Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Rishi Rich

2023-07-13T19:43:08Z

Riheadronnijr: British record producer

{{Short description|British record producer}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rishpal Rekhi<br>ਰਿਸ਼ਪਾਲ ਰੈਖੀ
| background = non_performing_personnel
| image = Rishi Rich at The Asian Awards.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Rich attends [[The Asian Awards]] in 2015
| birth_name = Rishpal Singh Rekhi
| alias = Rishi Rekhi, The Rishi Rich Project
| birth_place = [[Croydon]], London, England
| genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi]], [[filmi]], [[Hindi pop]], [[alternative hip hop]], [[trip hop]], [[UK garage]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| years_active = 1992–present
| label = Moviebox Records, Rishi Rich Productions Ltd. (RRP), [[2Point9 Records]]
| associated_acts = [[Juggy D]], [[Jay Sean]], [[H Dhami]]
| website = [http://www.rishirich.com/ www.rishirich.com]
}}
'''Rishpal Singh Rekhi''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਰਿਸ਼ਪਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਰੈਖੀ, born 30 June 1976{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} in [[Croydon]]), better known by his stage name '''Rishi Rich''', is a [[British-Indian]] music producer based in London. He began his career in the [[Asian Underground]] scene and later became internationally known for his [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] tracks, his [[Hindi]] [[remix]]es, and as a pioneer of [[Asian Underground|Asian-R&B fusion music]].

Through the Rishi Rich Project, he was responsible for launching [[British Asian]] talents who would later gain mainstream success, such as [[Jay Sean]], [[Juggy D]], [[Veronica Mehta]], and [[Mumzy Stranger]]. In addition, Rishi Rich has launched the singing career of Canadian artist, Jasmine K Kara, as the two collaborated in 2022 to release "The Ishq (Rishi Rich Remix)."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Akshay |title=Urban Star Interviews |url=https://www.sabrasradio.com/player/podcasts/urban-star-interviews-with-akshay/ |website=Sabras Radio |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref> Jasmine K Kara has mentioned being a "huge fan" of the Rishi Rich Project's debut single, "Dance with You" (Nachna Tere Naal),<ref name=2005brlaunch>{{cite web|title=BRITISH ASIAN MUSIC AWARDS 2004 LAUNCHED|url=http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/music/brama_launch.htm|access-date=24 August 2010|date=7 October 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210200827/http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/music/brama_launch.htm|archive-date=10 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and refers to the experience of working with Rishi Rich as a "dream come true."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ishq – Jasmine Kara & Sabrina Sapal – Remix by Rishi Rich |url=https://desivibe.com/2022/10/24/the-ishq-jasmine-kara-sabrina-sapal-remix-by-rishi-rich/ |website=DESIVIBE |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>

He has also released his own solo albums, ''Simply Rich'' in 2002 with Ishq Records and ''[[The Project (Rishi Rich album)|The Project]]'' in 2006 with [[2point9 Records]] and his produced songs have appeared in a number of Bollywood films. He now runs Rishi Rich Productions with contracts with a number of British Asian artists including [[H-Dhami]], Mumzy Stranger, Veronica Mehta, Tasha Tah and [[Abbas Hasan]].

==The Rishi Rich Project==
Rishi Rich worked in the UK with a number of [[South Asian people|Asian]] artists and co-produced a number of Asian music albums. In January 2003, he signed a management contract with [[2Point9 Records]]. Soon after, he formed the Rishi Rich Project; the objective of which was to showcase up-and-coming talent. The Rishi Rich releases quickly became famous in the [[Asian Underground]] scene, being pioneers of [[contemporary R&B]]-[[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] fusion. They subsequently found success in India and helped popularise Asian-R&B [[Fusion (music)|fusion]] sounds in both the Asian underground scene and in [[Indian pop]] music.<ref name=AsianID>{{YouTube|6ZG_y_UlrZg|Jay Sean- Interview part 1/3}}</ref>

"[[Dance with You (Nachna Tere Naal)]]", released on 8 September 2003, was the debut single by the Rishi Rich Project produced by Richi Rich and featuring Jay Sean (singing in English) and Juggy D (in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]). It was an [[Asian Underground]] song with the music video set at a [[block party]] in a London neighbourhood. The song peaked at No. 12 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] and No. 2 on the [[Dutch Top 40]]. It also won "Best Single R&B" at the 2003 [[UK Asian Music Awards]].<ref name=2005brlaunch>{{cite web|title=BRITISH ASIAN MUSIC AWARDS 2004 LAUNCHED|url=http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/music/brama_launch.htm|access-date=24 August 2010|date=7 October 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210200827/http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/music/brama_launch.htm|archive-date=10 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is considered Jay Sean's first successful single and was later included on his debut album ''[[Me Against Myself]]'' (2004), produced by Rishi Rich himself, as well as on Rich's album, ''Rishi Rich Project''. The song was also included on the soundtrack for the 2003 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]''.<ref>{{IMDb name|id=1915047|name=Jay Sean}}</ref>

On 27 April 2007, Rich announced that he was parting with his record company 2Point9 Records,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/asiannetworkmusic/2007/04/new_project_for_rishi_rich.shtml|title=BBC - Asian Network Music - Blog|author=BBC|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> marking the end of the Rishi Rich Project. After their departures from the project, [[Jay Sean]] subsequently went on to become one of the most successful groundbreaking international Asian artists (prestigiously topping the US Hot 100 in 2009),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/509/jay_sean__on_top_of_the_world/|title=Jay Sean: On top of the world|author=Stephen Clark - Design|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> while [[Juggy D]] became one of the most successful British artists in the mainstream Indian market.<ref>{{cite web|title=Juggy D, Rishi Rich back together|author=Nikhil Taneja|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 December 2009|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/music/Juggy-D-Rishi-Rich-back-together/Article1-484685.aspx|access-date=15 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215231435/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/music/Juggy-D-Rishi-Rich-back-together/Article1-484685.aspx|archive-date=15 December 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2015, Rishi Rich, Jay Sean and Juggy D reunited as the Rishi Rich Project and released the single "Freak".

==Solo career==
Rishi Rich released his first solo album ''Simply Rich'' fuses urban music and bhangra. The album was a big success in the Asian pop charts that resulted in a number of singles, including "Nahin Jeena" with vocals by Don D and Juggy D, and "Nahin Tere Jeha Hor Disda" with vocals by Pakistani [[Qawwali]] singer [[Javed Bashir]] (based on [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]'s "Kiven Mukhre Ton Nazran Hatawan") with the music video featuring cameo appearances by [[Bally Sagoo]], Juggy D, Jay Sean and [[Veronica Mehta]].

His second solo release, ''[[The Project (Rishi Rich album)|The Project]]'', in 2006 included the single "Push It Up (Aaja Kuriye)" featuring Juggy D and Jay Sean,<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qGM8fw5_g4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/1qGM8fw5_g4 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Rishi Rich Feat. Jay Sean & Juggy D - Push It Up (Aaja Kurie|date=25 September 2007|work=YouTube|access-date=4 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> peaking at No 1 on the [[BBC]] [[Asian Network]] Chart.

Rishi released his third album, ''The Lost Beats'', in 2014.

==Rishi Rich Productions==
In 2007, Rishi Rich started Rishi Rich Productions (RRP), a joint partnership between himself and entertainment entrepreneur, [[Waleed Jahangir]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.rishirichproductions.com/about.htm
|title = About RRP – Rishi Rich Productions
|work = rishirichproductions.com
|access-date = 24 August 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20080311003255/http://www.rishirichproductions.com/about.htm
|archive-date = 11 March 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The artists signed to the company are Rishi Rich himself,<ref name=rrp>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rishirichproductions.com/artists.aspx |title=Artists |work=rishirichproductions.com |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090412214852/http://www.rishirichproductions.com/artists.aspx |archive-date=12 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[H-Dhami]],<ref name=rrp/> [[Mumzy]],<ref name=rrp/> [[Veronica Mehta]] (aka Veronica),<ref name=rrp/> Tasha Tah,<ref name=rrp/><ref>{{cite web|title=Tash Tah Interview with Besharam.co.uk|url=http://www.besharam.co.uk/tasha-tah-talks-music-life-bosoms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507214341/http://www.besharam.co.uk/tasha-tah-talks-music-life-bosoms/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-05-07}}</ref> [[Juggy D]],{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} and [[Abbas Hasan]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Rishi Rich won "Best Producer" at the [[UK Asian Music Awards]] in 2003<ref name="2005brlaunch"/> and also in 2009 for producing [[H-Dhami]]'s debut album ''Sadke Java''.<ref name=2009AMA>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.desihits.com/news/view/uk-ama-award-winners-20090306
|title=2009 UK AMA Award Winners - on desihits.com
|work=desihits.com
|access-date=24 August 2010
|date=6 March 2009
}}</ref> At the 2009 event he also won a special "Commitment to the Scene" award.<ref name=2009AMA/>

==Filmography==
Rishi Rich expanded also into Indian film and many of his produced songs appeared in various Bollywood films:

*''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]'' (2003): The track [[Eyes on You (Jay Sean song)|"Eyes on You"]] which was performed by [[Jay Sean]] was featured in [[Bollywood]] film ''Boom''. The song hit the UK Top 10 in 2004 and was featured on Jay Sean's debut album ''[[Me Against Myself]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/269/jay_sean_prince_charming/|title=JAY SEAN: PRINCE CHARMING|author=Stephen Clark - Design|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' (2004): Rishi produced a track U'n'I for the first ever release from the Yash Raj music label, which featured in the film.
*''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]'' (2005): The track "One Night", produced by Rishi and sung by [[Jay Sean]], was taken from Jay Sean's album ''Me Against Myself'' and was included in the 2005 film ''Kyaa Kool Hai Hum''. However, the version on this soundtrack was entitled "Dil Mera (One Night)" and included vocals by [[Veronica Mehta|Veronica]] as well as Jay Sean.
*''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]'' (2013): Rishi Rich produced the track "[[Kabhi Jo Baadal Barse]]" (Remix).
*''[[Love Yoou Soniye]]'' (2013): Composed and sang "Love Yoou Soniye", the title track for the film with [[Juggy D]]
*''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]'' (2017): He recreated the [[R.D. Burman]]'s song ''Jaanu'' which was sung by [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]].
*''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' (2017): Rishi composed his first official Hindi song, "Mere Dil Mein", which has music notes astoundingly similar to the song U 'n' I.
*''[[Poster Boys]]'' (2017): He composed "Kehende Menu" sung by [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], [[Yash Narvekar]] and [[Sukriti Kakar]]
*''[[Mubarakan]]'' (2017): Rishi composed the title track with Yash Anand. He also sang it with [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and Yash Anand
*''[[Namaste England]]'' (2018): Rishi composed a song titled "Bhaare Bazaar" with Badshah. [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Payal Dev]], B Praak and Badshah sang the song.
*''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019): He composed "Doori" which is sung by [[Ranveer Singh]].
*''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]'' (2020): Along with [[JAM8]] and [[Yash Narvekar]] He composed "Ho Ja Rangeela Re" which is sung by Shashwat Singh and "Sun Sajna" which is sung by [[Navraj Hans]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], Yash Narvekar and Kiranee
*''[[Bad Boy Billionaires: India]]'' (2020) - [[Netflix]] documentary, composed the title track
*''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]'' (2020): He composed song for the film

==Personal life==
[[File:Manrina Rhode Rekhi and Rishi Rich at The Asian Awards.jpg|thumb|Rich (right), and wife, dentist Manrina Rhode Rekhi, attend [[The Asian Awards]] in 2015]]
In September 2011, he married Manrina Rhode, a dentist. They are now divorced as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desi-box.com/media/bhangra/rishi-richs-a-list-wedding-of-the-year.html|title=Rishi Rich's A-List Wedding Of The Year! - Desi-Box.com - News, Music Videos, Interviews, Bollywood, Bhangra, Urban|work=Desi-Box.com - News, Music Videos, Interviews, Bollywood, Bhangra, Urban|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513102820/http://www.desi-box.com/media/bhangra/rishi-richs-a-list-wedding-of-the-year.html|archive-date=13 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In February 2014, Rishi signed to TRMG Teddy Riley Music group and moved to Atlanta in April 2014 to work alongside [[Teddy Riley]] after acquiring OnlyChild Records from Manchester-based producer, SP.

==Discography==

===Rishi Rich solo albums===
* ''Simply Rich'' (2002) (Ishq Records)
* ''[[The Project (Rishi Rich album)|The Project]]'' (2006) (2point9 Records)
* ''The Lost Beats'' (2014) (Musicbyrr)
* ''The Lost Beats Vol 2'' (2020) (Musicbyrr)

===Singles===
* "Nahin Tere Jeha Hor Disda" (2002), featuring Javeed Bashir
* "Nahin Jeena" (2002), featuring [[Juggy D]] and Don D
* "[[Dance with You (Nachna Tere Naal)]]" (2003), featuring [[Jay Sean]] and Juggy D [UK#12]
* "U 'n' I (Mere Dil Vich Hum Tum)" (2004), Rishi Rich featuring Juggy D and [[Veronica Mehta|Veronica]]
* "Push It Up (Aaja Kuriye)" (2006), featuring Jay Sean and Juggy D
* "Fade Away (Yaad Naal Jeena)" (2009), [[Navin Kundra]] featuring Rishi Rich and Jay Sean
* "Drain" (2014), featuring Ray J and Sahyba
* "Freak" (2015), featuring Jay Sean and Juggy D
* "Ik Tera Pyar" (2016), [[Master Saleem]] featuring Rishi Rich
* "Dil Kya Kare (Did I Love You?)" (2016), featuring Amrit Dasu
* "Zindagi" (2016), with [[H-Dhami]]
* "[[Diamond Jewel (song)|Diamond Jewel]]" (Rishi Rich Remix) (2016), featuring [[Mumzy Stranger]], Lyan Roze and [[Yash Narvekar]]
* "Maula" (2018), [[Farhan Saeed]] featuring Rishi Rich
* "Get Down" (2018), Juggy D featuring Rishi Rich and Ikka
* "Kanipatu" (2020), Rishi Rich and Yashraj
* "Nakhre" (2020), Jay Sean and Rishi Rich
* "The Ishq (Rishi Rich Remix)" (2022), Jasmine K Kara and Rishi Rich <ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Akshay |title=Urban Star Interviews |url=https://www.sabrasradio.com/player/podcasts/urban-star-interviews-with-akshay/ |access-date=9 November 2022 |issue=Jasmine K Kara |publisher=Sabras Radio |date=October 29, 2022}}</ref>

===Compilations and remix albums===
* ''King of Hearts Queen of Hearts Vol. 1''
* ''King of Hearts Queen of Hearts Vol. 2''
* ''Love 2 Love 2000 – Chapter 6''
* ''Playback''
* ''Pure Garage – Chapter 1''
* ''Pure Garage – Chapter 2''
* ''Pure Garage – Chapter 3''
* ''Playback 2''
* ''Gift 2 U''
* ''Let the Music Play'' – "2005"
* ''Bombay Mix'' – CD 1

==Awards and nominations==
*2017: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] for ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' along with [[Mithoon]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Farhan Saeed]], [[Ami Mishra]] & [[Rahul Mishra]].
*2018: Won, Best Soundtrack at the [[UK Asian Film Festival]] for ''[[Boogie Man (2018 film)|Boogie Man]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/rishi-rich-bags-the-award-for-best-soundtrack-at-the-uk-asian-film-festival-2018-for-the-film-boogie-man/|title=Rishi Rich bags the award for Best Soundtrack at the UK Asian Film Festival 2018 for the film Boogie Man|date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of British Sikhs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.rishirich.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|1961809}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishi Rich}}
[[Category:Bhangra (music)]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English record producers]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from London]]
[[Category:People from Southall]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:2Point9 Records artists]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

History of Gujarat

2022-04-15T12:09:34Z

Riheadronnijr: Shaped unique article content.

{{short description|History of Indian state of Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

{{History of Gujarat}}
The '''history of Gujarat''' began with Stone Age settlements followed by Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlements like [[Indus Valley civilisation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=|title=Where does history begin?}}</ref> [[Gujarat]]'s coastal cities, chiefly [[Bharuch]], served as ports and trading centers in the [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]], [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] empires as well as during the [[Western Kshatrapas]] period. After the fall of the Gupta empire in the 6th century, Gujarat flourished as an independent Hindu-Buddhist state. The [[Maitraka]] dynasty, descended from a Gupta general, ruled from the 6th to the 8th centuries from their capital at [[Vallabhi]], although they were ruled briefly by [[Harsha]] during the 7th century. The [[Arab]] rulers of [[Sindh]] sacked Vallabhi in 770, bringing the Maitraka dynasty to an end. The [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Gurjara-Pratihara Empire]] ruled Gujarat after from the 8th to 10th centuries. While the region also came under the control of the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]]. In 775 the first [[Parsi people|Parsi]] ([[Zoroastrian]]) refugees arrived in Gujarat from [[Greater Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Gujarat|url=https://www.freejobadvice.com/2022/02/Angel-academy-Study-Material.html Gujarat State Portal|quote=Gujarat : The State took its name from the Gujara, the land of the Gujjars, who ruled the area during the 700's and 800's.}}</ref>

During the 10th century, the native [[Chaulukya|Chaulukya dynasty]] came to power. From 1297 to 1300, [[Alauddin Khalji]], the [[Turkic people|Turkic]] [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]], destroyed [[Anhilwara]] and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After [[Timur]]'s sacking of [[Delhi]] at the end of the 14th century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat's governor [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan Muzaffar]] asserted his independence and established the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]; his son, Sultan [[Ahmad Shah I]] (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured [[Ahmedabad]] as the capital. In the early 16th century the [[Rana Sanga]] invasion of Gujarat weakened the Sultanate's power as he annexed northern Gujarat and appointed his vassal to rule there, however after his death, the Sultan of Gujarat recovered the kingdom and even sacked [[Chittor Fort]] in 1535.{{sfn|Chaube|1975|pp=132-136}} The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1576, when the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] conquered and annexed it to the Mughal Empire as a [[Gujarat Subah|province]]. [[Surat]] had become the prominent and main port of India during Mughal rule.

