
| year_leader5 =
| deputy1 = [[S.N. Barkataki]]
| deputy2 = G.C. Srivastava
| year_deputy1 = 1949-1954 (first)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aizawl.nic.in/mz/incumbency-chart-2/ | title=Incumbency Chart | Aizawl District, Government of Mizoram | India }}</ref>
| year_deputy2 = 1972 (last)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aizawl.nic.in/mz/incumbency-chart-2/ | title=Incumbency Chart | Aizawl District, Government of Mizoram | India }}</ref>
| title_deputy = [[Deputy Commissioner]]
| p1 = British rule in the Lushai Hills{{!}}British Lushai Hills
| s1 = Union Territory of Mizoram
|stat_year1 = 1951
|stat_pop1 = 196,202<ref>"Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in.</ref>
| stat_year2 = 1961
| stat_pop2 = 261014<ref>"Census of India, 1961, District Census Handbook, Lushai Hills, p172"</ref>
| stat_year3 = 1971
| stat_pop3 = 332,339<ref>"Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in.</ref>
| today = [[Mizoram]]
| demonym =
}}
{{History of Mizoram}}
The '''Mizo District''', formerly called '''Lushai Hills District''', was an autonomous district of the [[India]]n state of [[Assam (1947–1963)|Assam]] from 1947 till 1972 until it was granted the status of a [[Union Territory]]. This region was a significant part of [[History of Mizoram|Mizo history]] as it formally abolished the Mizo chieftainship system in 1954. It also encountered the 1959 [[Mautam|Mautam famine]], which led to the [[Mizo National Front uprising]] and the subsequent 20-year insurgency.

==Etymology==
The original name of the district, ''Lushai Hills'' district, descends from a colonial misnomer. The British, upon encountering the Lusei tribes, applied the name to the Mizo people living in the region. Early administrators assumed Lushai to mean ''head'' for ''Lu'' and ''cut'' from ''sha'' or ''shat'' referring to the clan name to mean decapitation in reference to the headhunting practices of the traditional Mizo society.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Thomas Herbert |date=1874 |title=Progressive Colloquial Exercises in the Lushai Dialect of 'Dzo' or Kuki Language: With Vocabularies and Popular Tales|location=Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNKEmFsLDjwC|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company Limited}}</ref>

The Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act, 1954 changed the name to Mizo district.<ref>{{cite act |title=The Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act, 1954 |type=Act |date=1954 |institution=Assam legislative assembly|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1395?view_type=browse |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> Mizo connotes ''highlander''. Mi refers to a person while zo refers to hills.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1209469017 |title= Mizo, N. & Adj |last=Oxford English Dictionary |date= March 2024 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford |doi= 10.1093/OED/1209469017 |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

==Background==
{{main|British rule in the Lushai Hills}}
A [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills district]] was formed in 1898 under [[British India]], merging the former North Lushai Hills and South Lushai Hills regions into a single district of the [[Assam province]]. It was regarded as an [[Scheduled Areas|Excluded Area]], beyond the [[Inner Line Permit|Inner Line]], which meant that the laws and regulations of the province did not apply, and the people from the plains could not access it without a permit.

==History==
===Independence===
Upon achieving independence the Zo community had been split into three countries. While the Chins and Lushai were split in 1937 with the creation of the [[Colony of Burma]], the creation of Pakistan with the jurisdiction of [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] divided the Mizos once more. Mizos in Tripura were also temporarily divided as Tripura retained its sovereignty until ascending to India in 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |author-link=Sajal Nag |date=2008 |title=Pied Pipers in North-East India: Bamboo-flowers, Rat-famine and the Politics of Philanthropy. (1881-2007)=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-311-6}}</ref>

The Independence of India saw two Mizo political parties, namely the [[Mizo Union]] and the [[United Mizo Freedom Organisation]], continue to the new [[Dominion of India]]. While the UMFO had lost its support with the Lushai Hills joining India, the Mizo Union continued to work on a premise of opposing the continuation of the institution of [[Mizo Chieftainship|Chieftainship]]. The chiefs opposed this policy and did not wish to give up their rights which had been enshrined for the British as a policy of [[indirect rule]]. The newly independent India could not take up this issue so early on which led to the superintendent L.L Peters to continue as superintendent of the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=238}} Peters issued a circular to the chiefs that any subject who misbehaved with them would be reported to him so that they are punished. The order became perceived as an instrument of oppression as chiefs who opposed to Mizo Union would report cases of misbehaviour against supporters and members to arrest them.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=239}}

On the independence day of India, no Indian flags were hoisted as rival factions of the Mizo Union opposed recognition of ascension to the Indian Union. The procession for the Indian Independence celebration was forcefully stopped after Khawtinkhuma threatened the party to resign after threats of violence had been issued.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=59}}{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=156}}

===L.L. Peters===
On 26 September 1947, Superintendent L.L Peters called a meeting for the Mizo Union general assembly. Both the left and right wing of the Mizo Union attended. The meeting was called on request of the Governor of Assam to tell them it was preferable to be a part of India than Burma or Pakistan. Peters also informed the group of future developments, such as the district council of Mizoram.<ref>{{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Ramchuani Sena |date=1985 |title=Love Mizoram |location=Imphal |publisher=First Impression}}</ref> Peters also made the village representatives of the Mizo Union party to cast a vote for one leader to be responsible for the Mizo Union as opposed to two leaders of two factions. As a result, Khawtinkhuma was elected president of the Mizo Union party. From this point onwards, the two factions of the Mizo Union became less distinct. On 15 April 1948, Peters convened an Advisory Council of twenty Mizos already active in Mizo politics to be formed. In this vote, Lalmawia, the president of the United Mizo Freedom Organization, gained more votes than Khawtinkhuma and became the chairman of the advisory council. To Vanlawma this was a sign that Mizo people were interested in independence and that they did not vote for Khawtinkhuma who held a pro-Indian policy.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=61}} Peters also dissolved the Village Advisory Committees at the meeting by citing that their purpose had not been fulfilled and the policy needed to be rescinded.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=156}}

===Hydari Conference===
[[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]], who was the governor of Assam, held a meeting of the Lushai Hills delegates. The Mizo Union delegates were [[R Thanhlira|R. Thanhlira]], H.K. Bawichhuaka, R. Dengthuama, Ch. Saprawnga and Vanchuanga. The UMFO sent Lalmawia, Pachhunga, Hmingliana and R. Zuala. Superintendent Peters took three chiefs, Lalsailova, Ngura and Awksarala, to the meeting. The meeting was held on 10 November. The meeting passed a resolution to establish a 37-member Advisory Council for the Lushai Hills. It was designed as an interim arrangement before the finalisation of the Bordoloi sub-committee. As an advisory body, it could not initiate legislation, but Bordoloi assured certain provisions for local self-governance under the body.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=157}}

Elections for the advisory council were held on 23 March for the chiefs and 15 April for the commoners.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Advisory Council Election Results
|-
! Member
! Party
|-
| Lalsailova
| Chief of Kelsih
|-
| Khawkunga
| Chief of Bukpui
|-
| Ngura
| Chief of durtlang
|-
| Lalbuanga
| Chief of Tukkalh
|-
| Taikhuma
| Chief of Pukpui
|-
| Lalthawvenga
| Chief of Sailam
|-
| Awksarala
| Chief of Phullen
|-
| Lalbuana
| Chief of Thingsai
|-
| Chhunmunga
| CHief of Serkawr
|-
| Lianmana
| Chief of Mamte
|-
| H. Vanthuama
| Mizo Union
|-
| Tuikhurliana
| Mizo Union
|-
| Lalchungnunga
| Mizo Union
|-
| R. Thanhlira
| Mizo Union
|-
| Vanlalbuka
| Pawi-Lakher Region
|-
| Zadailova
| Mizo Union
|-
| Khelhnuna
| Mizo Union
|-
| Vaitlaia
| Mizo Union
|-
| H. Khuma
| Mizo Union
|-
| Pastor Pasena
| Mizo Union
|-
| Chaltuahkhuma
| Mizo Union
|-
| Pastor Saitawna
| Mizo Union
|-
| Hrangaia
| Mizo Union
|-
| R.B. Chawnga
| Mizo Union
|-
| Chawnghnuaia
| Mizo Union
|-
| Chhunbura
| Mizo Union
|-
| Lalbuaia
| Mizo Union
|-
| K.T. Khuma
| Mizo Union
|-
| Ch. Saprawnga
| Mizo Union
|-
| R. Dengthuama
| Mizo Union
|-
| Pastor Khuanga
| Mizo Union
|-
| Hengmanga
| United Mizo Freedom Organisation
|-
| Vakova
| United Mizo Freedom Organisation
|-
| Lalsangpuii
| Women Aizawl
|-
| Remthangi
| Women Aizawl
|}

===Advisory Council===

The first meeting of the Advisory council led to an argument as to who should chair the meeting. The Assam Government intervened as placed the superintendent as the chair of the advisory council meetings. After this, more argument occurred concerning voting rights.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=157}} The controversies escalated when Peters forwarded a draft regulation for the future constitution of the Lushai Hills district. The Mizo Union members opposed this and demanded sufficient time to discuss the provisions of the draft. However Peters did not cooperate and wishes to push the act through. The draft was translated into Mizo and distributed to the council members. A committee on the draft was formed consisting of Sparwanga, Vanthuama, Lalbuaia, Thanhlira, Lalchungnunga, Dengthuama with chiefs Ngura and Taikhuma. Peters who was supported by the chiefs continued to push the draft at a second meeting on 23 August. The matter led to the Governor of Assam to handle the matter after the council was prorogued by Peters.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=158}}

Nari Rustomji, advisor to the [[government of Assam]] for tribal affairs, was despatched to Aizawl. Rustomji held numerous meetings with the leaders from 30 August to 2 September. The draft regulation was accepted by the Mizo Union but it did not change the distrust of the Mizo Union against the superintendent and the chiefs.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=158}} Peters as superintendent became empowered to run some departments in the Lushai Hills. Peters supported the chiefs and did not wish to abolish the ''ramhual'' and ''zalen'' institutions of chieftainship. He limited by order for the appointment of such individuals to ten houses per one hundred families. However this was not satisfactory for the Mizo Union who wished to abolish chieftainship completely. Peters began to weaken the Mizo Union by removing their leaders. He offered Khawtinkhuma a government job which successfully removed him from the party. This was attempted once moreon R. Thanhlira but failed. Thanhlira was sworn in as President of the Mizo Union on 28 November.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=159}}

===Civil disobedience movement===

Peters had openly supported the UMFO over the Mizo Union and worked with chiefs. The Mizo Union demanded to have Peters removed as superintendent and began a civil disobedience movement of non-cooperation in 1948.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=239}} On 1 December, a publicdeclaratyion was made of lengthy accounts of grievances. The speech blamed the chiefs for unjust and influence to lower the power of the party. Peters was declared the root cause of the issue due to his support of chieftainship. The speech was printed in the Mizo Union newspaper ''Thupuan''.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=160}} The Mizo Union threatened to resort to non-violent non-cooperation with the administration if Peters was not removed by 27 December 1948 as the deadline. A memorandum on the issues of Peters office was also submitted to the Assam government on 24 November 1948. Peters retaliated by invoking the Assam Maintenance of Public Order Act to arrest the leaders of the Mizo Union. The Union General secretary M. Vanthuama and treasurer Lalbuaia were arrested along with R. Thanlirah while he returned to Aizawl from Shillong. The Mizo Union's newspaper ''Thupuan'' was also closed. On 28 December 1948, the commoners proceeded with the civil disobedience movement. The orders of Peters and his officials were not followed. The commoners refused to pay the customary taxes of ''fathang'', ''sachhiah'' and ''buhcchun'' to their chiefs or build the houses of the chief. Coolie quotas were also halted. In some cases attacks on chiefs or their properties occurred which saw their gardens destroyed.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=239}} Furthermore, a strike of a few hundred people was organized in the streets, where the strikers shouted, "Peters go home!".{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=62}} Peters was stuck in his office as the protests continued. He was rescued with the Assam rifle platoons from Agartala. Detention facilities were built along with outposts for the Assam rifles.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=161}} Instances of violence broke out and thus the government was incentivised to use law and order in the interests of the chiefs.Despite the UMFO opposing the Mizo Union and supporting chieftainship, the government did not look favourably due to their pro-independence stance.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Volume 2|p=4}}

A mass crackdown and arrest were issued, and fines were imposed on the participants. Among the arrested were Vanthuama, Lalbuaia, Rosiama, Chawnghnuaia, Kawnga, Vanchuanga, Lalsawia, Chhunga, Sangkunga, Liankunga and H. Khuma who had been returning from Shillong. The leaders were kept in prisons in Gauhati, Tezpur and Silchar. Peters furthermore formed two columns to visit unruly villages and restore order.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=161}}{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=240}} Peters's disposition was more in line with his predecessors in terms of repressing the Mizo sentiment for progress. Peters refused all offers of mediation between the government and the Mizo Union. His wife by comparison was compassionate and popular among the Mizos.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Volume 2|p=4}} The Assam government once again sent Rustomji to mediate. Rustomji in ''Enchanted Frontiers'' describes the tense situation at the moment. Rustomji met with Lalsailova who was chief of Kelsih and president of the Lushai Chief's Council. The chief's council preferred harsh measures and punishment for the Mizo Union's grievances against them despite most being imprisoned. The chiefs argued that the Mizo Union was misleading the public. Violence was occurring as stones were thrown at the chief's houses and threats of murder made. Rustomji soon met with the Mizo Union leader's who were not imprisoned. The meeting was chaotic according to his accounts as the party threatened further devastation unless the demands were met. Rustomji identified Vanthuama and Thanhlira as being the most conspicuous among the leaders.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Volume 2|p=5}}{{sfn|Rustomji|1971|p=96-98}} Rustomji met with parties of political prisoners handcuffed while travelling across the district. Among them was Dengthuama. The next morning, meetings were held with villagers and explained that the government was taking all measures to stop exploitation by chiefs. An emphasis was made on cooperation and peace over violence. Rustomji returned to Aizawl where Peters, whom he referred to as a "fire eating superintendent", had finally agreed to release the Mizo Union leaders. A joint farewell from both parties was held for Rustomji as he departed the district in acknowledgement of his intervention.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Volume 2|p=6}}{{sfn|Rustomji|1971|p=99-100}}

Rustomji had successfully negotiated with both sides and released the arrested Mizo Union leaders.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=240}} The agreement had been reached between Dengthuama and Peters on 27 January 1949.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=161}} Rustomji himself had gone against the advice of the Assam Government and the Hill tribe who were surprised at the peaceful outcome.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Volume 2|p=6}}{{sfn|Rustomji|1971|p=99-100}} Since the Mizo Union cooperated with the [[Indian National Congress]] in Assam, Peters was eventually recalled to Shillong and replaced with Barkataki on 1 March 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas|date=1994 |title=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga |location=new Delhi |publisher=M D Publications |isbn=81-85880-38-7}}</ref>{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=62}}{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=162}}

===S.N. Barkataki===
{{main|Satyen Barkataki}}
Satyendra Nath Barkataki was the first Indian superintendent of the Lushai Hills. Barkataki was considered an able and competent superintendent who cooperated with the Mizos liberally. Barkataki contributed to the motor roads in the Lushai Hills on arrival. In order to please the Mizos he requested Reverend Mendes (Pu Mena) to start the first ceremonial shovelful of dirt. He used Mizo villagers to volunteer to dig the road and managed to establish a road between Aizawl and Lungleh.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=62}} Barkataki was considered apolitical as he maintained good relations with the leaders held influence over the Mizo people.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=163}}

The civil disobedience movement reignited over the issue of the chieftainship institutions of nominating ''upas'', ''ramhuals'' and ''zalens'' along with the paddy and meat tax. Barkati referred the matterto Lalkailuia Sailo who was assistant superintendent. Sailo argued that changes could only be made if the chiefs were to cooperate on the matter. A joint meeting of chiefs and the Mizo Union were held on 14 June. The resolution of the meeting saw the superintendent issue an order that if a villager were to move to another village he could offer his house to the chief. If the chief did not wish to purchase it it can be sold to another villager without the chief's ability to seize it.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=163}}

Barkataki had previously been acquainted with Mizo students as a university student. He was also cooperative with the Mizo leaders who knew him personally.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=134}} Barkataki's chief contribution was the initiation of electrification of the Lushai Hills. Under the British, the production of electricity for the Mizos were never a priority. With Barkati's influence, a program began in 1954 with the Assam government's aid. However, the production was considered low and unimpactiful due to its ability to power a portion of Aizawl.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=273}} Barkataki was also known for convincing the Assam government to divert more funds to the Lushai Hills for the purposes of economic development. He was popular for his willingness to meet with the poorer individuals and alleviating their burdens.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=111}}

===Chieftainship question===
On 14 October 1949, the Lushai chiefs' council held a meeting to safeguard their rights and privileges under customary Lushai law. The resolution was submitted to the Advisory Committee stating the demands:{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=164}}
#Reservation of one seat in the district council for ''upas'' of the chief.
#Reservation of six seats in the district council for chiefs.
#Exemption of all the sons and brothers of the chief from coolie labour.
#Reservation of a seat for ''khawchhiar'' (village writer) in the village councils.

The ''upas'' who enjoyed many privileges under the institutions of chieftainship also began to policially mobilize against the Mizo Union. The ''upas'' formed that Chief's Elders Association in October 1949. A memorandum of their support of the chiefs council's demands along with a reserved seat for them on village councils were given to Barkataki.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=164}} Similarly the Pawi-Lakher Tribal Union was founded by Hengmanga of Sangau village to support the interests of the southern Lushais who had political and cultural differences to the Mizos. The creation of the Pawi-Lakher Tribal Union was supported by the Lakher Pioneer Mission. Its objectives were:{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=164}}
*To cut off all connections with the Lushais and to have a separate administration of their own.
*To demand the employment of more educated youths of the Pawis and Lakhers in the district administration.
*To press the government to construct better roads in the region and to establish a high school and more dispensaries.

===Formation of District Council===
On 11 February 1950, Barkataki summoned the Advisory Council to discuss the formation of the district council. The meeting formed the core legislation and constitution of the district council. It would consist of 24 members of which 20 would be elected via adult franchise. Two seats were reserved for women and two seats for Chakamas. A president would be elected among the members of the district council. The president will be able to nominate two-three ministers. A chairman and deputy chairman will be elected by the district council members. The president may be impeached on a two thirds majority vote if violates the constitution. The terms of the ministers are under discretion of the president. The term of the council would last five years. Any dispute of controversy within the council is not liable to be appealed by courts. Two thirds of the members would form quorom. Any literate permanent resident of the Lushai Hills is eligible to be on the district council. The minimum age to be on the council is 21.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=165-166}}

The Lushai Hills district became autonomous after Assam passed the Assam Autonomous District Council Act 1951. The advisory council of the Lushai Hills were dissolved on 12 November 1951. The government fixed 4 April 1952 as the election dates of the district council.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=166}}

===Sixth schedule===
In 1952 the Indian Constitution was written. In article 342 of the constitution, the Mizos fall into the category of [[scheduled tribe]]s. This meant that the Mizos are considered tribal but designated so temporarily as at some point in the future the term will no longer be applied. The sixth schedule provided a district council that would participate in elections. Elections were also held for Indian members of parliament, Assam members of the legislative assembly and district council members. For the member of parliament position, an Indian representative of congress party from Silchar was elected for both Mizoram and Silchar. For the Assam member of the legislatie assembly, Mizoram was divided into Aizawl West, Aizawl East and Lungleh.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=62}}

===1952 Assam general election===
Before the Assam General election of 1952 [[Saprawnga]] was elected unopposed to the [[Rajya Sabha]] by the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=134}} The Lushai Hills participated in the 1952 general election on 4-5 January.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=152}} The seats concerning the Lushai Hills consisted of Aizawl East, Aizawl West and Lungleh. The Mizo Union won all three seats.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=134}}{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=152}} R. Thanhlira, Denghtuama and Saprawnga joined the Assam legislative Assembly. Saprawnga became the first Chief Executive Member in the Lushai Hills District Council. However, Saprawnga would be appointed parliamentary secretary, in which Lalsawia would take his place on 16 April 1952.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=167}} The elections in the Lushai Hills district council were subsequently held on the same date. There were a total of 18 elected constituencies. The Mizo Union managed to win 15, the United Mizo Freedom Association won one and the Tribal Union of Pawi Lakher won two seats.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=134}} The Lushai Hills district council was formally inaugurated by Bishnuram Medhi on 25 April 1952. Lalsawia nominated Hrangaia and Sangkunga as Executive Members.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=167}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ District Council Members 1952-55<ref name=Nag>{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Chitta Ranjan |title=Post-colonial Mizo Politics |date=1999 |publisher=UBS |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|-
! Member
! Party
|-
| Ch. Saprawnga
| Mizo Union
|-
| Lalsawia
| Mizo Union
|-
| F. Sangkunga
| Mizo Union
|-
| Lalbuia
| Mizo Union
|-
| Hrangaia
| Mizo Union
|-
| Tuikhurliana
| Mizo Union
|-
| Pachhunga
| United Mizo Freedom Organization
|-
| H. Khuma
| Mizo Union
|-
| Chaluahkhuma
| Mizo Union
|-
| Vanlalbuka
| Mizo Union
|-
| Rotluanga
| Mizo Union
|-
| P. Saitawna
| Mizo Union
|-
| R. Thanhlira
| Mizo Union
|-
| Papuia
| Mizo Union
|-
| Khuaimawnga
| Pawi-Lakher Region
|-
| Pathala
| Mizo Union
|-
| R.B. Chawnga/[[A. Thanglura]]
| Mizo Union
|-
| Vakova (died June 1955)/Hunawnga
| Mizo Union
|-
|! colspan=2 | '''Unelected Nominated Seats'''
|-
| Sainghinga
|
|-
|Dr Rosiama
|
|-
|Medhi Chakma
|
|-
| Chief Taikhuma / Lalziki
| Taikhuma refused his nomination.
|-
| Chief Lalthawvenga / Lalchungnunga
| Lalthawvenga refused his nomination.
|}

===Early legislations on chieftainship===

The district council was empowered without the previous powers of superintendent and the diminished power of a deputy commissioner. The Mizo Union worked to abolish chieftainship in the Lushai Hills. The first bill in the first session on 23 June to 10 July 1952 was the Lushai Hils (Chiefship Abolishment) Act, 1952. it provided for the withdrawal of all powers and rights of chiefs on 1 January 1953. The chiefs were permitted to stay in office until the village councils would be established. The Lushai Chiefs Council opposed this. A meeting was held on 24-25 November to press the government to preserve their rights. The district council passed another act abolishing ''Sachhiah'', ''Fathang'',''Thirdengsa'',''Khuaichhiah'' and ''Chikurchhiah'' effective on 1 June 1953.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=167}} The coolies system was also abolished with effect on 1 January 1953. The Lushai Hills District Act No.3 of 1953 reduced the chief's fixed ''fathang'' of six tins to three tins.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=168}}

The chiefs filed a petition in the Assam High Court. The accusation was the act was [[ultra vires]] of the constitution, and the district council did not have the power to pass the act. They appealed to the governor of Assam as well. Negotiations were held with the council to make exemptions on land revenue tax to the chiefs in return for the bills passing but were not heeded.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=168}}

===Developments in Assam===
[[Gopinath Bordoloi]] was known to be sympathetic to the Hill tribes however, his successor [[Bishnuram Medhi]] carried a different policy.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=135}} Satyen Barkataki the superintendent of the Lushai Hills district had closely worked with Bordoloi and supported the Mizos as an administrator, however he was dismissed by Medhi who began to experience serious differences between their roles.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=136}} A circular was made to impose Assamese in the Lushai Hills. The Mizos had no historical relations with the Assamese nor spoke the language at the time. The UMFO used the opportunity to criticize the Mizo Union as political agents of Assamese chauvinism and colonization. As a result of the circular, Lalmawia resigned from the Council of Ministers in protest but failed to improve the image of the Mizo Union. As a result the UMFO convened a general conference on 1-3 October 1953 and demanded an autonomous hill state consisting of the hills areas of Assam, Manipur and Tripura. The chiefs of the Lushai Hills supported this despite the terms being ambiguous compared to the [[Naga National Council]] and their demands.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=136}} The result of the circular saw Assamese taught in schools.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=138}}

===Administrative developments===
After the independence of India, the district continued to exist in the same form, with the typology changed to [[Scheduled Areas|Scheduled Area]] and Inner Line in place. In addition, the district was granted an [[autonomous district council]] to formulate its own laws and regulations under the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India]]. On 23 April 1953, the Pawi-Lakher Regional Council was established for Southern Mizoram. The council possessed similar functions to that of the Mizo District Council.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=105}}

===Chieftainship and village councils===
Prior to independence, the people of the district rallied behind a "Mizo" identity and formed a political party called [[Mizo Union]]. In 1954, the Government of India accepted their demand and changed the district's name to Mizo District.{{sfnp|Agnihotri, Constitutional Development in North-East India|1996|p=60}}

Under the efforts of the Mizo Union, the institution of [[Mizo Chieftainship|chieftainship]] was abolished. The privileges of ''fathang'' (rice paddy tax) and the customary laws of the chiefs right were gradually suspended with the Lushai Hills Acquisition of Rights Act 1954. The chiefs were compensated for this in return of their rights gone.{{sfn|Goswami|1979}} The first Mizo chief to give up his chiefdom and chieftainship was Khawvelthanga of Maubuang (1885–1971).<ref>Ruata Lungchuang. Understanding "Semi - Slavery" In Mizoram And How It Was Abolished. The Mizos, https://www.themizos.com/2022/09/understanding-semi-slavery-in-mizoram.html</ref> The abolition of chieftainship saw 259 Lushai chiefs and 50 Poi chiefs lose their customary rights under the two acts which were rendered effective on 1 April 1956 and 15 April 1956. By 1953, the [[coolie]] system was also abolished in Mizoram.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=243}} The Acquisition of Chiefs Rights Act 1954 was similarly followed with acts made by Manipur and Tripura which abolished chieftainship in 1955.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=137}}

The arrival of village councils impacted the life of the Mizos. The commoners now could voice concerns on customary rights through the council president instead of through their chiefs. These rights and actions included: making of [[jhum]] paths, forest management, village officials appointments, regulation of jhumming practices and inheritance of property.{{sfn|Goswami|1979}}

The Governor of Assam passed the Administration of Justice Rule in 1953 under the sixth schedule of the Indian constitution. These rules made the complete framework of the political organisation of the Lushai Hills district autonomous. Two parallel offices were created, the district council and the office of the deputy commissioner. The deputy commissioner would be appointed by the Government of Assam.{{sfn|Goswami|1979}}

The village councils of the Lushai Hills would have a number of councilmen elected based on population. These councilmen would be elected by a popular vote of the villagers who were above the age of 25. Every village council consisted of a President, Vice President, and Secretary. The main functions and authorities would be divide land among the villagers impartially, and look after the matters of the village. it also carried the power to exempt labour for individuals above 60 or below 15.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=63}} A chief judicial office was created for a system of courts related to the new village councils. Village courts would be assigned to the village councils and deal with offences not liable to a fine of more than {{currency|50|INR}}. Two subordinate courts would be established at Aizawl and Lungleh which would deal with parties involved from two different villages. The district council court is known as the Lushai Hills district court and the judicial officers and President are appointed by village council with approval of the Governor of Assam. The hierarchy of courts would see matters appealed in Assam High Courts or the Supreme Court in New Delhi.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=64}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Councilmen allocations per population
|-
! Population of village !! Councilmen
|-
| 61-100 || 6
|-
| 101-140 || 7
|-
| 141-180 || 8
|-
| 181-220 || 9
|-
| 221-260 || 10
|-
| 260+ || 11
|}

===States Reorganization Commission===
The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) arrived in Silchar near Mizoram in 1955. It consisted of Sardar K.M. Panikkar, H. Kunzru and Fazal Ali. The introduction of Assamese into schools had raised tensions among Bengalis and the hill tribes. The Mizo Union had been discredited for supporting the Congress party who imposed the policy. As a result, Thanhlira resigned from the Mizo Union and joined the UMFO. Furthermore, with the lack of representation in [[northeast India]], political developments began to emerge for the formation of a state for the hill tribes. The demand was voiced initially in the Assam Hill Tribal Leaders Conference to the States Reorganization Commission, which was promptly rejected.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=246}} The UMFO, headed by Lalmawia, met with the SRC at Silchar on 5 May 1955 and demanded a separate hill state for the Mizos.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=138}} The negotiations lead to the Assam Government offering to reconsider their stance on imposing Assamese on the hill states, which lead to Lalmawia making a statement to withdraw the demand for a separate hill state. As a result of Medhi's policies and conduct, Nehru reassigned Medhi to Madras, where he served as governor of [[Tamil Nadu]] and Andra Pradesh and Madras.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=139}} When Nehru visited the region on 28 August 1955, a delegation of hill leaders demanded a hill state as Assam had solely focussed on civil development of the plains region and let the hills become backwards. Complaints were also raised at the agitation of the imposition of Assamese in schools and other sectors.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=246}}

In its report, the SRC rejected the demand for creating a separate hill state in Assam and expressed satisfaction with the measures adopted by the Assam Government. The SRC argued the district council of Mizoram was enshrined in the sixth schedule of the Indian constitution and was the best representation for the undeveloped hill tribes of Assam.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=139}} The SRC recommended a special committee to study the working of the sixth schedule. The SRC's decision, however, was unpopular among the hill tribes.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=140}} From 26-28 October 1955, the hill tribes held a conference in Aizawl where a decision was taken to merge the political parties into one which would be known as the [[East India Tribal Union]] (EITU). The UMFO became a constituent of the EITU. The Mizo Union preferred to maintain its separate identity.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=246}} In Assam, the arrival of [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]] as chief minister of Assam saw a policy change regarding the concerns of tribals. The [[Naga National Council]] threatened to balkanize the state of Assam. The demands of the Mizo Union also led to Chaliha disliking the Mizo Union. He went as far as to accuse the Mizo Union leaders of corruption. He assigned Williamson Sangma as Minister of Tribal Areas Development from the EITU.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=247}} The EITU consisted of Mizo, Karbis, Kacharies, Garos and Khasis members. The Nagas were not in the EITU.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=65}} The EITU was led by Reverend [[B.M. Bugh]] as president and [[Stanley Nichols Roy]] as secretary.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=66}} The EITU was not a strong, cohesive or united party but formed in opposition to Assamese policies that alienated the hill tribes. In 1957, Nehru visited Shillong and met with [[Williamson Sangma]] and Lalmawia who the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee managed.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=140}} Nehru assigned minister roles, Sangma became Minister of Tribal Areas Department while Lalmawia became parliamentary secretary. A. Thanglura became Chief Parliamentary Secretary. The EITU gained little traction in the Mizo Hills. This was due to the reality of a separate hill state having the potential for infighting with the Garos and Khasis.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=66}}

===1957 Assam general election===
The Mizo Union won 2 of the three seats in the legislative assembly. The district council won 16 seats and the UMFO captured 8 seats.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=152}} Saprawnga was made chief executive of the district council, Vanlaltluanga was Council Chairman, Hrangaia was Deputy Chairman. Dr. Rosiama was appointed Finance minister as an executive member while Tuikhurliana was appointed forestry minister as the second executive member.{{sfn|Vanlawma|1969|p=243}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+District Council 1957 results
|-
! Name
! Party
! Subdivision
|-
| Pachhunga
| United Mizo Freedom Organization
| Aizawl
|-
| Lalrinliana
| United Mizo Freedom Organisation
| Aizawl (Bial I)
|-
| Vanlalbuka
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial II)
|-
| C. Pahlira
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial III-A)
|-
| Kaibuaia
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial III-B)
|-
| Chawngbuaia
| United Mizo Freedom Organisation
| Aizawl (Bial IV-A)
|-
| Awka
| United Mizo Freedom Organisation
| Aizawl (IV-B)
|-
| K.C. Lalvunga
| United Mizo Freedom Organisation
| Aizawl (Bial V)
|-
| V. Rosiama
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial VI)
|-
| Chaltuahkhuma
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial VII)
|-
| C. Chhunbura
| United Mizo Freedom Organisation
| Aizawl (Bial VIII)
|-
| Hrangaia
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial X)
|-
| Lalthankima
| United Mizo Freedom Organisation
| Aizawl (Bial XI-A)
|-
| Lalmawia
| United Mizo Freedom Organization
| Aizawl (Bial XI-B)
|-
| Tuikhuirliana
| Mizo Union
| Lungleh (Bial XII)
|-
| C. Thansiama
| Mizo Union
| Lungleh (Bial XIII)
|-
| Chhingkawnga
| Mizo Union
| Lungleh (Bial XIV)
|-
| Ch. Saprawnga
| Mizo Union
| Lungleh (Bial XV)
|-
| Khuaimawnga
| Mizo Union
|Lungleh (Bial XVI)
|-
| Sangchema
| Mizo Union
| Lungleh (Bial XVII)
|-
| Medhi Chakma
| Mizo Union
| Lungleh (Bial XVIII)
|-
! colspan=3|Unelected Nominated Seats
|-
| Hmingliani
|
|
|-
| Dr. Rosiama
|
|
|}

===Mautam===
{{main|Mautam}}
As the district council of Mizoram lacked money and funds, they were completely dependent on the government of Assam. The anti-famine campaign organisation had been established in 1951 in anticipation of the cyclical oncoming of the mautam famine. Dr C. Rokhuma was the chairman and founder. The organisation was later reorganized with Lalmawia as chairman, H. Khuma as vice-chairman, Rokhuma as organising secretary, Pacchunga as treasurer, Lalbiaka as vice-secretary and Vanthuama as a member. The AFCO spread pamphlets and public awareness on the mautam famine and how to best combat it in terms of rat extermination. The AFCO was successful in attracting members from both the Mizo Union and UMFO as a non-partisan organisation.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=244}}

In 1954, signs were shown that bamboo was beginning to flower. By 1957, the rat population began to increase ,and signs of mautam were being observed. The situation was worsened by the fact that only 9 months of food were stored in people's houses over the last two harvests.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=244}} The AFCO encouraged people to kill the rats and produced fruits like bananas. In 1954, the Supply Minister of Assam met with the AFCO, who tried to warn of the upcoming Mautam, which was dismissed as a tribal superstition. However, with the insistence of the AFCO, the minister assured aid if the situation did escalate to famine. The District Council of Mizoram also counter-intuitively banned pesticides before the AFCO pressured the policy to be reverted.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=245}} On 29 October 1958, the council passed a unanimous resolution as a precautionary fund for rat population management and testing of relief measures. However, Chaliha ignored the demands of the Mizo Union and most Assamese officials who had little to no experience in Mizoram did not believe that the flowering of bamboos would lead to a famine. As a result, the government did not pay any attention or support precautionary measures.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=248}}

The AFCO under C. Rokhuma continued to promote anti-famine measures. Rokhuma submitted fortnightly reports on the status of the bamboo and rat populations since 31 October 1957. Sundharam Pillai, a plant protection officer was sent to Mizoram to study bamboo flowering. Under Pillai and Rokhuma a plant protection office was established in Aizawl on 28 May 1958 with local officers appointed.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=248}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Rokhuma |first=C. |date=1988 |title=The secret of Famines found |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.23630/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Gosen Press|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> The famine intensified and the Assam Government did not officially recognize it. When the Finance Commission visited the district the truth of the famine led to an initial aid program of 6 trucks and 150 jeeps to transport food. Food was airdropped as well.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=142}} Chaliha, who was against the Mizo Union for supporting the APHLC and a separate hills state, had stopped cooperating with the district council. Chaliha instead preferred to use the Mizo National Famine Front which had formed from the Mizo Cultural Society under Vanlawma and now led by Laldenga. The MNFF gained credit for their famine relief operations while also spreading their nationalist messages such as the slogan "Mizoram for Mizos".{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=252}}

Violence also occurred during mautam. In 1960 while Indian soldiers were stationed in Mizoram to distribute rice. On 21 March, a Sikh military drive and some Mizo boys had a minor auto collision. Each party accused the other of being at fault until it escalated to court and one Indian soldier was beaten up as a result. At the hospital, the wounded Indian soldier was recovering and tensions were high as both Mizo and Indian youth met outside in big crowds but remained peaceful until dispersion. The following Sunday the Deputy Commissioner Jamthong called the leaders of Aizawl city to inform them to control the Mizo youth brawling with Indian soldiers. The military were deployed to distribute rice for the famine. An inquiry was made whether or not Indian soldiers should carry guns to protect themselves while distributing rice from brawlers.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=69}} R. Vanlawma stood up in the meeting and stated "The Indian government regarded us as a part of themselves, calling us brothers. Now they try to put rice and bullets in our mouths at the same time as if we are rebellion to be suppressed. We don't want rice and bullets handed together: instead, let all the Indians go home and we will manage our own affairs.". No commentary were made by other leaders on Vanlawma's comments. Changes were made after the meeting and Mizo soldiers drove the trucks and distributed aid instead of the Sikhs. The Indian soldiers injured by brawlers were also sent home after their recoveries.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=70}}

===Development of the EITU and APHLC===
The effects of the famine lead to a distrust of the Mizo people of the Assam Government. This also arguably contributed to a separatist sentiment in Mizoram. The EITU placed a resolution on the party for all members of the legislative assembly and ministers to resign in protest to the Assam Government. In 1960 the Tura conference was held with a resolution proposed to that effect. However the political attitudes of the Garo and Khasi leaders led to a split in the party. Lalmawia, who was the chief of the EITU in Mizoram, was Secretary while Williamson Sangma, a Garo leader, was minister of Tribal affairs and Reverend Pugh of the Khasi Hills was a minister. These three leaders refused to resign their political positions and acquired a lenient outlook on the Assamese Government. As a result the Mizoram branch of the EITU with the exception of Lalmawia split from the main EITU faction in the Khasi and Garo Hills resulting in the dissolution of the party. Williamson Sangma would go on to found the [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] in 1960. {{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=138}} As the EITU had become indifferent to the issue of the mautam famine, the EITU collapsed and lost all its support in Mizoram. Some of the EITU leaders and the Mizo Union joined the APHLC. However, in the 1962 election, the EITU would win one seat on the district council.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=137}} The Mizo Union, who had become aggravated by the Assam Language Crisis and the famine response, cooperated with the APHLC and actively participated. A. Thanglura, a Mizo Union leader, became the first chairman of the APHLC. However, Thanglura left the APHLC to form the Mizoram District Congress at Aizawl in 1961.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=138}} The vice chairman of the APHLC was Professor C.G. Swell, with S.D.D. Nichols Roy as General Secretary.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thanglura |first1=A. |title=Zoram Politics Lumlet Dan (The changing Politics of Mizoram) |date=1982 |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25021/mode/2up |access-date=8 February 2025|language=Mizo}}</ref>

===Assamese language crisis===
The Mizo Union grew tensions with the Assam Government over the handling of the famine and grew disillusioned with the [[Indian National Congress]] in Assam. Chaliha would then subsequently pass the Assam Official Language Bill on 21 and 22 June 1960 which would make Assamese the state language. In response, the Mizo Union passed a resolution withdrawing its support to the Congress on the grounds that Chaliha failed to effectively deal with the famine and that the state language of Assamese was an unfair policy to the hill tribes. The [[Eastern India Tribal Union]] (EITU) in Mizoram and the Mizo National Famine Front both opposed this policy while the Mizo Union voiced support for the creation of [[Zogam|Greater Mizoram]].{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=258}} As a result, V.L. Tluanga, C.Pahlira and [[C. Chhunga]] visited Manipur to mobilize support for the Mizo people living outside of Mizoram.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=259}} In 1960 the United Mizo Freedom Organization was dissolved along with the Mizo Union right wing into the Eastern India Tribal Union to form the All party Hills Leader Conference (APHLC). The APHLC demanded for the creation of a hill state separated from Assam to accommodate the tribals.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=259}} The creation of the APHLC led to the Mizo Union supporting statehood for Mizoram. This action alienated the Mizo Union from Chief Minister of Assam, Chaliha who began to distrust the party.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=153}} The raising of tensions amongst other tribes and [[Bengali language|Bengali speakers]] led to violence as Assamese residents were assaulted.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=259}} Around the same time, Thanglura, a member of the Mizo Union and Chief Parliamentary Secretary, formed the Mizo Congress. The Mizo Congress joined into Chaliha's ministry, where the Mizo Congress began to make traction. Initially the party would be mainly followed by the Hmar tribes until 1967 when Dengthuama became its president.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=138}}{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=66}} The reason the Indian National Congress formed so late in Mizoram is argued that the Mizo Union was pro-Congress for a long time. A. Thanglura stated that Ch. Saprawnga, who was the most influential in the Mizo Union, "appeared to be ready to follow the Congress party" from the very beginning.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raatan |first1=T. |title=Encyclopaedia of North-east India, Volume 2 |date=2004 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7835-274-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tv9WOAVh5AC |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>

The APHLC held a conference on 6-7 July 1960 to discuss the issue of the Assamese language crisis. The resolution of the conference states that:
*"The position and the conditions of the Hills people in Assam are such that the acceptance of the Assamese language, now or at any time, which would place the Assamesein a more dominant position, will lead to the assimilation of all the Hills people into the Assamese Community, thereby gradually leading to the disintegration of their identity as distinct communities of India, which identity has been given recognition and protection under the Constitution. Such assimilation and disintegration are against the deepst sentiments of the Hills people and detrimental to the composite culture of India, which is born of unity in diversity."
*"The imposition of the Assamese language will overburden the Hills people with too many languages (Hindi, the Vernaculars, English and Assamese) in different scripts."
*The adoption of Assamese as the official language of the State will adversely affect the opportunities and prospects of the Hills people in the government services and other avocations notwithstanding any amount of safeguards which can always be circumvented."
*"There is no justification for the declaration of Assamese as the official language even from the population point of view, as less than 50% of the population have Assamese as their mother tongue."
*"The move has already created discord, disruption and violence among the different language groups of the State, thereby defeating the very purpose which an official language is intended to serve."
*"The imposition of the language by law will create more chaos and insecurity in this frontier state especially in the view of Chinese aggression."
*"Assam being India-in-miniature, inhabited by people of diverse races, cultures and languages, the proper official language should be Hindi. Meanwhile English should continue as the official language until such time as the people of the State as ready to adopt Hindi as the official language."

The resolution addressed the issues of the policy but offered a council of action to be formed to accomplish the goals of the resolutions. The council was proposed to consist of delegates from the United Khasi-Jaintia Hills, Garo Hills, North Cachar Hills and the Mizo district. The delegates of the Mizo district's council of action were proposed to be A. Thanglura, Lalmawia, Ch. Chhunga, Ch. Chhunbura, Ch. Saprawnga, Lalthankima and V.L. Tluanga. Copies of the resolution and proposal was forwarded to the president of India, the prime minister, the governor of Assam, the Chief minister of Assam and the press.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh K. |title=Documents on North-East India: Assam (1958 to modern times) |date=2021 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-8324-091-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARMqHVWHFeAC |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>

===Nehru's negotiations with the APHLC===
On 24 November 1960, the delegation of the APHLC met with Prime Minister Nehru on account of the introduction of the Assam language bill into the assembly. Nehru assued that such a bill would not be enforced in the hill area without the consent of the representatives of the hill areas. Assurances were also given for measures to be taken to ensure delegation of powers to enable the hill people to undertake development programs. Nehru originally offered the Scottish Pattern Plan in regards to the demand for a separate hill state in Assam.<ref>{{cite web |last=Malsawmliana |date=26 April 2013 |title=Nehru Plan and the Scottish Pattern Plan |url=https://trcollege.edu.in/articles/71-nehru-plan-and-the-scottish-pattern-plan.html |website=Govt T.Romana College |location=Aizawl |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref>

The Scottish Pattern consisted of a few key features.{{sfn|Malsawmliana|2013}} The plan was however rejected by eh APHLC. Other hill leaders, such as the Mikir Hills, began to feel alienated and threatened by the possibility of domination by other hill leaders. A dissident group of hill leaders formed the Assam Hill People's Convention to support Nehru's proposal in the 1962 election.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=139}}
*The first feature would be a regional committee consisting of all the elected members of the Assam Legislative Assembly representing the autonomous hill district similar to the committee by the British House of Commons for Scotland.
*The second feature discussed special development programs of the hill areas under a high powered statutory council. The council would consist of representatives from the hill areas with independence from the chief minister and non tribal leaders with authority over their budget and financed by the Government of India under Article 275.
*The Members of Legislative Assembly presenting the hill areas would form a committee under a hill minister in which no legislation would be applied to the hill region without their consent.
*The hill minister would be the main executive authority of the hill areas with ministers of cabinet rank from any of the hill districts.
*Disagreement between the Hill regional council and legislative assembly will be mediated by the governor of Assam with their own discretion final judgement.
*The plan also offered the possibility of the Sixth Schedule to be amended to enable the district councils and regional councils to get more autonomy.

The Nehru plan was an administrative development plan with a few proposals offered to the APHLC. This plan differed from the Scottish Pattern Plan, which the APHLC rejected.{{sfn|Malsawmliana|2013}} The plan was accepted as a guide map by the APHLC but it failed to be implemented with the onset of the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru|death of Nehru]]. In 1972 the reorganization of the northeast followed closer to the Scottish Pattern Autonomy than the Nehru plan.{{sfn|Nag|2019|p=8-9}} The key features are as follows:{{sfn|Malsawmliana|2013}}{{sfn|Nag|2015|p=39-40}}
*The sixth schedule was to be retained but amended on the lines recommended by the Hill Advisory Council.
*Each hill district would be represented by one member in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the constituency for a member of assembly would be for every population of 40,000. The autonomous district council and the Pawi-Lakher Regional Council would be given wide powers and greater financial assistance.
*The members of assembly from autonomous districts would form a regional committee of the Assam legislative assembly. All proposals relating to legislation concerning the hill areas would be referred by the Assam assembly to the regional once. The regional assembly would be able to initiative legislation proposals and mediated by the Governor of Assam in case of dispute.
*For matters of planning and development, the hill representatives would have direct access to the planning commission and authority over departments relating to agriculture, public words and education.
*The hill people would be given control over grants given under article 275 with the state legislature of Assam having some say over the grants for state revenue.
*English would be official language of the hill areas until replaced at Hindi while the district level will have autonomy to choose their regional language choices.
*The Hill areas would also be given a separate university along with legal provisions to constitutionally protect their interests.

===Creation of Mizo National Front===
On the other hand, Vanlawma the founder of the Mizo Union formed the Mizo cultural society. The society was originally apolitical with many members of the Mizo Union right wing and the UMFO who previously held secessionist opinions. The Deputy Commissioner L.S. Ingty observed the development of the Mizo Cultural Society ordered that no government employees were permitted to join the society. This would lead to a slow decline of the organization as it became perceived as a banned party.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=244}}{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=67}}
During the [[Mautam]] famine of 1959, Mizo District experienced severe food shortages, and the impact on the [[Mizo people|Mizo population]] was profound. Over a hundred people starved to death.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Science_and_Technology.Mautam_phenomenon_in_NE_States | title=Mautam phenomenon in NE States }}</ref> Estimations say that around two million rats were killed and collected by the locals.

The Mizo Cultural Council was kept alive by John F. Manliana until Laldenga joined the organization.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=253}} Laldenga previously left his job as a District Council clerk to become a full time secretary to the organization.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=67}} Laldenga sidelined Vanlawma and Manliana to reform the organization into the Mizo National Famine Front. The organisation was patronized by Chaliha who preferred to direct famine relief through him than the Mizo Union. Laldenga used the famine relief operations to help Mizos but also to spread his desire for secession with slogans such as "Mizoram for Mizos". The MNFF recruited local youth and sent them to remote villages which were unable to be accessed by other government personnel. This led many rural settlements to accredit Laldenga for providing relief.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=253}}

Chaliha began to support the Mizo Nationa Famine Front to transition towards a status as a political party. It was even suspected that Chaliha funded Laldenga to form the party as the Mizo Union was considered a 'thorn in his side'.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=259}} The Mizo National Famine Front published their own paper titled ''Mizoa Aw'' ({{literal|Mizo Voice}}) which expressed secessionist views and criticisms on the Mizo Union. Chaliha financed the paper with {{currency|1500|INR}}. On 30 August 1961 the leaders of the Mizo National Famine Front met at the residence of Manliana where they agreed to transition into a political party. The organization was rechristened as the [[Mizo National Front]] to continue their popularity from the MIzo National Famine Front.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=67}} On 28 October 1961 the MNFF was formally declared as the Mizo National Front. Laldenga was the party president and Vanlawma was the secretary. The objectives of the party were listed as:{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=260}}
*To achieve the highest sovereignty and unit all Mizos into one political boundary.
*To uplift the Mizo position to the highest possible status.
*To preserve and safeguard Christianity.

The party made its secessionist stance clear and even urged youths to join and participate in return for being given arms. Several youth, drivers, conductors, businessmen, ex-chiefs, ex-military and Mizo-Union critics joined the views of the Mizo National Front. Laldenga led the organization with a successful following and expressed himself as a Christian role model who attended Church regularly. Laldenga's military background also led him help form the Mizo National Army, the armed front of the MNF. Laldenga however did not advocate for violence and secession straight away, he focussed on gaining public support through participating in elections.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=261}}

The earliest members of the MNF were young men and students who volunteered for relief work under the MNFF. The students were given lectures on localistic nationalism and trained to use firearms. They were even trained in [[signalling]] as an unofficial signal corps had been historically established on 15 August 1947 for the Mizo language via [[morse code]].{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=145}} The first college in Mizoram was established in 1958. While there were many graduates, there were little to no jobs available for them. Laldenga raised concern of the deprivation of jobs to the Mizos which further increased support. Before 1958, by comparison, many educated Mizos would go to Shillong or mainland India to study and familiarise themselves with India instead of gaining ideas of secessionism.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=151}} John F. Manliana, as a public works officer, managed to gain a hold of contractors who held secessionist views. The contractors were upset of the red tape imposed by the Indian public works department. They contributed to the MNF monetarily and other resources.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=146}} Another category of supporters were drivers. This was explained with a cultural comparison. In mainland India the driver's met with plains people who saw the occupation of being a driver as lowly and influenced by [[caste system|casteism]] while in Mizoram a driver did not encounter such prejudice. Being well paid in Mizoram and being treated unfairly by Indians and even police the drivers contributed to the MNF by transporting goods despite risking their safety.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=147}} Chiefs also supported the MNF. The MIzo Union which had historically opposed chieftainship had alienated the chiefs to parties such as the UMFO. The chiefs joined the MNF and contributed as active workers, lending support from their families, and planning out a detailed strategy for their operations.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=147}} Ex-sericemen also supported the MNF. The Mizos joined the army throughout the World Wars. The servicemen in the armies faced discrimination and described being noted as [[Nepali people|Nepali]]. The Assam Regiment was also disbanded in 1964-1965 leading to many men being unemployed. Goswami argues that the young men with military mindset and patriotism for Mizoram joined the Mizo National Army and trained the youth.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=148}}

===Mizo National Council===
The newspaper ''Zalenna'' had been supportive of the MNF as it was under the ownership of Vanlawma, who was the party's General Secretary. However, after Laldenga relieved Vanlawma of his position in 1962, Vanlawma and other MNF leaders left and formed the Mizo National Council. The group was not a political party but functioned similarly to one. The group advocated non-violence to achieve independence in Mizoram. In 1963 the MNC used ''Zalenna'' to advertise the boycott of elections. The two parties began to diverge over time despite possessing a similar goal of independence for the Mizos.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=72}} The MNF opposed aid from the US sought by Vanlawma to establish a paper mill in Mizoram. Secondly, during the [[Sino-Indian War]], the MNF ceased their demands for independence while the MNC maintained them. The MNF criticised the Naga leaders, while the MNC supported and praised them. The MNF participated in elections, while the MNC encouraged boycotting of elections. The main difference between the two was that the MNF supported violence while the MNC were against it completely.The MNC lacked a hierarchy or organisation structure. It was an informal faction of like-minded individuals who were participants by agreement.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=73}}

===1962 Assam general elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" |Members of Assam Legislative Assembly
|-
!Year
!Sr.
no.
!Name
!Constituency
|-
! rowspan="11" |[[File:India Assam Legisative Assembly 1962.svg|thumb|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]]]
|'''1.'''
|[[Williamson A. Sangma]]
|[[Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]
|-
|'''2.'''
|[[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]]
|[[Nongstoin Assembly constituency|Nongstoin]]
|-
|'''3.'''
|[[Brington Buhai Lyngdoh]]
|[[Nongpoh Assembly constituency|Nongpoh]]
|-
|'''4.'''
|[[Enowell Pohshna]]
|[[Jowai Assembly constituency|Jowai]]
|-
|'''5.'''
|[[Wilson Reade]]
|[[Shillong Assembly Constituency|Shillong]]
|-
|'''6.'''
|[[Nallindra Sangma]]
|[[Dainadubi Assembly Constituency|Dainadubi]]
|-
|'''7.'''
|[[Stanley D. D. Nichols Roy]]
|[[Cherrapunji Assembly Constituency|Cherrapunji]]
|-
|'''8.'''
|[[Emerson Momin]]
|[[Tura Assembly Constituency|Tura]]
|-
|'''9.'''
|[[Saprawnga]]
|[[Lungleh Assembly Constituency(ST)|Lungleh (ST)]]
|-
|'''10.'''
|[[R. Thanhlira]]
|[[Aijal East Assembly Constituency(ST)|Aijal East (ST)]]
|-
|'''11.'''
|[[C. Chhunga]]
|[[Aijal West Assembly Constituency(ST)|Aijal West (ST)]]
|}
In the general elections of 1962 the Mizo Union contested and won two state assembly seats while the third seat went to an Eastern India Tribal Union member of the APHLC which was supported by the Mizo Union.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=65}} A total of 11 seats of 12 were won in the legislative assembly election by the APHLC. To give credence to their demand for a separate hill state the APHLC ordered its members to resign in protest on 24 October 1962. The date of 24 October 1962 was chosen to be designated as demand day by the APHLC. In the end only seven members resigned including two members of the Mizo Union. The demand day was postponed with the outbreak of the [[Sino-Indian War]] to the dismay of the Mizo Union.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=139}} By-elections were held for the seats with the Mizo National Front contested for. The Mizo National Front put up four candidates for the original legislative assembly elections of which none were won.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=261}}{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=68}} In the by-elections The MNF won seats in Aizawl West and Lunglei. John F. Manliana defeated Bawichuaka in Aizawl West.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=71}} Lalmawia defeated Saprawnga in Lungleh by thousands of votes. Aizawl East was maintained under Ch. Chhunga of the Mizo Union. The elections had low voter turnout, attributed to the article in the ''Zalenna'' newspaper. The article urged individuals not to vote as a boycott of the inability to achieve a hill state for their own representation.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=72}} In the 1963 village council election, the Mizo Union defeated the MNF with 228 seats against 145 seats. Remaining seats were distributed with the Congress holding 16, EITU holding 12, and independents holding 10. Thanhlira eventually resigned his seat as he was appointed a member of the Assam Public Service Commission. The by-election for the seat saw MIzo Union President Chunga win the seat despite the MNF's bid for P.B. Rosanga to win.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=261}} In this election, Sena also attempted to become a member of Indian parliament by running for Silchar. The Silchar Muslims supported Sena but he lost to a congress candidate who secured the Hindu vote at the time.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=68}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 1962 District Council Results
|-
! Name
! Party
! Subdivision
|-
| Lalmawia
|
| Aizawl
|-
| Ch. Saprawnga
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial I)
|-
| Thanghuama
| Independent
| Aizawl (Bial II)
|-
| Pahlira
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial III-A)
|-
| Kaibuaia
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial III-B)
|-
| Lalhmingthanga
|
| Aizawl (Bial IV-A)
|-
| Thangsuma
|
| Aizawl (Bial IV-B)
|-
| Lalnghinglova
|
| Aizawl (Bial V)
|-
| V. Rosiama
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial VI)
|-
| Lalbuaia
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial VII)
|-
| H. K. Bawichhuaka
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial VIII)
|-
| Hrangaia
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl (Bial IX)
|-
| Lalnuntluanga
|
| Aizawl (Bial X)
|-
| Lalchana
|
| Aizawl (Bial XI-A)
|-
| Rochhuahthanga
|
| Aizawl (Bial XI-B)
|-
| Bawngbila
|
| Lungleh (Bial XII)
|-
| C. Thansiama
| Mizo Union
| Lungleh (Bial XIII)
|-
| Sawia
|
| Lungleh (Bial XIV)
|-
| Kiautuma
|
| Lungleh (Bial XV)
|-
| Hengmanga
|
| Lungleh (Bial XVI)
|-
| Mylai Hlychho
| Independent
| Lungleh (Bial XVII)
|-
| Hari Kristo Chakma
| Independent
| Lungleh (Bial XVIII)
|-
! colspan=2|Unelected Nominated Seats
|-
| Zalawra
|
| Aizawl (Mission Veng)
|-
| Lalsanga
|
| Lungleh
|}

===Disassociation of the APHLC===
The Pataskar Commission was established in New Delhi to examine the political issues of the hill areas and visit Assam to negotiate a final solution with the leaders. The Sino-Indian War led to Khasi and Garo leaders of the APHLC to postpone the Direct Action scheduled for 24 October for demanding the new state in the northeast. The Mizo Union disagreed with this stance as it was seen as a delay of the interests of the northeast and Mizo people. The delays could threaten the success of negotiating with the Pataskar Commission or even lead to a cancellation. The Khasi and Garo leaders maintained their stance and justified it under 'national interests'. A few days later, New Delhi would send a telegram confirming the message that the Pataskar Commission could not visit the northeast due to an unforeseen emergency.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=139}} This confirmed the views of the Mizo Union who lost confidence in the APHLC and began to drift away from the organization. Nunthara argues that these actions led to the gain in the MNF capturing the constituencies of Aizawl West and Lungleh in the 1963 by election. The Mizo Union would subsequently host a meeting on 10 July 1963 to officially confirm the disassociation from the APHLC and to demand a separate statehood for the Mizo people. The hill state movement lost interest as it was perceived as dominated by the Khasis and Garos.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=140}}

===BRTF Incident===
On 7 January 1964, the paved roads between Aizawl and Lungleh were being widened by the Border Road Task Force (BRTF).The BRTF were encamped in Zamabawk near Aizawl. Mizo girls carrying water and firewood did not like crossing through the camp due to the unsavoury reputation and treatment of previous girls the BRTF had committed. This was a factor of contention for Mizo youths and the BRTF. The BRTF was encamped when one of the personnel named Anil reported to Major Dyebole that his pay had been stolen from him by some Mizo village youths. Without any investigations the Major sent the force to the nearest house known as the property of Hrangzika. Hrangzika was captured in his sleep where he was tied up and taken back to Zemabawk. On their way back the BRTF also took some village Defence Party people and brought them to camp alongside Hrangzika. Word got around of the event and individuals from Aizawl and village councillors pressured the release of the individuals. The Major refused to speak with the village president and members.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=70}} With no solution or justification from the Major, a party of Mizo youths wrestled the guns from the BRTF. The fight ended at midnight with no casualties at the time. However the next morning the body of Sawma a man from Zemabawk and the Major were found both dead. Sawma's death was treated as a form of martyrdom. His funeral saw individuals carry his body from Zemabawk to Aizawl with the mourners wearing Puandum. Later investigations of the theft showed that Anil had lied of the theft and the charges were dropped against the Mizo youths.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=71}}

===Churachandpur Conference===
The MNF began to mobilize supporters with nationalism. They accused the Mizo Union's decision to join India of political immaturity, ignorance and lack of farsightedness. The newspaper ''Zalenna'' operated by R. Vanlawma also expressed similar views alongside the MNF. The MNF also began to use Christian identity in their nationalism by arguing that India is a land of Hindus and that Mizos should reject being absorbed into their influence. The MNF even promoted brawls and fights of Mizos against non-Mizos to further their support.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=262}} The Mizo Union countered the influence of the MNF by arguing for the separation of the Mizo Hills district from Assam and granting it statehood. The Mizo Union preferred a [[Gandhian]] approach and recruitment.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=262}}

A conference at [[Churachandpur]] in Manipur was held by neutral Mizos for the MNF and MU. The MU agreed to postpone for statehood, and the MNF agreed to cease its secessionist demand for a solution within the Indian constitutional framework.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=262}} The conference resolved to work for the integration of all Mizo areas of the northeast into a single state. In October 1965 the MU met with [[Lal Bahadur Shashtri]] and submitted a memorandum to create a Mizoram state. Shashtri assured that a discussion with the Chairman of the Hills Areas Commission, [[Hari Vinayak Pataskar|H.V Pataskar]], would work out the administrative arrangement details. However, Shastri would die in [[Tashkent]] soon after, and Pataskar would refuse to consider the demand for a separate state. The Mizo Union would boycott the Pataskar Commission while the MNF would submit a memorandum to the new Prime Minister demanding complete freedom to the Mizos on 30 October 1965.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=263}} In the end the Pataskar Commission of H.V Pataskar, G.S. Rau and Shankar Prasad advocated for the creation of the [[Union Territory of Mizoram]].{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=69}} The Governor of Assam [[Vishnu Sahay]] supported the creation of the Mizo Hills state as a concession to prevent a future insurgency in the region. However, his suggestions were ignored by Chaliha who totally opposed the idea.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=265}}

===1966 Mizo National Front uprising===
{{main|Mizo National Front uprising}}
The MNF had continued to prepare itself for an uprising and ''[[coup d'état]]''. It trained cadres and prepared for a multi-pronged attack using the Mizo National Army at different government buildings.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=265}} Sections of the MNF began to advocate for outright violence. The organization did not survive, but to Laldenga, this signalled that an uprising was being anticipated by its members. In 1965, the MNF president and vice president left for Pakistan secretly to work out a plan of action. Laldenga was caught on his return trip and detained by Indian authorities. They were later released on assurance of following 'good conduct'.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=154}} Laldenga formed a shadow government and began to implement taxes and collect donations from towns and rural centres after being pressured by MNF volunteers.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=153}}

The Mizo National Front would launch the attack on 28 February 1966 and lasted to 1 March 1966. Violent action took place simultaneously at [[Aizawl]], [[Lunglei]], [[Vairangte]], [[Chawngte]], Chimluang, [[Kolasib]], [[Champhai]], [[Saireng]] and [[Demagiri]]. The MNF formed a government with Laldenga as president, Lalnunmawia as Vice-President, Saingkha as Home Minister, C. Lalkhawliana as Finance Minister, R. Zamawia as the Defence Minister, Ngurkunga as Information Minister and John F. Manliana as Chief Justice.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=265}}{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=160}}

===Mizo Union reaction===
The Mizo Union maintained the view that Chaliha had favoured the MNF and allowed it to grow despite warnings and concerns raised by the Mizo Union and other military personnel.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=42}} The Mizo Union delegates under President Ch. Chhunga, Chief Executive Member of the District Council H.K. Bawichhuaka, General Secretary C. Pahlira met with Indira Gandhi on 22 June 1966. A memorandum was submitted stating that:
{{Blockquote
|text="In his bird to overthrow the Mizo Union party, B.P. Chaliha had gone to the extent of lending active and material support to the MNF, an organisation which stood for disintegration of the Union of India... recall that Shri Nanda the Union Home Minister had disclosed in December 1965, that the Government had taken measures to strengthen the Border Security Force to block the movement of Laldenga's volunteers to whom, it then admitted, the Pakistan authorities had given arms and training, and again Shri Nanda had reaffirmed, as late as February 1966, that in December 1965, about 200 trained volunteers had returned to Mizo Hills from Pakistan; and you will also remember that it was only as late as the early morning of 1st March 1966 that Laldenga's men had actually made 'war'. During all this Shri Chaliha must have forgotten his allegiance to the Constitution of India in his bid to crush the Mizo Union."
|author=Mizo Union
|title=Memorandum to the Prime Minister 22 June 1966
|source=''The Mizo uprising: Assam Assembly debates on the Mizo movement 1966-1971'' (2012)
}}

===Operation accomplishment===
In January 1967 the Government of India adopted a groping policy for the Mizo district proposed by [[Sam Manekshaw]]. The government initially was against it before the military lobbied for the adoption of the policy which became known as Operation Accomplishment.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012}}{{pn|date=March 2025}} Multiple phases of grouping were carried out which lead to 80% of the rural population shifted from their villages and resettled along the highways.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4370043?seq=1 Grouping of Villages in Mizoram: Its Social and Economic Impact] by C. Nunthara. [[Economic and Political Weekly]], Vol. 16, No. 30 (25 Jul. 1981), pp. 1237+1239-1240.</ref><ref name=TOOM>{{cite journal |last1=Rangasami |first1=Amritha |date=15 April 1978 |title=Mizoram: Tragedy of Our Own Making |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4366529 |journal= Economic and Political Weekly |volume=13 |issue=15 |pages=653–662 |jstor=4366529 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref>

The fundamental objective of the policy was to isolate the insurgents physically and politically from the rest of the population. The main factors in selecting a site for the regrouping centre were a good water supply, good hygienic condition, sufficient land for agriculture, communication facilities, minimum mobilisation of the people and security.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=174}}

The first phase of grouping were Protective and Progressive Villages (PPVs). This was built in ten weeks along the Silchar-Kolasib-Aizawl-Lungleh national highway. The policy saw 106 villages placed onto 18 grouping centres affecting 52,210 people. The administration of the centres were placed under the Assam civil service who would become an administrative officer. The second phase was the New Groping Centre. It was established 1969 under the Assam Maintenance of Public Order Act 1953. It managed the area of the tripura border, Lungleh-Lawngtlei road, Darngawn-Bungzung North, Vanliaphai-Serchhip Road and Seling-Champhai Road. A population of 97,339 from 184 villages were regrouped into 40 centres. The third phase, known as Voluntary Grouping Centres, was in August 1970 under the Assam Maintenance of Public Order Act 1953. It saw 26 grouping centres for a population of 47,156. The fourth phase, known as Extended Loop Areas, was planned for 63 villages to be settled into 17 grouping centres for 34,219 people. The third and fourth phases of regoruping were challenged in ''Chuanvawra v the State of Assam and others''.<ref name=AGP>{{cite conference |url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/PP46.pdf |title=A Gigantic Panopticon: Counter Insurgency Operation and Modes of Discipline and Punishment in North East India |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal|date=2011 |location=Kokatta|conference=Development, Logistics, And, Governance: Fourth Critical Studies conference |id=}}</ref> The Gauhati High Court asked to justify the continuation of the policy which the Government of Assam assured no further implementation of the grouping policy would be made.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012}}{{pn|date=March 2025}}

===1967 Assam general election===
The Mizo Union did not contest the 1967 election for two main reasons. The first reason was that the Mizo National Front uprising had led to an uptick in violence in which campaigning and political activities were not advisable to carry out. Secondly the Mizo Union continued to support the idea of statehood being granted to the Mizos.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=152}} As a result, the term of the district council members was extended to 1970, when the next elections would be held. During the 1966-1969 period the suspension of political activities would weaken the Mizo Union and lead to an era of influence for the Mizo congress party.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=137}}

===Developments of Mizo Congress===
A. Thanglura, the founder and president of the Mizo Congress, became a member of the legislative assembly and thus stationed in Shillong. In his absence, Dengthuama became convenor and later elected president of the Mizo District Congress Committee. However, the district council suffered from internal faction rivalry. Dengthuama led the first group and the other group was led by Hrangchhuana, the treasurer of the Mizo Congress. As a result of the rivalry, the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee President, Mr Bhagwatti, visited Aizawl. His decision saw Hrangchhuana made convenor of the Mizo District Congress Committee. However, Dengthuama was reelected as the President in the general meeting of the Mizo District Congress Committee in 1970. The rivalry resumed, becoming recognised as a leadership dispute rather than an ideological one. The Assam Pradesh Congress Committee would make Hrangchhuana ad-hoc president of the Mizo District Congress Committee again. This decision was influenced by Thanglura, a minister in the Assam government and former president of the Mizo District Congress Committee, as he favoured Hrangchhuana despite Dengthuama being elected as president of the MDCC twice. As Dengthuama's faction was filled with District Council members and Chief Executive Members his faction was considered the true Mizo Congress. hrangchann's faction was referred to as "''Vai'' congress" or "stooge of Assam Congress". Hrangchanna's faction was also described as claiming to represent the Mizo identity similar to the MNF at the time. However, the two rival groups reconciled in 1970 to unite against the Mizo Union and succeeded in becoming the dominant ruling party.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=145}}

