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Aakhri Sawal

2026-05-07T16:57:31Z

Ridheehee: Creating The Entry Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian Hindi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aakhri Sawal poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Abhijeet Mohan Warang]]
| writer = Utkarsh Naithani
| based_on = 
| producer = Nikhil Nanda [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Sanjay Dutt
* Namashi Chakraborty
* [[Amit Sadh]]
* [[Sameera Reddy]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Stanley Mudda
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| music = [[Monty Sharma]]
| studio = Nikhil Nanda Motion Pictures Neem Tree Entertainment
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|5|15|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aakhri Sawal''''' ({{translation|The Final Question}}) is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Abhijeet Mohan Warang]] and written by Utkarsh Naithani.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Dutt starrer Aakhri Sawal creates excitement with powerful posters on India's most debated historical moments |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sanjay-dutt-starrer-aakhri-sawal-creates-excitement-with-powerful-posters-on-indias-most-debated-historical-moments/ |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Nikhil Nanda and [[Sanjay Dutt]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Dutt to star in 'Aakhri Sawal'; first look, release date out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanjay-dutt-to-star-in-aakhri-sawal-first-look-release-date-out/article70791283.ece |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=The Hindu |date=27 March 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |last=Toppo |first=Nikita |title=Aakhri Sawal: Sanjay Dutt's political drama to hit theatres earlier than expected; release date inside |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/aakhri-sawal-sanjay-dutt-s-political-drama-to-hit-theatres-earlier-than-expected-release-date-inside-1775485264328 |website=[[WION]] |access-date=17 April 2026}}</ref> The film stars Sanjay Dutt, Namashi Chakraborty, [[Amit Sadh]], and [[Sameera Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |title=Aakhri Sawaal teaser: Sanjay Dutt vs Namashi in a story of questions and conflict |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aakhri-sawaal-teaser-release-historical-debates-sanjay-dutt-film-2026-2890534-2026-04-02 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=17 April 2026}}</ref>

The film is scheduled for theatrical release on 15 May 2026.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt starrer Aakhri Sawal gets CBFC clearance; makers lock May 15 release date |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-starrer-aakhri-sawal-gets-cbfc-clearance-makers-lock-may-15-release-date/ |date=7 May 2026 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 May 2026 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as [[Prof.]] Gopal Nadkarni
* Namashi Chakraborty as Vicky Hegde
* [[Amit Sadh]] as Aditya Rao
* [[Sameera Reddy]] as Prof. Pallavi Menon
* [[Nitu Chandra]] as Kavya Rawat<ref>{{cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE: Neetu Chandra was always the first choice in Aakhri Sawal as the role demanded emotional depth and restraint |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-neetu-chandra-was-always-the-first-choice-in-aakhri-sawal-as-the-role-demanded-emotional-depth-and-restraint/ |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tridha Choudhury]] as Saara
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Prabha Nadkarni
* Harsimran Oberoi as Ipshita Das
* Rockey Raina as Sohraab
* Archana Iyer as Vicky's Mother
* Bipin Nadkarni as Bipin Chaudhary
* Nikhil Nanda as M.S. Golwalkar
}}

== Music ==
The film's music is composed by [[Monty Sharma]], with lyrics written by [[Kumar Vishwas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |last=Gupta |first=Hardika |title=Aakhri Sawaal Teaser: Sanjay Dutt In A Film Based On Questions That Shaped A Nation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aakhri-sawaal-teaser-sanjay-dutt-in-a-film-based-on-questions-that-shaped-a-nation-11302365 |website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=17 April 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Aakhri Sawal'' is scheduled to be released theatrically on 15 May 2026.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt41110859}}
* {{BH movie|aakhri-sawal}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Monty Sharma]]
[[Category:Films about Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]
[[Category:Films based on actual events]]

2008 Indian Premier League final

2026-05-05T15:40:21Z

Ridheehee: Creating The Data V1

{{Short description|Cricket match}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Good article}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2008 Indian Premier League final
| image =
| event = {{nobr|[[2008 Indian Premier League]]}}
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team1score = 163/5
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2score = 164/7
| team2overs = 20 overs
| details = Rajasthan Royals won by 3 wickets
| date = 1 June 2008
| stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]]
| attendance = 55,345
| city = [[Navi Mumbai]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Yusuf Pathan]] (RR)
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| television = [[SET Max]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/330881.html |title=Sony and World Sports Group bag IPL television rights|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 August 2012|date=14 January 2008}}</ref>
| previous =
| next = [[2009 Indian Premier League final|2009]]
}}

The '''2008 Indian Premier League final''' was a [[Day/night cricket|day/night]] [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] match played between the [[Rajasthan Royals]] and the [[Chennai Super Kings]] on 1 June 2008 at the [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]] to determine the winner of the [[2008 Indian Premier League]], a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India. It ended as the Royals defeated the Super Kings by three [[Wicket#Winning by number of wickets|wicket]]s.

The Royals, captained by [[Shane Warne]], topped the group stage table, whereas the Super Kings, led by [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], stood at the third position. They had defeated the [[Delhi Daredevils]] and the [[Kings XI Punjab]] respectively in the semi-finals.

Winning the toss, Royals' captain Shane Warne opted to field first. The Super Kings scored 163 runs in 20 overs with a loss of 5 wickets. Batting at number three, [[Suresh Raina]] top scored for the Super Kings with 43 runs. Royals' bowler [[Yusuf Pathan]] took three wickets for 22 runs. The Royals failed to build a good opening partnership. However, due to contributions from the middle order, it reached the winning total in the last ball and earned the 2008 Indian Premier League title.<ref name="card" /> Pathan, who was the best performer for the Royals with both bat and ball, was named the [[man of the match]].

==Route to the final==
{{main|2008 Indian Premier League}}
[[File:Shane Warne bowling 2009.jpg|thumbnail|right|After his teammate [[Sohail Tanvir]], Warne was the second highest wicket-taker of the tournament.<ref name="purple">{{cite web|title=Most Wickets|url=http://iplt20.com/stats/2008/most-wickets|publisher=iplt20.com|access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> He served both as a captain and a coach for the Royals.<ref name="warne">{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=Kannan|title=Shane Warne Retires from IPL: Unforgettable Moments of His IPL Career|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/693308-shane-warne-retires-from-ipl-unforgettable-moments-of-his-ipl-career|publisher=bleacherreport.com|access-date=15 August 2012|date=14 May 2010|quote=In his four years as a captain and coach of Rajasthan Royals, he and his team surprised everybody in becoming champions of the first edition of IPL.}}</ref>|alt=A white coloured man in his bowling action. He is wearing a blue outfit and is alongside the cricket stumps. The boundary ropes can be seen in the background.]]

===Group stage===
The Super Kings started its campaign with four consecutive wins, but lost its next three matches to the Daredevils, the Royals and the [[Deccan Chargers]]. It qualified for the [[semifinals]] after winning four of its last seven league matches.<ref name="group"/> The Royals lost its first match in the group stage to the Daredevils. However, it won all of its next five matches. Then, it suffered a defeat against the [[Mumbai Indians]], but went on to win its next six matches. It lost the last group stage match against the Kings XI.<ref name="group"/>

The two teams faced each other in two matches of the group stage, both of which were won by the Royals.<ref name="group"/> The Royals had played a match in the tournament before at the [[DY Patil Stadium]];<ref name="group"/> it lost the match by seven wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=27th match: Mumbai Indians v Rajasthan Royals at Mumbai, May 7, 2008|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336008.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> The Super Kings played at the stadium for the first time in the finals.<ref name="group"/>

{{stack begin|float=left}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Group stage procession<ref name="group">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/series/313494.html?view=pointstable|title=Indian Premier League, 2007/08 / Points table
|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Team
! colspan="14" | Group matches
|-
!width=25| 1 !!width=25| 2 !!width=25| 3 !!width=25| 4 !!width=25| 5 !!width=25| 6 !!width=25| 7 !!width=25| 8 !!width=25| 9 !!width=25| 10 !!width=25| 11 !!width=25| 12 !!width=25| 13 !!width=25| 14
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match2|2]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match8|4]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match11|6]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match15|8]]}}
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match20|8]]}}
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match24|8]]}}
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match26|8]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match28|10]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match31|12]]}}
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match36|12]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match41|14]]}}
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match46|14]]}}
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match49|14]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match54|16]]}}
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match3|0]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match6|2]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match9|4]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match12|6]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match18|8]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match24|10]]}}
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match27|10]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match30|12]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match33|14]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match39|16]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match44|18]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match49|20]]}}
| {{won|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match53|22]]}}
| {{nom|[[2008 Indian Premier League#match56|22]]}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90px;float:right;margin-top:0"
| colspan="2" {{won|Won}}
| colspan="2" {{nom|Lost}}
|}
:'''Note''': The points at the end of each group match are listed.
:'''Note''': Click on the points to see the summary for the match.
{{stack end}}{{clear}}

===Semifinals===
[[File:Chennai Super Kings.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Super Kings players celebrating after winning the semi-final.|alt=View of a cricket stadium. It has some players in yellow outfit and they are folding yellow flags.]]
The Royals played the Daredevils in the first semi-final. The Daredevils won the toss and decided to field first. The Royals got an opening partnership of 65 runs. Its middle-order batsmen [[Shane Watson]] and [[Yusuf Pathan]] scored 52 and 45 runs respectively to help it amass 192 runs for the loss of 9 wickets. Batting second, the Daredevils lost its first five batsmen for just 55 runs. [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] top-scored for the Daredevils with 33 runs. The Daredevils was bowled out in the 17th over for just 87 runs, and gave its counterpart a 105-run victory. Watson, who took 3/10, had the best bowling figures for the Royals, and was awarded the [[man of the match]] for his all-round performance.<ref name="sf1">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336038.html|title=1st Semi-Final: Delhi Daredevils v Rajasthan Royals at Mumbai, May 30, 2008|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>

In the second semi-final, Super Kings played the Kings XI. The Kings XI won the toss and elected to bat first, but its top six batsman failed and only one of them reached double figures. However, due to significant contributions from the lower-order, Punjab managed to reach a total of 112/8. Super Kings fast bowler [[Manpreet Gony]] took 3 wickets by conceding just 14 runs. In reply, Super Kings lost its first wicket when [[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]] were dismissed for 6 runs. However, both [[Parthiv Patel]] and [[Suresh Raina]] scored a half century each and took the Super Kings to the target with 31 balls to spare. The Super Kings won the match by nine wickets.<ref name="sf2">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336039.html|title=2nd Semi-Final: Chennai Super Kings v Kings XI Punjab at Mumbai, May 31, 2008|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>

[[File:DY Patil Stadium.jpg|thumbnail|left|The venue of the final was shifted from [[Wankhede Stadium]] to DY Patil Stadium because of larger capacity.<ref name=dy-patil>{{cite web|title=DY Patil Stadium to host IPL final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/351030.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 August 2012|date=14 May 2008}}</ref>|alt=Back view of the entrance and a stand of a cricket stadium. Some people can be seen near the seats.]]

==Buildup==
The match was hosted by [[Mumbai]] because the franchise owner of the [[Mumbai Indians]] placed the highest bid for acquisition, which was {{dollarsign|USD}}111.9 million.<ref name="commentary">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336040.html?innings=1;view=commentary|title=Indian Premier League, 2007/08 / Commentary|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> Before the match, [[ESPNcricinfo]] assistant editor Nagraj Gollapudi identified the Royals as the most likely winner.<ref name="preview1">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/353169.html|title=Stage set for blockbuster finale|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> Despite being seen as the [[Underdog (competition)|underdogs]],<ref name="warne"/> the Royals finished at the top of the league table, and won 11 matches out of 14 with 22 points.<ref name="group" /> The Super Kings stood third, behind Kings XI, getting 16 points from eight wins.<ref name="group" /> There were two changes in the Royals' playing eleven for the final; [[Graeme Smith]] and [[Mahesh Rawat]] were replaced by [[Kamran Akmal]] and [[Niraj Patel]].<ref name="card" /><ref name="sf1" /><ref name="commentary" /> Smith was ruled out of the match as he was suffering from a [[hamstring injury]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Injured Smith ruled out of IPL final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/current/story/353091.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 August 2012|date=31 May 2008}}</ref> The Super Kings fielded the same side as in its semi-final win over the Kings XI.<ref name="card" /><ref name="sf2" /><ref name="commentary" />

==Match==

===Summary===
[[File:2008 IPL Final Manhattan.svg|thumb|250px|Overview of the runs scored in the 20 overs of both the innings of the match. The yellow lines refer to the Super Kings, whereas the blue lines refer to the Royals. A red dot represents that a wicket felt in the given over.|alt=A bar graph showing the runs scored in the 20 overs of both the innings of the match, alongside the overview of the wickets felt.]]
Despite the fact that the home team Mumbai Indians was not playing, the match attracted a huge number of spectators.<ref name="support">{{cite web|title=Local support for visiting teams|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/353241.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 August 2012|date=1 June 2008}}</ref> They were exposed to performances by [[Amrita Arora]], [[Shamita Shetty]], [[Dia Mirza]], [[Salman Khan]] and [[Cirque du Soleil]].<ref name="commentary" /> Then a laser show was organised.<ref name="commentary"/><ref name="support"/> The match was a day/night match,{{#tag:ref||name="card"}} and started at 20:18 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) ([[UTC+05:30]]).<ref name="commentary" /> The toss took place at 20:00 IST in the presence of [[Lalit Modi]] and [[match referee]] [[Javagal Srinath]].<ref name="commentary" /> Modi [[Coin flipping|flipped]] the coin, and Royals' captain Warne called heads; the coin turned out to be heads, and Warne won the toss.<ref name="commentary" />

[[Sunil Gavaskar]] had said in his match report that the batsmen will be required to play more on the front foot because of the inconstant bounce.<ref name="commentary" /> The [[Cricket pitch|pitch]] was patchy,<ref name="bulletin">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/353226.html|title=Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 August 2012|date=1 June 2008}}</ref> and Warne chose to field first.<ref name="card" /> The Super Kings lost its first batsman as Sivaramakrishnan went out for 16 runs. He was caught by [[Ravindra Jadeja]] when Pathan was up.<ref name="card" /> Sivaramakrishnan pulled a fast ball to deep mid-wicket, and Jadeja took a "well-judged catch".<ref name="wickets">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336040.html?view=wickets|title=Indian Premier League, 2007/08 / Wicket commentary|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> Sivaramakrishnan made 16 runs in 14 balls at a [[strike rate]] of 114.28,<ref name="card" /> and played an opening partnership of 39 runs with P. Patel.<ref name="card" /> After that, Raina joined P. Patel, and both of them made 25 runs for the second wicket partnership with a [[run rate]] of 6.81.<ref name="partnerships" /> P. Patel was caught in the last ball of the ninth over. Similar to the previous wicket, Pathan bowled a flat and fast ball, P. Patel tried to play it towards the third man. However, the ball [[Edge (cricket)|edged]] towards the wicket-keeper Akmal, who initially dropped the ball, but caught it afterwards.<ref name="card" /><ref name="wickets" /> P. Patel made 38 runs in 33 balls and hit five [[Boundary (cricket)|boundaries]].<ref name="card" /> The next wicket was of [[Albie Morkel]], who made 16 runs out of 13 balls. Pathan again bowled a flat fast ball, which was top edged by Morkel. The ball went into the air, and was eventually caught by Akmal. However this resulted in the collision of Akmal and [[Mohammad Kaif]] as both were trying to take the catch, and both of them got injured.<ref name="card" /><ref name="wickets" /> Four overs later, Jadeja caught Raina on Watson, breaking a 33 runs fourth wicket partnership between him and captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]. Watson bowled a full-length ball outside [[Stump (cricket)|off stump]]. Raina played it towards long off, but failed to get enough distance and Jadeja caught the ball at the [[Boundary (cricket)|boundary]].<ref name="wickets" /><ref name="partnerships" /> [[Chamara Kapugedera]] joined Dhoni after the dismissal of Raina, a decision which "punctured" the momentum in the slog overs.<ref name="tat">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/353251.html|title=The twists and turns|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 August 2012|date=1 June 2008}}</ref> Kapugedera made eight runs by acing 12 balls, before being caught by [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] on [[Sohail Tanvir]].<ref name="card" /> Tanvir bowled an angling slower ball, which was lofted on the front foot by Kapugedera. The ball was caught by long-on fielder Asnodkar.<ref name="wickets" /> With the last five balls remaining in the innings, Dhoni and [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] together made 15 runs,<ref name="partnerships" /> and Badrinath made six runs off two balls.<ref name="wickets" /> Dhoni made 29 runs [[Not out (cricket)|not out]], facing 17 balls, in which he hit two fours and one [[Six (cricket)|six]].<ref name="card" /> Pathan had the best figures with the ball for the Royals, as he took three wickets for 22 runs in four overs.<ref name="card" /> Tanvir and Watson got one wicket each and gave 40 and 29 runs respectively.<ref name="card" /> Warne gave 34 runs in his four overs, but failed to get any wicket. [[Munaf Patel]] and [[Siddharth Trivedi]] gave 14 and 21 runs respectively in their two overs each.<ref name="card" />

In reply, the Royals lost its first batsman as N. Patel went out after scoring two runs in 11 balls.<ref name="card" /> [[Manpreet Gony]] bowled a full-length ball outside the off stump, which hit the leg stump after getting an inside edge as N. Patel opted to pull it.<ref name="wickets" /> He went out in the first ball of the fourth over, leaving his team at 19 runs with loss of one wicket.<ref name="card" /> The Royals lost its second opener when Raina caught Asnodkar as he hit a full and wide ball by Morkel to point.<ref name="card" /><ref name="wickets" /> He made 28 runs facing 20 balls.<ref name="card" /> In the same over, [[Makhaya Ntini]] ran out Akmal with a direct hit. Akmal played the ball to mid-on, but Ntini glided downwards and threw the ball at the stumps.<ref name="card" /><ref name="wickets" /> After the fall of Akmal's wicket, Watson and Pathan started playing more aggressively, and scored 65 runs for a fourth wicket partnership at a run rate of 8.66; this was also the highest partnership of the match.<ref name="partnerships">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336040.html?innings=1;view=fow|title=Indian Premier League, 2007/08 / Fall of wickets and partnerships|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> In the eleventh over, Raina dropped Pathan on Murlitharan at deep midwicket.<ref name="commentary" /> At the end of the thirteenth over, the Royals reached a score of 100 runs.<ref name="card" /> In the fifteenth over, Muralitharan broke the partnership as he bowled Watson; the ball hit the leg stump.<ref name="card" /><ref name="wickets" /> The next wicket was of Kaif, who was caught by Dhoni on Muralitharan. Kaif pushed a flat [[doosra]], and Dhoni took a simple catch at cover.<ref name="card" /><ref name="wickets" /> In the next ball, Jadeja went out for a [[Duck (cricket)|golden duck]].<ref name="card" /> Morkel bowled a short ball, and Jadeja tried to pull it. However the ball went to mid-on, and Kapugedera caught the ball after running towards his left.<ref name="wickets" /> In the same over, Raina ran out Pathan with a direct hit at the stumps. Morkel bowled a full ball which was pushed by Warne to point. He ran for a single, but Raina hit the stumps, running out off-striker Pathan.<ref name="wickets" /> Pathan went out scoring a half-century; he made 56 runs out off 39 balls with a strike rate of 143.58 and hit three fours and four sixes.<ref name="card" /> The Royals needed 18 runs at the end of the eighteenth over.<ref name="commentary" /> The second last over was bowled by Ntini, in which he gave up ten runs.<ref name="commentary" /> In the last ball of the over, Ntini bowled a good length ball, and Warne hit a four by Warne at cover.<ref name="commentary" /> In the last over, the Royals required eight runs, and Dhoni gave the ball to [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]].<ref name="commentary" /> Six runs were required from the last three balls, but Balaji bowled a [[Wide (cricket)|wide]] outside off stump, which was missed by the wicket-keeper P. Patel. This resulted in two extra runs.<ref name="commentary" /> In the next ball, Warne hit a full ball for a run.<ref name="commentary" /> The Royals needed three runs from the last two balls.<ref name="commentary" /> Tanvir played the fifth legal delivery of the over, which was an angling full toss. Tanvir hit the ball at the long leg, and ran two runs.<ref name="commentary" /> The Royals needed one more run off the last ball, with Tanvir on strike; Balaji bowled him a short ball. Warne had already covered the half distance of the pitch when Tanvir hit the ball. The two batsmen ran for a single and the Royals won the match.<ref name="commentary" /> Both of them remained not out with nine runs each.<ref name="card" /> Morkel and Muralitharan got two wickets each, giving 25 and 39 runs respectively.<ref name="card" /> Gony got one wicket, whereas Ntini and Balaji had none.<ref name="card">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336040.html |title=Final: Chennai Super Kings v Rajasthan Royals at Mumbai, Jun 1, 2008|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>

Pathan received the award for maximum sixes in a match; he hit four sixes in the match. He was also named the man of the Match.<ref name="commentary" />

===Scorecard===
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[M. R. Singh]] (Ind)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Rajasthan Royals elected to field
* '''Result''': Rajasthan Royals won by 3 wickets
* '''League impact''': Rajasthan Royals won the 2008 Indian Premier League

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 60%;" class=wikitable
|+ [[Chennai Super Kings]] batting innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Parthiv Patel]] {{dagger}} || c {{dagger}} [[Kamran Akmal|Akmal]] b [[Yusuf Pathan|Pathan]] || 38 || 33 || 115.15
|-
| [[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]] || c [[Ravindra Jadeja|Jadeja]] b [[Yusuf Pathan|Pathan]] || 16 || 14 || 114.28
|-
| [[Suresh Raina]] || c [[Ravindra Jadeja|Jadeja]] b [[Shane Watson|Watson]] || 43 || 30 || 143.33
|-
| [[Albie Morkel]] || c {{dagger}} [[Kamran Akmal|Akmal]] b [[Yusuf Pathan|Pathan]] || 16 || 13 || 123.07
|-
| [[MS Dhoni]] * || not out || 29 || 17 || 170.58
|-
| [[Chamara Kapugedera]] || c [[Swapnil Asnodkar|Asnodkar]] b [[Sohail Tanvir|Tanvir]] || 8 || 12 || 66.66
|-
| [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] || not out || 6 || 2 || 300.00
|-
| [[Manpreet Gony]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Makhaya Ntini]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| Extras || (1 [[bye (cricket)|bye]]s, 2 [[leg bye]]s, 3 [[Wide (cricket)|wides]], 1 [[no-ball]]s) || 7 || colspan="2" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs) || '''163/5''' || colspan="2" |
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 60%;" class=wikitable
|+ [[Rajasthan Royals]] bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
|| [[Sohail Tanvir]] || 4 || 0 || 40 || 1 || 10.00
|-
|| [[Shane Watson]] || 4 || 0 || 29 || 1 || 7.25
|-
|| [[Munaf Patel]] || 2 || 0 || 14 || 0 || 7.00
|-
|| [[Yusuf Pathan]] || 4 || 0 || 22 || 3 || 5.50
|-
|| [[Siddharth Trivedi]] || 2 || 0 || 21 || 0 || 10.50
|-
|| [[Shane Warne]] || 4 || 0 || 34 || 0 || 8.50
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 60%;" class=wikitable
|+ [[Rajasthan Royals]] batting innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Niraj Patel]] || b [[Manpreet Gony|Gony]] || 2 || 11 || 18.18
|-
| [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] || c [[Suresh Raina|Raina]] b [[Albie Morkel|Morkel]]|| 28 || 20 || 140.00
|-
| [[Kamran Akmal]] {{dagger}} || run out ([[Makhaya Ntini|Ntini]]) || 6 || 7 || 85.71
|-
| [[Shane Watson]] || b [[Muttiah Muralitharan|Muralitharan]] || 28 || 19 || 147.36
|-
| [[Yusuf Pathan]] || run out ([[Suresh Raina|Raina]]) || 56 || 39 || 143.58
|-
| [[Mohammad Kaif]] || c [[MS Dhoni|Dhoni]] b [[Muttiah Muralitharan|Muralitharan]] || 12 || 9 || 133.33
|-
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || c [[Chamara Kapugedera|Kapugedera]] b [[Albie Morkel|Morkel]] || 0 || 1 || 0.00
|-
| [[Shane Warne]] * || not out || 9 || 9 || 100.00
|-
| [[Sohail Tanvir]] || not out || 9 || 7 || 128.57
|-
| [[Siddharth Trivedi]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Munaf Patel]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| Extras || (1 [[bye (cricket)|bye]]s, 6 [[leg bye]]s, 5 [[Wide (cricket)|wides]], 2 [[no-ball]]s) || 14 || colspan="2" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs) || '''164/7''' || colspan="2" |
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 60%;" class=wikitable
|+ [[Chennai Super Kings]] bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
|| [[Makhaya Ntini]] || 4 || 1 || 21 || 0 || 5.25
|-
|| [[Manpreet Gony]] || 4 || 0 || 30 || 1 || 7.50
|-
|| [[Albie Morkel]] || 4 || 0 || 25 || 2 || 6.25
|-
|| [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] || 4 || 0 || 42 || 0 || 10.50
|-
|| [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] || 4 || 0 || 39 || 2 || 9.75
|}

'''Key'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
* {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]
* c ''Fielder'' – the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named [[Fielding (cricket)|fielder]]
* b ''Bowler'' – the [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who gains credit for the dismissal
* lbw – the batsman was dismissed [[leg before wicket]]
* Total runs are in the format: ''score/wickets''

==Aftermath==
The Royals received {{INRConvert|48|m}} and a trophy for being the champions.<ref name="commentary" /> Royals' players received their medals from [[Sharad Pawar]] in the post-match ceremony.<ref name="commentary" /> Warne said:
<blockquote>It's been a fantastic journey. We're gelled together really quickly. It makes me proud to see so many young guys learning and executing their skills in the middle. I think the crowds all over India have made the atmosphere amazing. Congratulations to Chennai. It's been a wonderful ride for us.<ref name="commentary" /></blockquote> Royals' Tanvir was given the purple cap for getting the highest number of wickets in the league.<ref name="commentary" /> Watson was declared as the man of the series; he scored 474 runs and took 17 wickets in the season.<ref name="commentary" /> The Super Kings received {{INRConvert|24|m}} for being the runners-up.<ref name="commentary" /> Dhoni said:
<blockquote>I think the standard of our cricket was really good. We were up to the mark in the finals. We lost as a team. There were a few errors in batting and bowling. We're not really unhappy or bogged down by it. We'll go back to our hotel and enjoy it. That's what sport is all about. The response from our team was great. Even the guys who didn't get a chance were completely behind the team. So the spirit was great."<ref name="commentary" /></blockquote>

Both teams qualified for the [[2008 Champions League Twenty20]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cricket Champions League unveiled|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7441994.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=15 August 2012|date=7 June 2008|quote=They will line up against India's Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings, Western Australia and Victoria, and the Titans and KwaZulu Natal Dolphins from South Africa.}}</ref> However, the tournament was cancelled due to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] and both teams were given {{INRConvert|220|m}} each as compensation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sialkot Stallions' participation will help resumption of ties|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article3477128.ece|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 August 2012|location=New Delhi|date=1 June 2012|quote=Sialkot was included in the inaugural season of CLT20 in 2008, but the tournament got cancelled due to the Mumbai terrorist attacks.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BCCI sanctions $5 million for IPL teams in 2008 Champions League|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/419945.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 August 2012|author=Ajay S Shankar|date=17 August 2009}}</ref>

Yusuf Pathan's all-round performance, three wickets for 22 runs off 4 overs and his 56 runs from 39 balls, was later declared by ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]'' as the "greatest IPL performance of all time".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-greatest-ipl-performances-no-1-yusuf-pathan-3-for-22-and-56-off-39-vs-the-chennai-super-kings-1259917 |title=The greatest IPL performances, No. 1: Yusuf Pathan's 3 for 22 and 56 off 39 vs the Chennai Super Kings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.iplt20.com/ Official website of Indian Premier League]

{{Indian Premier League}}

{{coord|19|2|31|N|73|1|36|E|type:event|display=title}}

[[Category:2008 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2008 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals]]

Settai (film)

2026-04-30T12:52:06Z

Ridheehee:

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by R. Kannan}}
{{about|2013 film|the town of ancient Lydia|Settai (Lydia)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{lang|ta-latn|Settai}}
| native_name =
| image = Settai film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Kannan]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Ronnie Screwvala]]
*[[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
}}
| writer = [[John Mahendran]] (dialogues)
| story = Akshat Verma
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
*[[G. Dhananjayan]]
*John Mahendran
*[[R. Kannan]]
}}
| based_on = [[Delhi Belly (film)|''Delhi Belly'']] by [[Abhinay Deo]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
*[[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]]
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
*[[Premji Amaren|Premji]]
*[[Hansika Motwani]]
}}
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[P. G. Muthiah]]
| editing = [[Leo John Paul]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = UTV Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|04|05}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = 
}}

'''{{lang|ta-latn|Settai}}''' ({{translation|Mischief}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by [[R. Kannan]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Dhanajayan in Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/Dhananjayang/status/199204393881571329 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203112039/https://twitter.com/Dhananjayang/status/199204393881571329 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=dead |publisher=Dhanajayan via [[Twitter]] |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> A remake of the 2011 Hindi-English-language film, ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2012 |title=First Look: Settai, the Tamil remake of 'Delhi Belly' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/6748.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010031211/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/6748.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> it stars [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Premji Amaren|Premji]], [[Hansika Motwani]] and [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arya and Santhanam's next to go on floor |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-01/arya-santhanam-03-05-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505150907/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-01/arya-santhanam-03-05-12.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film, which began filming in [[Chennai]] on 7 July 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |title='Delhi Belly' rolls as 'Settai' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/81884.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511042043/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/81884.html |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=8 May 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> released for April 2013. The audio was launched on 30 January.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=Settai Audio Launch Date |url=http://www.iflickz.com/2013/01/settai-audio-launch-date.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113062251/http://www.iflickz.com/2013/01/settai-audio-launch-date.html |archive-date=13 January 2013 |access-date=9 January 2013 |website=iFlickz}}</ref> The film released on 5 April 2013.<ref name="behindwoods.com">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2013 |title=Settai Movie Review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/settai/Settai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103083429/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/settai/Settai.html |archive-date=3 January 2016 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Chennai Box-Office – April 26 to 28 - Sify.com |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15027596&cid=13525926 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030104450/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15027596&cid=13525926 |archive-date=30 October 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Journalist Jayakanthan, photographer Nagaraj and Cheenu are roommates leading an unkempt and debt-ridden life in a shoddy apartment in Mumbai. J.K.'s ditsy fiancée, Madhumita, is an air hostess who agrees to deliver a package for Richard to Guna, without realizing its contents or that Guna is a crime boss. Madhumita asks J.K. to deliver the package. J.K., in turn, asks Nagaraj to do so. But Nagaraj is unable to do so as he is experiencing diarrhea after eating ''Ileana Chicken'' from a roadside eatery. Nagaraj hands Madhumita's package to Cheenu for delivery to Guna, along with a package containing his stool sample for delivery to Nagaraj's doctor. Cheenu mixes up the two packages which makes Guna furious and he starts the investigation by interrogating Richard.

Meanwhile, Nagaraj photographs his landlord with a prostitute. He sends an envelope with the photographs to his landlord to blackmail him. J.K. is with Madhumita, and his colleague Shakthi calls him on the pretext of work. When he reaches the place, he realizes that it is just a party and Shakthi called him just to have fun. Rajeev, supposedly Shakthi's ex-husband, sees them together and gives J.K. a black-eye in a fit of jealousy. J.K. retaliates and knocks Rajeev out. As J.K. and Shakthi leave, they are chased by a furious Rajeev who shoot at them. The duo barely manages to escape.

Richard informs Guna that the mix-up must have been caused by Madhumita as she didn't know what she was carrying in the package. Guna calls Madhumita, informs her about the mix-up and asks her to give him the address of the person who had delivered the package. When J.K. arrives into his apartment, he walks into Guna, who has Cheenu standing on a stool with a noose around his neck. On a very hard interrogation, Guna discovers the mix-up and realizes that the package must be with Nagaraj's doctor.

Nagaraj gets the package from his doctor's office, wherein Guna finds his thirty diamonds hidden inside. Upon recovering his booty, he orders his henchmen to kill the three roommates. One of them is about to shoot J.K., when another kicks the stool on which Cheenu was standing to hang him. Luckily for the roommates, the ceiling of the apartment caves in, since it can't take Cheenu's weight. The cave-in injures and knocks-out Guna and his men. J.K., Cheenu and Nagaraj escape along with the diamonds and spend the night at Shakthi's place. The next day they sell the diamonds to a local jeweler.

As the roommates prepare to get out of town with the money, they get a call from Guna, who has kidnapped Madhumita. He threatens to kill her, if they don't return the diamonds. The trio, try to buy back the diamonds from the jewelry store, who demands a double payment for the sale amount.

Without the money, J.K. comes up with a plan. Nagaraj, Cheenu, J.K. and Shakthi disguise themselves as burglars and go back to the jewelry store. They con the owner, gag him and forcefully take back their diamonds and return his money. They make their get-away in J.K.'s car with the police on their tail and make their way to the hotel where Guna is holding Madhumita. As they are about to make the exchange with Guna, the police arrive at the hotel room. There is a shoot-out between the police and Guna's gang.