Later in the 18th century, Gujarat came under control of the [[Maratha Empire]] who dominated the politics of India. The [[British East India Company]] wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Many local rulers, notably the Gaekwads of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule. Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the [[Bombay Presidency]], with the exception of [[Baroda state]], which had a direct relationship with the [[Governor-General of India]]. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including [[Kathiawar]], Kutch, and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of [[princely states]], but several districts in central and southern Gujarat were ruled directly by British officials. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], considered India's "[[father of the nation]]", was a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] who led the [[Indian Independence Movement]] against [[United Kingdom|British colonial rule]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freejobadvice.com/2022/02/Angel-academy-Study-Material.html |title=Modern Gujarat |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Gujarat was formed by splitting Bombay state in 1960 on linguistic lines. From 1960 to 1995, the [[Indian National Congress]] retained power in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] while other political parties ruled for incomplete terms in the 1970s and 1990. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has been in power since 1998.

==Stone Age (before 4000 BCE)==

The cultural history of Gujarat begins from the [[Middle Pleistocene]]. The lands of Gujarat has been continuously inhabited from the [[Lower Paleolithic]] (c. 200,000 BP) period. Several sites of Stone Age are discovered in riverbeds of [[Sabarmati river|Sabarmati]], [[Mahi river]] and lower [[Narmada]] rivers of Gujarat.<ref name="ABPatel" /><ref name="Zeuner1950">{{cite book|author=Frederick Everard Zeuner|title=Stone Age and Pleistocene Chronology in Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1glAAAAMAAJ|year=1950|publisher=Deccan College, Postgraduate and Research Institute}}</ref>

The [[Middle Paleolithic]] sites are found from Kutch, Jamnagar, Panchmahals, Hiran valley in Saurashtra and Vapi and Lavacha of Valsad district. The [[Upper Paleolithic]] period sites from Visadi, Panchmahals, Bhamaria, Kantali, Palanpur and Vavri are also explored.<ref name=ABPatel/> The [[Middle Palaeolithic|Middle]] (c.45,000–25,000 BP) and Late [[Palaeolithic]] artifacts include hand-axes, cleavers, chopping tools, borers, points, and scrapers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/costa327/|title=Antiquity Journal|website=antiquity.ac.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref> The sites in Kutch and Bhadar riverbeds in Saurashtra has also yielded Stone Age tools. Bhandarpur near Orsang valley is rich in Palaeolithic tools. Some of other such sites are Hirpura, Derol, [[Kapadvanj]], [[Langhnaj]] and [[Shamlaji]].<ref name="Malik 1966 p=162">{{cite journal | last=Malik | first=S. C. | title=The Late Stone Age Industries from Excavated Sites in Gujarat, India | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=162–174 | year=1966 | doi=10.2307/3249352 | jstor=3249352 }}</ref>

More than 700 sites are located in Gujarat which indicate [[Mesolithic]]/[[Microlith]]ic using communities dated to 7000 BC to 2000 BCE divided in Pre-Chalcolithic and Chalcolithic period.<ref name=chal/> Some Mesolithic sites include Langhnaj, Kanewal, Tarsang, [[Dhansura]], [[Loteshwar]], [[Santhli]], Datrana, Moti Pipli and Ambakut. The people of the Mesolithic period were nomadic hunter-gathers with some managing the herds of sheep-goat and cattle.<ref name=ABPatel/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ajithprasad|first=P|title=The Mesolithic culture in the Orsang Valley, Gujarat|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291771698|journal=Mesolithic India|pages=154–189}}</ref> [[Neolithic]] tools are found at Langhnaj in north Gujarat.<ref name="Pruthi2004">{{cite book|author=Raj Pruthi|title=Prehistory and Harappan Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRMGDmdE9FkC&pg=PA104|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-581-4|page=104}}</ref>

== Chalcolithic to Bronze Age (4000–1300 BCE) ==
{{see also|Indus Valley Civilization}}
[[File:Lothal - ancient well.jpg|thumb|right|An ancient well at [[Lothal]], and the city drainage canals.]]
Total 755 [[chalcolithic]] settlements are discovered in Gujarat belonging to various traditions and cultures which ranged from 3700 BCE to 900 BCE. Total 59 of these sites are excavated while others are studied from artifacts. These traditions are closely associated with [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan civilization]] and difference between them is identified by difference in ceramics and findings of microliths. These traditions and cultures include [[Anarta tradition|Anarta Tradition]] (c. 3950–1900 BCE), Padri Ware (3600–2000 BCE), Pre-Prabhas Assemblage (3200–2600 BCE), Pre Urban Harappan Sindh Type Pottery (Burial Pottery) (3000–2600 BCE), [[Black and red ware culture|Black and Red Ware]] (3950–900 BCE), Reserved Slip Ware (3950–1900 BCE), Micaceous Red Ware (2600–1600 BCE). Prabhas Assemblage (2200–1700 BCE) and Lustrous Red Ware (1900–1300 BCE) are some late material cultures. The few sites associated with [[Malwa]] Ware and [[Jorwe|Jorwe Ware]] are also found.<ref name=chal>{{Cite journal|last1=K.|first1=Krishnan|last2=S. V.|first2=Rajesh|editor-last=Dr.|editor-first=Shakirullah|editor2-last=Young|editor2-first=Ruth|title=Scenario of Chalcolithic Site Surveys in Gujarat|url=https://www.academia.edu/27091436|journal=Pakistan Heritage|language=en|volume=7|pages=1–34|via=Academia.edu}}</ref>
[[File:DHOLAVIRA SITE (36).jpg|thumb|left|Dholavira Site 36]]
Gujarat has a large number of archaeological sites associated with the [[Indus Valley civilization]]. A total of 561 Classical Harappan (2600–1900 BCE) and Sorath Harappan (2600–1700 BCE) sites are reported in Gujarat.<ref name=chal/> The sites in [[Kutch]], namely, [[Surkotada]], [[Desalpur]], [[Pabumath]] and [[Dholavira]] are some major sites of Urban period. The sites of the post-Urban period include [[Lothal]] B, [[Rangpur, Gujarat|Rangpur]] IIC and III, [[Rojdi]] C, [[Kuntasi]], Vagad I B, Surkotada 1C, Dholavira VI &VII.<ref name=ABPatel/> It has been noted that in Gujarat, urban cities quickly expanded rather than the slow evolution of urbanism in the northwest.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|publisher=University of California Press|year=2004|pages=78}}</ref>
[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE).png|thumb|Map of the Rangpur culture and other late Indus Valley cultures]]
During the end of the Indus Valley Civilisation, there was a migration of people from Sindh to Gujarat forming the [[Rangpur, Gujarat|Rangpur culture]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Early Sources for South Asian Substrate Languages|url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/MT-Substrates.pdf|journal=Mother Tongue|pages=25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jbsc/044/03/0058|journal=Journal of Biosciences|volume=44|issue=3|pages=5|doi=10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7|pmid=31389347|s2cid=195804491}}</ref>

==Iron Age (1500–200 BCE)==
Linguists and archeologists believe it is likely Gujarat was inhabited by [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] speakers during the middle [[Vedic period|Rigvedic period]],<ref>Witzel, Michael (2000). "The Languages of Harappa". In Kenoyer, J.. ''Proceedings of the conference on the Indus civilization.''</ref> which be determined from Dravidian place names in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)|url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/viewFile/828/806|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=5|issue=1|pages=21}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India:From the First Modern People to the Present Day|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-8829-05-8|pages=26}}</ref>

The post-Harappan culture continued at several sites. Pastoralism was also widespread and served as trade-links between the sites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Varma|first=Supriya|title=Villages abandoned: The case for mobile pastoralism in post-Harappan Gujarat|journal=Studies in History|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=279–300|doi=10.1177/025764309100700206|s2cid=161465765}}</ref><ref name="MorrisonJunker2002">{{cite book|author1=Kathleen D. Morrison|author2=Laura L. Junker|title=Forager-Traders in South and Southeast Asia: Long-Term Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IAUKE7xv_cC&pg=PA49|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-01636-0|pages=49–51}}</ref> There is no mention of Gujarat in [[Vedic Literature|Vedic literature]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sankalia|first=Hasmukh D.|title=Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography of Gujarat|publisher=Deccan College|year=1949|pages=162}}</ref>

[[Bharuch]] was the major port town of Iron Age.<ref name="AllchinErdosy1995">{{cite book|author1=F. R. Allchin|author2=George Erdosy|title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA20|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37695-2|page=20}}</ref>

===Early Historic===
The Early Historic material culture of Gujarat include the presence of [[Northern Black Polished Ware]], continued dominance of [[Black and red ware culture|Black-and-Red Ware]], slow introduction and later domination of [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#Red Polished Ware|Red Polished Ware]], occurrence of [[Roman Amphorae]], [[Rang Mahal, Sri Ganganagar|Rang Mahal Ware]] (100–300), introduction of glass and lead, followed by gradual conquest of iron, an agriculture-based economy, shell industry, development of script, rise of the urban settlements, brick structural remains, monumental buildings, international trade and development of [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name=ABPatel/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumaran|first=R. N.|title=Second urbanization in Gujarat|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24103529|journal=Current Science|volume=107|issue=4|pages=580–588|jstor=24103529|issn=0011-3891}}</ref>