Hrangchanna's faction attempted to ally with the Mizo Union which led to a [[no confidence vote]] against Dengthuama's faction. The vote was successful and Hrangchanna's faction came out on top with the Mizo Union. However friction between both organizations due to Hrangchanna's failure to delegate district council seats to the Mizo Union as promised. As a result the Mizo Union allied with Dengthuama's faction and formed a coalition government known as the United Mizo Parliamentary Party (UMPP).{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=146}}

===Fourth District Council elections===
The fourth district council elections were held on 18 April 1970. The outcome of the elections saw the north become Congress-aligned.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vanlawma |first1=R. |title=Ka Ram Leh Kei (My Country and I) |date=1969 |publisher=Zalen Publishing House |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467575/mode/2up |access-date=8 February 2025|language=Mizo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Party
! Subdivision
|-
| Ch. Chhunga
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl
|-
| Z.V. Lalmawia
| Mizo Congress
| Aizawl
|-
| Tuikhurliana
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl
|-
| Vaivenga
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl
|-
| R. Thangliana
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl
|-
| P.C. Saprema
| Mizo Congress
| Aizawl
|-
| Lalhruaia
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl
|-
| Khuma
| Mizo Congress
| Aizawl
|-
| J. Thanghuama
| Mizo Congress
| Aizawl
|-
| Lalbuaia
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl
|-
| Sapnela
| Mizo Congress
| Aizawl
|-
| Hrangaia
| Mizo Union
| Aizawl
|-
| Lalhuzauva
| Mizo Congress
| Aizawl
|-
| F.C. Nghina
| Mizo Congress
| Aizawl
|-
| Zalawma
| Mizo Congress
| Aizawl
|-
| Thangchungnunga
| Mizo Congress
| Lungleh
|-
| Ch. Saprawnga
| Mizo Union
| Lungleh
|-
| K. Thansiama
| Mizo Congress
| Lungleh
|-
| Sangchema
| Independent
| Lungleh
|-
| Mylai Hlychho
| Independent
| Lungleh
|-
| Hari Kristo Chakma
| Independent
| Lungleh
|-
| C. Thansiama
| Independent
| Lungleh
|-
! colspan=3 |Nominated Unelected Seats
|-
| C.L. Ruala
| Mizo Congress
|
|-
| Ralzatawna
| Mizo Congress
|
|}

===United Mizo Parliamentary Party===
The President of the Mizo Union, Ch Chhunga became the Chief Executive Officer of the coalition government. In 1971 the village councils elections were held in which the Mizo Union held their influence as 66 of 158 villages aligned. Ii is argued that the Mizo Union became the dominant faction of the UMPP.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=146}}

The UMPP held a session on 14 April 1971 which passed a resolution declaring that to bring the Mizo tribes together, including ones outside of Mizoram, under one administration the UMPP will request the central government to grant statehood on the basis of long-lasting peace. As a result Ch, Chhunga, Zalawma, K. Thansiama and Lalbuaia met with the Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in mid of May 1971. A memorandum was passed with a demand for statehood for a full-fledged Mizoram state incorporating the areas inhabited by the Mizos in Cachar, Manipur and Tripura.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=146}}

===Faction rivalry and global developments===
Developments of the Mizo National Front began a political school to raise awareness of global history, politics, administration and finance. The educated members of the MNF began to give out lectures. However as a result of this policy an intellectual faction in the MNF emerged. The rumours and rivalry led to a belief that a military coup could occur within the MNF itself. Laldenga held a tea party of the top MNF officials at his residence in Chhantlang on 11 March 1971 to alleviate tensions and create unity among the MNF. However, the meeting saw Biakchunga accuse the Army Chief and Defense Minister, R. Zamawia, of planning a military coup with the officer of the Mizo National Army to overthrow Laldenga.{{sfn|Zarzosanga|2024|p=80}}

On 25 March 1971, the [[Mukti Bahini]] insurgents of East Pakistan started an independence liberation movement against the Government of Pakistan. The East Pakistan government was a vital aspect of the MNF's source of weapons and funds to reinforce their military activities. With the outbreak of the Bangladesh Liberation War, the MNF evacuated their camps on 4 April 1971.{{sfn|Zarzosanga|2024|p=80}}

The Anti-Laldenga faction became known as the ''Dumpawl'' (Blue party), which became more popular. On 10 May 1971, Laldenga arrested the ''Dumpawl'' faction, and by 17 May, the number of prisoners under the MNF prison was increased to 40. Laldenga also ordered a suspension order of the Mizo National Army officers on 28 May.{{sfn|Zarzosanga|2024|p=81}} The independence of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971 prompted the bases to be cleared. The new government of Bangladesh was friendly to India and hence withheld all support for the MNF. Laldenga, with approval of the MNF, sent a second diplomatic mission under R. Zamawia and Lalnunmawia on 18 December to open peace talks with Indira Gandhi.{{sfn|Zarzosanga|2024|p=82}}

===Union Territory of Mizoram===
On 17 July 1971, S.J Das, Commissioner of Cachar the Central Liaison Officer for the Mizo District came to Aizawl with a proposal of the central government to confer the status of Union Territory on Mizoram.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=146}} Discussion were held at the residence of the deputy commissioner of the Mizo district on the same day with 17 representatives of the UMPP agreeing to submit a memorandum to express their appreciation of the central government's proposal.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=147}}

{{Blockquote
|text=The Proposal (dated Aizawl, the 17th July, 1971) of Union Territory status for Mizoram district was discussed. In view of the present circumstances prevailing in this part of the country, it was felt by leaders that the decision of the Government of India in granting the Union Territory Status to Mizo Hills was a reasonable proposal for the Central Government to make. The political leaders, however, felt that clarification on certain points was required. For this purpose, it was imperative that a delegation consisting of ten members should go to Delhi. It was further suggested by the Minister of State, Home Affairs, Government of India, should visit the District to get first-hand knowledge.
|title=Memorandum of United Mizo Parliamentary Party to the Central Government
|source=Mizoram: Society and Polity (Nunthara, 1996)
}}

The Chief Executive Member of the Pawi-Lakher Regional Council, Zakhi Hlychho, also agreed with the proposal for Union Territory status on the condition that a separate autonomous District Council provision is provided for the Pawi ([[Lai people|Lai]]) and Lakher ([[Mara people|Mara]]). The president of Demagiri Congress Committee, Christo Mohan Chakma, argued that a separate district council for Chakmas should be established to protect their distinct tradition and culture. The Mizo District Congress Committee urged the central government to make a peace settlement with the MNF before the Union Territory be finalised. The youth wing of the Mizo Union led by Muankima, Dosanga and Biakchhawna submitted their separate memorandum. The memorandum stated support for Union Territory status on account of it being a transitory period to full statehood for Mizoram in the future.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=147}} Disagreements, however between the Mizo Union youth and the UMPP would lead to disassociation and the formation of the Mizo Union Council in 1971.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=148}}

==See also==
*[[History of Mizoram]]
*[[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]]
*[[Mizo National Front uprising]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Agnihotri |first=S. K. |chapter=Constitutional Development in North-East India since 1947 |editor1=B. Datta-Ray |editor2=S. P. Agrawal |title=Reorganization of North-East India Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v44gVIFltgQC&pg=PA69 |year=1996 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-577-5 |pages=57–92 |ref={{sfnref|Agnihotri, Constitutional Development in North-East India|1996}}}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}

*{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B |date=1979 |title=The Mizo Unrest: A Study of Politicisation of Culture |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers}}

*{{cite book |last1=Hluna |first1=John V.|last2=Tochhawng |first2 = Rini |title=The Mizo Uprising: Assam assembly debates on the Mizo Movement. 1966-1971 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University press |url=https://archive.org/details/mizouprisingassa0000hlun/mode/2up |access-date=24 February 2025}}

*{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |date=2015 |title=Nehru and the North East |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/58910285/Sajal_Nag_Nehru_and_the_Northeast_21_May_2015.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Nehru Museum and Library|isbn=978-93-83650-81-1 |access-date=18 January 2025}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |date=2019 |title=Autonomy without Power: Nehru and the Critique of Sixth schedule on autonomy |url=https://www.academia.edu/38817738 |journal=Federalism and Federal Studies in 21st Century|url-access=registration |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=18 January 2025}}

*{{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=81-7387-059-4}}

*{{cite book |last1=Rustomji |first1=Nara |title=Enchanted Frontiers |date=1971 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3398/mode/2up |access-date=15 March 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L. |title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}

*{{cite book |last=Zarzosanga|date=5 January 2024 |title=Political parties in mizoram: A case study of the Mizo National Front |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WHvEAAAQBAJ|location=Newcastle Uupon Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-6259-2 |access-date=22 January 2025}}

*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}

[[Category:20th century in Mizoram]]

Laxman Bag

2026-04-17T05:26:50Z

Rik: new.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Laxman Bag Yadav
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|16 March 1975}}
| birth_place = Khutulumunda, [[Kantabanji]]
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 Jun 2024
| constituency = [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
| predecessor = Santosh Singh Saluja
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Smt. Pabita Bag
| children =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| father = Late Shankar Bag
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Laxman Bag Yadav''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]] defeating [[Naveen Patnaik]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="h140">{{cite web | last=Bisoyi | first=Sujit | title=Meet the giant killer who dealt Naveen Patnaik his first political defeat: BJP's Laxman Bag | website=The Indian Express | date=6 June 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/giant-killer-dealt-naveen-patnaik-defeat-bjp-laxman-bag-9375942/ | access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="m118">{{cite web | last=Chowdhury | first=Aditi Ray | title=Odisha's 'Giant Killer' -- BJP's Laxman Bag Who Defeated Five-time CM Naveen Patnaik | website=News18 | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/politics/odishas-giant-killer-bjps-laxman-bag-who-defeated-five-time-cm-naveen-patnaik-8922659.html | access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="g027">{{cite web | title=Ex-Daily Wager who Defeated CM, Women From Political Families: Meet Odisha's First-Time MLAs | website=The Wire | date=7 June 2024 | url=https://thewire.in/politics/ex-daily-wager-who-defeated-cm-women-from-political-families-meet-odishas-first-time-mlas | access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="y774">{{cite web | last=Mohapatra | first=Debabrata | title=Laxman Bag: Giant killer of Kantabanji | website=The Times of India | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/laxman-bag-giant-killer-of-kantabanji/articleshow/110716533.cms | access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bag, Laxman}}
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Vaghodiya Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:44:25Z

Rik: started new article basic info

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vaghodiya
| mla = [[Dharmendrasinh Vaghela]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theblunttimes.in/gujarat-independent-mla-dharmendrasinh-vaghela-joins-bjp-ahead-of-lok-sabha-elections/39564/|title=Gujarat : Independent MLA Dharmendrasinh Vaghela Joins BJP Ahead Of Lok Sabha Elections|work=The Blunt Times|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Gujarat|2024]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
| established = 1975
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:246625}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 136
}}

'''Vaghodiya''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Vaghodia Taluka
# Vadodara Taluka (Part) Villages – Sokhda, Padmala, Anagadh, Ajod, Asoj, Virod, Sisva, Dasharath, Dhanora, Kotna, Koyli, Dumad, Dena, Sukhlipur, Amaliyara, Kotali, Vemali, Gorva, Ankodiya, Sherkhi, Nandesari (CT), Nandesari (INA), Ranoli (CT), Petro-Chemical Complex (INA), Karachiya (CT), GSFC Complex (INA), Bajwa (CT), Jawaharnagar (Gujarat Refinery) (CT).

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=4| [[Madhu Shrivastav]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dharmendrasinh Vaghela]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=1}}
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Gujarat|2024^]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Gujarat|Gujarat Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Vaghodiya<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Vaghodia">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Vaghodia |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S06136.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807143449/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S06136.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dharmendrasinh Vaghela]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,27,446
|percentage = 72.1
|change = {{increase}}37.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanu Punja Gohil
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45,338
|percentage = 25.65
|change = {{increase}}15.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,972
|percentage = 2.25
|change = {{increase}}0.81
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 82,108
|percentage = 46.45
|change = {{increase}}38.78
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,76,756
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Vaghodiya Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dharmendrasinh Vaghela]]
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 77905
|percentage = 42.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashvinbhai Natvarbhai Patel (Kaka)
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 63,899
|percentage = 34.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satyajitsinh Duleepsinh Gaekwad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18870
|percentage = 10.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Madhubhai Babubhai Shrivastav
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 14645
|percentage = 8.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gautamkumar Sampatbhai Solanki
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2995
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2622
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,006
|percentage = 7.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:243473}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Vaghodiya<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Madhu Shrivastav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shrivastav Madhubhai Babubhai|Madhubhai Shrivastav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 65851
|percentage = 42.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Jayeshbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 60063
|percentage = 38.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5788
|percentage = 3.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 154760
|percentage = 77.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shrivastav Madhubhai Babubhai|Madhubhai Shrivastav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 65,406
|percentage = 62.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pravinbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33,792
|percentage = 32.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 104193
|percentage = 64.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.31|73.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1975]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Gujarat]]

Mallika Srinivasan

2026-04-08T08:09:11Z

Rik:

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mallika Srinivasan
| image = Mallika Srinivasan - Chairman TAFE.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|11|19}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai district|Madras]], [[Madras State]] (present-day [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| education =
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Celebrations-galore-as-WCC-turns-100-this-July/articleshow/47966063.cms | title=Celebrations galore as WCC turns 100 this July | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 July 2015 | accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref>|[[Bharathidasan Institute of Management]] - [[University of Madras]]|[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}
| occupation = [[Industrialist]]
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization = [[TAFE - Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| title = Chairman & Managing Director of TAFE
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse = [[Venu Srinivasan]]
| children = [[Lakshmi Venu]], [[Sudarshan Venu]]
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[A. Sivasailam]]|Indira Sivasailam}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.tafe.com/|tafe.com}}
}}

'''Mallika Srinivasan''' (born 19 November 1959) is an Indian industrialist and is the Chairman and managing director of [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]], a tractor major incorporated in 1960 at [[Chennai]], India. She is also the [[Chairperson]] of the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB) constituted by the [[Government of India]] since 18 November 2021 .<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-01|title=TAFE's Mallika Srinivasan to heads PSEB|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/tafes-mallika-srinivasan-to-heads-pseb/article34218128.ece|access-date=2021-04-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She had served on the Global Board of the U.S.- India Business Council (USIBC) and has led the B20 – India Task Force on “Inclusive GVCs for Resilient Global Trade and Investment” held in August 2023.

== Education ==
She earned her degree in mathematics from the [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]]<ref>{{cite web |date=23 November 2011 |title=Ploughshares To Profits |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2011/1205/asia-power-business-women-mallika-srinivasan-tafe-ploughshares-raghunathan.html#52086be95cf5 |accessdate=14 July 2018 |work=Anuradha Raghunathan |publisher=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 July 2015 |title=Celebrating 100 years of learning |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/celebrating-100-years-of-learning/article7397108.ece |accessdate=14 July 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 July 2015 |title=Women's Christian College celebrates 100th year with fanfare |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150708/nation-education/article/women%E2%80%99s-christian-college-celebrates-100th-year-fanfare |accessdate=14 July 2018 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> and later was a university gold-medalist in Econometrics from the [[University of Madras]], she graduated as a member of the Dean's Honor List, and the [[Alpha Beta Gamma]] Society, from the [[Wharton School of Business]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], and was ranked as one of its top 125 most successful alumni.<ref>{{cite web |title=A new voice in a tradition bound industry, Mallika Srinivasan, WG'85 |url=https://www.wharton.upenn.edu/125anniversaryissue/srinivasan.html |accessdate=28 July 2015 |publisher=The Wharton School, The University of Pennsylvania |archive-date=20 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120010444/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/125anniversaryissue/srinivasan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Mallika Srinivasan established TAFE as a one of the world's largest tractor manufacturers. She led the company's growth to its present status with revenues in excess of Rs. 13,700 Crores with diverse interests in tractors, [[farm machinery]], diesel engines, generators, engineering plastics, hydraulic pumps and cylinders, automobile franchises and [[plantations]].

She led a variety of industry bodies such as the Tractor Manufacturers' Association of India, the [[Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry|Madras Chamber of Commerce]] and has held various positions in industry bodies such as the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] and the [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Mallika Srinivasan | url=http://quotes.wsj.com/IN/XNSE/UNITEDTEA/company-people/executive-profile/41730265|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
She supports organizations such as the [[Sankara Nethralaya]] (a leading eye care organization), the Cancer Hospital in Chennai, and a number of educational and healthcare facilities in [[Alwarkurichi]], [[Tirunelveli]] district in [[South India]]. She is also a generous patron of the arts through her involvement in the promotion and support of [[Carnatic music]] through the Indira Sivasailam Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us / The Indira Sivasailam Foundation|url=http://isfoundation.in/about/is-foundation.html|publisher=The Indira Sivasailam Foundation|accessdate=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125045104/http://isfoundation.in/about/is-foundation.html|archive-date=25 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==

Srinivasan has received a number of accolades and awards. In 2011, she was voted Entrepreneur of the Year by [[Ernst and Young]]; awarded the Woman Leader of the Year award by ''[[Forbes]] India''; and recognized by ''[[Forbes Asia]]'' as one of the Top 50 Asian Power Businesswomen.

As per Forbes list of India's 100 richest tycoons, dated 9 October 2024, Amalgamations family is ranked 64th with a net worth of $5 Billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 100 Richest |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/}}</ref>

She was named among the six Most Powerful Women of India Inc. by ''[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]'', while the [[Asian Business Leadership Forum]] (ABLF) honored her with the ABLF Woman of Power Award. [[NDTV Profit]], India's leading business television channel, accorded her the honor of Business Thought Leader of the Year 2012 Award, at the NDTV Profit Business Leadership Awards.<ref>{{cite web | title=Business Thought Leader of the Year: Mallika Srinivasan | url=http://profit.ndtv.com/videos/news/video-business-thought-leader-of-the-year-mallika-srinivasan-270967|publisher=NDTV Profit|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> In 2018, she was ranked fifth among India's Most Powerful Women in Business by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]]''.<ref name=top5/> In 2020, she was awarded "Businesswoman of the year" at ET Prime Women Leadership Awards 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mallika Srinivasan awarded 'Businesswoman of the Year' at ETPrime Women Leadership Awards 2020|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mallika-srinivasan-awarded-businesswoman-of-the-year-at-etprime-women-leadership-awards-2020/articleshow/79057741.cms|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Year !! Awards and Honors !! Awarding organization !! Reference
|-
| 1999
| First Business Woman of the Year award for India
| [[BBC]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Mallika Srinivasan|url=https://www.amazon.com/wiki/Mallika_Srinivasan|accessdate=2013-04-16|newspaper=Amazon.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| Zee Astitva Award for Exemplary Women
| [[Zee TV]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Zee Astitva Awards honour women achievers|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr216.htm|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=ZEE TV|date=18 April 2005}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| National Leadership Award
| [[IIM Lucknow]]- Lakshmipat Singhania award
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lakshmipat Singhania IIM, Lucknow, national leadership awards - 2005|url=http://www.lpsiimlawards.in/past-winners.html/|publisher=IIM Lucknow|accessdate=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212053601/http://lpsiimlawards.in/past-winners.html|archive-date=12 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2005–06
| Business Woman of the year Award
| [[The Economic Times]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=ET business woman of the year|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-09-27/news/27456820_1_banyan-tree-tafe-mallika-srinivasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018162821/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-09-27/news/27456820_1_banyan-tree-tafe-mallika-srinivasan|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2015|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 Sep 2006}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| Selected as one of the few in the Wharton's 125 influential people and ideas
| [[Wharton School of Business]], [[University of Pennsylvania]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=A new voice in a tradition-bound industry|url=http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/125anniversaryissue/srinivasan.html|publisher=The Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, USA|accessdate=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130626183439/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/125anniversaryissue/srinivasan.html|archive-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2004–10
| Among 25 Most Powerful Women in Indian Business - for 7 consecutive years
| [[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Tractor queen on a roll - Mallika Srinivasan|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-mallika-srinivasan/1/18321.html|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=Business Today|date=18 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| Among 25 Power Women
| [[India Today]] Woman
| <ref>{{cite news|title=India's 25 most influential women|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/indias-25-most-influential-women-369340-2013-03-13|access-date=2013-04-15|newspaper=India Today Woman}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| India Inc's Most Powerful Women Leaders
| [[The Economic Times]] Corporate Dossier
| <ref>{{cite news|title=India Inc's most powerful CEOs 2012: Top women CEOs|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13409138.cms|access-date=2013-04-15|newspaper=The Economic Times Corporate Dossier|date=25 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| Entrepreneur of the year - Manufacturing
| [[Ernst & Young]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Entrepreneur of the Year 2010 - Manufacturing|url=http://www.ey.com/IN/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/EOY-2010-India-finalist---Mallika-Srinivasan|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=Ernst & Young|archive-date=31 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831115827/http://www.ey.com/IN/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/EOY-2010-India-finalist---Mallika-Srinivasan|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| Among top 6 Most Powerful Women of India Inc
| [[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Six Most Powerful Women of India Inc. 2011|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/photoplay/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-hall-of-fame/1/220.html#photo6|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=Business Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| Ranked Among Asia's 50 Power Businesswomen
| [[Forbes Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Asia's 50 Power Businesswomen Mallika Srinivasan|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2012/13/power-women-asia-12_Mallika-Srinivasan_2JQJ.html|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=Forbes Asia}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| India Inc's Most Powerful CEOs 2012 Top Women CEOs
| [[The Economic Times]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=India Inc's Most Powerful CEO 2012 – Top Women CEOs|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/corporate-dossier/india-incs-most-powerful-ceos-2012-top-women-ceos/articleshow/13409138.cms|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=25 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| Forbes India Leadership Awards 2012 Women Leader of the Year
| [[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes India]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=TAFE, Mallika Srinivasan: The Tractor Queen|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2012/tafe-mallika-srinivasan-the-tractor-queen/33883/1|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=Forbes India|date=11 Oct 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| Doctor of Letters (Honoris Causa)
| Hindustan University of Technology & Science, Chennai
| <ref>{{cite web|title=3rd Annual Convocation - 2012|date=18 November 2012 |url=http://hindustan-university.blogspot.in/2012/11/3rd-annual-convocation-2012.html|publisher=Hindustan University of Technology & Science Chennai|accessdate=2013-04-15}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| Ranked 2nd among India's 50 Most Powerful Women in Business
| [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=50 Most Powerful Women in Business – Ranks Fortune India|url=http://www.mediavataar.com/index.php/news/marketing/4978-50-most-powerful-women-in-business--ranks-fortune-india|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=Fortune India|date=16 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122030910/http://www.mediavataar.com/index.php/news/marketing/4978-50-most-powerful-women-in-business--ranks-fortune-india|archive-date=22 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ABLF Woman of Power Award
| Asian Business Leadership Forum Awards
| <ref>{{cite web|title=ABLF Awards 2012 Winners|url=http://www.ablfawards.com/winners/|publisher=Asian Business Leadership Forum|accessdate=2013-04-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701231021/http://www.ablfawards.com/winners/|archive-date=2013-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| India Today's Power List – The Influencers
| [[India Today]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=TAFE Chairman Mallika Srinivasan featured in India Today Woman's Power List 2013|url=http://tractorsindia.com/view_all_news.php?cat=26|publisher=tractorsindia.com|accessdate=2013-04-16}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| Business Thought Leader of the Year 2012
| [[NDTV Profit]] Business Leadership Awards
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Business Thought Leader of the Year: Mallika Srinivasan|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/videos/ndtv-special-ndtv-profit/video-business-thought-leader-of-the-year-mallika-srinivasan-270967|accessdate=2013-04-15|newspaper=NDTV Profit|date=9 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Padma Shri for Trade and Industry
| [[Government of India]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Padma Awards Announced |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |accessdate=2014-02-11 |publisher=Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs |date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Among The Most Powerful Women in Indian Business – Hall of Fame
| [[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=The Top League|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/kiran-mazumdar-shaw-zia-mody-naina-lal-kidwai-renu-sud-karnad/1/209031.html|accessdate=2015-07-28|newspaper=Business Today|date = 31 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Ranked among India's Most Powerful Women
| [[Femina (India)|Femina]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=India's Most Powerful Women|url=http://www.tafe.com/showpdf.php?path=upload%2Fpdf%2F551bcdb3bcd2a_powerful_women_Femina_03_Sep_14.pdf | accessdate = 28 July 2015|newspaper=Femina|date = 3 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Ranked among India's Most Powerful Women
| [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=The Most Powerful Women of Asia-Pacific|url=http://fortune.com/2014/09/18/most-powerful-women-asia-pacific/|accessdate=28 July 2015|newspaper=Fortune Asia|date=18 September 2014|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701220109/https://fortune.com/2014/09/18/most-powerful-women-asia-pacific/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Ranked among Most Powerful Women in Indian Business
| [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=SBI's Arundhati Bhattacharya most powerful Indian woman in business: Fortune|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-09/news/55917945_1_arundhati-bhattacharya-fortune-india-powerful-women|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112021948/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-09/news/55917945_1_arundhati-bhattacharya-fortune-india-powerful-women|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2014|accessdate = 28 July 2015|newspaper=Fortune India|date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| Conferred the Sir Jehangir Ghandy Medal
| [[XLRI- Xavier School of Management|XLRI - Xavier School of Management]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mallika-srinivasan-conferred-sir-jehangir-ghandy-medal-115032100712_1.html|title=Mallika Srinivasan conferred Sir Jehangir Ghandy medal|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-03-21|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-12-30}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Among BBC 100 Power Women 2016
|[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=100 Women 2016: India tractor queen 'one notch' above men|work=BBC News |date=2016-12-01|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38100120|language=en-GB|accessdate=2016-12-30}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Conferred the Devi Award
|[[The New Indian Express]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/india-should-invest-in-research-for-tech-growth/articleshow/60443891.cms|title=India should invest in research for tech growth|date=10 Sep 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-14|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Honorary Doctorate of Science (Honoris Causa)
|[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/india-should-invest-in-research-for-tech-growth/articleshow/60443891.cms|title='India should invest in research for tech growth' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Ranked fifth among India's Most Powerful Women
|''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]]''
|<ref name=top5>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/mallika-srinivasan?year=2018|title=Mallika Srinivasan - Most Powerful Women in 2018 - Fortune India|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| USIBC Global Leadership Award
| U.S.-India Business Council
| <ref>{{cite web |title=USIBC to present Global Leadership Award to Shiv Nadar, Mallika Srinivasan. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/usibc-to-present-global-leadership-award-to-shiv-nadar-mallika-srinivasan-121093000294_1.html |website=bsindia |date=30 September 2021 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of }}</ref>
|}

== Organisations and affiliations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Position !! Organization !! Reference
|-
| Member - Executive Board
| [[Bharathidasan Institute of Management]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Board|url=https://www.tafe.com/corporate/profile/Mallika-Srinivasan-Profile.pdf}}</ref>

|-
| Member - Executive Board
| [[Indian School of Business]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Board|url=http://www.isb.edu/about-isb/leadership-and-governance/executive-board|publisher=Indian School of Business|accessdate=2013-04-16}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| Member - Governing Board (Rural Technology And Business Incubator)
| [[Indian Institute of Technology]], [[Chennai]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.rtbi.in/board.html|publisher=RTBI, IITM's Rural Technology and Business Incubator|accessdate=2013-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218154508/http://rtbi.in/board.html|archive-date=18 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Board Member
| [[AGCO]] Corporation, United States
| <ref>{{cite web|title=DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS|url=http://www.agcocorp.com/company/directors_officers.aspx|publisher=AGCO|accessdate=2013-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424153955/http://www.agcocorp.com/company/directors_officers.aspx|archive-date=24 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Board Member (Independent, Non-Executive Director)
| [[Tata Steel]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.tatasteel.com/about-us/management/board-of-directors.asp|publisher=TATA Steel|accessdate=2013-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006165621/http://www.tatasteel.com/about-us/management/board-of-directors.asp|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Global Board of Directors
| U.S.-India Business Council
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://www.usibc.com/board-of-directors/|publisher=USIBC|accessdate=2019-12-12}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Mallika}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Automotive industry in India]]
[[Category:People in the automotive industry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:People named in the Panama Papers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:TVS Group]]
[[Category:TVS family]]

Prodyut Kumar Deka

2026-04-06T22:38:33Z

Rik: adding biography - done

{{short description|Indian film director and author from Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{infobox person
|name = Prodyut Kumar Deka
|native_name =
|occupation= Film director, author
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|4|18}}
|notable_works=''[[Dhunia Tirutabur]]'' ''[[Samiran Barua Ahi Ase]]'' ''[[Surjasta]]'' ''[[Borosi]]''
}}

'''Prodyut Kumar Deka''' (born 18 April 1978) is an Indian writer, film and stage director, screenwriter and presently editor of [[Roopkar]] magazine based in [[Assam]]. His films include ''[[Dhunia Tirutabur]]'' (2009), ''[[Samiran Barua Ahi Ase]]'' (2012), ''[[Surjasta]]'' (2013), and ''[[Borosi]]'' (2014).

He turned to writing English fiction gradually from 2016 with the anthropological [[Ambari Series]] based on the [[Ambari]] Archeological site in Guwahati.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://janambhumi.in/VFdwck0wMVVTVDA9/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8,-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87.html|title=মোৰ বিশ্বাস, সকলো সভ্যতাৰ কিছুমান গোপন অধ্যায় থাকে|website=janambhumi.in}}</ref>

In 2025, to commemorate fifty years of publication of [[Roopkar]], founded by his father late [[Pabitra Kumar Deka]], the magazine was revived by Prodyut Kumar Deka, who announced it would be published annually as a Special issue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legendary Assamese magazine 'Roopkar' to be republished in April 2025 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/assam-legendary-assamese-magazine-roopkar-to-be-republished-in-april-2025-1181809-2025-03-10|website=www.indiatodayne.in/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= ETV Bharat Assamese Team |title=ৰূপকাৰ... নব্বৈ দশকৰ অসমীয়া শিল্প-সাংস্কৃতিক সাংবাদিকতাৰ নব্য-ৰূপকাৰ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!entertainment/lets-revisit-roopkar-a-memorable-journey-of-pabitra-kumar-dekas-theatre-movement-assam-news-ass25060104121|work=www.etvbharat.com |date= June 1, 2025}}</ref>
== Film and television ==
In 1989, he made his debut as a child actor in the TV film ''Dalal'', directed by National Award-winning filmmaker Bidyut Chakrabarty. He later appeared in television serials such as ''Deuta'' (1991), directed by renowned filmstar [[Biju Phukan]], and ''Aie Saharate'' (1992), directed by Prabin Hazarika.

He made his debut as scriptwriter and director with the critically acclaimed Assamese film ''[[Dhunia Tirutabur]]'' (English: Beautiful Woman) in 2009, based on the disappearance of an artist.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015|url=http://assammovies.blogspot.in/2015/02/filming-egalitarianism.html|title=Notes for a film theory about the cinemas of Assam|website=Assam Movies|publisher=[[Blogspot]]}}</ref> His next film, ''[[Samiran Barua Ahi Ase]]'' (English: Return of Samiran Barua), was based on a political subject and was released in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assamesefilmnews.blogspot.in/ |title=In mid March "Samiran Baruah Ahi Ase" |website=Assamesefilmnews|publisher=[[Blogspot]]|date= |accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wordsofeast.blogspot.in/2012/04/samiran-barua-finally-arrives.html/|title=Samiran barua finally arrives|website=Wordsofeast|publisher=[[Blogspot]]}}</ref> He tentatively planned to direct a sequel of the movie, titled ''Samiran Baruah Aru Nahe'' but the plans were dropped for unstated reasons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

His other films include ''[[Surjasta]]'' (English: A Sunset), a 2013 work on the subject of child negligence, the 2014 suspense drama ''[[Borosi]]'' (English: The Trap) and a 2016 television film, ''[[Dristi]]'' (The Vision), based on Rabindranath Tagore's story of the same name. ''[[Surjasta]]'' received nominations in the Best Actor Male and Female categories at the Filmfare Awards 2013 (East).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamportal.com/assamese-film-surjasta%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-to-release-on-17th-may/|title=Assamese Film Surjasta(সূৰ্যাস্ত) to Release on 17th May|date=11 May 2013|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815155220/http://www.assamportal.com/assamese-film-surjasta%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-to-release-on-17th-may/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.creativica.in/filmfare-awards-2013-nomination-list-of-assamese-cinema/|title=Filmfare Awards 2013 Nomination List of Assamese Cinema|date=19 March 2014|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322142720/https://www.creativica.in/filmfare-awards-2013-nomination-list-of-assamese-cinema/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-vivel-filmfare-awards-assamese-5726.html|title=Nominations for Vivel Filmfare Awards (Assamese)|date= 28 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Abhijit |url=http://www.creativica.in/pradut-kumar-deka-s-suspense-thriller-boroshi-releases-in-18th-april/ |title=Pradut Kumar Deka's suspense-thriller Boroshi releases in 18th April |website=Creativica.in |date= |accessdate=2017-07-08 |archive-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145533/http://www.creativica.in/pradut-kumar-deka-s-suspense-thriller-boroshi-releases-in-18th-april/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newslivetv.com/assamese-film-and-theatre/assamese-films-news-this-week-25-31-march-2013.html/ |title=Assamese Films: News This Week (25-31 March 2013) |website=Newslivetv.com |date=2013-04-07 |accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref>
Deka contributed to one segment (Ardhasatya) in the [[anthology film]] ''Ji Golpor Sesh Nai''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/pages/page-1-saturday-fare-/0/sight-sound-prantik-deka/2018-04-28/3/3407|title=New Assamese Film Launched}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/at.asp?id=may0818/Page11|title=A New Experiment|website=[[Assam Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/9-0-21@05@2018-1008.html|title=Loneliness links three stories|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522181133/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/paper/9-0-21@05@2018-1008.html|archive-date=22 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> A special screening of the film was held on 18 April 2019 and received favorable praise from the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/northeasts-first-anthology-film-screened-in-guwahati-assam/article26903427.ece|title=Northeast's first anthology film screened in Guwahati, Assam |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/ne-s-first-anthology-film-screened/east/news/1569209.html|title=NE's first anthology film screened |date=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pratidintime.com/3-filmmakers-give-northeast-its-first-anthology/|title=3 filmmakers give northeast its first anthology |date=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/04/22/northeasts-first-anthology-film-screened-in-guwahati/|title=Northeast's first anthology film screened in Guwahati |date=22 April 2019}}</ref> Presently he will be directing one segment (Paap) in the forthcoming anthology film ''Kahini Nohoi'' which will pay homage to the master of suspense Alfred Hitchcock.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/kahini-nohoi-a-new-anthological-film-from-assam-celebrates-the-spirit-of-suspense|title='Kahini Nohoi': A new Anthological film from Assam celebrates the spirit of Suspense |date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.sentinelassam.com/editionname/GuwahatiEnglish/THESENTI_GUWE/page/3/article/THESENTI_GUWE_20250410_3_9|title='Kahini Nohoi': A new Anthological film from Assam celebrates the spirit of Suspense |date=10 April 2025}}</ref>

His latest projects include ''Chiyahir Rong'', a 2021 film about newspaper houses in Assam, based on a story by journalist Jitumoni Bora,<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Siyahir Rong–The Dark Side of The Fourth Pillar |url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2018/12/siyahir-rong.html |website=Magical Assam}}</ref> and ''The Government Servant'', a film set in [[Mayong (Assam)|Mayong]] and based on a story by Sahitya Akademi Award winner Jayant Madhab Bora. Both films were released online in the Reel Drama portal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/at.asp?id=dec2518/Page12|title=The Fourth Pillar|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133951/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/at.asp?id=dec2518%2FPage12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assamese Film Portrays Mayong As Not 'Land of Magic' |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/assamese-film-portrays-mayong-as-not-land-of-magic |website=pratidintime.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New feature film 'The Government Servant' to hit theatres soon |url=https://newslivetv.com/new-feature-film-the-government-servant-to-hit-theatres-soon/ |website=newslivetv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The government servant |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27442590// |website=imdb.com}}</ref>

He was co-scriptwriter of the films ''[[62nd National Film Awards|Orong]]'' (Strangers in the Mist) (2015) on child psychology and ''[[Rum Vodka Whiskey]]'' (2017), based on three unsuccessful love stories in different seasons. ''Orong'' won the National Award for Best Rabha film in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orong |url=http://kff.in/film.php?f=108 |website=kff.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kothasobi.com/movie/assamese-film-rum-vodka-whisky-release-november-24/|title=Assamese Film 'Rum Vodka Whisky' To Release on November 24|website=kothasobi.com}}</ref> He wrote the screenplay of the forthcoming film ''Smriti'', which is directed by Pankaj Kalita and is under production.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

He has made two short films based on essays by Assamese writer and journalist [[Homen Borgohain]],''Why I write'' (2008) and ''A short film about Walking'' (2011), which were shown in various film festivals.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.festivalfocus.org/user/3139/prodyut_deka/ |title=prodyut deka, guwahati, India |website=Festivalfocus.org |date=1978-04-18 |accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/3114/A-Short-Film-About-Walking/ |title=A short Film About Walking |website=Cultureunplugged.com |accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref> He also made a 50-minute documentary, ''An Anti-insurgent Journey'', which depicts former Asam Sahitya Sabha Chief Kanaksen Deka and his stance against subversive activities of the outfit in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=Bangalore to screen film on Deka |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140612/jsp/northeast/story_18502097.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616221304/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140612/jsp/northeast/story_18502097.jsp |archive-date=16 June 2014 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Theatre ==
He revived the theatre group [[Aikyatan]] in late 2010s, originally founded by his father [[Pabitra Kumar Deka]] in the early 1970s. With the group, he has directed plays such as ''Moni Kanchan'' ([[Badal Sircar]]), ''[[Jonakor Pohar]]'' (English:The Rising of the Moon), ''[[The Game of Chess]]'', ''[[27 Gaari Kopah]]'' (English: 27 Wagons full of Cotton) and ''Ayurekha''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/aikyatan-on-the-threshold-of-the-golden-jubilee|title='Aikyatan on the threshold of the golden jubilee'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/aikyatan-to-celebrate-golden-jubilee-with-two-day-cultural-programme|title='Aikyatan to celebrate golden jubilee with two-day cultural programme'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/saurabh-kumar-chalihas-ayurekha-showcased-at-the-50th-anniversary-celebration-of-aikyatan|title=‘Saurabh Kumar Chaliha's Ayurekha showcased at the 50th anniversary celebration of Aikyatan’}}</ref>
Deka penned an Assamese translation of the play ''[[Eserenga Rod]]'' (English: A Sunny Morning), which was premiered in Natasurjya Drama Festival 2016 under the direction of Pranjal Saikia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/spanish-play-staged-at-poorvottar-theatre-fest/125471.html|title=Spanish play staged at Poorvottar theatre fest |website=www.tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Northeast takes centre stage |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/northeast-takes-centre-stage-115082101362_1.html/ |accessdate=2017-07-08 |website=[[Business Standard News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Laikhuta of Kartik Hazarika National Theatre Festival erected at Tezpur |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov1918/state054 |website=[[Assam Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assamese Adaptation of 27 Wagons Full of Cotton Staged in Guwahati |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2024/04/08/assamese-adaptation-of-27-wagons-full-of-cotton-staged-in-guwahati/ |website=[[neindiabroadcast.com]]}}</ref>

Also associated with [[Indian People's Theatre Association]], Assam, he has directed ''[[Coffee Housot Apeksha]]'' (On the occasion of platinum jubilee)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/at.asp?id=mar1019/Page3|title=IPTA platinum jubilee}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kothasobi.com/2019/03/ipta-drama-festival-held-guwahati.html|title=IPTA Drama Festival Held at Guwahati|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828071809/http://www.kothasobi.com/2019/03/ipta-drama-festival-held-guwahati.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the famous play [[An Inspector Calls]] written by [[J. B. Priestley]] in 2019 at Guwahati.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/an-inspector-calls-to-be-staged-on-november-27/|title=AN INSPECTOR CALLS TO BE STAGED ON NOVEMBER 27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/entertainment/assamese-adaptation-of-priestlys-classic-in-guwahati-on-wednesday.html|title='Assamese adaptation of Priestly's classic in Guwahati'}}</ref>

== Writing ==
He writes on cinema in the local Assamese newspapers like ''Sadin'', ''[[Asomiya Pratidin]]'', ''Agradoot'' and ''[[Asomiya Khobor]]''. He has published several books on cinema and television. His 2021 biography of actor [[Biju Phukan]], ''Biju Phukan: A Life in Cinema'', won the ''Best Book on Cinema'' award in the Assam State Film Awards, 2026 and Prag Cine Awards, 2022. He has also written a trilogy of anthropological novels based on the [[Ambari]] Archeological site which was discovered in [[Guwahati]] in 1969. Presently, he edits the famous cultural magazine [[Roopkar]] published yearly.

=== Publications ===

==== Non-fiction ====

* {{Cite book|title=Amar Kotha Teolokor Kotha|year=2014|language=Assamese|publisher=Arclights|location=Guwahati}}, anthology of cinema essays
* {{Cite book|title=Cinema Suwar Ananda|year=2017|language=Assamese|publisher=Arclights|location=Guwahati}}, anthology of cinema essays<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-03-26 |title=Cinema Sowar Ananda - Book on Cinema Released |url=http://www.magicalassam.com/2017/03/cinema-sowar-ananda-book.html |accessdate=2017-07-08 |publisher=Magical Assam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1999-02-22 |title='Cinema Sowar Ananda' : New Book on Cinema by Prodyut Kumar Deka |url=http://www.kothasobi.com/book/cinema-sowar-ananda-new-book-cinema-prodyut-kumar-deka/ |accessdate=2017-07-08 |website=Kothasobi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-04-07 |title=Cinema Sowar Anandar Utsat |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/spda.asp?id=2017/apr0717/BigPage17.jpg |website=[[Assam Tribune]]}}</ref>
* {{Cite book|title=Biju Phukan: A Life in Cinema|year=2021|publisher=Assam Publishing Company|location=Guwahati|language=en}}, biography
* {{Cite book|title=Doordarshanor Dinbur|year=2023|publisher=Asom Prakashan Parishad|location=Guwahati|language=Assamese}}, a history of television or [[Doordarshan]] in Assam

==== Novels ====
'''Ambari trilogy'''

* {{Cite book|title=Ambari|year=2017|location=Delhi|publisher=Educreation Publishing}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Magical Discovery |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/at.asp?id=sep2517/Page11 |website=[[Assam Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ambari: An Anthropological Thriller |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/pages/page-1-saturday-fare-/0/ambari-an-anthropological-thriller/2018-02-03/3/3022 |website=[[Sentinel Assam]]}}</ref>
* {{Cite book|title=Prophecy of Ambari|year=2018|location=Delhi|publisher=Educreation Publishing}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Monk in Ambari|year=2020|location=Delhi|publisher=Educreation Publishing}}

'''Translations'''
* {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=Raymond|author-link=Raymond Chandler|title=The Big Sleep|year=2023|language=Assamese|publisher=Roopkar Prakashan|location=Guwahati}}
* {{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Utpal|author-link=Utpal Datta|title=The Last Signature of Mozart|year=2024|language=en|publisher=UD Foundation}}

==Personal life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
Prodyut Kumar Deka was born in [[Guwahati]], Assam. He is the younger son of Humour writer and film critic [[Pabitra Kumar Deka]] and the grandson of Mahendra Nath Deka, a government officer and film distributor in the early 1970s. He has one elder brother Prantik Deka, a still photographer, film critic and producer of documentaries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chalachitram National Film Festival concludes in Guwahati city |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/chalachitram-national-film-festival-concludes-in-guwahati-city-666836 |website=[[sentinelassam.com]]}}</ref> Prodyut passed his graduation in Commerce in 2000 and completed Law in 2006 from [[Gauhati University]]. He works as a Section Officer in the Assam Secretariat since 2010 and lives in Pub-Sarania, Guwahati, Assam (India). He is married to Pallabi Borah, who hails originally from Nagaon and also a writer, and they have two sons, Nihaar Ranjan Deka and Ivan Deka. <ref>{{cite web |title=‘Ram Vijaya’ in Assamese: A Spiritual classic reimagined for regional readers |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/ram-vijaya-in-assamese-a-spiritual-classic-reimagined-for-regional-readers-1278319-2025-09-16 |website=[[indiatodayne.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=‘Ram Vijaya’ Released in Assamese |url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/ram-vijaya-released-in-assamese |website=[[northeastfilmjournal.com]]}}</ref>

Prodyut and his family members run the NGO Pabitra Kumar Deka Archive, an archive of old Assamese film materials, in memory of his father. The archive has presented the Roopkar Award to one outstanding personality from stage, film and media annually since 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pabitra Kumar Deka: The pioneer in film journalism |url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/pabitra-kumar-deka-the-pioneer-of-professionalism-in-film-writing-in-assam |website=[[northeastfilmjournal.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roopkar Awards Honour Utpal Datta and Sanjeev Hazorika |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2025/01/08/roopkar-awards-honour-utpal-datta-and-sanjeev-hazorika/ |website=[[neindiabroadcast.com]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As producer/director===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | English Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Genre
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Awards/Festivals
|-
|2002 || ''Hatura''|| The Monkeys Paw || Tele play/Doordarshan Kendra
|-
|2003 || ''Abartan''|| || 5 Episode/Doordarshan Kendra
|-
|2006 || ''Murder''|| || TV series/NE TV
|-
|2008 || ''Mayajal''|| || 5 Episode/Doordarshan Kendra
|-
|2008 || ''Shanti Tirtha''|| || 5 Episode/Doordarshan Kendra
|-
|2008 || ''Why I Write''|| || Short film || Hyderabad film festival, Mumbai International film festival, North East Film Festival, Twilight Film Festival, New Delhi
|-
| [[List of Assamese films of the 2000s|2009]] || ''[[Dhunia Tirutabur]]'' || Beautiful Women || Feature || Best Director, Editor and Make up Award in Assam State Film Festival, 2010
|-
|2010 || ''Cinema Cinema''|| || TV series/NE TV
|-
|2010 ||''Pas Porichalokor Pasta Kahini''|| || 5 Short films/Rong TV
|-
|2011 || ''A Short film about Walking''|| || Short film || Dhaka International film festival
|-
| [[List of Assamese films of the 2010s|2011]] || ''[[Samiran Barua Ahi Ase]]'' || Return of Samiran Barua || Feature || 12th Kolkata International film festival, 2012
|-
|2012 || ''Eta Nikhut Hatya''|| || 5 Episode/Doordarshan Kendra
|-
| [[List of Assamese films of the 2010s|2013]] || ''[[Surjasta]]'' || A Sunset || Feature || Nomination in Best Actor Male and Female category in Filmfare Awards 2013 (East)
|-
| 2014|| ''An Anti-Insurgent Journey''|| || Documentary || 3rd Bangalore Short Film Festival, Indian Cine Film Festival, 2014, Mumbai
|-
| [[List of Assamese films of 2014|2014]] || ''[[Borosi]]'' || The Trap || Feature || 5th Dada Saheb Film Festival 2015, New Delhi
|-
|2016 ||''[[Dristi]]'' || The Vision || Tele film/Prag News
|-
|2019 ||''Ji Golpor Sesh Nai''|| Never Ending Stories || Feature (First Anthology film from Assam) || 12th International Guwahati Film Festival, 2020
|-
|2021 ||''Chiyahir Rong''|| The Color of Pen || Feature (OTT) || 13th International Guwahati Film Festival, 2021
|-
|2023 ||''The Government Servant''|| || Feature (OTT) || Northeast Film Festival 2023, Mumbai
|-
|TBA ||''Kahini Nohoi''|| Not a Story || Feature (Anthology film) ||
|-
|}

==Stage drama==

===As director===

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Original writer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Translation
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Group
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Venue
|-
|2011 || ''Moni Kanchan''|| [[Badal Sircar]]|| Nayan Prasad || Adda || Surjya, Ambari
|-
|2016 || ''Jonakor Pohar (Rising of the Moon)''|| [[Lady Gregory]]|| Prodyut Kumar Deka || [[Aikyatan]] || Surjya, Ambari
|-
|2018 || ''Game of Chess''|| Kenneth Sawyer Goodman|| Prodyut Kumar Deka || [[Aikyatan]] || Surjya, Ambari
|-
|2019 || ''[[An Inspector Calls]]'' || [[J. B. Priestley]] || [[Phani Sarma]] || [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] || Kumar Bhaskar Natya Mandir, Uzan Bazar
|-
|2024 || ''27 Gaari Kopah (27 Wagons full of Cotton)''|| [[Tennessee Williams]] || Suresh Kumar || [[Aikyatan]] || Surjya, Ambari
|-
|2026 || ''Ayurekha''|| [[Saurabh Kumar Chaliha]]|| || [[Aikyatan]] || New Art Players, Guwahati Club
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deka, Prodyut Kumar}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from Guwahati]]

D. P. Singh (writer)

2026-03-31T21:38:07Z

Rik: bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Dr. D. P. Singh''' (nee Dr. '''Devinder Pal Singh'''), born 1956, is an Indo-Canadian scientist,<ref name="researchgate-profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Devinder-Singh-4/research |title=Profile: Devinder Pal Singh |website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=|title=Ultrasonic Society of India |url=http://www.ultrasonicsindia.org/members-2019-onwards.pdf |website=ultrasonicsindia.org |publisher=USI, India |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2962-9967|title = ORCID}}</ref> educationist,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canbridgelearning.academia.edu/DevinderPalSingh|title = Devinder Pal Singh | CanBridge Learning - Academia.edu}}</ref><ref name="D. P. Singh">{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/devinderpalsingh/ |title=D. P. Singh |website=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> author<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sahit De Sang |title=ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਅਤੇ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦੇ ਰਚੇਤਾ – ਡਾ.ਡੀ.ਪੀ.ਸਿੰਘ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VngoBWMBICo&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR3dEnq0dH9QY3cPZUJlZnTtKUF9Oi52pSwAlxw57l8J4867eN1m-2I9Vi8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VngoBWMBICo |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|website=Vision Punjab TV |publisher=Vision Punjab TV, Canada |access-date=23 November 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Major Nagra Show |title=World Earth Day 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhgDfE4bfQw&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR1nzl_WPceiXq6RnDZVsTNZdnuQ9TxKpKe1L1Pd_hNzJXbIyYFxVJr0OW4 |website=Hello Canada! Major Nagra Show |publisher=Major Nagra |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> science fiction writer,<ref name="mithilareview.com">{{Cite web|url=https://mithilareview.com/dpsingh_03_20/|title = Science Fiction Writings in Punjabi: The Contemporary Scenario|date = 31 March 2020}}</ref> Sikh theologian,<ref name="philpeople.org">{{Cite web|url=https://philpeople.org/profiles/devinder-pal-singh|title = Devinder Pal Singh (Center for Understanding Sikhism) - PhilPeople}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Academic Organizing Committee |title=International Conference 2013 |url=http://www.iuscanada.com/events/iusseminar2013/callforpapers2013.html |website=iuscanada.com |publisher=IUS, Montreal, QC, Canada |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajwant Singh Chilana |title=International Bibliography of Sikh Studies |date=12 December 2005 |publisher=Springer, Dordrecht, Springer |location=USA |isbn=978-1-4020-3043-7 |page=543 |edition=First}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Charcha Da Mudda |title=ਅਸੀਂ ਬਾਬੇ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇ ਸੁਨੇਹੇ ਤੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਦੂਰ ਆ ਗਏ ਹਾਂ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QfzFqwF1rQ&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR0T1yaCFy8hrmV6Ka7SlcRQWkNjRF44rAvxb5tZ60EhyZS8ddslGQlfU1U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5QfzFqwF1rQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|website=Vision Punjab TV |publisher=Vision Punjab TV Canada |access-date=15 November 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and TV host.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Interview |title=Gurbani and Scientific Temper |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Gm4F2p-nGg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/-Gm4F2p-nGg |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|website=jhanjartv.com |publisher=Jhanjar TV |access-date=15 February 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As a widely travelled person, mostly for his academic research, and promotion of science<ref>{{cite web |title=Workshop on science coverage ends |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000224/punjab.htm#30 |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=Tribune News Service, Chandigarh, India |access-date=24 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="News">{{cite news |title=Scientists attend media workshop |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011107/ldh2.htm |access-date=9 August 2010 |agency=Newspaper |publisher=The Tribune Trust |ref=7 November 2001 |archive-date=9 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109180715/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011107/ldh2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> in developing countries, he has published about 100 research papers in Acoustics, Polymer Physics, Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science. Besides, he has published over 1000 general articles on the topics related to Science, Environment and Religion.<ref>[https://www.sikhnet.com/news/ecological-concerns-sri-guru-granth-sahib Ecological Concerns in Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Sikhnet.com, 14 Jan. 2021]</ref>

Due to his outstanding contributions for the cultivation of scientific temper<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nawan Zamana Sunday Edition |title=ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਅਤੇ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦੇ ਰਚੇਤਾ- ਡਾ. ਡੀ. ਪੀ. ਸਿੰਘ |url=http://nawanzamana.in/e_paper.html?id=26531 |website=nawanzamana.in |publisher=Nawan Zamana |access-date=22 September 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://parvasinewspaper.com/?p=53850 ਅਜਬ ਸੂਰਜੀ ਧੱਬੇ ਤੇ ਕੋਵਿਡ-19 ਮਹਾਂਮਾਰੀ (ਨਵੀਆਂ ਖੋਜਾਂ-ਨਵੇਂ ਤੱਥ), Parvasi Weekly, Canada, 15 May 2020]</ref> and environmental awareness<ref>{{cite web |title=Sutlej waters turn toxic, kill fish |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011124/main7.htm |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune Trust, Chandigarh, India |access-date=24 November 2001 |archive-date=11 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030111154200/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011124/main7.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> among people, the Peace on Earth Organization, Canada, in 2010, honored him with the "Life Time Achievement Award". Though he writes in English and Punjabi, his works have also been translated into [[Hindi]], [[Shahmukhi]], and Marathi languages.

== Early life ==
Born in 1956, at Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India, Devinder received M.Sc. (Physics) degree from [https://www.puchd.ac.in/ Panjab University, Chandigarh], in 1978. Started his professional career at [https://web.archive.org/web/20130522054752/http://sggscollege.ac.in/ SGGS Khalsa College, Chandigarh], India. In 1986, received Ph.D. degree from [http://online.gndu.ac.in/ Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar]. Served several Higher Education institutions, as part of the Punjab Education Services, Govt. of Punjab, during 1980-2008. After joining [http://www.gcnayanangal.com/Default.aspx Shivalik College, Nangal] in 1980, he excelled in popular science communication in Punjabi and English languages, but later on focussed on Science fiction,<ref>[https://mithilareview.com/dpsingh_03_20/ Science Fiction Writings in Punjabi: The Contemporary Scenario, Mithila Review, India, 31 March 2020]</ref> environmental<ref>[https://parvasinewspaper.com/?p=43105&__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=6b302511ffc9fba09ed377b54c4ee2a484153bf5-1618698357-0-AZqIM3W27niDaBX-MSZQ_KaoaaYkyLb97eqrzGYAfFBZlUybOoaevUH4rAu2_UvRA1lrlMaYQnbtEDgGf6pu8LNbXLTYmXh0p0ArANH9Nd5QEEEeGamwl6VfYUydoXMnv8GFK69mkdbR0OiDBcmR7PP0fkqlrjhzQLyoUa8l9FYjcBb7-WIm7sIF-OKFL6bZhMGswL8iOXK84P6cTDPdL4sLhttB6F4lyKMmdxkrkJHAzYycKBCOF5NJCt5ofRbWlA5tYhCuM75C-zQPKmL53otFmfncn572lP0eyKr8lOxWZNf4NKhPx8MDn5XULK5EIVHlFUmlWPczqSJk0Y3PPmQ_zs2MnI-rTA34EBrFb8z3eU5q6HJarGELDlVBX_kXnw ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣੀ ਵਿਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਲੇਖਕ ਡਾ. ਡੀ. ਪੀ. ਸਿੰਘ, ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਨਾਲ ਇਕ ਮੁਲਾਕਾਤ, Parvasi Weekly, Canada, 19 July 2019]</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Environmental Activity Report |title=Special status for Punjab sought |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan15/punjab.htm |access-date=10 January 2012 |agency=The Tribune |publisher=The Tribune Trust}}</ref> and theological writings.<ref name="philpeople.org"/>

== Career ==
After a 30-year career in education as an Associate Professor of Physics at Punjab Education Services, Govt. of Punjab, India, Dr. Singh moved to Canada in 2008. Herein, he founded<ref name=" D. P. Singh"/> an educational Center, dedicated to helping University/College/Senior Secondary students to achieve their academic dreams in the fields of Physical Sciences and Humanities. Since 2013, he has served as Director,<ref>[https://canbridgelearning.ca/ CanBridge Learning, GTA, Ontario, Canada ]</ref> and Educational Consultant to several academic institutions<ref>[https://beaconhouse.ca/ Beaconhouse, GTA, Ontario, Canada]</ref><ref>[https://brockacademy.ca/ Brock Academy, GTA, Ontario, Canada]</ref> in GTA, Canada. During 2014-2020, he has worked as the Associate Dean at the International University of California, USA. <ref>[https://tiuoc.com/ The International University of California, USA]</ref> He also worked as an Honorary Director to the Center for Understanding Sikhism, from late 2019 to early 2026<ref>{{cite web |title=Center for Understanding Sikhism |url=https://c4usikhism.com/ |website=c4usikhism.com |publisher=CUS, Canada |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>, Mississauga, ON, Canada. He is currently working as a Professor at Arihanta Institute, San Jose, California, USA.

== Works ==
=== Physics research ===
With about 100 research papers in Physics and allied fields to his credit<ref name="researchgate-profile" /> Dr. Singh has guided one dozen research students and supervised two M. Phil. theses. Besides, he established Acoustics Research Center, Mississauga, Canada to actively pursue his research interests<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=pyVidPUAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate|title = Dr. D. P. Singh, M. Sc.(Physics), Ph. D.}}</ref> in Acoustics. Having participated in about 50 conferences/ seminars within Canada and abroad, he is a member of several international research societies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Life Member 035|title=Ultrasonic Society of India |url=http://www.ultrasonicsindia.org/members-2019-onwards.pdf |website=ultrasonicsindia.org |publisher=USI, India |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> In addition, he is the referee panel member of several reputed research journals of Canada, USA, Nigeria, and India.

=== Scientific literature ===
Besides publishing 20 books and about 1200 general articles on various aspects of science and technology,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Virk, Hardev Singh |title=My Book of Reviews |date=2019 |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-7010-464-3 |pages=65–73}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sikhnet.com/authors/83424/articles|title = Articles by Dr. Devinder Pal Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunt, Peter |title=International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge Publishers |location=UK |isbn=978-0415290548 |page=1086 }}</ref> he has also translated 4 books from English to Punjabi.

=== Science fiction writings ===
In the genre of science fiction, Dr. Singh has authored/published<ref name="mithilareview.com"/><ref>[https://punjabtimesusa.com/news/?p=24475 ਕਿਧਰੇ ਦੇਰ ਨਾ ਹੋ ਜਾਏ (ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਗਲਪ ਕਹਾਣੀ), Punjab Times, USA, 18 April 2020]</ref><ref>[http://www.5abi.com/kahani/kahani2013/087-talabandi-devender-060520.htm ਤਾਲਾ-ਬੰਦੀ (ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਗਲਪ ਕਹਾਣੀ), 5abi.com, Punjabi Kahani, 6 May 2020]</ref><ref>[http://www.5abi.com/kahani/kahani2013/083-corona-devender-150420.htm "ਕਰੋਨਾ.......ਕਰੋਨਾ......ਗੋ ਅਵੇ" (ਕਰੋਨਾ ਵਾਇਰਸ ਬਾਰੇ ਬਾਲਾਂ ਲਈ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਗਲਪ ਕਹਾਣੀ), 5abi.com, Punjabi Kahani, 15 April 2020]</ref> two books for general readers, four books for children and about 45 stories, to date, in various newspapers and magazines of Canada, USA, Romania, India, and Pakistan in Punjabi, Hindi, and English.

=== Sikh Theology ===
From late 2019 to early 2026, as the Director, Center for Understanding Sikhism,<ref>[https://www.archpaper.com/2022/06/during-pandemic-sikh-temples-model-civic-spaces/#google_vignette Ekam Singh (7 June 2022). During the pandemic, Sikh temples have become a model for civic spaces, The Architect's Newspaper, USA.]</ref> Mississauga Canada, he played a vital role in the promotion of teaching and research in Sikh Theology <ref>[https://www.worldreligionsconference.org/index.php/2-36-documents/142-speaker-profile-36th-wrc-2016 Speaker Profiles, 36th World Religions Conference- 2016, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dr. M.S. Tiagi and Dr. K.J.P. Singh (Ed.) |title=ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਬਾਣੀ ਚਿੰਤਨ- ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਤੇ ਵਿਹਾਰ |date=23 November 2019 |publisher=Tarakbharti Parkashan |location=Barnala, Punjab, India |isbn=978-938-9498-15-8 |pages=280 |edition=First}}</ref> in India and Canada. With six books, two booklets, and about 250 articles on Sikh theology to his credit, he has delivered about one dozen invited talks on ‘Sikh Religion and Philosophy’ at various educational institutions within India and Canada. Five of his articles have been included in different books edited by eminent Sikh scholars. He has reviewed<ref>{{cite web |last1=Review |title=Prof. Puran Singh: Scientist, Poet & Philosopher |url=http://sikhchic.com/ball_ball/puran_singh |website=sikhchic.com |publisher=Sikh Chic |access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> thirteen books authored by eminent Sikh writers.

=== Media ===
Over 70 of his talks on Sikhism, science, and social topics have been telecast by [http://www.jhanjartv.com/jhanjar1/ Jhanjer TV], [http://www.sanjhapanjab.com/about.php Sanjha Punjab TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412141001/https://www.sanjhapanjab.com/about.php |date=12 April 2021 }}, [http://www.flyamritsarairport.com/dateline-toronto-from-live-toronto-studio-part-01/ Channel Punjabi Toronto Dateline TV], Vision TV, and Hello Canada TV, Canada. He has also participated in the science programs of [https://doordarshan.gov.in/ddpunjabi DD Punjabi], [https://doordarshan.gov.in/ddpunjabi Doordarshan Jalandhar], Vision Punjab TV, Kharar, Punjab and [https://globalpunjabtv.net/ Global Punjab TV, Chandigarh], India. Many of these talks are also available on Youtube.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Interview |title=Environmental Teachings |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr2cdLXAQkc |website=jhanjartv.com |publisher=Jhanjar TV |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Interview |title=Religion, Science and Mankind |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrYsWj8k5L0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/YrYsWj8k5L0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|website=jhanjartv.com |publisher=Jhanjar TV |access-date=31 May 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> About 50 of his radio programs <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsbnCP65vTs Talk: About God particle By Dr. Davinderpal Singh on Parvasi Radio, CJMR 1320, 6 July 2012]</ref> on science and religion have been broadcast by Ajj Di Awaz Radio, Desh Punjab Radio, [https://www.parvasiradio.com/ Parvasi Radio], Punjabi Dunia, AVR Media Productions, Canada and [[All India Radio]], Jalandhar, India.