Nagaraj, Cheenu, J.K, Madhumitha and Richard who have hit the floor during the gunfight, are left as the only sole survivors. Shakthi is upset to learn about J.K.'s engagement and walks away from him. J.K. breaks off his engagement to Madhumitha. Later, it is revealed that Nagaraj did not return the cash to the jewelry store owner, and had kept the money for himself. The film ends when Shakthi comes to the roommates' apartment to return J.K.'s car's hubcap lost while escaping from Rajeev. J.K. jumps into her car through the open window and kisses her passionately.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Jayakanthan
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Madhumitha
* [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] as Shakthi
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Nagaraj aka Nadupakka Nakki
* [[Premji Amaren|Premji]] as Cheenu
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Guna<ref name="End credits">{{lang|ta-latn|Settai}} (DVD): end credits from 2:01:27 to 2:01:48</ref>
* [[Manobala]] as Gourishankar<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Jewellery owner<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as House owner<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Santhanam bonds big time with Ali at Settaie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-bonds-big-time-with-ali-at-settaie/articleshow/14673214.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Murugaraj<ref name="End credits" />
*K. Bujji Babu as Senior press reporter<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Commissioner Vijaykumar<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Balaji Venugopal]] as Neelakantan<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Ashwin Mushran]] as Richard<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Suja Varunee]] as Actress in caravan<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Nakshathra Nagesh]] as Gayathri<ref name="End credits" />
* Shankar Sundaram as Aadhi Bhagavan<ref name="End credits" />
* Rajee Vijay Sarathy as Madhumitha's mother<ref name="End credits" />
* [[J. Rajiv Choudhry|Rajiv Chaudhary]] as Madhumitha's father<ref name="End credits" />
* Pradeep Kabra as Guna's henchman<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Arun Matheswaran|Arun]] as Guna's henchman<ref name="End credits" />
* A. R. Manikandan as Hotel Waiter<ref name="End credits" />
* [[Neetu Chandra]] as [[item number]] "Laila Laila"<ref name="End credits" />
*[[Kalyani Natarajan]] as House Owner (uncredited)
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
After UTV Motion Pictures announced that the studio will be remaking the Hindi-language film ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' in Tamil, R. Kannan, who had earlier directed ''[[Jayam Kondaan]]'' and ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'', was selected as the director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2012 |title=Now, Delhi Belly to be remade in Tamil |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/RegionalFlavours/Now-Delhi-Belly-to-be-remade-in-Tamil/Article1-848321.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501205202/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/RegionalFlavours/Now-Delhi-Belly-to-be-remade-in-Tamil/Article1-848321.aspx |archive-date=1 May 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[G. Dhananjayan]], South Business chief of UTV, stated that, unlike the original version, which received an adult rating, the remake would be made for a family audience, making clear that the core plot would be retained, while the dialogue would be changed and "risque jokes" be avoided. Dhananjayan further added that he, Kannan and John Mahendran (director of [[Sachein]] and son of award-winning director [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]) would be credited for additional screenplay and adaption, while the latter would write the new dialogues as well.<ref name="UTV">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2012 |title=Delhi Belly remake to be called Naughty in Tamil |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with--g-dhananjayan/20120511.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621200747/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with--g-dhananjayan/20120511.htm |archive-date=21 June 2012 |access-date=11 June 2012 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> ''Varuthapadaatha Vaalibar Sangam'' and ''Vai Raja Vai'' were amongst the suggested titles for the film,<ref>Subramanian, Anupama (29 April 2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120502204458/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/delhi-belly-varuttha-padadha-vaalibhar-sangham-002 Delhi Belly is Varuttha Padadha Vaalibhar Sangham]. ''Deccan Chronicle''.</ref> with the team eventually zeroing in on {{lang|ta-latn|Settai}}. [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Premji Amaren|Premji]] were selected to play the three lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2012 |title='Delhi Belly' to be remade in Tamil |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-belly-to-be-remade-in-tamil/943502/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012023753/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-belly-to-be-remade-in-tamil/943502 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> [[Vijay Raaz]], who portrayed the main antagonist in ''Delhi Belly'', was approached to reprise his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi, TNN |date=20 April 2012 |title=Vijay Raaz comes to Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Raaz-comes-to-Kollywood/articleshow/12731310.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707045402/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/news-interviews/31368194_1_vijay-raaz-hindi-film-delhi-belly |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> His role later went to [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]. [[Suja Varunee]] was cast to appear in a [[cameo role]] which was played by [[Anusha Dandekar]] in the original.<ref>{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi |date=20 May 2012 |title=Suja steps into Anusha's shoes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Suja-steps-into-Anushas-shoes/articleshow/13302210.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120702020648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-20/news-interviews/31779061_1_shoes-humour-quotient-anusha-dandekar |archive-date=2 July 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Telugu comedian [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] joined the cast and plays the trio's landlord.<ref name="T" />

=== Filming ===
The film was launched on 7 May 2012 in [[Chennai]]. Two huge sets resembling a hotel and a bachelor's room were reportedly constructed for the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 'Settai' boys |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82039.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513091909/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82039.html |archive-date=13 May 2012 |access-date=11 May 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The first schedule got over after 20 days of shoot in three differently constructed sets. Arya, Hansika and Anjali along with the crew will be leaving for Switzerland on 23 September to shoot two songs over there. According to Kannan, 75% of the film has been shot and the film is gearing up for a December release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2012 |title=Arya & Hansika off to the swiss Alps |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-hansika-off-to-the-swiss-alps-news-tamil-mjvkTjbfhib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924034548/http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-hansika-off-to-the-swiss-alps-news-tamil-mjvkTjbfhib.html |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=21 September 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Settai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 January 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:17
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music Entertainment]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Naayak]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]] [[Singam II]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The soundtrack album comprises six tracks composed by [[S. Thaman]] uniting with director Kannan for the second time after ''[[Vanthaan Vendraan]]'' and with Arya for the first time. The album was released on 30 January 2013.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:17
| title1 = Agalathey Agalathey
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| length1 = 03:48
| title2 = Nee Thaane Osthi Ponna
| lyrics2 = [[Gaana Bala]]
| extra2 = [[Gaana Bala]]
| length2 = 02:42
| title3 = Arjuna Arjuna
| lyrics3 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Suchitra]]
| length3 = 03:35
| title4 = Laila Laila
| lyrics4 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra4 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| length4 = 03:51
| title5 = Poyum Poyum Indha Kadhalukkulle
| lyrics5 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length5 = 03:42
| title6 = Theme Music
| note6 = Instrumental
| extra6 = [[Devan Ekambaram]] & Anbu Raju
| length6 = 01:39
}}

== Release ==
=== Critical reception ===
S Saraswathi of [[Rediff]] gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and said: "Settai is, sadly, a great disappointment ... The director has ruined a perfectly good script and has given an absolutely boring version of the exciting and racy Delhi Belly. From beginning to end, the film follows the same pace and all the scenes are so boring and slow, you could actually sleep through the entire movie."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S Saraswathi |date=5 April 2013 |title=Review: Settai, not a patch on Delhi Belly |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-settai-not-patch-on-delhi-belly/20130405.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322211714/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-settai-not-patch-on-delhi-belly/20130405.htm |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Rediff Movies}}</ref> ''[[in.com]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 and stated "Settai is watered down version of Delhi Belly and lacks the punch of the original".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2013 |title=Movie review: Settai lacks the punch of the original! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/movie-review-settai-lacks-the-punch-of-the-original-50204098-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409230043/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/movie-review-settai-lacks-the-punch-of-the-original-50204098-in-1.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=In.com}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Those who haven’t seen Delhi Belly will probably find all this fresh, while for the rest of us the sole saving grace is Santhanam’s brand of comedy...the rhyming gags aren’t exactly new, but the zingers keep coming at such a pace that even with a fifty per cent success rate, we’re still left with some amusement. He’s labelled “Comedy Super Star,” and for once the hype seems justified."<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2013 |title=Settai: Belling the scat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/settai-belling-the-scat/article4588175.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711222730/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/settai-belling-the-scat/article4588175.ece |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
In Malaysia, the film grossed $280,086 in four weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Settai grossed $280k in Malaysia |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2013&wk=17&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322050651/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2013&wk=17&p=.htm |archive-date=22 March 2016 |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
[[RJ Balaji]] who reviewed the movie on [[SoundCloud]] tweeted he got threatening calls from [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]] employee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RJ Balaji on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/RJ_Balaji/status/322023712553594881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006074525/https://twitter.com/RJ_Balaji/status/322023712553594881 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is RJ Balaji hurting Tamil movie industry |url=http://www.moviecrow.com/News/2131/is-rj-balaji-hurting-tamil-movie-industry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508141213/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/2131/is-rj-balaji-hurting-tamil-movie-industry |archive-date=8 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=MovieCrow}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=2677816|title=Settai}}
{{R. Kannan}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Kannan]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]

Sanjeev Kumar (Andhra Pradesh politician)

2026-04-21T04:21:13Z

Ridheehee: adding the bio basic info!

{{short description|Member of 17th lok Sabha}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjeev Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|1|3|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]]
| term =
| occupation =
| predecessor = [[Butta Renuka]]
| successor = [[Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (Until 2024)
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
}}
'''Sanjeev Kumar''' is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-updates-bapatla-ongole-nandyal-kurnool-anantapur-hindupur-kadapa-winners-list-andhra-pradesh-3666875/|title=Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2019: YSRCP Storms|date=23 May 2019|work=india.com|access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> He is a member of the 17th Lok Sabha, represented [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool constituency]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was previously a member of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=MSN | url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/after-ambati-rayudu-kurnool-mp-sanjeev-kumar-quits-jagan-reddy-s-party/ar-AA1mKQbI | access-date=2025-11-26 | website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

Sanjeev Kumar quit the party after being denied a ticket from [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]] for the 2024 Lok Sabha polls and was removed as YSRCP party in-charge of the [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]] days after he announced his resignation from the party's primary membership and also to MP Post on 10 January 2024.<ref name="Rumblings in Kurnool YSR Congress Party in Andhra Pradesh bring new faces to the fore">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Rumblings in Kurnool YSR Congress Party in Andhra Pradesh bring new faces to the fore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rumblings-in-kurnool-ysr-congress-party-in-andhra-pradesh-bring-new-faces-to-the-fore/article67727482.ece |access-date=10 January 2024 |date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110182735/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rumblings-in-kurnool-ysr-congress-party-in-andhra-pradesh-bring-new-faces-to-the-fore/article67727482.ece |archive-date=10 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{17th LS members from Andhra Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ayushman Sanjeev}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary

2026-04-13T22:30:04Z

Ridheehee: adding some bio first draft

{{Short description|Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary.jpg
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency = [[Phillaur Assembly Constituency]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |title='A dyed in wool third generation Congressman': Warring re-inducts Phillaur MLA Vikramjit Chaudhary into party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/third-generation-congressman-warring-re-inducts-phillaur-mla-vikramjit-chaudhary-10045058/ |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary''' is an Indian politician representing the [[Phillaur Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]] until he was suspended in 2024<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary: Members of Punjab Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/202 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Punjab Legislative Assembly}}</ref> and again re inducted in the party in June 2025.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |title='A dyed in wool third generation Congressman': Warring re-inducts Phillaur MLA Vikramjit Chaudhary into party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/third-generation-congressman-warring-re-inducts-phillaur-mla-vikramjit-chaudhary-10045058/ |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary was born in [[Ravidassia]] Family in Jalandhar and is the son of Jalandhar Member of Parliament [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]] and former Director of Public Instruction (Colleges) Karamjit Kaur Chaudhary, grandson of former Agriculture Minister of Punjab [[Master Gurbanta Singh]], nephew of former Local Government Minister [[Jagjit Singh (politician)|Chaudhary Jagjit Singh]] and cousin of former Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly [[Chaudhary Surinder Singh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary: This golfer has big plans for Punjab's Phillaur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/vikramjit-singh-chaudhary-this-golfer-has-big-plans-for-phillaur-8163304/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He studied in Bishop Cotton School, Shimla and Government College, Jalandhar.<ref name=":1" /> He is married to Shveta Raj Chaudhary and has two daughters.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Political career ==
The Chaudhary family has contested every assembly election of Punjab since 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-23 |title=Dalit icons of Punjab: The all-powerful Chaudharys of Doaba |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dalit-icons-the-all-powerful-chaudharys-of-doaba/story-Zb5pms2aKYj0Ut7C31HybK.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary started his political career with his election as the President of District Youth Congress, Jalandhar (Rural) in 2008. He was elected president of the Punjab Pradesh Youth Congress in December 2011. In 2013, he undertook ‘Adhikar Yatra’ in Punjab during which he walked 1108 kilometres in 30 days to meet the people and highlight the work done by Congress to empower and uplift them.<ref name=":1" /> He contested [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], but lost to [[Baldev Singh Khaira]] of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

=== 2022 Punjab Assembly Elections ===
Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary won [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating sitting MLA Baldev Singh Khaira by 12,303 votes,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India: Phillaur Assembly Constituency Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1930.htm?ac=30 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> which was the highest winning margin in Phillaur constituency since India's Independence and the highest winning margin among Congress candidates in Punjab in the 2022 elections.<ref name=":1" />

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 7,98,07,230 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 35,96,360 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PHILLAUR (SC)(JALANDHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=962 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Vikramjit}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]

Polygyny in India

2026-04-10T18:53:08Z

Ridheehee: adding basic data v1

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
[[Polygamy]] is outlawed in India, except for [[Islam in India|Muslims]]. While it was not prohibited in [[Greater India|Ancient India]] and was common among aristocrats and emperors, it is believed that it was not a major cultural practice. The lack of prohibition was in part due to the separation between land laws and religion (independence of the judiciary), and partially since all of the [[Indian religions|major religions of India]] portrayed polygamy in a neutral light.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/drishtikone/2008/08/polyandrous-family-customs-india/|title=Polyandrous family customs in India|website=Drishtikone|date=23 August 2008|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>

[[File:Cecil Beaton Photographs- Political and Military Personalities IB698.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Gayatri Devi]], the third wife of [[Sawai Man Singh II]] of Jaipur, pictured by [[Cecil Beaton]] in 1940]]
In contrast to Europe, polygamy prevailed in ancient India for rulers and kings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://paa2010.princeton.edu/abstracts/100754 |title=Polygamous Marriages in India, Vaidehi Yelamanchili, Sulabha Parasuraman, Population Association of America, 2010 Annual Meeting |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314211034/https://paa2010.princeton.edu/abstracts/100754 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was common for rulers (for example [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala]] and [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar]]). Some wealthy individuals (for example [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]], Gajanan Birla<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19830715-the-birlas-representing-a-fascinating-saga-in-indian-enterprise-770813-2013-07-20 The Birlas: Empire in transition, T.N. Ninan, Chander Uday Singh, Sumanta Sen, India Today, 20 July 2013]</ref> and [[P. Rajagopal (businessman)|P. Rajagopal]]) had multiple wives.

The British colonial [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Empire of India]] [[Sharia|permitted]] Islamic provinces to allow husbands to have multiple wives. When [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] was cremated in Lahore, four of his wives and seven concubines took to [[sati (practice)|sati]],<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/01/16/features/samadhi-of-ranjit-singh-a-sight-of-religious-harmony/ Samadhi of Ranjit Singh – a sight of religious harmony, Pakistan Today, JANUARY 16, 2016, NADEEM DAR]</ref> and their urn-like memorials exist at his [[Samadhi]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/kaleidoscope/-sati-choice-before-maharaja-ranjit-s-ranis/99411.html ‘Sati’ choice before Maharaja Ranjit’s Ranis, Kanwarjit Singh Kang, 28 June 2015]</ref>

==Legal developments==
[[File:Polygyny (bold, color).svg|thumb|Polygyny]]
Section 494 and 495 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] of 1860, prohibited polygamy for the Christians. In 1955, the [[Hindu Marriage Act]] was drafted, which prohibited marriage of a Hindu whose spouse was still living. Thus polygamy became illegal in [[India]] in 1956, uniformly for all of its citizens except for Muslims, who are permitted to have four wives and for Hindus in Goa and along the western coast where bigamy is legal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Arvind |title=How uniform is Goa's civil code? {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/goa-uniform-civil-code-marriage-polygamy-adoption-divorce-property-children-2400680-2023-07-02 |website=India Today |access-date=17 January 2025 |language=en |date=2 July 2023}}</ref>

A polygamous Hindu marriage is null and void.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XFtcAgAAQBAJ&q=india+polygamy+law&pg=PA189 Modern Indian Family Law, Werner Menski, Routledge, 2013 p.194]</ref> While the punishment specified in Sections 494 and 495 is applicable, it is rare if the first spouse does not have an objection.

==Muslim polygamy==

Muslims in the rest of the country are subject to the terms of The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937, interpreted by the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anand |first1=Akriti |title=What Indian laws say about polygamy {{!}} Explained {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/is-having-two-spouses-illegal-heres-what-indian-laws-say-about-polygamy-explained-11698512647108.html |website=mint |access-date=17 January 2025 |language=en |date=29 October 2023}}</ref>

However, in a judgment in February 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court of India]] stated that "Polygamy was not an integral or fundamental part of the Muslim religion, and monogamy was a reform within the power of the State under Article 25".<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Polygamy-not-integral-part-of-Islam-SC/articleshow/46180105.cms|title = Polygamy not integral part of Islam: SC | India News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Hindu polygamy in modern India==

Legally the second wife of a Hindu would be a mistress, although religiously and socially she may be considered a wife.

Polygamy among Hindus is sometimes accepted in some rural areas,<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/16/asia/india-water-wives/ Some Indian men are marrying multiple wives to help beat drought, Mallika Kapur, CNN, 16 July 2015]</ref> often with approval by earlier wives. The 2005–06 [[National Family Health Survey]] (NFHS-3) found that 2 percent of women reported that their husband had other wives besides herself. Husbands of women with no children are more likely to have multiple wives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://paa2010.princeton.edu/papers/100754 |title=Polygamous Marriages in India |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510160810/https://paa2010.princeton.edu/papers/100754 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Christian polygamy in Mizoram==
In [[Mizoram]] state, a Christian sect known as "[[Lalpa Kohhran Thar]]" (literal translation "The Lord's New Church"), sometimes known as "Khuangtuaha Pawl" or "Pu Chana Páwl" or "Ziona Pawl" (referring the leaders; ''pawl'' means sect or organisation) practices polygamy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Vanlalchhuanga|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467455/page/n1/mode/2up?q=khuangtuaha|title=An Zirtirnate|publisher=Gosen Press|year=1984|location=Aizawl (India)|pages=51–54|language=Mizo|trans-title=Their Teachings}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Baruah|first=Sriparna B.|date=2011|title=Baktwang – The Carpentry Hamlet of Mizoram|url=http://www.sriparna.in/baktwang-the-carpentry-hamlet-of-mizoram/|access-date=2021-07-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Khuangtuaha (1891–1955) formed the sect in 1942, and was supported by his younger brother Chana (1910–1997). Chana introduced polygamous marriage and had seven wives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mathews|first=Jane|date=2011-10-21|title=One big happy family (all 181 of them)|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/278718/One-big-happy-family-all-181-of-them|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Express.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> Khuangtuaha followed suit and married three wives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Dokhuma|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467548|title=Zoram Tualto Kohhran Chanchin|year=1997|edition=2|location=Aizawl (India)|pages=65|language=Mizo|trans-title=Indigenous Denominations in Mizoram}}</ref> Chana's son, [[Ziona]] (1945–2021), was the most prolific polygamous man of the sect. At the time of his death in 2021, he had 38 wives, 89 children and 33 grandchildren.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|last=Nath|first=Hemanta Kumar|date=13 June 2021|title=Mizoram's Ziona Chana, head of world's largest family, passes away at 76|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mizoram-ziona-chana-head-of-world-largest-family-dies-at-76-1814359-2021-06-13|access-date=14 June 2021|language=en|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|date=2021-06-14|title=Ziona Chana: Head of 'world's largest family' dies in India's Mizoram state|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57465379|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Swati|last2=Rahim|first2=Zamira|date=2021-06-14|title=The head of the 'world's biggest family' has died at age 76|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/14/asia/india-record-family-man-dies-scli-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-06-16|publisher=CNN}}</ref> But polygamy is not practiced freely; men are allowed to marry wives only if they can support them by livelihood,<ref name=":182">{{Cite web|date=2011-11-09|title=Man with 160-member family in Mizoram|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/203573/man-160-member-family-mizoram.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> and this is decided by the priests.<ref name=":0" /> Only the leaders and their elite lineages are usually able to afford the conditions; thus, it is not widely practiced.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Udas|first=Sumnima|date=2011-10-31|title=Is 160 enough? One Indian man's family|url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/asia/india-record-family/index.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=CNN}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
''[[Chand (film)|Chand]]'' is a social drama film dealing with the story of a childless couple with [[Balraj Sahni]] and [[Meena Kumari]] in lead roles. The film was based in the year 1955, before the abolition of polygamy.

==See also==
*[[Polyandry in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Polygamous marriage}}
{{Indian wedding}}
{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Polygamy In India}}
[[Category:Marriage in India]]
[[Category:Polygamy by country|India]]

Dilli Dark

2026-04-10T14:30:41Z

Ridheehee: put up some article from scratch - done

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dilli Dark
| image = Dilli Dark.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Dibakar Das Roy
| writer = Dibakar Das Roy
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Reeligion Films
| starring = [[Samuel Abiola Robinson]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kartik Parmar
| editing = Manendra Singh Lodhi
| music = Utkarsh Dhotekar
| studio =
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|11| |Mami|2025|05| |Worldwide|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = English Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
''''' Dilli Dark''''' ({{translation|Dark Delhi}}) is a 2025 Indian English-[[Hindi]]-bilingual language drama film directed by Dibakar Das Roy and starring [[Samuel Abiola Robinson]], [[Geetika Vidya Ohlyan|Geetika Vidya Ohylan]] and Shantanu Anam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shantanu-anam-on-dilli-dark-it-is-a-film-that-satirizes-racism-in-delhi/articleshow/105290974.cms|title=Shantanu Anam on 'Dilli Dark': It is a film that satirizes racism in Delhi|date=17 November 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was initially released in 2023 at various film festivals. Dilli Dark had its global theatrical release on May 30, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-05-30 |title=Dilli Dark Movie: Review {{!}} Release Date (2025) {{!}} Songs {{!}} Music {{!}} Images {{!}} Official Trailers {{!}} Videos {{!}} Photos {{!}} News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dilli-dark/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Adorable African outsider Michael Okeke left Nigeria six years ago to survive in the frequently disconnected and overcrowded New Delhi, a city with which he has a bittersweet relationship. He dreams of true love and a better job but is pushed into the 4 C-s: cell phone, cocaine, cash, and clients.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://mubi.com/en/in/films/dilli-dark |title=Dilli Dark (2023) {{!}} MUBI |language=en |access-date=2025-01-06 |via=mubi.com}}</ref>

The film follows Michael Okeke, a [[Nigerians|Nigerian]] living in [[Delhi]], who tries to overcome [[racism]] and stereotypes while searching for stable employment and a better life in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2025-05-30 |title=‘Dilli Dark’ Movie Review: A Neat Black Comedy with Delhi-Shaped Angst |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/dilli-dark-movie-review-a-neat-black-comedy-with-delhi-shaped-angst |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Samuel Abiola Robinson]] as Michael "Mike" Okeke
*Geetika Vidya Ohylan as Mansi<ref name="E">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/dilli-dark-2023-film-review-by-amber-wilkinson|title=Dilli Dark|work=Eye For Film|date=28 November 2023|last=Wilkinson|first=Amber}}</ref>
*Shantanu Anam as Debu<ref name="E"/>
*Stutee Ghosh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dilli-dark-is-about-acceptance-says-director-dibakar-das-roy/articleshow/104986079.cms|title=Dilli Dark is about acceptance says director Dibankar Das Roy|work=The Times of India|date=5 November 2023|access-date=18 December 2024|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216104112/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dilli-dark-is-about-acceptance-says-director-dibakar-das-roy/articleshow/104986079.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film began production at the end of 2020.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/interviews/2023/Oct/16/samuel-abiola-robinson-i-connect-remember-connecting-very-strongly-with-the-story-48663.html|title=Samuel Abiola Robinson: I connected very strongly with Dilli Dark |first=Sajin|last=Srijith|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=16 October 2023}}</ref> The project was selected for [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Work-in-progress Lab.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/video/dilli-dark-trailer-tallinn-black-nights-totem-films/|title='Dilli Dark' Trailer: First Look At Indian-Nigerian Comedy Set For Tallinn Black Nights|first=Zac|last=Ntim|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|date=19 October 2023|access-date=18 December 2024|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091109/https://deadline.com/video/dilli-dark-trailer-tallinn-black-nights-totem-films/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in 2021.<ref name="C"/>

== Themes and influences ==
The director incorporated Queen [[Razia Sultana]]'s love story with the struggles of the protagonist since she was speculated to be in love with an African, which was not acceptable in society at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dibakar-das-roy-on-dilli-dark-i-wanted-to-show-the-cyclical-nature-of-history-the-cyclical-nature-of-societal-biases/|title=Dibakar Das Roy on "Dilli Dark": "I wanted to show the cyclical nature of history … the cyclical nature of societal biases."|work=The Nollywood Reporter|access-date=2024-12-18|archive-date=2024-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527012037/https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dibakar-das-roy-on-dilli-dark-i-wanted-to-show-the-cyclical-nature-of-history-the-cyclical-nature-of-societal-biases/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film debuted at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]] festival in November 2023 and the [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]] later that month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dibakar-das-roys-debut-feature-to-make-its-world-premiere-at-mumbai-film-festival/articleshow/104464708.cms|title=Dibakar Das Roy's debut feature to make its world premiere at Mumbai Film Festival|date=16 October 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="D"/> The film was the closing feature at the 31st New York African Film Festival in May 2024.<ref name="Carey">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/new-york-african-film-festival-2024-lineup-announcement-1235875476/|title=New York African Film Festival To Feature 'Over The Bridge', 'Dilli Dark', Short Film EP'd By Spike Lee And More|first=Mathew|last=Carey|work=Deadline|date=3 April 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Dilli Dark'' premiered at film festivals in 2023 before its global theatrical release in May 2025, receiving generally positive reviews from critics.

==== Festival screenings (2023) ====
At the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival:
* ''Dirty Movies'' rated the film 4/5, calling it "an impressively inventive work, one that reveres and chastises India in equal measure".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dmovies.org/2023/11/14/dilli-dark-dilli/|title=Dilli Dark|date=14 November 2023|work=DMovies}}</ref>
* ''Eye For Film'' rated it 3/5 stars, noting that it "wraps this [racism] issue up within a boisterous, if unruly, comedy" while suggesting that "streamlining the plot would have helped to keep the pace from flagging".<ref name="E"/>

The film served as the closing feature at the 31st New York African Film Festival in May 2024.<ref name="Carey"/>

==== Theatrical release (2025) ====
Following its global release on 30 May 2025:
* ''[[The Times of India]]'' (3.5/5) praised "its strong messaging layered with satire"<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dilli-dark/movie-review/121498164.cms |title=Dilli Dark Movie Review: A clever satire that sometimes trips over its own ambition |access-date=2025-06-06 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]] India'' highlighted it as "a neat black comedy with Delhi-shaped angst"
* ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' described it as "a refreshing caricature piercing racial prejudices"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Dilli Dark Review {{!}} A Refreshing Caricature Piercing Racial Prejudices |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/dilli-dark-review-a-refreshing-caricature-piercing-racial-prejudices |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' noted its exploration of "outsider syndrome", calling it "a film about dark horses that subvert expectations"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Paramita |date=2025-05-30 |title='Dilli Dark' is a film about the outsider syndrome and some really dark horses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/May/30/dilli-dark-is-a-film-about-the-outsider-syndrome-and-some-really-dark-horses |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Scroll.in'' offered a mixed perspective, describing it as "an occasionally sharp, scattershot comedy about prejudice"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-05-30 |title='Dilli Dark' review: An occasionally sharp, scattershot comedy about prejudice |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1082923/dilli-dark-review-an-occasionally-sharp-scattershot-comedy-about-prejudice |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|29444671}}

[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
{{Improve categories|date=December 2024}}

Battle of Margão (1659)

2026-04-03T20:01:58Z

Ridheehee: Creating Some Info Needs Work - done

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Margão
| image = GoaConquistas.png
| image_size =
| caption = Map of the [[Velhas Conquistas]] (in red) and the [[Novas Conquistas]] (in yellow).
| partof = [[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts]]
| date = 1659
| place = [[Margão]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| result = Portuguese victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Portuguese Empire|1640}}
| combatant2 = [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1640}} Luís de Mendonça Furtado
| commander2 = [[Ali Adil Shah II]]
*Abdulla Hakim
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 400–500 killed<ref>B. D. Shastry: "The Portuguese Commercial Relations with Bijapur in the Seventeenth Century" in Souza, Teotónio: ''Essays in Goan History'', Concept Publishing Company, 1989, pp. 39-48.</ref>
}}
{{Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''Battle of Margão''' was a military conflict between the [[Portuguese Empire]] and the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] that took place in 1659. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Portuguese.

==Background==
In the 1650s, the [[Dutch East India Company]] developed friendly ties with the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] and encouraged it to attack [[Portuguese India|Portuguese holdings in India]]. In 1654, Abdulla Hakim, with Dutch support, led an invasion into the Portuguese territories of [[Bardes]] and briefly put the supply of food into [[Goa]] in jeopardy, however, the forces of Bijapur were repelled.<ref>Dauril Alden: ''The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750'', Stanford University Press, 1996, p. 187-188.</ref>

Following this conflict, treaties were reaffirmed between the Sultanate and [[Kingdom of Portugal]] in 1655.<ref name=Danvers>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1571-1894'', W.H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, pp. 309-310.</ref> However, in 1659, [[Ali Adil Shah II]] again attempted to recapture Portuguese territories in [[Portuguese Goa|Goa]], launching another invasion led by Abdulla Hakim into the ''[[Velhas Conquistas]]''.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

==The Battle==
In 1659, Abdulla Hakim led the Bijapur forces into the [[Velhas Conquistas]]. However, Luís de Mendonça Furtado responded the invasion with an expedition to [[Margão]]. The Bijapur forces were defeated, suffering between 400 and 500 casualties, and they were forced to retreat. [[Ali Adil Shah II]] temporarily abandoned his efforts to seize Portuguese territories in [[Portuguese Goa|Goa]].<ref name=Danvers/>

==See also==
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Goa}}

[[Category:Battles involving Portugal]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:1650s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of Portugal]]
[[Category:1659 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1659]]

Muhuri River

2026-03-31T00:58:38Z

Ridheehee: New New Location.