The excavated sites of the Early Historic period include Dhatva, Jokha, [[Kamrej]], [[Kayavarohan|Karvan]], [[Bharuch]], Nagal, Timbarva, [[Akota]] from South Gujarat; Nagara from central Gujarat; [[Vadnagar]], [[Shamlaji]], [[Devnimori]] from north Gujarat and [[Amreli]], [[Vallabhi]], Prabhas Patan, Padri and Dwarka from Saurashtra.<ref name=ABPatel>{{Cite thesis|last=Patel|first=Ambika B.|title=Iron technology in early historic India a case study of Gujarat|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/71979|chapter=4. Archaeology of Early Historic Gujarat|language=en|pages=72–105|via=Shodhganga|publisher=Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]|hdl=10603/71979|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>

====Mauryas====
[[File:Edicts_of_Ashoka_at_Junagadh_Gujarat.jpg|thumb|The Junagadh Rock inscription, which attests to Maurya rule over Gujarat]]
[[Chandragupta Maurya|Candragupta Maurya's]] rule over present-day [[Gujarat]] is attested to by the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]]. Under his rule, the provincial governor Puṣyagupta, a [[Vaishya|Vaiśya]], started the construction of the Sudarśana lake by damming the Suvarṇasikatā and Palāśinī rivers which flowed from Mount Ūrjayat (modern [[Girnar|Mount Girnār]]). The dam was completed under the reign of [[Ashoka|Aśoka]] by the [[Yavana]] king [[Tushaspha|Tuṣāspha]]. What is now Gujarat comprised two provinces, [[Anarta|Ānarta]] (northern mainland Gujarat and northern [[Kathiawar]]), and Surāṣṭra (southern Kathiawar).<ref>{{citation |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|pages=194, 199–200 with footnote 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archeology|publisher=SAGE|year=2016|pages=277}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=Mookerji|first=Radha Kumud|title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|isbn=81-208-0405-8|pages=42–43|orig-year=Fourth Edition: 1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Virji|first=Krishnakumari J.|title=Ancient History of Saurashtra|publisher=Konkan Institute of Arts and Sciences|year=1952|pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|title=Personal and Geographical Names in Gupta Inscriptions|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1978|pages=299–300}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sankalia|1949|p=9}}

According to the [[Petavatthu|''Pettavattu'']] and ''Paramatthadīpanī'', a ruler of Suraṭṭha, Piṅgala became a king in 283 BCE. He was converted to "Natthika diṭṭhi" (a [[Nihilism|nihilistic]] doctrine) by his general, Nandaka, and attempted to convert the emperor Aśoka, but was himself converted to Buddhism.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=Paul|title=The Notion of Diṭṭhi in Theravāda Buddhism: the Point of View|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|year=2005|pages=16}}</ref>

According to [[Kauṭilya]], the [[Kshatriya|Kṣatriyas]] and Vaiśyas of Surāṣṭra belong to various Śreṇīs "corporations or guilds". The Śreṇīs were devoted to the "possession of arms" or "agriculture, cattle-rearing, and trade" respectively.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sircar|first=D. C.|title=Indian Epigraphical Glossary|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1966|pages=316}}</ref>

==== Indo-Greeks ====
There was a Greek trading presence at the port of [[Bharuch|Barugaza (Bharuch)]], but historians are uncertain whether the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] ruled over Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|title=A History of India|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-138-96115-9|pages=47}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Narain|first=A. K.|title=The Indo-Greeks|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1957|pages=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhandarkar|first=Ramkrishna Gopal|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=James M.|title=Early History of the Dakhan Down to the Mahomedan Conquest|journal=Gazetter of the Bombay Presidency: History of the Konkan Dakhan and Southern Maratha Country|publisher=Government Central Press|volume=I|issue=II|pages=174}}</ref>

====Indo-scythians====
{{see also|Western Satraps}}
For nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century CE, [[Saka]] rulers played a prominent part in Gujarat's history. Weather-beaten rock at Junagadh gives a glimpse of the Ruler [[Rudradaman I]] (100 CE) of the Saka satraps known as [[Western Satraps]], or Kshatraps. Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I founded the Kardamaka dynasty which ruled from Anupa on the banks of the Narmada up to Aparanta region which bordered Punjab. In Gujarat several battles were fought between the south Indian [[Satavahana dynasty]] and the Western Satraps. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] who defeated the Western Satraps and conquered some parts of Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.<ref>Trade And Trade Routes in Ancient India von Moti Chandra page: 99</ref>

== Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE – 1206 CE) ==

===Guptas and Maitrakas===
{{see also|Gupta Empire|Maitraka|Saindhava}}
[[File:Gop Gupta-Tempel 1999.JPG|alt=|thumb|[[Gop Temple]], [[Maitraka]] period.]]
The Gupta Emperor [[Samudragupta]] defeated the Indo-Scythian rulers in battle and had then admit their submission to him. Samudragupta's successor, [[Chandragupta II]], finally conquered the Western Satraps and occupied Gujarat. Chandragupta II assumed the title of "Vikramaditya", in celebration of his victory over the Western Satraps.{{Sfn|Sharma|2005|p=275-276}} During the Gupta reign, villagers and peasants were put into forced labour by the Gupta army and officials.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=R. S.|title=India's Ancient Past|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-908786-0|location=|pages=279}}</ref> During the reign of [[Skandagupta]], Cakrapālita was the governor of Surāṣṭra.{{Sfn|Sankalia|1949|p=10}}

Towards the middle of the 5th century the Gupta empire started to decline. Senapati Bhatarka, the Maitraka general of the Guptas, took advantage of the situation and in 470 CE he set up what came to be known as the Maitraka state. He shifted his capital from Girinagar to Valabhipur, near [[Bhavnagar]], on Saurashtra's east coast. [[Maitraka]]s of [[Vallabhi]] became very powerful and their rule prevailed over large parts of Gujarat and even over adjoining [[Malwa]]. Maitrakas set up a university which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the famous [[Nalanda university]]. It was during the rule of Dhruvasena Maitrak that Chinese philosopher-traveler [[Xuanzang]] visited in 640 CE.{{Citation needed}}

=== Gurjara-Pratihara Empire ===
{{Further|Gurjara Pratihara Empire}}[[File:Rani ki vav 02.jpg|thumb|[[Rani ki vav|Rani ki Vav]] (The Queen's stepwell) at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] was built in the 11th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922/|title=Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226001327/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922|archive-date=26 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>|alt=|left]]
In the early 8th century some parts of Gujarat was ruled by the south Indian [[Chalukya dynasty]]. In the early 8th century the Arabs of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] established an Empire which stretched from Spain in the west to Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east. The Arab rulers tried to expand their Empire in the 8th century and invaded Gujarat but the Arab invaders were defeated by the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] general [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin|Pulakeshin]]. After this victory the Arab invaders were driven out of Gujarat. Pulakeshin received the title Avanijanashraya (refuge of the people of the earth) by Vikramaditya II for the protection of Gujarat. In the late 8th century the Kannauj Triangle period started. The 3 major Indian dynasties the northwest Indian [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty, the south Indian [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] and the east Indian [[Pala Empire]] dominated India from the 8th to 10th century. During this period the northern part of Gujarat was ruled by the north Indian [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] Dynasty and the southern part of Gujarat was ruled by the south Indian [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]].<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 366</ref> Southern Gujarat was ruled by the south Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the south Indian ruler [[Tailapa II]] of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>History, Religion and Culture of India, by S. Gajrani p.32</ref>
[[File:Gujuras of Sindh Circa AD 570-712.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of the Gujuras of [[Sindh]], [[Chavda dynasty]], circa 570–712 CE. Crowned Sasanian-style bust right / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200|title=CNG: eAuction 343. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Gujura Confederacy). Gujuras of Sindh. Circa AD 570-712. AR Drachm (25mm, 3.84 g, 9h).|website=www.cngcoins.com}}</ref>]]

=== Chaulukya Kingdom ===
{{Further|Chaulukya dynasty}}[[File:Taranga Jain temples.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga Jain Temple]] constructed by [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (1143 – 1172 CE)]]The [[Chaulukya dynasty]]<ref group="note">The [[Chaulukya dynasty]] is not to be confused with the [[Chalukya dynasty]].</ref><ref name="horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp">{{cite book
| last =Rose
| first =Horace Arthur
|author2=Ibbetson
| title =Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province
| year =1990
| publisher=Asian Educational Services
| isbn =978-81-206-0505-3
| pages =300
}}</ref> ruled Gujarat from c. 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at [[Anhilwara]] ([[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]) was one of the largest cities in India, with population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. In 1026, the famous [[Somnath]] temple in Gujarat was destroyed by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. After 1243, the Chaulukyas lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] chiefs of [[Dholka]] came to dominate Gujarat. In 1292 the Vaghelas became tributaries of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] dynasty of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Karna of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] was the last Hindu ruler of Gujarat. He was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] from Delhi in 1297. With his defeat Gujarat not only became part of the Delhi Sultanate but the Rajput hold over Gujarat lost forever.