== Awards ==
* 2011 "Excellent writing Award" by Ajj Di Awaz Radio & Daily Punjabi, Canada
* 2010 "Life Time Achievement Award" by Peace on Earth Organization, Canada
* 2006 "Lala Hardyal Memorial Award" for best Science Communication in mass media by Paryas Kala Manch, Nangal, India
* 2003 "ISWA SAMMAN" for longstanding contribution to the popularisation of science, by [https://www.iswaindia.com/ Indian Sc. Writers’Association, N.Delhi], India
* 2001 "Principal Trilochan Singh Bhatia (Children Literature and Gian Vigyan) Award", by Punjabi Sath, Lambrhan, Jalandhar, India
* 2000 "Dr. M. S. Randhawa" (Gian Sahit) Award for the book Vigyan Prapatian ate Masle,<ref>{{cite news |title=No promotion for officials ignoring Punjabi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001103/punjab.htm#No |access-date=10 May 2010 |agency=The Tribune News Service |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India |date=3 November 2000}}</ref> by LDP, Govt. of Punjab, India
* 1997 "Sarvotam Bal Sahit Pustak Purskar" for his book Robot, Manukh te Kudrat, by LDP, Govt. of Punjab, India
* 1994 "Hanibal Sahit Rattan Purskar" for his book C. V. Raman-Life and Times, by [http://saranglok.org/ Sahit Rang Gathan (Sarang Lok)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519152128/http://saranglok.org/ |date=19 May 2017 }}, Chandigarh, India
* 1991 "Sarvotam Bal Sahit Pustak Purskar" for the book Satrang, by LDP, Govt. of Punjab, India

== Video links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhgDfE4bfQw&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR1nzl_WPceiXq6RnDZVsTNZdnuQ9TxKpKe1L1Pd_hNzJXbIyYFxVJr0OW4 '''World Earth Day: Impacts of COVID 19 on the Environment of Earth''']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqmSML6LwdI '''Universal Relevance of Guru Nanak's Teachings''']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QkQqO2Pllk&t=21s '''Qudrat in Guru Nanak's Bani''']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr2cdLXAQkc '''Environmental Teaching in Sikhism''']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKs7dvk7HZ8&t=1s '''Aamne-Samne: Exclusive Interview''']

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQEODXJnIT8 '''Life and Teachings of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, 1st May 2021, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Pb., India''']
*[https://www.facebook.com/chandigarhuniversitygharuan/videos/124349255955131 '''International Seminar on Guru Nanak's Philosophy and U. N. Agenda for Sustainable Development, 23rd Nov. 2020, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Pb., India''']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQrgnC0ZJu8&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR2mL_leSC7WYzEDqMHv5I0WkWNnghcHyMGchn5cX211-PsYpwO-sBh-gII '''4th Canadian Punjabi Conference, 5-6th July 2019, Punjabi Heritage Foundation Of Canada, Ottawa, Canada''']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T3Rrfe3SA8&t=3332s '''36th World Religions Conference: End-of-Life Decisions, 20th Nov. 2016, University of Waterloo, Canada''']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDMo2Mt7g48 '''What is a Worthwhile Life? Seminar on Jivan Jach, 1st Dec. 2013, Sheridan College, Brampton, Canada''']
* [http://christianreview.ca/2021/03/11/dr-solomon-naz-interviewed-by-dr-devinder-pal-singh/ '''Interview of Dr. Solomon Naz (Print Media), Christian Review: News Magazine, 2020''']
* [http://christianreview.ca/videos/'''Interview of Dr. Solomon Naz (e-Media), Christian Review: News Magazine, 2015''']
{{Authority control}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, D. P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nidhi Uttam

2026-03-28T03:49:13Z

Rik: adding new entry

{{short description|Indian television and film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nidhi Uttam
| image = Nidhi Uttam at inauguration.jpg
| caption = Uttam at an inauguration in 2018
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = St. Mary's Convent High School, Kanpur
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|influencer}}
| years_active = 2006–present
| known_for = ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| spouse = [[Mohit Pathak]]
}}
'''Nidhi Uttam Pathak''' is an Indian television and film actress known for portraying [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai|Nandini Singhania Chauhan]] in [[Star Plus]]'s [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running Indian soap]], ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''. She has also acted in ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'', ''Ek Boond Ishq'', ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' and ''[[Aghori (2019 TV series)|Aghori]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/this-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-roped-in-for-zee-tvs-aghori_150120|title=THIS Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Actress Roped in for Zee TV's Aghori!|website=India Forums|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> In 2020, she made her film debut with [[Anubhav Sinha]]'s social film, ''[[Thappad]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/nidhi-uttam-geetanjali-mishra-vineett-kumar-zee-tvs-aghori/2019/04/30/attachment/aghori|title=Photo: Nidhi Uttam, Geetanjali Mishra and Vineett Kumar in Zee TV's Aghori|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-04|date=2019-04-30}}</ref> In 2023 Nidhi appeared as main lead in movie Chaar Lugai<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-15 |title=I would love to be a part of a good web series, but not comfortable with bold content, says Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai actress Nidhi Uttam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-would-love-to-be-a-part-of-a-good-web-series-but-not-comfortable-with-bold-content-says-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-nidhi-uttam/articleshow/100244941.cms |access-date=2023-06-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==

Born in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], Uttam did schooling from St. Mary's Convent High School, Kanpur. She has an identical twin, Nishi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mouni-roy-to-amrita-rao-celebs-who-have-lookalike-siblings/nidhi-uttam-with-her-sister-nishi/photostory/63883855.cms|title=Nidhi Uttam with her sister Nishi - Mouni Roy to Amrita Rao: Celebs who have lookalike siblings|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

She moved to [[Mumbai]] to study Graphic Design and Animation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tinselgupshup.com/news/view/48/Colored-Dreams-Nidhi-Uttam-the-artist|title=Tinsel Gupshup > Hindi TV Serial features & reviews {{!}} Colored Dreams - Nidhi Uttam the artist > > The finer things > News|website=www.tinselgupshup.com|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

Uttam married her childhood friend, singer and lyricist, [[Mohit Pathak]], in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-actor-weds-childhood-sweetheart-in-Lucknow/articleshow/26678129.cms|title=TV actor weds childhood sweetheart in Lucknow - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=December 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> The wedding was attended by her fellow co-stars from ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/wedding-bells-nidhi-uttam|title=Wedding bells for Nidhi Uttam|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

==Career==
===Television career===

After playing an uncredited small role in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Maayka]]'' in 2006, Uttam was set to star as the title character in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' and make her debut in a leading character, but later [[Shubhangi Atre]] replaced her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/whattt-this-yeh-rishta-actress-is-married-to-reality-star--406693|title=WHATTT! This Yeh Rishta actress is Married to Reality Star!|date=2016-08-29|website=www.abplive.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-date=2019-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804212238/https://www.abplive.in/television/whattt-this-yeh-rishta-actress-is-married-to-reality-star--406693|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She finally debuted with [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s popular soap, ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' for Star Plus as Tara in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/meeting-ekta-kapoor-was-the-turning-point-of-my-life-nidhi-uttam|title=Meeting Ekta Kapoor was the turning point of my life - Nidhi Uttam|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>

In the same year, she played Sukanya in ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/Yeh-Rishta-Kya-Kehlata-Hai-team-at-Nidhis-wedding/articleshow/26678547.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai team at Nidhi's wedding in Lucknow |last1=Seth|first1=Devanshi|date=4 December 2014|first2=Akash |last2=Wadhwa |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

In 2009, Uttam was cast in Star Plus's longest-running Indian daily soap, ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Nandini Singhania which she eventually quit in 2016.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Along with her role of Nandini, she portrayed Meethi in [[Life OK]]'s ''Ek Boond Ishq'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nidhi-uttam-excited-get-opportunity-work-the-big-banner-bbc-productions-ek-boond-ishq|title=Nidhi Uttam excited to get an opportunity to work for the big banner BBC Productions' Ek Boond Ishq|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>

In 2017, she appeared in a special appearance for [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]'s ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' on Star Plus as Jhanvi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/celebs/tv/nidhi-uttam-0|title=Nidhi Uttam|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>

Next, Uttam was seen in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]'', where she enacted the role of Sakshi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/tara-gets-seriously-funny|title=Tara gets seriously funny|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>

In 2018, she returned to ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai'', but finally confirmed her exit from it in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nidhi-uttam-roped-in-for-dil-boley-oberoi/articleshow/57083749.cms|title=Nidhi Uttam roped in for Dil Boley Oberoi - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 February 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>

The following year, she appeared in the television series ''[[Aghori]]'' via Zee TV, portraying Priya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-nidhi-uttam-to-enter-zee-tv-show-523592|title='Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' actress Nidhi Uttam to enter Zee TV show|date=2017-05-04|website=www.abplive.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=2019-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805175904/https://www.abplive.in/television/-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-nidhi-uttam-to-enter-zee-tv-show-523592|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Film career===

Nidhi ventured into films with [[Suniel Shetty]] starrer ''Nanha Einstein'' in 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kanpur/its-back-to-school-in-kanpur-for-nidhi-uttam/articleshow/59810576.cms|title=It's back to school in Kanpur for Nidhi Uttam - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 July 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>

She appeared in [[Anubhav Sinha]]'s drama, ''[[Thappad]]'', starring [[Taapsee Pannu]] as a caring housewife who wants justice against [[domestic violence]], when her husband slaps her unreasonably. ''Thappad'' was moderately profitable at the box office earning {{INRConvert|440|m}} against its {{INRConvert|250|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/taapsee-pannu-tweets-new-film-thappads-release-date-director-anubhav-sinha-says-no-one-told-me-2149826|title=Taapsee Pannu Tweets New Film Thappad's Release Date; Director Anubhav Sinha Says 'No One Told Me'|website=NDTV.com|date=14 October 2019 |access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>

==Television shows==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2006
|''[[Maayka]]''
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
|Tara Bajaj
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Doli Saja Ke]]''
|Sukanya
|
|-
| 2009–2016,
2018–2019
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|[[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai|Nandini Singhania Chauhan]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-announces-her-return-on-the-show/articleshow/59895223.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai actress announces her return on the show|website=Times of India|date=3 August 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''Ek Boond Ishq''
|Meethi
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
|Jhanvi
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''
|Sakshi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-06-05 |title=Nidhi and Manu Malik back together on another show |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-06-05/Nidhi-and-Manu-Malik-back-together-on-another-show/304449 |access-date= |website=The Hans India}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Aghori (2019 TV series)|''Aghori'']]
|Priya
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-30 |title=Nidhi Uttam, Geetanjali Mishra and Vineett Kumar in Zee TV's Aghori |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/nidhi-uttam-geetanjali-mishra-vineett-kumar-zee-tvs-aghori/2019/04/30 |website=IWMBUZZ}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Doosri Maa]]''
|Mala
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nidhi Uttam To Portray Mala's Role In &TV's 'Doosri Maa' |access-date=10 September 2022|work=ABP News|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/nidhi-uttam-to-essay-mala-s-role-in-tv-s-doosri-maa-1552602/amp}}</ref>
|}

==Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2014
|''Arnab aur Jadui Locket''
|
|
|-
|2017
|''Nanhe Einstein''
|School principal
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2020
|''[[Thappad]]''
|Kavita
|
|-
|2023
|''Chaar Lugai''
|Usha
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11010892}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttam, Nidhi}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chaulukya dynasty

2026-03-26T14:11:57Z

Rik: adjusted details additionally and corrected details

{{short description|Indian dynasty that ruled Gujarat from 940 to 1244}}
{{distinguish|Chalukya dynasty}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Chaulukyas of Gujarat (Solankis)
| common_name = Chaulukya
| government_type = Monarchy
| image_map = Map of the Chaulukyas.png
| map_caption = Map of the Chaulukyas circa 1150 CE{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|loc=p. 147, map XIV.3 (c)}}
| year_start = {{circa|940}} CE
| year_end = 1244 CE
| p1 = Chavda dynasty
| p2 = Chalukyas of Lata
| s1 = Vaghela dynasty
| s2 = Cutch State
| capital = [[Anahilavada]] (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]])
| religion = [[Jainism]] [[Hinduism]]
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| image_coat = Chaulukya-Paramara coin circa AD 950-1050.jpg
| coa_size = 280px
| symbol_type = A Chaulukya-[[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] coin, circa 950–1050 CE. Stylized rendition of [[Chavda dynasty]] coins: [[Indo-Sasanian coinage|Indo-Sassanian style]] bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara) coin], Classical Numismatic Group.</ref>
}}
The '''Chaulukya dynasty''' ({{IAST3|Caulukya}}), also '''Solanki dynasty''', was a dynasty that ruled parts of what are now [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India, between {{circa|940 CE}} and {{circa|1244 CE|lk=no}}. Their capital was located at [[Anahilavada]] (modern Patan). At times, their rule extended to the [[Malwa]] region in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The family is also known as the "Solanki dynasty" in the vernacular literature. They belonged to the [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] clan of [[Rajput]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hermann Kulke|author-link=Hermann Kulke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutkas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among these dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Kathiawar and Gujarat, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhan) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur), and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had then been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|language=en|page=116|quote=The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=David Ludden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|pages=88–89|quote="By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans..."|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|language=en}}</ref>

[[Mularaja]], the founder of the dynasty, supplanted the last ruler of the [[Chavda dynasty]] around 940 CE. His successors fought several battles with the neighbouring rulers such as the [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasamas]], the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s and the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]. During the reign of [[Bhima I|Bhima I]], the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] invaded the kingdom and raided the [[Somnath temple]] during 1024–1025 CE. The Chaulukyas soon recovered, and the kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] and [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] in the 12th century. Several minor dynasties, such as the [[Chahamanas of Jalor]] and the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], served as Chaulukya vassals during this period. After Kumarapala's death, the kingdom was gradually weakened by internal rebellions; uprisings by feudatories; and invasions by the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s, the [[Ghurid]]s, the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]] and others. Taking advantage of this, the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]], who had earlier served as Chaulukya generals, usurped the power and established a new dynasty in the 1240s.

Several [[princely state]] rulers of the [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki clan]] claimed descent from the Chaulukyas.

==Name==

The dynasty used the self-designation "Chaulukya" in all but four of its records.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} The four exceptions are:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=421}}

* "Chaulukika" in the [[Kadi, India|Kadi]] grant of [[Mularaja]]
* "Saulkika" in a grant of [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
* "Chaulakya" in the [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]] inscription of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasimha]]
* "Chaullakya" in the [[Jalor]] inscription of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]

[[Hemachandra]], a Jain scholar in the Chaulukya court, generally used the terms "Chaulukya" and "Chulukya".{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=421}} His ''Dvyasraya Mahakavya'' mentions the variants "Chulakya", "Chalukka", and "Chulukka"; his ''Kumarapala-Charita'' mentions another variant "Chuluga". The Chaulukya court poet [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]] describes the dynasty as "Chaulukya" (in ''Kirti-Kaumudi'') and "Chulukya" (in the [[Mount Abu|Abu]] inscription of [[Vastupala]] and Tejapala).{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=43}}

"Solanki" or "Solankhi" is a vernacular form of the term.{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=42}}

==Origins==
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The word "Chaulukya" is thought to be a variant of the word "[[Chalukya (disambiguation)|Chalukya]]". Several other dynasties were known by the name "Chalukya", including the Chalukyas of [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Vatapi]], [[Chalukyas of Navasarika|Navasarika]], [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada]], [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani]], [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Vengi]] and [[Chalukyas of Lata|Lata]]. These dynasties are sometimes thought to be branches of the same family, but the relationship between all of them is not certain. Unlike the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat never claimed a shared descent or any other association with the earliest Chalukya dynasty—the Chalukyas of Vatapi. Moreover, they never used the term "Chalukya" to describe themselves.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}}

However, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat shared a myth of origin with the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi. According to this legend, the progenitor of the dynasty was created by [[Brahma]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} The version of the legend mentioned in the [[Vadnagar]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] is as follows: the [[deva (Hinduism)|deities]] once asked the creator god [[Brahma]] to protect them from the [[Danava (Hinduism)|danavas]] (demons). Brahma then created a hero from his ''chuluka'' (pot or folded palm in [[Sanskrit]]), which was filled with [[Ganges]] water. This hero was named "Chulukya", and became the progenitor of the dynasty. A variation of this legend is mentioned by Abhayatilaka Gani in his commentary on [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Dvyashraya-Kavya''. According to this version, Brahma produced the hero to support the earth, after his other creations disappointed him. These stories are of no historical value, as it was customary for contemporary royal houses to claim mythical and heroic origins. The ''Kumarapala-Bhupala-Charita'' of Jayasimha Suri presents Chulukya as a historical warrior, whose capital was Madhupadma. Mularaja was his descendant, with nearly a hundred generations separating the two.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=6-7}} This account may be partly historical: Madhupadma has been identified variously as a location outside Gujarat, including present-day [[Mathura]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=22}}

[[C. V. Vaidya]] theorized that the Chaulukyas were different from the Chalukyas. [[G. H. Ojha]] opposed this theory, pointing out that an inscription of the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja describes his family as "Chalukya", while an inscription of his grandson Trilochanapala describes the family as "Chaulukya".{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=43}} According to Asoke Majumdar, while these similar-sounding names suggest a common origin for all these dynasties, there is no concrete evidence to draw any definitive conclusion.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} Majumdar theorized that the Chaulukyas were connected to the Sulikas or the Chulikas, a tribe mentioned in several ancient records. This tribe is described as living on the northern frontier of ancient India. However, Majumdar admitted that there is not enough evidence to regard this theory as conclusive.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13-17}} According to the [[Agnikula]] myth mentioned in a 16th-century recension of the legendary epic poem ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', four Rajput clans including the Chaulukyas were born from a fire-pit on [[Mount Abu]]. A section of [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest that these clans were foreigners who came to India after the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]] around the 5th century CE, and were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=35}}{{sfn|N. Jayapalan|2001|p=146}}

The Chaulukya rulers have been called "''Gurjararāja''" and "''Gurjareśvara''" ("ruler of Gurjara").{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012|pp=7-8}} Based on this legend, [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] and others theorized that the Chaulukyas were a branch of [[Gurjars|Gurjaras]], whom they believed to be a tribe of foreign origin.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=8}} Bhandarkar and [[Augustus Hoernle]] also believed that the name of the "[[Lata (region)|Lata]]" region changed to "Gurjaratra" (later Gujarat) during the Chaulukya reign, presumably because they were Gurjaras.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=21}}

However, this foreign-origin theory is weakened by a number of factors. The Chaulukyas did not claim an Agnikula origin for themselves:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=8-9}} it was the neighbouring [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] rulers who used the legend to explain their own origin.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=4}} The inscriptions from the reign of [[Bhima II]] prove that the Chaulukyas knew about the Agnikula legend, but associated it with the Paramaras, not themselves.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=9}} The earliest copies of ''Prithviraj Raso'' do not mention this legend either.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=9}} The legend that includes the Chaulukyas among the fire-born clans is first mentioned by the 16th century poets, who may have extended the Paramara legend to include other dynasties, in order to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=17-18}} Moreover, there is no evidence that the Chaulukya territory area came to be known as "Gurjaratra" during the Chaulukya reign.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=21}} "[[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]]" and "Lata" were two distinct historical regions in northern and southern parts of present-day Gujarat respectively, and the term "Lata" was never used to describe the whole of Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=12}} The Chaulukya kings were called "''Gurjararāja''" and "''Gurjareśvara''" because they ruled the territory which was already called Gurjara by their time.{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012|pp=7-8}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13}} Several other kings who held similar epithets had earlier ruled this territory: these include the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] and the [[Gurjaras of Nandipuri]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=10-12}} Historian Asoke Kumar Majumdar points out that even the southern [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] chief Marasimha II assumed the title "king of Gurjaras" after defeating a northern king on behalf of the [[Rashtrakuta]]s.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13}}

== History ==

=== Early rulers ===

[[File:Copper plates NMND-3c.JPG|thumb|A 1010 CE copper-plate inscription from the reign of Durlabharaja]]
The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] and the [[Rashtrakuta]] empires.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=1-4}} In the mid-tenth century CE, the dynasty’s founder [[Mularaja]] supplanted Samantasimha, the last [[Chavda dynasty|Chavda]] king.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}} According to legends, he was a nephew of Samantasimha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=23-24}} According to the 12th century chronicler [[Hemachandra]], Mularaja defeated [[Graharipu]], the king of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=25}} He also defeated the [[Chalukyas of Lata|Lata Chalukya]] chief Barapa, aided by his son [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=34}}
Chamundaraja succeeded Mularaja around 996 CE. During his reign, the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Sindhuraja]] appears to have invaded the [[Lata (region)|Lata region]], which was under Chaulukya suzerainty. Mularaja forced Sindhuraja to retreat; the 14th century chronicler Jayasimha Suri claims that Chamundaraja killed Sindhuraja in a battle, but this claim appears to be doubtful, as it does not appear in any earlier source.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=34-35}} Sometime before 1007 CE, the Lata region was captured by the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]] led by [[Satyashraya]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=35}}
Around 1008 CE, Chamundaraja retired after appointing his son [[Vallabharaja]] as the next king. Legendary accounts state that he set out for a pilgrimage to [[Varanasi]]. During this journey, he was insulted by a ruler whose kingdom lay on the way to Varanasi. He returned to the Chaulukya capital, and asked his son to avenge his insult. Vallabharaja died of [[smallpox]] during a march to the enemy kingdom, which is identified as the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]] by some chroniclers.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=36-39}}
Chamundaraja’s other son [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]] became the next king in c. 1008 CE. He invaded the Lata region, and defeated the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja (or Kirtipala), who was a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas. However, Kirtiraja regained control of the region within a short time, before being defeated by the Paramara king [[Bhoja]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=136-137}}
=== Neighbouring rivalries ===
[[File:Somanath Temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|The [[Somnath temple]] today]]
Durlabharaja was succeeded by his nephew [[Bhima I|Bhima I]], who faced an invasion from the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] during 1024–1025 CE. Bhima fled to [[Kanthkot]], as Mahmud entered the Chaulukya territory unopposed and [[Sack of Somnath|sacked the Somnath temple]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=43-45}} After Mahmud’s departure, Bhima restored the Chaulukya rule. He crushed revolts by the [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Paramara chiefs of Arbuda]], who used to serve as Chaulukya vassals.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=49-50}} Bhima also defeated and imprisoned Krishnadeva, a ruler of the Paramara branch of [[Bhinmal]]. He unsuccessfully fought against the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Anahilla]]. Anahilla’s sons [[Balaprasada]] and [[Jendraraja]] defeated Bhima and forced him to release Krishnadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=50-51}} Later legendary accounts credit Bhima with a victory against Hammuka, a ruler of [[Sindh]], although the accuracy of this claim is not certain.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=48-49}}
Semi-legendary accounts suggest that Bhima formed an alliance with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]], and the two played an important role in the downfall of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]] around 1055 CE. According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna invaded Bhoja’s kingdom of [[Malwa]] from two opposite directions, and Bhoja died of a disease during this invasion.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=52-53}} Some Chaulukya chroniclers boast that Bhima annexed Bhoja’s capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] or that he captured Bhoja alive, but these claims are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=184}} After Bhoja’s death, a rivalry developed between the Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna over sharing the spoils of their victory.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=54-55}}
Bhima’s son [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]] succeeded him around 1064 CE. Bhoja’s brother [[Udayaditya]], supported by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Vigraharaja III]], forced Karna to retreat from Malwa.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=127}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=57-58}} Meanwhile, the Kalachuris managed to capture the [[Lata (region)|Lata region]]. By 1074 CE, Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata, and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom, before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=59-60}}
The Naddula Chahamana ruler [[Prithvipala]] defeated Karna, and his successor [[Jojalladeva]] occupied the Chaulukya capital [[Anahilapataka]], possibly when Karna was busy at another place.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=60}} The Shakambhari Chahamana king [[Durlabharaja III]] also appears to have achieved some military success against Karna, although the Chahamana descriptions of this victory are highly exaggerated.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=125}} According to legendary chronicles, Karna also defeated [[Bhil people|Bhil]] and [[Koli people|Koli]] tribals, who used to raid the Chaulukya territories. He established a city called Karnavati after defeating a Bhil chief named Asha (Āśā). Karnavati is identified with modern [[Ahmedabad]] by some, but this is not certain.{{sfn|Tommaso Bobbio|2015|p=164}}
=== Imperial expansion ===
Karna’s son [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] (r. c. 1092–1142 CE) greatly expanded the Chaulukya power. He defeated Khangara alias Navaghana, the [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasama]] king of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=69}} The [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Asharaja]], who had been dethroned by his rival [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]], became a vassal of Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=70}}
Jayasimha defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] ruler [[Arnoraja]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=47}} Later, however, Jayasimha accepted Arnoraja as an ally, and the Chahamana ruler married Jayasimha’s daughter Kanchanadevi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=71}} The couple’s son (and thus Jayasimha’s grandson) [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]], was brought up at the Chaulukya court.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}} Someshvara’s sons [[Prithviraja III]] (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan) and [[Hariraja]] were also born in Gujarat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}}
During 1135–1136 CE, Jayasimha annexed the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]], with support from Asharaja and Arnoraja. The Paramara kings defeated by him were [[Naravarman]] and his successor [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=74-75}} Jayasimha continued his eastward march, and reached as far as the [[Chandela]] kingdom ruled by [[Madanavarman]]. The Chaulukya-Chandela conflict was inconclusive, with both the sides claiming victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} Jayasimha also defeated several minor rulers, including Sindhuraja, who was probably a [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra]] king of [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=80-81}}
[[File:Guarajat o rajastan, periodo solanki, jain svetambara tirthankara in meditazione, su un trono-cushino, 1000-1050 ca..JPG|thumb|left|Jain Shvetambara Tirthankara in Meditation, Chaulukya period now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, {{circa|1000|1050}}]]
Jayasimha was succeeded by his relative [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]], who spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by Jayasimha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=92}} After Jayasimha’s death, Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE, with help of his brother-in-law Kanhadadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=99-103}} Arnoraja opposed Kumarapala’s ascension to the throne, but Kumarapala defeated him decisively.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=106-108}} Kumarapala seems to have helped Asharaja’s son [[Katukaraja]] capture the throne of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=253}} Katukaraja’s younger brother and successor [[Alhanadeva]] continued to rule as Kumarapala’s vassal.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=254}} Arnoraja’s son [[Vigraharaja IV]] subdued Kumarapala’s Chahamana feudatories at Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=149}} The Shakambhari Chahamana-Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja’s son (and Jayasimha’s grandson) Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=109}}
After Jayasimha’s death, the Paramara king [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] regained control of Malwa, but he was soon dethroned by an usurper named Ballala. Kumarapala captured Malwa from Ballala, who was killed by Kumarapala’s [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Arbuda Paramara]] feudatory Yashodhavala in a battle.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=112}} Kumarapala subdued a rebellion by his vassal Vikramasimha, a Paramara chief of Arbuda.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=109-110}} The Paramara branch at [[Kiradu]] continued to acknowledge Kumarapala’s suzerainty.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=111}}
In the early 1160s, Kumarapala sent an army against [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]], the [[Shilahara]] king of northern [[Konkana]]. This campaign was probably triggered by a Shilahara raid in southern Gujarat, and ended with Mallikarjuna’s death.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=113-114}} Kumarapala’s Naddula Chahamana feudatory Alhana put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala’s request.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=116}}
Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala’s empire extended from [[Chittor]] and [[Jaisalmer]] in the north to the [[Vindhya]]s and the [[Tapti river|Tapti]] river in the south (ignoring his raid of the [[Shilahara]] kingdom of northern [[Konkana]]). In the west, it included [[Kutch district|Kachchha]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]; in the east, it extended up to at least [[Vidisha]] (Bhilsa).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}}
Kumarapala was succeeded by [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]], who retained Kumarapala’s territories, but died after a short reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=130-131}} Ajayapala’s young sons [[Mularaja II]] and [[Bhima II]] succeeded him one after other. During this period, the [[Ghurid]] king [[Muhammad of Ghor]] invaded the Chaulukya kingdom in 1178 CE. In the ensuing battle at Kasahrada (or Kayadara), Muhammad [[Battle of Kasahrada|was defeated]] by a large army, which included loyal Chaulukya feudatories such as the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Kelhanadeva]], the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor Chahamana]] ruler [[Kirtipala]], and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=138}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=259}}

=== Decline ===
{{See also|Battle of Kasahrada (1197)}}
{{South Asia in 1175|right|{{center|The Chaulukyas and main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|pp=37, 147: map XIV.3}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en}}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|71|126|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}

Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II, some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states. His loyal [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue, and died fighting the rebels. Arnoraja’s descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima’s reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=139}}
During Bhima’s reign, the [[Hoysala]] ruler [[Veera Ballala II]] seems to have raided the [[Lata (region)|Lata region]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=140}} The [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] ruler [[Bhillama V]] also invaded Gujarat, but was forced to retreat by Bhima’s feudatory Kelhanadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=140}} The [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Prithviraja III]] also fought with the Chaulukyas, but Bhima’s general Jagaddeva managed to conclude a peace treaty with Prithviraja sometime before 1187 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=141}}
By the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Prithviraja and the other major Hindu kings of northern India. On 4 February 1197 CE, the Ghurid general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] invaded Bhima’s capital [[Anahilapataka]], and inflicted a massive [[Battle of Kasahrada (1197)|defeat on the Chaulukyas]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=143}} Bhima’s generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara later forced the Ghurids to retreat, and the capital was back under the Chaulukya rule by 1201 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=145-146}}
[[Subhatavarman]], the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king of Malwa, invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions. He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=146}} Once again, Lavanaprasada and Shridhara saved the kingdom by forcing Subhatavarman to retreat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} During 1205–1210 CE, Bhima’s relative Jayantasimha (or Jayasimha) usurped the throne. In the early 1210s, Subhatavarman’s successor [[Arjunavarman]] defeated Jayantasimha, and later established a matrimonial alliance with him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} Bhima managed to regain control of the throne during 1223–1226 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=160-161}}
Meanwhile, the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom, led by Bhillama’s successors Jaitugi and Simhana. During these invasions, the Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of [[Marwar]] rebelled. Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala warded off the Yadava invasions, and also subdued the rebellions.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=149-155}} The [[Guhilas of Medapata]] (Guhilots of [[Mewar]]) also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207 and 1227 CE, and declared their independence.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=156}}
By the end of Bhima’s reign, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala assumed regal titles such as ‘’[[Maharajadhiraja]]’’ ("king of great kings") and ‘’[[Maharaja]]’’ ("great king"). However, the two continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima (and his successor [[Tribhuvanapala]]) as their overlord. After Tribhuvanapala, they seized the throne, establishing the Vaghela dynasty.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=163-164}}

==Culture==
===Architecture===
{{main|Chaulukya style}}

[[Māru-Gurjara architecture]], or "Chaulukya style",<ref>{{cite book |title=Gujarat |date=2007 |publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust |page=404 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ |language=en|quote=”Architecture of the temples, forts, step-wells and lakes was highly developed in Gujarat during the Solanki period (942 to 1304 A.D.). Temples of this period resemble the temples of Rajasthan. The temple architecture style developed during this period is known as ‘Muru-Gurjar’ style. Generally the temples of Gujarat of this period are known as the temples of Chaulukya style.”}}</ref>{{sfn|Hegewald|2011|loc=note 3}}<ref>{{harvp|Michell|1977}} uses “Solanki style”, while {{harvp|Harle|1994}} is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name.</ref> is a style of north Indian temple architecture that originated in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the Chaulukya dynasty (or Solaṅkī dynasty).{{sfn|Michell|1977|p=123}}{{sfn|Hegewald|2011|p={{pn|date=March 2024}}}} Although originating as a regional style in [[Hindu temple architecture]], it became especially popular in [[Jain temple]]s and, mainly under [[Jain]] patronage, later spread across India and to [[diaspora]] communities around the world.{{sfn|Hegewald|2011|p={{pn|date=March 2024}}}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Sun Temple, Modhera, Gujarat, India.JPG|[[Sun Temple, Modhera]], constructed by Bhima I
File:Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched.jpg|[[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]], renovated or rebuilt by Jayasimha
File:Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg | [[Taranga Jain temple]], constructed by Kumarapala
File:Delwada.jpg |[[Dilwara Temples]], constructed by Chaulukya ministers
</gallery>
=== Religion ===
[[File:Rani ki vav1.jpg|thumb|The [[Rani ki vav]] was constructed during the rule of the Chaulukya dynasty. It is located on the banks of [[Saraswati River, Gujarat|Saraswati River]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922 |title=Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en |access-date=2015-12-05}}</ref>]]
The dynasty's founder Mularaja is said to have built Mulavasatika temple for [[Digambara]] Jains and the Mulanatha-Jinadeva temple for the [[Svetambara]] Jains.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}} The earliest of the [[Dilwara Temples]] and the [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun Temple]] were constructed during the reign of Bhima I. According to popular tradition, his queen Udayamati also commissioned the [[Rani ki vav|Queen's step-well]].{{sfn|Vinod Chandra Srivastava|2008|p=857}} Kumarapala started patronizing [[Jainism]] at some point in his life, and the subsequent Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}} The Chaulukya rulers also endowed mosques to maintain good relationship with the [[Indian Ocean trade#Muslim period|Muslim traders]].{{sfn|Edward A. Alpers|2014|p=57}}

== Claimed descendants ==
The [[Vaghela dynasty]], which succeeded the Chaulukyas, claimed descent from a sister of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]].{{sfn|P.B. Udgaonkar|1986|p=215}}

Various [[princely state]] dynasties calling themselves [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] (the vernacular form of Chaulukya) claimed descent from the Chaulukyas as well. These included the rulers of the [[Lunavada State]], which was a tributary to the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] before coming under the British rule.{{sfn|David P. Henige|2004|p=125}}

== List of rulers ==
The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2008|p=236}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=199}}
{| class=”wikitable”
|+List of Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty rulers
! Serial No.
! Ruler
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Mularaja]]
|940–995
|-
|2
|[[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
|996–1008
|-
|3
|[[Vallabharaja]]
|1008
|-
|4
|[[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]]
|1008–1022
|-
|5
|[[Bhima I]]
|1022–1064
|-
|6
|[[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]]
|1064–1092
|-
|7
|[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]
|1092–1142
|-
|8
|[[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
|1142–1171
|-
|9
|[[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]
|1171–1175
|-
|10
|[[Mularaja II]]
|1175–1178
|-
|11
|[[Bhima II]]
|1178–1240
|-
|12
|[[Tribhuvanapala]]
|1240–1244
|-
|}

=== Family tree ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Chaulukya dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mularaja|Mularaja I]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 941-996|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 996-1008|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vallabharaja]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1008|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]]''' (4) r. {{circa}} 1008-1022|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03=Nagaraja}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Bhima I]]''' (5) r. {{circa}} 1022-1064|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Kshemaraja|
A02='''[[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]]''' (6) r. {{circa}} 1064-1092|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Devaprasada|
A02='''[[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasimha Siddharaja]]''' (7) r. {{circa}} 1092-1142|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Tribhuvanpala}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]''' (8) r. {{circa}} 1143-1172|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]''' (9) r. {{circa}} 1172-1175|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mularaja II]]''' (10) r. {{circa}} 1175-1178|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Bhima II]]''' (11) r. {{circa}} 1178-1240|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Tribhuvanapala]]''' (12) r. {{circa}} 1240-1244|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== List of feudatories ==
* [[Chahamanas of Naddula]]
* [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=David P. Henige |author-link=David Henige |title=Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Orchid |isbn=978-974-524-049-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA21 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9780836406450 }}
* {{cite book |author=Edward A. Alpers |title=The Indian Ocean in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=978-0-19-533787-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ganga Prasad Yadava |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 }}
* {{cite book |last=Harle |first=J.C. |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |edition=2nd |year=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |series=Pelican History of Art |isbn=0300062176}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hegewald|first=Julia A. B.|title=The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora|journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=45 |doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005 |issn=2328-1286 |year=2011 |issue=20220203 |pages=114–140 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|author=Jadunath Sarkar|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ |title=Military History of India|date=1960|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=9780861251551|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTxuAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya |oclc=483180949 }}
* {{cite book |editor=John E. Cort |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Jonah Blank |author-link=Jonah Blank |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&pg=PA44 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-05676-0 |page=44 }}
* {{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |year=1977 |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |year=1990 |title=The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0140081445}}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 }}
* {{cite book |author=N. Jayapalan |title=History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tU1yDpYlu38C&pg=PA146 |year=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=P.B. Udgaonkar |title=Political Institutions & Administration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA215 |year=1986 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-2087-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA236 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780143064688 |year=2008 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |oclc=11038728 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |chapter=A map of the Chaulukya territory |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 37], [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 147: map XIV.3 (b)] |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/}}
* {{cite journal |author=Shanta Rani Sharma |title=Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |year=2012 |doi=10.1177/0376983612449525 |s2cid=145175448 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tommaso Bobbio |title=Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51400-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Vinod Chandra Srivastava |title=History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PA857 |year=2008 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-8069-521-6 |page=857 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty| ]]
[[Category:940s establishments]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:1240s disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1244 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Gujarat]]

Department of Finance (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T14:27:35Z

Rik: new...

{{Short description|State of Jharkhand Finance Department}}

{{Primary sources|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Finance, Government of Jharkhand
| nativename = वित्त विभाग, झारखंड सरकार
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| type = Department
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Department of Finance
| chief1_name = Prashant Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]], (Department of Finance)
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| parent_agency = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| child1_agency = Directorate of Treasury & Institutional Finance
| child2_agency = Directorate of Pension And Accounts
| child3_agency = Directorate of Audit
| website = {{URL|https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Finance''' is a department of the [[Government of Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Finance {{!}} Jharkhand.MyGov.in |url=https://jharkhand.mygov.in/en/group/department-finance |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=jharkhand.mygov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is responsible for managing the state’s public finances, including preparation and presentation of the [[Budget|annual budget]], mobilisation of revenue, and ensuring financial discipline.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=India - Jharkhand public financial management and accountability study |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/795661468268842126 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Finance |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/finance |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Function |url=https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/About |access-date=14 Sep 2025 |website=finance.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-02-27 |title=Jharkhand Government tables supplementary demands of ₹5,508 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jharkhand-government-tables-supplementary-demands/article69270112.ece |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Jharkhand Budget 2025 highlights: FM Kishore presents ₹1.45 lakh crore budget in Hemant Soren 2.0 govt - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/budget/jharkhand-budget-2025-highlights-hemant-soren-big-announcement-fm-radha-krishna-kishore-rural-development-health-education-19567283.htm |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> The department also oversees treasuries, accounts, institutional finance, and allocation of resources to government programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=एजेंसी |first=IANS |date=2024-12-12 |title=झारखंड के वित्तमंत्री ने 'मंईयां सम्मान योजना' पर दिया बड़ा बयान, 'जो पैसे खर्च कर रहे हैं...' |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/jharkhand/maiya-samman-yojana-jharkhand-finance-minister-radha-krishna-kishore-reaction-2841310 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-03-03 |title=Jharkhand tables Rs 1.45 lakh-crore budget; allocates Rs 62k cr for social welfare schemes |url=https://theprint.in/india/jharkhand-tables-rs-1-45-lakh-crore-budget-allocates-rs-62k-cr-for-social-welfare-schemes/2529389/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2025-26 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/jharkhand/2025/Jharkhand_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf |access-date=14 Sep 2025 |website=prsindia.org}}</ref> Its headquarters is located at Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]].<ref name=":0">[https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/ Finance Department, Government of Jharkhand – Official Website]</ref>

==Functions==
The functions of the Department of Finance, Government of Jharkhand, include:<ref>[https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/About About – Finance Department, Government of Jharkhand]</ref>

* Formulating rules and regulations for financial administration and accounting, including preparation of financial codes and interpreting questions of financial nature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=आउटसोर्स पर कर्मियों की नियुक्ति के लिए वित्त विभाग ने संकल्प जारी किया |url=https://thefollowup.in/jharkhand/news/finance-department-issued-resolution-for-appointment-of-personnel-on-outsource-62595.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Follow Up |language=hi}}</ref>
* Preparing the Annual Finance Statement and Supplementary Expenditure Statement, managing re-appropriation, savings, and reversion in departmental budgets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand govt tables ₹4,296.62 crore supplementary budget for FY26 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/jharkhand-govt-tables-4-296-62-crore-supplementary-budget-for-fy26-125082200418_1.html |access-date=14 Sep 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Budget 2025-26 |url=https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/budget2025.aspx |access-date=14 Sep 2025 |website=finance.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
* Liaising with the State Finance Commission and arranging funds for the implementation of its recommendations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: Finance Commission, India :: |url=https://fincomindia.nic.in/gallery-detail-state-visit-to-jharkhand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811133612/https://fincomindia.nic.in/gallery-detail-state-visit-to-jharkhand |archive-date=11 August 2025 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=fincomindia.nic.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-05-30 |title=Jharkhand seeks Rs 3.03 lakh crore from 16th Fin Commission for Health, Education & Infra |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jharkhand-seeks-rs-3-03-lakh-crore-from-16th-fin-commission-for-health-education-infra-1503439383.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
* Managing state revenue collection, public debt, borrowings, and loans given by the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand achieves over 86% revenue collection target in FY25: Minister |url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/jharkhand-achieves-over-86-revenue-collection-target-in-fy25-minister-125042301029_1.html |access-date=14 Sep 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=राजस्व संग्रह में पिछड़ा धनबाद, वित्त मंत्री ने दिया टास्क |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/story-jharkhand-finance-minister-reviews-revenue-collection-in-dhanbad-for-fy-2024-25-201738360472176.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>
* Overseeing service conditions of government employees relating to pay, allowances, pay revisions, pay fixation, and related administrative financial matters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand hikes employees' dearness allowance by 3%: Check benefits |url=https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/Fincom |access-date=14 Sep 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=e-Pension Portal, Finance Department, Government Of Jharkhand |url=https://jkuber.jharkhand.gov.in/jpension/ |access-date=14 Sep 2025 |website=jkuber.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
* Providing financial advice to other departments, coordinating scheme implementation, and monitoring institutional and non-budgetary finance sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Politics: झारखंड में विभिन्न विभागों में कम खर्च पर वित्त मंत्री राधाकृष्ण किशोर ने मुख्य सचिव को भेजा पत्र - Finance Minister Radhakrishna Kishore sent letter to Chief Secretary regarding low expenditure in various departments in Jharkhand |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-finance-minister-radhakrishna-kishore-sent-letter-to-chief-secretary-regarding-low-expenditure-in-various-departments-in-jharkhand-23973999.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The Department of Finance is headed by the Cabinet Minister for Finance in the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. Since December 2024, [[Radha Krishna Kishore]] holds the portfolio of Finance Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyajeet |date=2024-12-07 |title=Hemant Soren allocates portfolios to ministers, keeps Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-hemant-soren-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-ministry-2646285-2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-05 |title=एक दशक बाद पलामू को मिली मंत्रिमंडल में जगह, राधाकृष्ण किशोर के मंत्री बनने से बढ़ी उम्मीदें |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/palamu-chhatarpur-mla-radha-krishna-kishore-took-oath-as-minister-in-jharkhand-cabinet-jharkhand-news-jhs24120503358 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-12-06 |title=Jharkhand CM Soren distributes portfolios: Radha Krishna gets finance, Irfan is health minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/06/jharkhand-cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-radha-krishna-gets-finance-irfan-is-health-minister |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The administrative head of the department is the Finance Secretary, who is supported by Special Secretaries and other senior officials. Since January 2024, Prashant Kumar is serving as Secretary of Jharkhand's Finance Department.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-19 |title=Administrative reshuffle in Jharkhand: Key IAS Officers transferred to new roles |url=https://avenuemail.in/administrative-reshuffle-in-jharkhand-key-ias-officers-transferred-to-new-roles/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=44ebd68a8460176fbe9ec6071af32506 Finance Department – Directory of Officers], Government of Jharkhand</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)]]
* [[Jharkhand Gazette]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

List of butterflies of India

2026-03-21T12:59:34Z

Rik: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:Open wing basking position of Papilio krishna Moore, 1858 - Krishna Peacock WLB IMG 1589.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[Krishna peacock]] (''Papilio krishna''). Voted as the national butterfly of India as well as the most beautiful Indian butterfly.{{efn|This butterfly received the most votes out of the seven options in the citizen poll. It is not officially the National Butterfly of India.}}<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://zenodo.org/records/4430179 |title=Nomination for India's National Butterfly: Report of the National Butterfly Poll |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |last2=Barve |first2=Vijay |last3=Thombre |first3=Divakar |last4=V |first4=Sharan |last5=Consortium |first5=National Butterfly |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Zenodo}}</ref>]]
{{Wildlife of India}}
The following is a '''list of the [[butterflies]] of [[India]]'''.

India has extremely diverse [[terrain]], [[climate]] and [[vegetation]], which comprises extremes of heat and cold, desert and jungle, of low-lying plains and the highest mountains, of dryness and dampness, islands and continental areas, widely varying flora, and sharply marked seasons. India forms a large part of the [[Indomalaya]]n biogeographical zone; many of the floral and faunal forms show Malayan affinities with some [[taxa]] being unique to the Indian region. In addition, India hosts three of the world's [[biodiversity hotspot]]s: the [[Western Ghats]], the [[Himalaya]]s, and the hilly ranges bordering India and [[Myanmar]], each having numerous [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] species. Accordingly, India's diverse and varied fauna include a rich variety of [[butterfly|butterflies]] and [[moth]]s. [[W. H. Evans|Brigadier William Harry Evans]] recorded approximately 1439 species of butterfly from British India, including [[Ceylon]] and [[Burma]].<ref name="Evans species number">{{cite book |last=Evans |first1=W.H. |author-link=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932 |page=23 }}</ref> After 1947, the rise of several new nations led to a reduction of the area forming part of India proper, and the number of species has been noted to be an estimated 1403 species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392870238_SYNOPTIC_CATALOGUE_OF_THE_BUTTERFLIES_OF_INDIA_Second_Edition |title=Synoptic catalogue of the butterflies of India - Second Edition |isbn=978-81-979604-1-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gay |first=Thomas |title=Common butterflies of India |last2=Kehimkar |first2=Isaac David |last3=Punetha |first3=Jagdish Chandra |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-563164-7 |series=Nature guides |location=Bombay}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |date=1957 |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |language=en}}</ref>

Many papers and books<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smetacek |first=Peter |title=A Naturalist's Guide to the Butterflies of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka |publisher=John Beaufoy Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9788175994065}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=India, a lifescape: butterflies of Peninsular India |last2=Gadgil |first2=Madhav |date=2000 |publisher=Universities Press ; Distributed by Orient Longman |others=Indian Academy of Sciences |isbn=978-81-7371-354-5 |location=Hyderabad : [S.l.]}}</ref> have been written on Indian butterflies, some of the most famous are the ''Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India''<ref name=":0" /> and ''The Book of Indian Butterflies''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kehimkar |first=Isaac |title=The Book of Indian Butterflies |date=2008 |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195696202}}</ref>''.''

Here is a key to the terms used in this list-

# Endemic: [[Endemism|Endemic]] species are species found only in a particular region, in this case, [[India]].
# Schedule 1: This is used on all species under Schedule 1 of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] (Amendment 2022).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022 |url=https://ntca.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/The-Wild-Life-Protection-Amendment-Act-2022_compressed.pdf |journal=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
# Schedule 2: This is used on all species under Schedule 2 of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] (Amendment 2022).<ref name=":1" />

== History of studies on butterflies in India ==
The first book to deal with Indian butterflies was ''The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon'' by [[Lionel de Nicéville]] and [[G. F. L. Marshall]], followed shortly after with [[Lepidoptera Indica|''Lepidoptera Indica'']] by [[Frederic Moore]].

From the 1920 to the 1960s, two major books on Indian butterflies were published. These were ''The Identification of Indian Butterflies'' by [[William Harry Evans]]<ref name="Evans species number" /> and ''Butterflies of the Indian Region'' by [[Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth]].<ref name=":2" />

In recent times, field guides like ''Butterflies of India'' by Isaac Kehimkar and ''A Naturalist's Guide to the Butterflies of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka'' by Peter Smetacek helped in spreading popularity on butterfly watching and identification.

''The Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India'' by R. K. Varshney and Peter Smetacek provided the first complete list of the butterflies found in India.

== Papilionidae ==
The Papilionidae or the swallowtail butterflies are a family of about 550 species. Many species show [[sexual dimorphism]]. Males of this family are attracted to wet mud (this behavior is called mud-puddling). The swallowtail butterflies have three well-developed pairs of legs and the abdomen is not covered by the wing. There are 96 species of this family found in India.

=== Papilioninae ===
[[File:Malabar rose (2782415699).jpg|thumb|[[Malabar Rose|Malabar rose]], ''Pachliopta pandiyana'']]
[[File:Southern Birdwing (Troides minos).jpg|thumb|[[Southern birdwing]], ''Troides minos'']]

==== Troidini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Losaria doubledayi|Common clubtail]]
|''Losaria doubledayi''
|2
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Andaman Clubtail|Andaman clubtail]]
|''Losaria rhodifer''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Common rose]]
|''Pachliopta aristolochiae''
|5
|
|-
|[[Crimson rose]]
|''Pachliopta hector''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Malabar Rose|Malabar rose]]
|''Pachliopta pandiyana''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Golden birdwing]]
|''Troides aeacus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Common birdwing]]
|''Troides helena''
|3
|
|-
|[[Southern birdwing]]
|''Troides minos''
|
|Schedule 2, Endemic
|-
|[[Lesser batwing]]
|''Atrophaneura aidoneus''
|
|
|-
|[[Atrophaneura astorion|Common batwing]]
|''Atrophaneura astorion''
|1
|
|-
|[[Black windmill]]
|''Byasa crassipes''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Great Windmill|Great windmill]]
|''Byasa dasarada''
|2
|
|-
|[[Rose Windmill|Rose windmill]]
|''Byasa latreillei''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Nevill's Windmill|Nevill's windmill]]
|''Byasa nevilli''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Byasa plutonius|Chinese windmill]]
|''Byasa plutonius''
|2
|Schedule 1, Schedule 2
|-
|[[Byasa polla|De Nicéville's windmill]]
|''Byasa polla''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Common windmill]]
|''Byasa polyeuctes''
|2
|
|}
[[File:Papilio liomedon Moore, 1874 – Malabar Banded Swallowtail - Life cycle at Peravoor. Hostplant Melicope lunu-ankenda (394).jpg|thumb|[[Malabar Banded Swallowtail|Malabar banded swallowtail]], ''Papilio liomedon'']]
[[File:Papilio machaon Mitterbach 01.jpg|thumb|[[Old World Swallowtail|Common yellow swallowtail]], ''Papilio machaon'']]
[[File:Close wing moisture sucking of Meandrusa payeni (Boisduval, 1836) - Yellow Gorgon (2) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Meandrusa payeni|Yellow gorgon]], ''Meandrusa payeni'']]
[[File:Closewing pudding position of Papilio agestor Gray, 1831 - Tawny Mime.jpg|thumb|[[Tawny mime]], ''Papilio agestor'']]

==== Papilionini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Papilio agenor|Grand mormon]]
|''Papilio agenor''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Papilio agestor|Tawny mime]]
|''Papilio agestor''
|2
|
|-
|[[Redbreast butterfly|Redbreast]]
|''Papilio alcmenor''
|1
|
|-
|[[Papilio arcturus|Blue peacock]]
|''Papilio arcturus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Chinese peacock]]
|''Papilio bianor''
|2
|
|-
|[[Tailed redbreast]]
|''Papilio bootes''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Malabar banded peacock]]
|''Papilio buddha''
|
|Schedule 2, Endemic
|-
|[[Common raven (butterfly)|Common raven]]
|''Papilio castor''
|2
|
|-
|[[Papilio chaon|Yellow helen]]
|''Papilio chaon''
|1
|
|-
|[[Papilio clytia|Common mime]]
|''Papilio clytia''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Common Banded Peacock|Common banded peacock]]
|''Papilio crino''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Papilio daksha|Indian helen]]
|''Papilio daksha''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lime Swallowtail|Lime swallowtail]]
|''Papilio demoleus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Malabar raven]]
|''Papilio dravidarum''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Papilio elephenor|Yellow-crested spangle]]
|''Papilio elephenor''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Lesser mime]]
|''Papilio epycides''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Papilio everesti|Everest yellow swallowtail]]
|''Papilio everesti''
|1
|
|-
|[[Red helen]]
|''Papilio helenus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Papilio janaka|Western tailed redbreast]]
|''Papilio janaka''
|
|
|-
|[[Krishna peacock]]
|''Papilio krishna''
|2
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Malabar Banded Swallowtail|Malabar banded swallowtail]]
|''Papilio liomedon''
|
|Schedule 1, Endemic
|-
|[[Common yellow swallowtail]]
|''Papilio machaon''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Great mormon]]
|''Papilio memnon''
|1
|
|-
|[[Papilio noblei|Noble's helen]]
|''Papilio noblei''
|
|
|-
|[[Papilio palinurus|Green-banded peacock]]
|''Papilio palinurus''
|1
|A vagrant to West Bengal
|-
|[[Papilio paradoxa|Great blue mime]]
|''Papilio paradoxa''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Paris peacock]]
|''Papilio paris''
|2
|
|-
|[[Papilio polyctor|Common peacock]]
|''Papilio polyctor''
|
|
|-
|[[Common Mormon|Common mormon]]
|''Papilio polytes''
|3
|
|-
|[[Blue helen]]
|''Papilio prexaspes''
|1
|
|-
|[[Papilio protenor|Spangle]]
|''Papilio protenor''
|1
|
|-
|[[Blue Striped Mime|Blue-striped mime]]
|''Papilio slateri''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Papilio verityi|Eastern yellow swallowtail]]
|''Papilio verityi''
|
|
|-
|[[Papilio xuthus|Chinese yellow swallowtail]]
|''Papilio xuthus''
|
|
|-
|[[Meandrusa gyas|Brown gorgon]]
|''Meandrusa lachinus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Yellow gorgon]]
|''Meandrusa payeni''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Open wing basking position of Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tailed Jay.jpg|thumb|[[Tailed jay]], ''Graphium agamemnon'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Graphium nomius Esper, 1799 – Spot Swordtail .jpg|thumb|[[Spot swordtail]], ''Graphium nomius'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Graphium sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758 – Common Bluebottle.jpg|thumb|[[Common Bluebottle|Common bluebottle]], ''Graphium sarpedon'']]

==== Leptocircini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Graphium agamemnon|Tailed jay]]
|''Graphium agamemnon''
|5
|
|-
|[[Graphium agetes|Fourbar swallowtail]]
|''Graphium agetes''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Graphium albociliatus|Scarce jay]]
|''Graphium albociliatus''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Fivebar Swordtail|Fivebar swordtail]]
|''Graphium antiphates''
|2
|
|-
|[[Chain Swordtail|Chain swordtail]]
|''Graphium aristeus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Spotted jay]]{{efn|Probably does not occur in India, see ''Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India'', Second Edition, pg 228<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392870238_SYNOPTIC_CATALOGUE_OF_THE_BUTTERFLIES_OF_INDIA_Second_Edition |title=Synoptic catalogue of the butterflies of India - Second Edition |isbn=978-81-979604-1-3}}</ref>}}
|''Graphium arycles''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Veined jay]]
|''Graphium chironides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Glassy Bluebottle|Glassy bluebottle]]
|''Graphium cloanthus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Common jay]]
|''Graphium doson''
|2
|
|-
|[[Andaman swordtail]]
|''Graphium epaminondas''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Sixbar Swordtail|Sixbar swordtail]]
|''Graphium eurous''
|2
|
|-
|[[Great jay]]
|''Graphium eurypylus''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Graphium garhwalica|Western spectacle swordtail]]
|''Graphium garhwalica''
|
|
|-
|[[Lesser zebra]]
|''Graphium macareus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Spotted zebra]]
|''Graphium megarus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Spot swordtail]]
|''Graphium nomius''
|2
|
|-
|[[Graphium paphus|Indian spectacle swordtail]]
|''Graphium paphus''
|
|
|-
|[[Common Bluebottle|Common bluebottle]]
|''Graphium sarpedon''
|1
|
|-
|[[Graphium septentrionicolus|Cryptic bluebottle]]
|''Graphium septentrionicolus''
|
|
|-
|[[Southern bluebottle]]
|''Graphium teredon''
|
|
|-
|[[Great zebra]]
|''Graphium xenocles''
|2
|
|-
|[[White Dragontail|White dragontail]]
|''Lamproptera curius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Green Dragontail|Green dragontail]]
|''Lamproptera meges''
|1
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Opened wing Puddling position of Teinopalpus imperialis Hope, 1843 - Kaiser-i-Hind 36.jpg|thumb|[[Kaiser-i-hind (butterfly)|Kaiser-i-hind]], ''Teinopalpus imperialis'']]

==== Teinopalpini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Kaiser-i-hind (butterfly)|Kaiser-i-hind]]
|''Teinopalpus imperialis''
|2
|Schedule 1
|}

=== Parnassiinae ===

==== Sericinini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Bhutanitis lidderdalii|Bhutan glory]]
|''Bhutanitis lidderdalii''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Ludlow's Bhutan Swallowtail|Ludlow's Bhutan glory]]
|''Bhutanitis ludlowi''
|
|Schedule 1
|}
[[File:Common Blue Apollo Parnassius hardwickii I IMG 7202.jpg|thumb|[[Parnassius hardwickii|Common blue apollo]], ''Parnassius hardwickii'']]
[[File:Parnassius actius - james qiii - 443325059.jpeg|thumb|[[Parnassius actius|Scarce red apollo]], ''Parnassius actius'']]
[[File:Parnassius epaphus from India.jpg|thumb|[[Common Red Apollo|Common red apollo]], ''Parnassius epaphus'']]

==== Parnassiini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Parnassius acco|Varnished apollo]]
|''Parnassius acco''
|4
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Parnassius acdestis|Dusky apollo]]
|''Parnassius acdestis''
|4
|
|-
|[[Parnassius actius|Scarce red apollo]]
|''Parnassius actius''
|3
|
|-
|[[Parnassius augustus|Noble apollo]]
|''Parnassius augustus''
|
|
|-
|[[Regal Apollo|Regal apollo]]
|''Parnassius charltonius''
|9
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Common Red Apollo|Common red apollo]]
|''Parnassius epaphus''
|9
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Parnassius hardwickii|Common blue apollo]]
|''Parnassius hardwickii''
|
|
|-
|[[Parnassius staudingeri hunza|Karakoram banded apollo]]
|''Parnassius hunza''
|2
|
|-
|[[Keeled Apollo|Keeled apollo]]
|''Parnassius jacquemontii''
|5
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Parnassius kumaonensis|Himalayan banded apollo]]
|''Parnassius kumaonensis''
|2
|''P. nandadevinensis'' is merged here.
|-
|[[Parnassius loxias|Stately apollo]]
|''Parnassius loxias''
|1
|
|-
|[[Parnassius maharaja|Royal apollo]]
|''Parnassius maharaja''
|1
|
|-
|[[Parnassius mamaievi|Scarce banded apollo]]
|''Parnassius mamaievi''
|3
|
|-
|[[Parnassius simo|Black-edged apollo]]
|''Parnassius simo''
|7
|
|-
|[[Parnassius stenosemus|Greater banded apollo]]
|''Parnassius stenosemus''
|6
|
|-
|[[Parnassius stoliczkanus|Lesser banded apollo]]
|''Parnassis stoliczkanus''
|5
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Large keeled apollo]]
|''Parnassius tianshanica''
|1
|
|}

== Hesperiidae ==
The Hesperiidae or the skipper butterflies are a family of about 3500 species. Many members of this family are hard to distinguish from each other and require dissection to properly identify. They are called "skippers" due to their quick and darting flights. There are 292 species of this family found in India. [[File:Close wing position of Badamia exclamationis Fabricius, 1775 – Brown Awl.jpg|thumb|[[Brown awl]], ''Badamia exclamationis'']]
[[File:Closed wing mud-puddling activity of Burara jaina (Moore, 1866) - Common Orange Awlet WLB DSC 9396 - Copya.jpg|thumb|[[Burara jaina|Common orange awlet]], ''Burara jaina'']]
[[File:Close wing view of Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1780) - Common Banded Awl ANK3447.jpg|thumb|[[Common banded awl]], ''Hasora chromus'']]

=== Coeliadinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Brown awl]]
|''Badamia exclamationis''
|
|
|-
|[[Indian Awlking|Indian awlking]]
|''Choaspes benjaminii''
|2
|
|-
|[[Choaspes furcata|Hooded awlking]]
|''Choaspes furcata''
|
|
|-
|[[Choaspes stigmata|Branded awlking]]
|''Choaspes stigmata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Choaspes xanthopogon|Similar awlking]]
|''Choaspes xanthopogon''
|1
|
|-
|[[Bibasis mahintha|Slate awlet]]
|''Bibasis mahintha''
|
|
|-
|[[Orange-tailed Awl|Orange-tailed awlet]]
|''Bibasis sena''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Small green awlet]]
|''Burara amara''
|
|
|-
|[[Plain Orange Awlet|Plain orange awlet]]
|''Burara anadi''
|
|
|-
|[[Great Orange Awlet|Great orange awlet]]
|''Burara etelka''
|
|
|-
|[[Pale Green Awlet|Pale green awlet]]
|''Burara gomata''
|2
|
|-
|[[Burara harisa|Orange striped awlet]]
|''Burara harisa''
|2
|
|-
|[[Burara jaina|Common orange awlet]]
|''Burara jaina''
|3
|
|-
|[[Burara oedipodea|Branded orange awlet]]
|''Burara oedipodea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Burara vasutana|Green awlet]]
|''Burara vasutana''
|
|
|-
|[[Hasora anura|Slate awl]]
|''Hasora anura''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hasora badra|Common awl]]
|''Hasora badra''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hasora chromus|Common banded awl]]
|''Hasora chromus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hasora danda|Purple awl]]
|''Hasora danda''
|
|
|-
|[[Hasora khoda|Large banded awl]]
|''Hasora khoda''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hasora leucospila|Violet awl]]
|''Hasora leucospila''
|
|
|-
|[[Hasora salanga|Green awl]]
|''Hasora salanga''
|
|
|-
|[[Hasora schoenherr|Yellow banded awl]]
|''Hasora schoenherr''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hasora taminatus|White-banded awl]]
|''Hasora taminatus''
|4
|
|-
|[[Hasora vitta|Plain banded awl]]
|''Hasora vitta''
|2
|
|}

=== Eudaminae ===

==== Eudamini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Marbled Flat|Marbled flat]]
|''Lobocla liliana''
|3
|
|}
[[File:Open wing Basking of Sarangesa dasahara (Moore, 1866) - Common Small Flat WLB DSC 2890a.jpg|thumb|[[Common small flat]], ''Sarangesa dasahara'']]
[[File:RD Tamil spotted flat.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus ruficornis'']]

=== Tagiadinae ===
[[File:Malabar Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus ambareesa by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN0584 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Celaenorrhinus ambareesa|Malabar flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus ambareesa'']]
[[File:Open wing of Celaenorrhinus pero lucifera Leech, -1893- – Eastern Yellow-bordered Spotted Flat ( WLB ) Picture..jpg|thumb|[[Celaenorrhinus pero|Mussoorie spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus'' ''pero'']]

==== Celaenorrhinini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Common small flat]]
|''Sarangesa dasahara''
|4
|
|-
|[[Spotted Small Flat|Spotted small flat]]
|''Sarangesa purendra''
|4
|
|-
|[[Fulvous pied flat]]
|''Pseudocoladenia dan''
|
|
|-
|[[Pseudocoladenia fabia|Indented pied flat]]
|''Pseudocoladenia'' ''fabia''
|
|
|-
|[[Pseudocoladenia fatih|West Himalayan pied flat]]
|''Pseudocoladenia'' ''fatih''
|
|
|-
|[[Pseudocoladenia fatua|Sikkim pied flat]]
|''Pseudocoladenia fatua''
|
|
|-
|[[Pseudocoladenia festa|Naga pied flat]]
|''Pseudocoladenia'' ''festa''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus affinis|Khasi yellow-banded flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''affinis''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus ambareesa|Malabar flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''ambareesa''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus andamanicus|Andaman yellow-banded flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''andamanicus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus asmara|White-banded flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''asmara''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus aspersa|Large-streaked flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus aspersa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus badia|Scarce banded flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''badia''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus dhanada|Himalayan yellow-banded flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''dhanada''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus flavocincta|Buxa flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''flavocincta''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus leucocera|Common spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''leucocera''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus morena|Evans' spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''morena''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus munda|Himalayan spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''munda''
|2
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus nigricans|Small banded flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''nigricans''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus patula|Large-spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''patula''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus pero|Mussoorie spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''pero''
|2
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus plagifera|De Nicéville's spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''plagifera''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus pulomaya|Multi-spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''pulomaya''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus putra|Bengal spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''putra''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus pyrrha|Double-spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''pyrrha''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus ratna|Tytler's multi-spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''ratna''
|2
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus ruficornis|Tamil spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''ruficornis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus sumitra|Moore's spotted flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''sumitra''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus tibetana|Tibet flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''tibetana''
|
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus zea|Swinhoe's flat]]
|''Celaenorrhinus'' ''zea''
|
|
|-
|[[Aurivittia aurivittata|Dark yellow-banded flat]]
|''Aurivittia aurivittia''
|
|
|}
[[File:Golden Angle Caprona ransonnetti. Hesperiidae..jpg|thumb|[[Abaratha ransonnetii|Golden angle]], ''Abaratha ransonnetti'']]
[[File:Black Angle Tapena thwaitesi Butterfly.jpg|thumb|255x255px|[[Black angle]], ''Tapena thwaitesi'']]
[[File:Suffused snow flat - Tagiades gana 02.jpg|thumb|[[Tagiades gana|Large snow flat]], ''Tagiades gana'']]
[[File:Open wing Basking of Coladenia indrani (Moore, 1866) - Tricolour Pied Flat WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Coladenia indrani|Tricolor pied flat]], ''Coladenia indrani'']]
[[File:Open wing position of Satarupa gopala (Moore,1866) - Large White Flat.jpg|thumb|[[Satarupa gopala|Large white flat]], ''Satarupa gopala'']]

==== Tagiadini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Abaratha agama|Spotted angle]]
|''Abaratha agama''
|1
|
|-
|[[Abaratha alida|Alida angle]]
|''Abaratha alida''
|3
|
|-
|[[Abaratha angulata|Chestnut angle]]
|''Abaratha angulata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Abaratha ransonnetii|Golden angle]]
|''Abaratha ransonnetii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Darpa dealbata|Snowy angle]]
|''Darpa dealbata''
|
|
|-
|[[Darpa hanria|Hairy angle]]
|''Darpa hanria''
|
|
|-
|[[Darpa striata|Striated angle]]
|''Darpa striata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Odina decoratus|Zigzag flat]]
|''Odina decoratus''
|
|
|-
|[[Tapena miniscula|Tiny angle]]
|''Tapena miniscula''
|
|
|-
|[[Tapena multiguttata|Multispot angle]]
|''Tapena multiguttata''
|
|
|-
|[[Black angle]]
|''Tapena thwaitesi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tapena vasava|Tawny angle]]
|''Tapena vasava''
|1
|
|-
|[[Gerosis bhagava|Common yellow-breast flat]]
|''Gerosis bhagava''
|2
|
|-
|[[Gerosis phisara|Dusky yellow-breast flat]]
|''Gerosis phisara''
|1
|
|-
|[[Gerosis sinica|White yellow-breast flat]]
|''Gerosis sinica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tagiades cohaerens|Striped snow flat]]
|''Tagiades cohaerens''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tagiades gana|Large snow flat]]
|''Tagiades gana''
|3
|
|-
|[[Tagiades japetus|Common snow flat]]
|''Tagiades japetus''
|6
|
|-
|[[Tagiades litigiosa|Water snow flat]]
|''Tagiades litigiosa''
|2
|
|-
|[[Tagiades menaka|Spotted snow flat]]
|''Tagiades menaka''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tagiades parra|Straight snow flat]]
|''Tagiades parra''
|1
|
|-
|[[Capila jayadeva|Striped dawnfly]]
|''Capila jayadeva''
|
|
|-
|[[Capila lidderdali|Lidderdale's dawnfly]]
|''Capila lidderdali''
|
|
|-
|[[Capila penicillatum|Fringed dawnfly]]
|''Capila penicillatum''
|1
|
|-
|[[Capila phanaeus|Fulvous dawnfly]]
|''Capila phanaeus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Capila pieridoides|White dawnfly]]
|''Capila pieridoides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Capila zennara|Pale striped dawnfly]]
|''Capila zennara''
|
|
|-
|[[Coladenia agni|Brown pied flat]]
|''Coladenia agni''
|1
|
|-
|[[Coladenia agnioides|Elwes' pied flat]]
|''Coladenia agnioides''
|
|
|-
|[[Coladenia indrani|Tricolor pied flat]]
|''Coladenia indrani''
|3
|
|-
|[[Coladenia laxmi|Grey pied flat]]
|''Coladenia laxmi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Coladenia pinsbukana|Large-spot pied flat]]
|''Coladenia pinsbukana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Satarupa gopala|Large white flat]]
|''Satarupa gopala''
|1
|
|-
|[[Satarupa splendens|Splendid white flat]]
|''Satarupa splendens''
|
|
|-
|[[Satarupa zulla|Tytler's white flat]]
|''Satarupa zulla''
|1
|
|-
|[[Seseria dohertyi|Himalayan white flat]]
|''Seseria dohertyi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Seseria sambara|Sikkim white flat]]
|''Seseria sambara''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pintara tabrica|Crenulate orange flat]]
|''Pintara tabrica''
|
|
|-
|[[Mooreana trichoneura|Yellow flat]]
|''Mooreana trichoneura''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celaenorrhinus ficulnea|Velvet flat]]
|''Charmion ficulnea''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Carcharodus alceae - Lucas Benaiche - 604783441.jpeg|thumb|[[Carcharodus alceae|Plain marbled skipper]], ''Carcharodus alceae'']]

=== Pyrginae ===
[[File:Spialia galba by kadavoor.jpg|thumb|[[Spialia galba|Indian skipper]], ''Spialia galba'']]

==== Carcharodini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Spialia doris|Desert skipper]]
|''Spialia doris''
|1
|
|-
|[[Spialia galba|Indian skipper]]
|''Spialia galba''
|1
|
|-
|[[Spialia orbifer|Greenish skipper]]
|''Spialia orbifer''
|1
|
|-
|[[Spialia rubicunda|Brick-red skipper]]
|''Spialia rubicunda''
|
|
|-
|[[Spialia zebra|Zebra skipper]]
|''Spialia zebra''
|1
|
|-
|[[Gomalia elma|African grizzled skipper]]
|''Gomalia elma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Carcharodus alceae|Plain marbled skipper]]
|''Carcharodus alceae''
|1
|
|-
|[[Carcharodus dravira|Tufted marbled skipper]]
|''Carcharodus dravira''
|
|
|}
==== Pyrgini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Pyrgus alpinus|Mountain skipper]]
|''Pyrgus alpinus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pyrgus cashmirensis|Kashmir skipper]]
|''Pyrgus cashmirensis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pyrgus darwazicus|Darwaz skipper]]
|''Pyrgus darwazicus''
|1
|
|}

==== Erynnini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Erynnis pathan|Inky duskywing]]
|''Erynnis pathan''
|
|
|-
|[[Erynnis pelias|Frosted duskywing]]
|''Erynnis pelias''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Chamunda chamunda - Gerard Chartier - 96902646.jpeg|thumb|[[Chamunda chamunda|Olive flat]], ''Chamunda chamunda'']]

=== Chamundinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Chamunda chamunda|Olive flat]]
|''Chamunda chamunda''
|
|
|}

=== Heteropterinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Carterocephalus avanti|Orange-and-silver hopper]]
|''Carterocephalus avanti''
|1
|
|}

=== Barcinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Apostictopterus fuliginosus|Giant hopper]]
|''Apostictopterus fuliginosus''
|1
|
|}

=== Hesperiinae ===
[[File:Close wing position of Arnetta atkinsoni (Moore, 1878) – Black-tufted Bob..jpg|thumb|[[Arnetta atkinsoni|Atkinson's bob]], ''Arnetta atkinsoni'' ]]
[[File:Moore's Ace DSC 3050.jpg|thumb|[[Moore's ace]], ''Halpe porus'']]
[[File:MADRAS ACE (Thoressa honorei) 2008 12 07 aralam (7310917474).jpg|thumb|[[Thoressa honorei|Madras ace]], ''Thoressa honorei'']]
[[File:Close wing basking position of Ampittia subvittatus (Moore, 1878)-Tiger Hopper WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Ampittia subvittatus|Tiger hopper]], ''Ampittia subvittatus'']]
[[File:Close wing moisture sucking position of Zographetus dzonguensis Kunte, Karmakar & Lepcha, 2021 - Chocolate-bordered Flitter on bird dropping.jpg|thumb|[[Zographetus dzonguensis|Chocolate-bordered flitter]], ''Zographetus dzonguensis'']]
[[File:Close wing resting position of Hidari bhawani de Nicéville, -1889- - Veined Palmer.jpg|thumb|[[Hidari bhawani|Veined palmer]], ''Hidari bhawani'']]

==== Aeromachini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Creteus cyrina|Nonsuch palmer]]
|''Creteus cyrina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arnetta atkinsoni|Atkinson's bob]]
|''Arnetta atkinsoni''
|
|
|-
|[[Arnetta mercara|Coorg forest bob]]
|''Arnetta mercara''
|
|
|-
|[[Arnetta vindhiana|Vindhyan bob]]
|''Arnetta vindhiana''
|2
|
|-
|[[Sovia grahami|Graham's ace]]
|''Sovia grahami''
|1
|
|-
|[[Sovia lucasii|Lucas' ace]]
|''Sovia lucasii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Sovia malta|Manipur ace]]
|''Sovia malta''
|
|Endemic (only known from [[Manipur]])
|-
|[[Sovia separata|Chequered ace]]
|''Sovia separata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Aeromachus dubius|Dingy scrub hopper]]
|''Aeromachus dubius''
|2
|
|-
|[[Aeromachus jhora|Grey scrub hopper]]
|''Aeromachus jhora''
|2
|
|-
|[[Aeromachus kali|Blue-spotted scrub hopper]]
|''Aeromachus kali''
|
|
|-
|[[Aeromachus pygmaeus|Pygmy scrub hopper]]
|''Aeromachus pygmaeus''
|
|
|-
|[[Aeromachus stigmata|Veined scrub hopper]]
|''Aeromachus stigmata''
|2
|
|-
|[[Baracus vittatus|Hedge hopper]]
|''Baracus vittatus''
|4
|
|-
|[[Halpe arcuata|Overlapped ace]]
|''Halpe arcuata''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe aucma|Gold-spotted ace]]
|''Halpe aucma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Halpe filda|Elwes' ace]]
|''Halpe filda''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe flava|Tavoy sulphur ace]]
|''Halpe flava''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe hauxwelli|Pale-marked ace]]
|''Halpe hauxwelli''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe homolea|Indian ace]]
|''Halpe homolea''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Halpe knyvetti|Knyvett's ace]]
|''Halpe knyvetti''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe kumara|Plain ace]]
|''Halpe kumara''
|1
|
|-
|[[Halpe kusala|Tenasserim ace]]
|''Halpe kusala''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe molta|Molta ace]]
|''Halpe molta''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe porus|Moore's ace]]
|''Halpe porus''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe sikkima|Sikkim ace]]
|''Halpe sikkima''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe wantona|Confusing ace]]
|''Halpe wantona''
|
|
|-
|[[Halpe zema|Banded ace]]
|''Halpe zema''
|1
|
|-
|[[Halpe zola|Long-banded ace]]
|''Halpe zola''
|
|
|-
|[[Pithauria marsena|Banded straw ace]]
|''Pithauria marsena''
|
|
|-
|[[Pithauria murdava|Dark straw ace]]
|''Pithauria murdava''
|
|
|-
|[[Pithauria stramineipennis|Light straw ace]]
|''Pithauria stramineipennis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pedesta fusca|Fuscous ace]]
|''Pedesta fusca''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pedesta gupta|Olive ace]]
|''Pedesta'' ''gupta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pedesta hyrie|Largespot plain ace]]
|''Pedesta'' ''hyrie''
|
|
|-
|[[Pedesta masuriensis|Mussoorie bush bob]]
|''Pedesta'' ''masuriensis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pedesta panda|Naga bush bob]]
|''Pedesta'' ''panda''
|
|
|-
|[[Pedesta pandita|Brown bush bob]]
|''Pedesta pandita''
|
|
|-
|[[Thoressa aina|Garwhal ace]]
|''Thoressa aina''
|
|
|-
|[[Thoressa astigmata|Southern spotted ace]]
|''Thoressa astigmata''
|
|
|-
|[[Thoressa cerata|Northern spotted ace]]
|''Thoressa cerata''
|
|
|-
|[[Thoressa evershedi|Evershed's ace]]
|''Thoressa evershedi''
|
|
|-
|[[Thoressa honorei|Madras ace]]
|''Thoressa honorei''
|
|
|-
|[[Thoressa masoni|Mason's ace]]
|''Thoressa masoni''
|
|
|-
|[[Thoressa sitala|Tamil ace]]
|''Thoressa sitala''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Sebastonyma dolopia|Tufted ace]]
|''Sebastonyma dolopia''
|
|
|-
|[[Ampittia dioscorides|Bush hopper]]
|''Ampittia dioscorides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ampittia maroides|Scarce bush hopper]]
|''Ampittia maroides''
|
|
|-
|[[Ampittia subvittatus|Tiger hopper]]
|''Ampittia subvittatus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Halpemorpha hyrtacus|White-branded ace]]
|''Halpemorpha hyrtacus''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Actinor|Veined dart]]
|''Actinor radians''
|
|
|-
|[[Cupitha|Wax dart]]
|''Cupitha purreea''
|
|
|-
|[[Zographetus dzonguensis|Chocolate-bordered flitter]]
|''Zographetus dzonguensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Zographetus flavalum|Sikkim flitter]]
|''Zographetus flavalum''
|
|
|-
|[[Zographetus ogygia|Purple-spotted flitter]]
|''Zographetus ogygia''
|
|
|-
|[[Zographetus rama|Small flitter]]
|''Zographetus rama''
|
|
|-
|[[Zographetus satwa|Purple-and-gold flitter]]
|''Zographetus satwa''
|
|
|-
|[[Eogenes alcides|Desert torpedo]]
|''Eogenes alcides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Eogenes lesliei|Leslie's torpedo]]
|''Eogenes lesliei''
|
|
|-
|[[Astictopterus jama|Forest hopper]]
|''Astictopterus jama''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hidari bhawani|Veined palmer]]
|''Hidari bhawani''
|
|
|}
[[File:Silver-spotted skipper butterfly (Hesperia comma) female underside.jpg|thumb|[[Hesperia comma|Chequered darter]], ''Hesperia comma'' ]]

==== Hesperiini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Hesperia comma|Chequered darter]]
|''Hesperia comma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ochlodes brahma|Himalayan darter]]
|''Ochlodes brahma''
|
|
|-
|[[Ochlodes siva|Assam darter]]
|''Ochlodes siva''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ochlodes subhyalina|Sub-hyaline darter]]
|''Ochlodes subhyalina''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Caltoris canaraica Bangalore.jpg|thumb|[[Caltoris canaraica|Kanara swift]], ''Caltoris canaraica'']]
[[File:Close wing basking position of Baoris farri (Moore, 1878) - Complete Paint-brush Swift.jpg|thumb|[[Baoris farri|Paintbrush swift]], ''Baoris farri'']]
[[File:Dark Small-branded Swift.jpg|thumb|[[Pelopidas mathias|Small-branded swift]], ''Pelopidas mathias'']]
[[File:Borbo cinnara (Rice swift) on a leaf.jpg|thumb|[[Borbo cinnara|Rice swift]], ''Borbo cinnara'']]

==== Baorini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Polytremis discreta|Himalayan swift]]
|''Zenonoida discreta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Polytremis eltola|Yellow-spot swift]]
|''Zenonoida eltola''
|1
|
|-
|[[Caltoris aurociliata|Yellow-fringed swift]]
|''Caltoris aurociliata''
|
|
|-
|[[Caltoris bromus|Extra-spot swift]]
|''Caltoris bromus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Caltoris brunnea|Dark-branded swift]]
|''Caltoris brunnea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Caltoris cahira|Colon swift]]
|''Caltoris cahira''
|2
|
|-
|[[Caltoris canaraica|Kanara swift]]
|''Caltoris canaraica''
|
|
|-
|[[Caltoris chimdroa|Arunachal swift]]
|''Caltoris chimdroa''
|
|
|-
|[[Caltoris confusa|Confusing swift]]
|''Caltoris confusa''
|
|
|-
|[[Caltoris cormasa|Full-stop swift]]
|''Caltoris cormasa''
|
|
|-
|[[Caltoris kumara|Blank swift]]
|''Caltoris kumara''
|2
|
|-
|[[Caltoris philippina|Philippine swift]]
|''Caltoris philippina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Caltoris plebeia|Tufted swift]]
|''Caltoris plebeia''
|
|
|-
|[[Caltoris sirius|Sirius swift]]
|''Caltoris sirius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tulsia tulsi|Purple swift]]
|''Tulsia tulsi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Baoris farri|Paintbrush swift]]
|''Baoris farri''
|2
|
|-
|[[Baoris pagana|Figure of eight swift]]
|''Baoris pagana''
|
|
|-
|[[Baoris penicillata|Black paintbrush swift]]
|''Baoris penicillata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pelopidas agna|Obscure-branded swift]]
|''Pelopidas agna''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pelopidas assamensis|Great swift]]
|''Pelopidas assamensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Pelopidas mathias|Conjoined swift]]
|''Pelopidas conjuncta''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pelopidas mathias|Small-branded swift]]
|''Pelopidas mathias''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pelopidas sinensis|Large-branded swift]]
|''Pelopidas sinensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Pelopidas subochracea|Moore's swift]]
|''Pelopidas subochracea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pelopidas thrax|Pale small-branded swift]]
|''Pelopidas thrax''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pseudoborbo bevani|Beavan's swift]]
|''Pseudoborbo bevani''
|
|
|-
|[[Gegenes nostrodamus|Dingy swift]]
|''Gegenes nostrodamus''
|
|
|-
|[[Gegenes pumilio|Pygmy swift]]
|''Gegenes pumilio''
|1
|
|-
|[[Borbo cinnara|Rice swift]]
|''Borbo cinnara''
|
|
|-
|[[Polytremis lubricans|Contiguous swift]]
|''Polytremis lubricans''
|1
|
|-
|[[Polytremis minuta|Baby swift]]
|''Polytremis minuta''
|
|
|-
|[[Iton semamora|Common wight]]
|''Iton semamora''
|1
|
|-
|[[Parnara ganga|Continental swift]]
|''Parnara ganga''
|
|
|-
|[[Parnara guttata|Straight swift]]
|''Parnara guttatus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Parnara bada|Oriental straight swift]]
|''Parnara bada''
|
|
|}
[[File:Psolos fuligo 06338.jpg|thumb|[[Psolos fuligo|Coon]], ''Psolos fuligo'']]

==== Psolosini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Koruthaialos butleri|Dark velvet bob]]
|''Koruthaialos butleri''
|
|
|-
|[[Koruthaialos rubecula|Narrow-banded velvet bob]]
|''Koruthaialos rubecula''
|1
|
|-
|[[Koruthaialos sindu|Bright red velvet bob]]
|''Koruthaialos sindu''
|1
|
|-
|[[Koruthaialos swinhoei|Pale demon]]
|''Koruthaialos swinhoei''
|1
|
|-
|[[Psolos fuligo|Coon]]
|''Psolos fuligo''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Close wing puddling behavior of Iambrix salsala (Moore, (1866)) - Chestnut Bob.jpg|thumb|[[Chestnut bob]], ''Iambrix salsala'']]

==== Ismini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Isma bonota|Assam lancer]]
|''Isma bonota''
|
|
|-
|[[Iambrix salsala|Chestnut bob]]
|''Iambrix salsala''
|2
|
|}
[[File:Udaspes folus-Kadavoor-2016-04-12-001.jpg|thumb|[[Grass demon]], ''Ancistroides folus'']]

==== Notocryptini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Chocolate Demon|Chocolate demon]]
|''Tamela nigrita''
|1
|
|-
|[[Restricted demon]]
|''Ancistroides curvifascia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Spotted demon]]
|''Ancistroides feisthamelii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Grass demon]]
|''Ancistroides folus''
|
|
|-
|[[Common banded demon]]
|''Ancistroides paralysos''
|3
|
|}
[[File:Gangara thyrsis ad sec.jpg|thumb|[[Giant redeye]], ''Gangara thyrsis'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Suastus gremius Fabricius, 1798 – Oriental Palm Bob WLB DSC 2771.jpg|thumb|[[Indian palm bob]], ''Suastus gremius'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Scobura cephala (Hewitson, 1876) – Extra Forest Bob DSC 1818.jpg|thumb|[[Scobura cephala|Forest bob]], ''Scobura cephala'']]
[[File:Close wing resting position of Suada swerga (de Nicéville, -1884-) - Grass Bob.jpg|thumb|[[Suada swerga|Grass bob]], ''Suada swerga'']]

==== Erionotini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Gangara lebadea|Banded redeye]]
|''Gangara lebadea''
|2
|
|-
|[[Gangara thyrsis|Giant redeye]]
|''Gangara thyrsis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Erionota acroleuca|Small palm redeye]]
|''Erionota'' ''acroleuca''
|2
|
|-
|[[Erionota thrax|Palm redeye]]
|''Erionota'' ''thrax''
|1
|
|-
|[[Erionota torus|Banana skipper]]
|''Erionota'' ''torus''
|
|
|-
|[[Zela zeus|Redeye palmer]]
|''Zela zeus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Acerbas sarala|Yellowband palmer]]
|''Acerbas sarala''
|1
|
|-
|[[Matapa aria|Common redeye]]
|''Matapa aria''
|
|
|-
|[[Matapa cresta|Fringed redeye]]
|''Matapa cresta''
|
|
|-
|[[Matapa druna|Grey-brand redeye]]
|''Matapa druna''
|
|
|-
|[[Matapa purpurascens|Purple redeye]]
|''Matapa purpurascens''
|
|
|-
|[[Matapa sasivarna|Black-veined redeye]]
|''Matapa sasivarna''
|
|
|-
|[[Unkana ambasa|Hoary palmer]]
|''Unkana ambasa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pyroneura margharita|Assamese yellow-vein lancer]]
|''Pyroneura'' ''margharita''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pyroneura niasana|Red-vein lancer]]
|''Pyroneura niasana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Suastus gremius|Indian palm bob]]
|''Suastus gremius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Suastus minutus|Small palm bob]]
|''Suastus minutus''
|3
|
|-
|[[Salanoemia fuscicornis|Purple lancer]]
|''Salanoemia fuscicornis''
|
|
|-
|[[Salanoemia noemi|Spotted yellow lancer]]
|''Salanoemia noemi''
|
|
|-
|[[Salanoemia sala|Maculate lancer]]
|''Salanoemia sala''
|
|
|-
|[[Salanoemia tavoyana|Yellow-streaked lancer]]
|''Salanoemia tavoyana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Plastingia naga|Silver-spotted lancer]]
|''Plastingia naga''
|
|
|-
|[[Pirdana hyela|Green-striped palmer]]
|''Pirdana hyela''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pirdana distanti|Plain green palmer]]
|''Pirdana distanti''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hyarotis adrastus|Tree flitter]]
|''Hyarotis adrastus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hyarotis microstictum|Brush flitter]]
|''Hyarotis microstictum''
|2
|
|-
|[[Quedara basiflava|Golden flitter]]
|''Quedara basiflava''
|
|
|-
|[[Quedara monteithi|Dubious flitter]]
|''Quedara monteithi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Scobura cephala|Forest bob]]
|''Scobura cephala''
|
|
|-
|[[Scobura cephaloides|Large forest bob]]
|''Scobura cephaloides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Scobura isota|Sinhoe's forest bob]]
|''Scobura isota''
|
|
|-
|[[Scobura parawoolletti|Assam forest bob]]
|''Scobura parawoolletti''
|
|
|-
|[[Scobura phiditia|Malay forest bob]]
|''Scobura phiditia''
|
|
|-
|[[Scobura tytleri|Tytler's forest bob]]
|''Scobura tytleri''
|
|
|-
|[[Suada swerga|Grass bob]]
|''Suada swerga''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pudicitia (butterfly)|Spotted redeye]]
|''Pudicitia pholus''
|
|
|}
[[File:Close wing Basking of Oriens gola (Moore, 1877) - Common Dartlet WLB IMG 0644a.jpg|thumb|[[Oriens gola|Common dartlet]], ''Oriens gola'']]
[[File:Indian Dart Potanthus pseudomaesa by Dr Raju Kasambe DSCN3695 (11).jpg|thumb|[[Potanthus pseudomaesa|Indian dart]], ''Potanthus pseudomaesa'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Telicota bambusae Moore, 1878 – Dark Palm-Dart WLB DSC 3871.jpg|thumb|[[Telicota bambusae|Dark palm dart]], ''Telicota bambusae'']]
[[File:Close wing resting of Telicota colon (Fabricius, 1775) - Pale Palm-Dart WLB MG 4094.jpg|thumb|[[Telicota colon|Common palm dart]], ''Telicota colon'']]

==== Taractrocerini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Oriens concinna|Tamil dartlet]]
|''Oriens concinna''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Oriens gola|Common dartlet]]
|''Oriens gola''
|2
|
|-
|[[Oriens goloides|Ceylon dartlet]]
|''Oriens goloides''
|
|
|-
|[[Oriens paragola|Malay dartlet]]
|''Oriens paragola''
|
|
|-
|[[Taractrocera ceramas|Tamil grass dart]]
|''Taractrocera ceramas''
|5
|
|-
|[[Taractrocera danna|Himalayan grass dart]]
|''Taractrocera danna''
|
|
|-
|[[Taractrocera maevius|Common grass dart]]
|''Taractrocera maevius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus confucius|Chinese dart]]
|''Potanthus confucius''
|3
|
|-
|[[Potanthus dara|Himalayan dart]]
|''Potanthus dara''
|
|
|-
|[[Potanthus flavus|Japanese dart]]
|''Potanthus flava''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus ganda|Sumatran dart]]
|''Potanthus ganda''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus juno|Burmese dart]]
|''Potanthus juno''
|
|
|-
|[[Potanthus lydia|Forest dart]]
|''Potanthus lydia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus mara|Sikkim dart]]
|''Potanthus mara''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus mingo|Narrow bi-dent dart]]
|''Potanthus mingo''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus nesta|Brandless dart]]
|''Potanthus nesta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus pallida|Pale dart]]
|''Potanthus pallida''
|
|
|-
|[[Potanthus palnia|Palni dart]]
|''Potanthus palnia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus pava|Yellow dart]]
|''Potanthus pava''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus pseudomaesa|Indian dart]]
|''Potanthus pseudomaesa''
|2
|
|-
|[[Potanthus rectifasciatus|Branded dart]]
|''Potanthus rectifasciatus''
|
|
|-
|[[Potanthus serina|Large dart]]
|''Potanthus serina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Potanthus sita|Yellow-and-black dart]]
|''Potanthus sita''
|
|
|-
|[[Potanthus trachala|Broad bi-dent dart]]
|''Potanthus trachala''
|2
|
|-
|[[Telicota augias|Pale palm dart]]
|''Telicota augias''
|1
|
|-
|[[Telicota bambusae|Dark palm dart]]
|''Telicota bambusae''
|1
|
|-
|[[Telicota besta|Large palm dart]]
|''Telicota besta''
|
|
|-
|[[Telicota colon|Common palm dart]]
|''Telicota colon''
|3
|
|-
|[[Telicota linna|Evans' palm dart]]
|''Telicota linna''
|
|
|-
|[[Telicota ohara|Narrow-banded palm dart]]
|''Telicota ohara''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cephrenes acalle|Plain palm dart]]
|''Cephrenes acalle''
|2
|
|}

== Pieridae ==
The Pieridae or the white, yellow and sulphur butterflies are a family of about 1050 species. Most members of the family are white or yellow in colour. Butterflies of this family are attracted to wet mud. There are 99 species of this family found in India.[[File:Close wing moisture sucking of Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775) - Lemon Emigrant (Male , form Alcmeone).jpg|thumb|[[Lemon Emigrant|Lemon emigrant]], ''Catopsilia pomona'']]
[[File:Close wing moisture sucking of Gandaca harina (Horsfield, 1829) - Tree Yellow (Male) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Gandaca harina|Tree yellow]], ''Gandaca harina'']]
[[File:Close wing Basking of Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) - Three-spot Grass Yellow (8) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Eurema blanda|Three-spotted grass yellow]], ''Eurema blanda'']]
[[File:Colias nilagiriensis – Nilgiri Clouded Yellow.jpg|thumb|[[Nilgiri clouded yellow]], ''Colias nilagiriensis'']]

=== Coliadinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Catopsilia pomona|Lemon emigrant]]
|''Catopsilia pomona''
|1
|
|-
|[[Mottled Emigrant|Mottled emigrant]]
|''Catopsilia pyranthe''
|1
|
|-
|[[Catopsilia scylla|Orange emigrant]]
|''Catopsilia scylla''
|1
|
|-
|[[Dercas verhuelli|Tailed sulphur]]
|''Dercas verhuelli''
|1
|
|-
|[[Dercas lycorias|Plain sulphur]]
|''Dercas lycorias''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Gonepteryx amintha|Tibet brimstone]]
|''Gonepteryx amintha''
|1
|
|-
|[[Gonepteryx chitralensis|Karakoram brimstone]]
|''Gonepteryx chitralensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Gonepteryx mahaguru|Lesser brimstone]]
|''Gonepteryx mahaguru''
|1
|
|-
|[[Gonepteryx nepalensis|Himalayan brimstone]]
|''Gonepteryx nepalensis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Gandaca harina|Tree yellow]]
|''Gandaca harina''
|3
|
|-
|[[Eurema andersonii|One-spot grass yellow]]
|''Eurema andersonii''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Eurema blanda|Three-spotted grass yellow]]
|''Eurema blanda''
|4
|
|-
|[[Eurema drona|Small grass yellow]]
|''Eurema drona''
|1
|
|-
|[[Eurema hecabe|Common grass yellow]]
|''Eurema hecabe''
|1
|
|-
|[[Eurema laeta|Spotless grass yellow]]
|''Eurema laeta''
|2
|
|-
|[[Eurema nilgiriensis|Nilgiri grass yellow]]
|''Eurema nilgiriensis''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Eurema simulatrix|Scarce grass yellow]]
|''Eurema simulatrix''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colias alpherakii|Green clouded yellow]]
|''Colias alpherakii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colias berylla|Everest clouded yellow]]
|''Colias berylla''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colias cocandica|Pamir clouded yellow]]
|''Colias cocandica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colias dubia|Dwarf clouded yellow]]
|''Colias dubia''
|
|
|-
|[[Colias eogene|Fiery clouded yellow]]
|''Colias eogene''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Colias erate|Pale clouded yellow]]
|''Colias erate''
|
|
|-
|[[Colias fieldii|Dark clouded yellow]]
|''Colias fieldii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colias ladakensis|Ladakh clouded yellow]]
|''Colias ladakensis''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Colias leechi|Glaucous clouded yellow]]
|''Colias leechi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colias marcopolo|Marcopolo's clouded yellow]]
|''Colias marcopolo''
|1
|
|-
|[[Nilgiri clouded yellow]]
|''Colias nilagiriensis''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Colias nina|Fawcett's clouded yellow]]
|''Colias nina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colias stoliczkana|Orange clouded yellow]]
|''Colias stoliczkana''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Colias thrasibulus|Lemon clouded yellow]]
|''Colias thrasibulus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colias wiskotti|Broad-bordered clouded yellow]]
|''Colias wiskotti''
|1
|
|}

=== Pierinae ===
[[File:Leptosia nina-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-003.jpg|thumb|[[Leptosia nina|Psyche]], ''Leptosia nina'']]

==== Leptosiaini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Leptosia nina|Psyche]]
|''Leptosia nina''
|2
|
|}
[[File:Close Wing position of Aporia agathon (Gray, 1831) – Great Blackvein.jpg|thumb|[[Great Blackvein|Great blackvein]], ''Aporia agathon'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Pieris canidia indica Evans, 1926 – Indian Cabbage White.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Cabbage White|Indian cabbage white]], ''Pieris canidia'']]
[[File:Appias albina semperi male 20151031.jpg|thumb|[[Appias albina|Common albatross]], ''Appias albina'']]
[[File:Painted Sawtooth Prioneris sita (4120576455).jpg|thumb|[[Prioneris sita|Painted sawtooth]], ''Prioneris sita'']]
[[File:Close wing puddling position of Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775) – Common Gull WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Cepora nerissa|Common gull]], ''Cepora nerissa'']]
[[File:Common jezebel (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Common jezebel]], ''Delias eucharis'']]

==== Pierini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Aporia agathon|Great blackvein]]
|''Aporia agathon''
|3
|
|-
|[[Aporia belucha|Baluchi blackvein]]
|''Aporia belucha''
|1
|
|-
|[[Aporia harrietae|Bhutan blackvein]]
|''Aporia harrietae''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Aporia japfuensis|Naga blackvein]]
|''Aporia japfuensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Aporia nabellica|Dusky blackvein]]
|''Aporia nabellica''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Aporia omotoi|Mishmi blackvein]]
|''Aporia omotoi''
|
|
|-
|[[Aporia peloria|Thibet blackvein]]
|''Aporia peloria''
|1
|
|-
|[[Aporia soracta|Himalayan blackvein]]
|''Aporia soracta''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pieris ajaka|Himalayan white]]
|''Pieris ajaka''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pieris brassicae|Large cabbage white]]
|''Pieris brassicae''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pieris canidia|Indian cabbage white]]
|''Pieris canidia''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pieris chumbiensis|Chumbi white]]
|''Pieris chumbiensis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pieris deota|Kashmir white]]
|''Pieris deota''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Pieris erutae|Mizo white]]
|''Pieris erutae''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pieris extensa|Bhutan white]]
|''Pieris extensa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pieris krueperi|Green-banded white]]
|''Pieris krueperi''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Pieris rapae|Small cabbage white]]
|''Pieris rapae''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pieris tadokoroi|Cryptic white]]
|''Pieris tadokoroi''
|
|
|-
|[[Talbotia naganum|Naga white]]
|''Talbotia naganum''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pontia butleri|Butler's white]]
|''Pontia butleri''
|2
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Pontia callidice|Lofty bath white]]
|''Pontia callidice''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pontia chloridice|Lesser bath white]]
|''Pontia chloridice''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Pontia edusa|Greater bath white]]
|''Pontia edusa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pontia glauconome|Desert bath white]]
|''Pontia glauconome''
|
|
|-
|[[Pontia shawii|Shaw's dwarf]]
|''Pontia shawii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Appias albina|Common albatross]]
|''Appias albina''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Appias galba|Apricot albatross]]
|''Appias galba''
|
|
|-
|[[Appias indra|Plain puffin]]
|''Appias indra''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Appias lalage|Spot puffin]]
|''Appias lalage''
|
|
|-
|[[Appias libythea|Western striped albatross]]
|''Appias libythea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Appias olferna|Eastern striped albatross]]
|''Appias olferna''
|1
|
|-
|[[Appias lyncida|Chocolate albatross]]
|''Appias lyncida''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Appias paulina|Lesser albatross]]
|''Appias paulina''
|2
|
|-
|[[Appias wardii|South Indian albatross]]
|''Appias wardii''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Appias panda|Nicobar albatross]]
|''Catophaga panda''
|1
|Endemic
|-
|[[Prioneris philonome|Redspot sawtooth]]
|''Prioneris philonome''
|1
|
|-
|[[Prioneris sita|Painted sawtooth]]
|''Prioneris sita''
|
|
|-
|[[Prioneris thestylis|Spotted sawtooth]]
|''Prioneris thestylis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pioneer White|Pioneer]]
|''Belenois aurota''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cepora lichenosa|Andaman gull]]
|''Cepora lichenosa''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Cepora nadina|Lesser gull]]
|''Cepora nadina''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cepora nerissa|Common gull]]
|''Cepora nerissa''
|2
|
|-
|[[Delias acalis|Redbreast jezabel]]
|''Delias acalis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Delias agostina|Yellow jezabel]]
|''Delias agostina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Delias belladonna|Hill jezabel]]
|''Delias belladonna''
|3
|
|-
|[[Delias berinda|Dark jezabel]]
|''Delias berinda''
|3
|
|-
|[[Delias descombesi|Redspot jezabel]]
|''Delias descombesi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Delias eucharis|Common jezabel]]
|''Delias eucharis''
|
|
|-
|[[Delias hyparete|Painted jezabel]]
|''Delias hyparete''
|3
|
|-
|[[Delias lativitta|Broadwing jezabel]]
|''Delias lativitta''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Delias pasithoe|Redbase jezabel]]
|''Delias pasithoe''
|1
|
|-
|[[Delias sanaca|Pale jezabel]]
|''Delias sanaca''
|3
|Schedule 1
|}
[[File:Close wing position of Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764 – Yellow Orange-tip (Male).jpg|thumb|[[Ixias pyrene|Yellow orange-tip]], ''Ixias pyrene'']]
[[File:வெளிர்சிவப்பு வெள்ளையன் - Small salmon arab - Colotis amata.jpg|thumb|[[Colotis amata|Small salmon arab]], ''Colotis amata'']]

==== Euchloeini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Euchloe daphalis|Little white]]
|''Euchloe daphalis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ixias marianne|White orange tip]]
|''Ixias marianne''
|
|
|-
|[[Ixias pyrene|Yellow orange tip]]
|''Ixias pyrene''
|4
|
|-
|[[Colotis amata|Small salmon arab]]
|''Colotis amata''
|2
|
|-
|[[Colotis aurora|Plain orange tip]]
|''Colotis aurora''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colotis danae|Crimson tip]]
|''Colotis danae''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colotis etrida|Little orange tip]]
|''Colotis etrida''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colotis fausta|Large salmon arab]]
|''Colotis fausta''
|2
|
|-
|[[Colotis phisadia|White arab]]
|''Colotis phisadia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Colotis protractus|Blue-spotted arab]]
|''Colotis protractus''
|
|
|-
|[[Pareronia hippia|Indian wanderer]]
|''Pareronia anais''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pareronia avatar|Pale wanderer]]
|''Pareronia avatar''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Pareronia ceylanica|Dark wanderer]]
|''Pareronia'' ''ceylanica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hebomoia glaucippe|Great orange tip]]
|''Hebomoia glaucippe''
|4
|
|}

== Riodinidae ==
The Riodinidae or the metalmark butterflies are a family of about 1600 species. The name "metalmark" owes to the metallic spots on the [[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]] members of this family. There are 20 species of this family found in India.

=== Riodininae ===
[[File:Abisara abnormis Tad Fa Waterfall Chaiyaphum (16058190188).jpg|thumb|[[Abisara abnormis|Abnormal judy]], ''Abisara abnormis'']]

==== Abisarini ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Abisara abnormis|Abnormal judy]]
|''Abisara abnormis''
|
|
|-
|[[Abisara bifasciata|Double-banded judy]]
|''Abisara bifasciata''
|3
|
|-
|[[Abisara echerius|Plum judy]]
|''Abisara echerius''
|2
|
|-
|[[Abisara saturata|Malayan plum judy]]
|''Abisara saturata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Taxila haquinus|Harlequin]]
|''Taxila haquinus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Sibosia burnii|Burn's judy]]
|''Sibosia burnii''
|
|
|-
|[[Archigenes attenuata|Short-tailed judy]]
|''Archigenes'' ''attenuata''
|
|
|-
|[[Archigenes chela|Spot judy]]
|''Archigenes chela''
|2
|
|-
|[[Archigenes neophron|Tailed judy]]
|''Archigenes'' ''neophron''
|2
|
|}
[[File:Common Punch (Dodona durga) I IMG 6391.jpg|thumb|[[Dodona durga|Common punch]], ''Dodona durga'']]

==== Nemeobiini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Polycaena tamerlana|Tamerlane's coppermark]]
|''Polycaena tamerlana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Dodona adonira|Striped punch]]
|''Dodona adonira''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Dodona deodata|Broad-banded punch]]
|''Dodona deodata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Dodona dipoea|Lesser punch]]
|''Dodona dipoea''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Dodona durga|Common punch]]
|''Dodona durga''
|1
|
|-
|[[Dodona egeon|Orange punch]]
|''Dodona egeon''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Dodona eugenes|Tailed punch]]
|''Dodona eugenes''
|2
|
|-
|[[Dodona ouida|Mixed punch]]
|''Dodona ouida''
|2
|
|-
|[[Spitosa fylla|Dark judy]]
|''Spitosa fylla''
|
|
|-
|[[Stiboges nymphidia|Columbine]]
|''Stiboges nymphidia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Zemeros flegyas|Punchinello]]
|''Zemeros flegyas''
|1
|
|}

== Lycaenidae ==
The Lycaenidae or the gossamer-winged butterflies are a large family of about 6000 species. They are a group of relatively small butterflies, and most species are attracted to flowers. There are 399 species of this family found in India.[[File:Close wing Basking of Curetis thetis (Drury, 1773) - Indian Sunbeam (3) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Sunbeam|Indian sunbeam]], ''Curetis thetis'']]

=== Curetinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Curetis acuta|Angled sunbeam]]
|''Curetis acuta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Curetis bulis|Bright sunbeam]]
|''Curetis bulis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Curetis naga|Naga sunbeam]]
|''Curetis naga''
|
|
|-
|[[Curetis saronis|Burmese sunbeam]]
|''Curetis saronis''
|5
|
|-
|[[Curetis siva|Shiva sunbeam]]
|''Curetis siva''
|
|
|-
|[[Curetis thetis|Indian sunbeam]]
|''Curetis thetis''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Poritia erycinoides - Oleg Kosterin - 64422246.jpeg|thumb|[[Poritia erycinoides|Blue gem]], ''Poritia erycinoides'']]

=== Poritinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Poritia erycinoides|Blue gem]]
|''Poritia erycinoides''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Poritia hewitsoni|Common gem]]
|''Poritia hewitsoni''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Poritia phalena|Broad-banded brilliant]]
|''Simiskina phalena''
|1
|Schedule 1
|}

=== Liphyrinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Moth butterfly]]
|''Liphyra brassolis''
|1
|Schedule 1
|}

=== Miletinae ===
[[File:Close wing Basking of Spalgis epius (Westwood, 1851) - Apefly (6) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Apefly]], ''Spalgis epius'']]

==== Miletini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Allotinus drumila|Great darkie]]
|''Allotinus drumila''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Allotinus subviolaceus|Blue darkie]]
|''Allotinus subviolaceus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Allotinus taras|Brown-tipped darkie]]
|''Allotinus taras''
|
|
|-
|[[Allotinus unicolor|Common darkie]]
|''Allotinus unicolor''
|1
|
|-
|[[Logania distanti|Dark mottle]]
|''Logania distanti''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Logania marmorata|Pale mottle]]
|''Logania marmorata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Logania watsoniana|Watson's mottle]]
|''Logania watsoniana''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Miletus chinensis|Common brownie]]
|''Miletus chinensis''
|2
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Miletus mallus|Manipur brownie]]
|''Miletus mallus''
|
|
|-
|[[Miletus nymphis|Coorg brownie]]
|''Miletus nymphis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Taraka hamada|Forest pierrot]]
|''Taraka hamada''
|1
|
|-
|[[Spalgis baiongus|Assam apefly]]
|''Spalgis baiongus''
|
|
|-
|[[Spalgis epius|Apefly]]
|''Spalgis epius''
|1
|
|}

=== Lycaeninae ===
[[File:Small copper (Lycaena phlaeas) underside Bulgaria.jpg|thumb|[[Lycaena phlaeas|Common copper]], ''Lycaena phleas'']]
[[File:Open wing position of Male Heliophorus brahma Moore, 1857 – Golden Sapphire DSC 5656.jpg|thumb|[[Golden sapphire]], ''Heliophorus brahma'']]

==== Lycaenini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Lycaena aditya|Ladakh copper]]
|''Lycaena aditya''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lycaena alpherakii|Plain copper]]
|''Lycaena alpherakii''
|
|
|-
|[[Lycaena kasyapa|Green copper]]
|''Lycaena kasyapa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lycaena pavana|White-bordered copper]]
|''Lycaena pavana''
|
|
|-
|[[Lycaena phlaeas|Common copper]]
|''Lycaena phlaeas''
|4
|
|-
|[[Hyrcanana evansii|Chitral purple copper]]
|''Hyrcanana evansii''
|
|
|-
|[[Heliophorus androcles|Green sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus androcles''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Heliophorus bakeri|Western blue sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus bakeri''
|
|
|-
|[[Heliophorus brahma|Golden sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus brahma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Heliophorus epicles|Purple sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus epicles''
|1
|
|-
|[[Heliophorus hybrida|Hybrid sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus hybrida''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Heliophorus ila|Restricted purple sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus ila''
|1
|
|-
|[[Heliophorus indicus|Indian purple sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus indicus''
|
|
|-
|[[Heliophorus kohimensis|Naga sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus kohimensis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Heliophorus moorei|Azure sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus moorei''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Heliophorus oda|Eastern blue sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus oda''
|
|
|-
|[[Heliophorus sena|Sorrel sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus sena''
|
|
|-
|[[Heliophorus tamu|Powdery green sapphire]]
|''Heliophorus tamu''
|2
|
|}
[[File:Lilac silverline IMG 4510 1.jpg|thumb|[[Cigaritis lilacinus|Lilac silverline]], ''Cigaritis lilacinus'']]
[[File:Close wing posture Mud puddle of Spindasis rukma (de Nicéville, (1889)) – Cinnamon Silverline WLB IMG 1243.jpg|thumb|[[Cigaritis rukma|Silver-red silverline]], ''Cigaritis rukma'']]

=== Aphnaeinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Cigaritis abnormis|Abnormal silverline]]
|''Cigaritis abnormis''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Cigaritis acamas|Tawny silverline]]
|''Cigaritis acamas''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis chitralensis|Chitral silverline]]
|''Cigaritis chitralensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis elima|Scarce shot silverline]]
|''Cigaritis elima''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cigaritis elwesi|Elwes' silverline]]
|''Cigaritis elwesi''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cigaritis evansii|Cinnamon silverline]]
|''Cigaritis evansii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis ictis|Common shot silverline]]
|''Cigaritis ictis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis lilacinus|Lilac silverline]]
|''Cigaritis lilacinus''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cigaritis lohita|Long-banded silverline]]
|''Cigaritis lohita''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cigaritis meghamalaiensis|Cloud silverline]]
|''Cigaritis meghamalaiensis''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Cigaritis mishmisensis|Mishmi silverline]]
|''Cigaritis mishmisensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis nipalicus|SIlver-grey silverline]]
|''Cigaritis nipalicus''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cigaritis rukma|Silver-red silverline]]
|''Cigaritis rukma''
|
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis rukmini|Khaki silverline]]
|''Cigaritis rukmini''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cigaritis schistacea|Plumbeous silverline]]
|''Cigaritis schistacea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis syama|Club silverline]]
|''Cigaritis syama''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis vulcanus|Common silverline]]
|''Cigaritis vulcanus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cigaritis zhengweilie|Contiguous silverline]]
|''Cigaritis zhengweilie''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Close wing basking position of Yamamotozephyrus kwangthgenesis. (Forster, 1942)-Striped hairsteak.jpg|thumb|[[Yamamotozephyrus kwangtungensis|Translucent hairstreak]], ''Yamamotozephyrus kwangtungensis'']]

=== Theclinae ===
[[File:Euaspa milionia formosana 20180627.jpg|thumb|[[Euaspa milionia|Water hairstreak]], ''Euaspa milionia'']]
[[File:Wonderful Hairstreak (Thermozephyrus ataxus).jpg|thumb|[[Thermozephyrus ataxus|Wonderful hairstreak]], ''Thermozephyrus ataxus'']]

==== Theclini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Chaetoprocta kurumi|Nepal walnut blue]]
|''Chaetoprocta kurumi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Chaetoprocta odata|Walnut blue]]
|''Chaetoprocta odata''
|2
|
|-
|[[Euaspa hishikawai|Orange-disc hairstreak]]
|''Euaspa hishikawai''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euaspa milionia|Water hairstreak]]
|''Euaspa milionia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euaspa miyashitai|Darjeeling hairstreak]]
|''Euaspa miyashitai''
|
|
|-
|[[Euaspa mikamii|Arunachal hairstreak]]
|''Euaspa mikamii''
|
|
|-
|[[Euaspa motokii|Kachin hairstreak]]
|''Euaspa motokii''
|
|
|-
|[[Euaspa pavo|Peacock hairstreak]]
|''Euaspa pavo''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Shizuyaozephyrus ziha|White-spotted hairstreak]]
|''Shizuyaozephyrus ziha''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Fujiokaozephyrus tsangkie|Suroifui hairstreak]]
|''Fujiokaozephyrus tsangkie''
|1
|
|-
|[[Iwaseozephyrus mandara|Indian purple hairstreak]]
|''Iwaseozephyrus mandara''
|3
|
|-
|[[Esakiozephyrus icana|Dull green hairstreak]]
|''Esakiozephyrus icana''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Yamamotozephyrus|Translucent hairstreak]]
|''Yamamotozephyrus kwangtungensis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus disparatus|Howarth's green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus disparatus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus duma|Metallic green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus duma''
|
|
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus dumoides|Broad-bordered green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus dumoides''
|
|
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus intermedius|Intermediate green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus intermedius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus kabrua|Kabru green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus kabrua''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus sandersi|Sanders' green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus sandersi''
|
|
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus sikkimensis|Sikkim green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus sikkimensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus tytleri|Manipur green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus tytleri''
|1
|
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus vittata|Naga green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus vittatus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus zoa|Powdered green hairstreak]]
|''Chrysozephyrus zoa''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Chrysozephyrus suroia|Cerulean hairstreak]]
|''Neozephyrus suroia''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Shirozuozephyrus bhutanensis|Bhutan hairstreak]]
|''Shirozuozephyrus bhutanensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Shirozuozephyrus birupa|Fawn hairstreak]]
|''Shirozuozephyrus birupa''
|
|
|-
|[[Shirozuozephyrus jakamensis|Jakama hairstreak]]
|''Shirozuozephyrus jakamensis''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Shirozuozephyrus khasia|Tailless metallic green hairstreak]]
|''Shirozuozephyrus khasia''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Shirozuozephyrus kirbariensis|Kirbari hairstreak]]
|''Shirozuozephyrus kirbariensis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Shirozuozephyrus paona|Paona hairstreak]]
|''Shirozuozephyrus paona''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Shirozuozephyrus triloka|Kumaon hairstreak]]
|''Shirozuozephyrus triloka''
|
|
|-
|[[Inomataozephyrus assamicus|Assam hairstreak]]
|''Inomataozephyrus assamicus''
|
|
|-
|[[Inomataozephyrus syla|Silver hairstreak]]
|''Inomataozephyrus syla''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Thermozephyrus|Wonderful hairstreak]]
|''Thermozephyrus ataxus''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Leucantigius|Pale hairstreak]]
|''Leucantigius atayalicus''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Close wing position of Arhopala atrax, Hewitson, 1862 – Indian Oakblue WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Arhopala atrax|Indian oakblue]], ''Arhopala atrax'']]
[[File:Close wing posture of Arhopala centaurus (Fabricius, 1775) - Centaur Oakblue.jpg|thumb|[[Centaur oakblue]], ''Arhopala centaurus'']]
[[File:Arhopala ganesa formosana 20180531.jpg|thumb|[[Tailless Bushblue|Tailless bushblue]], ''Arhopala ganesa'']]
[[File:Arhopala perimuta - Rejoice Gassah - 568120815.jpeg|thumb|[[Yellowdisc oakblue]], ''Arhopala perimuta'']]
[[File:Arhopala silhetensis - Rejoice Gassah - 223173084.jpeg|thumb|[[Arhopala silhetensis|Sylhet oakblue]], ''Arhopala silhetensis'']]
[[File:Thaduka multicaudata Moore, 1878 – Many-tailed Oakblue at Makutta (8).jpg|thumb|[[Many-tailed Oak-Blue|Many-tailed oakblue]], ''Thaduka multicaudata'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Flos adriana de Nicéville, 1883 – Variegated Plushblue WLB DSC 00 36.jpg|thumb|[[Flos adriana|Variegated plushblue]], ''Flos adriana'']]
[[File:Common Acacia Blue - Surendra quercetorum biplagiata 3.jpg|thumb|[[Common acacia blue]], ''Surendra quercetorum'']]
[[File:Zinaspa todara distorta – Silver-streaked Acacia Blue 1.jpg|thumb|[[Zinaspa todara|Silver-streaked acacia blue]], ''Zinaspa todara'']]

==== Arhopalini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Amblopala|Chinese hairstreak]]
|''Amblopala avidiena''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Arhopala aberrans|Pale bushblue]]
|''Arhopala aberrans''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala ace|Tytler's dull oakblue]]
|''Arhopala ace''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Arhopala aeeta|Dawnas tailless oakblue]]
|''Arhopala aaeta''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala agrata|De Nicéville's dull oakblue]]
|''Arhopala agrata''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala alea|Kanara oakblue]]
|''Arhopala alea''
|
|Schedule 1, Endemic
|-
|[[Arhopala allata|Tytler's rosy oakblue]]
|''Arhopala allata''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala alax|Silky oakblue]]
|''Arhopala alax''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala alesia|Pallid oakblue]]
|''Arhopala alesia''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala amantes|Large oakblue]]
|''Arhopala amantes''
|3
|
|-
|[[Arhopala ammonides|Dark bushblue]]
|''Arhopala ammonides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala anarte|Magnificent oakblue]]
|''Arhopala anarte''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala anthelus|Multi-spotted oakblue]]
|''Arhopala anthelus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala ariel|Chocolate bushblue]]
|''Arhopala ariel''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Arhopala arvina|Purple-brown tailless oakblue]]
|''Arhopala arvina''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Arhopala asinarus|Broad-banded oakblue]]
|''Arhopala asinarus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala asopia|Plain tailless oakblue]]
|''Arhopala asopia''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Arhopala athada|Vinous oakblue]]
|''Arhopala athada''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala atrax|Indian oakblue]]
|''Arhopala atrax''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala aurelia|Grey-washed oakblue]]
|''Arhopala aurelia''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala bazaloides|Tamil oakblue]]
|''Arhopala bazaloides''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala bazalus|Powdered oakblue]]
|''Arhopala bazalus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala belphoebe|Doherty's oakblue]]
|''Arhopala belphoebe''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala birmana|Burmese bushblue]]
|''Arhopala birmana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala camdeo|Lilac oakblue]]
|''Arhopala camdeo''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala centaurus|Centaur oakblue]]
|''Arhopala centaurus''
|3
|
|-
|[[Arhopala comica|Comic oakblue]]
|''Arhopala comica''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Arhopala curiosa|Bhutan oakblue]]
|''Arhopala curiosa''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala democritus|White-spotted oakblue]]
|''Arhopala democritus''
|1
|Subspecies not named
|-
|[[Arhopala dispar|Frosted oakblue]]
|''Arhopala dispar''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala dodonaea|Pale Himalayan oakblue]]
|''Arhopala dodonaea''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala eumolphus|Green oakblue]]
|''Arhopala eumolphus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala fulla|Spotless oakblue]]
|''Arhopala fulla''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala ganesa|Tailless bushblue]]
|''Arhopala ganesa''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala hellenore|Pointed green oakblue]]
|''Arhopala hellenore''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala khamti|Doherty's dull oakblue]]
|''Arhopala khamti''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala nicevillei|Large-spotted oakblue]]
|''Arhopala nicevillei''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala oenea|Hewitson's dull oakblue]]
|''Arhopala oenea''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala opalina|Opal oakblue]]
|''Arhopala opalina''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Arhopala paraganesa|Dusky bushblue]]
|''Arhopala paraganesa''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala paralea|Glazed oakblue]]
|''Arhopala paralea''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala paramuta|Hooked oakblue]]
|''Arhopala paramuta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala perimuta|Yellowdisc tailless oakblue]]
|''Arhopala perimuta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala rama|Dark Himalayan oakblue]]
|''Arhopala rama''
|2
|
|-
|[[Arhopala selta|Rosy oakblue]]
|''Arhopala selta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Arhopala silhetensis|Sylhet oakblue]]
|''Arhopala silhetensis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala singla|Yellowdisc oakblue]]
|''Arhopala singla''
|
|
|-
|[[Arhopala zeta|Andaman tailless oakblue]]
|''Arhopala zeta''
|
|Schedule 1, Endemic
|-
|[[Thaduka|Many-tailed oakblue]]
|''Thaduka multicaudata''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Apporasa atkinsoni|Crenulate oakblue]]
|''Apporasa atkinsoni''
|
|
|-
|[[Mahathala ameria|Falcate oakblue]]
|''Mahathala ameria''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Arhopala abseus|Aberrant bushblue]]
|''Flos abseus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Flos adriana|Variegated plushblue]]{{efn|This tentatively includes ''[[Flos asoka]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392870238_SYNOPTIC_CATALOGUE_OF_THE_BUTTERFLIES_OF_INDIA_Second_Edition |title=Synoptic catalogue of the butterflies of India - Second Edition |isbn=978-81-979604-1-3}}</ref> as the relationship between ''Flos adriana'' and ''Flos asoka'' is unclear. A DNA analysis showed that the two species were identical.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flos adriana |url=https://yutaka.it-n.jp/lyc4f/82660001.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=yutaka.it-n.jp}}</ref>}}
|''Flos adriana''
|
|
|-
|[[Flos anniella|Briliant plushblue]]
|''Flos anniella''
|1
|
|-
|[[Flos apidanus|Plain plushblue]]
|''Flos apidanus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Flos areste|Tailless plushblue]]
|''Flos areste''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Flos chinensis|Chinese plushblue]]
|''Flos chinensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Flos diardi|Bifid plushblue]]
|''Flos diardi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Flos fulgida|Shining plushblue]]
|''Flos fulgida''
|1
|
|-
|[[Mota massyla|Saffron]]
|''Mota massyla''
|
|
|-
|[[Surendra quercetorum|Common acacia blue]]
|''Surendra quercetorum''
|3
|
|-
|[[Zinaspa todara|Silver-streaked acacia blue]]
|''Zinaspa todara''
|2
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Close wing Basking of Zesius chrysomallus (Hübner, 1819) - Redspot WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Zesius chrysomallus|Redspot]], ''Zesius chrysomallus'']]

==== Zesiini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Zesius chrysomallus|Redspot]]
|''Zesius chrysomallus''
|
|
|}

==== Amblypodiini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Amblypodia anita|Purple leaf blue]]
|''Amblypodia anita''
|3
|
|-
|[[Iraota rochana|Scarce silverstreak blue]]
|''Iraota rochana''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Iraota timoleon|SIlverstreak blue]]
|''Iraota timoleon''
|2
|
|}
[[File:Close wing Basking of Catapaecilma major Druce, 1895 – Common Tinsel WLB DSC 3181.jpg|thumb|[[Catapaecilma major|Common tinsel]], ''Catapaecilma major'']]

==== Catapaecilmatini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Catapaecilma major|Common tinsel]]
|''Catapaecilma major''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Catapaecilma subochrea|Yellow tinsel]]
|''Catapaecilma subochrea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Acupicta delicatum|Dark tinsel]]
|''Acupicta delicatum''
|
|Schedule 2
|}

==== Loxurini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Loxura atymnus|Yamfly]]
|''Loxura atymnus''
|4
|
|-
|[[Yasoda tripunctata|Branded yamfly]]
|''Yasoda tripunctata''
|1
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Drina donina - Yi-Kai Tea - 59096272.jpeg|thumb|[[Drina donina|Brown yam]], ''Drina donina'']]

==== Drinini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Drina donina|Brown yam]]
|''Drina donina''
|
|
|}
[[File:Rathinda amor - Firos AK - 517751680.jpeg|thumb|[[Rathinda|Monkey puzzle]], ''Rathinda amor'']]

==== Cheritrini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Horaga albimacula|Violet onyx]]
|''Horaga albimacula''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Horaga onyx|Common onyx]]
|''Horaga onyx''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Horaga syrinx|Yellow onyx]]
|''Horaga syrinx''
|1
|
|-
|[[Horaga takanamii|Litin onyx]]
|''Horaga takanamii''
|1
|Subspecies not named
|-
|[[Rathinda|Monkey puzzle]]
|''Rathinda amor''
|
|
|-
|[[Cheritra freja|Common imperial]]
|''Cheritra freja''
|2
|
|-
|[[Cheritrella|Truncate imperial]]
|''Cheritrella truncipennis''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ticherra|Blue imperial]]
|''Ticherra acte''
|1
|
|-
|[[Drupadia scaeva|Blue posy]]
|''Drupadia scaeva''
|1
|Schedule 1
|}
[[File:Tajuria cippus - Firos AK - 488771044.jpeg|thumb|[[Peacock royal]], ''Tajuria cippus'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Tajuria jehana Moore, -1884- – Plains Blue Royal.jpg|thumb|[[Tajuria jehana|Plains blue royal]], ''Tajuria jehana'']]

==== Iolaini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Pratapa bhotea|Slate royal]]
|''Pratapa bhotea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pratapa deva|White-tufted royal]]
|''Pratapa deva''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Pratapa icetas|Dark blue royal]]
|''Pratapa icetas''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Pratapa icetoides|Blue royal]]
|''Pratapa icetoides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tajuria albiplaga|Pallid royal]]
|''Tajuria albiplaga''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tajuria cippus|Peacock royal]]
|''Tajuria cippus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tajuria culta|Black-branded royal]]
|''Tajuria culta''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tajuria deudorix|Flash royal]]
|''Tajuria deudorix''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tajuria diaeus|Straightline royal]]
|''Tajuria diaeus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tajuria illurgioides|Scarce white royal]]
|''Tajuria illurgioides''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tajuria illurgis|White royal]]
|''Tajuria illurgis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tajuria isaeus|Bornean royal]]
|''Tajuria isaeus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tajuria ister|Uncertain royal]]
|''Tajuria ister''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tajuria jehana|Plains blue royal]]
|''Tajuria jehana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tajuria maculata|Spotted royal]]
|''Tajuria maculata''
|
|
|-
|[[Tajuria megistia|Orange-and-black royal]]
|''Tajuria megistia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tajuria melastigma|Branded royal]]
|''Tajuria melastigma''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tajuria nela|Cerulean royal]]
|''Tajuria nela''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tajuria yajna|Chestnut-and-black royal]]
|''Tajuria yajna''
|2
|Schedule 1, Schedule 2
|-
|[[Dacalana cotys|White-banded royal]]
|''Dacalana cotys''
|1
|
|-
|[[Dacalana penicilligera|Double-tufted royal]]
|''Dacalana penicilligera''
|
|
|-
|[[Broadtail royal]]
|''Creon cleobis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Bullis buto|Baby royal]]
|''Bullis buto''
|1
|
|-
|[[Rachana jalindra|Banded royal]]
|''Rachana jalindra''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Jacoona fabronia|Pale grand imperial]]
|''Neocheritra fabronia''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Charana cepheis|Cachar mandarin blue]]
|''Charana cepheis''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Charana mandarinus|Mandarin blue]]
|''Charana mandarina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Suasa (butterfly)|Red imperial]]
|''Suasa lisides''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Britomartis cleoboides|Azure royal]]
|''Britomartis cleoboides''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas – Cornelian (1).jpg|thumb|[[Deudorix epijarbas|Cornelian]], ''Deudorix epijarbas'']]
[[File:Sinthusa chandrana - Rejoice Gassah - 393205932.jpeg|thumb|[[Sinthusa chandrana|Broad spark]], ''Sinthusa chandrana'']]
[[File:Close wing nectaring position of Virachola isocrates (Fabricius, 1793) – Common Guava Blue.jpg|thumb|[[Deudorix isocrates|Common guava blue]], ''Virachola isocrates'']]
[[File:Rapala lankana Moore, 1879 – Malabar Flash at Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary 02.jpg|thumb|[[Rapala lankana|Malabar flash]], ''Rapala'' ''lankana'']]
[[File:Rapala varuna lazulina – Indigo Flash male underside.jpg|thumb|[[Rapala varuna|Indigo flash]], ''Rapala'' ''varuna'']]

==== Deudorigini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Deudorix epijarbas|Cornelian]]
|''Deudorix epijarbas''
|1
|
|-
|[[Deudorix gaetulia|Assam cornelian]]
|''Deudorix gaetulia''
|
|
|-
|[[Virachola dohertyi|Doherty's guava blue]]
|''Virachola dohertyi''
|
|
|-
|[[Deudorix isocrates|Common guava blue]]
|''Virachola isocrates''
|
|
|-
|[[Deudorix kessuma|Whiteline flash]]
|''Virachola kessuma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Deudorix perse|Large guava blue]]
|''Virachola perse''
|2
|
|-
|[[Virachola refulgens|Refulgent flash]]
|''Virachola refulgens''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Virachola rubida|Rosy guava blue]]
|''Virachola rubida''
|
|
|-
|[[Deudorix smilis|Scarce guava blue]]
|''Virachola similis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Artipe eryx|Green flash]]
|''Artipe eryx''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Sinthusa chandrana|Broad spark]]
|''Sinthusa chandrana''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Sinthusa confusa|Obscure spark]]
|''Sinthusa confusa''
|
|
|-
|[[Sinthusa nasaka|Narrow spark]]
|''Sinthusa nasaka''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Sinthusa menglaensis|Yunnan spark]]
|''Sinthusa menglaensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Sinthusa virgo|Pale spark]]
|''Sinthusa virgo''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Araotes lapithis|Witch]]
|''Araotes lapithis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Bindahara phocides|Plane]]
|''Bindahara phocides''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Rapala damona|Malay red flash]]
|''Rapala damona''
|
|
|-
|[[Rapala dieneces|Scarlet flash]]
|''Rapala dieneces''
|2
|
|-
|[[Rapala extensa|Chitral flash]]
|''Rapala extensa''
|
|
|-
|[[Rapala huangi|Cryptic flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''huangi''
|
|
|-
|[[Rapala iarbus|Common red flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''iarbus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Rapala lankana|Malabar flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''lankana''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Rapala manea|Slate flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''manea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Rapala melida|Brilliant flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''melida''
|1
|
|-
|[[Rapala nissa|Common flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''nissa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Rapala pheretima|Copper flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''pheretima''
|1
|
|-
|[[Rapala rectivitta|Shot flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''rectivitta''
|
|
|-
|[[Rapala rosacea|Rosy flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''rosacea''
|
|
|-
|[[Rapala scintilla|Scarce red flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''scintilla''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Rapala selira|Himalayan red flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''selira''
|
|
|-
|[[Rapala suffusa|Suffused flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''suffusa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Rapala tara|Assam flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''tara''
|
|
|-
|[[Rapala varuna|Indigo flash]]
|''Rapala'' ''varuna''
|4
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Pamela (butterfly)|Lister's hairstreak]]
|''Pamela dudgeonii''
|
|Schedule 2
|}

==== Eumaeini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Callophrys huertasblancae|Naga elfin]]
|''Callophrys huertasblancae''
|
|
|-
|[[Thecla leechii|Ferruginous elfin]]
|''Callophrys leechii''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Callophrys monstrabila|Chindwin elfin]]
|''Callophrys monstrabila''
|
|
|-
|[[Satyrium mackwoodi|Mackwood's hairstreak]]
|''Satyrium mackwoodi''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Satyrium deria|Moore's hairstreak]]
|''Satyrium deria''
|
|
|}

=== Polyommatinae ===
[[File:Close wing Position of Remelana jangala (Horsfield, 1829) - Chocolate Royal 01.jpg|thumb|[[Remelana jangala|Chocolate royal]], ''Remelana jangala'']]

==== Remelanini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Remelana jangala|Chocolate royal]]
|''Remelana jangala''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ancema blanka|Silver royal]]
|''Ancema blanka''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ancema ctesia|Bi-spot royal]]
|''Ancema ctesia''
|1
|
|}
[[File:B tit niligiri Rv.JPG|thumb|[[Hypolycaena nilgirica|Nilgiri tit]], ''Hypolycaena nilgirica'']]

==== Hypolycaenini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Zeltus|Fluffy tit]]
|''Hypolycaena amasa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hypolycaena erylus|Common tit]]
|''Hypolycaena erylus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Hypolycaena kina|Blue tit]]
|''Hypolycaena kina''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Hypolycaena narada|Banded tit]]
|''Hypolycaena narada''
|
|
|-
|[[Hypolycaena nilgirica|Nilgiri tit]]
|''Hypolycaena nilgirica''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Hypolycaena othona|Orchid tit]]
|''Hypolycaena othona''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Hypolycaena thecloides|Brown tit]]
|''Hypolycaena thecloides''
|1
|Schedule 2 (for the Nicobar subspecies)
|}
[[File:Close wing puddling of Anthene emolus (Godart, 1824) - Common Ciliate Blue WLB MG 4415.jpg|thumb|[[Anthene emolus|Ciliate blue]], ''Anthene emolus'']]

==== Lycaenesthini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Anthene emolus|Ciliate blue]]
|''Anthene emolus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Anthene lycaenina|Pointed ciliate blue]]
|''Anthene lycaenina''
|2
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Close wing posture mud-puddling of Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, (1884)) – Dingy Lineblue Q6199.jpg|thumb|[[Petrelaea dana|Dingy lineblue]], ''Petrelaea dana'']]
[[File:Nacaduba kurava - Firos AK - 457053545.jpeg|thumb|[[Nacaduba kurava|Transparent six-lineblue]], ''Nacaduba kurava'']]
[[File:Nacaduba pactolus - Rejoice Gassah - 63809542.jpeg|thumb|[[Nacaduba pactolus|Large four-lineblue]], ''Nacaduba pactolus'' ]]
[[File:Jamides elpis - Rejoice Gassah - 393970891.jpeg|thumb|[[Jamides elpis|Glistening cerulean]], ''Jamides elpis'']]
[[File:Open wing position of Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793) – Forget-me-not (Male) DSC 9413 .jpg|thumb|[[Catochrysops strabo|Forget-me-not]], ''Catochrysops strabo'']]
[[File:Close wing Nectering of Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793) - Zebra Blue WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Zebra blue]], ''Leptotes plinius'']]
[[File:Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon by kadavoor.JPG|thumb|[[Castalius rosimon|Common pierrot]], ''Castalius rosimon'']]
[[File:Tiny Grass Blue Zizula hylax by kadavoor.JPG|thumb|[[Zizula hylax|Tiny grass blue]], ''Zizula hylax'']]
[[File:Talicada nyseus (1).jpg|thumb|[[Red pierrot]], ''Talicada nyseus'']]
[[File:African Babul Blue (Azanus jesous).jpg|thumb|[[Azanus jesous|African babul blue]], ''Azanus jesous'']]
[[File:Closed wing resting position of Celastrina lavendularis (Moore, 1877) - Plain Hedge Blue WLB DSC 2148.jpg|thumb|[[Celastrina lavendularis|Plain hedge blue]], ''Celastrina lavendularis'']]
[[File:Common hedge blue (Acytolepis puspa gisca) underside Phang Nga.jpg|thumb|[[Acytolepis puspa|Common hedge blue]], ''Acytolepis puspa'']]
[[File:Chilades trochylus - Grass Jewel butterfly 02.jpg|thumb|[[Freyeria trochylus|Grass jewel]], ''Freyeria trochylus'']]
[[File:Luthrodes pandava 2.jpg|thumb|[[Plains cupid]], ''Luthrodes pandava'']]
[[File:Albulina metallica closed wing.jpg|thumb|[[Pamiria metallica|Small green underwing]], ''Pamiria metallica'']]
[[File:2017.08.25.-02-Mannheim Vogelstang--Hauhechel-Blaeuling-Maennchen.jpg|thumb|[[Common blue]], ''Polyommatus icarus'']]