{{Short description|River in Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Muhuri River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Feni River|Feni

]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Lushai Hills]]
| source1_location = [[Tripura]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|23.2811|91.7208|region:BD_type:waterbody|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22.9109|91.5014|region:BD_type:waterbody|display=inline}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Muhuri''' is a transnational river that flows in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Rising in [[Tripura]], it flows into Bangladesh where it merges with the [[Feni River|Feni]] near the latter's mouth to the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Muhuri is also known as the Little Feni.<ref name="loiczsouthasia">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh – Rivers |url=http://www.loiczsouthasia.org/bangladesh.php |publisher=LOICZ South Asia Node |access-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404001151/http://www.loiczsouthasia.org/bangladesh.php |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref>

== Course of the river ==
The Muhuri rises in the [[Lushai Hills]] of [[Tripura]] and flows west into Bangladesh which it enters in the [[Parshuram Upazila|Parshuram upazila]] of [[Feni zila|Feni district]]. In Bangladesh, the river separates the Feni and [[Chittagong District|Chittagong districts]] before flowing out into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Masud Hasan |year=2012 |chapter=Muhuri River |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muhuri_River |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

=== Indo-Bangladesh border ===
The Muhuri acts as part of the border between India and Bangladesh in the Tripura-[[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] sector. However, the frequently changing course of the river prevented the two nations from demarcating the boundary here with India insisting on the 1974 Accord with Bangladesh that calls for demarcation "along the mid-stream of the course of Muhuri river at the time of demarcation" while Bangladesh insisted on an 1893 map that would result in it gaining an extra 44 acres.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The dividing line |journal=Frontline |date=12–25 May 2001 |volume=18 |issue=10 |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1810/18100270.htm |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref>

====Muhurichar====

'''Muhurichar river island''', a 140-acre island on the river and important for rice cultivation, was a source of tension between the two countries as both laid claim to it and it resulted in skirmishes between the border security forces of [[Bangladesh Rifles|Bangladesh]] and [[Border Security Force|India]] on several occasions, including in 1976, 1979 and 1985 and 1999.<ref>{{cite book |last=Batra |first=Amita |title=Regional Economic Integration in South Asia: Trapped in Conflict? |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[Oxford]] |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCBdvg2qNa0C&q=muhuri+river&pg=PA77 |isbn=9780415602099}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 1999 |title=Border commanders declare truce |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/430087.stm |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> In 2011 during the visit of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to Bangladesh, both countries agreed to the demarcation of the land boundary between them. The two parties agreed on the demarcation of the boundary along the Muhuri and also agreed to construct embankments along the river within their borders to stabilize it and to undertake fencing along the 'zero line' in the sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol to the Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Concerning the Demarcation of the Land Boundary Between India and Bangladesh and Related Matters |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/document/papers/lba2011.pdf |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP demands white paper on pact with Bangladesh |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep2111/oth05 |access-date=9 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=20 September 2011}}</ref>

== Hydrology ==
The Muhuri has a total [[River basin|basin area]] of 839  km2 in Tripura which accounts for 8% of the state's total geographical area. It has an annual flow of 76,247,000 cubic meters of water which amounts to 9.6% of Tripura's total river flows.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Environment Report of Tripura for the year of 2002 |url=http://trpenvis.nic.in/surfacew.htm |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> In Bangladesh, the Muhuri basin covers an area of 40,080 hectares spread across the upazilas of [[Feni Sadar Upazila|Feni Sadar]], [[Sonagazi Upazila|Sonagazi]], [[Chhagalnaiya Upazila|Chhagalnaiya]] and [[Parshuram Upazila|Parshuram]] in [[Feni zila|Feni district]] and the [[Mirsharai Upazila|Mirersarai Upazila]] of [[Chittagong zila|Chittagong district]] with a total irrigable area of a little over 23,000 hectares.<ref name="aomywork.blogspot">{{cite news |title=Management of Closed off Tidal River: Case Study in Muhuri River of Bangladesh |url=http://aomywork.blogspot.in/2011/11/management-of-closed-off-tidal-river.html |date=27 November 2011 |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702104830/http://aomywork.blogspot.in/2011/11/management-of-closed-off-tidal-river.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The river is known for its wild nature and flash floods and its frequent changes in course. For the most part, the Muhuri has a width of 150 to 200 meters which increases as it nears the sea. As it nears the sea, it comes under the increasing influence of [[tidal action]]. The river is quite shallow and navigable by 4-tonne boats for only half the year and it is possible to [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] it during the lean season.<ref name="loiczsouthasia" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Volume 1 |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=New Delhi |page=7110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bt6WTrErH0C&q=muhuri+river&pg=PA7110 |isbn=9788177552577}}</ref>

== Waterworks ==
The [[Government of India]] built an impermeable [[spur]] on the river before 1975 to protect the town of [[Belonia, India|Belonia]] from riverine erosion. The [[Joint River Commission]] has since restrained either country from constructing them on the river.<ref name="banglapedia" /> The [[Muhuri Irrigation Project]], consisting of a closure dam and a 20-vent regulator, was completed by Bangladesh in 1986 to provide irrigation facilities and to check the inflow of saline water into the river from the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Muhuri empties into the Feni at the reservoir formed by the building of the closure dam from where water is taken out through irrigation canals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reeves |first=Randall R |title=Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia |year=2000 |publisher=IUCN |location=Gland |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADA4ebJlcccC&q=muhuri+&pg=PA62 |isbn=9782831705132}}</ref> The project has helped develop inland fisheries, curbed the incursion of saline water upriver and kept upstream areas safe from [[storm surges]] following [[cyclones]].<ref name="aomywork.blogspot" />

==See also==
{{portal|Environment|Ecology}}
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Tripura}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}

[[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Rivers of Chittagong Division]]

Mormugao Port

2026-03-29T17:11:34Z

Ridheehee: New New Entry.

{{short description|Port in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Mormugao Port
| image =
| image_caption = Logo of Mormugao Port Authority
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Mormugao]], [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15.4089|73.8012|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| locode = INMRM
| opened = 1885
| operated = Mormugao Port Authority
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| type =
| sizewater =
| sizeland =
| size = 450m, draft of 14.1m
| berths = 11
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees = 2600
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage =
| containervolume =
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| website = {{URL|https://www.mptgoa.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Mormugao Port''' is a port on the western coast of [[India]], in the coastal state of [[Goa]]. Commissioned in 1885 on the site of a natural harbour, it is one of India's oldest ports.<ref name="CorreiaEPW2018">
{{Cite journal
|last=Correia
|first=Sherwyn veloyd
|date=Dec 8, 2018
|title=Mormugao Port Modernisation: Proceedings of an Environmental Public Hearing
|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/48/commentary/mormugao-port-modernisation.html
|journal=Economic & Political Weekly
|volume=53
}}</ref> The port employs around 2,600 employees and has about 4,000 pensioners.<ref name="ManojLivemint">
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VNUl5T8prxWJYAp7bcRaBM/Indias-top-iron-ore-port-hit-by-Goa-mining-ban.html
|title=India's top iron ore port hit by Goa mining ban
|last=Manoj
|first=P.
|date=Dec 5, 2012
|website=Livemint
}}</ref>

The '''Mormugao Port Authority''' (MPA), which operates the port, is the largest employer in the [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] region and has a complete mini-township in Headland Sada which includes schools, residential complexes and amenities (like a hospital) for employees of the Port.<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/MPT-seeks-closure-of-garbage-dump-at-Sada/articleshow/5364164.cms
|title=MPT seeks closure of garbage dump at Sada
|website=The Times of India
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref> It was renamed from 'Mormugao Port Trust' to 'Mormugao Port Authority' in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPT drops 'trust' wrests 'authority' |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/MPT-drops-%E2%80%98trust%E2%80%99-wrests-%E2%80%98authority%E2%80%99/186305 |date=6 Feb 2022 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

== Location ==
[[File:Mormugao Harbour Aerial View.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of Mormugao Harbour]]
Mormugao Port is located in the town of [[Mormugao]], Goa, India. It has a naturally protected open-type [[Harbor|harbour]], that lies on the southern part of the mouth of the river [[Zuari River|Zuari]]. This harbour is also protected using a [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] and a [[Mole (architecture)|mole]] that was built from the outer end of the breakwater and runs parallel to the [[wharf]].<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.goachamber.org/mormugao-port-trust-mpt/
|title=Mormugao Port Trust (MPT)
|website=GCCI
|language=en-US
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Vasco-da-Gama port c. 1890s.jpg|thumb|Mormugao port c. 1890s]]
In the 19th century, [[Portuguese India]] and [[British India]] decided to join forces to improve maritime trade, under the [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878]].<ref>
{{Cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC&q=Anglo+-+Portuguese+Treaty+of+1878&pg=PA144
|title=Goa and Portugal: History and Development
|last1=Borges
|first1=Charles
|last2=Pereira
|first2=Oscar
|last3=Stubbe
|first3=Hannes
|publisher=Concept Publication Company
|year=2000
|isbn=8170228670
|location=New Delhi
|pages=144–145
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite thesis
|last=DaCosta
|first=Murelle Maria Leonildes
|title=History of Trade and Commerce in Goa 1878-1961
|date=2002
|degree=PhD in History
|publisher=Goa University
|url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/handle/unigoa/3900
|language=en-US
|pages=219–242
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite thesis
|last=Nagvenkar
|first=Harischandra Tucaram
|title=Salt and the Goan Economy: A Study of Goa's salt industry and salt trade in the 19th and 20th centuries during the Portuguese rule
|date=1999
|degree=PhD in Economics
|publisher=Goa University
|language=en-US
|pages=196–250
|hdl=10603/31915
}}</ref><ref>{{cite mailing list
| last = Pinto
| first = Eric
| title = The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 - Impact on Goa
| mailing-list = Goanet
| date = Sep 17, 2013
| url = https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg98414.html
| access-date = Dec 13, 2018
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/goas-babel/|title=Goa's Babel|last=Noronha|first=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Noronha|date=June 28, 2015|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref> Mormugao was identified as having one of the best natural harbours, and a [[metre-gauge railway]] line was constructed to connect it. The work of modernising the port and laying the metre-gauge railway was undertaken by a British company, ‘[[West of India Portuguese Railway|The Western Indian Portuguese Guaranteed Railway Company]]’. This company was founded in Britain exclusively for this purpose. The Portuguese paid a huge sum for the project, and even paid for the registration of this company in [[England]]. Work began in 1878. The harbour was commissioned in 1885, and the railway line (running till [[Sanvordem]], and later to [[Castle Rock railway station, Karnataka|Castle Rock]]) was inaugurated in 1887. The first ship to sail into Mormugao Port was the ''SS Westbourne'', which brought railway equipment, in April 1885.<ref name="TNVHistory">
{{Cite web
|url=http://theneutralview.com/reclaiming-vasco-da-gama-the-port-town/
|title=RECLAIMING VASCO-DA-GAMA, THE PORT TOWN
|last=Sharma
|first=Sangita
|date=Jan 30, 2018
|website=The Neutral View
|language=en-US
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], Mormugao Harbour was the site of [[Operation Creek]], which resulted in the bombing of a German merchant ship, ''Ehrenfels,'' which had secretly been transmitting information to [[U-boat]]s. In 2017, MPA announced that it would salvage the remnants of the ship, as they were hindering the progress in a project of setting up a fishing harbour.<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mpt-to-salvage-remnants-of-german-ships-wrecked-in-world-war-ii-4886485/
|title=MPT to salvage remnants of German ships wrecked in World War II
|date=2017-10-12
|website=The Indian Express
|language=en-IN
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

The port was recognised as a major port in 1963 under the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963, shortly after the [[Liberation of Goa]].<ref name="CorreiaEPW2018" />

== Transport links ==
The port is connected by its own railway line, with the erstwhile [[Marmagao railway station]] situated in its compound. It is thus connected to [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] hinterlands via [[South Western Railways]] and [[Konkan Railway]]s. MPT is connected by road by the [[National Highway 17A (India)|National Highway 17A]]. There is a plan to connect it with a four-lane highway to the [[National Highway 17B (India)|National Highway 17B]], which was scheduled to be completed in October 2018.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/South-Goa/Will-4lane-to-Mormugao-be-a-reality-by-Oct-2018/105296.html
|title=Will 4-lane to Mormugao be a reality by Oct 2018?
|last=Jha
|first=Navin
|date=Aug 18, 2016
|website=oHeraldo
|language=en
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref> Ore mined in interior regions of Goa and Karnataka is brought to MPA by barges navigating the rivers [[Mandovi]] and [[Zuari]].<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/high-court-rejects-pleas-to-allow-ore-transportation-in-state/articleshow/63540315.cms
|title=High Court rejects pleas to allow ore transportation in state
|date=Mar 30, 2018
|website=The Times of India
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
[[File:Goa-Vasco 03-2016 07 view to Mormugao Harbour.jpg|thumb|View of Mormugao Harbour from the Zuari river]]
MPT has berths for coal and iron ore. It also has a berth for cruise ships and even has a dedicated Cruise Terminal building, and hosts a variety of cruise ships the year-round.<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/italian-cruise-ship-brings-over-1000-visitors-to-goa/articleshow/66994323.cms
|title=Italian cruise ship brings over 1,000 visitors to Goa
|website=The Times of India
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://digitalgoa.com/gadkari-to-inaugurate-cruise-terminal-fishing-harbour-at-vasco-tomorrow/
|title=Gadkari To Inaugurate Cruise Terminal & Fishing Harbour at Vasco Tomorrow
|date=Dec 21, 2016
|website=Digital Goa
|language=en-US
|access-date=2018-12-13
}}</ref> It plans to expand with a dedicated multipurpose cargo berth, a general cargo berth project (to replace the ship repair yard), and dedicated berths for [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]].<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/mormugao-port-in-goa-lines-up-rs-3141-crore-projects/articleshow/45749195.cms
|title=Mormugao port in Goa lines up Rs 3,141 crore projects
|date=2015-01-04
|work=The Economic Times
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

Ore brought via barges is either collected to be loaded onto bulk carrier ships or directly loaded onto the ships using [[Transshipment|trans-shippers]]. Ore which is collected on the port is handled by machinery called MOHP (Mechanical Ore-Handling Plant). This includes massive bucket wheel loaders and miles of conveyor belts.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/sectors/iron-ore-handling-starts-in-goa-port-after-18-months-supreme-court-lifts-ban
|title=Iron ore handling starts in Goa port after 18 months, Supreme Court lifts ban
|date=Apr 2, 2014
|website=KNN India - Knowledge & News Network
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref> MPT's MOHP has now been converted to a general cargo handling berth.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/mormugao-port-trust-to-come-out-with-fresh-tender-for-dredging-project/61652/
|title=Mormugao Port Trust to come out with fresh tender for dredging project
|last=Tandon
|first=Shubra
|date=Apr 8, 2015
|website=The Financial Express
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

[[Adani Ports & SEZ Limited]] has a one-berth terminal (Berth 7) at MPA. It has a capacity of 7 MMT cargo. It can handle coal cargo, Panamax and capesize vessels. Its main feature is a mechanized material handling system of conveyor systems and stacker cum reclaimers. This system has a stacking capacity of 5000 TPH and reclaiming capacity of 2500 TPH.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adani.com/docs/PortBrochure|title=Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited: An economic gateway for the nation|website=Adani.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/apsez-to-commission-coal-terminal-at-mormugao-port-this-fiscal/article20626324.ece1|title=APSEZ to commission coal terminal at Mormugao Port this fiscal|date=June 23, 2013|website=The Hindu: Business Line|language=en|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref> [[Jindal South West]] Port Ltd has two berths, and berths 8 and 9 are currently run by [[Vedanta Limited|Vedanta]]. They all mainly handle coal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/environment/mormugao-port-vasco-coal-iron-ore-adani-jindal-steel-dredging|title=Meet the Mega-Project That Goans Fighting 'Dirty Coal' Are up Against|last=Jamwal|first=Nidhi|date=Aug 31, 2017|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref>

== Types of cargo ==
MPA briefly became the leading iron ore exporting port in India, with about 54.50 million metric tonnes (MMT) of iron ore traffic in 2010–11 (about 90% of this was exported to China).<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/highest-ever-iron-ore-exports-from-goa-ports-this-fiscal/articleshow/9908097.cms
|title=Highest ever iron-ore exports from Goa ports this fiscal
|date=2011-09-08
|work=The Economic Times
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref> Subsequently, the port's cargo volume dropped to 39 MMT in 2011-12, with iron ore accounting for 29.21 MMT, due to a global reduction in demand for iron ore.<ref name="ManojLivemint" />

Berth numbers 10 and 11 of MPA are dedicated to coal handling.<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/mormugao-port-banned-from-handing-coal-coke/article3937703.ece
|title=Mormugao Port banned from handing coal, coke
|date=2012-09-26
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2018-12-12

|language=en-IN
|issn=0971-751X
}}</ref> MPT also exports managanese and bauxite.<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://www.ndtv.com/goa-news/digambar-kamat-ex-goa-chief-minister-says-no-court-has-indicted-him-in-goa-mining-scam-1831926
|title=No Court Has Indicted Me In Goa Mining Scam, Says Ex-Goa Chief Minister
|date=Apr 2, 2018
|website=NDTV
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.afr.com/lifestyle/travel/cruising-the-spice-route-with-azamara-feast-your-senses-from-dubai-to-singapore-20180502-h0zjp1
|title=Cruising the Spice Route with Azamara: feast your senses from Dubai to Singapore
|date=2018-05-07
|website=Australian Financial Review
|language=en
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

In 1992, berth numbers 1, 2 and 3 were decommissioned and given to [[Western India Shipyard]] Ltd. for the creation of a modern ship repair facility equipped with a floating dry dock. Berth no. 7 is a shallow drafted berth meant for shipment of coastal cargo (now given to [[Adani Ports & SEZ Limited|Adani]]).<ref name="TDBPradhanFulcrum">
{{Cite magazine
|last=Pradhan
|first=Sisir
|title=Mormugao Port - In search of a fulcrum
|url=https://www.thedollarbusiness.com/magazine/mormugao-port-in-search-of-a-fulcrum/11365
|magazine=The Dollar Business
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

Ships carrying naphtha, ammonium or phosphorus unload at MPA, and this is transported to Zuari Indian Oil Tanking Ltd (ZIOL), located in Zuarinagar, via tankers and pipelines. A leakage in one such pipeline caused the naphtha fire incidents of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/No-ZIOTL-ships-till-assurance-given-MPT/articleshow/9679244.cms|title=No ZIOTL ships till assurance given: MPT|date=Aug 21, 2011|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/After-naphtha-scare-MPT-writes-to-ZIL/articleshow/9744052.cms|title=After naphtha scare, MPT writes to ZIL|date=Aug 26, 2011|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref>

As of 2014, MPA's main exports were frozen fish, liquor, iron casting, [[pig iron]] and [[pharmaceutical products]], while its main imports were of [[heavy melting scrap]], shredded scrap, [[potassium carbonate]] and steel turning.<ref name="TDBPradhanFulcrum" />

== Philanthropy ==
MPA Education Society runs three schools at the Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary levels, named Deepvihar.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Perspective/Some-Vasco-schools-have-security-measures-in-place-others-not/120164.html
|title=Some Vasco schools have security measures in place, others not
|last=Jha
|first=Navin
|date=Sep 16, 2017
|website=oHeraldo
|language=en
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref> MPT also plays a major role in the working of New Dawn Ashadeep School for special children. Both these institutions are located in MPA's mini-township of Headland Sada.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/First-cruise-liner-of-season-arrives-with-535-guests/122610.html
|title=First cruise liner of season arrives with 535 guests
|date=Nov 15, 2017
|website=oHeraldo
|language=en
|access-date=2018-12-13
}}</ref>

== Awards ==
MPA has won two awards from the Union Ministry of Shipping, for the year 2015-2016: for maximum traffic growth compared to all the major ports of the country, and for having the maximum score for RFD (Result Framework Document) implementation.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/mpt-bags-two-prestigious-awards-from-union-ministry-of-shipping/
|title=MPT bags two prestigious awards from Union Ministry of Shipping
|date=June 8, 2016
|website=Navhind Times
|language=en-US
|access-date=2018-12-12
}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mormugao]]
* [[Dabolim Airport]]
* [[Operation Creek]]
* [[Mumbai Port Trust]]
* [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Mormugao}}
* {{Official website|https://www.mptgoa.gov.in/}}

{{Adani Group}}
{{Goa topics}}
{{Major ports in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Economy of Goa]]
[[Category:Companies based in Goa]]
[[Category:Mormugao]]
[[Category:1880s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 1885]]
[[Category:Adani Ports]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:Vedanta Resources]]

2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)

2026-03-28T08:54:04Z

Ridheehee: Creating The Data W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|Fourth edition of the Women's Premier League}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
|name=2026 Women's Premier League
|image=2026 Women's Premier League (cricket).jpg
|fromdate= 9 January
|todate= 5 February 2026
|administrator=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
|cricket format=[[Twenty20 cricket]]
|tournament format=[[Round-robin tournament|Double Round robin]] and [[Page playoff system|playoffs]]
|champions= [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|count=2
|runner up=[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|participants=5
|matches= 22
|attendance=
|player of the series= {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Sophie Devine]] (Gujarat Giants)
|most runs= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) (377)
|most wickets= {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Sophie Devine]] (Gujarat Giants) (17) {{flagicon|IND}} Nandani Sharma (Delhi Capitals) (17)
|website={{URL|wplt20.com}}
|previous_year=2025
|previous_tournament=2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)
|next_year=2027
|next_tournament=2027 Women's Premier League (cricket)
}}

The '''2026 Women's Premier League''' (also known as '''WPL 2026''') was the fourth season of the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]], a women's franchise [[Twenty20 cricket]] league organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). The tournament, featuring five teams, took place from 9 January to 5 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |title=WPL 2026 venues and fixtures likely to be finalised on November 26 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/womens-premier-league-2026-venues-and-fixtures-likely-to-be-finalised-on-november-26-3801312 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL 2026 likely to kick off in early January; venues to be named soon |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/wpl-2026-likely-to-kick-off-in-early-january-venues-to-be-named-soon-check-details-2986295.html |website=[[Zee News]] |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

A mega auction for the season was held on 27 November 2025 in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=WPL 2026 auction to be held on November 27 in New Delhi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/wpl-2026-auction-to-be-held-on-november-27-in-new-delhi-602000 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref> Additional reports confirmed the auction date and other details, including venues and streaming information.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL 2026 mega auction date announced: venues, live streaming details and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-wpl-2026-mega-auction-date-announced-check-date-venues-live-streaming-details-and-more-3189263 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

In the final, [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]] defeated [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] by 6 wickets to win their second title.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB pull off record chase in Vadodara to win second title as DC fail to lift WPL final jinx |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/rcb-dc-wpl-2026-final-smriti-mandhana-royal-challengers-bengaluru-record-chase-vadodara-report-13976708.html |website=Firstpost |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

==Teams and venues==
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = nowraplinks
| header1 = Teams
| data2 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]] [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] [[UP Warriorz]]
}}

The tournament was played across Mumbai and Baroda, with the [[DY Patil Stadium]] in Navi Mumbai hosting the opening match and the [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]] in Baroda hosting the later stages, including the final.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=WPL 2026 likely in Mumbai and Baroda from Jan 7 to Feb 3 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136355/wpl-likely-in-mumbai-and-baroda-from-jan-7-to-feb-3-womens-premier-league-2026 |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
|-
![[Navi Mumbai]]
! [[Vadodara]]
|-
|[[DY Patil Stadium]]
| [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: 45,300
| Capacity: 40,000
|-
|[[File:D Y Patil Sports Stadium.jpg|250px]]
| [[File:Kotambistadium.jpg|250px]]
|}

==Personnel changes==
A player mega-auction for the season took place on 27 November 2025 in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL 2026 set to be held in Mumbai, Baroda from January 7: Reports |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/wpl-2026-mumbai-baroda-auction-november-27-schedule-2821391-2025-11-17 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>
{{hidden begin|title = Personnel changes
|titlestyle = background:lightblue;}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! National side !! Team !! Price
|-
| [[Chinelle Henry]] || {{crw|WIN}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|1.3|c}}
|-
| [[Shree Charani]] || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|1.3|c}}
|-
| [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || {{crw|SA}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|1.1|c}}
|-
| [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|50|l}}
|-
| [[Minnu Mani]] || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|40|l}}
|-
| [[Lizelle Lee]] || {{crw|SA}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| [[Taniya Bhatia]] || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| Nandni Sharma || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|20|l}}
|-
| Deeya Yadav || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| Mamatha Madiwala || {{crw|IND}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Lucy Hamilton (cricketer)|Lucy Hamilton]] || {{crw|AUS}} || Delhi Capitals || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Sophie Devine]] || {{crw|NZ}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|2|c}}
|-
| [[Georgia Wareham]] || {{crw|AUS}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|1|c}}
|-
| [[Bharti Fulmali]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|70|l}}
|-
| [[Kashvee Gautam]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|65|l}}
|-
| [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|60|l}}
|-
| [[Kim Garth]] || {{crw|AUS}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|50|l}}
|-
| [[Yastika Bhatia]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|50|l}}
|-
| [[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]] || {{crw|ENG}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|50|l}}
|-
| [[Tanuja Kanwar]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|45|l}}
|-
| Anushka Sharma || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|45|l}}
|-
| [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]|| {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|40|l}}
|-
| [[Titas Sadhu]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| [[Kanika Ahuja]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| [[Ayushi Soni]] || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| Happy Kumari || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| Shivani Singh || {{crw|IND}} || Gujarat Giants || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Amelia Kerr]] || {{crw|NZ}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|3|c}}
|-
| [[Sajeevan Sajana]] || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|75|l}}
|-
| [[Shabnim Ismail]] || {{crw|SA}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|60|l}}
|-
| [[Nicola Carey]] || {{crw|AUS}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| [[Saika Ishaque]]|| {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| Sanskriti Gupta || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|20|l}}
|-
| Triveni Vasistha || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|20|l}}
|-
| Rahila Firdous || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Poonam Khemnar]] || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| Nalla Reddy || {{crw|IND}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Milly Illingworth]] || {{crw|AUS}} || Mumbai Indians || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Lauren Bell]] || {{crw|ENG}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|90|l}}
|-
| [[Pooja Vastrakar]] || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|85|l}}
|-
| [[Arundhati Reddy]] || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|75|l}}
|-
| [[Grace Harris]] || {{crw|AUS}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|75|l}}
|-
| [[Nadine de Klerk]] || {{crw|SA}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|65|l}}
|-
| [[Radha Yadav]] || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|65|l}}
|-
| [[Georgia Voll]] || {{crw|AUS}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|60|l}}
|-
| [[Linsey Smith]] || {{crw|ENG}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| Prema Rawat || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|20|l}}
|-
| Gautami Naik || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| Prathyoosha Kumar || {{crw|IND}} || Royal Challengers Bengaluru || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Deepti Sharma]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|3.2|c}}
|-
| [[Shikha Pandey]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|2.4|c}}
|-
| [[Meg Lanning]] || {{crw|AUS}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|1.9|c}}
|-
| [[Phoebe Litchfield]] || {{crw|AUS}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|1.2|c}}
|-
| [[Asha Sobhana]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|1.1|c}}
|-
| [[Sophie Ecclestone]] || {{crw|ENG}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|85|l}}
|-
| [[Deandra Dottin]] || {{crw|WIN}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|80|l}}
|-
| [[Kiran Navgire]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|60|l}}
|-
| [[Harleen Deol]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|50|l}}
|-
| [[Kranti Gaud]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|50|l}}
|-
| [[Pratika Rawal]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|50|l}}
|-
| [[Chloe Tryon]] || {{crw|SA}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|30|l}}
|-
| Shipra Giri || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Simran Shaikh]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Tara Norris]] || {{crw|USA}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| Suman Meena || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|-
| [[Gongadi Trisha]] || {{crw|IND}} || UP Warriorz || {{INRConvert|10|l}}
|}
{{hidden end}}

== League stage ==
=== Points table ===
{{2026 Women's Premier League Points table}}

=== Match summary ===
{{Women's Premier League results summary|mode=progression/summary|format=playoff|dls=Y


| MI | RCB | A | 3W |
| UPW | GG | A | 10R |
| MI | DC | H | 50R |
| DC | GG | A | 4R |
| RCB | UPW | H | 9W |
| MI | GG | H | 7W |
| UPW | DC | A | 7W |
| MI | UPW | A | 7W |
| RCB | GG | H | 32R |
| UPW | MI | H | 22R |
| DC | RCB | A | 8W |
| GG | RCB | A | 61R |
| DC | MI | H | 7W |
| GG | UPW | H | 45R |
| RCB | DC | A | 7W |
| RCB | MI | A | 15R |
| GG | DC | H | 3R |
| UPW | RCB | A | 8W |
| GG | MI | H | 11R |
| DC | UPW | H | 5W |

| P1W= DC | P1L= GG
| P2W= RCB | P2L= DC
}}

==Fixtures==
The fixtures were announced on 29 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=TATA Women’s Premier League 2026 schedule announced |url=https://www.wplt20.com/news/tata-womens-premier-league-2026-schedule-announced |website=wplt20.com |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match1}} '''Match 1'''
| date = 9 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|miw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| score1 = 154/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sajeevan Sajana]] 45 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Nadine de Klerk]] 4/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 157/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nadine de Klerk]] 63[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 2/13 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513682.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and Bhavesh Patel
| motm = [[Nadine de Klerk]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
|
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match2}} '''Match 2'''
| date = 10 January
| time = 15:30
| day = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|upw}}
| score1 = 207/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] 65 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 197/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Phoebe Litchfield]] 78 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 10 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513683.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm = [[Georgia Wareham]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = UP Warriorz won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match3}} '''Match 3'''
| date = 10 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|miw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| score1 = 195/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 74[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets1 = Nandani Sharma 2/26 (3 overs)
| score2 = 145 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chinelle Henry]] 56 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 50 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513684.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and Keyur Kelkar
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match4}} '''Match 4'''
| date = 11 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| score1 = 209 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sophie Devine]] 95 (42)
| wickets1 = Nandani Sharma 5/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 205/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lizelle Lee]] 86 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Sophie Devine]] 2/21 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 4 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513685.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar and Bhavesh Patel
| motm = [[Sophie Devine]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match5}} '''Match 5'''
| date = 12 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|upw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| score1 = 143/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 45[[not out|*]] (35)
| wickets1 = [[Nadine de Klerk]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 145/1 (12.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Grace Harris]] 85 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 1/28 (3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513686.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] and Bhavesh Patel
| motm = [[Grace Harris]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match6}} '''Match 6'''
| date = 13 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|miw}}
| score1 = 192/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Georgia Wareham]] 43[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Shabnim Ismail]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 193/3 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 71[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets2 = [[Sophie Devine]] 1/29 (3.2 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513687.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match7}} '''Match 7'''
| date = 14 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|upw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| score1 = 154/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Meg Lanning]] 54 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Shafali Verma]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 158/3 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lizelle Lee]] 67 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 2/26 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513688.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and [[Narayanan Janani]]
| motm = [[Shafali Verma]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match8}} '''Match 8'''
| date = 15 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|miw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|upw}}
| score1 = 161/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 65 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/3 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harleen Deol]] 64[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets2 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 2/28 (3 overs)
| result = UP Warriorz won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513689.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] and Keyur Kelkar
| motm = [[Harleen Deol]] (UP Warriorz)
| toss = UP Warriorz won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match9}} '''Match 9'''
| date = 16 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| score1 = 182/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Radha Yadav]] 66 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Sophie Devine]] 3/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 150 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bharti Fulmali]] 39 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 5/23 (3.5 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 32 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513690.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = Ankita Guha and [[Vrinda Rathi]]
| motm = [[Radha Yadav]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match10}} '''Match 10'''
| date = 17 January
| time = 15:30
| day = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|upw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|miw}}
| score1 = 187/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Meg Lanning]] 70 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 165/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 49[[not out|*]] (28)
| wickets2 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| result = UP Warriorz won by 22 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513691.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm = [[Meg Lanning]] (UP Warriorz)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match11}} '''Match 11'''
| date = 17 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| score1 = 166 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shafali Verma]] 62 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Lauren Bell]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 169/2 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 96 (61)
| wickets2 = [[Marizanne Kapp]] 1/21 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513692.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and Bhavesh Patel
| motm = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match12}} '''Match 12'''
| date = 19 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| score1 = 178/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Gautami Naik 73 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Kashvee Gautam]] 2/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 117/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] 54 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Sayali Satghare]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 61 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513693.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Ankita Guha and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = Gautami Naik (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match13}} '''Match 13'''
| date = 20 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|miw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| score1 = 154/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 65[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets1 = [[Shree Charani]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/3 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 51[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets2 = [[Vaishnavi Sharma]] 1/20 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513694.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Tony Emmatty and [[Vrinda Rathi]]
| motm = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match14}} '''Match 14'''
| date = 22 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|upw}}
| score1 = 153/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sophie Devine]] 50[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets1 = [[Kranti Gaud]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 108 (17.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Phoebe Litchfield]] 32 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 45 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513695.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and Tony Emmatty
| motm = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = UP Warriorz won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match15}} '''Match 15'''
| date = 24 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| score1 = 109 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 38 (34)
| wickets1 = Nandani Sharma 3/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 111/3 (15.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] 42[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Sayali Satghare]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513696.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and Ankita Guha
| motm = [[Marizanne Kapp]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match16}} '''Match 16'''
| date = 26 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|miw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| score1 = 199/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 100[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets1 = [[Lauren Bell]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 184/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Richa Ghosh]] 90 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Hayley Matthews]] 3/10 (2 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 15 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513697.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] scored the first century in WPL history.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bandarupalli |first=Sampath |date=27 January 2026 |title=Stats - Nat Sciver-Brunt ends 1059-day wait with WPL's first century |url=https://www.espn.com.au/cricket/story/_/id/47735978/wpl-2026-stats-nat-sciver-brunt-ends-1059-day-wait-wpl-first-century |work=ESPN |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match17}} '''Match 17'''
| date = 27 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| score1 = 174/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Beth Mooney]] 58 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Shree Charani]] 4/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = Niki Prasad 47 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Sophie Devine]] 4/37 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 3 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513698.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = [[Sophie Devine]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match18}} '''Match 18'''
| date = 29 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|upw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| score1 = 143/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 55 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Nadine de Klerk]] 4/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 147/2 (13.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Grace Harris]] 75 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Asha Sobhana]] 1/24 (2 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513699.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] and Anish Sahasrabudhe
| motm = [[Grace Harris]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =Royal Challengers Bengaluru qualified for the final as a result of this match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match19}} '''Match 19'''
| date = 30 January
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|miw}}
| score1 = 167/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ashleigh Gardner]] 46 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 156/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 82[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = [[Sophie Devine]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Giants won by 11 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513700.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Tony Emmatty and Ankita Guha
| motm = [[Georgia Wareham]] (Gujarat Giants)
| toss = Gujarat Giants won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =Gujarat Giants qualified for the Eliminator as a result of this match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match20}} '''Match 20'''
| date = 1 February
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-IND|upw}}
| team2 = {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| score1 = 122/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 24 (19)
| wickets1 = [[Marizanne Kapp]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126/5 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Laura Wolvaardt]] 47 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 2/27 (3.4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513701.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Tony Emmatty and [[Vrinda Rathi]]
| motm = [[Marizanne Kapp]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Delhi Capitals qualified to the Eliminator as a result of this match.
}}

== Playoffs ==

=== Bracket ===
{{2026 Women's Premier League Playoffs}}

=== Eliminator ===
<section begin="match21" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match21}}'''Eliminator'''
| date= 3 February 2026
| time= 19:30
| night= y
| team1= {{cr-IND|ggw}}
| team2= {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| score1= 168/7 (20 overs)
| runs1= [[Beth Mooney]] 62[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets1= [[Chinelle Henry]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| score2= 169/3 (15.4 overs)
| runs2= [[Lizelle Lee]] 43 (24)
| wickets2= [[Georgia Wareham]] 2/28 (3.4 overs)
| result= Delhi Capitals won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513702.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires= Ankita Guha and Bhavesh Patel
| motm= [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss= Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain=
| notes= Delhi Capitals qualified for the final as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Capitals Crush Gujarat Giants to Reach 4th Consecutive WPL Final |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/delhi-capitals-crush-gujarat-giants-to-reach-4th-consecutive-wpl-final |website=KhelWire |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref>
}}
----

=== Final ===
{{Main|2026 Women's Premier League (cricket) final}}

<section begin="match22" />{{Single-innings cricket match
|round={{anchor|match22}}'''Final'''
| date= 5 February 2026
| time= 19:30
| night= y
| team1= {{cr-IND|dcw}}
| team2= {{cr-IND|rcbw}}
| score1= 203/4 (20 overs)
| runs1= [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 57 (37)
| wickets1= [[Arundhati Reddy]] 1/40 (4 overs)
| score2= 204/4 (19.4 overs)
| runs2= [[Smriti Mandhana]] 87 (41)
| wickets2= [[Chinelle Henry]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result= Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513703.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires= Ankita Guha and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm= [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss= Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| rain=
| notes= Royal Challengers Bengaluru became WPL champions for second time.<ref>{{cite web |title=WPL 2026: Royal Challengers Bengaluru completes record chase to seal second title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/rcb-wins-wpl-2026-title-royal-challengers-bengaluru-v-delhi-capitals-score-highlights-smriti-jemimah-news/article70597280.ece |website=Sportstar |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match22" />

==Broadcasting==
[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports Network]] retained the broadcasting rights for the Women's Premier League (WPL 2026). Meanwhile, [[JioHotstar]] exclusively livestreamed the tournament matches on the website and the app.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2026 |title=Star Sports retains the broadcasting rights of WPL 2026 |url=https://touchcrictv.com/wpl/}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most runs
|-
! Runs !! Player !! Team
|- bgcolor=orange
! 377
| [[Smriti Mandhana]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
! 342
| [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
! 321
| [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] || [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
! 320
| [[Lizelle Lee]] || [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|-
! 317
| [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|-
|}
*Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2025/26 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/women-s-premier-league-2025-26-17723 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Most wickets
|-
! Wickets !! Player !! Team
|- bgcolor=#D6ADFF
! rowspan=2|17
| [[Sophie Devine]] || [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|-
| Nandani Sharma || [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|-
! 16
| [[Nadine de Klerk]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
! rowspan=3|14
| [[Amelia Kerr]] || [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
| [[Shree Charani]] || [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|-
| [[Chinelle Henry]] || [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|}
*Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2025/26 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-premier-league-2025-26-17723 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.wplt20.com/}}
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2025-26-1510059 Series home] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]


{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women's Premier League (cricket), 2026}}
[[Category:2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) seasons]]

Princess Shruti of Nepal

2026-03-27T23:21:23Z

Ridheehee:

{{Short description|Nepalese princess (1976–2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Princess Shruti.jpg
| caption =
| name = Shruti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah {{no bold|श्रुति राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह}}
| title = Princess of Nepal
| suc-type =
| full name = Shruti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah
| house = [[Shah dynasty]] (by birth) [[Rana dynasty]] (by marriage)
| type = Dynasty
| father = [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]]
| mother = [[Queen Aishwarya of Nepal|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah]]
| spouse = {{marriage|''Kumar'' Gorakh Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana|7 may 1997}}
| issue = Girwani Rajya Lakshmi Rana Surangana Rajya Lakshmi Rana
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1976|10|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Narayanhity Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|06|1|1976|10|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Birendra Hospital|King Birendra Military Hospital]], Chhauni, [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Princess Shruti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah of Nepal''' ({{langx|ne|श्रुती राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह}}) (15 October 1976 – 1 June 2001) was the daughter of [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]] and [[Queen Aishwarya of Nepal|Queen Aishwarya]], and sister of [[Dipendra of Nepal|King Dipendra]] and [[Prince Nirajan of Nepal|Prince Nirajan]].
Princess Shruti was widely regarded by the public as a compassionate and approachable figure, earning her the affectionate nickname of 'the people's princess' in [[Nepal]].