== Late Medieval period (1206–1526 CE) ==

===Delhi Sultanate (1298–1407 CE)===
{{main|Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate}}
Before 1300, Muslims had little presence in Gujarat. The occasional was mainly either as sea-farers or traders coming from Arabian Sea. They were allowed to establish two small settlements in [[Cambay]] (now Khambhat) and [[Bharuch]]. Gujarat finally fell under [[Delhi Sultanate]] following [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|repeated expeditions]] under [[Alauddin Khalji]] around the end of the 13th century. He ended the rule of [[Vaghela dynasty]] under [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna II]] and established Muslim rule in Gujarat. Soon the [[Tughluq dynasty]] came to power in Delhi whose emperor carried out expeditions to quell rebellion in Gujarat and established their firm control over the region by the end of the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jty1AAAAIAAJ|title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442|last=Misra|first=Satish Chandra|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|language=en}}</ref>

===Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1535 CE)===
{{main|Gujarat Sultanate}}
[[File:Jama_Masjid,_Ahmedabad_01.jpg|thumb|[[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad|Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1551/|title=Historic City of Ahmadabad|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222826/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1551|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>]]
Following [[Timur]]'s invasion of Delhi, the Delhi Sultanate weakened considerably so the last Tughluq governor [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan]] declared himself independent in 1407 and formally established [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. The next sultan, his grandson Ahmad Shah I founded the new capital [[Ahmedabad]] in 1411. The prosperity of the sultanate reached its zenith during the rule of [[Mahmud Begada]]. He subdued most of the Rajput chieftains and built navy off the coast of [[Diu, India|Diu]]. In 1509, [[Portuguese Empire|the Portuguese]] wrested Diu from Gujarat sultanate following the [[Battle of Diu (1509)]].

In 1520 [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] invaded Gujarat with his powerful [[Rajput|Rajput confederacy]] of 52,000 [[Rajputs]] supported by his three vassals. Rao Ganga Rathore of Marwar too joined him with Garrison of 8,000 [[Rajputs]], other allies of Rana were Rawal Udai Singh of Vagad and Rao Viram deva of Merta. He defeated the Muslim army of Nizam khan and chased them as far as [[Ahmedabad]]. Sanga call off his invasion 20 miles before reaching the capital city of Ahmedabad. He plundered the royal treasuries of Gujarat.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=450-452}} Sanga successfully annexed Northern Gujarat and appointed one of his vassals to rule there.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=18}}

Mughal emperor Humayun attacked Gujarat in 1535 and thereafter [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] was killed by the Portuguese while making a deal in 1537. The decline of the Sultanate started with the assassination of Sikandar Shah in 1526. The end of the sultanate came in 1573, when [[Akbar]] annexed Gujarat in his empire. The last ruler [[Muzaffar Shah III]] was taken prisoner to Agra. In 1583, he escaped from the prison and with the help of the nobles succeeded to regain the throne for a short period before being defeated by Akbar's general [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]].<ref name="Mitra2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&pg=PA14|title=Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion|author=Sudipta Mitra|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7387-183-2|page=14}}</ref>

==Early modern period (1526–1858 CE)==
{{More citations needed section}}

===Mughal Empire (1535–1756)===
{{main|Gujarat under Mughal Empire}}
[[File:Flight of Sultan Bahadur During Humayun's Campaign in Gujarat 1535.jpg|right|thumb|Flight of Sultan Bahadur during Humayun's campaign in Gujarat, 1535. Folio from an ''[[Akbarnama]]'' (''History of Akbar''), c. 1590. ]]
[[Akbar]] (1542–1605) set out on his first campaign of Gujarat from [[Fatehpur Sikri]] on 2 July 1572 arriving in [[Ahmedabad]] on 20 November 1572.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 506-507.</ref> He then reorganized the government of Ahmedabad under the charge of his foster brother [[Mirza Aziz Koka]], the Khan-i-Azam<ref>Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 508-509.</ref> and quelled the rebellion led by the Mirzas by laying siege to the castle of [[Surat]].<ref>Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 510-512.</ref> Akbar then embarked on a second campaign of Gujarat on 23 August 1573 to assist Mirza Aziz Koka against a rebellion from the combined forces of Muhammad Husain Mirza and Ikhtiyar-ul-Mulk.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Volume I, p. 520-521.</ref> Following Akbar's second campaign, Gujarat was organized into a province (''[[subah]]'') of the [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 1.</ref> governed by viceroys (''[[subahdar]]s'' or ''nazims'') responsible for the executive and military branches as well as treasurers (''diwans'') responsible for the financial branch.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 3.</ref>

Gujarati ports with significant trade and financial importance now came into the possession of the Mughal Empire and were organized as special districts directly under the authority of the [[Delhi]] government.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 4-5.</ref> Under [[Jahangir]] (1605–1627) and following the advent of the [[British East India Company]], Surat gained importance as a center of oceanic trade between India and Europe;<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 5.</ref> a factory was established there in 1612.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 52.</ref> The nobles of the former Sultanate and the Hindu chiefs that rebelled and protested were subdued by the viceroys and officers of the Mughal Empire.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 9-10, 48.</ref> Under [[Shah Jahan]] (1627–1658), Ahmedabad saw an exodus resulting from officials extracting money from citizens—both the rich and the poor—without the royal permission.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 108.</ref> Viceroys under Shah Jahan saw to expansion efforts south,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 110.</ref> taking up of arms against the incursions from the [[Koli people|Koli]] and [[Kathi people|Kathi]] tribes,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 115-116.</ref> and the implementation of a hardline stance on collection of tribute from the [[Rajput]] chiefs of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 121.</ref>

The reign of [[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) was characterized by incidents of drawn-out conflict and religious disputes. As a viceroy, he had previously converted the Chintamani Jain temple at Saraspur into a mosque.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 125.</ref> His rule included enforcement of Islamic laws,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 162.</ref> discriminatory laws and taxes against Hindu merchants,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 171-172.</ref> and a [[capitation tax]] on all non-Muslims.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 180.</ref> Aurangzeb's viceroys retaliated against the Khachars and other Kathi tribes,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 187.</ref> destroyed the Temple of the Sun while attacking and storming the fort of Than,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 188.</ref> razed the Temple at [[Vadnagar]],<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 189.</ref> and engaged in a drawn out conflict with the [[Rathore]]s of [[Marwar]].<ref>Commissariat 1957, Volume II, p. 199-200.</ref>

During the next three emperors (1707–1719) who had brief reigns, the nobles became more and more powerful due to instability in the Delhi. The royals of Marwar were appointed viceroys frequently. During the reign of the emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] (1719–1748), the struggle between the Mughal and Maratha nobles were heightened with frequent battles and incursions. The south Gujarat was lost to the Marathas and the towns in north and central Gujarat was attacked on several occasions with frequent demand of tributes. The Marathas continued to grow their hold and the frequent change of viceroys did not reverse the trend. The competing houses of Marathas, [[Gaekwad|Gaikwar]]s and [[Peshwa]]s engaged between themselves which slow down their progress for a while. They later made peace between themselves. During the reign of the next emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] (1748–1754), there was nominal control over the nobles who acted on their own. There were frequent fights between themselves and with Marathas. [[Ahmedabad]], the capital of province, fell to the Marathas in 1752. It was regained by noble Momin Khan for a short time but again lost to the Marathas in 1756 after a long siege. Finding opportunity, the British captured Surat in 1759. After a setback at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]] in 1761, the Marathas strengthened their hold on Gujarat. During this fifty years, the power struggle between the Mughal nobles and Marathas caused disorder and the decline in prosperity.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|p=266-347}}

===Maratha Empire (1718–1819)===
When the cracks had started to develop in the edifice of the [[Mughal empire]] in the mid-17th century, the Marathas were consolidating their power in the west, [[Chatrapati Shivaji]], the great Maratha ruler, attacked Surat twice first in 1664 and again in 1672. These attacks marked the entry of the Marathas into Gujarat. However, before the Maratha inroads into Gujarat, the Europeans had made their presence felt, with the Portuguese leading them, followed by the Dutch and the English.

Starting with [[Bajirao I]] in the 1720s, the [[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family|Peshwa]]s based in [[Pune]] established their sovereignty over Gujarat including [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].In the process they defeated and removed the control of their fellow Marathas, the [[Dabhade]]s and Kadam Bande from Gujarat. The Peshwas collected taxes through Damaji [[Gaekwad]].Damaji established the sway of Gaekwad over Gujarat and made [[Baroda]] (present-day [[Vadodara]]) his capital.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA140|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|pages=213–214}}</ref> Maratha control of Gujarat slowly waned in the latter half of the 1700s due to rivalries between different ruling Maratha houses as well within the Peshwa family. The British [[East India Company]] fully exploited this situation to expand its control of Gujarat and other Maratha territories.<ref name="YaBandyopādhyāẏa2004">{{cite book|author1=Osekhara Bandyopoadhyoa Ya|author2=Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PR10|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2596-2|pages=53–54}}</ref> The company also embarked upon its policy of [[Subsidiary Alliance]]. With this policy they established their paramountcy over one indigenous state after another. Anandrao [[Gaekwad]] joined the Alliance in 1802 and surrendered Surat and adjoining territories to the company. In the garb of helping the Marathas, the British helped themselves, and gradually the Marathas' power came to an end, in 1819 in Gujarat. Gaekwad and other big and small rulers accepted the British Paramountcy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Eighteenth-century Gujarat : the dynamics of its political economy, 1750–1800|last=A.|first=Nadri, Ghulam|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004172029|location=Leiden|oclc=568402132}}</ref>

==Colonial period (1819–1947 CE)==
[[File:Map of Goozerat Gujarat 1866.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Map of Gujarat, 1866]]

[[File:Baroda-gujarat.png|thumb|right|Princely states of Gujarat in 1924]]
In the 1600s, the Dutch, French, English and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] all established bases along the western coast of the region. Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, and after the [[Battle of Diu]] and [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]], acquired several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including [[Daman and Diu]] as well as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. These enclaves were administered by [[Portuguese India]] under a single union territory for over 450 years, only to be later incorporated into the [[Republic of India]] on 19 December 1961 by military conquest.