==== Polyommatini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Niphanda asialis|Fawcett's pierrot]]
|''Niphanda asialis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Niphanda cymbia|Pointed pierrot]]
|''Niphanda cymbia''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Una usta|Singleton]]
|''Una usta''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Orthomiella pontis|Straightwing blue]]
|''Orthomiella pontis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Orthomiella rantaizana|Burmese straightwing blue]]
|''Orthomiella rantaizana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Petrelaea dana|Dingy lineblue]]
|''Petrelaea dana''
|
|
|-
|[[Nacaduba berenice|Rounded six-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba berenice''
|2
|
|-
|[[Nacaduba beroe|Opaque six-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba beroe''
|1
|
|-
|[[Nacaduba calauria|Dark Ceylon six-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba calauria''
|1
|
|-
|[[Nacaduba hermus|Pale four-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba hermus''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Nacaduba kurava|Transparent six-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba kurava''
|3
|
|-
|[[Nacaduba pactolus|Large four-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba pactolus''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Nacaduba pavana|Small four-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba pavana''
|2
|
|-
|[[Nacaduba sanaya|Jewel four-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba sanaya''
|1
|
|-
|[[Nacaduba sinhala|Pale Ceylon six-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba sinhala''
|1
|
|-
|[[Nacaduba subperusia|Violet four-lineblue]]
|''Nacaduba subperusia''
|2
|
|-
|[[Prosotas aluta|Barred lineblue]]
|''Prosotas aluta''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Prosotas bhutea|Bhutya lineblue]]
|''Prosotas bhutea''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Prosotas dubiosa|Tailless lineblue]]
|''Prosotas dubiosa''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Prosotas lutea|Brown lineblue]]
|''Prosotas lutea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Prosotas nora|Common lineblue]]
|''Prosotas nora''
|3
|
|-
|[[Prosotas noreia|White-tipped lineblue]]
|''Prosotas noreia''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Prosotas pia|Margined lineblue]]
|''Prosotas pia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ionolyce helicon|Pointed lineblue]]
|''Ionolyce helicon''
|4
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Catopyrops ancyra|Felder's lineblue]]
|''Catopyrops ancyra''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Caleta decidia|Angled pierrot]]
|''Caleta decidia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Caleta elna|Elbowed pierrot]]
|''Caleta elna''
|1
|
|-
|[[Caleta roxus|Straight pierrot]]
|''Caleta roxus''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Discolampa ethion|Banded blue pierrot]]
|''Discolampa ethion''
|2
|
|-
|[[Jamides alecto|Metallic cerulean]]
|''Jamides alecto''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Jamides bochus|Darlk cerulean]]
|''Jamides bochus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Jamides caerulea|Royal cerulean]]
|''Jamides caeruleus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Jamides celeno|Common cerulean]]
|''Jamides celeno''
|4
|
|-
|[[Jamides elpis|Glistening cerulean]]
|''Jamides elpis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Jamides ferrari|Ferrar's cerulean]]
|''Jamides ferrari''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Jamides kankena|Frosted cerulean]]
|''Jamides kankena''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Jamides pura|White cerulean]]
|''Jamides pura''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Catochrysops panormus|Silver forget-me-not]]
|''Catochrysops panormus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Catochrysops strabo|Forget-me-not]]
|''Catochrysops strabo''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lampides boeticus|Pea blue]]
|''Lampides boeticus''
|
|
|-
|[[Leptotes plinius|Zebra blue]]
|''Leptotes plinius''
|
|
|-
|[[Castalius rosimon|Common pierrot]]
|''Castalius rosimon''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tarucus ananda|Dark pierrot]]
|''Tarucus ananda''
|
|
|-
|[[Tarucus balkanicus|Black-spotted pierrot]]
|''Tarucus balkanica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tarucus callinara|Spotted pierrot]]
|''Tarucus callinara''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tarucus hazara|Hazara pierrot]]
|''Tarucus hazara''
|
|
|-
|[[Tarucus indica|Indian pierrot]]
|''Tarucus indica''
|
|
|-
|[[Tarucus nara|Striped pierrot]]
|''Tarucus nara''
|
|
|-
|[[Tarucus venosus|Himalayan pierrot]]
|''Tarucus venosus''
|
|
|-
|[[Tarucus waterstradti|Assam pierrot]]
|''Tarucus waterstradti''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Zizeeria karsandra|Dark grass blue]]
|''Zizeeria karsandra''
|
|
|-
|[[Pseudozizeeria maha|Pale grass blue]]
|''Pseudozizeeria maha''
|2
|
|-
|[[Zizina otis|Lesser grass blue]]
|''Zizina otis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Zizula hylax|Tiny grass blue]]
|''Zizula hylax''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cupido alaina|Pamir cupid]]
|''Cupido alaina''
|
|
|-
|[[Cupido buddhista|Shandur cupid]]
|''Cupido buddhista''
|
|
|-
|[[Elkalyce diporides|Tailed cupid]]
|''Cupido diporides''
|2
|
|-
|[[Cupido huegelii|Dusky-blue cupid]]
|''Cupido huegelii''
|2
|
|-
|[[Cupido lacturnus|Indian cupid]]
|''Cupido lacturnus''
|3
|
|-
|[[Iolana gigantea|Gilgit mountain blue]]
|''Iolana gigantea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Bothrinia chennellii|Hedge cupid]]
|''Bothrinia chennellii''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tongeia kala|Black cupid]]
|''Tongeia kala''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tongeia pseudozuthus|False Tibetan cupid]]
|''Tongeia pseudozuthus''
|
|
|-
|[[Shijimia moorei|Moore's cupid]]
|''Shijimia moorei''
|1
|
|-
|[[Talicada nyseus|Red pierrot]]
|''Talicada nyseus''
|3
|
|-
|[[Pithecops corvus|Forest quaker]]
|''Pithecops corvus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pithecops fulgens|Blue quaker]]
|''Pithecops fulgens''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Azanus jesous|African babul blue]]
|''Azanus jesous''
|1
|
|-
|[[Azanus ubaldus|Bright babul blue]]
|''Azanus ubaldus''
|
|
|-
|[[Azanus uranus|Dull babul blue]]
|''Azanus uranus''
|
|
|-
|[[Neopithecops zalmora|Quaker]]
|''Neopithecops zalmora''
|3
|
|-
|[[Megisba malaya|Malayan]]
|''Megisba malaya''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Holly blue]]
|''Celastrina argiolus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Celastrina gigas|Silvery hedge blue]]
|''Celastrina gigas''
|
|
|-
|[[Celastrina hersilia|Mishmi hedge blue]]
|''Celastrina hersilia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Celastrina huegeli|Large hedge blue]]
|''Celastrina huegelii''
|2
|
|-
|[[Celastrina lavendularis|Plain hedge blue]]
|''Celastrina lavendularis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Celastrina oreas|Khasi hedge blue]]
|''Celastrina oreas''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lestranicus transpectus|White-banded hedge blue]]
|''Lestranicus transpectus''
|
|
|-
|[[Celatoxia albidisca|Whitedisc hedge blue]]
|''Celatoxia albidisca''
|
|
|-
|[[Celatoxia marginata|Margined hedge blue]]
|''Celatoxia marginata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Notarthrinus|Chapman's hedge blue]]
|''Notarthinus binghami''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Acytolepis lilacea|Hampson's hedge blue]]
|''Acytolepis lilacea''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Acytolepis puspa|Common hedge blue]]
|''Acytolepis puspa''
|4
|
|-
|[[Oreolyce dohertyi|Naga hedge blue]]
|''Oreolyce dohertyi''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Oreolyce vardhana|Dusky hedge blue]]
|''Oreolyce vardhana''
|2
|
|-
|[[Callenya melaena|Metallic hedge blue]]
|''Callenya melaena''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Monodontides musina|Swinhoe's hedge blue]]
|''Monodontides musina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Udara akasa|White hedge blue]]
|''Udara akasa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Udara albocaerulea|Albocerulean]]
|''Udara albocaerulea''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Udara dilecta|Pale hedge blue]]
|''Udara dilectus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Udara placidula|Narrow-bordered hedge blue]]
|''Udara placidula''
|1
|
|-
|[[Udara selma|Bicolored hedge blue]]
|''Udara selma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Udara singalensis|Singhalese hedge blue]]
|''Udara singalensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Euchrysops cnejus|Gram blue]]
|''Euchrysops cnejus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Freyeria putli|Small grass jewel]]
|''Freyeria putli''
|1
|
|-
|[[Freyeria trochylus|Grass jewel]]
|''Freyeria trochylus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Luthrodes pandava|Plains cupid]]
|''Luthrodes pandava''
|
|
|-
|[[Chilades lajus|Lime blue]]
|''Chilades lajus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Chilades parrhasius|Small cupid]]
|''Chilades parrhasius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Turanana chitrali|Chitral argus blue]]
|''Turanana chitrali''
|
|
|-
|[[Pseudophilotes vicrama|Eastern baton blue]]
|''Pseudophilotes vicrama''
|2
|
|-
|[[Phengaris atroguttata|Great spotted blue]]
|''Phengaris atroguttata''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Plebejus eversmanni|Pamir jewel blue]]
|''Plebejus eversmanni''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Plebejus samudra|Ladakh jewel blue]]
|''Plebejus samudra''
|
|
|-
|[[Aricia agestis|Orange-bordered argus blue]]
|''Aricia agestis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Northern brown argus]]
|''Aricia artaxerxes''
|1
|
|-
|[[Eumedonia astorica|Astor argus blue]]
|''Eumedonia astorica''
|
|
|-
|[[Eumedonia eumedon|Streaked argus blue]]
|''Eumedonia eumedon''
|
|
|-
|[[Grumania annulata|White-ringed argus blue]]
|''Grumania annulata''
|
|
|-
|[[Agriades arcaseia|Kamba mountain blue]]
|''Agriades arcaseia''
|
|
|-
|[[Agriades asiatica|Azure mountain blue]]
|''Agriades asiatica''
|
|
|-
|[[Agriades lehanus|Common mountain blue]]
|''Agriades lehanus''
|
|
|-
|[[Agriades orbitulus|Alpine mountain blue]]
|''Agriades orbitulus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Agriades sikhima|Sikkim mountain blue]]
|''Agriades sikhima''
|
|
|-
|[[Agriades jaloka|Greenish mountain blue]]
|''Agriades jaloka''
|4
|
|-
|[[Agriades morsheadi|Evans' mountain blue]]
|''Agriades morsheadi''
|
|
|-
|[[Agriades pheretiades|Tien Shan mountain blue]]
|''Agriades pheretiades''
|
|
|-
|[[Pamiria chrysopis|Golden green underwing]]
|''Pamiria chrysopis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pamiria galathea|Large green underwing]]
|''Pamiria galathea''
|3
|
|-
|[[Pamiria metallica|Small green underwing]]
|''Pamiria metallica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pamiria omphisa|Dusky green underwing]]
|''Pamiria omphisa''
|
|
|-
|[[Pamiria sikkima|Sikkim green underwing]]
|''Pamiria sikkima''
|
|
|-
|[[Pamiria wojtusiaki|Garwhal green underwing]]
|''Pamiria wojtusiaki''
|
|
|-
|[[Patricius younghusbandi|Chumbi green underwing]]
|''Patricius younghusbandi''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Plebejidea loewii|Large jewel blue]]
|''Plebejidea loewii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Kretania beani|Baluchi jewel blue]]
|''Kretania beani''
|
|
|-
|[[Kretania csomai|Bálint's meadow blue]]
|''Kretania csomai''
|
|
|-
|[[Afarsia ashretha|Chitral argus blue]]
|''Afarsia ashretha''
|1
|
|-
|[[Afarsia hanna|Jewel argus blue]]
|''Afarsia hanna''
|
|
|-
|[[Alpherakya bellona|Afghan meadow blue]]
|''Alpherakya bellona''
|
|
|-
|[[Alpherakya devanica|Dusky meadow blue]]
|''Alpherakya devanica''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Alpherakya rupala|Rupal meadow blue]]
|''Alpherakya rupala''
|
|
|-
|[[Alpherakya sartoides|Ladakh meadow blue]]
|''Alpherakya sartoides''
|
|
|-
|[[Polyommatus ariana|Lahaul meadow blue]]
|''Polyommatus ariana''
|
|
|-
|[[Polyommatus dux|Kumaon meadow blue]]
|''Polyommatus dux''
|2
|
|-
|[[Polyommatus florenciae|Briliant meadow blue]]
|''Polyommatus florenciae''
|
|
|-
|[[Polyommatus hunza|Hunza meadow blue]]
|''Polyommatus hunza''
|
|
|-
|[[Common blue]]
|''Polyommatus icarus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Polyommatus icadius|Gilgit meadow blue]]
|''Polyommatus icadius''
|
|
|-
|[[Polyommatus pseuderos|Kashmir meadow blue]]
|''Polyommatus pseuderos''
|
|
|-
|[[Polyommatus pulchella|Beautiful meadow blue]]
|''Polyommatus pulchella''
|
|
|-
|[[Polyommatus stoliczkanus|Himalayan meadow blue]]
|''Polyommatus stoliczkana''
|3
|
|}

== Nymphalidae ==
The Nymphalidae or brush-footed butterflies are the largest family of butterflies by number of species (more than 6000 species are described). They are medium sized to large butterflies and are often easily distinguishable in the field. The uppersides are usually more vibrantly colored than the undersides. Most species can be found basking in the sun or visiting flowers and over-ripe fruits. There are 497 species of this family found in India.[[File:Close wing mud-puddling position of Libythea lepita Moore, (1858) - Common Beak.jpg|thumb|[[Libythea lepita|Common beak]], ''Libythea lepita'']]

=== Libytheinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Libythea lepita|Common beak]]
|''Libythea lepita''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Libythea myrrha|Club beak]]
|''Libythea myrrha''
|2
|
|-
|[[Libythea narina|White-spotted beak]]
|''Libythea narina''
|1
|
|}

=== Danainae ===
[[File:Parantica nilgiriensis Moore, 1877 – Nilgiri Tiger from Parambikulam (8).jpg|thumb|[[Parantica nilgiriensis|Nilgiri tiger]], ''Parantica nilgiriensis'']]
[[File:Blue tiger (Tirumala limniace exoticus) male underside.jpg|thumb|[[Tirumala limniace|Blue tiger]], ''Tirumala limniace'']]

==== Danaini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Parantica aglea|Glassy tiger]]
|''Parantica aglea''
|3
|
|-
|[[Parantica agleoides|Dark glassy tiger]]
|''Parantica agleoides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Parantica melaneus|Chocolate tiger]]
|''Parantica melaneus''
|
|
|-
|[[Parantica nilgiriensis|Nilgiri tiger]]
|''Parantica nilgiriensis''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Parantica pedonga|Talbot's chestnut tiger]]
|''Parantica pedonga''
|
|
|-
|[[Parantica sita|Chestnut tiger]]
|''Parantica sita''
|1
|
|-
|[[Parantica swinhoei|Swinhoe's chocolate tiger]]
|''Parantica swinhoei''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ideopsis juventa|Grey glassy tiger]]
|''Ideopsis juventa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ideopsis similis|Blue glassy tiger]]
|''Ideopsis similis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tirumala gautama|Scarce blue tiger]]
|''Tirumala gautama''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Tirumala limniace|Blue tiger]]
|''Tirumala limniace''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tirumala septentrionis|Dark blue tiger]]
|''Tirumala septentrionis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Danaus affinis|Malay tiger]]
|''Danaus affinis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Danaus chrysippus|Plain tiger]]
|''Danaus chrysippus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Danaus genutia|Common tiger]]
|''Danaus genutia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Danaus melanippus|White tiger]]
|''Danaus melanippus''
|3
|
|}
[[File:Euploea core by kadavoor.jpg|thumb|[[Euploea core|Common crow]], ''Euploea core'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Euploea radamanthus Fabricius, 1793 - Magpie crow WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Euploea radamanthus|Magpie crow]], ''Euploea radamanthus'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Euploea klugii Moore, 1857 - King Crow WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Euploea klugii|King crow]], ''Euploea klugii'']]

==== Euploeini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Euploea algea|Long-branded blue crow]]
|''Euploea algea''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Andaman crow]]
|''Euploea andamanensis''
|3
|Endemic
|-
|[[Euploea core|Common crow]]
|''Euploea core''
|2
|
|-
|[[Euploea crameri|Spotted black crow]]
|''Euploea crameri''
|4
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Euploea doubledayi|Striped black crow]]
|''Euploea doubledayi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euploea eunice|Blue-branded king crow]]
|''Euploea eunice''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euploea klugii|King crow]]
|''Euploea klugii''
|2
|
|-
|[[Euploea midamus|Spotted blue crow]]
|''Euploea midamus''
|3
|Schedule 1, Schedule 2
|-
|[[Euploea modesta|Plain blue crow]]
|''Euploea modesta''
|
|
|-
|[[Euploea mulciber|Striped blue crow]]
|''Euploea mulciber''
|2
|
|-
|[[Euploea phaenareta|Great crow]]
|''Euploea phaenareta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euploea radamanthus|Magpie crow]]
|''Euploea radamanthus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Nicobar crow]]
|''Euploea scherzeri''
|3
|Endemic
|-
|[[Euploea sylvester|Double-branded crow]]
|''Euploea sylvester''
|3
|
|-
|[[Idea agamarschana|Burmese tree nymph]]
|''Idea agamarschana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Idea malabarica|Malabar tree nymph]]
|''Idea malabarica''
|2
|Schedule 2, Endemic
|}

=== Charaxinae ===
[[File:Close wing moisture sucking of Charaxes solon (Fabricius, 1793) - Black Rajah (2) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Charaxes solon|Black rajah]], ''Eriboea solon'']]
[[File:Anomalous Nawab (Polyura agraria) at Kambalakonda 03.jpg|thumb|[[Charaxes agrarius|Anomalous nawab]], ''Polyura agrarius'']]
[[File:Polyura athamas athamas (Moore, 1873) (6349366931).jpg|thumb|[[Polyura athamas|Common nawab]], ''Polyura athamas'']]

==== Charaxini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Charaxes agrarius|Anomalous nawab]]
|''Polyura agrarius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Polyura arja|Pallid nawab]]
|''Polyura arja''
|
|
|-
|[[Polyura athamas|Common nawab]]
|''Polyura athamas''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Polyura bharata|Cryptic nawab]]
|''Polyura bharata''
|
|
|-
|[[Polyura delphis|Jewelled nawab]]
|''Polyura delphis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Polyura dolon|Stately nawab]]
|''Polyura dolon''
|4
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Polyura eudamippus|Great nawab]]
|''Polyura eudamippus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Polyura moori|Malayan nawab]]
|''Polyura moori''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Polyura narcaeus|China nawab]]
|''Polyura narcaeus''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Polyura schreiber|Blue nawab]]
|''Polyura schreiber''
|3
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Charaxes solon|Black rajah]]
|''Eriboea solon''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Charaxes aristogiton|Scarce tawny rajah]]
|''Charaxes aristogiton''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Charaxes bernardus|Tawny rajah]]
|''Charaxes bernardus''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Charaxes durnfordi|Chestnut rajah]]
|''Charaxes durnfordi''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Charaxes kahruba|Variegated rajah]]
|''Charaxes kahruba''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Charaxes marmax|Yellow rajah]]
|''Charaxes marmax''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Charaxes psaphon|Plain tawny rajah]]
|''Charaxes psaphon''
|1
|
|}

==== Prothoini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Prothoe franck|Blue begum]]
|''Prothoe franck''
|1
|Schedule 1
|}

=== Satyrinae ===
[[File:Common Faun Faunis canens DSCN8433 (11).jpg|thumb|[[Faunis canens|Common faun]], ''Faunis canens'']]
[[File:Discophora sondaica 455267905.jpg|thumb|[[Discophora sondaica|Common duffer]], ''Discophora sondaica'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Stichophthalma camadeva Westwood, 1848 – Northern Junglequeen WLB DSC 9917.jpg|thumb|[[Stichophthalma camadeva|Northern junglequeen]], ''Stichophthalma camadeva'']]

==== Amathusiini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Faunis eumeus|Large faun]]
|''Faunis eumeus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Faunis canens|Common faun]]
|''Faunis canens''
|1
|
|-
|[[Aemona amathusia|Yellow dryad]]
|''Aemona amathusia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Enispe cycnus|Blue caliph]]
|''Enispe cycnus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Enispe euthymius|Red caliph]]
|''Enispe euthymius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Enispe duranius|Malayan red caliph]]
|''Enispe duranius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Discophora deo|Banded duffer]]
|''Discophora deo''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Discophora lepida|Southern duffer]]
|''Discophora lepida''
|1
|
|-
|[[Discophora sondaica|Common duffer]]
|''Discophora sondaica''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Discophora timora|Great duffer]]
|''Discophora timora''
|2
|
|-
|[[Amathusia andamanensis|Andaman palmking]]
|''Amathusia andamanensis''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Amathusia travancorica|Travancore palmking]]
|''Amathusia travancorica''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Amathuxidia amythaon|Koh-i-noor]]
|''Amathuxidia amythaon''
|1
|
|-
|[[Thaumantis diores|Jungleglory]]
|''Thaumantis diores''
|1
|
|-
|[[Thauria lathyi|Jungleking]]
|''Thauria lathyi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Stichophthalma camadeva|Northern jungelqueen]]
|''Stichophthalma camadeva''
|4
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Stichophthalma neumogeni|Hainan junglequeen]]
|''Stichophthalma neumogeni''
|1
|
|-
|[[Stichophthalma nourmahal|Chocolate jungelqueen]]
|''Stichophthalma nourmahal''
|1
|
|-
|[[Stichophthalma sparta|Manipur junglequeen]]
|''Stichophthalma sparta''
|2
|
|}
[[File:Elymnias caudata of Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|[[Elymnias caudata|Tailed palmfly]], ''Elymnias caudata'']]

==== Elymniini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Elymnias caudata|Tailed palmfly]]
|''Elymnias caudata''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Elymnias hypermnestra|Common palmfly]]
|''Elymnias hypermnestra''
|2
|
|-
|[[Elymnias malelas|Spotted palmfly]]
|''Elymnias malelas''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Elymnias nesaea|Tiger palmfly]]
|''Elymnias nesaea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Elymnias obnubila|Chestnut palmfly]]
|''Elymnias obnubila''
|
|
|-
|[[Elymnias panthera|Tawny palmfly]]
|''Elymnias panthera''
|1
|
|-
|[[Elymnias patna|Blue-striped palmfly]]
|''Elymnias patna''
|1
|
|-
|[[Elymnias pealii|Peal's palmfly]]
|''Elymnias peali''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Elymnias penanga|Pointed palmfly]]
|''Elymnias penanga''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Elymnias vasudeva|Jezabel palmfly]]
|''Elymnias vasudeva''
|
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Melanitis leda-Kadavoor-2017-04-26-001.jpg|thumb|[[Melanitis leda|Common evening brown]], ''Melanitis leda'']]

==== Melanitini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Melanitis leda|Common evening brown]]
|''Melanitis leda''
|1
|
|-
|[[Melanitis phedima|Dark evening brown]]
|''Melanitis phedima''
|4
|
|-
|[[Melanitis zitenius|Great evening brown]]
|''Melanitis zitenius''
|4
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cyllogenes janetae|Scarce evening brown]]
|''Cyllogenes janetae''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cyllogenes suradeva|Branded evening brown]]
|''Cyllogenes suradeva''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Parantirrhoea|Travancore evening brown]]
|''Parantirrhoea marshalli''
|
|Schedule 2, Endemic
|}
[[File:Close wing position of Ethope himachala Moore, 1857 – Dusky Diadem DSC 1778.jpg|thumb|[[Ethope himachala|Dusky diadem]], ''Ethope himachala'']]

==== Zetherini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Penthema lisarda|Yellow kaiser]]
|''Penthema lisarda''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ethope himachala|Dusky diadem]]
|''Ethope himachala''
|
|
|-
|[[Neorina hilda|Yellow owl]]
|''Neorina hilda''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neorina patria|White owl]]
|''Neorina patria''
|1
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Lasiommata schakra - Theivaprakasham Hari - 418572054.jpeg|thumb|[[Lasiommata schakra|Common wall]], ''Lasiommata schakra'']]
[[File:Tamil treebrown (Lethe drypetis drypetis) female underside.jpg|thumb|[[Lethe drypetis|Tamil treebrown]], ''Lethe drypetis'']]
[[File:Close wing Basking of Lethe europa (Fabricius, 1775) - Bamboo Treebrown WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Lethe europa|Bamboo treebrown]], ''Lethe europa'']]
[[File:Lethe rohria, Common treebrown at Tadiyantamol (11).jpg|thumb|[[Common treebrown]], ''Lethe rohria'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Lethe verma Kollar, 1844 – Straight-banded Treebrown WLB DSC 3972.jpg|thumb|[[Lethe verma|Straight-banded treebrown]], ''Lethe verma'']]
[[File:Close wing resting position of Telinga mestra (Hewitson, 1862) - White-edged Bushbrown 20230904145058 MG 4735.jpg|thumb|[[Mycalesis mestra|White-edged bushbrown]], ''Telinga mestra'']]
[[File:Close wing Basking of Mycalesis gotama (Moore, 1858) - Chinese Bushbrown WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Mycalesis gotama|Chinese bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis gotama'']]
[[File:Mycalesis junonia-Thekkady.jpg|thumb|[[Mycalesis patnia|Gladeye bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis patnia'']]
[[File:Common bush brown (Mycalesis perseus cepheus) underside Phuket.jpg|thumb|[[Mycalesis perseus|Common bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis perseus'']]
[[File:Close wing basking of Mycalesis mineus Linnaeus, 1758 – Dark-branded Bushbrown W7118.jpg|thumb|[[Mycalesis mineus|Dark-brand bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis mineus'']]
[[File:Long-brand bushbrown (Mycalesis visala phamis) S.jpg|thumb|[[Mycalesis visala|Long-brand bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis visala'']]
[[File:Zipaetis saitis UN.jpg|thumb|[[Zipaetis saitis|Tamil catseye]], ''Zipaetis saitis'']]
[[File:Close wing Basking of Zipaetis scylax (Hewitson, 1863) - Dark Catseye WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Zipaetis scylax|Dark catseye]], ''Zipaetis scylax'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Aulocera saraswati (Kollar,1844 )-Striated Satyr.jpg|thumb|[[Aulocera saraswati|Common satyr]], ''Aulocera saraswati'']]
[[File:Common Three Ring-SavanDurga Bangalore rural.jpg|thumb|[[Ypthima asterope|Common threering]], ''Ypthima asterope'']]
[[File:White Fourring (Ypthima ceylonica).JPG|thumb|[[Ypthima ceylonica|White fourring]], ''Ypthima ceylonica'']]
[[File:Ypthima chenu by Manoj P.jpg|thumb|[[Ypthima chenu|Nilgiri fourring]], ''Ypthima chenu'']]
[[File:Ypthima nikaea 58264537.jpg|thumb|[[Ypthima nikaea|Moore's fivering]], ''Ypthima nikaea'']]
[[File:Close wing posture of Ypthima sakra Moore, 1857 – Himalayan Five-ring Butterflies of Talle valley - 7.jpg|thumb|[[Ypthima sakra|Himalayan fivering]], ''Ypthima sakra'']]
[[File:Ypthima striata from bangalore.jpg|thumb|[[Ypthima striata|Nilgiri jewel fourring]], ''Ypthima striata'']]
[[File:Callerebia-nirmala-openwing.jpg|thumb|[[Callerebia nirmala|Common argus]], ''Callerebia nirmala'']]
[[File:Ypthima tabella by V K Chandrasekharan.jpg|thumb|[[Ypthima tabella|Indian fivering]], ''Ypthima tabella'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Callerebia scanda (Kollar, -1844-) - Pallid Argus.jpg|thumb|[[Callerebia scanda|Pallid argus]], ''Callerebia scanda'']]

==== Satyrini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Chonala masoni|Chumbi wall]]
|''Chonala masoni''
|
|
|-
|[[Esperage cashmirensis|Yellow wall]]
|''Esperage cashmirensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Lasiommata maerula|Scarce wall]]
|''Lasiommata maerula''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lasiommata maeroides|Ladakh wall]]
|''Lasiommata maeroides''
|
|
|-
|[[Lasiommata menava|Dark wall]]
|''Lasiommata menava''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Lasiommata pakistana|Pakistan wall]]
|''Lasiommata pakistana''
|
|
|-
|[[Lasiommata schakra|Common wall]]
|''Lasiommata schakra''
|1
|
|-
|[[Orinoma damaris|Tigerbrown]]
|''Orinoma damaris''
|1
|
|-
|[[Rhaphicera moorei|Small tawny wall]]
|''Orinoma moorei''
|2
|
|-
|[[Rhaphicera satricus|Large tawny wall]]
|''Orinoma satricus''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe andersoni|Anderson's silverstripe]]
|''Lethe andersoni''
|
|
|-
|[[Lethe atkinsonia|Small goldenfork]]
|''Lethe atkinsonia''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe baladeva|Treble silverstripe]]
|''Lethe baladeva''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe bhairava|Rusty forester]]
|''Lethe bhairava''
|
|
|-
|[[Lethe brisanda|Dark forester]]
|''Lethe brisanda''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe chandica|Angled red forester]]
|''Lethe chandica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lethe confusa|Banded treebrown]]
|''Lethe confusa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lethe dakwania|Garwhal woodbrown]]
|''Lethe dakwania''
|
|
|-
|[[Lethe dura|Scarce lilacfork]]
|''Lethe dura''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Lethe distans|Scarce red forester]]
|''Lethe distans''
|
|Schedule 1, Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe drypetis|Tamil treebrown]]
|''Lethe drypetis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lethe elwesi|Eastern small silverfork]]
|''Lethe elwesi''
|
|
|-
|[[Lethe europa|Bamboo treebrown]]
|''Lethe europa''
|4
|Schedule 1, Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe gemina|Tytler's treebrown]]
|''Lethe gemina''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Lethe goalpara|Large goldenfork]]
|''Lethe goalpara''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe gulnihal|Dull forester]]
|''Lethe gulnihal''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Lethe hyrania|Common forester]]
|''Lethe hyrania''
|2
|
|-
|[[Lethe jalaurida|Small silverfork]]
|''Lethe jalaurida''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe kabrua|Manipur goldenfork]]
|''Lethe kabrua''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe kanjupkula|Manipur woodbrown]]
|''Lethe kanjupkula''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe kansa|Bamboo forester]]
|''Lethe kansa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lethe latiaris|Pale forester]]
|''Lethe latiaris''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe maitrya|Barred woodbrown]]
|''Lethe maitrya''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lethe margaritae|Bhutan treebrown]]
|''Lethe margaritae''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Lethe mekara|Common red forester]]
|''Lethe mekara''
|2
|
|-
|[[Lethe moelleri|Möller's silverfork]]
|''Lethe moelleri''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe naga|Naga treebrown]]
|''Lethe naga''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe nicetas|Yellow woodbrown]]
|''Lethe nicetas''
|
|
|-
|[[Lethe nicetella|Small woodbrown]]
|''Lethe nicetella''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe ramadeva|Single silverstripe]]
|''Lethe ramadeva''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Lethe rohria|Common treebrown]]
|''Lethe rohria''
|2
|
|-
|[[Lethe satyavati|Pallid forester]]
|''Lethe satyavati''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Lethe scanda|Blue forester]]
|''Lethe scanda''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe serbonis|Brown forester]]
|''Lethe serbonis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe siderea|Scarce woodbrown]]
|''Lethe siderea''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe sidonis|Common woodbrown]]
|''Lethe sidonis''
|
|
|-
|[[Lethe sinorix|Tailed red forester]]
|''Lethe sinorix''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe sura|Lilacfork]]
|''Lethe sura''
|
|
|-
|[[Lethe tristigmata|Spotted mystic]]
|''Lethe tristigmata''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe verma|Straight-banded treebrown]]
|''Lethe verma''
|2
|
|-
|[[Lethe vindhya|Black forester]]
|''Lethe vindhya''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lethe visrava|White-edged woodbrown]]
|''Lethe visrava''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lethe wui|Tibetan silverfork]]
|''Lethe wui''
|
|
|-
|[[Neope armandii|Chinese labyrinth]]
|''Neope armandii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neope bhadra|Tailed labyrinth]]
|''Neope bhadra''
|
|
|-
|[[Neope pulaha|Veined labyrinth]]
|''Neope pulaha''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neope pulahina|Scarce labyrinth]]
|''Neope pulahina''
|
|
|-
|[[Neope pulahoides|Large veined labyrinth]]
|''Neope pulahoides''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neope yama|Dusky labyrinth]]
|''Neope yama''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Heteropsis adolphei|Redeye bushbrown]]
|''Telinga adolphei''
|
|
|-
|[[Telinga bethami|Betham's bushbrown]]
|''Telinga bethami''
|
|
|-
|[[Heteropsis davisoni|Palni bushbrown]]
|''Telinga davisoni''
|
|
|-
|[[Telinga heri|Moore's bushbrown]]
|''Telinga heri''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Telinga kohimensis|Naga bushbrown]]
|''Telinga kohimensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis lepcha|Lepcha bushbrown]]
|''Telinga lepcha''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Telinga malsara|White-line bushbrown]]
|''Telinga malsara''
|
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis malsarida|Plain bushbrown]]
|''Telinga malsarida''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Mycalesis mestra|White-edged bushbrown]]
|''Telinga mestra''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Mycalesis misenus|De Nicéville's bushbrown]]
|''Telinga misenus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Telinga mystes|Many-tufted bushbrown]]
|''Telinga mystes''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Mycalesis nicotia|Bright-eyed bushbrown]]
|''Telinga nicotia''
|
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis oculus|Red-disc bushbrown]]
|''Telinga oculus''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Culapa mnasicles|Cyclops bushbrown]]
|''Culapa mnasicles''
|1
|
|-
|[[Mydosama radza|Andaman bushbrown]]
|''Mydosama radza''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Mycalesis adamsonii|Watson's bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis adamsonii''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Mycalesis anapita|Tawny bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis anapita''
|1
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis anaxias|Whitebar bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis anaxias''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Mycalesis evansii|Tytler's bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis evansii''
|
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis francisca|Lilacine bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis francisca''
|2
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis gotama|Chinese bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis gotama''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Mycalesis igilia|Small long-brand bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis igilia''
|
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis intermedia|Intermediate bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis intermedia''
|
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis manii|Nicobar bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis manii''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Mycalesis mineus|Dark-brand bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis mineus''
|3
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis orseis|Purple bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis orseis''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Mycalesis patnia|Gladeye bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis patnia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis perseoides|Pachmari bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis perseoides''
|
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis perseus|Common bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis perseus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Mycalesis suaveolens|Wood-Mason's bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis suaveolens''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Mycalesis visala|Long-brand bushbrown]]
|''Mycalesis visala''
|3
|
|-
|[[Coelites nothis|Scarce catseye]]
|''Coelites nothis''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Erites falcipennis|Common cyclops]]
|''Erites falcipennis''
|
|
|-
|[[Orsotriaena medus|Smooth-eyed bushbrown]]
|''Orsotriaena medus''
|3
|
|-
|[[Zipaetis saitis|Tamil catseye]]
|''Zipaetis saitis''
|
|Schedule 2, Endemic
|-
|[[Zipaetis scylax|Dark catseye]]
|''Zipaetis scylax''
|
|
|-
|[[Ragadia crisilda|Striped ringlet]]
|''Ragadia crisilda''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Coenonympha emmonsi|Ladakh heath]]
|''Coenonympha emmonsi''
|
|
|-
|[[Hyponephele brevistigma|Short-branded meadowbrown]]
|''Hyponephele brevistigma''
|
|
|-
|[[Hyponephele cheena|Branded meadowbrown]]
|''Hyponephele cheena''
|3
|
|-
|[[Hyponephele coenonympha|Spotted meadowbrown]]
|''Hyponephele coenonympha''
|
|
|-
|[[Hyponephele davendra|White-ringed meadowbrown]]
|''Hyponephele davendra''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Hyponephele hilaris|Pamir meadowbrown]]
|''Hyponephele hilaris''
|
|
|-
|[[Hyponephele pulchella|Tawny meadowbrown]]
|''Hyponephele pulchella''
|
|
|-
|[[Hyponephele pulchra|Dusky meadowbrown]]
|''Hyponephele pulchra''
|5
|
|-
|[[Hyponephele tenuistigma|Lesser white-ringed meadowbrown]]
|''Hyponephele tenuistigma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hipparchia parisatis|White-edged rockbrown]]
|''Hipparchia parisatis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Kanetisa|Chitrali satyr]]
|''Kanestia digna''
|
|
|-
|[[Aulocera bicolor|Bicolor mountain satyr]]
|''Aulocera bicolor''
|
|
|-
|[[Aulocera brahminoides|Small satyr]]
|''Aulocera brahminoides''
|
|
|-
|[[Aulocera brahminus|Narrow-banded satyr]]
|''Aulocera brahminus''
|3
|
|-
|[[Aulocera chumbica|Chumbi satyr]]
|''Aulocera chumbica''
|2
|
|-
|[[Aulocera gilgitica|Gilgit satyr]]
|''Aulocera gilgitica''
|
|
|-
|[[Aulocera kurogane|Eastern satyr]]
|''Aulocera kurogane''
|
|
|-
|[[Aulocera loha|Doherty's satyr]]
|''Aulocera loha''
|2
|
|-
|[[Aulocera padma|Great satyr]]
|''Aulocera padma''
|4
|
|-
|[[Aulocera pumilus|Mountain satyr]]
|''Aulocera pumilus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Aulocera saraswati|Common satyr]]
|''Aulocera saraswati''
|2
|
|-
|[[Aulocera sikkimensis|Sikkim mountain satyr]]
|''Aulocera sikkimensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Aulocera swaha|Common satyr]]
|''Aulocera swaha''
|2
|
|-
|[[Aulocera tsukadai|Zanskar satyr]]
|''Aulocera tsukadai''
|
|
|-
|[[Karanasa alpherakyi|Avinoff's satyr]]
|''Karanasa alpherakyi''
|
|
|-
|[[Karanasa bolorica|Turkestan satyr]]
|''Karanasa bolorica''
|2
|
|-
|[[Karanasa huebneri|Tawny satyr]]
|''Karanasa huebneri''
|7
|
|-
|[[Karanasa leechi|Leech's satyr]]
|''Karanasa leechi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Karanasa moorei|Shandur satyr]]
|''Karanasa moorei''
|2
|
|-
|[[Karanasa pupilata|Drosh satyr]]
|''Karanasa pupilata''
|
|
|-
|[[Karanasa rohtanga|Rohtang satyr]]
|''Karanasa rohtanga''
|
|
|-
|[[Oeneis buddha|Tibetan satyr]]
|''Oeneis buddha''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Chazara enervata|Dark rockbrown]]
|''Chazara enervata''
|
|
|-
|[[Chazara heydenreichi|Shandur rockbrown]]
|''Chazara heydenreichi''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Pseudochazara baldiva|Spiti rockbrown]]
|''Pseudochazara baldiva''
|4
|
|-
|[[Pseudochazara droshica|Tytler's rockbrown]]
|''Pseudochazara droshica''
|
|
|-
|[[Satyrus alaica|Dark satyr]]
|''Satyrus alaica''
|
|
|-
|[[Satyrus pimpla|Black satyr]]
|''Satyrus pimpla''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima affectata|Khasi fivering]]
|''Ypthima affectata''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima asterope|Common threering]]
|''Ypthima asterope''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima atra|Black fivering]]
|''Ypthima atra''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima avanta|Jewel fivering]]
|''Ypthima avanta''
|2
|
|-
|[[Ypthima baldus|Common fivering]]
|''Ypthima baldus''
|3
|
|-
|[[Ypthima bolanica|Desert fourring]]
|''Ypthima bolanica''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ypthima ceylonica|White fourring]]
|''Ypthima ceylonica''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima chenu|Nilgiri fourring]]
|''Ypthima chenu''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Ypthima confusa|Confusing threering]]
|''Ypthima confusa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima davidsoni|Davidson's fivering]]
|''Ypthima davidsoni''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima dohertyi|Great fivering]]
|''Ypthima dohertyi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima fusca|Assam threering]]
|''Ypthima fusca''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima hannyngtoni|Hannyngton's fourring]]
|''Ypthima hannyngtoni''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima huebneri|Common fourring]]
|''Ypthima huebneri''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima hyagriva|Brown argus]]
|''Ypthima hyagriva''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ypthima indecora|Western fivering]]
|''Ypthima indecora''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima inica|Lesser threering]]
|''Ypthima inica''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima kasmira|Kashmir fourring]]
|''Ypthima kasmira''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima lycus|Plain threering]]
|''Ypthima lycus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ypthima menpae|Menpa fivering]]
|''Ypthima menpae''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima methora|Variegated fivering]]
|''Ypthima methora''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ypthima nareda|Large threering]]
|''Ypthima nareda''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima newara|Newar threering]]
|''Ypthima newara''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima nikaea|Moore's fivering]]
|''Ypthima nikaea''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima norma|Burmese threering]]
|''Ypthima norma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima parasakra|Himalayan fourring]]
|''Ypthima parasakra''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima persimilis|Manipur fivering]]
|''Ypthima persimilis''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Ypthima philomela|Baby fivering]]
|''Ypthima philomela''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima sakra|Himalayan fivering]]
|''Ypthima sakra''
|2
|
|-
|[[Ypthima savara|Pallid fivering]]
|''Ypthima savara''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima similis|Eastern fivering]]
|''Ypthima similis''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Ypthima singala|Small jewel fivering]]
|''Ypthima singala''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima sobrina|Karen fivering]]
|''Ypthima sobrina''
|
|
|-
|[[Ypthima striata|Nilgiri jewel fourring]]
|''Ypthima striata''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Ypthima tabella|Indian fivering]]
|''Ypthima tabella''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Ypthima tappana|Taiwan fourring]]
|''Ypthima tappana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima watsoni|Looped threering]]
|''Ypthima watsoni''
|1
|
|-
|[[Ypthima ypthimoides|Palni fourring]]
|''Ypthima yphthimoides''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Paralasa chitralica|Chitral argus]]
|''Paralasa chitralica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Paralasa kalinda|Scarce mountain argus]]
|''Paralasa kalinda''
|4
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Paralasa mani|Yellow argus]]
|''Paralasa mani''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Paralasa shallada|Mountain argus]]
|''Paralasa shallada''
|1
|
|-
|[[Paralasa yasina|Yasin argus]]
|''Paralasa yasina''
|
|
|-
|[[Callerebia ananda|Ringed argus]]
|''Callerebia ananda''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Callerebia baileyi|White-bordered argus]]
|''Callerebia baileyi''
|
|
|-
|[[Callerebia dibangensis|Roy's argus]]
|''Callerebia dibangensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Callerebia hybrida|Hybrid argus]]
|''Callerebia hybrida''
|
|
|-
|[[Callerebia nirmala|Common argus]]
|''Callerebia nirmala''
|3
|
|-
|[[Callerebia orixa|Moore's argus]]
|''Callerebia orixa''
|
|
|-
|[[Callerebia scanda|Pallid argus]]
|''Callerebia scanda''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Callerebia suroia|Manipur argus]]
|''Callerebia suroia''
|
|
|-
|[[Callerebia watsoni|Naga argus]]
|''Callerebia watsoni''
|
|
|-
|[[Hemadara narasingha|Mottled argus]]
|''Hemadara narasingha''
|1
|Schedule 1
|}
[[File:Calinaga buddha formosana back 20130316.jpg|thumb|[[Calinaga buddha|Freak]], ''Calinaga buddha'']]

=== Calinaginae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Calinaga aborica|Dark freak]]
|''Calinaga aborica''
|2
|
|-
|[[Calinaga brahma|Common freak]]
|''Calinaga brahma''
|1
|
|-
|[[Calinaga buddha|Freak]]
|''Calinaga buddha''
|2
|Schedule 1, Schedule 2
|}

=== Heliconiinae ===
[[File:Close wing roosting position of Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tawny Coster WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Acraea terpsicore|Tawny coster]], ''Acraea terpsicore'']]

==== Acraeini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Acraea terpsicore|Tawny coster]]
|''Acraea terpsicore''
|
|
|-
|[[Yellow coster]]
|''Telchinia issoria''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Close wing Mud puddling position of Cethosia biblis (Drury,1773) - Red Lacewing.jpg|thumb|[[Cethosia biblis|Red lacewing]], ''Cethosia biblis'']]

==== Cethosiini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Cethosia biblis|Red lacewing]]
|''Cethosia biblis''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cethosia cyane|Leopard lacewing]]
|''Cethosia cyane''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cethosia nietneri|Tamil lacewing]]
|''Cethosia nietneri''
|1
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Queen of Spain fritillary (Issoria lathonia) underside Macedonia 2.jpg|thumb|[[Queen of Spain fritillary]], ''Issoria lathonia'']]
[[File:Open wing Nectaring of Argynnis hyperbius (Linnaeus, 1763) - Tropical Fritillary (Male) WLB IMG 0467.jpg|thumb|[[Argynnis hyperbius|Indian fritillary]], ''Argynnis hyperbius'']]
[[File:Cardinal (Argynnis pandora) female underside Dobruja.jpg|thumb|[[Argynnis pandora|Cardinal]], ''Argynnis pandora'']]

==== Argynnini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Boloria erubescens|Whitespot fritillary]]
|''Boloria erubescens''
|
|
|-
|[[Boloria generator|Hunza silverspot]]
|''Boloria generator''
|
|
|-
|[[Boloria jerdoni|Jerdon's silverspot]]
|''Boloria jerdoni''
|1
|
|-
|[[Boloria eupales|Sikkim silverspot]]
|''Boloria eupales''
|
|
|-
|[[Boloria sipora|Straightwing silverspot]]
|''Boloria sipora''
|1
|
|-
|[[Issoria altissima|Mountain silverspot]]
|''Issoria altissima''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Issoria gemmata|Gem silverspot]]
|''Issoria gemmata''
|
|
|-
|[[Queen of Spain fritillary]]
|''Issoria lathonia''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Issoria mackinnonii|Brilliant silverspot]]
|''Issoria mackinnonii''
|
|
|-
|[[Dark green fritillary]]
|''Argynnis aglaja''
|1
|
|-
|[[Argynnis childreni|Large silverstreak]]
|''Argynnis childreni''
|2
|
|-
|[[Speyeria clara|Silverstreak]]
|''Argynnis clara''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Argynnis hyperbius|Indian fritillary]]
|''Argynnis hyperbius''
|3
|
|-
|[[Argynnis jainadeva|Himalayan highbrown silverspot]]
|''Argynnis jainadeva''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Fabriciana kamala|Common silverstripe]]
|''Argynnis kamala''
|
|
|-
|[[Argynnis laodice|Eastern silverstripe]]
|''Argynnis laodice''
|1
|
|-
|[[Argynnis pandora|Cardinal]]
|''Argynnis pandora''
|1
|
|-
|[[Argynnis westphali|Yunnan fritillary]]
|''Argynnis westphali''
|
|
|}
[[File:Open wing basking position of Phalanta alcippe (Stoll,1782) - Small Leopard.jpg|thumb|[[Phalanta alcippe|Small leopard]], ''Phalanta alcippe'']]
[[File:Common leopard (Phalanta phalantha) Lumbini.jpg|thumb|[[Phalanta phalantha|Common leopard]], ''Phalanta phalantha'']]

==== Vagrantini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Phalanta alcippe|Small leopard]]
|''Phalanta alcippe''
|4
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Phalanta phalantha|Common leopard]]
|''Phalanta phalantha''
|1
|
|-
|[[Vindula erota|Cruiser]]
|''Vindula erota''
|3
|
|-
|[[Cirrochroa aoris|Large yeoman]]
|''Cirrochroa aoris''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cirrochroa nicobarica|Nicobar yeoman]]
|''Cirrochroa nicobarica''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Cirrochroa thais|Tamil yeoman]]
|''Cirrochroa thais''
|1
|
|-
|[[Cirrochroa tyche|Common yeoman]]
|''Cirrochroa tyche''
|2
|
|-
|[[Algia fasciata|Branded yeoman]]
|''Algia fasciata''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Cupha erymanthis|Rustic]]
|''Cupha erymanthis''
|4
|
|-
|[[Vagrans egista|Vagrant]]
|''Vagrans sinha''
|1
|
|}

=== Limenitidinae ===

==== Parthenini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Parthenos sylvia|Clipper]]
|''Parthenos sylvia''
|4
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Open wing basking position of Bhagadatta austenia (Moore, 1872) - Grey Commodore.jpg|thumb|[[Limenitis austenia|Grey commodore]], ''Bhagadatta austenia'']]

==== Cymothoini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Limenitis austenia|Grey commodore]]
|''Bhagadatta austenia''
|2
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Open wing basking upon cemented floor of Bassarona durga (Moore, 1858) - Blue Duke WLB IMG 4446.jpg|thumb|[[Bassarona durga|Blue duke]], ''Euthalia durga'']]
[[File:Euthalia lubentina - Firos AK - 83978796.jpeg|thumb|[[Euthalia lubentina|Gaudy baron]], ''Euthalia lubentina'']]
[[File:Open wing basking position of Tanaecia julii (Lesson, 1837) - Common Earl WLB IMG 2527.jpg|thumb|[[Tanaecia julii|Common earl]], ''Tanaecia julii'']]

==== Adoliadini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Euthalia aconthea|Common baron]]
|''Euthalia aconthea''
|5
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Euthalia alpheda|Streaked baron]]
|''Euthalia alpheda''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euthalia anosia|Grey baron]]
|''Euthalia anosia''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Euthalia confucius|Chinese duke]]
|''Euthalia confucius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euthalia curvifascia|Naga duke]]
|''Euthalia curvifascia''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Euthalia duda|Blue duchess]]
|''Euthalia duda''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Bassarona durga|Blue duke]]
|''Euthalia durga''
|2
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Euthalia franciae|French duke]]
|''Euthalia franciae''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Euthalia iva|Grand duke]]
|''Euthalia iva''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Euthalia lengba|Tytler's duchess]]
|''Euthalia lengba''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euthalia lubentina|Gaudy baron]]
|''Euthalia lubentina''
|2
|
|-
|[[Euthalia malaccana|Malay red baron]]
|''Euthalia malaccana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euthalia merta|Dark baron]]
|''Euthalia merta''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Euthalia monina|Powdered baron]]
|''Euthalia monina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euthalia nais|Baronet]]
|''Euthalia nais''
|
|
|-
|[[Euthalia nara|Bronze duke]]
|''Euthalia nara''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Euthalia narayana|Burmese baron]]
|''Euthalia narayana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euthalia patala|Grand duchess]]
|''Euthalia patala''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Euthalia phemius|White-edged blue baron]]
|''Euthalia phemius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euthalia sahadeva|Green duke]]
|''Euthalia sahadeva''
|
|
|-
|[[Euthalia saitaphernes|Mottled baron]]
|''Euthalia saitaphernes''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euthalia telchinia|Blue baron]]
|''Euthalia telchinia''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Euthalia thawgawa|Tytler's duke]]
|''Euthalia thawgawa''
|
|
|-
|[[Tanaecia cibaritis|Andaman viscount]]
|''Tanaecia cibaritis''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Tanaecia cocytus|Lavender count]]
|''Tanaecia cocytus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Tanaecia jahnu|Plain earl]]
|''Tanaecia jahnu''
|
|
|-
|[[Tanaecia julii|Common earl]]
|''Tanaecia julii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Tanaecia lepidea|Grey count]]
|''Tanaecia lepidea''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Dophla evelina|Redspot duke]]
|''Dophla evelina''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lexias cyanipardus|Great archduke]]
|''Lexias cyanipardus''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lexias dirtea|Dark archduke]]
|''Lexias dirtea''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Lexias pardalis|Archduke]]
|''Lexias pardalis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Bassarona recta|Redtail marquis]]
|''Bassarona recta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Bassarona teuta|Banded marquis]]
|''Bassarona teuta''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Abrota ganga|Sergeant-major]]
|''Abrota ganga''
|1
|
|}
[[File:Close wing Basking of Athyma perius (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common Sergeant (5) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Athyma perius|Common sergeant]], ''Athyma perius'']]
[[File:Openwing position of Parasarpa dudu (Westwood, -1850-) - White Commodore.jpg|thumb|[[Limenitis dudu|White commodore]], ''Limenitis dudu'']]
[[File:Open wing basking position of Athyma selenophora (Kollar,1844) – Staff Sergeant (Male).jpg|thumb|[[Athyma selenophora|Staff sergeant]], ''Athyma selenophora'']]

==== Limenitidini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Tacola larymna|Great sergeant]]
|''Tacola larymna''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Auzakia|Commodore]]
|''Auzakia danava''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neurosigma|Panther]]
|''Neurosigma siva''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Moduza procris|Commander]]
|''Moduza procris''
|3
|
|-
|[[Athyma cama|Orange staff sergeant]]
|''Athyma cama''
|1
|
|-
|[[Athyma daraxa|Green commodore]]
|''Athyma daraxa''
|1
|
|-
|[[Athyma kanwa|Dot-dash sergeant]]
|''Athyma kanwa''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Athyma nefte|Tri-coloured sergeant]]
|''Athyma inara''
|2
|
|-
|[[Athyma opalina|Hill sergeant]]
|''Athyma opalina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Athyma orientalis|Oriental sergeant]]
|''Athyma orientalis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Athyma perius|Common sergeant]]
|''Athyma perius''
|1
|
|-
|[[Athyma pravara|Unbroken sergeant]]
|''Athyma pravara''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Athyma punctata|White-patched sergeant]]
|''Athyma punctata''
|1
|
|-
|[[Athyma ranga|Blackvein sergeant]]
|''Athyma ranga''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Athyma reta|Malay staff sergeant]]
|''Athyma reta''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Athyma rufula|Andaman sergeant]]
|''Athyma rufula''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Athyma selenophora|Staff sergeant]]
|''Athyma selenophora''
|3
|
|-
|[[Athyma whitei|Cryptic sergeant]]
|''Athyma whitei''
|1
|
|-
|[[Athyma zeroca|Small staff sergeant]]
|''Athyma zeroca''
|1
|
|-
|[[Parasarpa zayla|Bicolour commodore]]
|''Parasarpa zayla''
|
|
|-
|[[Parasarpa zulema|Scarce white commodore]]
|''Parasarpa zulema''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Limenitis asura|Studded sergeant]]
|''Limenitis asura''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Parasarpa dudu|White commodore]]
|''Limenitis dudu''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Limenitis hydaspes|Chitral white admiral]]
|''Limenitis hydaspes''
|2
|
|-
|[[Limenitis jina|Bhutan sergeant]]
|''Limenitis jina''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Limenitis ligyes|Kashmir white admiral]]
|''Limenitis ligyes''
|1
|
|-
|[[Limenitis rileyi|Mishmi admiral]]
|''Limenitis rileyi''
|1
|
|-
|[[Limenitis trivena|Indian white admiral]]
|''Limenitis trivena''
|2
|
|}
[[File:Open wing position of Lebadea martha, Fabricius, 1787 – Knight WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Lebadea martha|Knight]], ''Lebadea martha'']]
[[File:Open wing position of Pantoporia hordonia Stoll, 1790 – Common Lascar JAyanti.jpg|thumb|[[Pantoporia hordonia|Common lascar]], ''Pantoporia hordonia'']]
[[File:Neptis clinia Moore, 1872 – Sullied Sailer from Parambikulam (7).jpg|thumb|[[Neptis clinia|Sullied sailer]], ''Neptis clinia'']]
[[File:Neptis hylas by kadavoor.JPG|thumb|[[Neptis hylas|Common sailer]], ''Neptis hylas'']]
[[File:Neptis sappho MĐ1.jpg|thumb|[[Neptis sappho|Pallas's sailer]], ''Neptis sappho'']]

==== Neptini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Lebadea martha|Knight]]
|''Lebadea martha''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pantoporia assamica|Assamese lascar]]
|''Pantoporia assamica''
|
|
|-
|[[Pantoporia aurelia|Baby lascar]]
|''Pantoporia aurelia''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pantoporia bieti|Tytler's lascar]]
|''Pantoporia bieti''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Pantoporia hordonia|Common lascar]]
|''Pantoporia hordonia''
|2
|
|-
|[[Pantoporia paraka|Perak lascar]]
|''Pantoporia paraka''
|1
|
|-
|[[Pantoporia sandaka|Extra lascar]]
|''Pantoporia sandaka''
|2
|
|-
|[[Lasippa monata|Dark sailer]]
|''Lasippa monata''
|
|
|-
|[[Lasippa tiga|Burmese sailer]]
|''Lasippa tiga''
|1
|
|-
|[[Lasippa viraja|Yellowjack sailer]]
|''Lasippa viraja''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis ananta|Yellow sailer]]
|''Neptis ananta''
|2
|
|-
|[[Neptis armandia|Variegated sailer]]
|''Neptis armandia''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis capnodes|Eliot's sailer]]
|''Neptis capnodes''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis cartica|Plain sailer]]
|''Neptis cartica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis clinia|Sullied sailer]]
|''Neptis clinia''
|4
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis cydippe|Chinese yellow sailer]]
|''Neptis cydippe''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis harita|Dingiest sailer]]
|''Neptis harita''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis hylas|Common sailer]]
|''Neptis hylas''
|5
|
|-
|[[Neptis ilira|Dark dingy sailer]]
|''Neptis ilira''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis jumbah|Chestnut-streaked sailer]]
|''Neptis jumbah''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis magadha|Spotted sailer]]
|''Neptis magadha''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis mahendra|Himalayan sailer]]
|''Neptis mahendra''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis manasa|Pale hockeystick sailer]]
|''Neptis manasa''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis miah|Small yellow sailer]]
|''Neptis miah''
|2
|
|-
|[[Neptis namba|Manipur yellow sailer]]
|''Neptis namba''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis narayana|Broadstick sailer]]
|''Neptis narayana''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis nashona|Less rich sailer]]
|''Neptis nashona''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis nata|Nata sailer]]
|''Neptis nata''
|4
|
|-
|[[Neptis nemorum|Naga hockeystick sailer]]
|''Neptis nemorum''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis nycteus|Hockeystick sailer]]
|''Neptis nycteus''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Neptis philyra|Long-streak sailer]]
|''Neptis philyra''
|1
|Subspecies not named
|-
|[[Neptis pseudovikasi|Dingy sailer]]
|''Neptis pseudovikasi''
|
|
|-
|[[Neptis radha|Great yellow sailer]]
|''Neptis radha''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis sankara|Broad-banded sailer]]
|''Neptis sankara''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis sappho|Pallas's sailer]]
|''Neptis sappho''
|1
|
|-
|[[Neptis soma|Creamy sailer]]
|''Neptis soma''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Neptis zaida|Pale green sailer]]
|''Neptis zaida''
|3
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Phaedyma aspasia|Great hockeystick sailer]]
|''Phaedyma aspasia''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Neptis columella|Short-banded sailer]]
|''Phaedyma columella''
|3
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Open wing Basking of Stibochiona nicea (Gray, 1846) - Popinjay (2) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Stibochiona nicea|Popinjay]], ''Stibochiona nicea'']]

=== Pseudergolinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Pseudergolis wedah|Tabby]]
|''Pseudergolis wedah''
|1
|
|-
|[[Dichorragia nesimachus|Constable]]
|''Dichorragia nesimachus''
|1
|
|-
|[[Stibochiona nicea|Popinjay]]
|''Stibochiona nicea''
|1
|
|}

=== Biblidinae ===
[[File:Common joker (Byblia ilithyia) male, Semliki Wildlife Reserve1.jpg|thumb|[[Byblia ilithyia|Joker]], ''Byblia ilithyia'']]

==== Biblidini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Ariadne ariadne|Angled castor]]
|''Ariadne ariadne''
|2
|
|-
|[[Ariadne merione|Common castor]]
|''Ariadne merione''
|2
|
|-
|[[Laringa horsfieldii|Banded dandy]]
|''Laringa horsfieldii''
|1
|
|-
|[[Byblia ilithyia|Joker]]
|''Byblia ilithyia''
|
|
|}

=== Apaturinae ===
[[File:Open wing moisture sucking of Mimathyma ambica (Kollar,1844) - Indian Purple Emperor (2) WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Mimathyma ambica|Indian purple emperor]], ''Mimathyma ambica'']]
[[File:Open wing position of Herona marathus marathus Doubleday, 1848 – Assam Pasha DSC 0076.jpg|thumb|[[Herona marathus|Pasha]], ''Herona marathus'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Hestina persimilis ( Westwood,1851) - Siren.jpg|thumb|[[Hestina persimilis|Siren]], ''Hestina persimilis'']]

==== Apaturini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Mimathyma ambica|Indian purple emperor]]
|''Mimathyma ambica''
|1
|
|-
|[[Mimathyma bhavana|Restricted purple emperor]]
|''Mimathyma bhavana''
|
|
|-
|[[Mimathyma chevana|Sergeant emperor]]
|''Mimathyma chevana''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Mimathyma chitralensis|Chitral emperor]]
|''Mimathyma chitralensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Hestina nama|Circe]]
|''Mimathyma nama''
|
|
|-
|[[Chitoria naga|Naga emperor]]
|''Chitoria naga''
|
|
|-
|[[Chitoria sordida|Sordid emperor]]
|''Chitoria sordida''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Chitoria ulupi|Tawny emperor]]
|''Chitoria ulupi''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Dilipa morgiana|Golden emperor]]
|''Dilipa morgiana''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Eulaceura manipuriensis|Tytler's emperor]]
|''Eulaceura manipuriensis''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Rohana parisatis|Black prince]]
|''Rohana parisatis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Rohana parvata|Brown prince]]
|''Rohana parvata''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Rohana tonkiniana|Elusive prince]]
|''Rohana tonkiniana''
|1
|
|-
|[[Euripus consimilis|Painted courtesan]]
|''Euripus consimilis''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Euripus nyctelius|Courtesan]]
|''Euripus nyctelius''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Helcyra hemina|White emperor]]
|''Helcyra hemina''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Herona marathus|Pasha]]
|''Herona marathus''
|2
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Hestina nicevillei|Scarce siren]]
|''Hestina nicevillei''
|2
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Hestina persimilis|Siren]]
|''Hestina persimilis''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Sasakia funebris|Empress]]
|''Sasakia funebris''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Sephisa chandra|Eastern courtier]]
|''Sephisa chandra''
|1
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Sephisa dichroa|Western courtier]]
|''Sephisa dichroa''
|
|
|}
[[File:Open Wing puddling of Chersonesia intermedia Martin, 1895 – Wavy Maplet WLB DSC 27559-223--.jpg|thumb|[[Chersonesia intermedia|Wavy maplet]], ''Chersonesia intermedia'']]

=== Cyrestinae ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Cyrestis cocles|Marbled map]]
|''Cyrestis cocles''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Cyrestis tabula|Nicobar map]]
|''Cyrestis tabula''
|
|Endemic
|-
|[[Cyrestis thyodamas|Common map]]
|''Cyrestis thyodamas''
|4
|
|-
|[[Chersonesia intermedia|Wavy maplet]]
|''Chersonesia intermedia''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Chersonesia risa|Common maplet]]
|''Chersonesia risa''
|1
|
|}

=== Nymphalinae ===
[[File:Araschnia prorsoides - Wang.QG - 224523257.jpeg|thumb|[[Araschnia prorsoides|Mongol]], ''Araschnia prorsoides'']]
[[File:Vanessa cardui - Viote 08.jpg|thumb|[[Vanessa cardui|Painted lady]], ''Vanessa cardui'']]
[[File:Open wing basking position of Kaniska canace (Linnaeus, 1763) - Blue Admiral.jpg|thumb|[[Kaniska canace|Blue admiral]], ''Nymphalis canace'']]

==== Nymphalini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Araschnia prorsoides|Mongol]]
|''Araschnia prorsoides''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Symbrenthia brabira|Himalayan jester]]
|''Symbrenthia brabira''
|1
|
|-
|[[Symbrenthia doni|Naga jester]]
|''Symbrenthia doni''
|
|
|-
|[[Symbrenthia hypselis|Spotted jester]]
|''Symbrenthia hypselis''
|1
|
|-
|[[Symbrenthia lilaea|Common jester]]
|''Symbrenthia lilaea''
|1
|
|-
|[[Symbrenthia niphanda|Bluetail jester]]
|''Symbrenthia niphanda''
|
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Symbrenthia silana|Scarce jester]]
|''Symbrenthia silana''
|
|Schedule 1
|-
|[[Vanessa atalanta|Red admiral]]
|''Vanessa atalanta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Vanessa cardui|Painted lady]]
|''Vanessa cardui''
|
|
|-
|[[Vanessa indica|Indian red admiral]]
|''Vanessa indica''
|2
|
|-
|[[Polygonia c-album|Comma]]
|''Nymphalis c-album''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Kaniska canace|Blue admiral]]
|''Nymphalis canace''
|1
|
|-
|[[Aglais caschmirensis|Indian tortoiseshell]]
|''Nymphalis caschmirensis''
|2
|
|-
|[[Nymphalis l-album|Commoa tortoiseshell]]
|''Nymphalis l-album''
|1
|Schedule 2
|-
|[[Aglais ladakensis|Ladakh tortoiseshell]]
|''Nymphalis ladakensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Large tortoiseshell|Blackleg tortoiseshell]]
|''Nymphalis polychloros''
|
|
|-
|[[Aglais rizana|Mountain tortoiseshell]]
|''Nymphalis rizana''
|
|
|-
|[[Polygonia undina|Pamir comma]]
|''Nymphalis undina''
|
|
|-
|[[Nymphalis xanthomelas|Large tortoiseshell]]
|''Nymphalis xanthomelas''
|1
|
|}

==== Rhinopalpini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Rhinopalpa|Wizard]]
|''Rhinopalpa polynice''
|1
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Junonia almana-Kadavoor-2016-07-11-002.jpg|thumb|[[Junonia almana|Peacock pansy]], ''Junonia almana'']]

==== Junoniini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Junonia almana|Peacock pansy]]
|''Junonia almana''
|2
|
|-
|[[Junonia atlites|Grey pansy]]
|''Junonia atlites''
|1
|
|-
|[[Junonia hierta|Yellow pansy]]
|''Junonia hierta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Chocolate pansy]]
|''Junonia iphita''
|2
|
|-
|[[Lemon pansy]]
|''Junonia lemonias''
|1
|
|-
|[[Blue pansy]]
|''Junonia orithya''
|1
|
|-
|[[Yoma sabina|Lurcher]]
|''Yoma sabina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Hypolimnas anomala|Malayan eggfly]]
|''Hypolimnas anomala''
|1
|
|-
|[[Great eggfly]]
|''Hypolimnas bolina''
|1
|
|-
|[[Danaid Egg-fly|Danaid eggfly]]
|''Hypolimnas misippus''
|
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Open wing position of Kallima inachus Doyere, 1840 – Orange Oakleaf WLB DSC 0288.jpg|thumb|[[Orange oakleaf]], ''Kallima inachus'']]

==== Kallimini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Kallima albofasciata|Andaman oakleaf]]
|''Kallima albofasciata''
|
|Schedule 2, Endemic
|-
|[[Kallima horsfieldii|Southern blue oakleaf]]
|''Kallima horsfieldii''
|
|Schedule 2, Endemic
|-
|[[Kallima inachus|Orange oakleaf]]
|''Kallima inachus''
|2
|
|-
|[[Kallima incognita|Cryptic oakleaf]]
|''Kallima incognita''
|
|
|-
|[[Kallima knyvetti|Scarce blue oakleaf]]
|''Kallima knyvettii''
|
|Schedule 2
|}
[[File:Open wing Basking of Doleschallia bisaltide (Cramer, 1777) - Autumn Leaf WLB IMG 0893.jpg|thumb|[[Doleschallia bisaltide|Autumn leaf]], ''Doleschallia bisaltide'']]

==== Doleschalliaini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Doleschallia bisaltide|Autumn leaf]]
|''Doleschallia bisaltide''
|3
|Schedule 2
|}

==== Melitaeini ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Binomial name
!Subspecies (in India)
!Comments
|-
|[[Melitaea balbina|Tytler's fritillary]]
|''Melitaea balbina''
|
|
|-
|[[Melitaea chitralensis|Chitral fritillary]]
|''Melitaea chitralensis''
|
|
|-
|[[Melitaea fergana|Fiery fritillary]]
|''Melitaea fergana''
|
|
|-
|[[Melitaea mixta|Pamir fritillary]]
|''Melitaea mixta''
|1
|
|-
|[[Melitaea pallas|Tien-Shan fritillary]]
|''Melitaea pallas''
|
|
|-
|[[Melitaea robertsi|Lesser spotted fritillary]]
|''Melitaea robertsi''
|
|
|-
|[[Melitaea shandura|Shandur fritillary]]
|''Melitaea shandura''
|
|
|-
|[[Melitaea sindura|Blackvein fritillary]]
|''Melitaea sindura''
|5
|
|}

== Regional lists ==
India has 28 states and 8 union territories. The list of butterflies for each state can be found using the index below:

=== States ===
* [[List of butterflies of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of butterflies of Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of butterflies of Assam|Assam]]
* [[List of butterflies of Bihar|Bihar]]
* [[List of butterflies of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
* [[List of butterflies of Goa|Goa]]
* [[List of butterflies of Gujarat|Gujarat]]
* [[List of butterflies of Haryana|Haryana]]
* [[List of butterflies of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of butterflies of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
* [[List of butterflies of Karnataka|Karnataka]]
* [[List of butterflies of Kerala|Kerala]]
* [[List of butterflies of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[List of butterflies of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[List of butterflies of Manipur|Manipur]]
* [[List of butterflies of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
* [[List of butterflies of Mizoram|Mizoram]]
* [[List of butterflies of Nagaland|Nagaland]]
* [[List of butterflies of Odisha|Odisha]]
* [[List of butterflies of Punjab|Punjab]]
* [[List of butterflies of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
* [[List of butterflies of Sikkim|Sikkim]]
* [[List of butterflies of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of Lepidoptera of Telangana|Telangana]]
* [[List of butterflies of Tripura|Tripura]]
* [[List of butterflies of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of butterflies of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of butterflies of West Bengal|West Bengal]]

=== Union territories ===
* [[List of butterflies of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[List of butterflies of Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
* [[List of butterflies of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
* [[List of butterflies of Delhi|Delhi]]
* [[List of butterflies of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[List of butterflies of Ladakh|Ladakh]]
* [[List of butterflies of Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
* [[List of butterflies of Pondicherry|Pondicherry]]

=== Non state-wise lists ===
The following non state-wise lists of butterflies can be found using the index below:

* [[List of butterflies of the Western Ghats]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Butterflies and moths of India}}
{{Asia in topic|List of butterflies of}}

{{Category:Lists of butterflies of India}}
{{Category:Lists of fauna of India}}

Round2hell

2026-03-19T14:49:13Z

Rik:

{{short description|Indian YouTube channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox youtube channel
| image = Round2hell.jpeg
| birth_date =
| other_names = R2H
| occupation = {{Hlist|[[YouTubers]]|actors}}
| youtube_handle = Round2hell
| youtube_display_name =

| youtube_years_active = 20 Oct 2016–present
| youtube_genre = {{Hlist|Comedy|science fiction}}
| youtube_subscribers = 36.3 million
| youtube_views = 3.80 billion
| stats_update = January 2026
}}

'''Round2hell''' (styled as '''R2H''') is an Indian YouTube channel and comedy group from [[Moradabad|Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh]], consisting of '''Zayn Saifi''', '''Nazim Ahmed''', and '''Wasim Ahmad'''. Launched in October 2016, the trio is known for [[sketch comedy]], [[Short film|short films]] and [[science fiction]] content often exploring themes of friendship, family, and societal quirks. With over 35 million subscribers by 2025, Round2hell is among India's most popular YouTube channels, recognised for videos like ''Aladdin'' and ''Zombie: The Living Dead'', the latter named YouTube's most trending video of 2021. The group won the Reel Star Sketch Comedy Creator of the Year at Creators United 2023.