Princess Shruti of Nepal was known for her active engagement in social and humanitarian causes during her brief lifetime. As a member of the Nepalese royal family, she participated in various charitable activities, with a focus on education, children’s welfare, and women’s empowerment. She supported initiatives aimed at improving access to schooling for underprivileged children in rural Nepal and was involved in programs that promoted skill development and self-reliance among women. Passionate about Nepalese culture, Princess Shruti also contributed to the preservation of traditional arts and music. Her philanthropic work, though limited by her untimely death, is remembered as part of her enduring legacy.

== Education ==

Princess Shruti studied at Kanti Ishwari Sishu Vidhyalaya in Tripureswar, Nepal, St. Mary's School in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal, and later at [[Mayo College Girls School]] in [[Ajmer]], India. She completed her bachelor's degree at [[Padma Kanya Multiple Campus|Padma Kanya Campus]] in Nepal.

She was a meritorious painter.{{Cn|date=July 2022}}

== Marriage and family ==
She was married to ''Kumar'' Gorakh Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, a member of the aristocratic [[Rana dynasty|Rana family]] of Nepal, descendants of Maharaja [[Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] through the Field Marshal
Sir [[Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]. He is head of Global Banking and Commercial Banking for Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sc.com/np/about-us/|title=About Us - Standard Chartered - Nepal|first=Standard|last=Chartered|website=www.sc.com|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008174848/https://www.sc.com/np/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>

They married on 7 May 1997 in [[Kathmandu]]. They had two daughters:

* Girwani Rajya Lakshmi Rana (born on 22 June 1998 at [[Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital]] in [[Kathmandu]]).{{cn|date=August 2020}}
* Surangana Rajya Lakshmi Rana (born on 21 October 2000 at [[Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital]] in Kathmandu).{{cn|date=August 2020}}

On 5 December 2008 in [[Kathmandu]], ''Kumar'' Gorakh Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana married Deepti Chand, a humanities student at Kathmandu's [[Padma Kanya Multiple Campus]], who is also the niece of former royalist prime minister [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Nepal-palace-massacre-survivor-makes-fresh-start/articleshow/3801552.cms|title=Nepal palace massacre survivor makes fresh start - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423034809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Nepal-palace-massacre-survivor-makes-fresh-start/articleshow/3801552.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The name [[Śruti|Shruti]] means "that which is heard".

== Death ==

Princess Shruti, her mother, father, and brother [[Prince Nirajan of Nepal|Nirajan]], and six other Royal relatives were killed in the [[Nepalese royal massacre]] on 1 June 2001.<ref name="Massacre">{{Cite news |last=Mullins |first=Lisa |date=1 June 2011 |title=Why Nepal's Crown Prince Went on a Killing Spree |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-01/why-nepals-crown-prince-went-killing-spree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212144723/https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-01/why-nepals-crown-prince-went-killing-spree |archive-date=12 February 2020 |access-date=17 October 2017 |publisher=PRI}}</ref>{{cn|date=August 2020}}

== Honours ==
;National Honours
* Member First Class of the [[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]] (29/12/1995).{{cn|date=August 2020}}
* Commemorative Silver Jubilee Medal of King Birendra (31/01/1997).{{cn|date=August 2020}}
* Bisista Sewa Padak [Special Service Medal] (1999).{{cn|date=August 2020}}
;Foreign Honours
* {{flag|France}} : Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour|Order of the Legion of Honour]] (20/09/1994).{{cn|date=August 2020}}
* {{flag|Germany}} : Dame Grand Cross [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (25/11/1996).{{cn|date=August 2020}}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Princess Shruti Shah of Nepal'''
|2= 2. [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra of Nepal]]
|3= 3. [[Queen Aishwarya of Nepal|Aishwarya Rajya Laxmi Devi]]
|4= 4. [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]]
|5= 5. [[Indra, Crown Princess of Nepal|Indra Rajya Laxmi Devi]]
|6= 6. Kendra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
|7= 7. Shree Rajya Laxmi Rana
|8= 8. [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|King Tribhuvan of Nepal]]
|9= 9. [[Queen Kanti of Nepal|Kanti Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah]]
|10= 10. Hari Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
|11= 11. Megha Kumari Rajya Laxmi
|12= 12. Agni Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana
|14= 14. N. Bikram Shah
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shruti}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:2001 murders in Nepal]]
[[Category:20th-century Nepalese people]]
[[Category:21st-century Nepalese people]]
[[Category:20th-century Nepalese women]]
[[Category:21st-century Nepalese women]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Nepal]]
[[Category:Female murder victims]]
[[Category:Nepalese murder victims]]
[[Category:Nepalese princesses]]
[[Category:People murdered in Nepal]]
[[Category:Murdered royalty]]
[[Category:Mayo College Girls School alumni]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu, First Class]]
[[Category:Shah dynasty]]
[[Category:Padma Kanya Multiple Campus alumni]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]

{{Nepal-royal-stub}}

Sakhigopal Temple

2026-03-25T20:39:48Z

Ridheehee: adding basic place v1

{{Short description|Temple of lord Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sakhigopal Temple
| image = Shree Gopalaji Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Shree Gopalaji Temple
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district =
| location = Town of [[Sakhigopal]] on the [[Puri]] [[Bhubaneshwar]] highway
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Lord Krishna|Gopinatha]]
| year_completed =
| architecture = [[Kalinga Architecture]] style
| creator =
| website =
}}

[[File:Satyabadi gopinath temple.jpg|thumb|The Satyabadi Gopinatha temple in Sakshigopal]]
'''Sakhigopal Temple''' formally known as Satyabadi Gopinatha Temple is a medieval temple dedicated to Lord [[Lord Krishna|Gopinatha]] located in [[Sakhigopal]] on the [[Puri]] [[Bhubaneshwar]] highway in [[Odisha]]. The temple is built in the [[Kalinga Architecture]] style.

== Origin ==
[[File:Sakhigopal chandan yatra.jpg|thumb|The annual chandana yatra festival of Satyabadi Gopinatha]]
It is said that a poor young man of the village, later named Sakshigopala, fell in love with the daughter of the village headman. However, being of a higher economic status, the headman opposed marriage between this young man and his daughter. The villagers, including the headman and the young man, went on a pilgrimage to Vrindavan. The village headman fell ill and was abandoned by fellow villagers. The young man tended to him so well that he soon got well, and, in gratitude, promised his daughter in marriage to the young man. As soon as they returned to the village, the headman went back on his promise, asking the young man to produce a witness in support of his claim.

Lord Gopala, impressed by the young man's devotion, agreed to come and bear witness to the promise on one condition: that the young man lead the way, and he would follow. But the young man must never look back. He led the way to the village, passing a mound of sand. As they passed, the man could not hear the Lord's footsteps and turned back. Immediately the Lord turned into a statue of stone rooted to the spot. The villagers were still so impressed that God himself came to back the young man's claim that the youngsters were married off; they were later appointed as the first priest of the temple built in Lord Gopala's honor who came to bear witness (known in [[Sanskrit]] as [[Sakshi (Witness)|Sakshi]]).

== Deity made by Vajranabh (great grandson of Krishna) ==

King Vajranabh (the great-grandson of Lord [[Krishna]]) had 16 deities of Krishna and other gods carved from a rare, imperishable stone called Braja and built temples to house these deities in and around [[Mathura]] so as to feel the presence of Lord Krishna. The four presiding deities of Braja Mandala are Sri Harideva of [[Govardhan]], Sri Keshava Deva of Mathura, Sri Baladeva of Baladeo, and Govindaji of [[Vrindavan]]. There are two Naths—Sri Nathji, who was originally at Govardhan and is now in Nathdwara, [[Rajasthan]], and Sri Gopinath, who is now in [[Jaipur]]. The two Gopals are Sri Madana Mohana, who is now housed at Karoli Rajasthan, and Sakshi Gopala, who is now moved to the town of Sakhi Gopal, Odisha, near Puri.

== Anla Navami ==
[[File: Gopalaji temple.jpg|thumb|Gopalaji temple]]The temple is famous for celebrating the annual Anla Navami Festival (''Anla'' = [[gooseberry]]; ''Navami'' = ninth day in a lunar cycle). The festival is associated with the practice of touching [[Radha]]'s feet (Radha was the legendary lover of Lord Krishna). Legend has it that the temple was originally built without a statue of Radha. But when a girl named Lakhmi claimed to be the incarnation of Radha, and it is believed that Lord Krishna (here as Gopala) should not be without his true love Radha, a statue from northern India was installed here. The statue had originally [[Ghagra]] and [[Choli]] adorned but when it was clad on a traditional [[saree]] of Odisha, the feet of the statue were visible and the priests took it as a holy sign. From that day Anla Navami is celebrated and Hindu pilgrims are allowed inside the temple to touch the goddess' feet. Hundreds of thousands of devotees throng the temple on this holy occasion<ref>{{cite news|title=Lakhs witness 'Radha pada' at Sakhigopal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2010/nov/18/lakhs-witness-radha-pada-at-sakhigopal-203843.html|access-date=13 November 2016|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref>Famous for Radha Pad Darshan festival: https://www.bhaktibharat.com/en/mandir/sakhi-gopal-mandir</ref>

== Daily food offerings ==
The food offerings at Sakhigopala temple are made up of wheat instead of rice. This is one of the exceptional offerings among the worshiping processes of [[Vishnu]] temples all over the world, which is called [[prasada]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord |19.816598|85.837626|display=title}}

{{Hindu temples in Odisha}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Puri district]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]

Sullurpeta

2026-03-24T12:42:08Z

Ridheehee: further reworked intro per standard format further and fixed typos for clarity

{{original research|date=September 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sullurupeta
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Sullurupeta Bus Station.jpg
| image_alt = Sullurupeta Bus Station
| image_caption = Sullurupeta Bus Station
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.700|N|80.018|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type3 = Revenue division
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_name3 = Sullurupeta
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Sullurpeta municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2819_PART_B_DCHB_SRI%20POTTI%20SRIIAMULU%20NELLORE.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=25,26,56}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.04
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 11
| population_total = 27,504
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/592766-sulluru-andhra-pradesh.html|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524 121
| registration_plate = AP 26
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sullurupeta''' is a town in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is a [[municipality]] and the headquarters of [[Sullurpeta mandal]] and [[Sullurupeta revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Setup|url=http://nellore.ap.nic.in/revenue.htm|website=Official website of Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore District|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sullurpet to get facelift at Rs 12 crore|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article1401754.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610091721/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article1401754.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2015|access-date=10 June 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=31 December 2015|location=Nellore}}</ref> It serves as a gateway to [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan Space Centre(SDSC)]] at Sriharikota.

== Geography ==
Sullurupeta is located about 77 km east of Tirupati, 90 km south of Nellore and about 83 km north of [[Chennai]], Tamilnadu. It is 16 km west of the world-famous ISRO island Sriharikota, where the Indian rockets are launched. The Pulicat lake separates Sullurupeta and Sriharikota. It has an average elevation of 11 meters (36 feet).{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} <ref>{{citation |url=https://www.areaprofiler.gov.in/aboutUsIntgeratedPES.do?stateCode=28&lbCode=5741&languageId=1|title= Layout Page - Sullurpeta Mandal Panchayat }}</ref>

==Nearby educational institutions==


* Gokula Krishna College of Engineering, Sullurpeta<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/gokula-krishna-college-of-engineering-nellore|title=Gokula Krishna College of Engineering, Nellore: Admission 2026, Cutoff, Courses, Fees, Placements, Ranking|access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
* [[Priyadarshini College of Engineering]], Sullurpeta<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/priyadarshini-college-of-engineering-sullurpet|title=Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Sullurpet: Admission 2026, Cutoff, Courses, Fees, Placements, Ranking|access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

==Attractions==
* [[Chengalamma Parameshwari Temple]], the Hindu Goddess deity has 400 years of history here and is located 1.5 km south of the Sullurupeta bus stand and north of the Kalangi river<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spsnellore.ap.gov.in/religious-tourism |title=Religious Tourism, Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Government of Andhra Pradesh, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tms.ap.gov.in/cpaspt/cnt/about-temple |title=About Temple, Temple Info, CPASPT}}</ref>
*[[Pulicat Lake]] which lies to the east is a bird sanctuary attracting migratory birds, most notably flamingos, pelicans and storks.The area forming the sanctuary is under the administration of Andhra Pradesh Forest Department and Tamil Nadu Forest Department.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/a-treat-for-bird-watchers-at-pulicat/article26064491.ece|title=A treat for bird watchers at Pulicat|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]] is located at 21.6 km far and is about 25min journey. It is famous for greater flamingos, pelicans, sea gulls, egrets, herons, a wide variety of ducks and kites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wildtrails.in/nelapattu-bird-sanctuary/|title=Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary - WildTrails Recent Sightings|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Welcome-migratory-birds/article13387348.ece|title=Welcome, migratory birds|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref>
* [[Ubbalamadugu Falls]] is located at 33.8 km far and is about 1hour journey

== Cinema ==
V Epiq in Sullurupeta is Asia's second largest and world's fourth largest cinema screen. it is 106 feet wide and has 670 seating capacity. This complex will have two more screens with 170 seats each. One of them will have Dolby Atmos advanced 3D surround sound with woofers fixed to every seat for a more mind-blowing experience. Apart from this, there will be an all-terrain vehicle track for the entertainment of the visitors. cost is Rs 80 crores and in seven and a half acres.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/indias-largest-movie-screen-launched-at-sullurpet-in-andhra-pradesh/article29287897.ece|title=India's largest movie screen launched at Andhra Pradesh's Sullurpeta
}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Sullurupeta municipality had a population of 45,782. The total population constitute, 22,062 males and 23,720 females —a sex ratio of 1123 females per 1000 males. 2,612 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 1,330 are boys and 1,282 are girls —a ratio of 964 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 83.64% with 20,819 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%. People can speak and understand [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages fluently due to the town's close proximity to the border of the [[Tamilnadu]] state.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=16 September 2014|page=43}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sullurpeta mandal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Society}}

[[Category:Towns in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]

Bhavani

2026-03-23T17:10:46Z

Ridheehee: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{About|the Hindu goddess|}}
{{tone|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Bhavani & Shivaji.jpg
| caption = Goddess Bhavānī presenting the ''Chandrahasa'' sword to [[Shivaji]] of [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tuljapur: Abode of the Goddess|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/tuljapur-abode-goddess/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Outlook Traveller|language=en-US}}</ref>
| name = Bhavani
| Devanagari = भवानी
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Adi Parashakti]], [[Mahadevi|Mahādevī]], [[Durga]], [[Shakti]]
| god_of = Goddess of Power, Justice, Motherhood and Emotions
| abode = Devī Lōk
| mantra =
| weapon = Bow and arrow, sword, [[gada (mace)|gada]], [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Shankha|conch shell]], [[Trishula]], lotus
| consort = [[Shiva]]<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title= Significance of Bhavani|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/bhavani#:~:text=Glossary,spiritual%20and%20cultural%20practices.1 |website= Wisdom Library|location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref>
| mount = Tiger/Lion
}}
'''Bhavānī''' (also known as Bhāvya, Tulajā, Turajā, Tvarita, Aṃbā, [[Jagdamba|Jagadambā]] and Aṃbē) is an epithet associated with [[Durga]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Ravinder |title=Understanding the Concept of Shakti: Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine in Jammu |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1598-6_8 |work=Understanding Culture and Society in India: A Study of Sufis, Saints and Deities in Jammu Region |pages=149–175 |editor-last=Chauhan |editor-first=Abha |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-1598-6_8 |isbn=978-981-16-1598-6 |access-date=2023-01-20|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Bhavani translates to "giver of life", meaning the power of nature or the source of creative energy. She is considered to be a nurturing mother figure who provides for her devotees and also plays the role of dispensing justice by killing evil [[Asuras]].

==Etymology==
Bhavānī is an aspect of [[Durga]], and she is considered to be a mother who provides well for her devotees and plays the role of dispensing justice by killing [[Asuras]].<ref name="PhD2014">{{cite book|author=Patricia Monaghan, PhD|title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj5OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|date=1 April 2014|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-60868-218-8|pages=91–}}</ref><ref name="Pinney2004">{{cite book|author=Christopher Pinney|title='Photos of the Gods': The Printed Image and Political Struggle in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&dq=bhavani%20goddess&pg=PA55|year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-184-6|pages=55–}}</ref> She is often seen as an independent goddess, separate from Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines |last=Monaghan |first=Patricia |publisher=New World Library |year=2014 |isbn=9781608682188 |pages=91}}</ref> However, According to the Śiva Purāṇa, Bhavānī is the supreme goddess. Bhavānī (भवानी, "the giver of existence").—One of the names of the Goddess, Devī, who is regarded as the female principle of the divine; the embodiment of the energies of the Gods. Bhavānī (भवानी) is an epithet of the Goddess (Devī), who incarnated as Satī, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.14. Accordingly, as Brahmā narrated to Nārada:—"[...] On seeing the mother of the universe born of Vīriṇī, Dakṣa joined his palms in reverence, paid respects to her, and eulogised her. [...] O mother of the universe, those who eulogise Thee with the names of Bhavānī, Ambikā, Jaganmāyā and Durgā will have everything". The Goddess has a great variety of names referable to her various forms, attributes, and actions, but these names are not always used accurately and distinctively. As the mother of the world, she is Gauri, Maa Sherawali, Ambikā or Jagaṭ Jananī (the reading Jagaṭ Jananī/Jaga Jananī for Jaganmāyā is preferable). In her fiercer form, she is Durgā, the killer of Mahishasur.

==Temples of Bhavani==
{{main|Tulja Bhavani Temple}}

The [[Tulja Bhavani]] temple in [[Tuljapur]] in the [[Dharashiv district]] of [[Maharashtra]] is considered one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas]] (pilgrimage sites). This temple was built close to the 12th century CE. Another Tulja Bhavani temple was constructed between 1537 and 1540 CE in [[Chittor Fort|Chittorgarh]],<ref>[http://www.mewarindia.com/ency/tr.html Mewar encyclopedia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614182059/http://www.mewarindia.com/ency/tr.html |date=June 14, 2007 }}</ref> located at coordinates {{coord|18.011386|76.125641|type:landmark}}.

==History==
Worship of the primeval energy, [[Shakti]], in the form of the Mother Goddess, is seen in the four [[Shakta pithas]] of Maharashtra: Bhavānī, with her seat at [[Tuljapur]], [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] at [[Kolhapur]], Mahamaya [[Renuka]] at [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]], and [[Saptashrungi]] at [[Vani (Maharashtra)|Vani]]. Śrī Bhavānī Amman is also worshipped in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] (Periyapalayam). Other Shakti temples in the Maharashtra state are those at [[Ambejogai]], [[Aundh, Satara|Aundh]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Karnataka]].

The goddess Bhavānī is held in great reverence throughout Maharashtra. She is considered to be an embodiment of ''ugra'' or ferocity, as well as a Karunaswaroopini, an embodiment of mercy. A number of castes, sub-castes, and families from Maharashtra consider her their family deity or ''[[Kuladevata]]''. The Bhavani temple in Tuljapur is located on a hill known as Yamunachala, on the slopes of the Sahayadri range in Maharashtra near Solapur. The temple entrance is elevated and visitors ascend a flight of steps to reach the shrine.

Historic records speak of the existence of this temple from as early as the 12th century CE. Bhavānī is worshipped in the form of a granite image, {{convert|3|ft}} tall, with eight arms that hold weapons and one hand in abhayā mūdra (giving blessings to devotees), she kills the demon [[Mahishasura]] in 4 different forms which are [[Katyayani]] (10-armed), [[Chandi|Mahalakshmi]] (18-armed/1000 armed Devī Ćaṇḍika from Durgā Saptaśatī), [[Chandi|Ugrachanda]] (18-armed) and [[Bhadrakali]] (16-armed). Legend says that a demon by the name of Matang wreaked havoc upon the devas and humans, who approached Brahma for help.

Upon his advice, they turned to the Mother Goddess Shakti. She took the form of the destroyer and, empowered by the other Saptamātṛka (Brāhmaṇī, Vaiṣṇavī, Māheśvari, Indrāṇi, Kaumārī, Vārāhī, and Ćāmuṇḍā.), vanquished the demon and allowed the restoration of peace. Legend also describes how Bhavānī vanquished another demon who had taken the form of a wild buffalo, [[Mahishasura]] (hence her name [[Durga|Mahishasura Mardhini]] or "the slayer of Mahisha the demon"). Later, she is said to have taken abode on the Yamunachala hill, which is now home to the temple. Bhavānī is said to have come here{{where|date=January 2017}} to save Anubhuti from the demon known as Kukur. In a battle with the goddess, Kukur took the form of a buffalo; Bhavani cut off his head, and he then started changing into his original form. At that time, she stabbed her trident into his chest. Hence, she is in form of Mahishasura Mardini Durga. Four worship services are offered at the temple each day.

The festivals of special significance are Gudi Padwa in the month of Chaitra, Shriral Sashti, Lalita Panchami, Makara Sankranti, and Rathasaptami. The statue of the deity is taken out in procession on Tuesdays. Navaratri is also celebrated with great fanfare, and it culminates in Vijaya Dasami. Sri Bhavani Devi is said to be Adi Parashakti herself, and the name Bhavani has several meanings. According to Lalitha Sahasranamam, ''Bhavānī'' means the deity who always helps devotees gain [[Moksha|mukti]]. [[Adi Shankara]] said, "A Person who recites the name ''Bhavani'' with true devotion thrice every day will not acquire sorrow, sin, illness and unexpected death." People occasionally confuse Bhavani devi with Renuka Devi; however, their stories are different. There are many texts which name Bhavani as the wife of [[Sadasiva]].

Bhavai is also worshipped as clan deity by many Hindus, notably by many [[Rajput]], [[Maratha|Marathas]], the [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Brahmins]] of [[Maharashtra]] and the [[Agri (caste)|Agris]] of [[Konkan]].<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-57684-0|page=202|language=en}}</ref> According to local tradition, [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]], was presented with the ''Chandrahasa'' sword by Bhavani for the battle against evil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tuljapur: Abode of the Goddess|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/tuljapur-abode-goddess/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Outlook Traveller|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Image of Tulja Bhavani===
The image (''murti'') of Tulja Bhavani is made of black stone, about {{convert|3|ft}} in height and {{convert|2|ft}} in width. The face of the goddess is described as beautiful and smiling. The goddess is asta-bhuja (with 8 hands) Durga. Her long hair is coming out of the crown.
She has a quiver on her back. The sun and the moon are present. Her lion stands near her. The image is self-manifested and movable.

It is moved three times a year from its place to the bedroom of Mā Bhavānī. Below the lion, sage Markandeya is chanting the Durga-saptashati shlokas. The lady sage Anubhuti is on the left side of the goddess; she is in a hanging position and is meditating on the goddess. It is ''chala murti'', moved thrice a year during the long sleeping periods of maa Bhavani. The face of Sati had fallen in Tuljapur, and due to this the face is decorated with saris and ornaments.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==See also==
*[[List of Hindu deities]]
*[[Shakta pithas]]
*[[Bhavani Ashtaka]]
*[[Three and a half Shakta pithas]]
*[[Tulja Bhavani Temple]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{citation |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |ref={{sfnref|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015}}}}

==Further reading==
*''Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions'' ('''{{ISBN|81-208-0379-5}}''') by David Kinsley

==External links==
*[http://www.tuljabhavani.in Image of Tulja Bhavani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610022542/https://www.tuljabhavani.in/ |date=2019-06-10 }}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Mister India World

2026-03-22T04:51:55Z

Ridheehee: expand article for consistency and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Times Mister India]]

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{{R from longer name}}
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Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

2026-03-17T09:42:22Z

Ridheehee:

{{Short description|Experimental satellite communications project}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[File:SITE ISROwoman.jpg|300 px|thumb|An [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] technician next to a working model of the solid-state television set, designed with NASA assistance, for use in SITE. Image courtesy [[NASA]]]]
'''Satellite Instructional Television Experiment''' or '''SITE''' was an experimental satellite communications project launched in [[India]] in 1975, designed jointly by [[NASA]] and the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO). The project made available informational television programs to rural India. The main objectives of the experiment were to educate the financially backward and academically illiterate people of India on various issues via satellite broadcasting, and also to help India gain technical experience in the field of satellite communications.

The experiment ran for one year from 1 August 1975 to 31 July 1976, covering more than 2400 villages in 20 districts of six [[States and union territories of India|Indian states and territories]] (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan). The television programs were produced by [[All India Radio]] and broadcast by NASA's [[ATS-6]] (ATS-F) satellite stationed above India for the duration of the project. The project was supported by various international agencies such as the [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNICEF]] and [[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]]. The experiment was successful, as it played a major role in helping develop India's own satellite program, [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]].<ref>{{cite web
|publisher = Museum of Broadcast Communications
|first=Chris
|last=Paterson
|title = Satellite
|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/S/htmlS/satellite/satellite.htm
|access-date=2006-09-13
}}</ref> The project showed that India could use advanced technology to fulfill the socio-economic needs of the country. SITE was followed by similar experiments in various countries, which showed the important role satellite TV could play in providing education.

== Background ==
[[File:Ats-6.jpg|right|thumb|The ATS-6 satellite that was used for SITE]]
As part of its [[Applications Technology Satellites]] program in the 1960s, NASA sought to field test the direct broadcast of television programs to [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial]] receivers via satellite and shortlisted India, [[Brazil]] and the [[China|People's Republic of China]] as potential sites to stage the test. The country which would receive these broadcasts would have to be large enough and also close to the equator for testing a direct-broadcast satellite. While the communist regime of [[China]] was not recognized at the time by the U.S., Brazil was also ruled out as its population was concentrated in the cities, affecting the outreach of the broadcast across the country. As a consequence, India emerged as the only suitable candidate; however, its strained relationship with the U.S. prevented the U.S. government from directly asking for its assistance, preferring India to make the first request for assistance for its own [[Department of Space|nascent space program]].<ref name=nasa>Butrica (1997), Chapter 16.</ref>

At the same time, India was trying to launch its national space program under the leadership of [[Vikram Sarabhai]]. India was interested in the role of satellites for the purpose of communication and asked UNESCO to undertake a feasibility study for a project in that field. Between 18 November 1967 and 8 December 1967, [[UNESCO]] sent an expert mission to India to prepare a report on a pilot project in the use of satellite communication. The expert panel concluded that the such a project would be feasible. Following the report, a study team of three engineers from India visited USA and [[France]] in June 1967, and came to the conclusion that India could meet the technical requirements for the project.<ref name=hist>Chander (1976), p. 9.</ref> Following this, the Indian government set up the National Satellite Communications Group [[Communications satellite|SATCOM]] in 1968 to look into the possible uses of a synchronous communications satellite for India. This group consisted of representatives from various cabinet ministries, [[ISRO]] and [[All India Radio]] (AIR) And [[Doordarshan]]. The group recommended that India should use the [[ATS-6]] satellite– a second generation satellite developed by NASA– for an experiment in educational television.<ref name=hist />

[[Arnold Frutkin]], then NASA's director of international programs, arranged to have the Vikram Sarabhai approach NASA for help. Sarabhai saw this as a great opportunity for India to expand its space program and to train Indian scientists and engineers. Consequently, the [[Department of Atomic Energy|Indian Department of Atomic Energy]] and NASA signed an agreement regarding SITE in 1969.<ref name="MoU">{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/US69B1540.pdf|title=Memorandum of understanding between the government of India and the government of the United States of America regarding India – U. S. A. ITV satellite experiment project|date=1969-09-18|publisher=[[Government of India]], [[NASA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526230113/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/US69B1540.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2019|access-date=2006-12-03}}</ref> The experiment was launched on 1 August 1975.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+SITE milestones<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/final%20Book%20For%20Vyom%20Light.pdf|title=Satellite Instructional Television Experiment Memoirs|date=12 August 2015|website=SAC.gov.in|page=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413104845/https://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/final%20Book%20For%20Vyom%20Light.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2019|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref>
| India-USA Memorandum of Understanding Signed, ESD Created
| 18 September 1969
|-
| First India-USA Site Meeting
| 1 April 1970
|-
| AVID (NOW SSG) Created
| 1 June 1971
|-
| AIR Base Production Centres Operational
| August 1974
|-
| Bombay SITE Studio Commissioned
| 15 August 1974
|-
| DRS Deployment Phase I Begins
| 15 November 1974
|-
| ESCES Operational
| January 1975
|-
| Village Selection Over
| 1 February 1975
|-
| DRS Deployment Phase II Begins
| March 1975
|-
| ESCES and DRS Checkout With S/C Simulator
| March 1975
|-
| Tenth ISRO-NASA Meeting
| April 1975
|-
| Delivery Of All DRS Units Completed By ECIL
| April 1975
|-
| First Programme Produced In Ahmedabad Studio
| 8 May 1975
|-
| ATS-6 Begins Moving From 94°W
| 21 May 1975
|-
| ESCES Checkout With Intelsat
| June 1975
|-
| ATS-6 Visible To ESCES
| 13 June 1975
|-
| DRS In Villages Receive Signals
| 14 June 1975
|-
| Amritsar Earth Station Receives Signals
| 17 June 1975
|-
| ATS-6 Arrives At 35° E
| 27 June 1975
|-
| Delhi Earth Station Operational
| 3 July 1975
|-
| DRS Checkout
| 3 to 5 July 1975
|-
| Nadiad TV Transmitter Operational
| 7 July 1975
|-
| Baseline For SITE Impact Survey (Adults) Completed
| 7 July 1975
|-
| Site System Demonstration To Chairman, ISRO
| 9 and 10 July 1975
|-
| Start of Site
| 1 August 1975
|}

==Objectives==

As per the Memorandum of Understanding signed between the two countries, the objectives of the project were divided into two parts—general objectives and specific objectives. The general objectives of the project were to:

* gain experience in the development, testing and management of a satellite-based instructional television system particularly in rural areas and to determine optimal system parameters;
* demonstrate the potential value of satellite technology in the rapid development of effective mass communications in developing countries;
* demonstrate the potential value of satellite broadcast TV in the practical instruction of village inhabitants; and
* stimulate national development in India, with important managerial, economic, technological and social implications.