The [[East India Company|English East India Company]] established a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Surat]] in 1614, following the commercial treaty made with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim [[Jahangir]], which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by [[Mumbai|Bombay]] after the English received it from Portugal in 1668 as part of the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[King John IV of Portugal]]. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first English commercial outpost in India was in Gujarat.<ref name="wingsbirds.com">[http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ WINGS Birding Tours to India: the West – Gujarat and the Rann of Kutch – Itinerary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730052857/http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ }}. Wingsbirds.com (14 December 2011). Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref>[[File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|thumb|Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion]]17th-century French explorer [[François Pyrard de Laval]], who is remembered for his 10-year sojourn in South Asia, bears witness accounts that the Gujaratis were always prepared to learn workmanship from the Portuguese, also in turn imparting skills to the Portuguese:<ref>{{cite book|last=Rai|first=Rajesh|title=The South Asian diaspora transnational networks and changing identities|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-89235-0|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&q=gujarati%2C+Francois+Pyrard&pg=PA31|author2=Reeves, Peter |access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

{{blockquote| I have never seen men of wit so fine and polished as are these Indians: they have nothing barbarous or savage about them, as we are apt to suppose. They are unwilling indeed to adopt the manners and customs of the ''Portuguese''; yet do they regularly learn their manufactures and workmanship, being all very curious and desirous of learning. In fact, the ''Portuguese'' take and learn more from them than they from the ''Portuguese''.}}

Later in the 17th century, Gujarat came under control of the [[Maratha Empire]] that rose defeating the Mughals and who dominated the politics of India. Most notably, from 1705 to 1716, [[Senapati]] [[Khanderao Dabhade]] led the Maratha Empire forces in Baroda. [[Pilaji Gaekwad]], first ruler of [[Gaekwad|Gaekwad dynasty]], established the control over Baroda and other parts of Gujarat.
[[File:Baroda Palace.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]], completed in 1890 is one of the largest palaces in India. It was commissioned by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]].]]
The East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1802–1803. Many local rulers, notably the Rajput Maratha [[Gaekwad]] Maharajas of Baroda ([[Vadodara]]), made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule.

[[File:Gandhi at Dandi 5 April 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] picking salt at Dandi beach, South Gujarat ending the [[Salt satyagraha]] on 5 April 1930|alt=|left]]
Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the [[Bombay Presidency]], with the exception of [[Baroda state]], which had a direct relationship with the [[Governor-General of India]]. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including [[Kathiawar]], Kutch and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of [[princely states]], but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]], Broach ([[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]), Kaira ([[Kheda district|Kheda]]), [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] and [[Surat district|Surat]], were governed directly by British officials.



In 1812, an epidemic outbreak killed and wiped out half the population of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite book|page=8|title=Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|isbn=9781119085737|last1=Petersen|first1=Eskild|last2=Chen|first2=Lin Hwei|last3=Schlagenhauf-Lawlor|first3=Patricia|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]}}</ref>

===Indian Independence Movement===
[[File:Gandhi Satyagraha.JPG|thumb|Gandhi at a public rally during the Salt Satyagraha.]]
The people of Gujarat were the most enthusiastic participants in India's struggle for freedom. Leaders like [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Morarji Desai]], [[K.M. Munshi]], [[Narhari Parikh]], [[Mahadev Desai]], [[Mohanlal Pandya]] and [[Ravi Shankar Vyas]] all hailed from Gujarat. It was also the site of the most popular revolts, including the ''[[Satyagraha]]s'' in [[Kheda]], [[Bardoli]], [[Borsad]] and the [[Salt Satyagraha]].

''See Also'': [[Freedom fighters of India#Leaders from Gujarat and Maharashtra|Freedom fighters from Gujarat]]

==Post-Independence (1947 CE – present)==
[[File:K M Munshi at Somnath in July 1950.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K. M. Munshi]] with archaeologists and engineers of the Government of India, inspecting the ruins of [[Somnath temple|Somnath Temple]], c. 1950. The temple, which was destroyed several times by invaders, was reconstructed in 1951.]]

===1947–1960===
{{Unreferenced section}}
{{see also|Saurashtra State|Kutch State|Bombay state|Mahagujarat Movement}}
After [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] and the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the new Indian government grouped the former princely states of Gujarat into three larger units; [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], which included the former princely states on the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula, [[Kutch]], and [[Bombay state]], which included the former British districts of Bombay Presidency together with most of Baroda state and the other former princely states of eastern Gujarat. In 1956, Bombay state was enlarged to include [[Kutch]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], and parts of [[Hyderabad state]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in central India. The new state had a mostly Gujarati-speaking north and a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking south. [[Mahagujarat Movement]] led by [[Indulal Yagnik]] demanded splitting of [[Bombay state]] on linguistic lines. On 1 May 1960, Bombay state bifurcated into Gujarat and [[Maharashtra]]. The capital of Gujarat was [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=John R.|title=British versus Princely Legacies and the Political Integration of Gujarat|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=44|issue=1|pages=65–99|doi=10.2307/2056747|jstor=2056747}}</ref>

Kutch was hit by the [[1956 Anjar earthquake|earthquake]] in 1956 which destroyed major parts of [[Anjar, India|Anjar]] town. [[Gandhidham]], Sardarnagar and Kubernagar were [[refugee]] settlements established for the resettlement of [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] Hindu refugees arriving from Pakistan after partition.

===1960–1973===
{{see also|Gujarat Beechcraft incident|1969 Gujarat riots}}
[[File:Bombay 1956-1960 de.svg|thumb|Bombay State (1956–1960) and its reorganisation.|alt=|left]]
Members of legislative assembly were elected from 132 constituencies of newly formed Gujarat state. [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won the majority and [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]] became the first chief minister of Gujarat. He served until 1963. [[Balwantrai Mehta]] succeed him. During [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], Mehta flew on aircraft to inspect Kutch border between India and Pakistan. The aircraft was shot down by [[Pakistan Air Force]]. Mehta was killed in the crash.<ref name="OI20110810">{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?730835 |title=Pak Pilot's Remorse for 1965 Shooting of Indian Plane |last=Laskar |first=Rezaul |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812231400/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?730835 |archive-date=12 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="BBC20110810">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14481483|title=Pakistan pilot's 'remorse' for 1965 shooting down|work=BBC|access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> [[Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai]] succeeded him and won assembly elections. In 1969, [[Indian National Congress]] split into [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]] headed by [[Morarji Desai]] and [[Indian National Congress (I)|Congress (I)]] headed by [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="Ornit2007">{{cite book | author=Ornit Shani | title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouAB7o63B9IC&pg=PA163 | access-date=6 February 2013 | date=12 July 2007 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-68369-2 | pages=161–164 }}</ref> At the same time, the Hindu nationalist organization [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) had established itself deeply in Gujarat around this period. The [[1969 Gujarat riots|riots]] broke out across Gujarat in September to October 1969, resulting in large number of casualties and damage to properties. Desai resigned in 1971 due to split of INC and [[President's rule]] was imposed in Gujarat. Later [[Ghanshyam Oza]] became chief minister when Indira Gandhi led Congress (I) won majority in parliament after [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]]. [[Chimanbhai Patel]] opposed Oza and became chief minister in 1972. The capital of Gujarat moved from Ahmedabad to [[Gandhinagar]] in 1971 but legislative assembly building was completed in 1982.<ref name="vi">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC&pg=PA107 | title=Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India | publisher=University of South Carolina Press | author=Kalia, Ravi | year=2004 | pages=26, 33, 36, 37, 115 | isbn=9781570035449}}</ref>