Their other channel ''Round2hell Vlog'' is dedicated to vlogs and travel-related content. They are widely considered among the most popular and highest-paid [[YouTuber|YouTubers]] in India.

== History ==
Round2hell was launched on 20 October 2016, by childhood friends Zayn Saifi, Nazim Ahmed, and Wasim Ahmad, all from Moradabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Shikha |title=Round 2 Hell: क्यों और कैसा रखा गया चैनल का नाम राउंड टू हेल, देखिए VIDEO |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/viral-news/round-2-hell-why-and-how-the-channel-was-named-round-to-hell-know-the-interesting-reason/1177859 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi}}</ref>

Initially, they posted football montage videos, which received limited attention (120 views). Shift to comedy sketches in 2017, particularly ''Jio Users After 31st March'', went viral due to its commentary on [[Reliance Jio]]'s free data offer ending, marking their rise to fame.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Round2hell success story: जानें कैसे रातों रात चमक गई तीन ल |url=https://nihalnews24.com/round2hell-success-story/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The channel name ''ROUND2HELL'' originated from a drifting incident Saifi likened to a "round to hell". Their early earnings were donated to charity, and despite initial parental scepticism, their success led to family support.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-10-19 |title=The Inspiring Journey Of Youtube Platform Round2Hell And Its Road To 10 Million Subscribers |url=https://news.abplive.com/lifestyle/the-inspiring-journey-of-youtube-platform-round2hell-and-its-road-to-10-million-subscribers-1093334 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=en}}</ref>

By 2025, the channel surpassed 35 million subscribers, with videos like ''Aladdin'' and ''Mauka Mauka India vs Pakistan'' exceeding 100 million views.

== Content and style ==
Round2hell produces Hindi-language comedy sketches, short films, and science fiction content, featuring exaggerated characters and relatable scenarios drawn from Indian daily life.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2019-12-24 |title=The Youtube channel that gives you comedy, science fiction and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/round2hell-the-youtube-channel-that-gives-you-comedy-science-fiction-and-more/story-iC6kAqrFIEJo3rjovJd09K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425141331/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/round2hell-the-youtube-channel-that-gives-you-comedy-science-fiction-and-more/story-iC6kAqrFIEJo3rjovJd09K.html |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

Themes include friendship, romance, and societal issues, delivered with slapstick humor and witty dialogue. Notable works include ''Zombie: The Living Dead'' (2021, YouTube's most trending video), ''Age of Water'' (2022, IMDb 9.1 rating), and ''The Parallel World'' (2019, web series).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

Their secondary channel, ''Round2hell Vlog'', focuses on travel and personal updates. The group collaborates with actors like Mehtab Saifi and Talib Saifi but maintains the trio as core members.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=eveningdesk |date=2023-12-05 |title=Round2Hell का नया Video AADIMANAV हुआ Release,जानिए इस बार क्या है खास ? {{!}} |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/round2hell-s-new-video-aadimanav-released-know-what-is-special-this-time-2553553 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-08-30 |title=Zayn, Nazim, Wasim - The only reason of the out-of-the-box comedy of 'Round2Hell' |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/300819/heres-why-the-out-of-the-box-comedy-of-round2hell-videos-worth-watching.html |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=[[The Asian Age]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Collaborations ==
They have been invited to events like YouTube FanFest (2019) in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=YouTube Fanfest Delhi 2019 : Schedule, Participants, Venue, Entry Fee & other details |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/youtube-fanfest-2019-new-delhi-115750/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=The Indian Wire |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2019, Round2hell collaborated with [[Bhuvan Bam]] of [[Bhuvan Bam|BB Ki Vines]] for the music video of the ''[[Dhindora]]'' title track, sung by [[Kailash Kher]].<ref name=":6" />

In 2023, they collaborated with [[Netflix India]] for a promotional video, ''Is Time Travel Possible''? and received the ''Sketch Comedy Creator of the Year'' award at Creators United 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |date=2023-01-23 |title=Netflix's â€˜Is Time Travel Possibleâ€™ trends on YouTube India |url=https://www.adgully.com/netflix-s--is-time-travel-possible--trends-on-youtube-india-127607.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CnfSb-zh5bZ/?igsh=MXVwczAxam9mOGRvdA== |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

In 2024, they joined [[CarryMinati]], [[MrBeast]], and 12 other prominent YouTubers in India's largest YouTube collaboration, a MrBeast parody video.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=CarryMinati leads India’s biggest YouTube collab with 14 creators in hilarious Mr Beast parody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/carryminati-mr-beast-parody-viral-video-9635122/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Series===

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of series credits
!Year
!Title
!Season(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''EPL''
|Season 1
|
|-
|2022
|''EPL''
|Season 2
|
|-
|2024
| ''EPL''
|Season 3
|
|-
|2025
| ''EPL''
|Season 4
|
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of short film credits
!Year
!Title
!Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''1959''
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-09-14 |title=Team Round2hell Scores the Perfect IMDb Score of 10 with 1959 |url=https://newsroompost.com/entertainment/team-round2hell-scores-the-perfect-imdb-score-of-10-with-1959/5028837.html |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Newsroom Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Zombie the Living Dead''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-12-02 |title='Lut Gaye' most watched music video this year, Total Gaming top creator: YouTube India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Dec/02/lut-gaye-most-watched-music-video-this-year-total-gaming-top-creator-youtube-india-2390978.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Age of Water''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Mathures |date=6 December 2022 |title=The YouTube videos that entertained India this year |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/the-youtube-videos-that-entertained-india-this-year/cid/1902172 |work=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''AADI MANAV''
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 2023
| ''Men on Mission''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-13 |title=What India watched most on YouTube in the year 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/what-india-watched-most-on-youtube-in-the-year-2023/articleshow/105958624.cms |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[Dhindora]] (title track)''
|[[Kailash Kher]]
|[[Bhuvan Bam]]
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dhindora title song: CarryMinati, Ashish Chanchlani, Zakir Khan party with Bhuvan Bam |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhindora-title-song-carryminati-ashish-chanchlani-zakir-khan-party-with-bhuvan-bam/39d77b93e772 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Recognition ==
Round2hell has been listed among India's most popular, richest and highest-paid YouTubers by ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''[[Chegg|Chegg India]]'', and ''[[DNA India]]''. Their ''Zombie: The Living Dead'' was YouTube's most trending video of 2021. In 2023, they won the Reel Star Sketch Comedy Creator of the Year at Creators United, hosted by [[Netflix India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Virendra Singh |date=2022-09-06 |title=Top 10 YouTubers of India |url=https://mediaindia.eu/culture/top-10-youtubers-of-india/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Expert |first=Farming |title=India's Richest YouTubers: Who They Are and How They Made It Big {{!}} Farming Xpert |url=https://www.farmingxpert.com/indias-richest-youtubers-who-they-are-and-how-they-made-it-big/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chouhan |first=Mahipal Singh |date=10 August 2023 |title=Round 2 Hell: Zayn, Nazim and Wasim, 3 friends now among India's richest YouTubers, their net worth is.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/report-round-2-hell-zayn-nazim-and-wasim-3-friends-now-among-india-s-richest-youtubers-their-net-worth-is-3055311 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>

They received YouTube's Silver, Gold, and Diamond [[Play Buttons]] for subscriber milestones (100k, 1M, 10M). Their participation in YouTube Fanfest Delhi (2019) was described as a "dream come true".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manga |first=Dhiren |date=2023-12-19 |title=10 Indian YouTubers & their Net Worth 2023 |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/10-indian-youtubers-their-net-worth-2023 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=DESIblitz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Much Does YouTube Pay in India 2025: A Complete Guide |url=https://www.cheggindia.com/earn-online/how-much-does-youtube-pay-india/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=[[Chegg]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

Several of their videos, including ''Aladdin'' and ''Mauka Mauka India vs Pakistan'', have exceeded 100 million views.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=6 Most Subscribed YouTubers in India - RVCJ Media |url=https://www.rvcj.com/6-most-subscribed-youtubers-in-india/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, YouTube announced that ''Zombie: The Living Dead'', a 40-minute horror-comedy film by Round2Hell, was the most trending video of 2021. Additionally, they were also named as one of the top content creators of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-02 |title=YouTube unveils India’s most popular creators and videos of 2021 - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/youtube-unveils-indias-most-popular-creators-and-videos-of-2021-117139.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Qureshi |first=Anjum |date=13 September 2023 |title=10 Most Popular YouTubers In India |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/amp-stories-en/education/from-carryminati-to-round2hell-10-most-popular-youtubers-in-india-ws5414 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{YouTube|channel=UCt4atlExw8aj3Bm79nv1fig}}
*{{IMDb name|nm12901664}}

{{Portal bar|Internet|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Round2hell}}
[[Category:Indian comedy YouTubers]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad]]

Pambaram

2026-03-13T08:55:36Z

Rik:

{{AI-generated|date=March 2026}}

{{Short description|Spinning top native to the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
[[File:ନଟୁ.jpg|thumb|'''Pambaram''' (throwing top)]]
[[File:Lattu (Spinning top) in art.jpg|thumb|Lattu (Spinning top) in art, Kolkata, West Bengal]]
[[File:Juguetes en San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco, México 08.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''Pambaram''' ({{Langx|ta|பம்பரம்}}, {{Langx|ml|പമ്പരം}}), also called the '''Lattu '''({{Langx|ur|لٹو}}), '''Latim''' ({{Langx|bn|লাটিম}}), '''Lattoo''' ({{Langx|bho|𑂪𑂗𑂹𑂗𑂴}}) '''Bhawra''' ({{Langx|mr|भावरा}}), '''Buguri''' ({{Langx|kn|ಬುಗುರಿ}}), or '''Bongaram''' ({{Langx|te|బొంగరం}}), is a traditional throwing [[Spinning top|top]] mainly played in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yoyomuseum.com/museum_view.php?action=profiles&subaction=spintop|title=History of Spin Top|last=Oliver|first=Valerie|date=|website=www.yoyomuseum.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Lost Art of Spinning Tops |date=2011 |publisher=Lourens Bas & Arthur Verdoorn }}</ref>

== Components ==
* Wooden body
* Nail tip
* String (wrapped around the crown of the top, allowing the player to spin the top as it is thrown)

==Modern rules==
In the modern Pambaram games, players use a deft string pull to propel their tops and attempt to spin for the longest time over a smooth surface. There are formats for both individuals and groups, and the winner is the person whose top spins the longest, as measured by stopwatches or timers. In order to create a fair playing field,<ref name=":0" /> modern modifications have added standardized rules and equipment, adding to the game's appeal by requiring accuracy and inventiveness. With new challenges like targeted spins and trick moves, players' talents are put to the test even more. With the addition of a modern competitive edge, these changes preserve the game's classic elements while enhancing its appeal to players of all ages.

==Science and design==
Motion and balance are the keys to the enchantment of its spin. The Pambaram keeps its upright posture while spinning on its sharp bottom tip when you give it a good whirl. Its distinct shape and design, which combine to keep it spinning smoothly and for extended periods of time, are responsible for this balancing act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Spinning Tops |url=https://www.artofplay.com/blogs/stories/history-of-spinning-tops |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Art of Play |language=en}}</ref> If you look closely, you can notice that the Pambaram is symmetrically shaped, with its heaviest component towards the bottom to maintain balance. Its brilliantly designed sharp tip only makes one tiny contact with the ground, which reduces friction and the force that may slow it down while allowing it to spin freely.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Top, Universal Toy - Enduring Pastime |date=1973 |publisher=D.W.Gould |isbn=9780517504161 |edition=1st |location=Clarkston, N.Y. |publication-date=1973}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Motion- A Popular Exposition of Dynamics of Rotation |date=1890 |publisher=John Perry |edition=1st}}</ref>

Without even realizing it, playing with the Pambaram teaches us about the science of motion. It shows us how objects can stay balanced and why they move the way they do. It's a playful way to see science in action, from how it spins and stays upright to how it wobbles as it slows down, hinting at the forces at play.

===Importance of the spin===
At its core, mastering the spin is akin to mastering a craft. It demands patience, practice, and a deep understanding of the subtle nuances that influence the top's balance and duration of spin. Understanding the Pambaram's design—which usually consists of a wooden body and a sharp metal tip ideal for extended spins—is the first step towards mastering its spin. For a smooth launch, then tighten the string around the body, starting close to the tip and working your way upward.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Scott |date=2021-02-01 |title=How to make a spinning top spin for a long time |url=https://scovieprecisionturning.com/how-to-make-a-spinning-top-spin-for-a-long-time/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Scovie Precision Turning |language=en}}</ref> With your fingers pointing towards the top, you should be holding the top with a firm but soft grip, prepared to release it. A fast draw of the string and a well-practiced flick of the wrist are essential for a successful spin of the Pambaram. Even though it looks easy, it takes practice to get the appropriate balance of force and accuracy so that the top spins upright and stays steady for as long as possible.

===Variation of the spin===
Discovering several spins for the Pambaram adds a whole new level of play and proficiency. Every version lends a distinct flavor to the classic game while also challenging the dexterity of the spinner. The Basic Spin came first. the base of all spins, which is a simple launch with the body wrapped around the string. Before trying more difficult moves, this must be perfected.<ref name=":1" />

The One-Handed Spin is ranked second. This form includes launching the top with one hand, as the name implies. The string is wrapped normally, but now the spinner needs to use greater dexterity and coordination to grip and release the top with just one hand. The Long-Distance Spin, Finally In this form, the spinner must throw the Pambaram a distance and try to get it to land spinning. It requires practice to perfect since it blends the strength of the throw with the accuracy of the launch angle.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRDj5BJUfKw |title=பம்பரம் pambaram #Traditionalgames |language=en |access-date=2024-04-03 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

=== Importance of the material ===
The performance, longevity, and spinning experience of a Pambaram are significantly influenced by the material used in its construction. [[Hardwood|Hardwoods]] like [[teak]] and [[rosewood]] are used to build traditional tops because of their strength and the long, smooth spins they allow. The distinctive wood grains of these woods also give each top its own unique look. The hardness and sharpness of the metal tips, which are usually made of [[steel]] or [[brass]], are crucial for minimizing friction and producing long spins, as well as for the top's overall performance and balance. With recent developments, polymers and composite materials have become available, providing more durable and lighter options for novices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metal Spinning Tops Better than Plastic Tops |url=https://www.brucecharlesdesigns.com/blogs/news/metal-spinning-tops-better-than-plastic-tops |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Bruce Charles Designs |language=en}}</ref>

Furthermore, the influence these materials have on the environment is now a major factor, driving the need for [[Environmentally friendly|eco-friendly solutions]] and [[sustainable sourcing]]. The delight and creativity of spinning are thus enhanced by the blend of tradition, innovation, and ecological concern that can be seen in the material choice of a Pambaram.

==Folklore==
[[File:Tamil children playing Pambaram, a typical Tamil Game near Madurai.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Tamil children playing Pambaram, near Madurai]]

Kerala's spinning top, the Pambaram, tells stories as captivating as it spins. It is more than just a toy; it is a [[Cultural icon|cultural symbol]] that represents identity and peace within the community and is intertwined into local [[folklore]]. The Pambaram, which represents the fusion of earthy and divine components and reflects the cyclical aspect of life, is said to have been made by artists who were inspired by the balance of nature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=10 traditional Indian toys that are good for play and the planet |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/10-traditional-indian-toys-that-are-good-for-play-and-the-planet-112527097.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-SG}}</ref>

Folktales sometimes depict the Pambaram as an instrument for wisdom-transfer and storytelling, rather than only for amusement. Its whirling is compared to life's never-ending journey, imparting resilience and equilibrium. Community gatherings centered on Pambaram contests highlighted the toy's significance in strengthening bonds among the community by celebrating talent, harmony, and shared delight.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Craftdeals in |date=2023-05-26 |title=The Fascinating History of the Spinning Toy |url=https://craftdeals.in/the-fascinating-history-of-the-spinning-top/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Craftdeals.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The lore of the Pambaram, a symbol of cultural pride, never stops inspiring, fusing skill, community spirit, and the passing down of ideals through the generations to ensure its legacy lives on.

Moreover, Pambaram festivals became a cornerstone of community life, where the spectacle of spinning tops brought together people from all walks of life. Competitions were held, not just in the spirit of rivalry but as celebrations of skill, innovation, and shared joy. These festivals underscored the unity and [[Diversity, equity, and inclusion|diversity]] of the community, weaving the individual stories into a collective narrative.

==Modern assimilation==
The incorporation of the Pambaram into children's informal gambling activities is one of the most fascinating modern adaptations of the game. These days, youngsters compete in these playground versions not simply to see who can spin the longest or pull off the most complicated feats, but also to place bets,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-04 |title=UrbanTokri: Traditional Game Series: The TRADITIONAL BAMBARAM |url=https://www.urbantokri.com/blog/traditional-games-bambaram |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.urbantokri.com |language=en}}</ref> making it a high-stakes game of skill and luck. Even though it's lighthearted and limited to little bets like candy or pocket money, this gambling component adds a sense of risk and reward and intensifies the pleasure of the classic game.

Additionally, the Pambaram has been used in classrooms as a useful teaching aid for [[physics]] subjects like [[torque]], [[Gyroscope|gyroscopic stabilisation]], and [[angular momentum]]. Instructors have used the allure of the spinning top to illustrate these ideas to students, helping to make abstract concepts understandable and interesting. The Pambaram has also benefited from the digital age, as evidenced by the thriving online forums and social networking sites that feature devotees sharing tips, methods, and unique designs.

==See also==
* [[Gasing pangkah]]
* [[Yo-yo]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Traditional sports of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]
[[Category:Spinning tops]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2015

2026-03-07T07:24:25Z

Rik: new.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of [[Bengali language]] films released in [[India]] in 2015.
{{Bengali films}}




== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J A N U A R Y
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''2'''
| ''[[Ebar Shabor]]''
|[[Arindam Sil]]|| [[Saswata Chatterjee]], Ahanaf, [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[June Malia]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], Debaleena Dutt, [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] || [[Reliance Entertainment]] || [[Action film|Action]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
||<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ebar Shabor - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/Ebar-Shabor/articleshow/45740164.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| ''Troyee''
|Raaj Mukherjee|| [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Badshah Moitra]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] || || [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite news|title=Troyee|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Troyee/movie-review/45806624.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Troyee|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/troyee-movie-7563|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''9'''
|''[[Lorai: Play to Live|Lorai]]''
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Indrasish Roy]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''16'''
|''[[Open Tee Bioscope]]''
|[[Anindya Chatterjee]], [[Shoojit Sircar]]
|[[Riddhi Sen]], Surangana Banerjee, [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]], Dhee Majumder, Rajarshi Nag, [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], Sohini Sarkar, Ambarish Bhattacharya, [[Aparajita Auddy]], Biswanath Basu, [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|[[Shoojit Sircar]], Ronnie Lahiri
|[[Coming-of-age story|Coming of age]]
|
|-
| ''[[Romeo vs Juliet]]''
|[[Ashok Pati]]|| [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Mahiya Mahi]] || [[Eskay Movies]] || [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Comedy film|comedy]]
||<ref>{{cite web|title=Romeo vs Juliet Releasing 16th January|url=http://www.banglanews24.com/beta/fullnews/bn/342796.html|access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''23'''
|''[[Chotoder Chobi]]''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|Debalina Roy, Dulal Sarkar
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = In Pics: Chotoder Chobi premiere - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/In-Pics-Chotoder-Chobi-premiere/articleshow/46001186.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Herogiri]]''
|[[Rabi Kinagi]]|| [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]] || [[Surinder Films]] || [[Action film|Action]], [[Comedy film|comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]]
||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dev shoots for action sequence himself|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/IN-PICS-Dev-shoots-for-action-sequence-himself/articleshow/45492450.cms|access-date=13 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''30'''
|''Bodhon''
|Ayananshu Banerjee
|Arpita Pal, Joy Sengupta, Gouri Ghosh, Mamata Shankar, Partho Ghosh, Prabir Das, Ahana Karmakar, Samriddha Pal, Dolly Basu, Sayani Ghosh, [[Debshankar Haldar]], Soumitra Chatterjee, Koneenica Banerjee
|Ayananshu Banerjee
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Bodhon|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/bodhon-movie-7727|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''Chhutti Aar Picnic''
|[[Shomshuklla]] Das
|Shahana Chatterjee, Uditvanu Das, Sohini Mukherjee Roy
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Chhutti aar Picnic|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/chhutti-aar-picnic-movie-7722|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |F E B R U A R Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''7'''
|''Glamour''
|Mahua Chakraborty
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty|Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Parno Mittra|Parno Mitra]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]]
|
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Glamour Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Glamour/movie-review/46188262.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''20'''
|''Cocktail''
|[[Swapan Saha]]
|Sib, Simmy, [[Rajatava Dutta]], Abhishek chatterjee, Biswanath basu, Subhashish, Bodhiswatto, Aindol
|Jyoti Film Production
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Hriday Haran]]''
|Arghya Mukherjee
|Shikhar Srivastava, Ranjit Barui, [[Ena Saha]], [[Laboni Sarkar]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Hriday Haran|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/hriday-haran-movie-7831|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ichchhemotir Gappo]]''
|Adinath Das
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], Tanushree Chakraborty, [[Aparajita Auddy]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Kader Kuler Bou''
|Soubhik Kundu
|Koneenica Banerjee, [[Arindam Sil]], Sankar Debnath
|
|[[Action film|Action]], [[Crime film|crime]], [[Drama film|drama]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''27'''
|''Bheetu''
|Utsav Mukherjee
|[[Parno Mittra]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], Sudiptaa Chakraborty, Saheb Bhattacharjee, [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee|Kamaleswar Mukherjee]]
|Aadidev Motion Pictures, Raw Stock Motion Pictures
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
|''Disha''
|Sanjoy Bardhon
|Swarnali Poddar, Piu Mondal, Partha Pratim Roy, Syed Mudasar
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Mystery film|mystery]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |M A R C H
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''6'''
|''Park Street''
|Partho Mukerjee
|Firdaus, Dolon Roy, Sudip Mukherjee, Amitava Bhattacharjee
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Park Street|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/park-street-movie-7898|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''20'''
|''Niyoti''
|Bablu Samaddar
|[[Ranjit Mallick]], Soumitra Chatterjee, Anup Kumar, Santu Mukhopadhyay
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Niyoti|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/niyoti-movie-8011|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shajarur Kanta (2015 film)|Shajarur Kanta]]''
|Saibal Mitra
|Dhritiman Chatterjee, Konkona Sen Sharma, Indraneil Sengupta
|Macneill Media
|[[Crime film|Crime]], [[Mystery film|mystery]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''27'''
|''Ajana Batas''
|Anjan Das
|Paoli Dam, [[Kaushik Sen]], Shankar Chakraborty
|Vignes Films
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''1+1=3 Ora Tinjon''
|Ashok Biswanathan
|Ashok Biswanathan, Debdoot Ghosh, June Malia
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: 1+1=3 Oru Tinjon|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/113-oru-tinjon-movie-8036|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |A P R I L
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''10'''
|''[[Bitnoon]]''
|Abhijit Guha, Sudeshna Roy
|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]], Saayoni Ghosh, Gargi Roy Chowdhury
|Jalan International
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|
|-
|''[[Amanush 2]]''
|Rajib Biswas
|[[Soham Chakraborty]], Anindya Chatterjee, Payel Sarkar
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Crime film|Crime]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''24'''
|''89''
|Manoj Michigan
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], Shataf Figar
|Magic Motionz Moviez
|[[Crime film|Crime]], [[Mystery film|mystery]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|
|-
|''[[Jhumura]]''
|Anindya Chatterjee
|Sohini Sarkar, Samadarshi Dutta, Pradipkumar Chakrabarty, Parthasarathi Chakraborty, Partho Sarathi Chakraborty
|Ultimax Production
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Historical fiction|historic]], [[Musical film|musical]]
|
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |M A Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''1'''
|''[[Bela Seshe]]''
|[[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Swatilekha Sengupta]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Aparajita Auddy]], [[Monami Ghosh]], Shankar Chakrabarty, Indrani Dutta, Anindya Chatterjee, [[Sohini Sengupta]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Sujoy Prasad Chatterjee, Sohag Sen, [[Barun Chanda]]
|[[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Exclusive pics from the premiere of Belaseshe - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Exclusive-pics-from-the-premiere-of-Belaseshe/articleshow/47148608.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhalobasa Bhalobasa''
|Rabi Kinagi
|Sabyasachi Chakrabarty, Hiran Chatterjee, Srabanti Malakar
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Bhalobasa Bhalobasa|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/bhalobasa-bhalobasa-movie-8281|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nirbaak]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
|[[Anjan Dutt]], [[Jisshu Sengupta|Jishu Sengupta]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Fantasy film|Fantasy]], [[Musical film|musical]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''8'''
|''[[Jogajog (2015 film)|Jogajog]]''
|Shekhar Das
|Shuvolagna Mukherjee, Bratya Basu, [[Ananya Chatterjee]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''[[Kadambari (2015 film)|Kadambari]]''
|Suman Ghosh
|Konkona Sen Sharma, [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Kaushik Sen]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Historical fiction|historic]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''15'''
|''Kamdev To Karmayogi''
|Subhash Ahuja
|Meher, Manish Sharma, Subhash Ahuja
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Kamdev To Karmayogi|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/kamdev-to-karmayogi-movie-8348|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Room No. 103]]''
|Aniket Chattopadhyay
|Ankita, [[Anjana Basu]], Soumitra Chatterjee
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|
|-
|''Asche Bochor Abar Hobe''
|Sushanto Das
|Arjun Chakraborty, Rittika Sen, Anindya Chatterjee
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Asche Bochor Abar Hobe|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/asche-bochor-abar-hobe-movie-8381|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''22'''
||''[[Jamai 420]]''
|Rabi Kinagi
|Biswanath Basu, Mimi Chakraborty, Raj Chakraborty
||[[Surinder Films]], [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
||[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''29'''
|''Family Album''
|Mainak Bhaumik
|[[Swastika Mukherjee]], Paoli Dam, Riya Sen
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
! rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |J U N E
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''5'''
|''Shirshendur Diary''
|Sudipta De
|Manish Chakraborty, Meghna Halder
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Shirshendur Diary|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/shirshendur-diary-movie-8460|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''She''
|Raja Banerjee
|Tamal Roy, Rajesh Sharma, Kamalika Chanda
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: She|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/she-movie-8462|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''Bangal Ghati Fata Fati''
|Prabir Nandi
|Jishu Sengupta, Koel Mallick, Manoj Mitra, Sabitri Chattopadhyay
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Bangal Ghati Fata Fati|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/bangal-ghati-fata-fati-movie-8448|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''Auto No. 9696''
|Aritra Mukherjee
|Arjun Chakraborty, Amrita Chattopadhyay, Ankita Majumder
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Auto No. 9696|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/auto-no-9696-movie-8449|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''12'''
|''[[Bawal (film)|Bawal]]''
|Biswaroop Biswas
|Arjun Chakraborty, Saayoni Ghosh, Ritabhari Chakraborty
|KR Movies
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''19'''
|''Guru Kripa''
|Prodyut Bhattacharya
|Debraj Roy, Santana Basu, Mrinal Mukherjee, Srabanti Malakar, Rohan, Pamela, Amlan, Sabyasachi Dey Roy, Sayak Chakraborty
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Guru Kripa|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/guru-kripa-movie-8542|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naxal (film)|Naxal]]''
|Debaditya Bandyopadhyay
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Historical fiction|historic]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''26'''
|''[[Asha Jaoar Majhe]]''
|Aditya Vikram Sengupta
|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Boudi.com''
|Raaj Mukherjee
|Saswata Chatterjee, Rachana Banerjee, Samrat Mukherjee, Mainak Banerje
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Boudi.com|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/boudicom-movie-8582|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
||''Roga Howar Shohoj Upay''
|Debaloy Bhattacharya
||[[Biswanath Basu]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Riya Sen]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]]
||[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
||[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
||
|-
|''[[Dakbaksho]]''
|Abhijit Choudhury, Prosenjit Choudhury|||Satrajit Sarkar, Supriti Choudhury, Pradip Roy
|
||[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Mystery film|mystery]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
||
|}

== July–September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J U L Y
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''3'''
|''Bhrashta Tara''
|Ashoke Viswanathan
|Bhaswar Chatterjee, Rajesh Sharma, Biswajit Chakraborty, Nandini Ghosal, Sucheta Nath, Sophie Maulik, Sumit Ghoshal, Avik Ghosh, Pralhad Chatterjee
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Bhrashta Tara|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/bhrashta-tara-movie-8654|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''Sesh Anka''
|Tathagata Banerjee
|Mir Afsar Ali, Sanjeeb Banerjee, Tathagata Banerjee
|Macneill Media
|[[Mystery film|Mystery]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''10'''
|''Eka Ebong Eka''
|Susanta Paul Chowdhury
|Abhishek Chatterjee, Soumitra Chatterjee, Mahua Sen, Debopriya, Priyanka Ghosh, Ratri Goswami
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Eka Ebong Eka|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/eka-ebong-eka-movie-8672|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''Manihara''
|Subhabrata Chatterjee
|Chiranjeet Chakraborty, Sohini Sarkar, Argha Deep Chatterjee, Neel Mukherjee, [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Manasi Sinha]], Late Kunal Padhi, Debranjan Nag, Rii Sen
|69
|[[Horror film|Horror]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Manihara Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Manihara/movie-review/48085360.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''17'''
| ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]''
|[[Raja Chanda]]|| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Puneet Issar]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], Biswajit Chakraborty, Tulika Bose, Soumili Ghosh, Vivaan Ghosh, [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay|Subhashish Mukherjee]], Supriyo Datta, [[Koena Mitra]] || [[Surinder Films]], [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/In-Pics-The-premiere-of-Besh-Korechi-Prem-Korechi/articleshow/48124756.cms|title=In Pics: The premiere of Besh Korechi Prem Korechi|work=[[the Times of India]]|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''Swade Alhade'' (direct to TV)
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|[[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Biswanath Basu]] and [[Priyanka Sarkar|Priyanka]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = In Pics: Prosenjit, Sreelekha Mitra at Swade Ahlade premiere - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Prosenjit-Sreelekha-Mitra-spotted-at-movie-premiere/articleshow/48111477.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''31'''
|''[[Choukaath]]''
|Raja Dasgupta
|[[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], Ardhendu Banerjee, [[Bidipta Chakraborty]], Saayoni Ghosh
|Kausik Mitra Films
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
! rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |A U G U S T
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''7'''
|''Anubrata Bhalo Achho? And a Verse Called Life''
|Partha Sen
|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], Debolina Dutta
|Frames
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Anubrata Bhalo Acho Bengali Movie - Preview, Trailers, Gallery, Review, Events, Synopsis|url = http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17605/bengali/anubrata-bhalo-acho/|website = nowrunning|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
|''Khelaghor''
|Raaj Mukherjee
|Pallavi Chatterjee, Krishna Kishore Mukherjee, Pamela, Nivedita, Sakuntala Barua, Sudip Mukherjee, Pulokita
|Purple Motion
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Shesher Kobita''
|[[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
|Rahul Bose, Konkona Sen Sharma, Swastika Mukherjee, Debdut Ghosh, Tulika Basu
|
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shesher Kobita Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Shesher-Kobita/movie-review/48412679.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''14'''
|''[[Agnee 2]]''
|Iftakar Chowdhury
|Om Goswami, [[Amit Hasan]], [[Mahiya Mahi]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Action film|Action]]
|
|-
|''Ekti Asharey Golpo''
|Arindam Chakraborty
|Abir Chatterjee, Payel Sarkar
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Ekti Asharey Golpo|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/ekti-asharey-golpo-movie-8203|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ek Nadir Galpo: Tale of a River]]''
|[[Samir Chanda]]
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Shweta Basu Prasad|Shweta Prasad]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Mayukh Mukherjee]], [[Aanjjan Srivastav|Anjan Srivastav]], Nirmal Kumar, [[Montu Moha Patra]], [[Krishna Kishore Mukherjee]]
|R.P Techvision
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Ghente Ghaw Ektu Onnorokom''
|Neel Mukherjee
|Arpita Chatterjee, Jisshu Sengupta
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details: Ghente Ghaw Ektu Onnorokom|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/ghente-ghaw-ektu-onnorokom-movie-8204|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nirbashito]]''
|[[Churni Ganguly]]
|[[Churni Ganguly]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], Lars Bethk, [[Lia Boysen]], [[Martin Wallström|Martin Wallstrom]], Joakim Granberg
|[[Kaushik Ganguly Productions]]
|[[Biographical film|Biography]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[news]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''28'''
|''[[Natoker Moto]]''
|Debesh Chatterjee
|[[Bratya Basu]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Rajatava Dutta|Rajatabha Dutta]], [[Roopa Ganguly|Rupa Ganguly]], Saayoni Ghosh
|Friend's Communication
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Chitra''
|Abhigyan Mukherjee
|[[Debargha Mukherjee]], [[Neel Bhattacharya]], [[Sushmita Bhattacharya]]
|Mahavir Productions
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|
|-
|''[[Kalkijug]]''
|Debarati Gupta
|Bratya Basu, Debshankar Halder, [[Locket Chatterjee]], Rimjhim Mitra, [[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]], Paulami Basu
|Macneill Engineering
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|-
! rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |S E P T E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''4'''
|''[[Jomer Raja Dilo Bor]]''
|Abir Sengupta
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], Payel Sarkar, Rajatabha Dutta
|Pramod Films and Anushree Abir Entertainment
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Musical film|musical]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|
|-
|''Love In Facebook''
|Pratik Biswas
|George Baker, Santana Basu, Narugopal Mandal, Pratik Biswas, Debraj Roy & others
|Pratik Biswas
|Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''11'''
|''Dwitiyo Ripu''
|Abhijit Choudhury
|Bitan Biswas, Biswajit Chakraborty, Debashree Chakrobarty
|Kolkata Movie Station
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]''
|Raj Chakraborty
|Bonny Sengupta, Koushani Mukherjee, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Tulika Bose, [[Swastika Mukherjee|Swastika]], Moushumi Saha||[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]]
|
|-
|''[[Teenkahon]]''
|Bauddhayan Mukherji
|[[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Rituparna Sengupta, Ananya Sen, [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], Barshan Seal, Bhadra Basu, Biswanath Basu, Dhritiman Chatterjee, [[Joy Sengupta]], Kaushik Mukherjee, Madhuparna Kumar, Manasi Sinha, Monu Mukhopadhyay, Panchanan Banerjee, Parvathy Baul, Phalguni Chatterjee, Pratirup Ghosh, Ratan Sarkhel, [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty|Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], Suman Mukhopadhyay, Sumanta Mukherjee
|Little Lamb Films
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Mystery film|mystery]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''18'''
|''[[Aashiqui (2015 film)|Aashiqui: True Love]]''
|[[Ashok Pati]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], Arindam Dutta, [[Rajatava Dutta|Rajatabha Dutta]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|
|-
|''Aro Ekbar''
|Ariziet Halder
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Indrani Haldar]], [[Roopa Ganguly|Rupa Ganguly]], Saheb Bhattacharya
|Rag Anurag Creations
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Prime Time''
|Ipsita Seal
|Indraneil Sengupta, Paoli Dam, Arijit Dutta, Dulal Lahiri, Joyjit Banerjee, Rana Mitra, Sohini Sanyal, Subhrojeet Dutta
|Ram Cine Arts
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Prime Time Cast and Crew - Bengali Movie Prime Time Cast and Crew|url = http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17827/bengali/prime-time/cast-and-crew/|website = nowrunning|access-date = 2016-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''25'''
|''Mayer Biye''
|[[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]], [[Sudeshna Roy]]
|Saayoni Ghosh, [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty|Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]]
|
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! Genre
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |O C T O B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''2'''
|''[[Babar Naam Gandhiji]]''
|Pavel
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Saayoni Ghosh|Sayoni Ghosh]], Surajit Mukherjee
|Jalan International
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = How Bapu Meets This Street Urchin in 'Babar Naam Gandhiji'|url = http://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/how-bapu-meets-this-street-urchin-in-babar-naam-gandhiji-1225270|website = NDTV.com|access-date = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''16'''
|''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (2015 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''
|[[Anjan Dutt]]
|[[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Ushasie Chakraborty]], [[Kaushik Sen|Koushik Sen]], [[Chandan Sen]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], Sagnik Chatterjee, Jayjit Banerjee, Prantik Banerjee, Debdut Ghosh, Ankitaa Chakraborty
|R.P Techvision
|[[Crime film|Crime]], [[Mystery film|mystery]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|
|-
|''Cross Connection-2''
|[[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]], [[Sudeshna Roy]]
|Rimjhim Mitra, Tonushree Chakraborty, Sujan Mukherjee, Sudeshna Roy, Shayan Munshi
|
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cross Connection 2 Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Cross-Connection-2/movie-review/49438770.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Katmundu]]''
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|Soham Chakraborty, [[Abir Chatterjee]], Rudranil Ghosh, Siddharth Sikdar, Srabanti Chatterjee, Mimi Chakraborty, Saswata Chatterjee, Roja Paromita Dey, Malobika Banerjee, Ekavali Khanna, Sanjit Mahato
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''[[Rajkahini]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
||[[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], [[Joya Ahsan]], [[Sayani Ghosh]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Parno Mittra|Parno Mitra]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Ridhima Ghosh]], [[Lily Chakravarty (actress)|Lily Chakravarty]], [[Ena Saha]], [[Ditipriya Roy]], [[Rudranil Ghosh|Rudraneel Ghosh]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], Biswajit Chakraborty, [[Kanchan Mullick|Kanchan Mallick]], [[Nigel Akkara]]||[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
||[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Historical fiction|historic]]
||<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rajkahini premiere a star-studded affair! - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Rajkahini-premiere-a-star-studded-affair/articleshow/49439761.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2015-12-27}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]''
|[[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''30'''
|''[[Abby Sen]]''
|[[Atanu Ghosh]]
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay|Paran Banerjee]]
|Friends Communication
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Science fiction film|sci-fi]]
|
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |N O V E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''6'''
|''Ludo''
|[[Qaushiq Mukherjee]], Nikon
|[[Kamalika Banerjee]], Joyraj Bhattacharya, Soumendra Bhattacharya
|Indie/multiple
|[[Fantasy film|Fantasy]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|
|-
|''[[Not a Dirty Film]]''
|Ranadeep Sarker
|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]], [[Mumtaz Sorcar]], [[Ena Saha]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
|Indira Initiatives
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Not a DIRTY FILM {{!}}{{!}} a Film by Ranadeep Sarker|url = http://www.banglamovies.in/2015/04/not-dirty-film-film-by-ranadeep-sarker.html|website = Bangla Movies - Latest Bengali Movies {{!}} Entertainment|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''13'''
|''Selfie''
|Sovan Tarafder
|Soumitra chatterjee, [[Anindya Bannerjee]], Sohini Sarkar, Dola chakrabarty, Mir Debapratim Dasgupta
|T.S.K Films
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Selfie Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Selfie/movie-review/49799931.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''20'''
|''AranyaDeb''
|Debasish Sen Sharma
|[[Jisshu Sengupta|Jishu Sengupta]] Mir Afsar Ali, [[Sreelekha Mitra]] (limited release)
|Kausik Mitra Films
|[[Fantasy film|Fantasy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''27'''
|''[[Black (2015 Bengali film)|Black]]''
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Bidya Sinha Saha Mim]]
|DAG Creative Media, [[Viacom 18 Motion Picture]]
|[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Action film|action]]
|
|-
|''Onyo Opalaa''
|[[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|[[Roopa Ganguly|Rupa Ganguly]], [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]. [[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay|Bhaswar Chatterjee]], [[Nigel Akkara]]
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
! rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |D E C E M B E R
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''4'''
|''Chitrahar @ Cinema Noy Ganema''
|Sankho Banerjeea
|Shaheb Bhattacharjee, [[Mumtaz Sorcar]], Madhobi Mukhopadhay, Shataf Figar, Ena Saha, Locket Chatterjee, Kharaj Mukherjee, Rajatava Dutta, Saibal Bhattacharyay, Sourav Chatterjee
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Filmipop details - Chitrahar @ Cinema Noy Ganema|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/chitrahar-at-cinema-noy-ganema-movie-10064|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
|-
|''Ghuri''
|Ringo Banerjee
|[[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Joy Sengupta
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Monchuri''
|Premasish Dey
|[[Koneenica Banerjee|Koneenica Bandopadhya]], [[Biswanath Basu|Biswanath Bose]], Daminee Bose
|Eastern Entertainment
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Monchuri Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Monchuri/movie-review/50139726.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''11'''
|''Amar Prithibi''
|Partha Sarathi Joarder
|Soumitra Chatterjee, Bhaswar Chatterjee, Malobika Banerjee
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
|''Dugdhonokhor-The Milky Nails''
|Sourav Sarkar
|Mahua Halder, Ena Saha, Anindya Banerjee
|
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dugdhonokhor-The Milky Nails|url = http://www.filmipop.com/movies/dugdhonokhor-the-milky-nails-movie-10125|website = www.filmipop.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''18'''
|''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]''
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], Shadab Kamal, [[Adil Hussain]], [[Harsh Chhaya]], [[Rachel White (actress)|Rachel White]], [[Deepankar De]], [[June Malia]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]], [[Surinder Films]]
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]], [[Action film|action]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''25'''
| ''[[Arshinagar]]''
|[[Aparna Sen]]|| [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Rittika Sen]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]], [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay|Subhashish Mukherjee]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], [[Jaya Seal|Jaya Seal Ghosh]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Aparajita Auddy]], Anindya Banerjee, Anirban Bhattacharya, [[Parvathy Baul]]
| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|| [[Drama film|Drama]], [[Musical film|musical]], [[Romance film|romance]]
|| <ref>{{Cite web|title = Anjan Dutt, Aparna Sen and Srijit set to adapt Bard's tales|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/anjan-dutt-aparna-sen-and-srijit-set-to-adapt-bard-s-tales/story-8lgdO41RHq6JHPRM1q2vYP.html|website = Hindustan Times|access-date = 2015-12-27}}</ref>
|-
|''Telephone''
|Subrata Dey
|Soumitra Chatterjee, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Sudip Mukherjee, Avinandan Dutta
|
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{2015 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 2015}}
[[Category:2015 in Indian cinema|Bengali]]
[[Category:Lists of 2015 films by language|Bengali]]
[[Category:2015 Bengali-language films| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2015]]

Bhairava (film)

2026-03-05T02:38:34Z

Rik: correct intro for accuracy and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|1994 film directed by Raj Kishor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= August 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date= August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhairava
| image = Bhairava1994.jpg
| director = Raj Kishor
| producer = N. Kumar
| story = Raj Kishor
| screenplay = Raj Kishor
| starring = [[Jaggesh]] Nandini Singh [[Vajramuni]]
| music = M. M. Keeravani
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Films
| released = {{Film date|1994}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Bhairava''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Kannada language]] romantic [[action film]] written and directed by Raj Kishor and produced by N. Kumar. The film stars [[Jaggesh]] in the role of a speech impaired young man, Bhairava "Bhaira", enslaved by his uncle and [[Vajramuni]] as the tyrannical uncle, Nanjegowda. Nandini Singh played the female lead while Doddanna and [[Pramila Joshai]] played other key roles. The film has a musical score by [[M. M. Keeravani]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reelbox.tv/kannada/movie/watch-bhairava-kannada-movie-online-1994|title=Bhairava on reelbox|website=reelbox.tv}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/bhairava.htm|title=Bhairava Bharatmovies|accessdate=4 August 2019|website=bharatmovies.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/bhairava-1994|title=Raj Kishor movies|accessdate=4 August 2019}}</ref>

The film portrays the life of Bhairava, a speech impaired man, almost enslaved and tortured by his uncle and considered to be an expendable by the villagers. His life takes a turn after he falls in love with a doctor and in the process gets to know certain shocking secrets which forces him to unite the villagers and rebel against his master.

== Cast ==
*[[Jaggesh]]
*Nandini Singh
*[[Vajramuni]]
*[[Pramila Joshai]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*Killer Venkatesh
*Ratnakar

== Soundtrack ==
*Chandana Seere Chandana -
*Love Lovuve -
*Kannada Mandidinu -

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:1994 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 action comedy films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Bulbul (2013 film)

2026-03-03T21:21:47Z

Rik: refined intro for accuracy and updated info

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bulbul
| image = Bulbul (Kannada) film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. D. Sridhar]]
| based_on = ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' (Telugu)(2010)
| producer = Meena Thoogudeepa Srinivas
| screenplay = M. D. Shridhar
| story = [[A. Karunakaran]]
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] [[Ambareesh]] [[Rachita Ram]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = A. V. Krishna Kumar
| editing = P. R. Sounder Raj
| studio = Thoogudeepa Productions
| released = {{Film date|2013|05|10||df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bul-bul-to-release-on-may-10/articleshow/19630509.cms|title=Bul Bul to release on May 10|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 April 2013}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}} 12 crore<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sandalwood Report Card |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/dec/30/sandalwood-report-card-557121.html |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=The New Indian Express|date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 25 crore<ref name=":0" />
}}
'''''Bulbul''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by M. D. Shridhar. It is a partial remake of the Telugu film ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' with the scenes in the flashback inspired from ''[[50 First Dates]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title= Rachita Ram finally selected for 'Bulbul' |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Rachita-Ram-finally-selected-for-Bulbul/articleshow/15002857.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130216065024/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/news-interviews/32697610_1_deepika-kamaiah-darshan-bulbul |url-status= live |archive-date= 16 February 2013 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 16 July 2012}}</ref> The film stars [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Ambareesh]] and debutant [[Rachita Ram]]. The music for the film was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] with lyrics penned by [[Kaviraj (Lyricist)|Kaviraj]]. The film's title is based on a song of the same name from ''[[Gaja (film)|Gaja]]'' (2008). The film released theatrically on 10 May 2013, It was the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest grossing Kannada film]] of 2013.<ref name=":0"/>

==Plot==
Amarnath and his college friends organize a reunion after several years. Amarnath lives with his wife, Chitra and son, Vijay, who is also his closest friend. Vijay is in love with his childhood friend, Kaveri daughter of Amar's friend Vishwanath (settled in Switzerland) who doesn't show much affinity towards Vijay. Meanwhile, Vijay manages to save Nisha during a [[drag racing]] competition from a rival gang, resulting in her falling for him. However he refuses to accept her love as he considers her a good friend. Nisha attempts suicide but manages to survive. Nisha's father kidnaps Vijay's friends and in order to save them he fakes a love story. He manages to fool them by narrating the story of Kaveri, his lover who landed in a comatose state because of him (inspired by 50 First Dates).

Vijay tries hard to impress Kaveri during the reunion, but his efforts fail because of her younger brother and his father's friend Appa Rao's son, Rishi. Rishi is in the good books of Vishwanath and also has feelings for Kaveri. Meanwhile, Vijay succeeds in uniting Priya, daughter of Amar's friend Ramesh with her lover, which impresses Kaveri. Slowly, as ice starts to melt between them, Nisha realises the truth and swears to seek revenge. Rishi's friend tries to kill Vijay, resulting in Amar getting an electric shock. An angry Vijay who discovers the truth thrashes Rishi and his friends much to the agitation of Amar who asks his son to leave the house. Before leaving, his mother reveals to him that Vishwanath wishes to get Kaveri married to Rishi and knowing that Vijay's presence is a possible threat to this decision and also to consolidate their friendship Amar uses the fight as an opportunity to banish Vijay. Vijay happily accepts his father's decision and leaves the house. He comes across Kaveri who reciprocates his love. But he walks away without mentioning anything. A crestfallen Kaveri who returns to the house finds that her marriage with Rishi has been fixed. However, Kaveri proclaiming her love for Vijay refuses to accept Rishi. Vishwanath understanding his mistake decides to choose Vijay as his son-in-law. Nisha's father arrives at this occasion and kidnaps Kaveri. Amar picks up Vijay who was waiting at the bus stop and takes him to the gangster's hideout. Vijay manages to overpower them and reunite with Kaveri and his family.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Vijay
* [[Ambareesh]] as Amarnath
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Kaveri
* [[Ramya Berna]] as Nisha
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Nisha's father
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Vishwanath
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as Apparao
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Subbayya
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Bobby
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Ramesha
* Sridhar Rao as Rishi
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Chitra
* Spoorthi as Priya
* [[Chikkanna]] as Chikka
* Haridas G.
* Bahubali
* Stunt Siddu
* Ramesh Babu
}}

==Production==

===Casting===
The producer wanted to bring back both Darshan and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] after 6 years, but Ramya opted out of the project.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/actress-ramya-opts-out-of-md-sridhars-bulbul/266516-71-205.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801005936/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/actress-ramya-opts-out-of-md-sridhars-bulbul/266516-71-205.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 August 2013 | title= Actress Ramya opts out of MD Sridhar's 'Bulbul' | date=17 June 2012}}</ref> Actor [[Ambareesh]] was signed to play the father role to Darshan. Bollywood actor [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] was originally the main antagonist. However, he was dropped out, following a minor scuffle during the shoot and [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] was replaced instead. The film is produced by Meena Thoogudeepa Srinivas.

=== Filming ===
The official shooting of the film began on 28 December 2012 at the [[Bengaluru International Airport]] with few scenes featuring actor [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] at the Jade Gardens near the airport. However it was disrupted following a scuffle between the crew members and Rawat. It resumed with actor [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] replacing Rawat.<ref>{{cite news |title= Bollywood villain plays spoilsport at Sandalwood shoot |url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Bollywood-villain-plays-spoilsport-at-Sandalwood-shoot/articleshow/21257619.cms |work= [[Bangalore Mirror]] |date= 28 December 2012}}</ref> Shooting also took place in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darshan-shoots-for-bulbul-in-goa/articleshow/18368544.cms|title=Darshan shoots for Bulbul in Goa|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 February 2013}}</ref> On 21 February 2013, filming been completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bul-bul-shoot-is-complete/articleshow/18610220.cms|title=Bul Bul shoot is complete|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Bulbul
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:22
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| luCrpBbqOrQ| Bulbul - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:22
| title1 = Hoo Chendu
| extra1 = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| length1 = 4:18
| title2 = Jagadalliro
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 = 4:07
| title3 = Junior Senior
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length3 = 4:08
| title4 = Nille Nille
| extra4 = [[Hemanth Kumar]]
| length4 = 4:16
| title5 = Ondu Sanje
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 = 3:57
| title6 = Nille Nille ( Reprise version)
| extra6 = Tippu
| length6 = 4:16
}}

==Release==
The film made its theatrical release across Karnataka in over 180 cinema halls on 10 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title= Bulbul to release in 160-plus theatres |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-06/news-interviews/39063657_1_film-elections-mandya-constituency |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130510052250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-06/news-interviews/39063657_1_film-elections-mandya-constituency |url-status= dead |archive-date= 10 May 2013 |date= 6 May 2013 |work= [[The Times of India]] |access-date= 16 May 2013}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 4 out of 5 stars and says "Darshan for his marvellous and lively performance. Ambareesh steals the show with his graceful performance. Rachita Ram is amazing with her dialogue delivery, body language and excellent expressions. V Harikrishna has given some excellent tunes to the lyrics of Kaviraj. Krishnakumar’s cinematography is amazing".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bul-bul/movie-review/19993546.cms?from=mdr|title=BUL BUL MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Cinematographer AV Krishna Kumar has explored good locations in Switzerland. Action by Ravi Varma needs a special mention. There could have been a little more effort at the editing desk. The Verdict: Forget the story, watch for the mass entertainment and don't miss the magic treat of Darshan and Ambareesh".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/May/11/bulbul-kannada-476179.html|title='Bulbul' (Kannada)|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=11 May 2013}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Star just like in Veera Parampare with Sudeep — just to savour their acting prowess, but that is not to be. Was one of them underutilised here? No complaints when the Bul Bul finally makes the hero’s heart her nest".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/331635/childhood-love-returns-nourished.html|title=Childhood love returns nourished|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=11 May 2013}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Though the pair of Darshan and newbie Richi Ram looks out of sync in parts, the latter looks bubbly. On the flipside, the story is a bit clichéd, with too many make-believe scenes. A family entertainer, it’s definitely a big treat for Darshan fans".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/bulbul-matadakilva-the-baton-passes/articleshow/21196058.cms|title=Bulbul Matadakilva: The baton passes|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=10 May 2013}}</ref>

==Box office==
The makers claimed the movie crossed the collections of ''[[Saarathi]]'' and would be the first Kannada movie to gross ₹50 crores <ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bulbul-still-on-a-song/articleshow/21179255.cms | title=Bulbul still on a song }}</ref> in spite of the fact that ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' had grossed ₹50 crores more than half a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mungaru-male-was-the-first-film-to-cross-rs-50-crore-at-the-box-office-as-well-as-run-for-a-year-in-a-multiplex/articleshow/75402151.cms | title=Did you know? 'Mungaru Male' was the first film to cross Rs 50 crore at the box office as well as run for a year in a multiplex | work=The Times of India | date=27 April 2020 }}</ref> However, 6 months later, contrary to the claim made by the makers, reports emerged that the movie had grossed only ₹25 crores.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bul-bul-towards-50-days/articleshow/20684044.cms | title=Bul Bul towards 50 days | work=The Times of India | date=20 June 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3046014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulbul}}
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. D. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Tiger (1979 film)

2026-03-03T20:26:45Z

Rik: basic refined details to improve readability additionally and corrected details for clarity

{{short description|1979 Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}{{Infobox film
| name = Tiger
| image = Tiger 1979 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Vidwan Kanwasri D. Prabhakar {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Rakesh Kumar
| screenplay = P. Gangadhara Rao
| producer = Parvathaneni Narayana Rao
| director = Nandamuri Ramesh
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Khoon Pasina]]''}}
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Rajinikanth]] [[Radha Saluja]] [[Subhashini]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = S. S. Lal
| editing = S. P. S. Veerappa
| studio = Nava Shakthi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1979|9|5}}
| runtime = 149 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Tiger''''' is a 1979 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]], produced by Parvathaneni Narayana Rao and directed by Nandamuri Ramesh. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Radha Saluja]] and [[Subhashini]], with music composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]. It was also Rajinikanth's 50th film as an actor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2013-01-21 |title=The man behind the idol |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-man-behind-the-idol/article4328739.ece |access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> The film is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Khoon Pasina]]'' (1977).<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Times NTR Stepped Into Amitabh Bachchan's Shoes Remaking His Movies |url=https://pycker.com/articles/7-times-ntr-stepped-into-amitabh-bachchans-shoes-remaking-his-movies |access-date=2020-12-25 |website=pyckers |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins in a village where two soulmates, Raja & Rashid, reside. As their families reciprocate despite the community, once, a dreadful dacoit, Kotinagulu, was about to slay a naive Ramadasu when Raja & Rashid's fathers impeded him. So, infuriated, Kotinagulu sets the village on fire, mingling his acolyte Ranga, which ruins the families. Raja & Rashid split, and Rashid's mother, Fathima, rears Raja. Meanwhile, Kotinagulu's wife Rukmini quits with daughter Shanti, by his diabolic shade, whom a Master shelters. Years roll by, and Raja, a gallant justice-seeking ruffian famed as Tiger and loves beauty, Rekha. Henceforth, the past still haunts him, and he is seeking vengeance. Whereat, he spots Ramadasu and initiates the hunt. Kotinagulu turns into Zamindar Jaganadham, which is his family's quest. Besides, Rashid is a CBI officer appointed to apprehend Kotinagulu and is willing to meet warfare. He forges as a burglar, Ustad, who absconded with precious diamonds. Ongoing, he is acquainted with Shanti and the two crushes. Parallelly, Kotinagulu captivates Rashid for the diamonds when he sees his family photo and comprehends the fact. Rashid smacks them and flies. Meanwhile, Kotinagulu knows Raja and allots Ranga to wipe him out when Ramadasu unveils him. Raja is behind and seized but succeeds in breaking the bars. Kotinagulu ruses to heist the precious necklace of the goddess in ''Mahakalijathara,'' which Raja bars. At that point, Kotinagulu views the Master and slaughters for the whereabouts of his family. Before dying, he entrusts their responsibility to Raja. Simultaneously, Kotinagulu abducts Fathima & Rekha and posts Ranga to gain his family. Till then, Raja takes them into custody. Being cognizant of it, Rashid strikes on Raja, with whom they identify. At last, they mingle and cease Kotinagulu. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of Raja & Rekha and Rashid & Shanti.

== Cast ==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiger (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UJI/info |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>{{Cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Tiger Raja
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Rashid
*[[Radha Saluja]] as Rekha
*[[Subhashini]] as Shanti
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Kotinagulu / Zamindar Jagannatham
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Master
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Ramadasu
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Ranga
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Fathima Begum
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Rukmini
*[[Jaya Malini]] as [[item number]]
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as I.G.
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]
*Vankayala as Bheemaiah
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Bullabbai
*Saradhi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tiger
| type = film
| artist = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1979
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:18
| label =
| producer = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| prev_title = Iddaru Asadhyule
| prev_year = 1979
| next_title = Viyyala Vari Kayyalu
| next_year = 1979
}}

Music composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiger (1979)-Song_Booklet|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DPP|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aha Anthaa Choosaanu
| lyrics1 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 3:25
| title2 = Chesukunna Vaallaku
| lyrics2 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra2 =S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 3:22
| title3 = Em Debba Theesaavu
| lyrics3 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length3 = 3:23
| title4 = Kshanam Kshanam
| lyrics4 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 4:56
| title5 = Maarindhi Kaalam
| lyrics5 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length5 = 3:21
| title6 = Okati Rendu Moodu
| lyrics6 = [[Veturi]]
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length6 = 3:25
| title7 = Ye Thalli Kannadhiraa"
| lyrics7 = Veturi
| extra7 = P. Susheela
| length7 = 3:26
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0390559|Tiger}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:1979 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s action drama films]]

Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-23T03:53:32Z

Rik: adding new post added tags

{{Short description|Protected area in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Bihar#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| nearest_city = [[Darbhanga]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.darbhangaonline.in/guide/kusheshwar-asthan-bird-sanctuary-in-darbhanga|title=Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary, Exotic Wildlife in Darbhanga|work=Darbhanga Online|access-date=1 Jul 2025}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|25|49|53|N|86|18|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India (2021)|work=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India|access-date=1 Jul 2025}}</ref>
| governing_body = Bihar Forest Department<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/184239.pdf|title=Final Notification—Eco-Sensitive Zone around Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary|work=Gazette of India|date=22 Aug 2017|access-date=1 Jul 2025}}</ref>
| website =
| elevation = 49 m<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.darbhangaonline.in/guide/kusheshwar-asthan-bird-sanctuary-in-darbhanga|title=Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary, Exotic Wildlife in Darbhanga|work=Darbhanga Online|access-date=1 Jul 2025}}</ref>
| iucn_ref =
| area_km2 = 29.17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India (2021)|work=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India|access-date=1 Jul 2025}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary''' is a protected area and bird sanctuary located in the [[Darbhanga district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India (2021) |url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India}}</ref> The sanctuary is named after the nearby [[Kusheshwar Asthan|Kusheshwar Asthan temple]], a prominent Hindu pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Shiva.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 Jan 2021 |title=Temple town draws devotees, birdwatchers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/temple-town-draws-devotees-birdwatchers/articleshow/80433528.cms |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Description ==
The sanctuary was officially established in 1994 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and encompasses approximately {{cvt|29.17|km2}} of predominantly waterlogged terrain across 14 villages in Kusheshwar Asthan block.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 Aug 2017 |title=Final Notification—Eco-Sensitive Zone around Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/184239.pdf |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Gazette of India}}</ref> It lies in the northern Gangetic plains at an average elevation of 49 m above sea level and is sustained by seasonal monsoon rains and overflow from the [[Kamala River|Kamla River]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary, Exotic Wildlife in Darbhanga |url=https://www.darbhangaonline.in/guide/kusheshwar-asthan-bird-sanctuary-in-darbhanga |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Darbhanga Online}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
The sanctuary features shallow wetlands, marshes, and surrounding grasslands with aquatic vegetation such as water hyacinth and local grasses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary—A Haven for Migratory Birds |url=https://wildlifetravellers.org/kusheshwar-asthan-bird-sanctuary/ |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Wildlife Travellers Blog}}</ref>
It serves as the winter refugia for over 15 endangered migratory species—including the [[Dalmatian pelican|Dalmatian Pelican]] (''Pelecanus crispus''), [[Siberian crane|Siberian Crane]] (''Leucogeranus leucogeranus''), [[Bar-headed goose|Bar-headed Goose]] (''Anser indicus''), and [[Oriental darter|Indian Darter]] (''Anhinga melanogaster'')—which arrive from [[Siberia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Tibet]], and [[Central Asia]] between October and March.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary—A Haven for Migratory Birds |url=https://wildlifetravellers.org/kusheshwar-asthan-bird-sanctuary/ |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Wildlife Travellers Blog}}</ref>
Resident avifauna include [[Indian peafowl|Indian Peafowl]] (''Pavo cristatus''), [[Grey heron|Grey Heron]] (''Ardea cinerea''), and the endemic [[Ruddy shelduck|Brahminy Duck]] (''Tadorna ferruginea'').<ref>{{cite news |title=Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary—A Haven for Migratory Birds |url=https://wildlifetravellers.org/kusheshwar-asthan-bird-sanctuary/ |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Wildlife Travellers Blog}}</ref>

== Conservation and management ==
In August 2017, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change issued the final notification declaring a 10 km Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) around the sanctuary to regulate developmental activities and protect habitat integrity.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 Aug 2017 |title=Final Notification—Eco-Sensitive Zone around Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/184239.pdf |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Gazette of India}}</ref> Despite legal safeguards, a 2019 report highlighted rapid shrinkage of wetlands due to agricultural encroachment and water diversion, raising alarms over the sanctuary’s carrying capacity for migratory birds.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 Jun 2019 |title=Bihar wasted wetlands ring alarm bells for birds |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-wasted-wetlands-ring-alarm-bells-for-birds/story-8KvQmWvED9Z2JkfzTvevjM.html |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Local media also reported ongoing cultivation on sanctuary lands and delays in infrastructure improvements, prompting fresh appeals for stricter enforcement of protection orders.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 Jul 2024 |title=अभयारण्य में हो रही खेती, पक्षी अब कम आते हैं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/darbhanga/kusheshwar-asthan/news/the-system-is-seeing-birds-here-but-on-paper-it-is-a-bird-sanctuary-133157833.html |access-date=1 Jul 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/184239.pdf Final ESZ notification—Gazette of India]
* [https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India (2021) – Ministry of Tourism]
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-wasted-wetlands-ring-alarm-bells-for-birds/story-8KvQmWvED9Z2JkfzTvevjM.html Bihar wasted wetlands ring alarm bells for birds – Hindustan Times]
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/darbhanga/kusheshwar-asthan/news/the-system-is-seeing-birds-here-but-on-paper-it-is-a-bird-sanctuary-133157833.html अभयारण्य में हो रही खेती, पक्षी अब कम आते हैं – Dainik Bhaskar]

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Bihar]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Bihar]]

India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry

2026-02-21T20:44:43Z

Rik: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox sports rivalry
| name = India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry
| image = [[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Hockey (Men`s) Saravanjit Singh of India scoring a goal against Pakistan, at Dhayan Chand National Stadium, in New Delhi on October 10 2010.jpg|240px]]
| caption = [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] hockey match played between India and Pakistan in [[Delhi]]
| city or region = [[World]]wide
| teams involved = {{fh|IND}} {{fh|PAK}}
| first contested = India 1–0 Pakistan ([[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics#Playoffs|1956 Olympics]], 6 December 1956)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/melbourne-1956-olympics-indian-hockey-team-gold-medal-balbir-singh-sr-pakistan|title=Melbourne 1956: Indian hockey's record breakers earn sixth Olympic gold|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
| most wins = Pakistan (82)
| most player appearances =
| mostrecent = India 2–1 Pakistan ([[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]], 14 September 2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/liveblog/2024/9/13/live-commentary-coverage-score-india-vs-pakistan-asian-champions-trophy-hockey-2024|title=India vs Pakistan 2-1: Asian Champions Trophy 2024 hockey – as it happened}}</ref>
| nextmeeting =
| total = 181
}}

The '''India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry''' is among the most intense sporting rivalries in the Asia and the world in the sport of [[field hockey]]. [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] and [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] have played against each other numerous times in international [[field hockey]]. They participate in [[Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]], [[Men's FIH Pro League|FIH Pro League]], [[Summer Olympic Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]], [[Men's Asian Champions Trophy]], [[Asian Games]], [[South Asian Games]] and [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]].

India and Pakistan have a record of facing each other in the first six Asian Games hockey finals. They have played a total of eight finals against each other in which Pakistan has won six gold and India has won two gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/a-titanic-victory-hockey-gold-medal-1966-asian-games-by-novy-kapadia|title=A titanic victory: India's hockey gold medal at the 1966 Asian Games|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19821231-asiad-hockey-tournament-pakistan-trounce-india-7-1-to-clinch-gold-772526-2013-07-29|title=Asiad hockey tournament: Pakistan trounce India 7-1 to clinch gold|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> Both nations have played each other from 1956 to 1964 in three successive Olympic Hockey finals. India won gold twice while Pakistan won once.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/1956-olympics-india-pips-pakistan-to-win-gold/article3627897.ece|title=1956 Olympics: India pips Pakistan to win gold|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/indian-hockey-team-vs-pakistan-final-rome-1960-olympics-silver-medal|title=Rome 1960 Olympics: When Indian hockey team's golden run came to a halt|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/indian-hockey-team-tokyo-1964-olympics-pakistan-final|title=A stroke in time! How Indian hockey team won gold back from Pakistan at Tokyo 1964|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> They also faced each other in three Asia Cup finals, with Pakistan two of those finals. Both teams participate in [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]] which is held every year in [[Malaysia]]. The only World Cup final played between India and Pakistan was in [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975]], which resulted in a 2–1 win for India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/on-this-day-india-beat-pakistan-to-win-their-maiden-hockey-world-cup-in-1975-9418771.html|title=On This Day: India beat Pakistan to win their maiden Hockey World Cup in 1975|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/when-champions-india-almost-missed-the-chance-to-play-1975-hockey-world-cup-2445316.html|title=When champions India almost missed the chance to play 1975 Hockey World Cup|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/india-1975-hockey-world-cup-win-forgotten-hurts-7229571/|title=India’s historic win has almost been forgotten and it hurts: 1975 Hockey World Cup heroes|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/on-this-day-indian-hockey-team-wins-1975-world-cup-ajit-pal-singh-ashok-kumar-aslam-sher-khan/article31075856.ece|title=On This Day: Indian hockey team beats Pakistan to lift 1975 World Cup|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/reliving-indian-hockey-s-1975-world-cup-triumph-how-ashok-kumar-ajit-pal-singh-g|title=Reliving Indian hockey's 1975 World Cup triumph: How Ashok Kumar, Ajit Pal Singh guided India to victory|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>

In Head-to-Head matches, Pakistan has won 82 games compared to India with 67 games. When it comes to the [[Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]], Pakistan have won four times compared to India with one. When it comes to the Olympics India has won eight times compared to Pakistan's three.