The primary social objectives from an Indian perspective were to educate the populace about issues related to family planning, agricultural practices and national integration. The secondary objectives were to impart general school and adult education, train teachers, improve other occupational skills and to improve general health and hygiene through the medium of satellite broadcasts. Besides these social objectives, India also wanted to gain experience in all the technical aspects of the system, including broadcast and reception facilities and TV program material.

The primary US objective was to test the design and functioning of an efficient, medium-power, wide bandspace-borne FM transmitter, operating in the 800–900 [[Hertz|MHz]] band and gain experience on the utilisation of this space application.<ref name=MoU />

== International collaboration ==
A joint ISRO-NASA working group was established even before the Memorandum of Understanding was signed. This working group studied the possibility of using a communications satellite for TV broadcast in India. After the MoU was signed, many review meetings were held between NASA and ISRO scientists. Indian scientists visited NASA to study front-end converters and earth station operations. On India's request, the [[Intelsat]]-III and Arvi Earth Station organisation agreed to provide free satellite time for pre-SITE testing.

The [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) provided assistance of $500,000 for setting up the Experimental Satellite Communications Earth Station (ESCES) at [[Ahmedabad]] and nominated the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) as the executing agency for this project. The UNDP provided another $1.5 million, for setting up a TV studio at Ahmedabad and a TV transmitter at Pij in [[Kheda district]]. It also gave assistance for setting up a TV Training Institute to train many of the programme production staff who would join [[All India Radio]] to work on SITE. [[UNESCO]] was the executing agency for this project. [[UNICEF]] contributed to SITE by sponsoring 21 film modules produced by [[Shyam Benegal]], a noted Indian filmmaker. This resulted in a lot of interaction between filmmakers and folk-artists. Shyam Benegal went on to include many of these artists in his children's feature film ''[[Charandas Chor]] (1975)''.<ref>Chander (1976), p. 49.</ref>

== Technical details ==
[[File:SITE-map-locations.svg|thumb|ATS-F coverage of India at 860 MHz]]
The production of the television programmes was decentralised, with three Base Production Centres located at [[Delhi]], [[Cuttack]] and [[Hyderabad]], and an ISRO studio located in [[Mumbai]]. Each of the centres had a production studio, three [[International Video Corporation|IVC]] tape recorders, two 16 mm. projectors, a slide Projector in [[Telecine]] and audio equipment like tape desks and turntables. Each centre also had 2–3 full-fledged synchronised sound camera units, an editing table (Delhi had two) and a film processing plant. There was also a sound dubbing studio equipped with a pilot tone recording plant and an audio mixing console.<ref>Chander (1976), p. 28.</ref>

The television programmes prepared by the Indian government at the four studios were transmitted at 6 [[Hertz|GHz]] to ATS-6 from one of two ground stations located in Delhi and Ahmedabad. These signals were then re-transmitted at 860 MHz by the satellite, which were directly received in 2000 villages by [[community television]] receivers with 3 [[Metre|m]] [[parabolic antenna]]s. Regular television stations also received the signals and broadcast them to another 3000 villages in the standard [[Very high frequency|VHF]] television band. Each television signal had two audio channels to carry audio in two major languages of each cluster.<ref>{{cite book|last= Martin|first= Donald|publisher= Aerospace Press|title= Communication Satellites|url= http://www.aero.org/publications/martin/martin-9a.html|edition= 4th|chapter= Experimental Satellites|isbn= 1-884989-19-5}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> This setup was called the Direct Reception System (DRS). Apart from the direct broadcasts, the earth station at Ahmedabad was micro-wave linked to the TV transmitter built in the village of Pij. The Delhi studio was linked to the terrestrial TV transmitters of AIR. A receive-only station was built in Amritsar and linked to the local TV transmitter.<ref>Pal (1975), p. 439</ref>

The DRS undertook terrestrial broadcasting for large cities and direct broadcasting to SITE television sets for remote villages. However, it did not provide for small towns where the TV set density was higher than in the villages while not as much as in a city. The concept of a [[Low-power broadcasting|low-power]] limited [[Broadcast relay station|rebroadcast]] (LRB) TV transmitter system was evolved to overcome such situations. The LRB consisted of a simple receiver system having a 4.5 m chicken-mesh parabolic antenna with a [[Low-noise block downconverter|low-noise block converter]], that served as the front-end for a low-power TV transmitter at the same location. Two suitable locations, [[Sambalpur]] in [[Odisha|Orissa]] (75 villages) and [[Muzaffarpur]] in [[Bihar]] (110 villages), were tentatively identified for implementing LRB transmitter systems. This experiment was expected to provide useful data on the trade-off between DRS and LRB. However, due to financial constraints, these two LRBs had to be shelved, and instead an LRB was set up at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SHAR, Sriharikota]].<ref>Chander (1976), p. 14.</ref>

== Village selection ==
[[File:Centres of Activities for Satellite Instructional Television Experiment in India.png|thumb|310x310px|Centres of Activities for Satellite Instructional Television Experiment]]
As the broadcasting time was limited, it was decided that the direct reception receivers would only be installed in 2400 villages in six regions spread across the country. Technical and social criteria were used to select suitable areas to conduct this experiment.<ref name="c15">Chander (1976), p. 15.</ref> A computer program was specially designed at ISRO to help make this selection. As one of the aims of the experiment was to study the potential of TV as a medium of development, the villages were chosen specifically for their backwardness. According to the 1971 [[Demographics of India#Census of India: sample registration system|census of India]], the states having the most number of backward districts in the country were [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Bihar]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Karnataka]]. Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal were eventually left out, as they were slated to get terrestrial television by the time SITE would end. SITE was launched in twenty districts spread across the other six states. Each of the states thus selected was called a "cluster". In each cluster, 3–4 districts, each containing around 1000 villages, were identified. Finally, around 400 villages were chosen in each cluster.<ref name="c15"/> Close to 80% villages selected for SITE did not have electricity in the buildings where the SITE TV sets would be installed. A special project called Operation Electricity was launched to urgently electrify the villages before the start of SITE. 150 villages would have television sets running on solar cells and batteries.<ref>Pal (1975), p. 442-443</ref> These sets were specially designed by Indian engineers with help from NASA.<ref name=nasa />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Clusters selected for Site<ref>Chander (1976), p. 17.</ref>
! Cluster
! District
! Maintenance centers
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
|
| [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| [[Nandyal]]
|-
|
| [[Medak district|Medak]]
| [[Sangareddy]]
|-
|
| [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]]
| [[Nagarkurnool]]
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]], [[Bagalkote|Bagalkot]]
|-
|
| [[Raichur district|Raichur]]
| [[Raichur]]
|-
|
| [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| [[Bijapur]]
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
|-
|
| [[East Champaran district|Champaran]]
| [[Motihari]]
|-
|
| [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| [[Saharsa]]
|-
|
| [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| [[Darbhanga]], [[Samastipur]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Raipur district|Raipur]]*
| [[Raipur]], [[Mahasamund]]
|-
|
| [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]*
| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
|-
|
| [[Durg district|Durg]]*
| [[Rajnandgaon]]
|-
| [[Odisha|Orissa]]
| [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
| [[Sambalpur]]
|-
|
| [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Dhenkanal]], [[Angul]]
|-
|
| [[Boudh district|Baudh Khandmals]]
| [[Boudh]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| [[Jaipur]], [[Chomu]]
|-
|
| [[Kota district|Kota]]
| [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|-
|
| [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
| [[Gangapur, Sawai Madhopur|Gangapur]]
|}

* These districts are now located in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]].

== Programming ==
All India Radio had the main responsibility for programme generation and the programmes were made in consultation with the government. Special committees on education, agriculture, health and family planning identified their own programme priorities and conveyed it to AIR.

Two types of programmes were prepared for broadcasting: [[educational television]] (ETV) and [[instructional television]] (ITV). ETV programmes were meant for school children and focussed on interesting and creative educational programmes. These programmes were broadcast for 1.5 hours during school hours. During holidays, this time was used to broadcast ''Teacher Training Programmes'' designed to train almost 100,000 primary school teachers during the duration of the SITE. The ITV programmes were meant for adult audiences, mainly to those who were illiterate. They were broadcast for 2.5 hours during the evenings. The programmes covered health, hygiene, family planning, nutrition, improved practices in agriculture and events of national importance. Thus, the programmes were beamed for four hours daily in two transmissions. The targeted audience was categorised into four linguistic groups—[[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]]—and programmes were produced according to the language spoken in the cluster.<ref>Planning Commission (1981), p. 1.</ref>

Due to linguistic and cultural differences, it was agreed that all core programmes would be cluster-specific, and would be in the primary language of the region. A brief commentary giving the gist of the programme would be available on the second audio channel, to keep up the interest of the audience in other language regions. All clusters would also receive 30 minutes of common programmes, including news, which would be broadcast only in [[Hindi]].<ref>Chander (1976), p. 27.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ An example of a schedule for evening transmission: schedule for 1 November – 31 March<ref>Chander (1976), p. 56.</ref>
!
! 6:00
! 7:00
!
! 7:30
!
! 7:50-8:30
|-
! Mins.
! Bihar/Madhya Pradesh/Rajasthan
! Common Programme
! Mins.
! Orissa
! Mins.
! Andhra Pradesh/Karnataka
|-
| 10
| Agriculture (MP)
| News (all clusters)
| 10
| Agriculture
| 10
| Agriculture (AP)
|-
| 20
| Cultural
|
| 10
| Cultural
| 10
| Cultural (Urdu)
|-
| 10
| Health
|
|
|
| 10
| Cultural (Karnataka)
|-
| 15
| General Education/Information (Film)
|
|
|
| 10
| General Education Community Matters (Karnataka)
|-
| 5
| Short Film
|
|
|
|
|}

== Evaluation ==
The social research and evaluation of SITE was done by ISRO's special SITE Research and Evaluation Cell (REC). The REC consisted of around 100 persons who were located in each of the SITE clusters, at the SITE studio in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and at the headquarters of the REC in Ahmedabad. The research design was finalized by the SITE Social Science Research Co-ordination Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. M. S. Gore, Director of the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] in Bombay. Impact on primary school children was studied under a joint project involving ISRO and the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT). The overall evaluation design was divided into three stages. The first stage, the formative or input research, was a detailed study of the potential audience. The second stage, process evaluation, was the evaluation carried out during the life-time of SITE. This evaluation provided information about the reaction of the villagers to different programmes. The third stage, the summative evaluation, involved a number of different studies to measure the impact of SITE. These included the Impact Survey (Adults) to measure the impact on adults, SITE Impact Survey Children (SIS-C) to measure the impact on school children, and the qualitative anthropology study to measure, at a macro-level, the change brought by TV in rural society.<ref>Chander (1976), pp. 44–46.</ref>

Besides the social evaluation, a technical evaluation was also carried out to help India develop future systems. All major sub-systems of the earth station were tested and evaluated before SITE was launched. This was done firstly using a spacecraft simulator from NASA, then using the [[Indian Ocean]] [[Intelsat]] satellite and finally using the [[ATS-6]] satellite. All the components of the Direct Reception System were also thoroughly tested. The TV set was tested by the [[British Aircraft Corporation]]. The 3-meter antenna was tested thoroughly before deciding on the final design. Data on failure rates was collected and analysis of the first 1800 failures was carried out to help design future DRS systems.<ref>Chander (1976), pp. 47–48.</ref>

== Impact ==
As decided in the original agreement, the SITE program ended in July, 1976 and NASA shifted its ATS satellite away from India, despite demands from Indian villagers, journalists and others such as noted writer [[Arthur C. Clarke]] (who was presented with a SITE television set in [[Sri Lanka]]) for NASA to continue the experiment.<ref name=nasa />

The SITE transmissions had a very significant impact in the Indian villages. For the entire year, thousands of villagers gathered around the TV set and watched the shows. Studies were conducted on the social impact of the experiment and on viewership trends. It was found that general interest and viewership were highest in the first few months of the program (200 to 600 people per TV set) and then declined gradually (60 to 80 people per TV set). This decline was due to several factors, including faults developing in the television equipment, failure in electricity supply, and hardware defects, as also the villagers' pre-occupation with domestic or agricultural work. Impact on the rural population was highest in the fields of agriculture and family planning. Nearly 52% of viewers reported themselves amenable to applying the new knowledge gained by them.<ref>Planning Commission (1981), pp. 3–4.</ref>

Similar experiments were conducted in the [[Appalachia|Appalachian region]], [[Rocky Mountains]], [[Alaska]], [[Canada]], China and [[Latin America]] in the mid-seventies and early eighties. These experiments demonstrated that satellite TV could play a very important role in providing education.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher = Australia South Asia Research Centre, ANU
|title = Space Technology for Universal Education
|author-link=U. R. Rao
|first=U. R.
|last=Rao
|work=The First Ten K R Narayanan Orations: Essays by Eminent Persons on the Rapidly Transforming Indian Economy
|url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/narayanan/mobile_devices/ch02s04.html
|access-date=2007-11-14
}}</ref>

Before SITE, the focus was on the use of terrestrial transmission for television signals. But SITE showed that India could make use of advanced technology to fulfill the socio-economic needs of the country. This led to an increased focus on satellite broadcasting in India. ISRO began preparations for a country-wide satellite system. After conducting several technical experiments, the [[Indian National Satellite System]] was launched by ISRO in 1982.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher = Orbicom
|title = 25 years of satellite broadcasting in India
|first = Subhash
|last = Joshi
|date = August 2000
|url = http://www.orbicom.ca/in_focus/columns/en/archives/2000_oct.html
|access-date = 2007-11-14
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080802135850/http://www.orbicom.ca/in_focus/columns/en/archives/2000_oct.html
|archive-date = 2008-08-02
}}</ref> The Indian space program remained committed to the goal of using satellites for educational purposes. In September 2004, India launched [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]], which was the first satellite in the world built exclusively to serve the educational sector. EDUSAT is used to meet the demand for an interactive satellite-based distance education system for India.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200409202001.htm?headline=EDUSAT~launched~successfully| title = EDUSAT launched successfully | work = The Hindu|date = 2004-09-20| access-date = 2007-11-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071206010829/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200409202001.htm?headline=EDUSAT~launched~successfully  |archive-date = 2007-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.focusmag.co.uk/newsread.asp?ID=4481| title = Education satellite launched| work = Focus magazine | publisher = BBC|date = 2004-09-21| access-date = 2007-11-27}}</ref>

== References ==
* {{cite book |title=Evaluation Report On Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/peoreport/cmpdmpeo/volume2/erosi.pdf |publisher=Planning Commission, India |access-date=2006-12-04 |year=1981 |archive-date=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410210615/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/peoreport/cmpdmpeo/volume2/erosi.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | title=Planning for Satellite Broadcasting: The Indian Instructional TV experiment|last=Chander|first=Romesh|author2=Karnik, Kiran |publisher=UNESCO Press|isbn=92-3-101392-0|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0002/000200/020099eo.pdf|year=1976}}
*{{cite book | editor = Butrica, Andrew J.| first=Raman | last=Srinivasan | publisher=The NASA History Series |title= Beyond The Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication|url= https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/sp4217.htm|chapter= 16: No Free Launch: Designing the Indian National Satellite| chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch16.htm | year=1997| bibcode=1997bify.book.....B }}
* {{cite journal | last = Pal | first = Y. |author2=H. Bloom |author3=S. Harris | date = October 7, 1975 | title = Some Experiences in Preparing for a Satellite Television Experiment for Rural India (and Discussion) | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences | volume = 345 | issue = 1643 | pages = 437–447 | publisher = The Royal Society | jstor = 19751007 | oclc = 43473942| doi = 10.1098/rspa.1975.0150 |bibcode = 1975RSPSA.345..437P | s2cid = 112052807 }}
* [http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/M/MAP%20&%20SATELLITE Intelsat III AND Arvi Earth Station]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Indian space programme}}

[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1975]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:All India Radio]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:ISRO]]
[[Category:Educational and instructional television channels]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:NASA programs]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]

Meena Prabhu

2026-03-15T04:01:56Z

Ridheehee: New Stub

{{Short description|Indian writer (1939–2025)}}

'''Meena Sudhakar Prabhu''' (27 August 1939, in [[Pune]] – 1 March 2025, in Pune) was an Indian writer and former [[anaesthesiologist]], best remembered for her [[Travel literature|travelogues]] in [[Marathi (language)|Marathi]] of the [[United Kingdom]], [[Iran]], [[Egypt]], [[China]], [[Turkey]], and [[Mexico]]. A graduate of [[B. J. Medical College]] in [[Mumbai]], she was the recipient of a [[D. B. Mokashi|D. B. Mokashi Award]] in 2010, a [[Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar|G. N. Dandekar Memorial Mrunmayi Award]] in 2011, an [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar|N. C. Kelkar Award]] in 2012, and a [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] in 2023. She pursued a career in medicine and completed her MBBS from B. J. Medical College in Pune, followed by further postgraduate medical training in Mumbai and later in London. After marriage, she settled in the United Kingdom, where she worked for nearly two decades as an anaesthesiologist and general medical practitioner. Despite her demanding medical profession, her passion for writing and travel continued to grow, and she began documenting her international journeys in Marathi, a language in which travel literature was still developing as a mainstream genre. Her first major travelogue, "Maza London," gained wide popularity and established her as a fresh and engaging literary voice. Over the years, she travelled extensively across Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the Americas, transforming her experiences into well-researched, lively, and accessible books that combined history, geography, culture, and personal observation. Some of her best-known works include Egyptayan, Turkanama, Greekanjali, Chini Maati, Meksikoparva, Gatha Irani, Romrajya (Parts 1 and 2), Vaat Tibetchi, and New York-New York. Her writing style was appreciated for its clarity, emotional warmth, descriptive strength, and ability to make distant cultures relatable to Marathi readers. Beyond writing, she actively participated in literary organizations and cultural forums, served in leadership roles such as presiding over women’s literary conferences, and worked to promote reading and knowledge. In 2017, she founded the Prabhu Gyanmandir initiative in Pune, which aimed to create a modern, technology-enabled reading space for the public. Her contribution to literature earned her several prestigious awards, including the D. B. Mokashi Award, G. N. Dandekar Memorial Mrunmayi Award, N. C. Kelkar Award, multiple Maharashtra State Literature Awards, and a lifetime achievement honor from Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad in 2023. Meena Prabhu continued writing and engaging with readers well into her later years. She died on 1 March 2025 in Pune at the age of 85, leaving behind a rich literary legacy. She is remembered as a pioneer who helped popularize travel writing in Marathi and as a rare personality who successfully bridged two demanding professions—medicine and literature—while inspiring generations of readers to explore the world through both travel and books. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Urunkar |first1=Salil |title=Pune: Dr. Meena Prabhu, Marathi Travelogue Icon, Breathes Her Last at 85 |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/pune-dr-meena-prabhu-marathi-travelogue-icon-breathes-her-last-at-85 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The Bridge Chronicle |date=2 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhide |first1=Jaideep |title=प्रसिद्ध लेखिका, प्रवास वर्णनकार डॉ. मीना प्रभू यांचे निधन; आयुष्याचा प्रवास विसावला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/pune/veteran-writer-dr-meena-prabhu-passed-away-her-books-are-famous-as-travelogues-1346900 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=ABP Live |date=1 March 2025 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kale |first1=Shrikishan |title=ज्येष्ठ लेखिका डॉ. मीना प्रभू यांचे निधन; प्रवास वर्णनकार म्हणून त्यांची पुस्तके प्रसिध्द |url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/veteran-writer-dr-meena-prabhu-passes-away-her-books-are-famous-as-travelogues-a-a532-c1008/#google_vignette |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=Lokmat |date=1 March 2025 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned Travel Writer Dr Meena Prabhu Passes Away at 85, Leaving a Literary Legacy |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/renowned-travel-writer-dr-meena-prabhu-passes-away-at-85-leaving-a-literary-legacy/cid1740886066.htm |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=Pune Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran writer Dr. Meena Prabhu passes away |url=https://www.tarunbharat.com/veteran-writer-dr-meena-prabhu-passes-away/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=Tarun Bharat |date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, Meena}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian anaesthesiologists]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women travel writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Women anesthesiologists]]
[[Category:B. J. Medical College alumni]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Maya Kharangate

2026-03-14T06:41:58Z

Ridheehee: New A Article.

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Maya Anil Kharangate
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|6|20}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Writer, poet, teacher
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = B.A., BEd
| genre = Novel, poetry
| notable_works = ''Amrutvel'', ''Karyapanji'', ''Oli Fantod''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2022)
}}

'''Maya Anil Kharangate''' (born 20 June 1956) is an Indian writer and poet from [[Goa]]. She is primarily known for her works in [[Konkani literature]], for which she was honored with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2022.<ref name="TOIKharangate">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-23 |title='Amrutvel' wins Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 in Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/amrutvel-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-2022/articleshow/96435187.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Kharangate has contributed significantly to Konkani literature through novels and poetry. Her 2016 novel, ''Amrutvel'', garnered national recognition for its portrayal of the social struggles faced by women. The story centers on the character Sitabai, a widow living in a Hindu joint family in pre-liberation Goa, and her challenges in raising her children after her husband's death.<ref name="TOIKharangate" /> Beyond individual struggle, the novel also documents the participation of women in the [[Goa liberation movement]].<ref name="HeraldKharangate">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-23 |title=Maya Kharangate bags Sahitya Akademi Award for Konkani novel |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/maya-kharangate-bags-sahitya-akademi-award-for-konkani-novel/349309/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=O Heraldo}}</ref>

In addition to her award-winning novel, her other notable works include the poetry collection ''Karyapanji'' (1990) and the book ''Oli Fantod'', which was also shortlisted for the Sahitya Akademi Award.<ref name="TOIKharangate" />

==Awards and recognition==
Kharangate's literary contributions have been recognized with several honors:
* Sahitya Akademi Award (2022): For her novel ''Amrutvel''. The award consisted of an engraved copper plaque, a shawl, and a cash prize of {{INR}} 100,000.<ref name="TOIKharangate" /><ref name="DainikGomantakKharangate">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-22 |title=कोकणी साहित्यिक माया खरंगटे यांच्या 'अमृतवेळ' कादंबरीला साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://dainikgomantak.esakal.com/goa/sahitya-akademi-award-to-maya-kharangate-rrs99 |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=Dainik Gomantak |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar (2013): For her novel ''Ranachya Manant''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar – Sahitya Akademi |url=https://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=5871 |access-date=2025-12-30 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharangate, Maya}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Women writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam

2026-03-13T08:36:11Z

Ridheehee: added info

{{Short description|Major Hindu tradition that reveres Vishnu as the Supreme Being}}{{Excessive detail|date=November 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}{{Hinduism}}
'''Vaishnavism ('''{{Langx|ta|வைணவம், வைணவ சமயம்}}''') in [[Tamil Nadu]]''' is documented in ancient [[Sangam literature|Tamil Sangam literature]] dating back to the 5th century BCE. [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]], traditionally considered a form of [[Vishnu]], is the most frequently mentioned deity in [[Sangam literature|Sangam Literature]].<ref name="Padmaja 2002 27">{{Cite book |last=Padmaja |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=mayon+sangam&pg=PA27 |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |date=2002 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-398-4 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> Some of the earliest known mentions of Perumal and the Tamil devotional poems ascribed to him are found in the ''[[Paripāṭal]]'' – a [[Sangam literature|Sangam era]] poetic anthology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03591-5|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=V.N. Muthukumar|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC |year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-81-8475-694-4|pages=1–7}}</ref>

The [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], is considered to be one of the wealthiest temples in the world. It is dedicated to a form of [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] known as Padmanabhaswamy Perumal.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=The riches and mysteries of Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-riches-and-mysteries-of-sree-padmanabhaswamy-temple/articleshow/94357235.cms |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Several existing Hindu texts including the [[Vishnu Purana]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramesh |first=M.S |date=2000 |title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64_XAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Tirumalai Tirupati Devasthanam|page=137 }}</ref> [[Brahma Purana]],<ref name="Ramesh 2000 130">{{cite book |last=Ramesh |first=M. S |date=2000 |title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64_XAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Tirumalai Tirupati Devasthanam|page=130 }}</ref> [[Matsya Purana]],<ref name="Ramesh 2000 134">{{cite book |last=Ramesh |first=M. S |date=2000 |title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64_XAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Tirumalai Tirupati Devasthanam|page=134 }}</ref> [[Varaha Purana]],<ref name="Ramesh 2000 134" /> [[Skanda Purana]],<ref name="Ramesh 2000 130" /> [[Padma Purana]],<ref name="Ramesh 2000 130" /> [[Vayu Purana]] and [[Bhagavata Purana]] have mentioned the Padmanabhaswamy Temple.<ref name="Ramesh 2000 130" /> In addition, the temple has several references in [[Sangam period]] [[literature]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-build-world-class-museum-near-padmanabha-temple/20110718.htm|title=Build a world-class museum near Padmanabha Swamy temple|date=18 July 2011|website=Rediff}}</ref> Several historians and scholars believe that the name "Golden Temple" attributed to the temple might reflect its immense wealth during the early Sangam period, or the golden ''thazhikakudams'' (domes on top of the gopuram).<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/eclectic-architecture-exquisite-features/article2236138.ece|title=Eclectic architecture, exquisite features|author=T. S. Subramanian|website=The Hindu|date=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-prof-mg-sashibhushan-on-padmanabhaswamy-temple%20treasure/20110712.htm|title=Treasure belongs to the temple and nobody else|date=11 July 2011|website=Rediff}}</ref> Many pieces of Sangam literature refer to the temple-city of Thiruvananthapuram as having walls of pure gold. <ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/vasudha-narayanan/endless-riches-in-the-end_b_894550.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in|title=The Real Riches of India's Vishnu Temple|website=HuffPost|date=11 July 2011}}</ref> Both the temple and the entire city are often eulogised as being made of gold, and the temple as heaven.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/><ref name="a.srivathsan">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-the-vault-was-opened-in-1931/article2201786.ece|title=When the vault was opened in 1931|author=A. Srivathsan|website=The Hindu|date=7 July 2011}}</ref> The temple is one of the 108 principal [[Divya Desams]] ("Holy Abodes") in [[Vaishnavism]] according to existing [[Tamil language|Tamil]] hymns from the fifth and eighth centuries C.E and is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha]]''.

The [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]] is also dedicated to a form of [[Mahavishnu|Maha Vishnu]]. It is considered to be the largest religious complex in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil |first2=G. R. |last2=Thursby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&pg=PA456 |title=The Hindu World |year=2005 |publisher=Routelge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-67414-6 }}</ref>{{rp|456}} This temple is considered to be foremost in the 108 principal [[Divya Desam|Divya Desams]] of [[Vaishnavism]] according to existing Tamil hymns from the fifth and eighth centuries C.E and is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha]]'' and sung by all the 12 [[Alvars]]. The temple is mentioned in Tamil literature of the [[Sangam era]] (6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/shangam-literature Sangam literature], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>), including in the epic ''[[Silappatikaram|Silapadikaram]]'' (Book 11, lines 35–40):{{sfn|Silappadikaram}}
{{Quote box|quote=

ஆயிரம் விரித்தெழு தலையுடை அருந்திறற்
பாயற் பள்ளிப் பலர்தொழு தேத்த
விரிதிரைக் காவிரி வியன்பெருந் துருத்தித்
திருவமர் மார்பன் கிடந்த வண்ணமும்

''āyiram viritteḻu talaiyuṭai aruntiṟaṟ''
''pāyaṟ paḷḷip palartoḻu tētta''
''viritiraik kāviri viyaṉperu turuttit''
''tiruvamar mārpaṉ kiṭanta vaṇṇamum''

On a magnificent cot having a thousand heads spread out,
worshipped and praised by many,
in an islet surrounded by Kaveri with billowing waves,
is the lying posture of the one who has Lakshmi sitting on his chest
|align=left|source=''Silapadikaram'' (book 11, lines 35–40)|width=25%
}}

The temple was initially constructed by the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] ruler, Dharmavarma'''.''' The [[Kaveri]] river flood destroyed the temple's ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimanam]]'', and later, the [[early Cholas|early Chola]] ruler [[Killivalavan]] rebuilt the temple complex in the form that is present today. Beyond ancient textual history, archaeological evidence such as stone inscriptions from the late 1st millennium CE{{sfn|Sircar|1979|p=64}} also refer to this temple. The inscriptions in the temple belong to the [[Chola]], [[Pandya]], [[Hoysala]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] dynasties who ruled over the region. These inscriptions range between the 9th and 16th centuries.{{sfn|Ayyar| 1991|p= 462}}

During the period of invasion and plunder by the [[Alauddin Khilji]]'s general [[Malik Kafur]] and his [[Delhi Sultanate]] forces in 1311, the Arabic texts of the period state that he raided a "golden temple" on river "Kanobari" (Kaveri), destroyed the temple and took the plunder including the golden icon of the deity to [[Delhi]]. According to Steven P. Hopkins and this temple is believed to be the Ranganathaswamy Temple.{{sfn|Hopkins| 2002| pp= 68-69}}

{{Vaishnavism}}[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple]] in [[Tirupati]], Andhra Pradesh is the most visited temple dedicated to [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-13 |title=Tirumala Hundi records highest ever income of ₹1,450 crores in 2022 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirumala-hundi-records-highest-ever-income-of-1450-crores-in-2022/article66372982.ece |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Other significant institutions include Kanchipuram's [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja]] Perumal temple, and [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Sri Vidhya Rajagopalaswamy Perumal Temple.]] The temple is called Dakshina Dvaraka (Southern [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]]) along with [[Guruvayoor]] by Hindus.<ref name="South">[[#South|South Indian Railway Co., Ltd 2004]], p. 176</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-05 |title=All roads lead to Kanchi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/all-roads-lead-to-kanchi/article66933020.ece |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The deity Perumal is identified with Mayon, literally meaning, "the dark-complexioned one", who is first referenced in the texts [[Purananuru]] and [[Pattupattu]]. Regarded to be the Tamil equivalent of [[Krishna]], poetry from this period compares his dark skin to the ocean.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Srilata |chapter=Reflections on the King of Ascetics (''Yatirāja''): Rāmānuja in the Devotional Poetry of Vedānta Deśika |jstor=10.1163/j.ctv2gjwvrz.16 |jstor-access=free |editor=Dominic Goodall |editor2=Shaman Hatley |editor3=Harunaga Isaacson |editor4=Srilata Raman |title=Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson |year=2020 |page=201|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004432666 }}</ref> Originally a [[Dravidian folk religion|folk deity]], he was [[Syncretism|syncretised]] with Krishna and Vishnu, gaining popularity in the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+perumal&pg=PT797 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=797 |language=en}}</ref> His consort (title for the wife or husband of a monarch) is [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of fortune, beauty, and prosperity, appearing in even the earliest strata of Tamil poetry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb2fAAAAMAAJ&q=Tirum%C4%81l |title=Temple Art, Icons and Culture of India and South-East Asia |date=2006 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-88934-31-7 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Perumal (deity)|Mayon]] is indicated to be the deity associated with the ''mullai tiṇai'' (pastoral landscape) in the [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]].<ref name="Hardy 156">{{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=Friedhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+mullai&pg=PA156 |title=Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3816-1 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Clothey 34">{{Cite book |last=Clothey |first=Fred W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC2aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA34 |title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan |date=2019-05-20 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-080410-2 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> He is regarded to be the only deity who enjoyed the status of ''Paramporul'' (achieving oneness with [[Paramatman|Paramatma]]) during the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]]. He is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in [[Sangam literature]].<ref name="Padmaja 2002 27"/>

==Mentions of Vaishnavism in Sangam Literature==
{{See also|Ramayana in Tamil literature}}

===Mahalakshmi in Sangama Literature===
[[File:Tanjore Paintings - Big temple 01.JPG|thumb|350px|Portrait of [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] in [[Brihadisvara Temple]].]]