===1974–2000===
[[Navnirman Andolan|Navnirman movement]] started in December 1973 due to price rise and corruption in public life. People demanded resignation of Patel.<ref name=it>{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Ghanshyam|title=Pulse of the people|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Pulse+of+the+people/1/2727.html|access-date=22 November 2012|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name=avk>{{Cite book|last=Krishna|first=Ananth V.|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn= 9788131734650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&q=navnirman+gujarat&pg=PA120|access-date=22 November 2012|page=117|year=2011}}</ref><ref name=bs>{{Cite news|last=Dhar|first=P. N.|title=Excerpted from 'Indira Gandhi, the "emergency", and Indian democracy' published in ''Business Standard''|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780195648997|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/the-nav-nirman-movement/80363/|access-date=23 November 2012|year=2000|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref name=ps>{{Cite book|last=jain|first=Arun Kumar|title=Political Science|publisher=FK Publication|isbn= 9788189611866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSyrb3du-iwC&q=navnirman+gujarat&pg=RA1-PA114|access-date=22 November 2012|page=114|year=1978}}</ref> Due to pressure of protests, [[Indira Gandhi]] asked Patel to step down. He resigned on 9 February 1974 and President's rule imposed.<ref name=it/><ref name=bs/> The governor suspended the state assembly and President's rule was imposed. Opposition parties led stepped in with demand for dissolution of state assembly.<ref name=avk/> [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] had 140 out of 167 MLAs in [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|state assembly]]. 15 [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]] and three Jan Sangh MLAs also resigned. By March, protesters had got 95 of 167 to resign. [[Morarji Desai]], leader of [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]], went on an indefinite fast in March and the assembly was dissolved bringing end to agitation.<ref name=it/><ref name=avk/><ref name=bs/> No fresh election held until [[Morarji Desai]] went on indefinite hunger strike in April 1975.<ref name=avk/> The fresh elections were held in June 1975. [[Chimanbhai Patel]] formed new party named Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksh and contested on his own. [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] lost elections which won only 75 seats. Coalition of [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]], [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Jan Sangh]], PSP and [[Bharatiya Lok Dal|Lok Dal]] known as [[Janata Morcha]] won 88 seats and [[Babubhai J. Patel]] became Chief Minister. [[Indira Gandhi]] imposed the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]] in 1975.<ref name=avk/> Janata Morcha government lasted nine months and president's rule imposed in March 1976 following failure of passage of budget in assembly to opposition of coalition partners.<ref name=bs/> Later [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won elections in December 1976 and [[Madhav Singh Solanki]] became Chief Minister.<ref name=avk/><ref name=bs/> A year later Madhav Singh Solanki resigned and again Babubhai Patel led [[Janata Party]] formed the government. He shifted his cabinet to [[Morbi]] for six months during [[1979 Machchhu dam failure]] disaster which resulted in large casualties.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=Gujarat ex-CM Babubhai Patel passes away|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-20/ahmedabad/27296082_1_narmada-dam-gujarat-state-assembly-chief-minister-narendra-modi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110192516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-20/ahmedabad/27296082_1_narmada-dam-gujarat-state-assembly-chief-minister-narendra-modi|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2013|location=Gandhinagar|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

Janata Morcha government was dismissed and president's rule was imposed in 1980 even though it had majority. Later Madhav Singh Solanki led INC won the election in 1980 and formed the government which completed five years in office. [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]] succeeded him in 1985 and headed government till 1989. Solanki again became chief minister until INC lost in 1990 election following [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|Mandal commission protests]]. Chimanbhai Patel came back to power in March 1990 as the head of a [[Janata Dal]] -[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] coalition government. Coalition broke just few months after in October 1990 but Chimanbhai Patel managed to retain majority with support of 34 INC legislatures. Later Patel joined the INC and continued till his death in February 1994. [[Chhabildas Mehta]] succeeded him and continued till March 1995. In 1994 [[1994 plague epidemic in Surat|plague endemic]] broke out in [[Surat]] resulting in 52 deaths.<ref name="Byrne2008">{{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Joseph Patrick|title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAInwEACAAJ|access-date=25 November 2011|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34102-1|pages=542–543}}</ref>

Following the rise of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) at centre, [[Keshubhai Patel]] led BJP won in 1995 assembly election. Keshubhai Patel became the chief minister of Gujarat in March but resigned eight months later as his colleague [[Shankersinh Vaghela]] revolted against him. BJP was split as Rashtriya Janata Party was formed by Vaghela who became the Chief Minister by support of INC. Assembly was dissolved in 1998 as INC withdrew its support. BJP returned to power led by Patel in 1998 assembly elections and he became the chief minister again.<ref name=bkp>{{cite news|title=Bapa Keshubhai Patel remains man of the masses|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bapa-keshubhai-patel-remains-man-of-the-masses-1724130|publisher=DNA|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> In 1998, a [[1998 Gujarat cyclone|severe tropical cyclone]] hit [[Kandla]] port and Saurashtra and Kutch regions.<ref name="Society2000">{{cite book|author=World Ship Society|title=Marine News|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cxUAAAAMAAJ|access-date=4 June 2012|year=2000|publisher=World Ship Society|page=54}}</ref>

===2000–present===
{{see also|2001 Gujarat earthquake|2002 Gujarat violence|Akshardham Temple attack}}
[[File:2001 Gujarat earthquake.jpg|left|thumb|Aftershocks, 2001 Gujarat earthquake – yellow star marks epicenter]]
Gujarat was hit with a devastating earthquake on 26 January 2001 which claimed a staggering 20,000 lives, injured another 200,000 people and severely affected the lives of 40 million of the population. Patel resigned as chief minister in October 2001 due to his failing health. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration; as well as a loss of BJP seats in [[by-elections]] and mismanagement of relief works during the aftermath of the [[2001 Bhuj earthquake]]; prompted the BJP's national leadership to seek a new candidate for the office of chief minister. He was replaced by [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Phadnis BS">{{cite book|author=Aditi Phadnis |title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&pg=PA116 |year=2009 |publisher=Business Standard Books|isbn=978-81-905735-4-2 |pages=116–21 |access-date=9 May 2013|author-link=Aditi Phadnis }}</ref><ref name="Bunsha Frontline">{{cite news |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020123081944/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210300.htm|archive-date=23 January 2002 |title=A new oarsman |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |access-date=9 May 2013 |last=Bunsha |first=Dionne |location=India}}</ref><ref name="Venkatesan Frontline">{{cite news|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210310.htm |title=A pracharak as Chief Minister |work=Frontline |access-date=9 May 2013 |last=Venkatesan |first=V. |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081524/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210310.htm |archive-date=5 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/india/28643060_1_haji-billa-godhra-train-rajjak-kurkur | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104231901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/india/28643060_1_haji-billa-godhra-train-rajjak-kurkur | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Death for 11, life sentence for 20 in Godhra train burning case | date=1 March 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The skyline of [[Ahmedabad]] filled with smoke as buildings are set on fire by rioting mobs during the [[2002 Gujarat riots|Gujarat Riots]] of 2002. The riots led to at least 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured. ]]
The [[2002 Gujarat riots|Gujarat Riots of 2002]], was a three-day period of inter-communal violence in Gujarat between the Hindus and Muslims, characterized by mass murder, loot, rape, and destruction of property, affecting thousands of people, mostly Muslims. Though officially classified as a [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalist riot]], the events of 2002 have been described as a [[pogrom]] by many scholars. Scholars studying the 2002 riots state that they were premeditated and constituted a form of [[ethnic cleansing]], and that the state government and law enforcement were complicit in the violence that occurred.{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=50-51}}<ref name="Bobbio">{{cite journal|last=Bobbio|first=Tommaso|year=2012|title=Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=33|issue=4|pages=657–672|doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657423|s2cid=154422056|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1047619}} {{subscription required}}</ref>{{sfn|Shani|2007b|pp=168–173}}<ref name="Buncombe">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html|title=A rebirth dogged by controversy|last=Buncombe|first=Andrew|work=The Independent|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html|archive-date=25 December 2011|url-status=live|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot2013">{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class'|journal=Studies in Indian Politics|volume=1|issue=1|pages=79–95|doi=10.1177/2321023013482789|s2cid=154404089}}{{cite journal|title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class'|journal=Studies in Indian Politics|volume=1|issue=1|pages=79–95|doi=10.1177/2321023013482789|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|s2cid=154404089}}</ref><ref name="Pandey 2005 b">
{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187 187–188]|url=https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187}}
</ref><ref name="Patiya massacre">
{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|title=Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-61254-8|page=24}}
</ref> However, Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]], rejected claims that the state government had not done enough to prevent the riots.<ref>{{cite news|title=How SIT report on Gujarat riots exonerates Modi|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-sit-report-on-gujarat-riots-exonerates-modi-the-highlights/256848-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403112916/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-sit-report-on-gujarat-riots-exonerates-modi-the-highlights/256848-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2013|work=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

In September 2002, there was a [[terrorist attack]] on [[Akshardham Gandhinagar|Akshardham]] temple complex at [[Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{cite news | title = India riots: Court convicts 32 over Gujarat killings|publisher=BBC News | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19407100}}</ref> Modi led BJP won [[2002 Gujarat legislative assembly election|December 2002 election]] with majority. In 2005 and 2006, Gujarat was affected by [[2005 Gujarat Flood|floods]]. In July 2008, a series of 21 [[2008 Ahmedabad blasts|bomb blasts hit Ahmedabad]], within a span of 70 minutes. 56 people were killed and over 200 people were injured in the attack.<ref>{{cite web| title =Ahmedabad blasts claim two more victims| date =1 August 2008| url =http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/07/stories/2008080759931300.htm| access-date =1 August 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080810070008/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/07/stories/2008080759931300.htm| archive-date= 10 August 2008 | work =[[The Hindu]]| url-status= dead}}
</ref><ref name="Deaths">{{cite web| title =Gujarat police release three sketches| work =[[The Hindu]]| publisher =Kasturi & Sons Ltd| date =6 August 2008| url =http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15625&Itemid=88| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081004152410/http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15625&Itemid=88| url-status =usurped| archive-date =4 October 2008| access-date =6 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Injuries">{{cite web| title =Death toll in Ahmedabad serial blasts rises to 55| publisher =Khabrein.info| date =1 August 2008| url =http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15625&Itemid=88| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081004152410/http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15625&Itemid=88| url-status =usurped| archive-date =4 October 2008| access-date =1 August 2008 }}</ref> [[2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak]] resulted in 49 deaths. In July 2009, more than 130 people died in [[2009 Gujarat alcohol poisonings|hooch tragedy]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090712104020/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-rises-to-136/96884-3.html Gujarat hooch tragedy: Death toll rises to 136]</ref>