Among the three top goal-scorers in this bilateral rivalry, [[Sohail Abbas]] of Pakistan leads by a country mile, scoring 54 goals. He is followed by Pakistan's [[Hassan Sardar]] (22 goals) and India's [[Sandeep Singh]] (20 goals).

==Statistics==
;By Year
Decade wise record of India vs Pakistan field hockey:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/sankhya/indopak/years.htm|title=Indo-Pak Year-wise Win–loss record|access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2 | Year
!rowspan=2 | Matches
!colspan=3 | Results
!colspan=2 | Goals
|-
! style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India
! style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
! style="background:#ccc;"| Draw
! style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India
! style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
|-
| align="center" |1950s
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |'''1'''
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |'''1'''
| align="center" |0
|-
| align="center" |1960s
| align="center" |6
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |'''3'''
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |'''5'''
|-
| align="center" |1970s
| align="center" |13
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |'''9'''
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |10
| align="center" |'''27'''
|-
| align="center" |1980s
| align="center" |46
| align="center" |14
| align="center" |'''22'''
| align="center" |10
| align="center" |79
| align="center" |'''111'''
|-
| align="center" |1990s
| align="center" |26
| align="center" |9
| align="center" |'''13'''
| align="center" |4
| align="center" |52
| align="center" |'''62'''
|-
| align="center" |2000s
| align="center" |47
| align="center" |14
| align="center" |'''27'''
| align="center" |6
| align="center" |108
| align="center" |'''128'''
|-
| align="center" |2010s
| align="center" |35
| align="center" |'''19'''
| align="center" |8
| align="center" |8
| align="center" |'''102'''
| align="center" |62
|-
| align="center" |2020s
| align="center" |6
| align="center" |'''5'''
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |'''24'''
| align="center" |8
|-
!align="center" |Total
!align="center" |181
!align="center" |67
!align="center" |82
!align="center" |32
!align="center" |379
!align="center" |403
|}

;By Tournament
The record between India and Pakistan by tournament is:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/sankhya/indopak/tournaments.htm|title=Indo-Pak Tournament-wise Win–loss record|access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2 | Tournament
!rowspan=2 | Matches
!colspan=3 | Results
!colspan=2 | Goals
|-
! style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India
! style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
! style="background:#ccc;"| Draw
! style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India
! style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
|-
| [[India–Pakistan field hockey test series|Test series]]
| align="center" |52
| align="center" |16
| align="center" |'''25'''
| align="center" |11
| align="center" |104
| align="center" |'''124'''
|-
| [[Field Hockey at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
| align="center" |7
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |'''4'''
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |'''8'''
|-
| [[Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |'''3'''
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |'''10'''
| align="center" |7
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| align="center" |19
| align="center" |7
| align="center" |'''12'''
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |48
| align="center" |'''54'''
|-
| [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| align="center" |16
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |'''8'''
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |27
| align="center" |'''31'''
|-
| [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| align="center" |9
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |'''5'''
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |18
| align="center" |'''20'''
|-
| [[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| align="center" |12
| align="center" |'''8'''
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |'''34'''
| align="center" |23
|-
| [[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |10
| align="center" |10
|-
| [[FIH Hockey World League]]
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |'''2'''
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |'''15'''
| align="center" |4
|-
| [[Afro-Asian Games]]
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |'''2'''
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |'''7'''
| align="center" |3
|-
|align="center" colspan=8| '''Other Matches (Continent wise)'''
|-
| [[Africa]]
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |'''1'''
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |'''5'''
| align="center" |2
|-
| [[Americas]]
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |'''1'''
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |'''8'''
|-
| [[Asia]]
| align="center" |34
| align="center" |14
| align="center" |14
| align="center" |6
| align="center" |'''79'''
| align="center" |69
|-
| [[Europe]]
| align="center" |10
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |'''8'''
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |16
| align="center" |'''33'''
|-
| [[Oceania]]
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |'''2'''
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |'''12'''
| align="center" |9
|-
| align="center" |'''Total'''
| align="center" |'''181'''
| align="center" |'''67'''
| align="center" |'''82'''
| align="center" |'''32'''
| align="center" |'''379'''
| align="center" |'''403'''
|}

==Major tournaments won==
*{{legend2|gold||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} indicates that the team has more titles in that competition than its rival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/medal-tally|title=Medal Tally|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pakhockey.org/honors-and-recognition-since-1948/|title=Honors and Recognition Since 1948|access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Tournament
!{{flagicon|IND}} India
!{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
|-
|[[Field Hockey at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|style=background:gold|'''8''' ([[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], [[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]], [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]], [[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], [[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]], [[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]], [[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1980]])
|3 ([[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], [[Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]], [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1984]])
|-
|[[Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]
|1 ([[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975]])
|style=background:gold|'''4''' ([[1971 Men's Hockey World Cup|1971]], [[1978 Men's Hockey World Cup|1978]], [[1982 Men's Hockey World Cup|1982]], [[1994 Men's Hockey World Cup|1994]])
|-
|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
|—
|style=background:gold|'''3''' ([[1978 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1978]], [[1980 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1980]], [[1994 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1994]])
|-
|[[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
|style=background:gold|'''5''' ([[1985 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1985]], [[1991 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1991]], [[1995 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1995]], [[2009 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2009]], [[2010 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2010]])
|3 ([[1999 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1999]], [[2000 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2000]], [[2003 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2003]])
|-
|[[Hockey Champions Challenge I|Champions Challenge]]
|style=background:gold|'''1''' ([[2001 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge|2001]])
|—
|-
|[[FIH Hockey Series|Hockey Series]]
|style=background:gold|'''1''' ([[2018–19 Men's Hockey Series|2018–19]])
|—
|-
|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
|style=background:gold|'''4''' ([[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2003]], [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007]], [[2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]], [[2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2025]])
|3 ([[1982 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1982]], [[1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1985]], [[1989 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1989]])
|-
|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
|style=background:gold|'''5''' ([[2011 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2011]], [[2016 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2018 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]], [[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]], [[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]])
|3 ([[2012 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2012]], [[2013 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2013]], [[2018 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]])
|-
|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|4 ([[Field hockey at the 1966 Asian Games|1966]], [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]], [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2014]], [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games - Men's tournament|2022]])
|style=background:gold|'''8''' ([[Field hockey at the 1958 Asian Games|1958]], [[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|1962]], [[Field hockey at the 1970 Asian Games|1970]], [[Field hockey at the 1974 Asian Games|1974]], [[Field hockey at the 1978 Asian Games|1978]], [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]], [[Field hockey at the 1990 Asian Games|1990]], [[Field hockey at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2010]])
|-
|[[Afro-Asian Games]]
|style=background:gold|'''1''' ([[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]])
|—
|-
|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]
|1 ([[1995 South Asian Games|1995]])
|style=background:gold|'''3''' ([[2006 South Asian Games|2006]], [[2010 South Asian Games|2010]], [[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]])
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''31'''
|30
|-
|}

== Records ==

=== Top goal-scorers ===
'''Pakistan'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Player
!Goals
!Years
|-
|1
|{{Fhicon|PAK}} [[Sohail Abbas]]
|54
|1998–2012
|-
|2
|{{Fhicon|PAK}} [[Hassan Sardar]]
|22
|1979–1987
|-
|3
|{{Fhicon|PAK}} [[Rehan Butt]]
|19
|2002–2012
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
|{{Fhicon|PAK}} [[Hanif Khan]]
|13
|1976–1985
|-
|{{Fhicon|PAK}} [[Kaleemullah Khan (field hockey)|Kaleemullah]]
|13
|1979–1986
|}
Source: [http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/1999/mar1999.html]

'''India'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Player
!Goals
!Years
|-
|1
|{{Fhicon|IND}} [[Sandeep Singh]]
|20
|2004–2012
|-
|rowspan="2" |2
|{{Fhicon|IND}} [[Gagan Ajit Singh]]
|18
|1997–2007
|-
| |{{Fhicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh]]
|18
|2015-
|-
|rowspan="2" |3
|{{Fhicon|IND}} [[Mohinder Pal Singh]]
|15
|1976–1988
|-
|{{Fhicon|IND}} [[Baljit Singh Dhillon]]
|15
|1993–2004
|-
|5
|{{Fhicon|IND}} [[Dhanraj Pillay]]
|11
|1989–2004
|}
Source: [https://hockeypassion.in/analysis/stats-corner-indias-top-goal-scorers-vs-pakistan/]

== Test series ==
{{Main|India-Pakistan field hockey test series}}

India and Pakistan have played test series from 1978 to 2006. They played eight series in this span out of which Pakistan have won six, India one and one series drawn. Out of a total 52 matches played Pakistan has won 25, India 16 and 11 matches ending in draws. The goal aggregation so far is 124–104 in Pakistan's favour. Reports of the series being revived emerged in 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Indo-Pak hockey tests to start from 2013 onwards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/article3836042.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=August 29, 2012}}</ref> and 2017,<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Pakistan to revive hockey Test series |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-india-pakistan-to-revive-hockey-test-series-1358035 |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=DNA India |agency=PTI |date=28 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> but have not materialized as of 2022.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Overall results:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/sankhya/indopak/indopakseries.htm|title=Indo-Pak Hockey Series|access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref>
!rowspan=2|Year
!rowspan=2|Matches
!rowspan=2|Winner
!rowspan=2|Results
!colspan=2| {{fh|PAK}}
!colspan=2| {{fh|IND}}
|-
! Captain
! Coach
! Captain
! Coach
|-
| [[1978 India-Pakistan field hockey test series|1978]]
| align="center" | 4
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
| align="center" | 3–1
| [[Islahuddin Siddique]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Sayad A. Hussain
| [[Victor Philips]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Randhir Singh Gentle]]
|-
| 1981
| align="center" | 4
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
| align="center" | 2–1
| [[Akhtar Rasool]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Khwaja Zakauddin]]
| [[Surjit Singh Randhawa]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmik Singh]]
|-
| 1986
| align="center" | 7
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India win
| align="center" | 3–2
| [[Hassan Sardar]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Anwar Ahmad Khan]]
| [[Mohammed Shahid]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[M. P. Ganesh]]
|-
| 1988
| align="center" | 6
| style="background:#ccc;"|Draw
| align="center" | 2–2
| [[Nasir Ali (field hockey)|Nasir Ali]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Manzoor-ul Hassan]]
| [[M. M. Somaya]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[M. P. Ganesh]]
|-
| 1998
| align="center" | 8
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
| align="center" | 4–3
| [[Tahir Zaman]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Islahuddin Siddique]]
| [[Dhanraj Pillay]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vasudevan Baskaran]]
|-
| 1999
| align="center" | 9
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
| align="center" | 6–3
| [[Atif Bashir (field hockey)|Atif Bashir]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Shehnaz Sheikh]]
| [[Anil Aldrin]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vasudevan Baskaran]]
|-
| 2004
| align="center" | 8
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
| align="center" | 4–2
| [[Waseem Ahmed (field hockey)|Waseem Ahmed]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Roelant Oltmans]]
| [[Dilip Tirkey]]
| {{flagicon|GER}} Gehard Rach
|-
| [[2006 India-Pakistan field hockey test series|2006]]
| align="center" | 6
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
| align="center" | 3–1
| [[Muhammad Saqlain]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Asif Bajwa]]
| [[Ignace Tirkey]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajinder Singh Jr.]]
|}

== Results in major tournaments ==
The following table show [[India]] vs [[Pakistan]] in major tournaments :
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Tournament !! Year !! Venue !! Winning team, result
|-
| [[Olympic Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1958 Asian Games|1958]]
| {{flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Tokyo]]
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 0–0
|-
| [[Olympic Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|1962]]
| {{flagicon|INA}} [[Jakarta]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–0
|-
| [[Olympic Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]
| {{flagicon|JPN|1947}} [[Tokyo]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1966 Asian Games|1966]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1970 Asian Games|1970]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]
| [[1971 Men's Hockey World Cup|1971]]
| {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Barcelona]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Olympic Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Munich]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–0
|-
| [[Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]
| [[1973 Men's Hockey World Cup|1973]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Amsterdam]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1974 Asian Games|1974]]
| {{flagicon|IRN|1964}} [[Tehran]]
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 1–1
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1974 Asian Games|1974]]
| {{flagicon|IRN|1964}} [[Tehran]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–0
|-
| [[Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]
| [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1978 Asian Games|1978]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[1980 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1980]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 7–1
|-
| [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| [[1982 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1982]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–0
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[1982 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1982]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 5–4
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 7–1
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[1983 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1983]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 1–1
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[1983 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1983]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–0
|-
| [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| [[1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1985]]
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[1985 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1985]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[1985 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1985]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[1986 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1986]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]]
| {{flagicon|KOR|1949}} [[Seoul]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–1
|-
| [[Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]
| [[1986 Men's Hockey World Cup|1986]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[London]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Olympic Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| [[1989 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1989]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–0
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[1989 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1989]]
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[West Berlin]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1990 Asian Games|1990]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[1991 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1991]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 1–0
|-
| [[South Asian Games]]
| 1995
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Madras]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 5–2
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[1995 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1995]]
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[1996 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1996]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Madras]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Olympic Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1996]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]]
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 0–0
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2000 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2000]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2001 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2001]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–3
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=2 |[[2002 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2002]]
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cologne]]
|style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–2
|-
|style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–3
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 2002 Asian Games|2002]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–3
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Afro-Asian Games]]
| rowspan=2 |2003
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–2
|-
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–1
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=2 |[[2003 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2003]]
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 7–4
|-
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–3
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| rowspan=2 |[[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2003]]
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–2
|-
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–2
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2004 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier|Olympic Qualifier]]
| rowspan=2 |2004
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 5–3
|-
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–2
|-
| [[Olympic Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2004]]
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–0
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=2 |[[2004 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Lahore]]
|style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–1
|-
|style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2004 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2004]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=2 |[[2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2005]]
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]]
|style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–2
|-
|style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–3
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2005 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2005]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Commonwealth Games]]
| [[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–1
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[South Asian Games]]
| rowspan=2 |2006
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Colombo]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–0
|-
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2008 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2008]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| [[2009 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2009]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuantan]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2009 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2009]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Challenge I|Champions Challenge I]]
| [[2009 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2009]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Salta]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 6–3
|-
| [[Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]
| [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup|2010]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–1
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[South Asian Games]]
| rowspan=2 |2010
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 5–1
|-
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 1–1 (4–3 [[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|p.s.o]] {{fh|PAK}})
|-
| [[Commonwealth Games]]
| [[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 7–4
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2010 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2010]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–2
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–2
|-
| rowspan=2;| [[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=2;| [[2011 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2011]]
| rowspan=2;| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ordos City|Ordos]]
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 2–2
|-
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 0–0 (4–2 p.s.o {{fh|IND}})
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2011 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2011]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–1
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2012 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2012]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–1
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[2012 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 3–2
|-
| rowspan=2;| [[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=2;| [[2012 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012]]
| rowspan=2;| {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–1
|-
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 5–4
|-
| rowspan=2;| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| rowspan=2;| [[2013 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2013]]
| rowspan=2;| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–1
|-
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–2
|-
| [[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| [[2013 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2013]]
| {{flagicon|JP}} [[Kakamigahara]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 5–4
|-
| rowspan=2;| [[Asian Games]]
| rowspan=2;| [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]]
| rowspan=2;| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–1
|-
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 1–1 (4–2 p.s.o {{fh|IND}})
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2014]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhubaneswar]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 4–3
|-
|[[FIH Hockey World League]]
|[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|2014–15]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Antwerp]]
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 2–2
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[South Asian Games]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Guwahati]]
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 2–1
|-
| style="background:#00FF00;"|{{fh|PAK}}, 1–0
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]
| [[2016 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2016]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 5–1
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=2 |[[2016 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016]]
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuantan]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–2
|-
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–2
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[FIH Hockey World League]]
| rowspan=2 |[[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|2016–17]]
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|UK}} [[London]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 7–1
|-
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 6–1
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| rowspan=2 | [[2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]
| rowspan=2 | {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–1
|-
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–0
|-
| [[Commonwealth Games]]
| [[Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2018]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 2–2
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]
| [[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Breda]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–0
|-
| [[Asian Games]]
| [[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]]
| {{flagicon|INA}} [[Jakarta]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–1
|-
| rowspan=1 |[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=1 |[[2018 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018]]
| rowspan=1 |{{flagicon|OMA}} [[Muscat]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–1
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=2 | [[2021 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2021]]
| rowspan=2 | {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 3–1
|-
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–3
|-
| rowspan=1 |[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| rowspan=1 |[[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]]
| rowspan=1 |{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jakarta]]
| style="background:#FFFFE0;"|Draw, 1–1
|-
| rowspan=1 |[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=1 |[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]]
| rowspan=1 |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 4–0
|-
| rowspan=1 |[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| rowspan=1 |[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022]]{{efn|Held in September – October 2023}}
| rowspan=1 |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 10–2
|-
| rowspan=1 |[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
| rowspan=1 |[[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]]
| rowspan=1 |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hulunbuir]]
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{fh|IND}}, 2–1
|}

==Other matches==
Other matches played between India and Pakistan are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Tournament
! rowspan=2 | Year
! rowspan=2 | Venue
! colspan=3 | Results
|-
! style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India
! style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
! Note
|-
| Hockey Festival
| 1966
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Hamburg]]
| 1
| 1
| style="background:#ccc;"|Draw
|-
| Pre-Olympic Invitation Tournament
| 1967
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]]
| 0
| 1
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| Jinnah Memorial Cup
| 1976
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Lahore]]
| 0
| 5
| style="background:green;"| {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| Pentangular Cup
| 1980
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| 1
| 3
| style="background:green;"| {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| rowspan=2 |Test Matches
| rowspan=2 |1982
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]]
| 1
| 5
| style="background:green;"| {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| 1
| 3
| style="background:green;"| {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| Esanda Cup
| 1982
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]]
| 2
| 1
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India win
|-
| Golden Jubilee Cup
| 1983
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]
| 1
| 5
| style="background:green;"| {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| rowspan=3 |Test Matches
| rowspan=3 |1985
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|KUW}} [[Kuwait City]]
| 1
| 0
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India win
|-
| 1
| 0
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India win
|-
| {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]]
| 1
| 1
| style="background:#ccc;"|Draw
|-
| rowspan=2 |Emirates Cup
| rowspan=2 |1986
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]]
| 2
| 2
| style="background:#ccc;"|Draw
|-
| {{flagicon|KUW}} [[Kuwait City]]
| 3
| 3
| style="background:#ccc;"|Draw
|-
| 4 Nations Cups
| 1986
| {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Leningrad]]
| 0
| 2
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| rowspan=2 |Marshall Invitation Cup<ref>{{cite news |title=When India Conquered Slump in Form to win 1988 Marshall's International Tourney in Kenya - Latest Hockey News, Hockey Passion, Hockey Analysis, Hockey Interviews |url=https://hockeypassion.in/trip-down-memory-lane/when-india-conquered-form-slump-to-win-1988-marshalls-international-tourney-in-kenya |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=hockeypassion.in |date=14 November 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2 |1988
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Nairobi]]
| 3
| 0
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India win
|-
| 1
| 1
| style="background:#ccc;"| Draw
|-
| Indira Gandhi Gold Cup
| 1989
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lucknow]]
| 0
| 3
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| Atlanta Challenge Cup
| 1996
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]]
| 2
| 2
| style="background:#ccc;"| Draw
|-
| Prime Ministers Cup
| 2001
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]]
| 3
| 3
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India win in [[Penalty shootout|Penalties]] (6–5)
|-
| rowspan=2 |4 nations tournament
| rowspan=2 |2003
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth]]
| 2
| 0
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India win
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]]
| 4
| 4
| style="background:#ccc;"| Draw
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2004 Men's Hockey RaboTrophy|RaboTrophy]]
| rowspan=2 |2004
| rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amsterdam]]
| 1
| 6
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| 3
| 5
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| [[2005 Men's Hockey RaboTrophy|RaboTrophy]]
| 2005
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Amsterdam]]
| 1
| 3
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| rowspan=2 |3 nations tournament
| rowspan=2 |2011
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Busselton, Western Australia|Busselton]]
| 3
| 3
| style="background:#ccc;"| Draw
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Bunbury, Western Australia|Bunbury]]
| 1
| 1
| style="background:#ccc;"| Draw
|-
| Friendly
| 2011
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| 2
| 3
| style="background:green;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan win
|-
| Lanco International Super Series<ref>{{cite news |title=Lanco hockey: India beat Pakistan 5-2 |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/lanco-hockey-india-beat-pakistan/20121124.htm |access-date=26 May 2022 |agency=PTI |publisher=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref>
| 2012
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth]]
| 5
| 2
| style="background:#9cf;"|{{flagicon|IND}} India win
|}

==Players who have played for both teams==
Prior to the [[Partition of India]] in 1947 India had played field hockey, having first played as an international side in 1926. Following the Partition, Pakistan was created and began playing as an independent nation, making their debut at the [[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Summer Olympics]].

The following players played for Pakistan after appearing for India. They are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/webstories/sports/4-hockey-players-to-win-olympic-medals-with-india-pakistan-7173191/|title=4 Hockey players to win olympic medal for both India and Pakistan. ''India.com''}}</ref>
*[[Ali Dara]] – Represented India at 1936 Olympics; and for Pakistan at 1948 Olympics
*[[Peter Paul Fernandes]] – Represented India at 1936 Olympics; and for Pakistan after 1948
*[[Latif-ur Rehman]] – Represented India at 1948 Olympics; and for Pakistan at 1952 and 1956 Olympics
*[[Akhtar Hussain (field hockey)|Akhtar Hussain]] – Represented India at 1948 Olympics; and for Pakistan at 1956 Olympics

==See also==
*[[India–Pakistan relations]]
*[[India–Pakistan sports rivalries]]
*[[India–Pakistan cricket rivalry]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090417050756/http://www.azlanshahcup.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=12 Past winners Azlan Shah Cup]}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/sankhya/indopak/otherMatches.htm All Other Indo–Pak Matches]
*[http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/india-beat-pakistan-2-1-in-sultan-azlan-shah-hockey_743031.html Z News India beat Pakistan 2–1]
*[http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/india-waste-3-0-lead-in-ill-tempered-match-vs-pakistan/20111028.htm India waste 3–0 lead in ill-tempered match vs Pak]
*[https://montrealgazette.com/sports/Field+hockey+rivalry+draws+huge+crowd/3652188/story.html Field hockey rivalry draws huge crowd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001113004/http://www.montrealgazette.com/sports/Field+hockey+rivalry+draws+huge+crowd/3652188/story.html |date=2018-10-01 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141005082616/http://www.einfobook.com/pakistan-face-india-hockey-final/]

{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
{{Field Hockey in India}}
{{Field Hockey in Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan field hockey rivalry}}
[[Category:India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry| ]]
[[Category:Field hockey in India]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Pakistan]]
[[Category:India men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan sports rivalries|field hockey]]

Udai Singh II

2026-02-18T12:21:44Z

Rik: small cleanup intro for clarity and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Founder of Udaipur and Maharana of Mewar from 1540 to 1572}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharana]]
| image = Rana-udai-singh-ii.jpg
| caption = Rana Udai Singh II
| succession = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Mewar]]
| reign = 1540 – 28 February 1572
| coronation = 1540, [[Kumbalgarh]]
| predecessor = [[Vanvir Singh]]
| successor = [[Pratap Singh I]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1522|8|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chittor Fort]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]] (present-day Chittor Fort, [[Chittorgarh District]], Rajasthan, India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1572|02|28|1522|08|04|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gogunda]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]] (present-day Gogunda, [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, India)
| queen = [[Jaiwanta Bai]]<ref name= jijabai>{{cite book|last=Rana|first=Bhawan Singh|title=Maharana Pratap|year=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=9788128808258|pages=28, 105}}</ref>
| spouse = 18 queens<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YlAwAAQBAJ&q=Ranawat,+P.+S.+(2016).+Wah!Udaipur+Wah!!. |title=Maharana Pratap|date=24 March 2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=978-93-5083-869-3 }}</ref> including: Maharani Jaiwanta Bai Songara of [[Jalore]] Rani Sajja Bai Solankini of Toda Rani Dheer Bai Bhattiyani of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] Rani Jaivanta Bai Madrechi (Rani Lalabai) Rani Laccha Bai Balechi (Chauhan) Rani Veer Bai Jhala of [[Dhrangadhra State|Jhalawad]] Rani Lakha Bai Jhala<ref name="Rana 2004">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YlAwAAQBAJ Rana 2004], p. 17</ref> Rani Karamti Bai of [[Marwar]]<ref>Mertiyo Rathors of Merta Rajasthan volume II: p. 38</ref>
| issue = 24 sons including: [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap Singh I]] [[Shakti Singh (16th century Indian noble)|Shakti Singh]] Vikram Singh [[Jagmal Singh]] <ref>{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YlAwAAQBAJ&q=Ranawat,+P.+S.+(2016).+Wah!Udaipur+Wah!!. |title=Maharana Pratap|date=24 March 2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=978-93-5083-869-3 }}</ref> Sisodia Likhmi (wife of [[Maldev Rathore|Rao Maldeo]]) Chanda Bai (wife of [[Chandrasen Rathore]])<ref> Mertiyo Rathors of Merta Volume II: p. 35 & 38 </ref>
| dynasty = [[Sisodias of Mewar|Sisodia]]
| father = [[Rana Sanga]]
| mother = [[Rani Karnavati|Maharani Karmavati Hada (Chauhan)]] daughter of Rao Nirbudh of [[Bundi]].
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Udai Singh II''' ({{IPA|mtr|ʊ.d̪əj sɪŋʱ}}; 4 August 1522 – 28 February 1572)<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 35 |date=1974 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgpDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Udai+Singh%22+1522 |access-date=19 March 2019|last1=Congress |first1=Indian History }}</ref> was the [[List of Ranas of Mewar|12th Maharana]] of the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] from 1540 until his death in 1572. He was also the founder of the city of [[Udaipur]] in the present-day state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Joanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfnpAAAAMAAJ&q=Kingdom+of+mewar |title=Kingdom of the Sun: Indian Court and Village Art from the Princely State of Mewar |last2=Williams |first2=Joanna Gottfried |date=10 January 2007 |publisher=Asian Art Museum |isbn=978-0-939117-39-0 |language=en}}</ref> He was the fourth son of [[Rana Sanga]]<ref name="tod">Tod, James (1829, reprint 2002). ''Annals & Antiquities of Rajasthan'', Vol.I, Rupa, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7167-366-X}}, p.240-52</ref> and [[Rani Karnavati]], a princess of [[Bundi]].

==Early life==
Udai Singh was born in [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]] in August 1522. After the death of his father, [[Rana Sanga]],<ref>Mahajan V.D. (1991, reprint 2007) ''History of Medieval India'', Part II, S. Chand, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.11</ref> [[Ratan Singh II]] was crowned King. Ratan Singh II was assassinated in 1531. He was succeeded by his brother Maharana [[Vikramaditya Singh (Maharana)|Vikramaditya Singh]]. During the reign of Vikramaditya, when the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid]] [[Sultanate of Gujarat|Sultan of Gujarat]] [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] sacked [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1535)|Chittor in 1535]], Udai Singh was sent to [[Bundi]] for safety.<ref name="tod"/> In 1537, [[Vanvir Singh|Banvir]] killed Vikramaditya and usurped the throne. He tried to kill Udai Singh as well, but Udai's nurse [[Panna Dai]] sacrificed her own son Chandan to save him from his uncle Banvir and took him to [[Kumbhalgarh]]. He lived secretly in Kumbhalgarh for two years, disguised as a nephew of the governor Asha Shah Depura (Maheshwari Majahan).

==Personal life==
Udai Singh had 24 sons. His first wife, Maharani Jaivanta Bai Songara, a Chauhan princess of [[Jalore]], gave birth to his eldest son, [[Maharana Pratap]]. His second wife, Sajja Bai Solankini, a daughter of Rao Prithvi Singh Solanki of Toda,{{cn|date=December 2023}} gave birth to his sons [[Shakti Singh (16th century Indian noble)|Shakti Singh]] and Vikram Dev Singh. Dheer Bai Bhattiyani, a princess of [[Jaisalmer]], daughter of Rawal Lunkaran Bhatti and sister of [[Umade Bhattiyani]],<ref name=Kothiyal>{{cite book|last1=Kothiyal|first1=Tanuja|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107080317|page=85, 87|language=en}}</ref> was his favourite wife and was the mother of his sons, [[Jagmal Singh]], Kunwar Agar Singh and Kunwar Pachyad Singh. Dheerbai also bore him two daughters. Rani Veer Bai Jhala was the mother of Kunwar Sagar Singh and Kunwar Rai Singh.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YlAwAAQBAJ Rana 2004, p. 28]</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:20191207 City Palace, Udaipur 1701 7325.jpg|thumb|The [[City Palace, Udaipur]] built by Udai Singh II ]]
In 1540, he was crowned in Kumbhalgarh by the nobles of Mewar. His eldest son [[Maharana Pratap]] from his first wife, [[Jaivanta Bai|Maharani Jaivantabai Songara]] (daughter of Akheiraj Songara of Jalore), was born in the same year.<ref name="tod1">Tod, James (1829, reprint 2002). ''Annals & Antiquities of Rajasthan'', Vol.I, Rupa, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7167-366-X}}, p.252-64</ref>

In 1544 [[Sher Shah Suri]] invaded Marwar after defeating Maldev at [[Battle of Sammel|Sammel]]. Udai Singh had just dealt with the civil war in Mewar and did not have the resources to fight the Sur Empire, he thus surrendered Chittor to [[Sher Shah Suri]] on the terms that Sher Shah does not harm the people of [[Mewar]]. Sher Shah also accepted the terms as he knew that the siege would be long and costly.<ref name=UD>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500- AD 1600|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|isbn=9788129108906|pages=462–463|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=jahazpur}}</ref><ref>History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.
By Radhey Shyam Chaurasia pg.181</ref><ref>The Cambridge History of India pg.55</ref>

Udai Singh and his council felt that [[Chittor]] was too vulnerable and thus planned to shift Mewar's capital to a safer location. In 1559 work started in the Girwa portion of Mewar and in the same year a man-made lake was made to promote cultivation. The lake was completed in 1562 and the new capital soon came to be known as [[Udaipur]].<ref name=UD/>

In 1557, Udai was defeated by [[Maldev Rathore]] at the Battle of Harmada and lost [[Merta City|Merta]] to him.<ref name=UD/>

In 1562, Udai gave refuge to [[Baz Bahadur]], the last ruler of the [[Malwa Sultanate]], whose kingdom had been annexed by [[Akbar]] into the [[Mughal Empire]].

In September 1567, his son Shakti Singh came to him from Dhaulpur and told him of Akbar's plan to capture Chittor.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YlAwAAQBAJ Rana 2004], p.31</ref> According to [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas]], Udai Singh called a council of war. The nobles advised him to take refuge along with the princes in the hills, leaving a garrison at Chittor. On 23 October 1567 [[Akbar]] formed his camp near Chittor. Udai Singh retired to [[Gogunda]] (which later became his temporary capital) leaving Chittor in the hands of his loyal chieftains [[Jaimal Rathore|Rao Jaimal]] and [[Patta Sisodia|Patta]]. Akbar captured Chittor after a [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|four-month-long siege]] on 23 February 1568; the siege culminated in a brutal sacking of the city, leaving Chittor's garrison and 25-40,000 civilians dead.<ref>[[John F. Richards|Richards, John F.]] (1995) [1993]. ''The Mughal empire''. New Cambridge history of India. '''5'''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521566032}}. pg. 26</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Chandra | first=Satish | title=Medieval India : from Sultanat to the Mughals | publisher=Har-Anand Publications | publication-place=New Delhi | date=1997 | isbn=81-241-0522-7 | oclc=36806798}} page 107</ref> With Chittor lost to the Mughals, Udai would later shift his capital to Udaipur.

He died in 1572 in [[Gogunda]]. After his death, Jagmal tried to seize the throne but the nobles of Mewar prevented Jagmal from succeeding and placed [[Pratap Singh of Mewar|Maharana Pratap]] Singh on the throne on 1 March 1572.<ref name="tod1" />

==In popular culture==
* In the 2008 romance drama film [[Jodhaa Akbar]], a partly fictionalised version of Udai Singh II is portrayed by actor [[Surendra Pal]].
* In the 2013 television serial, [[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]], Udai Singh II was portrayed by [[Shakti Anand]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.eternalmewar.in/research/encyclopedia/index.aspx Mewar Encyclopedia]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, eternalmewar.in. Accessed 30 November 2022.

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia Rajput Clan]]||4 August 1522||28 February 1572}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Vikramaditya Singh (Maharana)|Vikramaditya Singh]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia Rajput Ruler]]
|years=1540–1572}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Pratap Singh I]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Udaipur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh II, Udai}}
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:Maharana Pratap]]
[[Category:1522 births]]
[[Category:1572 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian city founders]]
[[Category:History of Udaipur]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

1978 Villupuram atrocity

2026-02-16T17:20:57Z

Rik: starting a place

{{Short description|Massacre of Dalits}}
The '''1978 Villupuram atrocity''' was an incident of [[Caste-related violence in India|caste based violence]] which happened in July 1978 in [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The violence resulted in 12 [[Dalit]]s being killed and more than 100 Dalit houses burned down in Periyaparaichery, a Dalit settlement. The violence was caused when a group of Dalits allegedly attacked a dominant caste man after he allegedly molested a Dalit women. Later, dominant caste people attacked the settlement with [[Rocket (firework)|rocket fireworks]] and indulged in arsoning and assault. The Dalits also retaliated by setting fire to several dominant caste houses.

Thirty four caste Hindus were arrested, 3 were sentenced to [[Death-penalty|death penalty]] and 27 others were sentenced to [[life imprisonment]].

==Background==
Periyaparaichery is located in the Villupuram's city centre. The majority of the Dalits in this hamlet work in the vegetable market as porters and labourers. The businesses in the market are run by Hindus from the [[Vanniyar]], [[Mudaliar]] and [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] castes, as well as [[Muslims]].{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=117}} Periyaparaichery is a slum with eight-hundred [[Earth structure|mud houses]] and [[Thatching|thatch houses]] with a population of 3,000 people, nearly all of them belonging to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]]. Most in the colony were wage workers and a significant had regular jobs.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1723}} As per the [[1971 Census of India|1971 Census]], Periyaparaichery was home to approximately half of Villupuram's Dalit population.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1721}} [[Untouchability]] and [[Racial segregation|segregation]] was practiced and Dalits were often referred to with derogatory caste names.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1724}}

The top [[Government officials]], the revenue divisional officer and the [[deputy superintendent of police]] in Viluppuram are all Dalits.<ref name="IndiaToday" />

==Causes==
A young Dalit lady was insulted at the vegetable market by a dominant caste laborer working at one of the vegetable shops on the afternoon of July 23, 1978. He allegedly flirted with her and grabbed her breast as she stooped down to pick tomatoes for her husband's lunch.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web|last=Digital|first=India Today|date=August 31, 1978|title=Breasts of a Harijan girl spark off orgy of violence in Villupuram, Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19780831-breasts-of-a-harijan-girl-spark-off-orgy-of-violence-in-villupuram-tamil-nadu-822977-2014-03-24|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-05|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805145122/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19780831-breasts-of-a-harijan-girl-spark-off-orgy-of-violence-in-villupuram-tamil-nadu-822977-2014-03-24 |archive-date=2021-08-05 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1721}} Her husband later went to the perpetrator's place to enquire about the incident and later beat him up along with other Dalits.{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=118}}{{Sfn|Vakil|1985|p=89}}

The Vegetable Merchants Association lodged a complaint with the [[Deputy superintendent of police]] the same night and intended to hold a [[hartal]] the next day in protest of the assault. The next morning, the dominant caste man who was attacked filed a complaint, identifying seven Dalit people as assaulters. The next day the demonstration was held with under the leadership of president of the Vegetable Merchants Association and others including a number [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]](AIADMK) office bearers of the town.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1721}} During the demonstration, anti-Dalit statements were chanted, such as "Displace Dalits from the City Center" and "[[Paraiyar|Paraiyan]]s' wives are our [[Concubinage|concubines]]." The accused Dalits turned themselves up at the police station and the police called a peace meet between both the two groups.{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=118}} A case was also filed against them.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1721}} The caste Hindus, however, skipped the meeting and instead convened a secret gathering at Muthuthoppu, a dominating caste neighborhood where all agreed to attack the Periyaparaichery.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1721}}{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=118}}{{Sfn|Vakil|1985|p=89}}

==Violence==
On 11:30 pm of 24 July, a dominant caste crowd moved towards Periyaparaichery where they assaulted two rickshaw men and burned down their rickshaws. The rickshaw men bleeding, went to the police station and filed a complaint on the attackers who they claimed attacked with [[Crowbar (tool)|crowbars]] and knives.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1721}} The crowd set fire to eight Dalit homes.{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=118}} The crowd used [[Rocket (firework)|rockets]] and explosives reportedly from firework industries in the town to attack the colony from the outside. The property of a respected Dalit teacher in the neighborhood was one of the first to be attacked and was completely destroyed in the fire. The fire truck which was called to put out the fire was halted by the dominant caste members until the Dalits pushed the crowd to make way for the vehicle. The crowd was later dispersed. Several Dalit houses were destroyed in this attack.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1721}}<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=TAMIL NADU-The Villupuram Atrocity|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1978/41/our-correspondent-columns/tamil-nadu-villupuram-atrocity.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=13|issue=41|pages=7–8}}</ref>

On the morning of July 25, the dominant caste members aimed rockets which destroyed five more huts.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1722}} The Dalits in retaliation torched houses of the dominant caste members and attacked them.{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=118}} A number of hundred steel-helmeted policemen stood idle during the carnage. 80 to 100 Dalit houses were destroyed and at least 12 Dalits were killed on the same day by skull factures and injuries to vital organs.{{Sfn|Vakil|1985|p=90}}{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1722}} The Villupuram police force was severely depleted after a significant portion of it was deployed to oversee the Madurai Municipal elections.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1725}}

On July 27, three more bodies were found.{{Sfn|Economic and Political Weekly|1978|p=1723}}

During the violence, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]] was 200 km away in [[Madurai]], canvassing for the Municipal elections.<ref name="IndiaToday" />

== Aftermath and convictions ==
[[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Jagjivan Ram]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], and Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.Ramachandran]] visited the afflicted area. The government formed an Enquiry Commission which was established on July 29, 1978. 41 caste Hindus were implicated to the crime, and 34 of them were detained. In the court verdict, three accused were condemned to death which was later lowered to a life sentence and 27 others were sentenced to life in prison. Many of those sentenced to life in prison were later released when the time of their convictions were later reduced.{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=118}}{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=119}}{{Sfn|Balasubramaniam|2013|p=120}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|last=Vakil|first=A. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DCegd2xxF8C|title=Reservation Policy and Scheduled Castes in India|date=1985|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-016-7|language=en}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Balasubramaniam|first=J.|date=2013-07-01|title=Villupuram Atrocity: Physical and Symbolic Violence against Dalits|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0974354520130201|journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=117–122|doi=10.1177/0974354520130201|s2cid=187229866|issn=2455-328X|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1978|title=The Villupuram Atrocity|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4367015|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=13|issue=41|pages=1721–1725|jstor=4367015|issn=0012-9976}}

[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1970s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:July 1978 in Asia]]

Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of Lytton

2026-02-07T18:58:37Z

Rik: done...

{{Short description|Wife of Edward Bulwer Lytton, later court-attendant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Countess of Lytton
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|VA|CI}}
| image = Edith Bulwer-Lytton (née Villiers), Countess of Lytton.png
| image_size =
| caption = The Countess of Lytton in 1876
| birth_name = Edith Villiers
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1841|9|15}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1936|9|17|1841|9|15}}
| death_place =
| resting_place = [[Knebworth]], Hertfordshire, England<ref name=robdnd>Washbrook, D. (2008, January 03). [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-17315 Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer-, first earl of Lytton [pseud. Owen Meredith] (1831–1891), viceroy of India and poet]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 6 Mar. 2020. Subscription or UK public library membership required.</ref>
| other_names = Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Baroness of Lytton
| known_for = Vicereine of India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]]|1864|1891|end=d.}}
| children = 7, including [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|Victor]] and [[Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton|Constance]]
| relatives = [[Villiers family]]
}}

'''Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of Lytton''', {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|size=100|VA|CI}} (née '''Villiers'''; 15 September 1841 – 17 September 1936) was a British aristocrat. As the wife of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]], she was [[vicereine of India]]. After his death, she was a court-attendant of [[Queen Victoria]]. Her children included suffragette [[Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton|Constance Bulwer-Lytton]].

==Life==
Edith Villiers was born on 15 September 1841, into the [[aristocratic]] [[Villiers family]]. She was the daughter of Edward Ernest Villiers (1806–1843) and Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell. She was the granddaughter of [[George Villiers (1759–1827)|George Villiers]],<ref name=robdnd/> and the niece of [[George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon]]. The [[Pre-Raphaelite]] portrait of her by [[George Frederic Watts]] was painted when she was 21.<ref name="Jenkins2015"/>

She was by then the only unmarried daughter as her twin sister Elizabeth had married [[Henry Loch, 1st Baron Loch]] in 1862. (There is a tale that Henry proposed to the wrong girl by mistake and then refused to admit it.<ref name="Jenkins2015"/>) Edith was living with her widowed mother at the home of her uncle, the Earl of Clarendon. She had been trained in dancing, music and art, but she had not received a structured education.<ref name="Jenkins2015">{{cite book|author=Lyndsey Jenkins|title=Lady Constance Lytton: Aristocrat, Suffragette, Martyr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7nqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT24|date=12 March 2015|publisher=Biteback Publishing|isbn=978-1-84954-892-2|pages=24–}}</ref>

Villiers married Robert Bulwer-Lytton (later 1st [[Earl of Lytton]]) on 4 October 1864. She brought her new husband an income of £6,000 per year. Robert, an aspiring diplomat, was relatively poor for a member of the British upper classes, although his father [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]] was a well-known writer and was raised to the peerage in 1866. His father controlled his son and it was his choice for his son to become a diplomat. Having previously broken up a match between Robert and another girl, he also disapproved of the marriage to Edith. For the first year he refused to speak to her but eventually warmed to the marriage.<ref name="Mitchell2003">{{cite book|author=Leslie George Mitchell|title=Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Man of Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SMtrShlsoMC&pg=PA81|year=2003|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85285-423-2|pages=81–82}}</ref>

Edith accompanied her husband during his diplomatic career, and several of their children were born abroad. The children were:

* Edward Rowland John Bulwer-Lytton (1865–1871)
* [[Lady Betty Balfour|Lady Elizabeth Edith "Betty" Bulwer-Lytton]]<ref name=robdnd/> (12 June 1867 – 28 March 1942) who married [[Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour]]
* [[Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton|Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton]], born at Vienna (1869–1923),<ref name=robdnd/> British suffragette activist.
* Hon. Henry Meredith Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1872–1874)
* [[Emily Lutyens|Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton]] (1874–1964) who married the architect [[Edwin Lutyens]].
* [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton]], (1876–1947)<ref name=robdnd/>
* [[Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton]] (6 February 1879 – 9 February 1951)<ref name=robdnd/>

==Vicereine of India==
[[File:Delhi Durbar 1877.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The Delhi Durbar of 1877. The Viceroy of India is seated on the dais to the left.]]Her husband served as [[Viceroy of India]] between 1876 and 1880.<ref name=lucille/> Edith was thus [[Vicereine]].<ref name=define>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130113075444/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vicereine Vicereine], Definition by OxfordDictionaries, Retrieved 3 November 2015</ref><ref name="Cite Q|Q126672688">{{Cite Q|Q126672688}}</ref> In 1876 she gave birth at [[Shimla]] to her son Victor.<ref name="Cite Q|Q126672688"/> He was the third of her sons but Edward and Henry had died as infants in 1871 and 1874. Victor and her last child Neville who was born in 1879 would in time inherit the Earldom.<ref name=robdnd/>

The [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1877 was held beginning on 1 January 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as [[Empress of India]]. The following year Edith, as Vicereine, was invested in the [[Imperial Order of the Crown of India]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24539 |date=4 January 1878 |page=113}}</ref> Edith was also decorated with the honorific [[Royal Order of Victoria and Albert|Lady, Royal Order of Victoria and Albert]]. Edith and her daughters restyled the court which they considered inferior to the courts of Europe. Fashions were ordered from Paris. Edith was noted for her support of the education of women in India.<ref name=robdnd/>
Her daughter Emily retained an interest in Indian culture after the family's return to England and was converted to [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophy]]. When Edith's husband resigned in 1880 he was made an Earl by [[Benjamin Disraeli]].<ref name=lucille/>

==Paris==
[[File:Lady-edith-villiers-as-lady-melbourne-after-cosway-page-60.jpg|thumb|Lady Edith Villiers dressed as [[Lady Melbourne]] for a costume party at [[Devonshire House]]<ref name=costume/> (1897)]]
Edith's husband became the British Ambassador in Paris in 1887 although he was weakened by heart disease. He seemed to make a good impression as when he died suddenly in Paris in 1891 he was given, unusually, a state funeral in France. Edith was the chief mourner along with her surviving five children. The funeral was attended by ministers of state and the French government arranged for 3,500 soldiers to serve at the funeral, before his body was taken by rail to England.<ref name=lucille>[http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/lucile/Reviews/Critic.htm Obituaries of Lord Lytton], Lucille Project, Retrieved 3 November 2015</ref>

==At court==
Edith had a much reduced income. She became Queen Victoria's [[Lady-in-Waiting]] ([[Lady of the Bedchamber]]) in 1895 taking the post left vacant by [[Susanna Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe|Susanna, Duchess of Roxburghe]]. She was asked personally by the Queen and she received £300 per year and served with eight other aristocratic maids of honour.<ref name="King2007">{{cite book|author=Greg King|title=Twilight of Splendor: The Court of Queen Victoria During Her Diamond Jubilee Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNa57nc2S0wC&pg=PA328|date=4 June 2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-04439-1|pages=79–}}</ref> In 1897, she was one of the guests at the [[Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Duchess of Devonshire]]'s Diamond Jubilee Costume Ball on 2 July 1897.<ref name=costume>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Dave|title=Costume Ball 4: Ladies only|date=2 January 2014 |url=http://rbkclocalstudies.wordpress.com/2014/01/02/costume-ball-4-ladies-only/|publisher=Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea}}</ref>

When the Queen died, Edith rode with the body on the funeral journey from London to Windsor.<ref name="VotesfW">[https://books.google.com/books?id=kioY9y-yDDQC&dq=jane+warton&pg=PA162 Votes for Women By June Purvis, Sandra Stanley Holton]</ref>
She then held the office of "Lady of the Bedchamber" to [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]] until she retired in 1905.<ref name=robdnd/>

==Retirement==
Her retirement lasted more than thirty years. She lived at [[Homewood, Knebworth|Homewood]], a [[dower house]] on the family estate at [[Knebworth]], Hertfordshire. The house was designed circa 1901 by her son-in-law Sir Edwin Lutyens, in [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] style.<ref>[http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/1783 Homewood, Knebworth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030639/http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/1783 |date=17 November 2015 }} www.parksandgardens.org.</ref> Her daughter Constance suffered a [[stroke]] in 1912 and returned to live at Homewood,<ref>Jenkins (2015), pp. 195–6.</ref> remaining there until shortly before her death in 1923.<ref>Jenkins (2015), pp. 228–30.</ref>

==Bibliography==
Her granddaughter [[Mary Lutyens]] published a book ''Lady Lytton's Court Diary'', based on Edith's experiences at the court of Queen Victoria.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lady Lytton's Court Diary, 1895–1901|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC0mHQAACAAJ|year=1961|publisher=R. Hart-Davis}}</ref> Mary's other publications include ''The Lyttons in India: An account of Lord Lytton's Viceroyalty, 1876–1880''.<ref>London: John Murray, 1979, {{ISBN|0-7195-3677-4}}</ref>
Another granddaughter, [[Elisabeth Lutyens]], mentioned Edith's life at Homewood when recalling her own childhood in her autobiography ''A Goldfish Bowl'' (1972).

==Legacy==
[[File:Edith Villiers, later Countess of Lytton by George Frederic Watts.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[George Frederic Watts]] (1862)]]
Edith and Robert had five children, who led influential lives. She also sat for the noted painting by George Frederic Watts. Some have deprecated her contribution as she had no formal education and her husband's biographers have thought her lightweight.<ref name="Jenkins2015"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101048938/Edith-Bulwer-Lytton Edith Bulwer-Lytton], [[ODNB]] (subscription or UK public library membership required)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lytton, Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of}}
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:Ladies of the Bedchamber]]
[[Category:Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert]]
[[Category:Burials at Knebworth]]
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Women of the Victorian era]]
[[Category:20th-century British women]]
[[Category:People from Knebworth]]
[[Category:Lytton family|Edith]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:British countesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Court of Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Wives of knights]]
[[Category:19th-century British ladies-in-waiting]]

Uttarakhand Gramin Bank

2026-02-03T21:03:08Z

Rik: small fixed formatting after review additionally and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Banking in India]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

54th Kerala State Film Awards

2026-01-16T15:02:00Z

Rik:

{{Short description|State awards for Malayalam films of 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 54th Kerala State Film Awards
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| awarded_for = Best works in Malayalam cinema in a selected year
| presenter = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
| host =
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|08|16}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| country = India
| reward =
| year = 1969
| most_wins = ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
| website = {{URL|keralafilm.com}}
| previous = [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards|2023 (53rd)]]
| main = [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| next = [[55th Kerala State Film Awards|2025 (55th)]]
}}

The '''54th Kerala State Film Awards''', presented by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], was announced by [[Saji Cherian]], [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Minister of Cultural Affairs, Kerala]] on 16 August 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=K. |first1=Janani |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Prithviraj, Urvashi, Beena R Chandran win top acting honours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-state-film-award-prithviraj-sukumaran-urvashi-beena-r-chandran-win-top-acting-honours-2583054-2024-08-16 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-state-film-awards-2023-winners-5988b6da|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2023: Prithviraj, Urvashi are Best Actor, Best Actress; Kaathal Best Film|date=16 August 2024|access-date=16 August 2024|work=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref> A total of 160 films were submitted for the awards. Jury headed by [[Sudhir Mishra]] decided the awards for the film category and jury headed by Janaki Sreedharan decided awards for the writing category this year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sudhir-mishra-to-head-kerala-state-film-award-jury/article68389204.ece |title=Sudhir Mishra to head Kerala State Film Award jury |access-date=16 August 2024 |date=11 July 2024| work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/kerala-state-film-awards-2023-filmmaker-sudhir-mishra-appointed-chairperson-read-on-atg-sgg9o0 |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2023: Filmmaker Sudhir Mishra appointed chairperson; Read on |access-date=16 August 2024 |date=11 July 2024 |work=Asianet News}}</ref>

==Writing category==
===Jury===
{| style="border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}} Janaki Sreedharan (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} Jose K. Manuel
| {{•}} O. K. Santosh
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} C. Ajoy
|}

===Awards===
All award recipients receive a cash prize, certificate and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Title of work
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Cash prize
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''Mazhavilkannilode Malayala Cinema''
|Kishore Kumar
|align="right"|₹30,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Article on Cinema|Best Article on Cinema]]
|''Desheeyatheya Azhichedukkunna Cinema''
|Rakesh M. R.
|align="right"|₹20,000
|}

===Special Mention===
All recipients receive a certificate and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Title
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awardee(s)
|-
! scope="row"|Book on Cinema
|''Kamanagalude Samskariga Spandangal''
|P Premachandran
|-
! scope="row"|Article on Cinema
|No Award
|No Award
|}

==Film category==
===Jury===
{| style="border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|+Final jury
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}} [[Sudhir Mishra]] (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} [[Priyanandanan]]
| {{•}} [[Alagappan N.]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
| {{•}} [[N. S. Madhavan]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} [[Ann Augustine]]
| {{•}} [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} C. Ajoy
|}

{| style="border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|+Second jury
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}} [[Priyanandanan]] (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} [[B. Rakesh]]
| {{•}} Sajas Rahman
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} Vinod Sukumaran
| {{•}} C. Ajoy
|}

{| style="border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|+First jury
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}} [[Alagappan N.]] (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} V. J. James
| {{•}} K. M. Sheeba
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} Roy P. Thomas
| {{•}} C. Ajoy
|}

===Awards===
All award recipients receive a cash prize, certificate and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Title of film
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
|Director: [[Jeo Baby]]
|align="right"|₹200,000
|-
|Producer: [[Mammootty]]
|align="right"|₹200,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Iratta]]''
|Director: Rohit M. G. Krishnan
|align="right"|₹150,000
|-
|Producer: [[Joju George]] [[Martin Prakkat]] Sijo Vakkan
|align="right"|₹150,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
|[[Blessy]]
| align="right"|₹200,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Ullozhukku]]''
|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
|''[[Thadavu]]''
|Beena R Chandran
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
|''[[Pookkaalam]]''
|[[Vijayaraghavan]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress|Best Character Actress]]
| ''Pombalai Orumai''
| Sreeshma Chandran
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
| ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
| Avyukth Menon ({{small|Male category}})
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
| ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
| Thennal Abhilash ({{small|Female category}})
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
| [[Adarsh Sukumaran]] Paulson Skaria
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
| Sunil K. S.
|align="right"| ₹25,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay (Original)]]
| ''[[Iratta]]''
| Rohit M. G. Krishnan
|align="right"| ₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay (Adaptation)]]
| ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
| [[Blessy]]
|align="right"| ₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
| ''[[Chaaver]]'' ({{small|"Chenthamara Poovil"}})
| Hareesh Mohanan
|align="right"| ₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs|Best Music Director (songs)]]
| ''[[Chaaver]]'' ({{small|"Chenthamara Poovil}})
|[[Justin Varghese]]
|align="right"| ₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Score|Best Music Director (score)]]
|''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
| Mathews Pulickan
|align="right"| ₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Male Singer]]
|''Jananam 1947 Pranayam Thydaunnu'' ({{small|"Kanave Mizhiyil Unare"}})
| [[Vidyadharan]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Female Singer]]
|''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]'' ({{small|"Thinkal Poovin"}})
|[[Anne Amie]]
|align="right"| ₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
| ''[[Little Miss Rawther]]''
| [[Sangeeth Prathap]]
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018 : Everyone is a Hero]]''
| Mohandas
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sync Sound|Best Sync Sound]]
| ''[[O.Baby (film)|O. Baby]]''
| Shameer Ahamed
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Mixing|Best Sound Mixing]]
| ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
| [[Resul Pookutty]] Sarath Mohan
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
|''[[Ullozhukku]]''
|Jayadevan Chakkadath Anil Radhakrishnan
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Processing Lab / Colourist|Best Processing Lab / Colourist]]
| ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
| Vaishal Shiva Ganesh
|align="right"|₹25,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]]
| ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
| Ranjith Ambadi
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
| ''[[O.Baby (film)|O. Baby]]''
| Femina Jebbar
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
|''[[Ullozhukku]]''({{small|Character: Rajeev}}) ''[[Valatty]]''({{small|Character: Tommy}})
| [[Roshan Mathew]] ({{small|Male category}})
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
|''Jananam 1947 Pranayam Thydaunnu'' ({{small|Character: }})
| Sumangala ({{small|Female category}})
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]''
| Jishnu
|align="right"|₹50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
|Director: [[Blessy]]
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
|Producer: Visual Romance
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|''[[Thadavu]]''
|Fasil Razak
|align="right"|₹100,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
| colspan="3" | No Award
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018 : Everyone is a Hero]]''
| Andrew D Cruz Vishak Babu
|align="right"| ₹50,000
|}

===Special Mention===
All recipients receive a certificate and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Title of film
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" class="unsortable" |Awarded for
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
| K. R. Gokul
|rowspan="3" | Acting
|-
| ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
| Sudhi Kozhikode
|-
| ''Jaivam''
| Krishnan
|-
| ''[[Gaganachari]]''
| Arun Chandu
| Direction
|}

===Special Award in Any Category for Women/Transgender===
All recipients receive a cash prize, certificate, and statuette.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Title of film
! style="background-coloKuruvi" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awarded for
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" |Special Award in Any Category for Women/Transgender
|''Ennennum''
|Shalini Ushadevi
|Direction
|align="right"|₹50,000
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://www.keralafilm.com

{{Kerala State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]

Gonioglyptus

2026-01-12T14:52:22Z

Rik: info...

{{Short description|Extinct genus of amphibians}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Induan}}
| taxon = Gonioglyptus
| authority = [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], 1865
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = * ''G. longirostris'' Huxley, 1865
* ''G. fragilis'' (Huxley, 1865)
| synonyms = * ''Glyptognathus'' Huxley, 1865
* ''Panchetosaurus'' Tripathi, 1969
}}

'''''Gonioglyptus''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[trematosauria]]n [[temnospondyl]] within the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Trematosauridae]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fossilworks: Gonioglyptus |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37127 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=[[Paleobiology Database]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Novikov |first=I. V. |date=2018-12-01 |title=New Data on Early Triassic Lonchorhynchids (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) of Eastern Europe |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030118120146 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=52 |issue=12 |pages=1428–1431 |doi=10.1134/S0031030118120146 |issn=1555-6174|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is known from the [[Early Triassic]] [[Panchet Formation]] of [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Saswati |last2=Ray |first2=Sanghamitra |date=2020-03-01 |title=Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships |journal=Episodes Journal of International Geoscience |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=438–460 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020028|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ezcurra |first1=Martín D. |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Saswati |last3=Sengupta |first3=Dhurjati P. |last4=Sen |first4=Kasturi |last5=Sennikov |first5=Andrey G. |last6=Sookias |first6=Roland B. |last7=Nesbitt |first7=Sterling J. |last8=Butler |first8=Richard J. |date=October 2023 |title=A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=10 |issue=10 |doi=10.1098/rsos.230387 |doi-access=free|issn=2054-5703 |pmc=10598453 |pmid=37885992}}</ref> It contains two species: '''''G. longirostris''''' (sometimes classified in the genus ''Panchetosaurus'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steyer |first=J. Sébastien |date=July 2002 |title=The First Articulated Trematosaur 'amphibian' from the Lower Triassic of Madagascar: Implications for the Phylogeny of the Group |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00260 |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=771–793 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00260 |issn=0031-0239|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and '''''G. fragilis''''' (previously classified in the genus ''Glyptognathus'').<ref name=":0" /> The species ''G. kokeni'' from Pakistan has since been reclassified into ''[[Aphaneramma]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maisch |first=Michael W. |date=2020-03-31 |title=Aphaneramma kokeni (von Huene, 1920), a lonchorhynchine trematosaurid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Triassic of Pakistan |url=https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/295/93250/Aphaneramma_kokeni_von_Huene_1920_a_lonchorhynchin?af=crossref |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=295 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=211–241 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2020/0879|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{Portal|Paleontology}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Temnospondyli|T.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5581932}}

[[Category:Trematosauria]]
[[Category:Triassic temnospondyls of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1865]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Henry Huxley]]
[[Category:Fossils of India]]

{{Temnospondyli-stub}}

Tajalli Productions

2025-12-22T06:17:38Z

Rik: started first data initial version

{{Infobox company
| name = Tajalli Productions
| logo =
| type =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2016}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| founder = [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], Telangana chapter
| key_people = Syed Faqruddin Ali Ahmed Zayeemuddin Ahmed Shaik Abdul Ghani<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/hyderabad-citizens-take-to-social-media-to-showcase-lockdown-blues-621153|title = Hyderabad: Citizens take to social media to showcase lockdown blues|date = 7 May 2020}}</ref> Syed Anas Razvi
| products = [[Short Films]] [[Talk Shows]]
| num_employees =
}}

'''Tajalli Productions''' is an online digital infotainment channel, which produces short films, talk shows, interviews, social experiments, lectures on various social, political, and Islamic issues.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dakhni videos spread faith through humour|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Dakhni-videos-spread-faith-through-humour/articleshow/53276788.cms|accessdate=19 July 2016| work=The Times of India|date=19 July 2016 }}</ref>

==Web series==
* [[Busting Myths about Muslims]] (2019)
* Desh Badal Raha Hai (2018)
* Lessons from Surah Yusuf (2018)
* Daily Quranic Summary (2017)
* Baat Mein Baat (2016–present)
* Glimpses from the Qur'an (2016)
* Manazir-e-Qurani (2016)

==Short films==

* [[Pani Pani Re]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Satire on a serious issue-Pani pani re|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Satire-on-a-serious-issue-Pani-pani-re/article14342414.ece|accessdate=27 May 2016| work=The Hindu|date=27 May 2016 }}</ref>
* Clean Eid-ul-Adha <ref>{{cite news|title=For a safe, clean Id|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/for-a-safe-clean-id/article19604432.ece|accessdate=1 September 2017| work=The Hindu|date=September 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Talaq - In the name of women's welfare.]]<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/short-film-on-triple-talaq-released/article23789999.ece| title = Short film on triple talaq released - TELANGANA - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 5 May 2018}}</ref>
* Shukr Alhamdulilah (2025)
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt37764558/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk Taare Bikhar Gaye (2025)]<ref name=":0" />

== Content ==

=== Shukr Alhamdulillah (2025) ===
Shukr Alhamdulillah is an Indian short film produced by Deccan Media House and Tajalli Productions, centered on the theme of gratitude and moral values in everyday life. The film explores the lives of four individuals in a bustling urban setting, each grappling with personal challenges while holding on to the unifying power of faith and thankfulness. Conceptualized by Zayeemuddin Ahmed and directed by Mohd Raheem, the film features Faheem ul Haq in a pivotal role, alongside Jameel Shah, Azad Khan, Muhammad Arfat Khan, and Jamal Khan. The film's poignant message is enhanced by the cinematographic and editing work of Syed Saif Uddin, Musaib Hussain, and Waliullah Farhan.

=== Taare Bikhar Gaye (2025) ===
Taare Bikhar Gaye (2025) is an Indian short film that focuses on the tumultuous aftermath of a sudden tragedy befalling a happy family. The storyline centers on how silence gives way to turmoil as suppressed emotions surface, bonds are tested, and invisible wounds speak louder than words.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Raheem |first=Mohd |title=Taare Bikhar Gaye |date=2025-08-05 |type=Short, Family |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt37764558/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk |access-date=2025-08-06 |others=Faheem Ul Haq, Shazia Saleem, Jameel Shah |publisher=Tajalli Productions}}</ref> Directed and written by Mohd Raheem, with a story by Zayeemuddin Ahmed, the film employs minimal dialogue to convey its deeply emotional narrative. The visual tone is shaped by cinematographer Imtiyaz Qureshi, while Saif Uddin and Musaib Hussain oversaw the editing. Sound design including foley, music, and background score was handled by Max Productions, and color grading (D.I.) was managed by Waliullah Farhan, Nayab Abdul Kareem, and Tanu Garg. Manohar Bagde served as the chief assistant director.<ref name=":0" /> The film is widely recognized for its evocative visual style, emotional resonance, and the powerful storytelling achieved through silence and visual nuance.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Productions, Tajalli}}
[[Category:YouTube channels]]

Howrah–Raxaul Express

2025-12-07T03:25:35Z

Rik:

{{Short description|Indian express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah - Raxaul Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar
| first = 28 March 2014
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Howrah Junction}} ('''HWH''')
| stops = 17
| end = {{rws|Raxaul Junction}} ('''RXL''')
| distance = {{convert|699|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16h 55m
| frequency = Twice in a week {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC II Tier, AC III Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-Catering
| observation = Large Windows
| baggage = Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}} (Broad Gauge)
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 13043/13044
| speed = {{convert|43|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Average)
n/a (Maximum)
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The '''Howrah - Raxaul Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]] and [[Raxaul Junction railway station|RaxaulJunction]] in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 13043/13044 train numbers on twice in a week basis.<ref>[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=529&did=143038598204639135BC21D894814F3CFB4A73583CAA7.we ER's MASSIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR EARTHQUAKE VICTIMS OF NEPAL]</ref><ref>[http://echoofindia.com/kolkata-nepal-earthquake-helping-hand-eastern-railway-84334 Nepal earthquake: helping hand by Eastern Railway]</ref>

== Overview ==

It runs from [[Howrah Junction]] to [[Raxaul Junction]] on Wednesdays and Fridays of every week. In the reverse direction it runs on Thursdays and Saturdays of every week. It connects important stations like [[Asansol]], [[Jhajha]], [[Barauni]], [[Samastipur]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Sitamarhi]]. The 13043/Howrah - Raxaul Express has an average speed of 41 km/h and covers 699 km in 16h 55m. The 13044/Raxaul - Howrah Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 699 km in 15h 45m.

== Timing and halts ==

The train departs from Platform #8 of [[Howrah Junction]] at 22:50 and arrives in [[Raxaul Junction]] at 15:45, the next day. From [[Raxaul Junction]], the train departs at 20:30 and arrives in [[Howrah Junction]] at 12:15, the next day.

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Howrah Junction}}
* {{rws|Bandel Junction}}
* {{rws|Barddhaman Junction}}
* {{rws|Durgapur}}
* {{rws|Asansol Junction}}
* {{rws|Madhupur Junction}}
* {{rws|Jasidih Junction}}
* {{rws|Jhajha}}
* {{rws|Kiul Junction}}
* {{rws|Barauni Junction}}
* {{rws|Dalsingh Sarai}}
* {{rws|Samastipur Junction}}
* {{rws|Darbhanga Junction}}
* {{rws|Kamtaul}}
* {{rws|Janakpur Road}}
* {{rws|Sitamarhi Junction}}
* {{rws|Bairgania}}
* {{rws|Ghorasahan}}
* {{rws|Raxaul Junction}}

==Coach composite==

The train consists 15 standard ICF coaches. It does not carry any pantry car:

* 2 AC II Tier Cum III Tiers
* 5 Sleeper Classes
* 6 General (Unreserved)
* 2 Seating (Disabled/Ladies) Cum Luggage Rakes

== Traction==

The entire journey is covered by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]] based electric locomotive [[WAP 5]].

== See also ==

* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Raxaul Junction railway station]]
* [[Mithila Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/howrah-raxaul-express-13043/22835/1/2314 13043/Howrah - Raxaul Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/raxaul-howrah-express-13044/22836/2314/1 13044/Raxaul - Howrah Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah - Raxaul Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Raxaul]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Ramsar tehsil, Rajasthan

2025-11-30T01:29:59Z

Rik: adding details

{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramsar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Tehsil
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Tehsil
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,455
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,08,001
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Marwari language|Marwadi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 344502
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 091-2985
| registration_plate = RJ-04
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Village
| blank_info_sec2 = 168
}}

'''Ramsar''' is a subdivision in the [[Barmer district]] and a [[tehsil]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. Ramsar has 25 [[Gram Panchayat]]s having 183 villages in total. The subdivisional executive is headed by SDM{{clarify|What is SDM?|date=April 2025}} and the assistant collector.

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ramsar tehsil (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|56.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|43.59}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}

The population of Ramsar is 108,001 according to the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Ramsar tehsil (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value1 = 47.52 |color1 = maroon
|label2 = [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] |value2 = 33.77 |color2 = firebrick
|label3 = 'Other' Sindhi |value3 = 11.48 |color3 = gold
|label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value4 = 4.98 |color4 = limegreen
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.22 |color5 = orange
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 47.52% of the population in Ramsar tehsil spoke [[Marwari language|Marwari]], 33.77% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 16.45% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and 2.26% spoke the other languages.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> People in the west of the tehsil along the border with Pakistan speak [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]], a mix of Marwari and Sindhi.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

{{Barmer district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Barmer district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Barmer district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Bankia (instrument)

2025-11-25T22:56:07Z

Rik: starting details...