Lakshmi is one of the principal goddesses in [[Hinduism]]. She is the goddess of wealth, fortune, power, beauty, fertility and prosperity,<ref>{{Cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&q=Lakshmi |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1 |date=2001-12-15|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|language=en}}</ref> and associated with ''[[Maya (religion)|Maya]]'' ("Illusion"). Lakshmi is venerated as the prosperity aspect of the [[Mother goddess]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Goddess Laksmi: Origin and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSQKAQAAIAAJ|author=Upendra Nath Dhal|publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors|year=1978|page=109|quote=Goddess Lakşmī is stated as the genetrix of the world; she maintains them as a mother ought to do. So she is often called the Mātā.}}</ref><ref name="williams">{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|year=2003 |publisher= ABC-CLIO, Inc |isbn= 1-85109-650-7 |pages=196–8}}</ref> Lakshmi is both the consort and the divine energy (''[[shakti]]'') of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]], the Supreme Being of [[Vaishnavism]]; she is also the Supreme Goddess in the sect and assists [[Vishnu]] to create, protect, and transform the universe.<ref name="williams"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbtiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|title=Evolution of Mother Worship in India|author=Sashi Bhusan Dasgupta|publisher=Advaita Ashrama (A Publication House of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math)|page=20|year=2004|isbn=9788175058866}}</ref>{{Sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=252}} She is an especially prominent figure in Sri Vaishnavism, in which devotion to Lakshmi is deemed to be crucial to reach Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carman |first=John Braisted |title=The Tamil Veda : Piḷḷān's interpretation of the Tiruvāymol̲i |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |author2=Vasudha Narayanan |isbn=0-226-09305-0 |location=Chicago |oclc=18624684}}</ref>

In Tamil, Mahalakshmi is reverently referred to as Thayar, a term that literally means 'Mother of the world'.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2021/sep/14/temple-where-goddess-lakshmi-is-predominant-2358386.html | title=Temple where Goddess Lakshmi is predominant | date=14 September 2021 }}</ref> Lakshmi is mentioned in several places of the [[Sangam Literature]], Mahalakshmi is often portrayed as the wife of [[Maha Vishnu|Mahavishnu]] and stays at the chest of [[Vishnu]].

[[File:Srivilliputhur Andal temple (29).jpg|thumb|330px|[[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]] is dedicated to [[Lakshmi]] and [[Vishnu]] where Lakshmi as [[Andal]] is more prominent than Vishnu.]]

She was worshipped by women in ancient [[Tamilakam]] for the return of the warriors (their husbands) with their soul in their body.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=84, 94}}<ref>{{cite book|author=K. V. Raman|title=Temple Art, Icons And Culture Of India And South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb2fAAAAMAAJ| year=2006|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-88934-31-7|pages=141, 151 note 3}}</ref> Maha Lakshmi has mentions in Sangam texts. Mahalakshmi was also considered as [[kotravai]] in her other form to marry Vishnu in the avatar of Shiva.

[[Purananuru]] mentions [[Sita]], who is an [[Avatar|avathara]] of (Mahalakshmi), was abducted by the demon king [[Ravana]]. [[Malaipaṭukaṭām]] mentions the goddess of wealth and fortune, Lakshmi in lines 463–464 and the "Goddess who sits enthroned on the chest of Vishnu".{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=297, 326–327}} [[Mullaippāṭṭu]] which mentions women praying to Maha Lakshmi for their husbands to live long and not to die in the war,{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=84, 94}} [[Paripāṭal]] mentions Maha Lakshmi seated on the chest of [[Vishnu]],<ref>Paripadal poem 2 lines 28 to 35</ref> [[Silapathikaram]] mentions Lakshmi several places. For example, she is mentioned as ''Thiru'' seated on the chest of [[Ranganatha]] sleeping in [[Srirangam]],<ref>Silapadikaram (book 11, lines 35–40)</ref> She is in the form of [[Sita]] with [[Rama]] and [[Radha]] - the lover of [[Krishna]]. She is considered as the goddess of fortune, wealth and happiness. [[Maturaikkāñci]] mentions that the city gates and house walls had symbols and portraits of Mahalakshmi.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=226–227}} [[Manimekalai]] describes an event dedicated to [[Lord Indra|Indra]] where the tired and sleeping young boys and girls who earlier in the day had run around in their costumes of Hindu gods (Vishnu) and goddesses (Lakshmi).{{sfn|Alain Danielou (Translator)|1993|pp=30-35}} It also mentions a character called Aputra who reaches Madurai. He sits with his begging bowl inside Madurai's Temple dedicated to [[Lakshmi|Maha Lakshmi]], the goddess of fortune.{{sfn|Alain Danielou (Translator)|1993|pp=52-55}} The worshippers of Lakshmi are kind and donate a large amount of food to the bowl of Aputra, which Aputra shares with the poor, the blind, the deaf, and other needy people. The text also mentions [[Kanyakumari]] as being a Hindu bathing pilgrimage site dedicated to [[Lakshmi|Maha Lakshmi]], The [[Akanāṉūṟu]] describes [[Rama]] at [[Dhanushkodi]], sitting under a [[Banyan tree]], involved in secret discussions about the war between him and [[Ravana]] who kidnapped [[Mahalakshmi|Sita]], while the birds are singing.<ref name="Akananuru: Neytal – Poem 70">{{cite web |last1=Dakshinamurthy |first1=A |title=Akananuru: Neytal – Poem 70 |url=https://adakshinamurthy.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/akananuru-neythal-poem-70/ |website=Akananuru |access-date=22 July 2019|date=July 2015 }}</ref>{{sfn|Alain Danielou (Translator)|1993|pp=52-55}} [[Kural|Thirukural]] mentions [[Goddess Lakshmi]] in couplets 167, 408, 519, 565, 568, 616, and 617 hints, which shows the existence of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] and [[Valluvar]]'s beliefs on it.{{sfn|Kovaimani|Nagarajan|2013|pp=145–148}} There are many other mentions of Maha Lakshmi in [[Sangam literature]].

===Maha Vishnu in Sangam Literature===
A reference to ''"Mukkol Pakavars"'' in Sangam literature indicates that only [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] saints were holding ''[[Sri Vaishnavism|Tridanda]]'' and were prominent during the period. [[Vishnu|Tirumal]] was glorified as "the supreme deity", whose divine lotus feet could burn all evil and grant [[moksha]]. During the post-Sangam period, his worship was further glorified by the poet-saints called the [[Alvars]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramesh |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAdJAQAAIAAJ&q=perumal+paramporul |title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams |date=1997 |publisher=T.T. Devasthanams |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uec1E8DpiH8C&dq=Perum%C4%81l+Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA34 |title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: A Continuing Series-- |last2=Mishra |first2=A. P. |date=2005 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-072-2 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> Perumal (Vishnu) was the only deity who enjoyed the status of ''Paramporul'' during the [[Sangam period|Sangam]] age. The reference to ''Mukkol Bhagavars'' in Sangam literature indicates that only Vaishnavaite saints holding Tridanda existed during the age and [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]] was glorified as the supreme deity, whose "divine lotus feet can burn all our evils and grant [[moksha]]" (''maru piraparukkum maasil sevadi'').<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite news |date=2014-07-24 |title=In praise of Vishnu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/in-praise-of-vishnu/article6245959.ece |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{{multiple image|align=right|image1=Pillars carved out of same rock giving a look of gallery.jpg|width1=180|image2=Krishna soulève le mont Govardhana (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13943133062).jpg|width2=200|caption1=Pillars and bas-reliefs based on [[Mahabharatha]] and [[Harivamsa]]|caption2=Krishna holding Goverdhana sculpture at Mahabalipuram dating 6th century AD|alt2=Krishna and many other figures|alt1=Pillars and bas-reliefs of people and animals}}

===Tolkāppiyam===
{{See also|Tolkāppiyam}}

[[Maha Vishnu|Perumal]] is considered to be another name of [[Vishnu]], and was traditionally the deity associated with the forests. Mayon is indicated to be the deity associated with the ''mullai tiṇai'' (pastoral landscape) in the [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]].<ref name="Hardy 156"/><ref name="Clothey 34"/> Tolkappiyar mentions [[Vishnu|Mayon]] when he referred to deities in the different land divisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckrishnamurti.tripod.com/chap2a.html|title=2. The Sangam Period|author=Dr.C.R.Krishnamurti|work=tripod.com}}</ref> which gives a hint that he might be a scholar who follows [[Vaishnavism]].

===Paripāṭal===
{{See also|Paripāṭal}}
The ''Paripādal'' ({{langx|ta|பரிபாடல்}}, meaning ''the paripadal-metre anthology'') is a classical [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the [[Eight Anthologies]] (''Ettuthokai'') in the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=123–124}} According to [[Tolkappiyam]], Paripadal is a kind of verse dealing only with love (''akapporul'') and does not fall under the general classification of verses. It has a minimum of 25 lines and a maximum of 400 lines. Tamil [[Sangam literature]] (200 BCE to 500 CE) mentions ''[[Vishnu|Mayon]]'' or the "dark one," as the ''supreme deity'' who creates, sustains, and destroys the universe and was worshipped in the mountains of [[Tamilakam]]. The earliest verses of [[Paripāṭal|Paripadal]] describe the glory of Perumal in poetic terms. Many poems of the [[Paripāṭal|Paripadal]] consider [[Vishnu|Perumal]] as the supreme god of the [[Tamils]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/> ''Paripāṭal'' also mentions that Vishnu is only Shiva and Brahma; he is everything and is the supreme god and represents himself as different gods.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

[[File:Kallazhagar (23).jpg|310px|thumb|[[Kallalagar temple|Sundarabahu Perumal Temple]] Mentioned in [[Paripāṭal|Paripadal]].]]

{{Verse translation|{{lang|ta|தீயினுள் தெறல் நீ;
பூவினுள் நாற்றம் நீ;
கல்லினுள் மணியும் நீ;
சொல்லினுள் வாய்மை நீ;
அறத்தினுள் அன்பு நீ;
மறத்தினுள் மைந்து நீ;
வேதத்து மறை நீ;
பூதத்து முதலும் நீ;
வெஞ் சுடர் ஒளியும் நீ;
திங்களுள் அளியும் நீ;
அனைத்தும் நீ;
அனைத்தின் உட்பொருளும் நீ;}}|In fire, you are the heat;
in blossoms, the fragrance;
among the stones, you are the diamond;
in speech, truth;
among virtues, you are love;
in valour—strength;
in the Veda, you are the secret;
among elements, the primordial;
in the burning sun, the light;
in moonshine, its sweetness;
you are all,
and you are the substance and meaning of all.|italicsoff=y|attr1=''Paripadal, iii: 63–68''|attr2=F Gros, K Zvelebil<ref name=kz49>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&pg=PA48 |year=1974| publisher =Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|page=49}}</ref>}}

===Maturaikkāñci===
{{See also|Maturaikkāñci}}

[[Maturaikkāñci|Maduraikanchi]] ({{Langx|ta|மதுரைக் காஞ்சி}}),{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=221}} is an ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem in the [[Sangam literature]]. Lines 497 to 511 allude to gods and goddesses in temples like [[Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal temple]]<ref name="Ramesh 1993">M. S., Ramesh (1993). 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu. Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref> and [[Koodal Azhagar temple]]<ref name="Ramesh 1993"/> with iconographic items of Hinduism. [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] is called the 'ruler of the three worlds' and the ''"Supreme Deity"'' and it identifies [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]] as his incarnations of [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]].<ref name="Ramesh 1993"/> He is alluded to with "God who protects the world" and also as [[Vamana|Tirivikrama]] - the lord who measured the three worlds. A bathing festival with rituals that include a dip in the water to "cleanse their sins" is mentioned in the poem. Chanting of the Vedas is mentioned in lines 512–518,{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=226–227}} The lines related to the Vedas, states Chelliah, alludes to the [[jivanmukta]] ideology found in Hinduism.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=226–227, p. 259 "They feel they are one with the Universe, and reach for high heaven while yet they are on earth; they never depart from virtue, love all life, and live a saintly life of joy supreme."}} [[Maturaikkāñci|Maduraikanchi]] also details the Thiruvonam festival celebrated in the [[Koodal Azhagar temple|Koodal Azhagar temple, Madurai]].<ref>M., Rajagopalan (1993). 15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu. Chennai, India: Govindaswamy Printers. pp. 119–128.</ref>

===Akanaṉūṟu===
{{See also|Akanaṉūṟu}}

[[File:ANDAL TEMPLE AND VADAPATHRASAY.jpg|350px|thumb|[[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]] is the official symbol of the Government of Tamil Nadu]]

Several poems echo the Hindu puranic legends about [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] and others in the [[Akanaṉūṟu]] .{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=53-54}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Raoul McLaughlin|title=Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84725-235-7|pages=48–50}}</ref> According to [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] – an Indian Religions and Sanskrit Epics scholar, the ''Akanaṉūṟu'' has the earliest known mentions of some stories such as "Krishna stealing sarees of Gopis" which is found later in north Indian literature, making it probable that some of the ideas from Tamil Hindu scholars inspired the Sanskrit scholars in the north and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', or vice versa.<ref name="Hiltebeitel1991p188">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies from Gingee to Kurukserta |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC|year= 1988|publisher= University of Chicago Press (Motilal Banarsidass 1991 Reprint)|isbn= 978-81-208-1000-6|pages= 188–190}}</ref> However the text [[Harivamsa]] which is complex, containing layers that go back to the 1st or 2nd century BCE, consists of parts that mention Krishna playing with Gopis and stealing their sarees.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The Akanāṉūṟu has a reference to the [[Ramayana]] in poem 70. The poem places a triumphant [[Rama]] at [[Dhanushkodi]], sitting under a [[Banyan tree]], involved in some secret discussions when the birds are chirping away.<ref name="Akananuru: Neytal – Poem 70"/> This seems to indicate that the story of the Ramayana was familiar in the Tamil lands before the [[Ramavataram|Kamba Ramayanam]] of the 12th century.

[[File:HINDU GOD PERUMAL MAHAVELLIPAM.jpg|thumb|Procession of the Tamil deity [[Perumal]], with [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite saints]]]]

===Purananuru===
The earliest reference to the story of the Ramayana is found in the [[Purananuru]] which is dated from the 1st century BCE and 5th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&q=info:3mNeiVqlnhoJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|date=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-03591-1|language=en}}</ref> Purananuru 378, attributed to the poet Unpodipasunkudaiyar, written in praise of the [[Chola]] king [[Karikala Chola|Ilancetcenni]]. The poem makes the analogy of a poet receiving royal gifts and that worn by the relatives of the poet as being unworthy of their status,{{Vague|reason=Sentence structure is unclear. Might refer to different contexts|date=November 2024|text=that worn by the relatives as unworthy}} to the event in the Ramayana, where [[Sita]] drops her jewels when abducted by [[Ravana]] and these jewels being picked up by red-faced monkeys who delightfully wear the ornaments.<ref name="Hart">{{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=George L |url=https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00 |title=The four hundred songs of war and wisdom: an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puṟanāṉūṟu |last2=Heifetz |first2=Hank |date=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231115629 |pages=219–220 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Purananuru">{{cite book |editor1-last=Kalakam |editor1-first=Turaicămip Pillai |title=Purananuru |date=1950 |location=Madras}}</ref>

The ''Purananuru'' poems use words, phrases, and metaphors, including references to the [[Himalayas]] of "immeasurable heights", [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Vedas|the four Vedas]], the [[Ramayana]], rivers, and other aspects.{{sfn|George Hart|Hank Heifetz|2001|pp=xxi, 3–4, 28–32, 41, 139–140, 206, 220}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=George L |last2=Heifetz |first2=Hank |title=The four hundred songs of war and wisdom : an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puṟanāṉūṟu |url=https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00 |url-access=registration |date=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00/page/219 219]-220 |isbn=9780231115629 }}</ref><ref name="Purananuru"/>

===Other Sangam works Which mention Vishnu===
*[[Kalittokai]] is notable for including allusions and references to pan-Indian love and moral legends found in Epics– and Puranas–genre Sanskrit texts. According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], some examples in the ''Kalittokai'' include [[Krishna]] an avathara of [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] killing his uncle Kansa in poems 52 and 134, [[Duryodhana]]'s evil plans to kill the Pandava brothers in poem 25, the battle of Murugan and Surapadma in poem 27. An event mentioned in the epic [[Ramayana]], of Ravana lifting the Kailasa is described in the Poem 139 of Lines 33 to 37, [[Bhima]] in poem 52, the love story of [[Urvashi|Urvasi]] and [[Tilottama]] in poem 109, among others.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=122–123}}
* The [[Patiṟṟuppattu]] ({{langx|ta|பதிற்றுப்பத்து}}, {{langx|ml|പതിറ്റുപ്പത്ത്}}, lit. ''Ten Tens'', sometimes spelled Pathitrupathu,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|author2=K. M. Irulappan|title=Heritage of the Tamils: Language and Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GoOAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|page=457}}</ref>) is a classical [[Tamil literature|Tamil poetic]] work and one of the [[Eight Anthologies]] (''Ettuthokai'') in [[Sangam literature]]. Its [[Invocation|invocatory]] poem is about [[Vishnu|Mayon]], or [[Perumal]] ([[Vishnu]]).<ref name="Hart1999xv">{{cite book|author1=George Hart|author2=Hank Heifetz|title=The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil : the Purananuru|url=https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00 |url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11562-9|pages=xv–xvii}}</ref> They mention the Hindu deities [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Murugan]] and [[Korravai]] (Uma, Durga), and their worship by warriors and the king.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nnIcAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|pages=80–86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ishita Banerjee-Dube|author2=Saurabh Dube|title=Ancient to modern: religion, power, and community in India|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wpvXAAAAMAAJ|year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-569662-2|pages=65–66}}</ref> The poems, epilogues, and colophons are significant in studies of ancient culture and sociology.
*[[Malaipaṭukaṭām]] is an ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem in the ''[[Pattuppāṭṭu]]'' anthology of the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|pp=24–25}} The lengthy poem mentions [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] primarily. Maha Vishnu was considered the "Supreme Deity" in the poem and worshiped by many saints and kings. It also mentions the goddess of wealth, [[Lakshmi]] in lines 463–464 and the "god on whose breast she sits enthroned".{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}<ref>{{cite book|author=C. Vaittiyaliṅka_n|title=Fine Arts and Crafts in Pattuppāṭṭu and Eṭṭuttokai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUcGAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Annamalai University|page=235}}</ref> The ''Malaipatukatam'' uses the word ''ool'' (Sanskrit: karma).{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=284–286}}
*[[Paṭṭiṉappālai]] is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem in the ancient [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=29, 57}} It contains 301 lines, of which 296 lines are about the port city of [[Puhar, Mayiladuthurai|Kaveripoompattinam]]. It is notable for its mention of the early Chola kingdom as a cosmopolitan region, where Hindu and Jain monasteries and communities co-existed. It mentions the worship of [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]], [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] and [[Murugan]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=57–58}}
*[[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]] is an ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem in the ''Pattuppattu'' anthology of the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=29, 56–57}} It contains 500 lines in the ''akaval'' meter.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=56–57}} It is one of five ''arruppatai'' genre poems and was a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. It mentions [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] and describes him as the god who is "tall, dark-skinned", the Supreme God from whom "the four-faced god was born" (a Vedic legend about [[Brahma]] being born from Vishnu's navel).{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=98–99}} In its similes, it mentions the [[Ganges]] river, the [[Pandavas]] of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and the ''[[rishi]]s'' (sages) adept with [[yoga]].{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=98–103}} According to Hudson, the poem is notable that it explicitly mentions three temples of [[Maha Vishnu]] namely [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]], [[Yathothkari Perumal Temple]],<ref>M.S., Ramesh (1993). 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desam Volume 1. Tirupati: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.</ref> [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]] and alludes to one additional temple the [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]] as the main temple for these three [[Vishnu|Perumal]]s.<ref name="D. Dennis Hudson 2008 pp. 89">D. Dennis Hudson (2008). Martha Ann Selby and Indira Viswanathan Peterson (ed.). Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India. State University of New York Press. pp. 89–93. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-7945-2}}.</ref> The similes used in the poem are those found in the Vedic and [[Puranas|Puranic]] mythologies of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="D. Dennis Hudson 2008 pp. 89"/>

===Mullaippāṭṭu===
{{Main|Mullaippāṭṭu}}
''Mullaippāṭṭu'' ({{langx|ta|முல்லைப்பாட்டு}}, ''lit.'' "the forest or jungle song") is an ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem in the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|pp=25–26}} Authored by Napputanar, it is the shortest poem in the [[Ten Idylls]] (''Pattuppāṭṭu'') anthology, consisting of 103 lines in ''akaval'' meter. The poem is "one of the most beautiful of the ''Pattuppattu'' songs, as stated by Zvelebil.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=25}}

The short poem mentions the Hindu god [[Vishnu]] through an elaborate simile.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|title=Early Chola Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97MyAQAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Asia Publishers|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Hephzibah Jesudasan|author2=G. John Samuel|author3=P. Thiagarajan|title=Count-down from Solomon, Or, The Tamils Down the Ages Through Their Literature: Caṅkam and the aftermath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HYOAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|page=44}}</ref> Lines 46–47 of ''Mullaippattu'' mentions Brahmin yogis in ochre-colored clothes carrying three staves and called as "Mukkol Pakavars" and indicates that only [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava saints]] were holding Tridanda and were prominent during the period and considered [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] as the Supreme god.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=84, 91, 94}} The poem has about 500 words, predominantly Tamil. It has 13 Sanskrit loan words and 2 non-Tamil provincial words.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=85}}

===Manimekalai===
{{See also|Manimekalai}}

[[File:Thirukovilur temple view.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thirvikrama Perumal Temple]]which is mentioned in ''[[Agananuru]]'', ''[[Purananuru]]'', ''[[Natrinai]]'', ''[[Kurunthogai]]'' and [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Divya Prabhandham]].<ref name="Rajagopalan 1993 pp. 57">M., Rajagopalan (1993). 15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu. Chennai, India: Govindaswamy Printers. pp. 57–65.</ref> ]]

[[Manimekalai]] written as the sequel to the [[Silappatikaram]] by the Buddhist poet [[Chithalai Chathanar]], narrates the tale of Manimekalai, the daughter of [[Kovalan]] and [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]], and her journey to become a Buddhist Bhikkuni.

Certain verses from the epic show [[Maha Vishnu]] as the father of [[Brahma]] and who gave [[Vedas]] to the entire universe and is considered as the [[Paramatman|Paramatma]] - The Supreme Deity of the World.

An example of a verse from the [[Canto]] XIII of [[Manimekalai]]:

"Aputra then meets and accuses the Brahmins of twisting the meaning of the [[Veda]] verses taught by [[Brahma]] born from the navel of [[Maha Vishnu]] who holds a golden disc as his weapon. Aputra reminds the Brahmins that the greatest Vedic teachers such as Vasishtha and Agastya were born of low birth."{{sfn|Alain Danielou (Translator)|1993|pp=52-55}}

This epic also makes several references to the Ramayana, such as a ''[[Adam's Bridge|setu]]'' (bridge) being built by monkeys in canto 5, line 37 (however the location is [[Kanyakumari]] rather than [[Dhanushkodi]]). In another reference, in canto 17, lines 9 to 16, the epic talks about Rama being the incarnation of Trivikrama or Netiyon, and he built the setup with the help of monkeys who hurled huge rocks into the ocean to build the bridge. Further, canto 18, lines 19 to 26, refers to the illegitimate love of Indra for [[Ahalya]], the
wife of Rishi Gautama.<ref name="PPP">{{cite book |last1=Pandian |first1=Pichai Pillai |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.65472 |title=Cattanar's Manimekalai |date=1931 |publisher=Saiva Siddhanta Works |location=Madras |page=149 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="RBKA">{{cite book |last1=Aiyangar |first1=Rao Bahadur Krishnaswami |url=https://archive.org/details/manimekhalaiinit031176mbp |title=Manimekhalai In Its Historical Setting |date=1927 |publisher=Luzac & Co. |location=London |page=28 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Daniélou">{{cite book |last1=Shattan |first1=Merchant-Prince |editor1-last=Daniélou |editor1-first=Alain |title=Manimekhalai: The Dancer With the Magic Bowl |date=1989 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York }}</ref> The epic again mentions [[Rama]] as [[Vishnu]], from the story ''[[Ramayana]]'', It states that [[Rama]] built a link (bridge) to Sri Lanka, but a curse of an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] dissolved the bridge link.{{sfn|Alain Danielou (Translator)|1993|pp=67-71}}

===Silappatikaram===
The [[Silappatikaram]] ({{Translation|The tale of an anklet}}) written by a prince turned [[Jain]] monk [[Ilango Adigal]], dated to the 2nd century AD or later. The epic narrates the tale of [[Kovalan]], son of a wealthy merchant, his wife [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]], and his lover [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]], and has many references to the Ramayana, avatars of [[Vishnu|Para Brahman]] and temples of Maha Vishnu. It describes the fate of [[Poompuhar]] suffering the same agony as experienced by [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] when Rama leaves for exile to the forest as instructed by his father (Dikshitar, 1939, p. 193). The ''Aycciyarkuravai'' section (canto 27), makes mention of the Lord who could measure the three worlds, going to the forest with his brother, waging a war against Lanka and destroying it with fire (Dikshitar, 1939, p. 237). These references indicate that the author was well aware of the story of the Ramayana in the 2nd century AD.<ref name="VRRDikshitar">{{cite book |last1=Dikshitar |first1=V R Ramachandra |title=The Silappadikaram |date=1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Madras, British India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n5 |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

It also mentions [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]] which was visited and built by many kings and praised by saints (book 11, lines 35–40).{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} The temple was first built by the Chola ruler, Dharmavarma. The Kaveri River flood destroyed the temple, and later, the [[early Cholas]] King [[Killivalavan]] who found the ''vimana'' and the idol of [[Maha Vishnu|Ranganathaswamy]] rebuilt the temple complex as is present today.

According to D. Dennis Hudson – a World Religions and Tamil literature scholar, the ''Cilappatikaram'' is the earliest and first complete Tamil reference to Pillai (Nila, Nappinnai, Radha), who is described in the epic as the cowherd lover of Krishna.<ref name="HawleyWulff1982a" /> The epic includes abundant stories and allusions to Krishna and his stories, which are also found in ancient Sanskrit Puranas. In the canto where [[Kannagi|Kannaki]] is waiting for [[Kovalan]] to return after selling her anklet to a [[Madurai]] merchant, she is in a village with cowgirls.<ref name="HawleyWulff1982a" /> These cowherd girls enact a dance, where one plays Mayavan (Krishna), another girl plays Tammunon (Balarama), while a third plays Pinnai (Nappinnai). The dance begins with a song listing Krishna's heroic deeds and his fondness for Nappinnai, then they dance where sage [[Narada]] plays music. Such scenes where cowgirls imitate Krishna's life story are also found in Sanskrit poems of ''[[Harivamsa]]'' and ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', both generally dated to be older than ''Cilappatikaram''.<ref name="HawleyWulff1982a" /> The Tamil epic calls portions of it as ''vāla caritai nāṭaṅkaḷ'', which mirrors the phrase ''balacarita nataka'' – dramas about the story of the child [[Krishna]]" – in the more ancient Sanskrit ''kavyas''.<ref name="HawleyWulff1982a">{{cite book|author=Dennis Hudson|editor=John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff|title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3R1z0sE340C&pg=PA238 |year=1982|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-89581-102-8 |pages=238–242}}</ref>

The oldest direct reference to [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] in Tamil literature is from the [[Silappatikaram]] text. The [[Silappatikaram]] states the beauty of Maha Vishnu in [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] and [[Maha Vishnu]]'s greatness. The author [[Ilango Adigal]] mentions the Venkateswara Temple. A few verses from the [[Silappatikaram]] which mention the Venkateswara Temple.

[[Silappatikaram]], vēṉiṟ kātai:1-2
<blockquote>{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
Translation 
neṭiyōṉ kuṉṟamum toṭiyōḷ pauvamum
tamiḻ varampaṟutta taṇpuṉal nalnāṭṭu.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n159/mode/2up?view=theater | title=The Silappadikaram | date=26 August 2023 }}</ref><ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egH2CwAAQBAJ&q=Tamil+Geographies | isbn=9780791472453 | title=Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India | date=22 May 2008 | publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref>
</div>
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
Meaning 
Spring held sway over the fertile Tamil country,
bounded in the north by the Viṣṇu’s hill, and
in the south by the Kumari’s sea.<ref name="archive.org"/><ref name="google.co.in"/>
</div>
{{col-end}}
</blockquote>
[[Silappatikaram]], Kāṭukāṇ kātai: 41–51
<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
Translation 
vīṅkunī raruvi vēṅkaṭa meṉṉum
ōṅkuyar malaiyat tucci mīmicai
virikatir ñāyiṟun tiṅkaḷum viḷaṅki
irumaruṅ kōṅkiya iṭainilait tāṉattu
miṉṉukkōṭi yuṭuttu viḷaṅkuviṟ pūṇṭu
naṉṉiṟa mēkam niṉṟatu pōlap
pakaiyaṇaṅ kāḻiyum pālveṇ caṅkamum
takaipeṟu tāmaraik kaiyi ṉēnti
nalaṅkiḷar āram mārpiṟ pūṇṭu
polampū vāṭaiyiṟ polintu tōṉṟiya
ceṅkaṇ neṭiyōṉ niṉṟa vaṇṇamum.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n187/mode/2up?view=theater | title=The Silappadikaram | date=26 August 2023 }}</ref>
</div>
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
Meaning 
(I also came to see) the beauty of the red-eyed Lord,
holding in His beautiful lotus-hands
the discus which is death to His enemies,
and also the milk-white conch;
(to see Him) wearing a garland of tender flowers
on His chest, and draped in golden flowers;
and dwelling on the topmost crest
of the tall and lofty hill named vēṅkaṭam.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
</div>
{{col-end}}
</blockquote>
Here, ''Neṭiyōṉ kuṉṟam'' means “[[Vishnu|Vishnu's]] mountain” and ''toṭiyōḷ pauvam'' means "Kumari goddess sea". ''Netiyon'' is another name dedicated to [[Maha Vishnu]] in Ancient [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilakam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tieken |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyNXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA186 |title=Kāvya in South India: Old Tamil Caṅkam Poetry |date=2021-12-28 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-48609-6 |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> ''ceṅkaṇ neṭiyōṉ'' means “Red-eyed [[Vishnu]]” and ''Vēṅkaṭam'' refers to [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]]. [[Maha Vishnu]] is being referenced as the Red-eyed lord even in the book [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] which is featured in the [[Anushasana Parva]] of [[Mahabharatha]].<ref name="D. Kinsley 1974 pp. 270">D. Kinsley (1974), ''Through the Looking Glass, History of Religions'', 13(4), pp. 270–305</ref><ref>"58th name in the [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] is लोहिताक्षः - lohitākṣaḥ - Red-eyed"</ref> This shows that [[Ilango Adigal]] and ancient [[Tamils]] were aware of the [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] which is much older than the [[Silappatikaram]].<ref name="D. Kinsley 1974 pp. 270"/>

===Thirukural===
{{See also|Thiruvalluvar|Thirukural}}

[[File:Kazheesirama Vinnagaram2.jpg|280px|thumb|The [[Kazheesirama Vinnagaram|Thirivikrama Perumal Temple, Sirkazhi]] is said to be mentioned by [[Thiruvalluvar|Valluvar]] in his ''610th'' [[Kural|Thirukural]]]]

[[Kural|Thirukural]] is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or [[Kural (poetic form)|kural]]s, of seven words each. In the introductory chapters of the Kural, [[Thiruvalluvar|Valluvar]] cites [[Indra]], the king of heaven, to exemplify the virtue of conquest over one's senses.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} According to Tamil Hindu scholars such as Parimelalakar, other concepts and teachings found in Valluvar's text and also found in Hindu texts include Vedas,<ref>{{Cite journal |first=A.K. |last=Ananthanathan |year=1994 |title=Theory and Functions of the State The Concept of aṟam (virtue) in Tirukkural |journal=East and West |volume=44 |jstor=29757156 |number=2/4 |page=321}}</ref> gods (''Trimurti''), sattva, [[guṇa]], munis and [[Sadhu|sadhus]] (renouncers), rebirth, affirmation of a primordial God, among others.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} According to Purnalingam Pillai, who is known for his critique of Brahminism, a rational analysis of the Valluvar's work suggests that he was a Hindu, and not a Jain.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} Similarly, [[Yurij Yakovlevitch Glazov|J. J. Glazov]], a Tamil literature scholar and the translator of the Kural text into the [[Russian language]], sees "[[Thiruvalluvar]] as a Hindu by faith", according to a review by [[Kamil Zvelebil]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |year=1984 |title=Tirukural, translated from Tamil into Russian by J. Glazov |journal=Archiv Orientální |volume=32 |pages=681–682}}</ref>

Thiruvalluvar's mentioning of [[Maha Vishnu]] in couplets 610 and 1103 and [[Goddess Lakshmi|Lakshmi]] in couplets 167, 408, 519, 565, 568, 616, and 617 hints at the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] beliefs of Valluvar.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

'''Example:-'''

'''குறள் 610:'''
மடியிலா மன்னவன் எய்தும் அடியளந்தான்
தாஅய தெல்லாம் ஒருங்கு.