In 2006, Gujarat became the first state in India to [[electrification|electrify]] all villages of the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/gujarat-becomes-first-to-electrify-all-villages/articleshow/420963.cms?from=mdr|title=Gujarat becomes first to electrify all villages|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

[[Narendra Modi]] led BJP retained power in [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] and [[2012 Gujarat legislative assembly election|2012]] assembly elections. [[Anandiben Patel]] became the first women Chief Minister of Gujarat on 22 May 2014 as Modi left the position following win in [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/anandiben-patel-gujarats-first-woman-chief-minister-562988|title=Anandiben Patel: Gujarat's First Woman Chief Minister|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He was sworn in as the second Prime Minister of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] origin after [[Morarji Desai]] in May 2014. Heavy rain in June and July 2015 resulted in [[2005 Gujarat flood|widespread flooding]] in Saurashtra and north Gujarat resulting in more than 150 deaths. The wild life of [[Gir Forest National Park]] and adjoining area was also affected.<ref name="Sonawane 2015">{{cite web | last=Sonawane | first=Vishakha | title=Heavy Rains in India: 70 Dead in Gujarat, Flood Alert in Jammu And Kashmir | website=International Business Times | date=26 June 2015 | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/heavy-rains-india-70-dead-gujarat-flood-alert-jammu-kashmir-1985004 | access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="NDTV2015">{{cite web | title=5 Lions Found Dead in Gujarat After Heavy Rain Leads to Flooding | website=NDTV| date=26 June 2015 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-lions-found-dead-in-gujarat-after-heavy-rain-leads-to-flooding-775732 | access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="dna 2015">{{cite web | title=Gujarat floods: More than 1,500 people evacuated after water level of Sabarmati rises dramatically – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis | website=dna | date=30 July 2015 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gujarat-floods-more-than-1500-people-evacuated-after-water-level-of-sabarmati-rises-dramatically-2109686 | access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> Starting July 2015, the people of [[Patidar reservation agitation|Patidar community carried out demonstrations]] across the state seeking [[Other Backward Class]] status which turned violent on 25 August and 19 September 2015 for brief period.<ref name="gurjar2015">{{cite web | title=Agitation for reservation by Patel community puts BJP government in bind | website=timesofindia-economictimes | date=5 August 2015 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-05/news/65243677_1_obc-quota-bjp-government-congress-hand | access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref> The agitation continued and again turned violent in April 2016.<ref name="Svv2016">{{cite web | title=Patidar reservation protests: Surat youth commits suicide | website=Scroll.in | date=18 April 2016 | url=http://scroll.in/latest/806797/calls-for-a-bandh-in-gujarat-after-clashes-between-police-and-protesters-at-patel-quota-rally | access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> In late 2016, [[Gujarat Dalit unrest|Dalits protested]] across Gujarat in response to an assault on Dalit men in [[Una, Gujarat|Una]].<ref name="Una1">{{cite web | title=4 Dalits stripped, beaten up for skinning dead cow | website=The Times of India | date=13 July 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/4-Dalits-stripped-beaten-up-for-skinning-dead-cow/articleshow/53184266.cms | access-date=6 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="ht1">{{cite web | title=Old enmity behind flogging of Dalit youths in Una: Fact-finding team | website=[[Hindustan Times]]| date=22 July 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/old-enmity-behind-flogging-of-dalit-youths-in-una-fact-finding-team/story-kET6B4so1X8igyQUybYZSM.html | access-date=6 August 2016}}</ref> Following heavy rain in July 2017, the state, especially north Gujarat, was affected by the [[2017 Gujarat flood|severe flood]] resulting in more than 200 deaths.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-floods-number-of-deaths-increases-to-218-as-more-bodies-found-1731662|title=Gujarat Floods: Number of Deaths Increases To 218 As More Bodies Found|website=NDTV|access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> In October 2018, a rape incident had triggered the [[2018 attacks on Hindi-speaking migrants in Gujarat|attacks on the Hindi-speaking migrants in Gujarat]] leading to exodus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hundreds-of-up-bihar-migrants-flee-gujarat-after-rape-backlash-triggers-attacks-1901445.html|title=UP, Bihar Migrants Flee Gujarat After 'Rape Backlash' Triggers Attacks; 342 Arrested|last=Sharon|first=Meghdoot|work=News18|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> In 2019, [[2019 Vadodara flood|Vadodara was flooded]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Cloudburst in Vadodara: 424 mm Rainfall in Six Hours; City Flooded, Schools Closed|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/monsoon/news/2019-07-31-cloudburst-vadodara-424-mm-rainfall-six-hours-city-flooded-schools|access-date=2019-08-04|website=The Weather Channel|language=en-US}}</ref> while there was a fire in a commercial complex at [[2019 Surat fire|Surat causing death of 22 children]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Number Of Deaths In Surat Coaching Centre Fire Rises To 22|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/number-of-deaths-in-surat-coaching-centre-fire-rises-to-22-2043016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526133424/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/number-of-deaths-in-surat-coaching-centre-fire-rises-to-22-2043016|archive-date=26 May 2019|access-date=2019-05-26|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> During [[COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat|COVID-19 pandemic]], more than 1,00,000 cases and 3100 deaths were reported in Gujarat between March and September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat''s coronavirus caseload crosses one lakh mark|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/gujarats-coronavirus-caseload-crosses-one-lakh-mark/1928877|access-date=2020-09-04|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> In 2020, the industrial explosions at [[2020 Dahej chemical plant explosion|Dahej]] and [[2020 Ahmedabad blast|Ahmedabad]] resulted in five and twelve deaths respectively.<ref name="InEx">{{Cite web|title=12 killed in Gujarat after blast in factory leads to textile godown collapse|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/12-killed-in-gujarat-after-blast-in-factory-leads-to-textile-godown-collapse-6949366/|access-date=2020-11-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=ind.express-dead>{{Cite web |title=At least 5 dead, 50 injured in blast at chemical factory in Gujarat's Dahej |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/at-least-5-dead-50-injured-in-blast-at-chemical-factory-in-gujarats-dahej-6440875/ |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] of [[Motera]] became the world's largest stadium following the renovation in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/motera-cricket-stadium-in-ahmedabad-renamed-narendra-modi-stadium/article61929181.ece|title = Motera cricket stadium, world's largest, named after Modi|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 8 March 2021|last1 = Langa|first1 = Mahesh}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Commissariat |first=M.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279362 |title=A History of Gujarat |volume=I From AD 1297-8 to AD 1573 |year=1938 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd.}}
* {{cite book|last=Commissariat|first=M.S.|title=A History of Gujarat|volume=II The Mughal Period: From 1573 to 1758|year=1957|publisher=Orient Longmans|url=https://archive.org/details/bk885}}
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=James Macnabb|editor=[[James Macnabb Campbell]]|title=History of Gujarát|chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part II. Musalmán Gujarát. (A.D. 1297–1760.)|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|chapter=Chapter III. MUGHAL VICEROYS. (A.D. 1573–1758)|pages=266–347}} {{PD-notice}}
*{{cite book|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6|author-link=Martha Nussbaum}}
*{{cite book|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|last=Shani|first=Ornit|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-72753-2|ref={{sfnref|Shani|2007b}}}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Chaube|first=J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m94BAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=9780883865736|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gopi Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}
* Edalji Dosabhai. ''A History of Gujarat'' (1986) 379 pp. [http://www.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=A%20History%20Of%20Gujarat&author1=Edalji%20Dosabhai&subject1=GEOGRAPHY.%20BIOGRAPHY.%20HISTORY&year=1986%20&language1=english&pages=379&barcode=2990100060453&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Asian%20Educational%20Services,%20New%20Delhi&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=ttd,%20s.v%20digital%20library&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=SNL,%20Vetapalem&scannerno1=0&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20Of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=2005-01-22&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=Tagged%20Image%20File%20Format%20&url=/data_copy/upload/0060/458 full text online free]
*Padmanābha, ., & Bhatnagar, V. S. (1991). [[Kanhadade Prabandha]]: India's greatest patriotic saga of medieval times : Padmanābha's epic account of Kānhaḍade. New Delhi: Voice of India.
* Yazdani, Kaveh. ''India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.'' (Leiden: Brill, 2017. 669 pp. {{ISBN|978-90-04-33079-5}} [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=54103 online review]
{{Gujarat}}
{{History of India by State}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Gujarat}}
[[Category:History of Gujarat| ]]