{{Short description|Traditional Indian wind instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Bankia
| image = File:A man playing Bankia in Udaipur Chari Folk Dance.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = A musician plays the Bankia during the [[Udaipur]] [[Chari Dance|Chari dance]]
| background = [[Brass]]
| names = Bankiya
| classification = [[Aerophone]]
| hornbostel_sachs = 423.1
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Natural trumpet]]
| inventors =
| developed = [[Rajasthan]], India
| timbre = Powerful, resonant
| volume = Loud
| attack = Sharp
| decay = Gradual
| range =
| pitch =
| related =
| musicians = Bhopas, Dhadhi community
}}

The '''Bankia''' is a traditional [[wind instrument]] from [[Rajasthan]], India. It is made of [[bronze]].<ref name=Hindu/> It consists of a bugle-like tube and a saucer-shaped bell with an integrated mouthpiece.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bankiya |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2686660 |website=Indianculture.gov.in}}</ref> It produces powerful sound.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bankia |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/bankia/yQG2mIXOIxmCcw?hl=en |publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]]}}</ref> It is commonly used during folk performances like the [[Chari Dance|Chari]] and [[Kachchhi Ghodi dance|Kachchhi Ghodi ]] dances.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news |last1=Lalitha |first1=M. |last2=Nandini |first2=N. |title=The sound of the Bankia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-sound-of-the-bankia/article31746888.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=June 4, 2020}}</ref>

Bankia is also commonly played during weddings, religious ceremonies, and processions in [[Rajasthan]]. In earlier times, it was used to signal the arrival of royalty, and this association with grand occasions has continued over the years. It continues to be an important part of cultural and ceremonial events, particularly in folk performances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ransingha, Bankya, Pankha, Chatta |url=https://www.ranadholi.com/ransingha.html |publisher=Ranadholi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Music of India]]
* [[Musical instruments of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of Indian musical instruments]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/solvyns-bankia-frans-balthazar-solvyns/CgHiaH2x4T_b5w Bankia] at [[Google Arts & Culture]]
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Early musical instruments]]
[[Category:Rajasthani music]]
[[Category:Music of India by state or union territory|Rajsthan]]
{{India-music-stub}}

2007 Indian presidential election

2025-11-16T13:14:04Z

Rik:

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{original research|date=January 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2007 Indian presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2002 Indian presidential election
| previous_year = 2002
| next_election = 2012 Indian presidential election
| next_year = 2012
| election_date = 19 July 2007
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| nominee1 = '''[[Pratibha Patil]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = United Progressive Alliance
| home_state1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''638,116'''
| percentage1 = '''65.8%'''
| states_carried1 = '''21+[[New Delhi|NCT]]+[[Puducherry (union territory)|PY]]'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=BS Shekhawat.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| nominee2 = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| home_state2 = [[Rajasthan]]
| electoral_vote2 = 331,306
| percentage2 = 34.2%
| states_carried2 = 7
| title = President
| before_election = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| before_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| after_election = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| map_image = 2007 Indian Presidential Election.svg
| map_size = 350px
}}
The [[Election Commission of India]] held indirect 13th '''presidential elections''' of [[India]] on 19 July 2007 with giving the results on 21 July.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6905905.stm Indian MPs vote for new president]. ''[[BBC News]]''. Retrieved on 19 July 2007.</ref> [[Pratibha Patil]] with 638,116 votes won over her nearest rival [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] who got 331,306 votes. This result meant that Pratibha Patil became the first female [[President of India]].

==Candidates ==
=== [[United Progressive Alliance]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
|-
![[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
! For President
|-
|[[File:Pratibha Patil 2012-02-27.jpg|center|220x220px]]
|-
![[Governor of Rajasthan]] [[Pratibha Patil]]
[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[National Democratic Alliance]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|-
! [[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
! For President
|-
| [[File:Bhairon Singh Shekhawat.jpg|center|220x220px]]
|-
! [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

On 14 June, [[Pratibha Patil]], the [[Governor of Rajasthan|governor]] of the state of [[Rajasthan]], was declared by UPA as its candidate for the election. The Left and other allies of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) such as [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) announced their support on Patil's candidature. [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], an ally of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) also supported Patil's candidature. The move came as a surprise as Patil's name was not mentioned among the probables by UPA so far.

Supported unofficially by the NDA, the then Vice President, [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] filed his nomination as an independent candidate on 25 June 2007.

==Process==
{{Politics of India}}
{{further|President of India#Election of the President}}

As per the electoral calculation following were the number of votes for respective political parties.

[[Electoral College (India)]]
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; width:150;"
|-
! Name of party !! Combined value of vote
|-
| align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]] || 281,015
|-
| align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 253,269
|-
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || 81,722
|-
| align="left"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || 62,862
|-
| align="left"|[[Samajwadi Party]] || 58,403
|-
| align="left"|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] || 32,727
|-
| align="left"|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || 29,752
|-
| align="left"|[[Janata Dal (United)]] || 27,057
|-
| align="left"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] || 23,788
|-
| align="left"|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] || 22,178
|-
| align="left"|[[Biju Janata Dal]] || 19,709
|-
| align="left"|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || 19,280
|-
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]] || 15,130
|-
| align="left"|[[Telugu Desam Party]] || 14,744
|-
| align="left"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] || 13,356
|-
| align="left"|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] || 11,956
|-
| align="left"|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] || 8,156
|-
| align="left"|[[Trinamool Congress]] || 8,070
|-
| align="left"|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] || 7,388
|-
| align="left"|[[All India Forward Bloc]] || 7,365
|-
| align="left"|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] || 7,128
|-
| align="left"|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] || 6,360
|-
| align="left"|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] || 4,912
|-
| align="left"|[[Asom Gana Parishad]] || 4,908
|-
| align="left"|[[Lok Jan Shakti Party]] || 4,742
|-
| align="left"|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] || 4,140
|-
| align="left"|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || 3,904
|-
| align="left"|[[Indian National Lok Dal]] || 2,940
|-
| align="left"|[[Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] || 2,568
|-
| align="left"|[[Indian Union Muslim League]] || 2,480
|-
| align="left"|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]] || 1,633
|-
| align="left"|[[Nagaland People's Front]] || 1,587
|-
| align="left"|[[Mizo National Front]] || 1,584
|-
| align="left"|[[Kerala Congress]] || 1,316
|-
| align="left"|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] || 1,300
|-
| align="left"|[[Assam United Democratic Front]] || 1,160
|-
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]] || 1,041
|-
| align="left"|[[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]] || 883
|-
| align="left"|[[Swatantra Bharat Paksh]] || 883
|-
| align="left"|[[Kerala Congress (Mani)]] || 760
|-
| align="left"|[[Samata Party]] || 717
|-
| align="left"|[[Bharatiya Navshakti Party]] || 708
|-
| align="left"|[[Indian Federal Democratic Party]] || 708
|-
| align="left"|[[National Loktantrik Party]] || 708
|-
| align="left"|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]] || 708
|-
| align="left"|[[Jan Surajya Shakti]] || 700
|-
| align="left"|[[West Bengal Socialist Party]] || 604
|-
| align="left"|[[Gorkhaland National Liberation Front]] || 453
|-
| align="left"|[[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]] || 416
|-
| align="left"|[[Gondvana Ganatantra Party]] || 393
|-
| align="left"|[[United Goans Democratic Party]] || 372
|-
| align="left"|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]] || 352
|-
| align="left"|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] || 352
|-
| align="left"|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] || 350
|-
| align="left"|[[Orissa Gana Parishad]] || 298
|-
| align="left"|[[Janata Party]] || 296
|-
| align="left"|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party]] || 288
|-
| align="left"|[[Rashtriya Samanta Dal]] || 262
|-
| align="left"|[[Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress]] || 208
|-
| align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janshakti Party]] || 208
|-
| align="left"|[[Jan Morcha]] || 208
|-
| align="left"|[[Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party]] || 208
|-
| align="left"|[[Uttar Pradesh United Democratic Front]] || 208
|-
| align="left"|[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] || 192
|-
| align="left"|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] || 176
|-
| align="left"|[[Jharkhand Party]] || 176
|-
| align="left"|[[Akhil Bharitiya Sena]] || 175
|-
| align="left"|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha]] || 175
|-
| align="left"|[[Akhil Jan Vikas Party]] || 173
|-
| align="left"|[[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] || 156
|-
| align="left"|[[United Democratic Party (India)|United Democratic Party]] || 153
|-
| align="left"|[[Congress (Secular)]] || 152
|-
| align="left"|[[Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)]] || 152
|-
| align="left"|[[Indian National League]] || 152
|-
| align="left"|JSS || 152
|-
| align="left"|[[Kerala Congress (Balakrishna)]] || 152
|-
| align="left"|[[Kerala Congress (Secular)]] || 152
|-
| align="left"|[[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)|Democratic Socialist Party]] || 151
|-
| align="left"|[[Jharkhand Party (Naren)]] || 151
|-
| align="left"|[[Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha]] || 131
|-
| align="left"|[[Kannada Nadu Party]] || 131
|-
| align="left"|[[Republican Party of India]] || 131
|-
| align="left"|[[Rajasthan Samajik Nyaya Manch]] || 129
|-
| align="left"|[[Asom Gana Parishad (Pragatishel)]] || 116
|-
| align="left"|[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]] || 116
|-
| align="left"|[[Loko Sanmilon]] || 116
|-
| align="left"|[[Manipur People's Party]] || 90
|-
| align="left"|[[Democratic Movement (India)|Democratic Movement]] || 72
|-
| align="left"|[[Jammu & Kashmir Awami League]] || 72
|-
| align="left"|[[Meghalaya Democratic Party]] || 68
|-
| align="left"|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|National People's Party]] || 54
|-
| align="left"|[[Himachal Vikas Congress]] || 51
|-
| align="left"|[[Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh]] || 51
|-
| align="left"|[[Nationalist Democratic Movement]] || 45
|-
| align="left"|[[Pondicherry Munnetra Congress]] || 48
|-
| align="left"|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] || 40
|-
| align="left"|[[Save Goa Front]] || 40
|-
| align="left"|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] || 34
|-
| align="left"|[[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement]] || 34
|-
| align="left"|[[Mizoram People's Conference]] || 24
|-
| align="left"|[[Arunachal Congress]] || 16
|-
| align="left"|[[Zoram Nationalist Party]] || 16
|-
| align="left"|[[Hmar People's Convention]] || 8
|-
| align="left"|[[Maraland Democratic Front]] || 8
|-
| align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] || 32,202
|}

Figures are based upon [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623203758/http://archive.eci.gov.in/ Wayback Machine] and [http://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha]. Figure on [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Vidhan Sabha]] seats do not take into consideration splits, mergers, defections, expulsions and [[by-elections]] after general elections have been held.

==Know Pratibha Patil==
Know Pratibha Patil is part of the political campaign launched by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) for the presidential election of 2007. It consists of a website and a [[PDF]] booklet (titled "Presidential Election 2007"), created by the BJP under the banner of Project India. Both contain the party's allegation in the form of a compilation of articles from various media. While announcing the website at a press conference, the BJP party general secretary [[Arun Jaitley]] also distributed a printed form of the booklet and described it as a compilation of articles / editorials from newspapers on the Presidential contest.<ref name="hindureport">BJP creates website on Pratibha Patil [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713223435/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/11/stories/2007071160921500.htm The Hindu – 11 July 2007]</ref><ref>BJP launches website against Pratibha [http://www.saharasamay.com/samayhtml/articles.aspx?newsid=79683 Sahara Samay – 10 July 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205723/http://www.saharasamay.com/samayhtml/articles.aspx?newsid=79683 |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

The stated objective of the site is to "educate the people about [[Pratibha Patil]], the nominee of UPA and [[Indian left]] for Indian presidential election scheduled on 19 July 2007". To support this, the website consists of various sections like 'Cartoon,' 'Pratibhaspeak' and 'UPA Doublespeak' and includes links to video clippings and articles that refer to the various allegations levelled against Pratibha Patil.

The website declares :
{{cquote|Even though the people do not elect the Rashtrapati, they have a vital stake in the Presidential poll since the winner will become head of the Republic of India. They have a right to know whether the likely winner is worthy of becoming the Head of State of the world's largest democracy. The need to know whether the person embodies, as far as possible, the lofty ideals enshrined in the [[Constitution of India]], of which he or she will be the custodian, or he/she will be a rubber stamp of those who have catapulted him/her to the high Office. }}

BJP leader [[Arun Jaitley]] talking to news-persons called the website a "campaign to provide an informed choice to the electorate (the electoral college)". "The voter has a right to the information about the candidate he is voting for. This effort is intended for an informed choice of the electorate," Jaitley said.<ref name="timesreport"/>

Arun Jaitley did not respond when asked what would happen to the [[Right to Information Act|right of information]] when people are "informed" only about one of the two presidential candidates. He said the website would vanish after 21 July, when the presidential election result will be out.

However, the website can still be viewed via archive.org<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Pratibha Patil |url=http://www.knowpratibhapatil.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715091859/http://www.knowpratibhapatil.com/ |access-date=22 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2007 }}</ref>

An INC spokesperson commented:
{{cquote|The exercise is futile and aimed at denigrating the office of President and maligning an individual.... There is a frustrated section in the BJP, a queer combination of the senile and juvenile that was denigrating institutions.<ref>Bid to malign her, says Congress [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714014913/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/11/stories/2007071160941500.htm The Hindu] – 11 July 2007</ref>}}

===BJP division ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' BJP leaders had initially looked divided over supporting this campaign against Pratibha Patil. Party chief Rajnath Singh seemed reluctant to be drawn into a "personal attack" while senior party leader [[L. K. Advani]] spoke at length on the "pliant President" issue at the party's national executive last month.<ref name="timesreport">Know Patil better: BJP puts up website [https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080718/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-11/india/27950564_1_bjp-leaders-website-bjp-mp "Know Patil better: BJP puts up website"] ''Times of India'', 11 July 2007</ref> Daily News and Analysis also reported on the apparent differences among senior leaders on this campaign and had this quote:
{{cquote|"Rajnath Singh has virtually dissociated himself from all this. Nor has there been any statement so far by former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee attacking Patil," a party functionary said.<ref>BJP divided over campaign against Patil [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1109379 "Bid to malign her, says Congress"] DNA. 11 July 2007</ref>}}

==Results==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! MPs
! MLAs
! Total
|-
! [[Pratibha Patil]]
| 312,936
| 325,180
| 638,116
|-
! [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| 164,256
| 167,050
| 331,306
|}

Source: {{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070019764 | title=India gets first woman president | publisher=NDTV.com | date=21 July 2007 | accessdate=21 July 2007 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817142617/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070019764 | archivedate=17 August 2007 | df=dmy-all }}
==See also==
* [[2007 Indian presidential election]]
==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201816/http://www.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India Official Site]
*[http://presidentofindia.nic.in/ President of India Official Site]

{{Indian presidential elections}}

[[Category:2007 elections in India]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in India|2007]]

Moggaliputta-Tissa

2025-10-07T23:13:48Z

Rik: stub.

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist monk and scholar (c. 327–247 BCE)}}
{{Theravada Buddhism}}
[[File:Nava Jetavana Temple - Shravasti - 014 King Asoka at the Third Council (9241725897).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Asoka|Aśoka]] and Moggaliputtatissa at the Third Council, at the Nava Jetavana, Shravasti]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

'''Moggaliputtatissa''' (ca. 327–247 BCE), was a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[bhikkhu|monk]] and scholar who was born in [[Pataliputra]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (now [[Patna]], [[India]]) and lived in the 3rd century BCE. He is associated with the [[Third Buddhist council]], the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]] and the Buddhist missionary activities which took place during his reign.<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|author-link=Bhante Sujato|year=2007|title=Sects and Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist schools|publisher=Santipada|page=13|isbn=9781921842085}}</ref>

Moggaliputtatissa is seen by the [[Theravada]] Buddhist tradition as the founder of "[[Vibhajyavāda|''Vibhajjavāda'']]", the tradition of which Theravada is a part as well as the author of the [[Kathavatthu|''Kathāvatthu'']].<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|author-link=Bhante Sujato|year=2007|title=Sects and Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist schools|publisher=Santipada|page=104|isbn=9781921842085}}</ref><ref>Karl H. Potter, Robert E. Buswell, ''Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.,'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1970, chapter 8.</ref> He is seen as the defender of the true teaching or Dhamma against corruption, during a time when many kinds of wrong view had arisen and as the force behind the Ashokan era Buddhist missionary efforts.<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|author-link=Bhante Sujato|year=2007|title=Sects and Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist schools|publisher=Santipada|pages=27–29|isbn=9781921842085}}</ref><ref name=":1">Gethin, Rupert, ''Was Buddhaghosa a Theravādin? Buddhist Identity in the Pali Commentaries and Chronicles,'' in "How Theravāda is Theravāda? Exploring Buddhist Identities", ed. by Peter Skilling and others, pp. 1–63, 2012.</ref>

The Sri Lankan Buddhist philosopher [[David Kalupahana]] sees him as a predecessor of [[Nagarjuna]] in being a champion of the [[Middle Way]] and a reviver of the original philosophical ideals of the [[Buddha]].<ref>David Kalupahana, ''Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way.'' Motilal Banarsidass, 2005, pages 2,5.</ref>

== Overview ==
Evidence from various Buddhist sources show that Moggaliputtatissa seems to have been an influential figure who lived during the time of emperor Ashoka. He is associated with the Third Buddhist councils and with the missionary work which led to the spread of Buddhism during the reign of Ashoka.<ref name=":1" /> He also seems to have been a staunch critic of certain Buddhist doctrinal views, mainly [[Sarvastivada#All exists (sarvām asti)|Sarvāstivāda]] (an [[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|eternalist theory of time]]), [[Pudgalavada|Pudgalavāda]] ("personalism") and [[Lokottaravāda]] ("transcendentalism").<ref>Kalupahana, David J. (1992) ''A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities,'' University of Hawaii Press, p. 132.</ref> Because of this, he is seen as one of the founders and defenders of the Theravada, which to this day rejects these three doctrines as unorthodox deviations from the original teaching of the Buddha [[Dharma|Dhamma]]. Theravada sources state that with the aid of Moggaliputtatissa, Ashoka was able to purge the Buddhist Sangha of numerous heretics.<ref>Sukumar Dutt (1988), ''Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture,'' Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, pp. 108-110.</ref>

Theravada sources, especially the [[Kathavatthu|''Kathāvatthu'']], also explain these Buddhist doctrinal debates in detail. [[Bhante Sujato]] also notes how the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] [[Abhidharma]] text called the [[Vijñānakāya]] contains a section titled the "Moggallāna section" which contains arguments against the theory of "all exists" from "Samaṇa Moggallāna".<ref name=":0" /> The ''Śāripūtraparipṛcchā'', a text of the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahāsaṅghikas]], also mentions a figure by the name of "Moggallāna" or "Moggalla-upadesha" (Chinese: 目揵羅優婆提舍) as the founder of "the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school, the Suvarṣaka school, and the [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthavira]] school."<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|author-link=Bhante Sujato|year=2007|title=Sects and Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist schools|publisher=Santipada|page=75|isbn=9781921842085}}</ref> According to Sujato, it is likely that this is a variant rendering of Moggaliputtatissa.<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|author-link=Bhante Sujato|year=2007|title=Sects and Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist schools|publisher=Santipada|pages=126–127|isbn=9781921842085}}</ref>

According to [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] however, the current historical evidence shows that the main issues discussed at the Third Council of Pataliputra, which led to the expulsion of monks from the sangha were actually issues of [[Vinaya]] (monastic discipline), not doctrine.<ref>Bronkhorst, Johannes, ''Kathavatthu and Vijñanakaya'', published in: Premier Colloque Étienne Lamotte (Bruxelles et Liège 24-27 septembre 1989). Université Catholique de Louvain: Institut Orientaliste Louvain-la-Neuve. 1993. Pp. 57-61.</ref>

=== Authorship of the Kathāvatthu ===
Certain Theravada sources state that Moggaliputtatissa compiled the [[Kathavatthu|Kathāvatthu]], a work which outlines numerous doctrinal issues and views and lays out the orthodox Theravada positions.

Bhante Sujato, in his study of the Buddhist sectarian literature, notes how the passages depicting the Third council in the ''Sudassanavinayavibhāsā'' does not mention the compilation of the Kathāvatthu by Moggaliputtatissa, but that later works such as the [[Samantapasadika|Samantapāsādikā]] and ''Kathāvatthu-aṭṭhakathā'' add this attribution. He concludes that the attribution of the [[Kathavatthu|''Kathāvatthu'']] to Moggaliputtatissa "are interpolations at a late date in the [[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya|Mahāvihāra]], presumably made by [[Buddhaghosa]]."<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|title=Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools |publisher=Santipada|year=2012|isbn=9781921842085|page=105}}</ref> According to Sujato, this work could not have been composed at the time of the third council "for it is the outcome of a long period of elaboration, and discusses many views of schools that did not emerge until long after the time of Aśoka." Nevertheless:

{{quote|...there is no reason why the core of the book should not have been started in Aśoka's time, and indeed K. R. Norman has shown that particularly the early chapters have a fair number of Magadhin grammatical forms, which are suggestive of an Aśokan provenance. In addition, the place names mentioned in the text are consistent with such an early dating. So it is possible that the main arguments on the important doctrinal issues, which tend to be at the start of the book, were developed by Moggaliputtatissa and the work was elaborated later.<ref name=":0">{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|title=Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools |publisher=Santipada|year=2012|isbn=9781921842085|page=116}}</ref>}}

=== Upagupta ===
According to John S. Strong, numerous parallels between the stories told about Upagupta in the northern tradition and Moggaliputtatissa in the southern tradition have led various scholars such as [[Laurence Waddell|L.A. Waddell]] and [[Alex Wayman]] to conclude that they are the same person.<ref>Strong, John S. (2017), ''The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia,'' Princeton University Press, p. 147.</ref> [[Rupert Gethin]] writes:<blockquote>As has long been recognised, there are striking parallels in the stories of Moggaliputta Tissa and [[Upagupta]]. Both are closely associated with Asoka as important monks in his capital, yet Pali sources know of no Upagupta just as northern sources know of no Moggaliputta Tissa. Is it plausible that two monks of such importance and eminence should be completely forgotten by the other tradition? Of course, one possibility is that Moggaliputta Tissa and Upagupta are one and the same. Yet this makes little sense of the narrative differences. While Upagupta shares with Moggaliputta Tissa a narrative association with Aśoka, Upagupta does not help Aśoka expel non-Buddhist ascetics from the Saṅgha, he does not preside over a third council, and he does not recite the Kathāvatthu. Rather than seeing the story of Upagupta as somehow corroborative evidence that Moggaliputta Tissa was associated with Asoka in the manner described in the Samantapāsādikā, it seems more reasonable to see the details of the stories that associate figures such as Moggaliputta Tissa, Upagupta and Mahinda with Asoka as part of a more general strategy to enhance the reputation and prestige of these teachers and their lineages.''<ref name=":1" />''</blockquote>

=== Influence ===
In Theravada Buddhism, Moggaliputtatissa is seen as a heroic figure of the Ashokan era, who purified the [[Sangha]] of non-Buddhists and heretical views as well as the leader of the Sangha during the spread of Buddhism throughout [[South Asia]], most importantly to [[Sri Lanka]].''<ref name=":1" />''

The Sri Lankan Buddhist philosopher David Kalupahana saw Moggaliputtatissa's main philosophical contribution as the "elimination of absolutist and essentialist or reductionist perspectives" which were incompatible with the original [[Buddhist philosophy]].<ref>Kalupahana, David J. (1992) ''A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities,'' University of Hawaii Press, p. 145.</ref><ref>Kalupahana, David J. (1991), ''Mūlamadhyamakakārikā of Nāgārjuna,'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 24.</ref> He also saw Moggaliputtatissa as a precursor to [[Nagarjuna]], in that both were successful in defending the [[Middle Way|middle way]] approach which avoids both eternalism and nihilism and both defended the doctrine of the insubstantiality of dharmas (''dharma nairātmya'').<ref>Kalupahana, David J. (1986) ''Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way,'' SUNY Press, p. 2.</ref>

== Theravāda account ==
[[File:Patna Museum colonnade.jpg|thumb|Reconstitution of the 80-pillared hall in [[Pataliputra]], where the Third Buddhist Council may have taken place. [[Patna Museum]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Zeeshan |title=Right to Passage: Travels Through India, Pakistan and Iran |date=2016 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=9789351509615 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7jPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kumkum |title=Historical Dictionary of Ancient India |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780810853669 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIUZjYEuqskC&pg=PA243 |language=en}}</ref>]]

According to [[Sri Lanka]]n [[Theravada]] sources, Moggaliputtatissa was an [[arhat]] and a revered elder (''thera'') of the Buddhist sangha in [[Pataliputra]], as well as the teacher of the [[Mauryan empire|Mauryan Emperor]] [[Ashoka]], and is said to have presided over the [[Third Buddhist Council]]. His story is discussed in sources such as the ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' ("Great Chronicle", abbrev. ''Mhv'') and the Vinaya commentary called ''[[Samantapasadika|Samantapāsādikā]].<ref name=":1" />''

He was the son of Mogalli of [[Pataliputra]], as Tissa. According to the ''Mahavamsa,'' Tissa, who was thoroughly proficient, at a young age was sought after by the Buddhist monks Siggava and Candavajji for conversion, as they went on their daily alms round. At the age of seven, Tissa was angered when Siggava, a Buddhist monk, occupied his seat in his house and berated him. Siggava responded by asking Tissa a question about the ''Cittayamaka'' which Tissa was not able to answer, and he expressed a desire to learn the [[dharma]], converting to Buddhism. After obtaining the consent of his parents, he joined the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] as Siggava's disciple, who taught him the ''[[Vinaya]]'' and Candavajji who taught him ''[[Abhidhamma Pitaka|Abhidhamma]].'' He later attained [[Arhat|arahantship]] and became an acknowledged leader of the monks at Pataliputra (Mhv.v.95ff, 131ff.).

At a festival for the dedication of the Great Pataliputra monastery called the [[Aśokārāma]] as well as the other ''[[vihara]]s'' built by Ashoka, Moggaliputta-Tissa, in answer to a question, informed Ashoka that one becomes a kinsman of the Buddha's religion only by letting one's son or daughter enter the Sangha. Upon this suggestion, Ashoka had both his son Mahinda and daughter [[Sanghamitta]] ordained (Mhv.v.191ff.).

According to the ''Samantapāsādikā,'' due to the great wealth which accrued to the ''sangha'' through Ashoka's patronage, many non-buddhist ascetics (''[[Tirthika|titthiyas]]'') joined the order or began to dress and act like Buddhists. Because of this, the formal acts of the sangha (''sanghakamma'') were compromised and monks did not feel they were able to carry out the [[uposatha]] ceremony which was thus suspended for a period of seven years at the Aśokārāma''.<ref name=":1" />'' Moggaliputtatissa thus left the monks of Pataliputra under the leadership of Mahinda, and lived in self-imposed solitary retreat on the Ahoganga pabbata mountain. After seven years, Ashoka recalled him to Pataliputra after some monks had been murdered by royal officials attempting to force them to hold the uposatha.''<ref name=":1" />''

The ''Samantapāsādikā'' then states that Moggaliputtatissa instructed Ashoka in the Buddha Dhamma for seven days, after which Ashoka summoned all the monks to the Aśokārāma to question them on Buddhist doctrine. Ashoka was able to recognize those who were non-Buddhists and expelled all of them (60,000 monks). After this purification of the sangha, the uposatha ceremony was held and the [[Third Buddhist council|Third Buddhist Council]] was convened in the Aśokārāma, presided over by Moggaliputtatissa''.<ref name=":1" />'' Moggaliputtatissa is then said to have compiled the ''[[Kathavatthu]],'' in refutation of various wrong views held by the expelled ascetics, and it was in this council that this text was approved and added to the ''[[Abhidhamma]].''

[[File:Asoka̠ Buddhist Missions.png|thumb|Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of [[Ashoka]].]]
The final part of the ''Samantapāsādikā's'' background narrative tells the story of how Moggaliputtatissa organized nine different missions to spread the ''sasana'' (the Buddha's dispensation) to the following "border regions" where it would be "firmly established":''<ref name=":1" />''<ref>Burgess, James (2013), ''The Cave Temples of India,'' Cambridge University Press, p. 17.</ref>

* [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kasmīra]] and [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]],
* Mahiṃsa
* Vanavāsi (possibly [[Kanara]]),
* [[Aparanta]]ka,
* [[Maharashtra|Mahāraṭṭha]],
* Yonakaloka (i.e. "The realm of the Greeks", possibly [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Bactria]]),
* Himavanta ([[Nepal]]),
* [[Suvarnabhumi|Suvaṇṇabhūmi]] (Possibly [[Myanmar]]),
* Tambapaṇṇidīpa ([[Sri Lanka]])

Moggaliputtatissa died at the age of eighty in the twenty-sixth year of Ashoka's reign and his relics were enshrined in a [[stupa]] in [[Sanchi]] along with nine other arahants.

==References==

{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book| last= Ahir | first = Diwan Chand | year = 1989 | title = Heritage of Buddhism}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Arhats]]
[[Category:320s BC births]]
[[Category:247 BC deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Indian monks]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monks]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]
[[Category:Ashoka]]
[[Category:Theravada]]
[[Category:People from Magadha]]

Pompeii Lakshmi

2025-10-06T06:09:47Z

Rik: adding new info

{{Short description|Indian figurine found in Italy}}
{{Infobox artifact
|name=Pompeii Yakshi
|image=File:Statuetta indiana di Lakshmi, avorio, da pompei, 1-50 dc ca., 149425, 02.JPG
|image_caption=An ivory statuette of Lakshmi (1st century CE), found in the ruins of Pompeii
|material=Ivory
|discovered_place=[[Pompeii]]
|discovered_date={{circa|1930–1938}}
|location=[[Secret Museum, Naples]], [[Italy]]
|id=149425
|height={{height|cm=24.5}}
|map={{Location map+
|Italy
|float = center
|width = 200
|border=none
|caption = Location of Pompeii, where the Lakshmi statuette was excavated
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |Italy |lat=40.749167|N |long=14.500556|E |label=|position=bottom |label_size=80|marksize=8}}
}}}}
The '''Pompeii Lakshmi''' is an ivory statuette that was discovered in the ruins of [[Pompeii]], a Roman city destroyed in the [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79|eruption]] of [[Mount Vesuvius]] 79 CE. It was found by [[Amedeo Maiuri]], an Italian scholar, in 1938.<ref name="Ancona" /> The statuette has been dated to the first-century CE.<ref name=":0"/> The statuette is thought of as representing an Indian goddess of feminine beauty and fertility. It is possible that the sculpture originally formed the handle of a mirror.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1939|title=Abstracts of Articles|jstor=4340562|journal=The Classical Weekly|volume=32|issue=18|pages=214–215}}</ref> The ''yakshi'' is evidence of [[Indo-Roman trade relations|commercial trade between India and Rome]] in the first century CE.

Originally, it was thought that the statuette represented the goddess [[Lakshmi]], a goddess of fertility, beauty and wealth, revered by early [[Hindu]]s, [[Buddhist]]s and [[Jainism|Jains]].<ref name="Beard">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H6HsNEWLhYC&pg=PA24|title=Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town|last1=Beard|first=Mary|date=2010|publisher=Profile Books|page=24|isbn=978-1847650641}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wangu |first1=Madhu Bazaz |title=Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models |date=2003 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-8170174165 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8y-vKtqCmIC&pg=PA57 |language=en}}</ref> However, the iconography, in particular the exposed genitals, reveals that the figure is more likely to depict a ''[[yakshi]]'', a female tree spirit that represents fertility, or possibly a syncretic version of Venus-Sri-Lakshmi from an ancient exchange between Classical Greco-Roman and [[Indian culture]]s.<ref name="Ancona" />

The figure is now in the [[Secret Museum, Naples|Secret Museum]] in the [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]].<ref name="Museo">{{cite web|url=http://www.museoarcheologiconapoli.it/en/room-and-sections-of-the-exhibition/3490-2/|title=Lakshmi|work=Museo Archeologico Napoli|access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>

== Contents ==
The statuette was discovered in October 1938 beside the Casa dei Quattro stili at Pompeii.<ref name=":0" /> Based on its architectural remains and floor plan, this "House of the Four Styles," directly off of the Via dell'Abbondanza, is now believed to have belonged to a successful merchant.<ref name=":3">Parker, Grant (2002). "Ex Oriente Luxuria: Indian Commodities and Roman Experience". ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient''. '''45''' (1): 40–95. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0022-4995.</ref> It is crammed with luxurious Indian commodities, suggesting that Romans in the first century CE had a fascination with antiquities not just from Greece but also from remote cultures, and that Romans had a desire to acquire objects they considered exotic.<ref name=":3" />

Standing at {{convert|0.25|m}}, high the statuette is nearly naked apart from her narrow girdle and lavish jewels as well as an elaborate coiffure. She has two female attendants, one facing outward on each side, holding cosmetics containers.<ref name="Beard" /> The statuette has a hole bored down from the top of her head. There is the theory that its purpose may have been a mirror handle.<ref name=":0" />

The existence of this statuette in Pompeii by 79 CE, when [[Mount Vesuvius]] erupted and buried the city, testifies to the intensity of [[Indo-Roman trade relations]] during the 1st century CE.<ref name="Beard"/><ref name="Foglia">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RainC5KUCIEC&pg=PA43|title=Secrets of Pompeii: Everyday Life in Ancient Rome|last1=De Albentiis|first1=Emidio|last2=Foglia|first2=Alfredo|date=2009|publisher=Getty Publications|page=43|isbn=9780892369416}}</ref> This statuette has been dated by the Naples National Archaeological Museum as having been created in India in the first half of that century.<ref name="Museo"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Pompeii Lakshmi before reconstitution.jpg|The statuette upon discovery in Pompeii, before reconstitution.
File:Pompei Indian Statuette front and back.jpg|The Pompeii Lakshmi, front and back.
File:Pompeii Lakshmi sides.jpg|Sides of the statuette.
</gallery>

== Trade ==
{{See|Indo-Roman relations}}
Though the origin is not entirely certain, based on archeological finds and historian work, the Pompeii Lakshmi has had a questionable origin. There is evidence of the then active trade routes between the [[Roman Empire]] under [[Nero|Emperor Nero]] and India during this time period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Pollard|first=Elizabeth Ann|date=2013-08-07|title=Indian Spices and Roman "Magic" in Imperial and Late Antique Indomediterranea|journal=Journal of World History|volume=24|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1353/jwh.2013.0012|s2cid=145360753|issn=1527-8050}}</ref> According to Pollard, with the Roman long-distance trade, she is believed to have found herself in the city during the reign of [[Augustus]].<ref name=":1" /> The archeological evidence suggests that the height of trade between Rome and India appears to have been the first and second centuries CE. This trade took place along several routes, both overland as documented by [[Isidore of Charax]]’s ''Parthian Stations,'' and by sea as the merchant guide known as the ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'' reveals.<ref name=":1" />

There is a possibility that the statuette found its way to the west during the rule of [[Western Satrap]] [[Nahapana]] in the [[Bhokardan]] area, and was shipped from the port of [[Barigaza]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brancaccio |first1=Pia |title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004185258 |page=64 Note 94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA64 |language=en}}</ref>

Rome played an important part in the Eastern oriental trade of antiquity, they imported many goods from India and at the same time set up their own trading stations in the country.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Cobb|first=Matthew Adam|date=April 2013|title=The Reception and Consumption of Eastern Goods in Roman Society|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/greece-and-rome/article/the-reception-and-consumption-of-eastern-goods-in-roman-society/AB382741FDBC75BFFE346C155DAC84AE|journal=Greece & Rome|volume=60|issue=1|pages=136–152|doi=10.1017/S0017383512000307|s2cid=161205518|issn=0017-3835|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to Cobb, trading through land routes such as crossing the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Mesopotamia]], and through seaborne trade from the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] were used by the Romans.<ref name=":2" />

The wealth of the trade was significant enough for [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] to claim that 100 million sesterces were being sent annually to India, China, and Arabia.<ref name=":2" /> With shipments of nard, ivory, and textiles it is clear from the archaeological evidence, that Roman trade with the East peaked in the first and second centuries CE.<ref name=":2" /> This time period also witnessed a material shift among Roman craftsmanship, which rapidly began to favor imported ivory over traditional bone for use in furniture, musical instruments, accessories, and more.<ref name=":4">BARNETT, RICHARD D. (1982). "ANCIENT IVORIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST". ''Qedem''. '''14''': III–99. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0333-5844.</ref> The insatiable desire for artisan ivory work even led to the creation of a politically powerful guild of Roman ivory workers: the Eborarii.<ref name=":4" />

==Origin==
[[File:Letter Shi in Kharosthi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Kharosthi]] letter ''śi'' was inscribed on the base of the statuette.<ref name="Maiuri"/>]]
It was initially assumed that the statuette had been produced at [[Mathura]], but according to Dhavalikar, it is now thought that its place of production was [[Bhokardan]] since two similar figurines were discovered there.<ref name=MKD>{{cite book |last=Dhavalikar |first=M. K. |editor1-last=Kulkarni |editor1-first=A. R. |editor2-last=Wagle |editor2-first=N. K. |date=1999 |title=Region, Nationality and Religion |chapter=Chapter 4: Maharashatra: Environmental and Historical Process |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA46|publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=46|isbn=9788171548552 }}</ref> Bhokardan was a part of the [[Satavahana]] territory and cultural sphere, although it might have been held for a few decades by the [[Western Satraps]], who may have been the ones who provided an export route to the Roman world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brancaccio |first1=Pia |title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004185258 |page=64 Note 94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA64 |language=en}}</ref>

There is also an inscriptive mark in [[Kharosthi]] at the base of the Pompeii statuette (the letter śi, as the śi in [[Shiva]]).<ref name="Maiuri">Statuetta eburnea di arte indiana a Pompei, Maiuri [http://www.bollettinodarte.beniculturali.it/opencms/multimedia/BollettinoArteIt/documents/1434379819195_03_-_A._Maiuri_p._111.pdf p. 112]</ref> This suggests she might have originated from the northwestern regions of India, Pakistan, or Afghanistan, or at least passed through these areas.<ref name="MMA">Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road, Joan Aruz, Elisabetta Valtz Fino, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012 [https://books.google.com/books?id=p4_it5yw9WsC&pg=PA75 p. 75]</ref> Since the Pompeii statuette was necessarily made sometime before 79 CE, if it was indeed manufactured in [[Gandhara]], it would suggest that the [[Begram ivories]] are also of this early date, in the 1st century CE.<ref name="MMA"/>

===Iconography===
The statuette is represented in the round, and the center of two other female figures. The legs are turned to its side and one arm bent to hold earrings. She is presumed to only be looked at from the front because the details from the back are very flat. As stated by D’Ancona, the iconography falls into the broad category of female deities in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RainC5KUCIEC&pg=PA43|title=Secrets of Pompeii: Everyday Life in Ancient Rome|last1=Albentiis|first1=Emidio De|last2=Foglia|first2=Alfredo|date=2009|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0892369416|language=en}}</ref>

{{Location map
| India
| width = 200px
| float =
| border =
| caption = [[Bhokardan]], [[India]], where similar statuettes were found, and from where the Pompeii statuette may have originated.<ref name=MKD/>
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Bhokardan]]
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 20.253
| lon_deg = 75.769
}}
In a case of cross-cultural pollination, the theme of the goddess attended by two child attendants, which can be seen in the case of the Pompeii Lakshmi, is an uncommon depiction of Lakshmi or Yashis in [[Indian art]]. It lacks the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]] found in Lakshmi iconography. According to D'Ancona, the iconography represented in this statuette may have been imported from the Classical world, possibly derived from the iconography of [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] attended by [[Putto|cherubs]] holding cosmetics containers, which are well known in Greco-Roman art. She may be one of the several representations of Venus-Sri-Lakshmi that appeared in the 1st century CE, states D'Ancona.<ref name="Ancona">{{cite journal|title=An Indian Statuette from Pompeii|first= Mirella Levi |last=D' Ancona| journal=Artibus Asiae| volume= 13| issue= 3 |year=1950 |jstor=3248502 |pages=166–180 |doi= 10.2307/3248502 }}</ref> Another example of this common Roman representation of Venus attended by cupids can be seen in the Los Angeles Getty Villa's "Imitation of a Statuette of a Female Reclining on a Couch with Erotes."<ref>"Imitation of a Statuette of a Female Reclining on a Couch with Erotes (The J. Paul Getty Museum Collection)". ''The J. Paul Getty Museum Collection''. Retrieved 2022-04-24.</ref> The extreme ornamentation of this statuette and the semi-nudity of the female figure are both reminiscent of the Pompeii Lakshmi. [[Syncretism]] between Roman and foreign deities was not uncommon, especially with Egyptian deities like Isis and Osiris.<ref name=":5">Petersen, Lauren Hackworth (2016-09-01). ''The Places of Roman Isis''. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.013.128.</ref> In Pompeii, the Romanization of deities (''[[Interpretatio Romana]]'') could absolutely explain the seeming mixture of Indian and Classical art present in the Pompeii Lakshmi.<ref name="Ancona" /><ref name=":5" />

[[:File:Lakshmi Sanchi Stupa 2.jpg|An early relief]] from [[Sanchi Stupa No.2]] with a broadly similar scene of Lakshmi with two child attendants may have served as the initial inspiration for the Pompeii Lakshmi, especially knowing that the [[Satavahanas]] were in control of Sanchi from 50 BCE onward.<ref name="Ancona"/> It is thought that these early reliefs at Sanchi Stupa No.2 were made by craftsmen from the northwest, specifically from the [[Indo-Greek]] region of [[Gandhara]], as the reliefs bear mason's marks in [[Kharoshthi]], as opposed to the local [[Brahmi]] script.<ref name="AG"/> The craftsmen were probably responsible for the foreign-looking motifs and figures that can be found on the railings of the stupa.<ref name="AG">An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by [[Amalananda Ghosh]], Brill [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA295 p. 295]</ref>

<gallery>
File:Venus with two cupids 1.jpg|Venus with cupid attendants.
File:Venus with two cupids 2.jpg|Venus with cupid attendants.
File:Lakshmi Sanchi Stupa 2.jpg|[[Lakshmi]] with lotus and child attendants, [[Sanchi Stupa No.2]], 115 BCE.
File:Imitation of a Statuette of a Female Reclining on a Couch with Erotes.jpg|A woman, almost certainly Venus, reclines on a couch accompanied by two cupid attendants (reproduction)
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Lakshmi, ivory statuette from Pompeii (Naples)|Pompeii Lakshmi}}
*[[Sator Square]], discovered at Pompeii

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* Comparative images of Bhokardan, Ter and Pompeii statuettes in [http://www.akshardhool.com/2018/04/pompeii-laxmi-and-twin-sister-from.html Pompeii Laxmi and Twin Sister from Bhokardan]

{{Archaeological site of Pompeii}}

[[Category:1st-century artifacts]]
[[Category:1938 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Roman-Indian relations]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian sculptures]]
[[Category:Ivory works of art]]
[[Category:Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Pompeii (ancient city)]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Religious syncretism]]
[[Category:Sculptures of goddesses]]
[[Category:Sculptures of Venus]]
[[Category:Sculptures of women in Italy]]
[[Category:Statues in Italy]]
[[Category:India–Italy relations]]
[[Category:Yakshas]]
[[category:Sculptures in the National Archaeological Museum, Naples]]

Irv Koons

2025-09-30T10:35:09Z

Rik: adding new info v1

{{Infobox person
| name = Irv Koons
| image = Irv Koons.jpg
| caption = Koons, circa 1982
| birth_name = Irvin Louis Koons
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1922|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|9|10|1922|3|14}}
| death_place = [[Englewood, New Jersey]], U.S.
| occupation = Artist, industrial designer, illustrator
| spouse = {{marriage|Leah Fay Koons |1949}}
}}

'''Irvin Louis Koons''' (March 14, 1922 – September 10, 2017)<ref name="nj-deathindex">{{cite web |title=Irvin L. Koons |website=New Jersey, U.S. Death Index, 1901-2017 |publisher=Ancestry.com |url=https://www.ancestry.com/ |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> was an American graphic artist, industrial designer, and illustrator who became one of the leading consumer package designers of the 20th century. In 1949, he founded Irv Koons Associates, Inc., an [[industrial design]] firm particularly noted for the [[package design]] of [[consumer goods]].

==Early life==
Irvin Louis Koons was born March 14, 1922, in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], the son of Frank and Rose (Silver) Koons. His father owned a printing shop and, as a teenager, Koons began assisting in the family business by designing items for their clients (throughout his career, he credited his father as the major influence on his design aesthetic). In 1932, his older sister, Eleanor Pearl Koons, drowned in a local swimming pool at age 14.<ref name="pa-deathcert">{{cite web |title=Eleanor Koons |website=Pennsylvania, U.S., Death Certificates, 1906-1967 |url=https://www.ancestry.com/ |publisher=Ancestry.com |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the family moved to [[Reading, Pennsylvania]].

In 1939, after graduating from Reading High School early at the age of 16, Koons went to [[New York City]], where he studied art at the [[Pratt Institute]]. With only $100 in his pocket when he arrived in New York, Koons worked his way through school by teaching art in [[settlement houses]], selling his class projects, and washing dishes.<ref name="stern">{{cite journal |last1=Stern |first1=Adele H. |title=He's an Artist in Any Outfit |journal=The Record (Hackensack, N.J.) |date=14 January 1961 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/ |publisher=Newspapers.com |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> In 1942, after taking a course in camouflage design, he was drafted into the U.S. Army and trained in the infantry and the amphibious engineers.
[[File:IrvKoon-ByLeahKoons.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Irv Koons by Leah Fay Koons]]
Just before his unit was deployed for combat, he was reassigned to a Special Services unit in [[Fort Meade, Maryland]], where he designed stage sets for Broadway shows traveling to overseas army posts to entertain the troops. He was then assigned to New York to work as a designer/illustrator for the Army's Information and Education Division before being sent to [[New Delhi, India]] to work as art director for the [[China Burma India Theater]]. Despite still only being in his early twenties, Koons was assigned the position of acting [[cultural attaché]] for the [[United States Information Agency]] in India and the [[U.S. State Department]]. He also served as art critic for ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', India's leading English-language newspaper at the time, was guest editor of ''Roopa-Lekha'', the Indian art magazine, and became a member of the [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]]. Koons helped organize the first International Art Exhibition held in India and was instrumental in the founding of the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Art Gallery of India]].<ref name="hagley">{{cite web |title=Irv Koons Papers |url=https://findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/resources/963 |publisher=Hagley Museum & Library |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="yeshiva">{{cite web |title=Papers of Irv Koons |url=https://archives.cjh.org//repositories/6/resources/59 |publisher=Yeshiva University Museum |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>

After the war, Koons studied painting at the [[Fontainebleau Schools|École des Beaux-Arts at Fontainebleau]]. In 1950, shortly after their marriage, he and his wife Leah, who was also a painter, were invited back to [[Fontainebleau]] to teach art and continue their painting. Although he realized early on that his career was in commercial art and design, Koons was an accomplished and prolific painter and sculptor, and he continued to work in a variety of mediums, but chiefly in [[oil painting]], for the rest of his life.<ref name="jonkoons">Personal communication with Jon Koons, March 2021.</ref>

==Career==
===Illustration===
In 1946, after his discharge from the army, Irv Koons returned to New York where he enrolled in [[The New School]] and received his first major assignment, a series of forty illustrations for [[Simon & Schuster]] for a humorous "travel diary" by American novelist [[David Dodge (novelist)|David Dodge]]. The assignment had been held for him until his arrival in New York by an editor who had seen some of the drawings he had sent from India to friends in lieu of letters. The book, titled ''How Green Was My Father'', chronicles the Dodge family's misadventures as they travel from [[San Francisco]] to [[Guatemala]], via the [[Pan American Highway]] through [[Mexico]], by car. Koons was given no instructions about what to illustrate, and he had not met Dodge or his family at this point. His drawings for the book were purely from his imagination and his interpretation of Dodge's writing. After the book was published, reviewers remarked that Koons must know Mexico well. However, he had never been there; he illustrated aspects of Mexico that he guessed would be similar to India and adapted them based on Dodge's descriptions. Koons went on to illustrate four more of Dodge's books, ''How Lost Was My Weekend'' (1948), ''The Crazy Glasspecker'' (1949), ''20,000 Leagues Behind the 8 Ball'' (1951), and ''The Poor Man's Guide to Europe'' (1953), and provided dust jacket art for ''Time Out For Turkey'' (1955).

Koons also contributed illustrations to a variety of periodicals, such as ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', ''[[Family Circle]]'', ''[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]'', ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'', ''[[Good Housekeeping]]'', and ''[[Sports Illustrated]]''.<ref name=yeshiva /><ref name=cooperhewitt /> In his eighties, Koons illustrated two children's books written by his son Jon Koons.

===Type design===
In 1956, along with his associate Ben Rosen, Koons designed the first cold type [[Offset printing|offset]] newspaper in the world, ''The Middletown Daily Record'' in [[Middletown, Orange County, New York|Middletown, New York]]. He also designed special equipment and furniture for the venture and taught a group of locals with virtually no art training how to do print mechanicals and produce the newspaper daily.<ref name="graphis">{{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1=Leah |title=Irv Koons |journal=Graphis |date=May–June 1959 |volume=15 |issue=83 |page=258}}</ref><ref name="cooperhewitt">{{cite web |title=Irving Louis Koons |url=https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/people/18064185/bio |publisher=Cooper Hewitt |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>

===Package design / Irv Koons Associates, Inc.===
Although he continued to illustrate David Dodge's books until the mid-1950s, Irv Koons' professional focus shifted from illustration to packaging and industrial design. In 1949, he founded his own consulting design firm, Irv Koons Associates, Inc. (IKA), in New York, for which he served as CEO and Creative Head. IKA was the leading packaging design firm for four decades, with more than two dozen employees at its height.<ref name="porter">{{cite journal |last1=Porter |first1=Glenn |title=Cultural Forces and Commercial Restraints: Designing Packaging in the Twentieth-Century United States |journal=Journal of Design History |date=1999 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=25–43|doi=10.1093/jdh/12.1.25 }}</ref> In 1981, the firm was acquired by [[Saatchi & Saatchi]], the world's largest advertising agency at the time. In November 1988, Koons resigned from the Saatchi organization to join the [[United Nations Development Programme]] as Senior Advisor to the Administrator, a volunteer appointment.

Before settling into package and product design, Koons provided numerous illustrations for advertisements, then quickly transitioned into creating entire advertising campaigns. IKA's first packaging design client was Consolidated Cigar Corporation in 1953, for whom he provided designs for Yorkshire Cigars, a private label brand for [[Sears]]. In 1956, Koons accepted an assignment for [[Seagram|Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc.]], manufacturer of [[Seagram's Seven Crown|Seven Crown]] whiskey. Shortly thereafter, [[C.F. Mueller Company]], a New Jersey pasta manufacturer, joined the client list. All three of these relationships lasted for decades during which time IKA created packages for multiple brands.<ref name="steinberger">{{cite book |last1=Steinberger |first1=Staci |title=Selling the Silent Salesman: Irv Koons and Mid-Twentieth Century Packaging Design |date=2009 |publisher=MA Thesis, University of Delaware}}</ref><ref name="ikd">{{cite web |title=Irv Koons Design|url=http://irvkoonsdesign.com/index.html |website=Wayback Machine |publisher=Internet Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112172057/http://irvkoonsdesign.com/index.html |access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=2016-11-12 }}</ref>

In addition to Consolidated Cigar, Seagram, and Mueller, Koons worked on projects for many other companies and organizations designing packaging, advertisements and logos, leaflets, brochures, and booklets. Among his best-known clients were [[Revlon]], [[Bristol Myers]] / [[Clairol]], [[Gillette]], [[Nabisco]], [[Milton Bradley Company]], [[General Foods]], [[Johnson & Johnson]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Scott Paper Company]], [[American Can Company]], and [[American Home Products]], among many others.<ref name=hagley /> He worked on the design or redesign of many of the most recognizable products in America, including [[Crest (toothpaste)|Crest]] toothpaste, [[Dixie Cup]]s, [[Band-Aid]] adhesive bandages, [[Scotties]] facial tissues, [[Maxwell House]] coffee, [[Chun King]] foods, [[Alpo (pet food)|Alpo]] pet food, and many more.<ref name=porter /><ref name=steinberger /> His design for [[Good & Plenty]] licorice candy, his iconic bottle design for Frïs Vodka, and numerous other designs are still in use today.<ref name=jonkoons />

===Non-profit and Jewish organization work===
Koons also designed items, including advertising and publications, for various non-profits and Jewish organizations such as [[American Cancer Society]], [[The Legal Aid Society]], [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]], [[United Cerebral Palsy]], the American Jewish Tercentenary, the American Jewish Heritage Commission, the [[Union of American Hebrew Congregations]], and several synagogues and community centers. For over twenty years he served as the design and graphics consultant for both the [[UJA-Federation of New York|Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York]] and the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]]. Koons also created Jewish art pieces, including a complete set of eight [[Torah ornaments]] for the Temple Emanu-El in Englewood (now [[Closter, New Jersey]]). Cast in solid silver with gold plated highlights and antiquing, which Koons did by hand himself, this was the first such coordinated set of ornaments ever executed. The designs were based on the [[burning bush]], each depicting a different interpretation of the eight most important events in the history of the Jewish people; the crowns symbolized the flames. In 1960, he designed and executed a massive (50 feet wide x 9 feet tall) memorial wall comprising seven stained-glass windows depicting Biblical events for a conference hall at the [[UJA-Federation of New York|Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York]].<ref name="ikd" /><ref name=yeshiva />

===Awards and honors===
Koons won numerous awards for marketing, packaging, and advertising. In 1982 he was named the Packaging Person of the Year by the Packaging Designers Council. This was a rare award, having been presented only three times before, and only when the Council thought it warranted. The award presentation and dinner was originally scheduled to take place at the [[Plaza Hotel]] in New York City in a room designed to hold about fifty attendees. However, the PDC received such an overwhelming response from designers, friends, and students from around the world who wanted to attend that the event had to be moved at the last minute to a larger venue at the [[St. Regis New York]].<ref name="eulogy">{{cite web |last1=Koons |first1=Jon |title=Eulogy for Irv Koons |date=2017 |url=http://www.gallifreymarket.com/blog/2017/9/19/eulogy-for-irv-koons |website=JestMaster |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>

His products won [[Clio Awards]] several times, including three gold Clios, and his work is included in the collections of the [[Museum of Modern Art]], the [[Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum]], the [[Jewish Museum (Manhattan)]], the [[Hagley Museum and Library]], [[Yeshiva University Museum]], and [[The Bancroft Library]]. In 2001, Irv Koons was included in ''2000 Outstanding Artists and Designers of the 20th Century'', published by the International Biographical Centre in Cambridge, England.

===Teaching and lecturing===
Throughout his nearly fifty-year career, Koons worked tirelessly to promote a better understanding of the role of packaging in the successful marketing of commercial products and a greater appreciation for the historical importance of packaging. He lectured and taught extensively and, in 1973, developed a three-day "Fundamentals of Packaging" course for the [[New York University School of Continuing Education]] that included intensive professional seminars on packaging design and product marketing. He later expanded his seminar to reach international audiences in [[London]], [[São Paulo]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Israel]], and elsewhere.<ref name="steinberger" />

===Irv Koons Design===
After his retirement, Koons established Irv Koons Design, an independent design consulting firm, at his home in [[Tenafly, New Jersey]]. He also did freelance design work.

==Personal life==
Irv Koons was married to Leah Fay on December 25, 1949, and they had three sons, Adam, Jonathan, and Joshua.

==Death==
At the end of his life, Irv Koons moved into the [[Lillian Booth Actors Home]] in Englewood, New Jersey, where Leah was also a resident. He died there on September 10, 2017. Leah died on February 18, 2019. They are both buried in [[Calverton National Cemetery]] in Calverton, New York.

==Books illustrated by Irv Koons==
* Burstein, Abraham. ''Judah Halevi in Granada: A Story of His Boyhood''. Bloch Publishing Company, 1941.
* Dodge, David. ''How Green Was My Father''. Simon & Schuster, 1946.
* Dodge, David. ''How Lost Was My Weekend''. Random House, 1948.
* Dodge, David. ''The Crazy Glasspecker, or, High Life in the Andes''. Random House, 1949.
* Dodge, David. ''20,000 Leagues Behind the 8 Ball''. Random House, 1951.
* Dodge, David. ''The Poor Man's Guide to Europe''. Random House, 1953 (updated and revised annually 1954–1959).
* Dodge, David. ''Time Out for Turkey''. Random House, 1955 (dust jacket design only).
* Koons, Jon. ''Any Fool Can Do Magic!: A Jester's Guide to Becoming a Great Magician.'' Ye Olde Cambridge Jester's Academy, 1995; Metamorphic Press, 2021. {{ISBN|978-1-951221-17-1}}
* Koons, Jon. ''Young Arthur & the Magic Sword: Stories for the Young at Heart.'' BearManor Media, 2015; Metamorphic Press, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-951221-08-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230529044738/https://www.david-dodge.com/biography/koons.html A David Dodge Companion, via the Wayback Machine, Internet Archive]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRBER4j11pY "Irv Koons: The Man and His Art," via YouTube]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161112172057/http://irvkoonsdesign.com/index.html Irv Koons Design, via the Wayback Machine, Internet Archive]
*[https://findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/resources/963 Irv Koons Papers, Hagley Museum & Library]
*[https://oac.cdlib.org/search?style=oac4;Institution=UC%20Berkeley::Bancroft%20Library;titlesAZ=I;idT=UCb204121863 Irv Koons Papers, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley]
*[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4778486226 "Irvin Louis Koons," Marquis Who's Who, via WorldCat]
*[https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/people/18064185/bio Irving Louis Koons, Cooper Hewitt]
*[https://archives.cjh.org//repositories/6/resources/59 Papers of Irv Koons, Yeshiva University Museum (Center for Jewish History)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koons, Irv}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:American industrial designers]]
[[Category:Product designers]]
[[Category:Jewish American illustrators]]
[[Category:20th-century American illustrators]]
[[Category:Artists from Bergen County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Burials at Calverton National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Artists from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from Englewood, New Jersey]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]

Hayaghat railway station

2025-08-16T20:21:33Z

Rik: adding the entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hayaghat Railway Station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Haiaghat_Railway_Station,_Darbhanga_District.jpg
| image_caption = Hayaghat Railway Station, [[Darbhanga district]]
| address = Sirnia, [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = E{{Coord|26|01|13|N|85|52|42|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|54|m|ft}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HYT
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| status = Functional
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_locator =
}}

'''Hayaghat Railway station''' is situated in Sirnia, [[Darbhanga district]], [[Bihar]].<ref name="India Rail Info">{{cite web |title=6 COVID-19 Special Departures from Hayaghat ECR/East Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1810 |website=India Rail Info |accessdate=12 October 2020}}</ref> The station code of Hayaghat is HYT. Hayaghat is not a major railway station, only a few long-distance trains stop here. 14 [[Express trains in India|Express Trains]] and 10 Passenger Trains stop at Hayaghat station. The nearest main railway station to Hayaghat is [[Laheriasarai railway station]] (LSI) which is about 11  km away.

==Platforms==
There is only one platform at Hayaghat railway station.<ref name="India Rail Info"/>

==Trains==
Hayaghat railway station is a station of the [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]. It is located on the [[Samastipur]] and [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] rail routes.<ref name="India Rail Info" />
Here are some trains that are passing through Hayaghat railway station:
* [[Jaynagar–Anand Vihar Garib Rath Express]]
* Gangasagar Express
* Intercity-Express
* Saryu Yamuna Express,
and many more.<ref>{{cite news |title=HAYYAGHAT (HYT) Railway Station |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/haiaghat-hyt-station |accessdate=11 October 2020 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Nearest airports==
The nearest airports to Patna Junction are:
* [[Darbhanga Airport]]
* [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]]
* [[Gaya Airport]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]

==See also==
* [[Darbhanga]]
* {{stnlnk|Laheriasarai}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Transport in Darbhanga]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Yad Lagla

2025-05-14T09:02:56Z

Rik:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Yad Lagla
| cover = Yad Lagla song.jpg
| caption = Official song cover, featuring [[Akash Thosar]] and [[Rinku Rajguru]]
| type = song
| artist = [[Ajay Gogavale]]
| album = [[Sairat (soundtrack)|Sairat]]
| language = [[Marathi-language|Marathi]]
| English_title = I've gone insane<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Anupama Chopra|Chopra]] |first=Anupama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5hLEAAAQBAJ&q=yad+lagla |title=A Place in My Heart |date=2022-01-17 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House|Penguin Random House India Private Limited]] |isbn=978-93-5492-354-8 |language=en}}</ref>
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|04|20}}
| recorded = 2015–2016
| studio = [[Sony Pictures Studios|Sony Scoring Stage]], [[Culver City]], [[California]]
| venue =
| genre = [[Music of India|Indian music]]
| length = {{Duration|m=5|s=19}}
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| writer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| composer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| producer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| tracks = # "'''Yad Lagla'''"
# "Aatach Baya Ka Baavarla"
# "[[Sairat Zaala Ji]]"
# "[[Zingaat]]"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|VmU1ZsXUbG0|Yad Lagla – The Official Song – Sairat}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Yad Lagla'''" is a 2016 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language song from the soundtrack album of the film ''[[Sairat]]'', directed and co-written by [[Nagraj Manjule]]. The song is written and composed by [[Ajay-Atul]], sung by Ajay Gogavale. The music video of the track features actors [[Akash Thosar]] and [[Rinku Rajguru]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Yad Lagla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/ajay-atul-ultimate-marathi-hits-of-the-pair/yad-lagla/photostory/64780474.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> "Yad Lagla" was remade in Hindi as "Pehli Baar" for the ''Sairat''<nowiki/>'s Hindi remake ''[[Dhadak]]'', starred [[Ishaan Khatter]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-05 |title=Watch: Dhadak song Pehli Baar is official remake of Sairat's Yad Lagla, a song about the innocence of first love |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-dhadak-song-pehli-baar-is-official-remake-of-sairats-yad-lagla-a-song-about-the-innocence-of-first-love-4674001.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaikwad |first=Pramod |date=2018-03-12 |title=After Zingaat, Yad Lagla song from Sairat to be retained in Dhadak |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-zingaat-yad-lagla-song-sairat-be-retained-dhadak-763560 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=[[IB Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' included song in their list of Top 10 Marathi romantic songs.<ref name=":0" />

== Background ==
The song is composed by [[Ajay-Atul]], dominated by operatic [[Western musical instruments]] such as the [[violin]] and the [[cello]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-17 |title=Dhadak music review: Ajay-Atul manage to pull the right strings while reinventing their brilliant Sairat album |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhadak-music-review-ajay-atul-manage-to-pull-the-right-strings-while-reinventing-their-brilliant-sairat-album-4757521.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> It was recorded at the [[Sony Pictures Studios|Sony Scoring Stage]] in [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sairat' first Indian film to record music at Hollywood |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sairat-first-indian-film-to-record-music-at-hollywood-2194518 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The song is picturised on [[Akash Thosar]] and [[Rinku Rajguru]]. The song depicts the early moments of Parshya and Archi's blossoming romance, as she falls madly in love.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Valentine's Day special: Top 10 Marathi romantic songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/valentines-day-special-top-10-marathi-romantic-songs/photostory/67971985.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
The song was digitally released on 20 April 2016 on [[YouTube]] and became an instant hit after release, the soundtrack album crossed 1.2 billion views.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairat Crosses 1.2 Billion Views & Streams! Ajay-Atul Reacts |url=https://www.koimoi.com/outside-bollywood/sairat-crosses-1-2-billion-views-streams-ajay-atul-reacts/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Koimoi|date=2 June 2021 }}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Yad Lagla is a soaring pine-fest of an Ajay-Atul composition, manifests the entire euphoric timeline of puppy love between its notes. Sweeping novels, epic musicals and towering three-hour-long cinematic extravaganzas have waxed giddy about the complexities of this phase; 'love-at-first-sight' has long been art's most prolific breeder. But arguably, no evanescent sound has storyboarded its essence the way this does."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-11 |title=The symphony of cloud nine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/The-symphony-of-cloud-nine/article14418421.ece |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sujan Sengupta of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' wrote "It brings out the duo’s [Ajay-Atul] compositional skill and musical expertise, with Ajay’s vocals emphasising these aspects."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay-Atul's talent elevates the Sairat experience |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-ajay-atul-s-talent-elevates-the-sairat-experience-2216122 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Daily News and Analysis|language=en}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Ajay variates from low to high pitch and back with ease throughout the song and one can't get enough of the song despite playing it in repeat mode."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-16 |title=Music review: Sairat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/music-review-of-sairat/articleshow/52036971.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient (s) and Nominee (s)
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017 Winners - List of Marathi Filmfare Award Winners |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2017/winners |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|[[Ajay Gogavale]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| rowspan="3" |[[Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music Awards Marathi]]
|Song of the Year
|"'''Yad Lagla'''"

|{{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023: Celebrate Talent from World of Music |url=https://mirchi.in/mirchi-music-awards |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=[[Mirchi Music Awards]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Male Vocalist of the Year
|[[Ajay Gogavale]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Programmer and Arranger of the Year
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|2016
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Song|Favourite song]]
|"'''Yad Lagla'''"
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=The Maharashtracha Favorite Kon 2016 Nominations Complete List |url=https://www.justmarathi.com/maharashtracha-favorite-kon-2016-nominations-complete-list/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Just Marathi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Lyricist]]
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=Zee Maha Gaurav Puraskar 2022: झी महागौरव पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात मनोरंजनाचा धमाका |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/few-glimpse-of-zee-maha-gaurav-puraskar-2022-671819.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/yad-lagla/PipeSDtzXXc Yad Lagla] on [[JioSaavn]]
* [https://music.apple.com/in/song/yad-lagla/1529522163 Yad Lagla] on [[Apple Music|Apple music]]

[[Category:2016 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Ajay Gogavale songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Marathi songs remade in other languages]]

East India Tribal Union

2025-03-15T10:42:53Z

Rik: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Eastern India Tribal Union]]

Erachichor

2024-11-09T20:16:47Z

Rik: enhanced references also and corrected details based on references

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=September 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2020}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Erachichor''' ({{langx|ml|ഇറച്ചിചോറ്}}), also spelt '''Erachi Choru''' or '''Irachichoru''' is a traditional [[meat]]-[[rice]] dish in [[Kerala cuisine]]. Erachichor is popular mainly in the [[Malabar region|Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Erachichor is often mistaken as [[Biryani]] because of similarity in appearance, but the preparation method and taste of the dish is different from that of Biryani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.recipesaresimple.com/erachi-choru-recipe-kerala-meat-rice/|title=Erachi Choru Recipe - Kerala Meat 'N' Rice|date=2015-04-14|website=Recipes are Simple|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> Unlike Biryani, Erachichor is cooked in [[mud pot]], and steamed with [[banana leaf]] covering.<ref>{{cite web |title=Erachi Choru (Meat Rice Kerala Style) |url=https://www.thetakeiteasychef.com/erachi-choru-meat-rice-kerala-style-recipe |website=The Take It Easy Chef|date=3 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Erachi choru{{!}} Irachi choru recipe {{!}} Mathrubhumi Online |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/food/kerala-food/erachi-choru-1.2914400 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228225546/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/food/kerala-food/erachi-choru-1.2914400 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Indian meat dishes]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}

Effects of Cyclone Fani in Odisha

2023-11-23T04:56:05Z

Rik: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Cyclone Fani]]

{{R from merge}}

Eliza Kewark

2023-11-22T17:06:35Z

Rik: redirect

#redirect [[William, Prince of Wales#Ancestry]]

Aryan (actor)

2022-03-21T18:37:52Z

Rik: basic fix page based on references and added references for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Aryan (name)]]