'''Couplet Explanation:'''
The king who never gives way to idleness will obtain entire possession of (the whole earth) passed over by Vishnu who measured (the worlds) with His foot. [https://www.ytamizh.com/thirukural/kural-610/ (Thirukural Number 610)].

[[V. V. S. Aiyar]] quotes that the 610th ''[[Tirukkural]]'' mentions about the temple [[Kazheesirama Vinnagaram|Thirivikrama Perumal]]. It is also the place where [[Thirumangai Alvar]] stayed after coming back from North India having defeated [[Thirugnana Sambandar]] in a debate and proving [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] is the Supreme Lord.<ref>R., Dr. Vijayalakshmy (2001). An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam (1st ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies. pp. 471–2.</ref>

''[[Agananuru]]'', ''[[Purananuru]]'', ''[[Natrinai]]'' and ''[[Kurunthogai]]'' have mentions about the [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]]. Malayaman Tirumudikari, the ruler of [[Tirukoilur|Thirukovilur]], was lavished praise in the texts for his charitable disposition to the [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thiruvikrama Perumal Temple]].<ref name="Rajagopalan 1993 pp. 57"/>

==Alvar literature==
The Alvars ({{langx|ta|ஆழ்வார்|Āḻvār|translit-std=ISO|lit=The Immersed}}) were the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] poet-saints of [[South India]] who espoused ''[[bhakti]]'' (devotion) to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]], in their songs of longing, ecstasy, and service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf |title=The Alvars |author=Andrea Nippard |access-date=2013-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001609/http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> They are venerated in [[Vaishnavism]], which regards Vishnu as the [[Brahman|Ultimate Reality]].

The devotional outpourings of the Alvars, composed during the early medieval period of [[History of Tamil Nadu|Tamil history]], were the catalysts behind the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti Movement]] through their hymns of worship to Vishnu and his avatars. They praised the [[Divya Desam]]s, the 108 divine realms of deities affiliated with Vaishnavism. The poetry of the Alvars echoes ''bhakti'' to God through love, and in the ecstasy of such devotions, they sang hundreds of songs that embodied both depth of feeling and the felicity of expressions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Literature Through the Ages |url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm |publisher=Indian literature, Govt of India |access-date=2013-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515213735/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> The collection of their hymns is known as the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]''. The ''bhakti'' literature that sprang from Alvars has contributed to the establishment and sustenance of a culture that deviated from the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] and rooted itself in devotion as the only path for salvation. In addition, they contributed to Tamil devotional verses independent of a knowledge of [[Sanskrit]].

===Naalayira Divya Prabandham===

The ''Divya Prabandham'' sings the praises of [[Narayana]] ([[Vishnu]]) and his many forms. The Alvars sang these songs at various sacred shrines known as the [[Divya Desams]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|year=2013|title=Historical sequence of the Vaiṣṇava Divyadeśas. Sacred venues of Viṣṇism|url=https://www.academia.edu/12405403|journal=Acta Orientalia, Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegia Svecia|volume=74|pages=37–90}}</ref> The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[Vaishnavite]]s'' are also known as ''Ubhaya Vedanti'' (those that follow both Vedas, that is, the Sanskrit [[Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda]], and [[Atharvaveda]], as well as the Tamil-language ''[[Tiruvaymoli]],'' a work which devotees of Sri Vaishnavism regard as the Tamil Veda).<ref name="tveda">{{cite book|last=Carman|first=John|title=The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli|date=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|page=4}}</ref> In many temples — [[Srirangam]], for example — the chanting of the ''Divya Prabandham'' forms a major part of the daily service. It is also recited in some North Indian Vaishnavite temples, such as [[Badrinath Temple|Badrinath]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Prabhu|first=S.|date=2013-08-08|title=Dance of Devotion|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance-of-devotion/article5003192.ece|access-date=2021-03-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Divya Prabandham is recited along with the Vedas,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramesh|first=M. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgdJAQAAIAAJ|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Chola Nadu|date=1992|publisher=T.T. Devasthanams|pages=42|language=en}}</ref> and it is given equal status to the Vedas in the Tenkalai denomination of [[Sri Vaishnavism]], largely due to the efforts of [[Ramanuja]] who enshrined the ''Divya Prabandham'' on the same pedestal as the Vedas.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Sonika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ATgCgAAQBAJ|title=Politics and Cosmopolitanism in a Global Age|last2=Padmanabhan|first2=Sudarsan|date=2017-09-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34132-1|language=en}}</ref>

Prominent among its 4,000 verses are the over 1,100 verses known as the ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]'' ("verses of the sacred mouth"), composed by [[Nammalvar]] (Kaari Maaran, Sadagopan of [[Alwarthirunagari Temple|Alvarthirunagari Temple]]) and which forms the third portion of the overall ''Divya Prabandham''. Nammalvar self-identifies as a lovelorn ''[[gopi]]'' pining for [[Krishna]].<ref name="tveda" />

The compendium begins with the ''[[Tirupallantu]]'', a benedictory hymn written by Periyalvar, wishing long life to Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkatacharya |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIjXAAAAMAAJ&q=Pallandu+Divya+Prabandham |title=Śrīveṅkaṭeśasuprabhātam |date=1999 |publisher=Adyar Library and Research Centre |isbn=978-81-85141-28-2 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref>

===Combination of Sanskrit Vaishnavism and Tamil Vaishnavism===
[[Nathamuni]] (10th century), combined the two traditions, by drawing on Sanskrit philosophical tradition and combining it with the aesthetic and emotional appeal of the Tamil [[Bhakti movement]] pioneers called the [[Alvars]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} [[Sri Vaishnavism]] developed in Tamil Nadu in the 9th century after Nathamuni returned from a pilgrimage to [[Vrindavan]] in north India (modern [[Uttar Pradesh]]).{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

[[File:Tiruvallikeni1.jpg|300px|thumb|One of the 108 [[Divya Desam]] present in [[Chennai]]]]

[[File:Srirangam4.jpg|250px|thumb|The hall, located in front of [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganayaki's shrine]], where [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] is believed to have recited his works on ''Kamba Ramayanam'' and accepted by [[Nathamuni|Vaishnava Acharya Naathamuni]]]]

Nathamuni's ideas were continued by [[Yamunacharya]], who maintained that the [[Vedas]], [[Vaikhanasa]] and [[Pancharatra|Pancaratras]] are equal, devotional rituals and bhakti are important practices.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} The legacy of [[Yamunacharya]] was continued by [[Ramanuja]],{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} but they never met.<ref name="Sydnor2012p20">{{cite book|author=Jon Paul Sydnor|title=Ramanuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4FBAAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Casemate|isbn=978-0227680247|pages=20–22 with footnote 32}}</ref> Legend goes that Ramanuja saw Yamunacharya's corpse, which had three fingers curled. Ramanuja was told that they represented the three wishes that Yamunacharya had revealed before he passed. One of the wishes was that Ramanuja should write a commentary on the Brahma Sutras.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramanuja {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/ramanuja/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ramanuja, a scholar who studied in an [[Advaita Vedanta]] monastery and disagreed with some of the ideas of Advaita, became the most influential leader of Sri Vaishnavism.<ref name=olivellehsarp10>{{cite book| author=Patrick Olivelle| title=The Samnyasa Upanisads : Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536137-7 |pages=10–11, 17–18}}</ref><ref name=jabvanbuirhtp>J.A.B. van Buitenen (2008), [http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramanuja Ramanuja - Hindu theologian and Philosopher], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> He developed the [[Visistadvaita]] ("qualified non-dualism") philosophy.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

====Kamba Ramayanam====
{{See also|Kamba Ramayanam}}

During the period of [[Nathamuni]], [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]], or Kavichakravarthy Kamban (1180 CE–1250 CE),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kampan {{!}} Tamil Poet, Epic Writer, Bhakti Movement {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kampan |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> wrote the [[Ramavataram]], popularly known as ''Kambaramayanam'', the Tamil version of the epic [[Ramayana]].<ref name="The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia">The Cyclopaedia of India and Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour</ref>

The original version of ''Ramayana'' was written by [[Valmiki]]. Kambar was inspired by [[Valmiki]] and rewrote the [[Ramayana]] in Tamil. The ''[[Ramavataram]]'' or ''Kamba Ramayanam'' of Kamban is an epic of about 11,000 stanzas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=A dictionary on Kambaramayanam with 22,000 words and phrases launched |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-dictionary-on-kambaramayanam-with-22000-words-and-phrases/article66967759.ece |access-date=2023-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Legend of Ram">Legend of Ram By Sanujit Ghose</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/212 212]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The ''Rama-avataram'' or ''Rama-kathai'' as it was originally accepted into the holy precincts in the presence of [[Nathamuni|Vaishnava Acharya Naathamuni]].<ref name="Rays and Ways of Indian Culture">Rays and Ways of Indian Culture By D. P. Dubey</ref> Kambar is believed to have come to the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]] to get the approval of his work from scholars. The [[Nathamuni|Vaishnava Acharya Naathamuni]] and [[Jain]] scholar Tirunarungundam honoured the work and it resulted in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholars approving the work. The open hall where he recited his verse lies close to the Ranganayaki shrine within the temple and now called as the ''Kamba Ramayana Mandapam''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Gallery of Old Vishnu Temples==

<gallery>
KITLV 92170 - Unknown - Ranganatha temple complex at Srirangam in India - Around 1870.tif|An 1870 photo of the gopurams in the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]]
Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple Thiruvananthapuram, kerala.jpg|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]
Tirumala Venkateswara temple entrance 09062015.JPG|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]
Koodalazhagar (13).jpg|[[Koodal Azhagar temple|Koodal Azhagar temple, Madurai]]
Yathothkari (9).jpg|[[Yathothkari Perumal Temple|Yathothkari Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
Varadaraja Perumal Temple Kanchipuram (26).jpg|[[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
Uppiliappan koil2.JPG|[[Oppiliappan temple]]
Kodimaram.j.jpg|[[Adi Srinivasa perumal temple]]
RajaGopalaSwamyTemple.JPG|[[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi]]
Srimushnam (12).jpg|[[Bhu Varaha Swamy temple]]
Gopuras in Kumbakonam - India.JPG|[[Sarangapani temple, Kumbakonam]]
Tirukannapuram1.JPG|[[Neelamegha Perumal temple]]
Srivaikuntam6.jpg|[[Srivaikuntanathan Perumal temple]]
Namakkal narasimhar temple1.jpg|[[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal]]
Gunaseelam temple (6).jpg|[[Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple|Gunaseelam Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple]]
Thiruvellarai (13).jpg|[[Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple]]
Nachiyar4.jpg|[[Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple]]
Thirunagai8.JPG|[[Soundararajaperumal temple, Nagapattinam]]
</gallery>

==Temples dedicated to Maha Vishnu==
{{See also|Divya Desam|Abhimana Kshethram|Pancha Kshethram}}
* [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]]
* [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]
* [[Srivilliputhur Andal temple|Andal Temple, Srivilliputtur]]
* [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Namagiri Thayar Sametha Narasimhaswamy perumal temple, Namakkal]]
* Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem
* [[Srivaikuntanathan Perumal temple]]
* [[Adikesava Perumal temple, Mylapore]]
* [[Koodal Azhagar temple]]
* [[Nachiyar Koil]]
* [[Sowmya Narayana Perumal temple]]
* [[Adi Srinivasa perumal temple]]
* [[Eri-Katha Ramar Temple]]
* [[Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Sarangapani temple, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Parthasarathy Temple, Triplicane]]
* [[Bhu Varaha Swamy temple]]
* [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Ashtabujakaram]]
* [[Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari]]
* [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]]
* [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi]]
* [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur]]
* [[Mudikondan Kothandaramar Temple]]
* [[Thirupullabhoothangudi Temple]]
* [[Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi]]
* [[Vijayaraghava Perumal temple]]
* [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Sangam literature]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Sangam period]]
[[Category:Religion in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian religions]]
[[Category:Tamils and religion]]

Kerala Public Works Department

2026-03-06T19:28:18Z

Ridheehee: refined details for accuracy

{{Short description|Government agency in Kerala, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name =
| nativename = '''Keralam Public Works Department'''
| nativename_a = '''കേരള പൊതുമരാമത്ത് വകുപ്പ്'''
| nativename_r =
| logo = [[File:Government of Kerala Logo.svg|250px]]
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| formed = {{start date and age|1823}}
| preceding1 = Panivakai Maramath- [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]]
| preceding2 = Cochin Maramath- [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = Sri. [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Public Works
| chief1_name = Sri. K. Biju IAS
| chief1_position = Secretary of Public Works
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency = [[Government of Kerala]]
| child1_agency = [[Roads and Bridges Development Corporation|RBDCK]]
| child2_agency = KSTP
| child3_agency = KSCC
| child4_agency = KRFB
| website = [https://www.pwd.kerala.gov.in/ KeralaPWD]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kerala Public Works Department'''<ref name="aboutus">{{Cite web|title=Kerala Public Works Department Official Website|url=https://www.pwd.kerala.gov.in/}}</ref> ('''KPWD''') is a department under the [[Government of Kerala|government]] of the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It manages the construction and maintenance of civil structures owned by the government viz; government buildings, government owned hospitals (part of the public health system), roads, bridges etc.<ref name="aboutus" /><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article2584722.ece The Hindu. 'Roadworks nearing completion'.]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2638674.ece The Hindu. 'State to shift to concrete roads'.]</ref> The KPWD was formed in 1956 following reorganization of states.<ref name="aboutus" /><ref>[http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1823:public-works-department-public-works&catid=94:public-works-department&Itemid=2820 Government of Kerala Official Website. 'Public Works Department'.]</ref>

== History ==
In [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]], British Residents had a separate department called Public Works Commission to carry off construction works in British Cochin. The kingdom had its own Marmath Department since 1825, as a separate agency to monitor construction of roads and palaces.

In 1901, the Kingdoms of Travancore and Kochi agreed to have an unified PWD Code and a permanent Joint commission of PWD Engineers in both sides were formed. The Travancore Maramath was headed by a chief engineer, whereas it was a Diwan Peshkar (State Secretary) who headed Kochi Marmath.

In 1949, when United State of [[Travancore-Cochin]] was formed, both the Maramath Departments were merged and renamed as Kerala PWD. Over the years the department has grown substantially and now has 8 Chief Engineers, 25 Superintending Engineers, 76 Executive Engineers, 289 Assistant Executive Engineers, 639 Assistant Engineers and other supporting staff.

== About Department ==

The department is headed by a senior minister of cabinet rank. Presently [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]], representing [[Beypore]] Constituency is the minister for PWD. The Minister is assisted by a senior IAS officer, Secretary for Public Works who heads the secretariat functions. As a technical department, it has a council composed of Chief Engineers and technical advisors along with nominated representatives from economical and social spheres.

==Wings==

===Administration Wing===
This wing is headed by a Chief Engineer and deals with matters related to the general administration and human resources management pertains to the whole department. Establishment matters, human resource development, Information technology & e-Governance related matters and internal vigilance are the main functions of this wing. Administration wing functions from the head office at Thiruvananthapuram and there are no sub-offices for this wing at any parts of the State. The following are the main sections under the administration wing.

===Roads Wing===
Roads wing deals with the planning, project preparation, construction, maintenance and arrangement of works of all State Highways and Major District Roads under the State. This wing is having its headquarters at Thiruvananthapuram and is under the control of a Chief Engineer who is assisted by a Deputy Chief Engineer, a Senior Finance Officer and supported by technical and other ministerial staff. This wing have field offices with Circle offices at regional level, division offices at district level, sub-division offices at taluk level and Section offices at the lowest level.

There are three Circle offices under the roads wing namely south circle, Central circle and North circle each headed by a Superintending Engineer. Under each Circle offices there are division offices headed by an Executive Engineer. The sub-division offices are headed by Assistant Executive Engineer and Section offices are headed by Assistant Engineer.

PWD roads constitute 15 per cent of the total road network in the State carrying which carries nearly 80 per cent of the total road traffic within the State. The total length of roads maintained by Roads Wing is 29109.68 km out of which 4127.74 km is State Highways and 24975.34 km is Major District Roads (MDRs) .

===Bridges Wing===
Bridges wing is formed exclusively for the construction and maintenance of various types of bridges under Kerala PWD on 27.03.2018 as a part of the initiative "Puthiya kalam Puthiya nirmanam". This wing is formed based on the Road and Bridge Maintenance Policy of the Government. This wing is headed by a Chief Engineer (Bridges) with supporting staff. This wing is having its headquarters at Thiruvananthapuram with two circle offices seven division offices fourteen subdivisions and forty section offices.

A total number of 2768 bridges are being maintained by PWD Bridges Wing, Kerala out of which 427 bridges are in State Highways and 1938 are in Major District Roads/ Other District Roads.

===National Highways Wing===
National Highways wing of the State PWD was formed for the maintenance and upkeep of National Highways entrusted to State PWD in accordance with NH Act 1956 by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways(MoRTH), Government of India. There are 11 National Highways in Kerala with a total length of 1781.36 km and of which 548 km of NH is currently maintained by the State PWD. The remaining 1233.5 km is currently with the National Highway Authority of India(NHAI) as part of the four/six laning programme of MoRTH.

===Buildings Wing===
The buildings wing deals with the planning, project preparation, construction, maintenance and arrangement of works including water supply, electrification and electronic works of public buildings. The headquarters of buildings wing is at Thiruvananthapuram and is under the control of a Chief Engineer assisted by Deputy Chief Engineer and a Senior Finance Officer supported by technical and non-technical staff. The organisational structure of buildings wing is as below

Apart from the regular field offices like circle, division, sub-division and section offices, the following additional offices also works under the Buildings wing

===Projects Wing===
Projects wing is formed to execute externally aided projects and specialised projects. Currently this wing is executing the World Bank aided Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP). Administration head of this wing will be the IAS officer (Project Director) and technically headed by a Chief Engineer. The main aim of this wing is upgradation of the State Highway. The organisational structure of Projects wing is as below

Apart from the regular field offices like two circle and four division offices, the following additional offices also works under the Projects wing
* '''Design Wing'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Design Wing|url=https://www.pwd.kerala.gov.in/Design%20Wing|website=Kerala PWD Design Wing|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630225002/https://www.pwd.kerala.gov.in/Design%20Wing|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Design wing of PWD deals with the design, research, investigation and quality control aspects of various infrastructure projects and is headed by a Chief Engineer. Chief Engineer is assisted by the Director (Research & Quality Control), Director (Buildings) and Director (Highways) in the design and quality control aspects.

At present, the department is having specialised units for structural design of buildings, design of bridges, design of highways, Geotechnical engineering unit, Environmental engineering unit, MEP design unit for Building services (Electrical design, Plumbing design and HVAC design) and a project preparation unit with sufficient staff strength. The Design wing is functioning with headquarters in the office of the Chief Engineer (Design) in Thiruvananthapuram known as Chief Design Office (CDO). In addition there are Regional Design Offices (RDO) at Eranakulum and Kozhikode. Apart from this there is a full-fledged investigation and quality control wing under the Design wing which is having regional I&QC laboratories at Thiruvananthapuram, Eranakulam and Kozhikode with sufficient district level quality control laboratories.

The Kerala Highway Research Institute (KHRI) at Thiruvananthapuram carries out research & quality control works and gives advice and guidance for advanced construction works undertaken by the department. KHRI has well established laboratories for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, Concrete Division, Traffic Division and Flexible Pavement Division.

===Road Maintenance Wing===
Road Maintenance wing is formed for maintaining various types of roads under the control of Kerala PWD through the adoption of new technologies and methods. This wing is formed based on the Road and Bridge Maintenance Policy of the Government. This wing is headed by a Chief Engineer (Road Maintenance) with supporting staff. This wing is having its headquarters at Thiruvananthapuram with seven division offices fourteen subdivisions. The organisational setup of the Road Maintenance wing is as shown below
* '''Architectural Wing'''

The Architectural wing is responsible for the preparation and finalization of all architectural designs and drawings for buildings and similar works to be executed by the Public Works Department. Though primarily intended for the Buildings branch, the assistance of Architectural wing is taken for architectural designs in the other areas of construction such as bridges, highway structures, landscaping and urban beautification works etc. This wing headed by a Chief Architect and supported by other Architects having its main office in Thiruvananthapuram . There are two regional offices also at Ernakulam and Kozhikode. The organizational setup of the Architectural wing is as shown below

'''The following organisations are functioning under the Department.'''

* [http://Kstp.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala State Transport Project(KSTP)]
* [[Roads and Bridges Development Corporation|Roads and Bridges Development Corporation of Kerala Ltd]].
* Kerala Road Fund Board
* Kerala State Construction Corporation Ltd.
* [[Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Ltd]]
* Road Infrastructure Company Kerala Limited
* Pratheeksha Bus Shelters Kerala Ltd
* [http://ashwaskerala.com/ Ashwas Public Amenities Kerala Ltd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506055044/http://ashwaskerala.com/ |date=6 May 2014 }}

== Rest Houses ==
PWD also have several Tourist Bungalows located in various important tourist destinations, available for tourists for daily rent, though the government has started the process of handing over several TBs to [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation|KTDC]].

== References ==
<references responsive="0" />

== See also ==
* [[Roads in Kerala]]
* [[Roads and Bridges Development Corporation]]
* [[Central Public Works Department]]

{{Kerala State Highways Network}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:State public works departments of India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kerala]]
[[Category:1823 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Moplah sword

2026-03-05T18:28:37Z

Ridheehee: New New Post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{infobox weapon
| name = Sumraal Khanjar خنجر سمرال
| image = File:Malabar muslim sword.jpg
| caption = Mappila sword
| origin = India
| type = Sword

| is_bladed = yes

| service =
| used_by = Moplah
| wars = Moplah uprising of 1921-22

| designer =
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| number =
| variants =

| spec_label =
| weight =
| length = {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}}
| part_length = {{convert|35|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}}
| height =
| diameter =
| crew =

| blade_type = Double
| hilt_type = Metal, wood, horn
| sheath_type = None
| head_type =
| haft_type =
}}

The '''Moplah sword''' or '''Sumraal Khanjar''' is a [[sword]] used by the [[Malabar Muslims|Malabar Muslim]] population in the [[Malabar Coast]] in southwestern India. The sword has been used since medieval times.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

It is also known as the ayda katti.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=George Cameron |title=A glossary of the construction, decoration, and use of arms and armor in all countries and in all times: together with some closely related subjects |date=1999 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=Mineola, N.Y |isbn=978-0-486-40726-5 |page=456}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The Moplah sword has a wide blade that is broader near to the tip and runs slightly [[wikt:concave|concave]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Moplah (sword) {{!}} Mandarin Mansion |url=https://www.mandarinmansion.com/glossary/moplah-sword |website=www.mandarinmansion.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=George Cameron |title=A glossary of the construction, decoration, and use of arms and armor in all countries and in all times: together with some closely related subjects |date=1999 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=Mineola, N.Y |isbn=978-0-486-40726-5 |page=456}}</ref> The blade is polished smooth, with no hollow-ground. In some versions, the blade has a strong middle section, which extends up into the tip. The [[hilt]] can be made of wood,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=George Cameron |title=A glossary of the construction, decoration, and use of arms and armor in all countries and in all times: together with some closely related subjects |date=1999 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=Mineola, N.Y |isbn=978-0-486-40726-5 |page=454}}</ref> horn or bone. The [[Hilt#Pommel|pommel]] is often covered with a metal disk. At the transition between the blade and hilt, decorations are often found, and they are made of silver or brass.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=George Cameron |title=A glossary of the construction, decoration, and use of arms and armor in all countries and in all times: together with some closely related subjects |date=1999 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=Mineola, N.Y |isbn=978-0-486-40726-5 |page=456}}</ref> These decorations are of traditional or religious significance in most cases.

The blades are about {{convert|35|cm|abbr=on}} long, at the widest point about {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} wide and the sword has a total length of about {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}}.

The sword is held in a belt worn on the back with the blade facing upwards. It is not kept in a [[scabbard]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=George Cameron |title=A glossary of the construction, decoration, and use of arms and armor in all countries and in all times: together with some closely related subjects |date=1999 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=Mineola, N.Y |isbn=978-0-486-40726-5 |page=456}}</ref>

== History ==
The Moplah sword is named after the [[Malabar Muslims|Muslim Mappilahs]], an Indian Muslim community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moplah (sword) {{!}} Mandarin Mansion |url=https://www.mandarinmansion.com/glossary/moplah-sword |website=www.mandarinmansion.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| File:Mopla1.jpg
| File:Mopla3.jpg
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Stone, G.C., LaRocca, D.J. (1999) ''[[A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times]].'' Courier Dover Publications {{ISBN|978-0-486-40726-5}}
* Egerton, W.E. (2002) ''Indian and Oriental Armour.'' Courier Dover Publications {{ISBN|978-0-486-42229-9}}
* Indian Museum (2002) ''Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour.'' Courier Dover Publications {{ISBN|978-0-486-42229-9}}
* Elgood, R. (1994) ''The Arms and Armour of Arabia in the 18th-19th and 20th centuries.'' Scolar Press {{ISBN|978-0-85967-972-5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moplah (Sword)}}
{{Islam in Kerala}}
[[Category:Edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Indian swords]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:History of Kerala]]

{{Sword-stub}}
{{India-hist-stub}}

Jimmy Gallu

2026-03-03T22:14:43Z

Ridheehee: add lead also

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jimmy Gallu
| image = Jimmy Gallu.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[K. S. L. Swamy]]
| producer = Shashirekha
| writer = M. Narendra Babu (Dialogue)
| story =Venugopal Kasergod
| based_on =
| screenplay = M. Ramachandran
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Sripriya]] [[Lokesh]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = Purushottham Valke
| editing = N. M. Victor
| studio = Navanidhi Chithra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982||}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Jimmy Gallu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಜಿಮ್ಮಿಗಲ್ಲು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama (genre)|drama]] film directed by [[K. S. L. Swamy]] and produced by Shashirekha. The story is written by Venugopal Kasaragod. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Sripriya]], [[Lokesh]] and [[Hema Choudhary]].<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/jimmy-gallu.html movie cast & crew]</ref> The film was widely appreciated for its songs and story upon release. The songs composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] were huge hits. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Muddayi]]'' and in Hindi as ''[[Mulzim (1988 film)|Mulzim]]''.

== Cast ==
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Jimmy
* [[Sripriya]] as Sudha
* [[Lokesh]] as Ganesha
* [[Hema Choudhary]]
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]]
* Keerthi Vishnuvardhan
* [[Vajramuni]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* [[Dwarakish]] as Vasnatha
* [[K. S. Ashwath]]
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]]
* [[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]] as Chowdappa
* [[S Shivaram]] as Venkanna
* [[Rajanand]] as Mutthanna
* N. S. Rao
* Shashikala

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] and the lyrics were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. The songs "Thuttu Anna" sung by Vishnuvardhan and the duet song "Deva Mandiradalli" were received extremely well.
{{Infobox album
| name = Jimmy Gallu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 1982
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sangeetha Musics]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thuttu Anna Thinnokke
| extra1 = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Haadu Yaava Haadu
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Vayyari Mogava Nodu
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Nanna Janumave
| extra4 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], Vani Jairam
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Deva Mandiradalli
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1380129}}
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000436 Jimmy Gallu at Raaga]

{{K. S. L. Swamy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jimmy Gallu}}
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. L. Swamy]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Chandravamsam

2026-03-03T21:58:06Z

Ridheehee: put up the stub first draft

{{Short description|2002 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Chandravamsam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = CD cover
| native_name = 
| director = V. Umakant
| writer = Sri Krishna (dialogues)
| screenplay = V. Umakant
| story =
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[Habba]]'' (1999) |[[J. K. Bharavi]]}}
| producer = J. K. Bharavi
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]] [[Jayaprada]] Radhika Varma Rupa Sridevi Eepshitha Saipriya
| narrator =
| cinematography = Adusumalli Vijay Kumar
| editing = K. Ramesh
| music = J. K. Bharavi
| studio = Raghuramayya Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|2|15|ref1=<ref name="I"/>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chandravamsam''''' ({{translation|[[Lunar dynasty]]}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[family film|family]] [[drama film]] directed by V. Umakant. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] starring [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]], [[Jayaprada]], Radhika Varma, Rupa, Sridevi, Eepshitha and Saipriya.

''Chandravamsam'' is a remake of the Kannada film ''[[Habba]]'' (1999), which itself is based on the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Virata Parva|Virata Parvam]] from the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="S"/> The film was released to negative reviews with Krishna's performance considered as the film's saving grace. The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/tollywood2002firsthalf.html|title=Tollywood in the first half of 2002|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|first1=Sreya|last1=Sunil|last2=Jeevi|access-date=2024-01-10|archive-date=2022-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115072521/https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/tollywood2002firsthalf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Four of the five brothers are married. When Krishna, the youngest brother falls in love with Priya, the brothers make sure she doesn't get married since she is their sister and their dead father was to give his property to her kids.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Dharma Raju
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Hari Chandra
*[[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]] as Krishna
*[[Jayaprada]] as Dharma Raju's wife
*Radhika Varma as Hari Chandra's wife
*Rupa
*Sridevi
*Eepshitha
*Saipriya as Rukmini
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]]
*Kishore
*Prasanna Kumar
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Ammagaru
*Shobharani
*Meghana
*Deepa
*Sriharshini
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as [[Purohita|Purohit]]
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]]
}}

== Production ==
Kannada director V. Umakant made his Telugu debut with this film.<ref name="I"/> The five brother characters are a modern take on the [[Pandavas]] with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] and [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]]'s characters based on [[Yudhishthira|Dharma Raju]], [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]], respectively.<ref name="I"/> The film was titled ''Chandravamsam'' due to the relation between the [[lunar dynasty]] and the Pandavas.<ref name="I"/> Rohit accepted the film to learn from senior actors like [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=26 November 2002 |title=Finding a foothold |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802225232/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> Jayaprada reprised her role from Kannada original. This was her 44th film with Krishna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onset.html|title=Krishna-Jayaprada team up again|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=15 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606003648/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onset.html|archive-date=6 June 2002}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by J. K. Bharavi. The tune of songs "Dhim Thakita" and "Mama Masti" from Kannada film ''Habba'' were retained here.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Poillo Pinnisula
| length1 = 5:21
| lyrics1 = J. K. Bharavi
| extra1 = [[Gangadhara Sastry]], Chalapathi Raju
| title2 = Entha Mudhu Gunnade
| length2 = 4:07
| lyrics2 = J. K. Bharavi
| extra2 = Gangadhara Sastry, Mani Nagaraj
| title3 = Dhim Thakita
| length3 = 5:00
| lyrics3 = Guru Charan
| extra3 = Gangadhara Sastry, Mani Nagaraj
| title4 = Masth Masth Pelli
| length4 = 5:07
| lyrics4 = S. D. Balu
| extra4 = Gangadhara Sastry, Srikanth, Chalapathi Raju
| title5 = Sensational Family
| length5 = 4:10
| lyrics5 = Sri Vedavyas
| extra5 = Gangadhara Sastry, Srikanth, Mani Nagaraj
| title6 = Mama Mama Masti
| length6 = 4:56
| lyrics6 = Kaluva Krishna Sai
| extra6 = Gangadhara Sastry, Mani Nagaraj
| total_length = 28:41
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "It's an average film and Krishna is the strength".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chandravansam.html|title=Movie review - Chandra Vamsam|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|date=15 February 2002|access-date=10 January 2024|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116045923/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chandravansam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that the film "is very slow moving. The only silver lining in this otherwise boring movie is Krishna, who has put in good performance. He is the one-man entertainment troupe in the film. The rest of the cast can be forgotten".<ref name="S">{{Cite web |last=Moviebiz |title=Review: Chandravamsam |url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11084373&ctid=5&cid=2430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107205022/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11084373&ctid=5&cid=2430 |archive-date=7 January 2005 |access-date=11 January 2024 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Smriti Kashyap of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "Anyway, if you can actually survive the feeling of suspended animation with a bunch of friendly autowallahs and Ambassador car drivers, then go ahead 'jawly jawly' all the way!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/chandravamsam/telugu/chandravamsam-movie-reviews-618-2.html|title=Chandravamsam Review|work=Full Hyderabad|first=Smriti|last=Kashyap|access-date=2024-01-10|archive-date=2024-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105005121/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/chandravamsam/telugu/chandravamsam-movie-reviews-618-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "This dramatized version of Virataparva with modern setting is pretty predictable. However despite having a lot of villains and villainy in the film it goes more on comical notes. For all those who acted in the film including Krishna and Jayaprada the roles are a cake walk. Music and other technical departments are average".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/chandravamsam.html|title=Chandravamsam|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=30 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606015846/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/chandravamsam.html|archive-date=6 June 2002}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3414420}}

[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]

Anchil Oral Arjunan

2026-03-03T21:33:20Z

Ridheehee: Creating The Entry W/ Refs

{{Short description|2007 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anchil Oral Arjunan
| image = Anchil Oral Arjunan.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Anil (director)|Anil]]
| producer = P. Narayanan
| writer = [[T. A. Razzaq]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jayaram]]
*[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
*[[Samvrutha Sunil]]
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
*[[Sreenivasan]]
*[[Madhu Warrier]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*[[Venu Nagavally]]
}}
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = Anandakuttan
| editing = PC Mohanan
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|01|27}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Anchil Oral Arjunan''''' is a 2007 Indian Malayalam-language [[family drama film]] directed by [[Anil (director)|Anil]] and starring [[Jayaram]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]], [[Samvrutha]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Madhu Warrier]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Venu Nagavally]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2006 |title=Jayaram in Anchil Oral Arjunan |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jayaram-in-anchil-oral-arjunan--news-27388 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412070616/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jayaram-in-anchil-oral-arjunan--news-27388 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2006 |title=Joy for Jayaram |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/joy-for-jayaram-telugu-news-26648 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412070621/https://www.indiaglitz.com/joy-for-jayaram-telugu-news-26648 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aswini |date=3 September 2015 |title=15 വര്‍ഷത്തിനിടെ 70 സിനിമകള്‍, വിജയിച്ചത് വെറും പത്ത്; പ്രേക്ഷകരെ വെറുപ്പിച്ച ജയറാം ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/flop-films-jayaram-after-the-year-2000-024761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022185417/https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/flop-films-jayaram-after-the-year-2000-024761.html |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Filmibeat |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sudheendran "Sudhi" works as a class tutor and theatrical actor and Kovilakam Sreedharan is his benefactor. Sudhi falls in love with Pavithra. When Sudhi reconnects with his childhood friend Sathi, Pavithra gets mad at Sudhi. More problems ensue after his cousins Vijayan and Vinayan want to take his family house. How Sudhi solves his problems forms the rest of the plot.

== Cast ==
*[[Jayaram]] as Sudheendran a.k.a. Sudhi
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Vijayan
*[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] as Pavithra
*[[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Sathi
*[[Sreenivasan]] as Kovilakam Sreedharan
*[[Madhu Warrier]] as Vinayan
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Paul
*[[Venu Nagavally]] as Padmanabhan
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Shantha
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Sudheendran's mother
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Vijayan's mother

== Release and reception ==
The film was ready for release in January 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanaka Simhasanam postponed |url=https://www.indicine.com/movies/malayalam/kanaka-simhasanam-postponed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328062300/http://www.indicine.com/movies/malayalam/kanaka-simhasanam-postponed/ |archive-date=28 March 2009 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]|via=Indicine}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "More bad news for Jayaram fans. His films are getting from bad to worse. They have the same hackneyed storyline, scenes and look the same with nothing new in it. And to put it mildly, Jayaram should stop getting saddled with such asinine and dumb roles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2007 |title=Anchil Oraal Arjunan |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anchil-oraal-arjunan-review-malayalam-pclwkeicbbebj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171019/https://www.sify.com/movies/anchil-oraal-arjunan-review-malayalam-pclwkeicbbebj.html |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> C. Parashuram from ''Webindia 123'' wrote that ""Anchil Oraal Arjunan" is strictly for hardcore Jayaram fans".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anchil Oraal Arjunan (2007) |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/jan2007/anjil/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316213253/http://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/jan2007/anjil/index.htm |archive-date=16 March 2010 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Webindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parashuram |first=C. |date=30 January 2007 |title=Anchiloral Arjunan Malayalam Movie Review by C. Parashuram |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3600/malayalam/anchiloral-arjunan/1034/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412070709/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3600/malayalam/anchiloral-arjunan/1034/review.htm |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref> A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' called the film absorbing and not entertaining.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2007 |title=Anchil Oral Arjunan Review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anchil-oral-arjunan-review-malayalam-movie-8936 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412070700/https://www.indiaglitz.com/anchil-oral-arjunan-review-malayalam-movie-8936 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> Unni Nair of ''Nowrunning'' gave a mixed review and wrote that "But the subject chosen doesn't seem to have anything new and is like old wine in a new bottle.".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Unni |date=22 January 2007 |title=Anchiloral Arjunan Malayalam Movie Review by Unni Nair |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3600/malayalam/anchiloral-arjunan/1026/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412070624/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3600/malayalam/anchiloral-arjunan/1026/review.htm |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0972762}}

[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]

Mohammad Rafique Mughal

2026-03-01T00:58:43Z

Ridheehee: put up stub

{{short description|Pakistani archaeologist}}
{{BLP more footnotes needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mohammed Rafique Mughal
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1936}}
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]<ref name=TFT>{{cite web |title=The who's-who of archaeology in Pakistan |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-whos-who-of-archaeology-in-pakistan/ |website=The Friday Times (newspaper)|accessdate=28 April 2020|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> (now in [[Pakistan]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Archaeology]] and [[Ethnoarchaeology]] Indus Valley Archaeology International Heritage Management
| work_institution =
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
| prizes = [[Tamgha-i-Imtiaz]] (Medal of Excellence) Award by the [[Government of Pakistan]] in 1992
}}

'''Muhammad Rafiq Mugal''' (born 1936) is a Pakistani [[archaeologist]], engaged in investigating of [[Ethnoarchaeology|ethnoarchaeological]] research in [[Chitral]], [[northern Pakistan]]. He has been responsible for the direction, [[technical support]] and [[Supervisor|supervision]] for [[Art conservation and restoration|restoration]] and [[Architectural conservation|conservation]] of more than thirty [[monuments]] and excavated remains of the [[Islamic]], [[Buddhist]] and [[Protohistory|Proto-historic]] periods, in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] of Pakistan. He served as a professor of archaeology and heritage management and the director of undergraduate studies at [[Boston University]].<ref name=BU>{{cite web |url= https://www.bu.edu/archaeology/profile/mughal/|title= Rafique Mughal (Professor Emeritus of Archaeology) |publisher=Boston University Arts & Sciences Center for the Study of Asia |location=Boston, MA |accessdate=28 April 2020}}</ref> He is now Professor Emeritus of Archaeology at Boston University.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bu.edu/archaeology/profile/mughal/ | title=Rafique Mughal | Archaeology }}</ref>

==Contributions in restoration and conservation==
Mughal supervised the preparation of a number of conservation and restoration projects of archaeological and [[architecture|architectural]] [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] of Pakistan. He also planned, organized and directed archaeological [[fieldwork]]s and research projects of extensive surveys involving documentation of sites, monuments, and excavations across the world on locations of diverse cultural contents ranging in date from the [[Prehistory|Prehistoric]] to Islamic periods. He also conducted extensive surveys in co-ordination of various international archaeologists for explorations in [[Sindh]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], Punjab, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] and Northern Areas of Pakistan that led to the discovery of various settlements of the [[Indus Civilization]] and of other cultural contents.<ref name=BU/>

===Museum development===
Mughal has contributed to the development of several [[museums]] in Pakistan. This includes contributing to establishing the [[Islamabad]] Museum in 1994. He also helped to reorganize [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]] Museum, [[Saidu Sharif]] in collaboration with Japanese museologists. He was also a leading figure in proposing the establishment of the Museum of [[Archaeology]] and [[Anthropology]] at [[Gilgit]] in 1993, the Museum at [[Rohtas Fort]] (1994), the [[Ethnology|Ethnological]] and Archaeological Museum at [[Multan]] (1995) and for the expansion of [[Taxila Museum]] (1994).

===Heritage conservation and management===
Rafique Mughal has been involved in archaeological conservation of the following sites and monuments:

*[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[monastery|monasteries]], [[stupa]]s and city remains in the Swat and Taxila Valleys;
*Structural remains of the Indus Civilization at [[Harappa]];
*[[Islam]]ic buildings of 16th and 17th centuries AD namely, [[Lahore Fort]] and [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalamar Garden]] (both on [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage List]])<ref name=TFT/>
*[[Baradari (building)|Baradari]] (garden pavilion) of [[Wazir Khan Mosque]]<ref name=TFT/>
*Tombs of [[Jahangir|Mughal Emperor Jahangir]], Ali Mardan Khan, Prince Pervez, [[Mir Chakar Khan Rind]];
*Nandana Fort;
*[[Hiran Minar]] and Pavilion;
*Mosques of [[Mariyam Zamani]]; [[Dai Anga Mosque|Dai Anga]] and Akbari Sarai;
*Baoli (stepped well) at Jandiala Sher Khan.

===Major international collaborations===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
*1990: Co-Investigator with H. Fujiwara from Japan for research on rice at Harappa in archaeological contexts.
*1996: Collaboration with Rita P. Wright from the United States for a Joint Field Survey around the city of Harappa and beyond.
*1980–82: Joint Excavations at Sar and Buri, [[Bahrain]] with local and Australian teams.
*1966: Collaborative Survey of sites in the [[Malir River|Malir River Basin]], Lower Sindh with Walter A. Fairservis from the USA.
*1960: Collaboration with [[George F. Dales]] in the survey along the [[Makran|Makran Coast]] of Baluchistan.
*1958: Participant in the excavations at [[Charsada]] headed by [[Mortimer Wheeler|Sir Mortimer Wheeler]] from the United Kingdom.

==Archaeological excavations==
===Indus Civilization and Bronze Age sites===
*[[Excavation (archaeology)|Excavations]] at Jhukar, 1973–74
*[[Malir]] [[Megalith]]s, 1975<ref name=BU/>
*[[Harappa]], 1967 and 1992<ref name=BU/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://live-harappacom.pantheonsite.io/content/harappa-1989-summary-fourth-season |author=George F. Dales|title=Harappa 1989: Summary of the Fourth Season |website=HARAPPA.COM website|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref>
*Jalilpur, 1971 and 1976
*[[Jhang]], 1974
*[[Sutkagan Dor]], 1960
*Sar al-Jisr ([[Bahrain]]), 1980–81 and 1981–82<ref name=BU/>
*Buri and A'Ali (Bahrain), 1980–82<ref name=BU/>

===Buddhist and Early Historical or Medieval sites===
*[[Lahore Fort]], 1959<ref name=TFT/>
*[[Aibek]]'s [[Grave (burial)|Grave]], 1960;
*[[Tulamba]], 1963–64
*Satgara, 1971
*[[Charsadda]], 1958 (with Sir [[Mortimer Wheeler]])
*Nimogram, 1967;
*Pan Dheri, 1967;
*[[Mainamati]] ([[Bangladesh]]), 1962–63<ref name=BU/>
*[[Somapura Mahavihara|Paharpur]] (Bangladesh), 1963<ref name=BU/>

===Early Islamic sites===
*Mansurah, 1965–66, (headed by Dr. F. A. Khan); 1967 and 1982–83;
*Banbhore, 1958, 1959–60 (headed by Dr.F.A. Khan), 1960–61, 1961–62, 1964 and 1965 (headed by Muhammad Rafique Mughal)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/701852/excavation-at-bhanbore-to-resume-soon |author=Suhail Yusuf |title=Excavation at Bhanbore to resume soon|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper) |date=11 March 2012|accessdate=28 April 2020}}</ref>
*Bhiro Bham, 1964.

===Punjab Province===
*Cholistan, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/693636/rare-indus-seal-discovered-in-cholistan |newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date=7 February 2012|author=Mansoor Malik|title=Rare Indus seal discovered in Cholistan |accessdate=28 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=BU/>
*Multan and Faisalabad, 1967, 1971, 1973 and 1976;
*Sahiwal, 1966 and 1971;
*Dera Ghazi Khan, 1961;
*Lahore, 1990

===Sindh Province===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
*Jacobabad, 1961;
*Nawab Shah and Thatta, 1963;
*Malir River Basin, 1964 (headed by Walter A. Fairservis);
*Sukkur-Rohri, 1966 and 1983;
*Karachi and Thano Bula Khan, 1966;
*Sindh Kohistan, 1983;
*Nagar and Parkar, 1987;

===Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province and Northern Areas===
*Swat and Dir, 1966<ref name=TFT/>
*Gilgit and Hunza region, 1979

===Balochistan Province===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
*Northern and Central Balochistan, 1973;
*Makran Coast, 1960 (headed by George F.Dales);
*Las Bela, 1962;
*Kej Valley, Mekran, 1964.

Mughal was also the project director of two major schemes for "Survey and Documentation of Sites and Monuments in Sindh and Punjab" between 1993 and 1996.

== Publications ==
'''Books and Edited Volumes:'''
*In preparation Sir Aural Stein’s Survey of the Ghaggar-Hakra Region, Thar Desert 1940–42.
*1998 The Archaeology of Sindh: Updated supplement to the Antiquities of Sind. 3rd. Department of Culture and Tourism, Government of Sindh, Karachi: 153–208.
*1997 Ancient Cholistan, Archaeology and Architecture. Ferozesons, Lahore.{{ISBN|969-0-01350-5}}<ref name=BU/>
*1995 PIATR: The Pakistan Institute of Archaeological Training and Research – A Comprehensive Report 1988-95. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Karachi. by Mohammed Rafique Mughal and Gulzar M. Khan.
*1983 The Dilmun Burial Complex at Sar: 1980–82 excavations in Bahrain. Ministry of Information, Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, State of Bahrain<ref name=BU/>
*1973 Present State of Research on the Indus Valley Civilization. International Symposium on Mohenjo-daro. Department of Archaeology & Museums, Karachi<ref name=BU/>
*1970 The Early Harappan Period in the Greater Indus Valley and Northern Balochistan, ca. 3000–2400 BC. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. (University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, No.71-19, 263)<ref name=BU/><ref>{{cite book | url=https://ixtheo.de/Record/1084310392 | title=The early Harappan period in the Greater Indus Valley and northern Baluchistan: (C. 3000 - 2400 B.C.) | date=1970 }}</ref>

'''Articles:'''
*2005 Impact of urbanisation around the city of Lahore and the world heritage monument of Shalamar Garden. In Proceedings of ICOMOS 15th General Assembly and Scientific Symposium on “Monuments in their Setting: Conserving Cultural Heritage in Changing Townscapes and Landscapes,” Volume 1: 419–24. World Publishing Corporation, Xi’an.
*2005 Monuments at Kunya-Urgench, Turkmenistan: Comments on preservation, policies, and procedures. Circle of Inner Asian Art. 20:16–9.
*2005 Sir Aurel Stein's papers on the survey of Ghaggar-Hakra River, 1940–42. In South Asian Archaeology 2001, edited by C. Jarrige and V. Lefevre: 277-80. Paris.
*2005 Geoarchaeology of Harappa's eastern countryside: Observations along the buried bed of the Upper Beas River, Punjab Province, Pakistan. In South Asian Archaeology 2001, edited by C. Jarrige and V. Lefevre: 277-80. Paris. by Mohammed Rafique Mughal, J. Schuldenrein, Rita Wright, and M. Afzal Khan.
*2004 Landscapes, soils, and mound histories of the Upper Indus Valley, Pakistan: New insights on the Holocene environments near ancient Harappa. Journal of Archaeological Science. 31: 777–97. by Mohammed Rafique Mughal, J. Schuldenrein, Rita Wright, and M. Afzal Khan.
*2003 Evidence of rice and ragi at Harappa in the context of South Asian prehistory. In Introduction of African Crops into South Asia, V. N. Misra, and M. D. Kajale: 73–8. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies, Pune.
*2001 Resurrecting Sir Aurel Stein from the Cholistan Desert, Context. 15(2): 1–4.
*1997 A preliminary review of archaeological surveys in Punjab and Sindh: 1993–95. South Asian Studies. 13: 275–84.
*1997 Recent documentation of ancient sites and monuments in the Punjab Province. Punjab Journal of Archaeology and History. 1(1). by Muhammad Afzal Khan and Muhammad Hassan.
*1996 Archaeological sites and monuments in Punjab: Preliminary results of explorations, 1992–96. Pakistan Archaeology. Special Number 29. by Farooq Iqbal, Muhammad Afzal Khan and Muhammad Hassan.
*1996 The Indus Valley: 3000–1500 BC. In History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development, edited by A. H. Dani and J. -P. Mohan. Vol. II: 246-65. UNESCO and Routledge, Paris and London. by B. K. Thapar.
*199 Theory and Practice in Garden Conservation. In, Hussain, M., Rehman, A. and Wescoat, J.L. (eds), The Mughal Garden: Interpretation, Conservation and Implications. Islamabad – Lahore – Karachi: Ferozsons (pvt.) Ltd. :111- 113.
*1994 The Harappan Nomads of Cholistan. In, Allchin B. (ed.), Living Traditions: Studies in the Ethnoarchaeology of South Asia: 53–68. Oxford & 1BH Publishing, New Delhi<ref name=TFT/>
*1992 The Geographical Extent of the Indus Civilization during the Early, Mature and Late Harappan Times. In, Possehl, G. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology Studies. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.: 123-43.
*1992 The consequences of River Changes for the Harappan settlements in Cholistan. Eastern Anthropologist. 45(1–2): 105–16.
*1992 Jhukar and the late Harappan Cultural mosaic of the Greater Indus Valley. In South Asian Archaeology 1989, Jarrige C. (ed.), . Madison, Wisconsin: The Prehistory Press: 213-21.
*1992 Rice and Ragi at Harappa: Preliminary Results by Plant Opal Analysis, Pakistan Archaeology(Karachi), No. 27: 129–142.
*199 Ancient Sites in Cholistan, Bahawalpur (1974–77). Lahore Museum Bulletin. IV (2): 1–52.
*1991 The Cultural Patterns of Ancient Pakistan and Neighboring Regions, circa 7000–1500 BC, Pakistan Archaeology.26: 218–237.
*1990 Archaeological Field Research in Pakistan since Independence: An Overview, Bulletin of Deccan College and Postgraduate Research Institute (Pune), Vol.49: 261–278.
*1990 Further Evidence of the Harappan Culture in the Greater Indus Valley: 1971–90, South Asian Studies (London), No. 6: 175- 199.
*1990 The Protohistoric Settlement Patterns in the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. In, Teddei, M. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1987. Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente: 143- 156.
*1990 The Decline of the Indus Civilization and the Late Harappan Period in the Indus Valley, Lahore Museum Bulletin (Lahore), Vol.III (2): 1–17.
*1990 The Harappan Settlement Systems and Patterns in the Greater Indus Valley (Circa 3500–1500 BC), Pakistan Archaeology (Karachi), No.25: 1–72.
*1990 The Harappan twin Capitals and Reality, Journal of Central Asia, (Islamabad), Vol. XIII (1): 155–162.
*1990 New archaeological evidence on the Harappan problem from the recent researches in the Cholistan Desert. Kokogaku Zasshi. 75(3): 34–57.
*1989 The development of Protohistoric research in Pakistan: 1970–85. Journal of Central Asia. 3(1): 47–77.
*1988 The Buddhist road: Rock engravings along the Karakorum Highway, Museum Kyushu. 28(1): 59–61.
*1988 Genesis of the Indus Valley Civilization. Lahore Museum Bulletin. 1(1): 45–54.
*1987 Die Indus Civilization: Entstehung Einer Hockhultur. Vegessene Stadte Am Indus, Mainz Am Rhein: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern: 112-8.
*1988 La naissance de la civilisation de l'Indus. In Les Cities Oubliees de lí Indus: Archaeologie due Pakistan: 71-4. Musee National des Arts Asiatiques Guimet, Paris.
*1985 The significance of some Pre-and Protohistoric discoveries in the Karakorum Region. Journal of Central Asia. 8(2): 213–35.
*1985 Tombs of Uchh. Heritage í85. 39–44.
*1985 History of Lahore and its Monuments. In, Shakoori, A. R. and Mirza, M. R. (eds.), Souvenir Sixth Pakistan Congress of Zoology, Lahore: Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab: 1–7.
*1984 Allama Iqbal Museum. Pakistan Pictorial (Islamabad), Vol. III (6): 9–13.
*1984 The Post-Harappan Phase in Bahawalpur District, Pakistan. In, Lal, B.B. and Gupta, S.P. (eds.), Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. New Delhi: Books and Books: 499–503.
*1983 Current Research Trends on the Rise of Indus Civilization. In, Urban G. /Jansen M. (eds.), Veroffentlichungen des Geodatischen Institutes der Rheinisch -Westfalischen TechnischenHochschule Aachen, Nr. 34:500 and 6. December 1981 (Aachen, Germany): 13–20, 1983.
*1982 Recent archaeological research in the Cholistan Desert. In Harappan Civilization: A contemporary perspective, edited by G. L. Possehl: 85–95. Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi.
*1981 New archaeological evidence from Bahawalpur. In Indus Civilization: New Perspective, edited by A. H. Dani: 33–41. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-e Azam University, Islamabad.
*1980 The origins of the Indus Civilization. Sindhological Studies. 1–10.
*1978 The Early Harappan Cultural Phase: A reply. Purattatva. 10: 84–8.
*1975 Cultural links between Pakistan and Iran during the Protohistoric Period (5000–1000 BC). In Pakistan-Iran: A common culture: 33–82. Institute of Persian Studies, Islamabad.
*1974 Explorations in Northern Balochistan, 1972: New evidence and fresh interpretation. In Proceedings of the IInd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran: 276-86. Muzeh- e-Iran Bastan, Tehran
*1974 New evidence of the Early Harappan culture from Jalilpur. Archaeology. 27(2): 276–86
*1972 A summary of excavations and explorations in Pakistan. Pakistan Archaeology. 8: 113–58
*1972 Introduction to the pottery of Periods I and II of [[Sarai Khola]]. In Excavations at Sarai Khola, Part II, edited by M. A. Halim. Pakistan Archaeology. 8: 34–53
*1967 Excavations at Tulamba, West Pakistan. Pakistan Archaeology. 4: 11–152
*1964 Gujarat by the Chenab. Pakistan Quarterly. 12(1): 12–9

==Awards and recognition==
* Serves as one of the World Heritage Destinations Rated: Panelists for the [[National Geographic Society]]<ref>[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/features/whsrated0611/whsrated_panelists.html Mohammad Rafique Mughal listed on World Heritage Destinations Rated: Panelists] National Geographic Society website, Published November/December 2008, Retrieved 29 April 2020</ref>
* [[Tamgha-i-Imtiaz]] (Medal of Excellence) Award by the [[Government of Pakistan]] in 1992 for making outstanding contributions to the archaeology and culture of Pakistan<ref>[http://people.bu.edu/mughal/cv_honors.htm Mohammad Rafique Mughal's award by the Government of Pakistan on Boston University website] Retrieved 29 April 2020</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]]
* [[Chanhudaro]]
* [[Mohenjodaro]]
* [[Harappa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal, Mohammed Rafique}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani archaeologists]]
[[Category:21st-century archaeologists]]
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Scientists from Gujranwala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani museologists]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Harappa]]

Kampilideva

2026-02-27T21:09:06Z

Ridheehee: creating stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Royalty
| succession = 2nd and last ruler of the [[Kampili kingdom]]
| reign = 1300 AD- 1327/1328 AD
| predecessor = Singeya Nayaka III (1280–1300 AD)
| successor = Monarchy abolished, [[Kampili kingdom]] became a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| father = Singeya Nayaka III (1280–1300 AD)
| issue = [[Kumara Rama]], Maravve Nayakiti
}}

[[File:Shiva temple on Hemakuta hill 3.JPG|thumb|right|Shiva temple on Hemakuta hill in Hampi was built by Kampili Raya.]]
'''Kampilideva''' was the second and last king of the [[Kampili kingdom]], succeeding his father, Singeya Nayaka III (1280–1300 AD) in 1300 AD. His son, prince [[Kumara Rama]] helped him wage wars against the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of [[Warangal]], the [[Hoysala Empire]], and the [[Delhi Sultanate|sultan of Delhi]], [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]. Kampilideva and his son Kumara Rama died battling the forces of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.<ref name="Storm2015p311">{{cite book|author=Mary Storm|title=Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32556-7|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kanhaiya L Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206-1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202}}</ref><ref name="Stein1989p18"/>

==Death==
In 1327/1328 CE, the armies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq from [[Northern India]] attacked the kingdom of Kampilideva, i.e. the [[Kampili kingdom]], which was one of the last independent [[Hindu]] kingdoms in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The women of the royal household committed ''[[jauhar]]'' (ritual mass suicide) when it faced a certain defeat.<ref name="Storm2015p311">{{cite book|author=Mary Storm|title=Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32556-7|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kanhaiya L Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206-1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202}}</ref> Kampilideva and his son, [[Kumara Rama]], died on the battlefield. After this, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] was founded by the brothers [[Harihara I|Harihara]] and [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]].<ref name="Stein1989p18">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA18 |year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=18–19}}</ref><ref name=gilmartin300>{{cite book|author1=David Gilmartin|author2=Bruce B. Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]

Ramarathnam Narasimhan

2026-02-10T02:54:08Z

Ridheehee: adding a pg needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ramarathnam Narasimhan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|3|31}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Fracture mechanics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Caltech]] | [[IIT Bombay]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Royal Institute of Technology]] | Institute for High Performance Computing | [[National University of Singapore]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Madras]] | [[Caltech]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| [[Ares J. Rosakis]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on fracture mechanics
| awards = {{ublist|1988 SPIE Rudolph Kingslake Medal | 1999 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2003 [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Rustom Choksi Award | 2016 [[IIT Madras|IITM]] Distinguished Alumnus Award }}
}}
'''Ramarathnam Narasimhan''' (born 1960) is an Indian materials engineer and a professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Dept of Mechanical Engineering">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/ |title=Dept of Mechanical Engineering |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> He is known for his pioneering researches on [[fracture mechanics]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=211 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Narasimhan,_Prof._Ramarathnam |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P02-1318 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227150440/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P02-1318 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-04-03 |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1999.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==

R. Narasimhan, born on 31 May 1960 in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], gained a graduate degree in engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in 1982 and moved to the US to join the [[California Institute of Technology]] from where he secured a master's degree in mechanical engineering in 1983 and followed it up with a PhD in [[Applied Mechanics]] in 1986.<ref name="IITM Distinguished Alumnus Award">{{Cite web |url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php# |title=IITM Distinguished Alumnus Award |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref> His post-doctoral studies were also at Caltech at the laboratory of [[Ares J. Rosakis]], simultaneously working as a faculty at the institute. On his return to India, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] in 1987 where he stayed for four years before joining the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1991 and serves IISc as a professor at the department of mechanical engineering.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/users/narasi |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113125931/http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/users/narasi |url-status=dead }}</ref> During this period, he had three sabbaticals; once in Sweden at the [[Royal Institute of Technology]] and twice in Singapore at the Institute for High Performance Computing, Singapore and at [[National University of Singapore]].<ref name="IITM Distinguished Alumnus Award" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:TankerSchenectady.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|235px|The [[S.S. Schenectady|S.S. ''Schenectady'']] split apart by [[brittle fracture]] while in harbor, 1943.]]
Narasimhan's researches have been focused on the theoretical, computational and applied aspects of Solid Mechanics, Fracture Mechanics and Mechanics of Materials.<ref name="IITM Distinguished Alumnus Award" /> During his post-doctoral days at Caltech, he worked with Rosakis on elastic-plastic solids with regard to crack initiation and growth and their studies on three-dimensional effects on elastic-plastic crack tip fields demonstrated the dominance of the effect ''at a distance of half the specimen thickness from the crack front''.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has also worked on the deformation and fracture behaviour of [[bulk metallic glasses]] and is credited with the development of a method for quantifying ''the micro-mechanics of [[Fracture#Crack separation modes|mixed mode ductile fracture]] involving microvoid coalescence and [[shear band]]''.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> Collaborating with [[Upadrasta Ramamurty]], his colleague at IISc, he worked on fracture mechanics of bulk metallic glasses and these studies enabled them to identify the time scale of fracture as well as to propose an explanation for the nano-trenches.<ref name="CRACKED! - New insights into how glasses break">{{Cite web |url=http://iisc.researchmedia.center/article/cracked-new-insights-how-glasses-break |title=CRACKED! - New insights into how glasses break |date=2017 |publisher=Research Media, IISc |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042728/http://iisc.researchmedia.center/article/cracked-new-insights-how-glasses-break |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has documented his researches in several articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Narasimhan=3ARamarathnam=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]] and [[Google Scholar]], online repositories of scientific articles, have listed 103<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramarathnam_Narasimhan |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> and 141 of them respectively.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ubwKMwgAAAAJ&hl=en&cstart=0&pagesize=20 |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref>

Narasimhan is a former member of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He sits in the editorial boards of journals including Engineering Fracture Mechanics<ref name="Engineering Fracture Mechanics Editor">{{Cite web |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/engineering-fracture-mechanics/editorial-board |title=Engineering Fracture Mechanics Editor |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> and Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids of [[Elsevier]],<ref name="Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids">{{Cite web |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-the-mechanics-and-physics-of-solids/editorial-board |title=Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> and the International Journal of Fracture of [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]].<ref name="International Journal of Fracture">{{Cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/materials/characterization+%26+evaluation/journal/10704?detailsPage=editorialBoard |title=International Journal of Fracture |date=2017 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media}}</ref> Besides, he is a former member of the editorial board of [[Current Science]] journal of the Indian Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Faculty profile" /> He has mentored a number of master's and doctoral scholars in their studies and has delivered several keynote or invited speeches including at the ''Complex Geometry and Operator Theory'' conference jointly organized by the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] and [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] in December 2015.<ref name="Complex Geometry and Operator Theory">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isibang.ac.in/~jay/OTOA/GM60/participants.html |title=Complex Geometry and Operator Theory |date=2015 |publisher=Institute of Mathematical Sciences}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
His work alongside Ares Rosakis at Caltech earned Narasimhan the Rudolph Kingslake Medal of the SPIE, an honor he shared with Rosakis and Alan Taylor Zehnder in 1988.<ref name="Rudolph Kingslake Medal">{{Cite web |url=https://spie.org/about-spie/awards-programs/current-award-winners/rudolph-kingslake-medal-and-prize |title=Rudolph Kingslake Medal |date=2017 |publisher=SPIE}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1999.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=2015-09-23 }}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 2000<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 2002.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> A year later, the Indian Institute of Science awarded him the 2003 Prof. Rustom Choksi Award for Excellence in Research<ref name="Prof. Rustom Choksi Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ac.in/about/awards/ |title=Prof. Rustom Choksi Award |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> and he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras in 2016.<ref name="IITM Distinguished Alumnus Award" /> Narasimhan, who has been holding the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology of India since 2010, is also an elected fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering.<ref name="INAE fellows" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ghosal, A. K. |author2=Narasimhan, R. |title=A finite element study of the effect of void initiation and growth on mixed-mode ductile fracture |journal=Mechanics of Materials |date=1997 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1016/S0167-6636(96)00047-6}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Roy, Y. Arun |author2=Narasimhan, R. |author3=Arora, P. R. |title=An experimental investigation of constraint effects on mixed mode fracture initiation in a ductile aluminium alloy |journal=Acta Metallurgica Sinica |date=1999 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=1587–1596 |doi=10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00015-4|bibcode=1999AcMat..47.1587A }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Basu, Sumit |author2=Narasimhan, R. |title=A numerical investigation of loss of crack tip constraint in a dynamically loaded ductile specimen |journal=Mechanics and Physics of Solids |date=2000 |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=1967–1985 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5096(99)00078-2|bibcode=2000JMPSo..48.1967B }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Jayadevan, K. R. |author2=Narasimhan, R. |author3=Ramamurthy, T. S. |author4=Dattaguru, B. |title=A numerical study of T-stress in dynamically loaded fracture specimens |journal=International Journal of Solids and Structures |date=2001 |volume=38 |issue=28–29 |pages=4987–5005 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7683(00)00323-1}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Biswas, P. |author2=Narasimhan, R. |title=A numerical study of constraint effects on dynamic ductile crack initiation |journal=Mechanics of Materials |date=2002 |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=577–592 |doi=10.1016/S0167-6636(02)00154-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Narasimhan, R. |title=Analysis of indentation of pressure sensitive plastic solids using the expanding cavity model |journal=Mechanics of Materials |date=2004 |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=633–645 |doi=10.1016/S0167-6636(03)00075-9}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Subramanya, H. Y. |author2=Viswanath, S. |author3=Narasimhan, R. |title=A three-dimensional numerical study of mode I crack tip fields in pressure sensitive plastic solids |journal=Journal of Solids and Structures |date=2007 |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1863–1879 |doi=10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.08.003|doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[Ductility]]
* [[Solid mechanics]]
* [[Bhagavatula Dattaguru]]
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author=M. L. Munjal|title=Noise and Vibration Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYm6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|year=2013|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4434-74-4|pages=10–}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimhan, Ramarathnam}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil scientists]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple

2026-01-24T03:31:03Z

Ridheehee: expanded content

{{coord|12|39|36.8|N|76|38|51.1|E|region:IN|display=title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple
| image = Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple BNC.jpg
| alt =
| caption = A view from front side of Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mandya District]]
| location = [[Melkote]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord Cheluvanarayana Swamy
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple''', also known as '''Selva Pillai''' or '''Thirunarayanapuram''', is a temple in [[Melukote]] in the [[Mandya District]] of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-03|title=Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple {{!}} Cheluvanarayana Swamy {{!}} Melkote Temple|url=https://www.karnataka.com/melukote/melukote-cheluvanarayana-swamy-temple/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Karnataka.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-04-12|title=The Lord's crowning glory {{!}} Cheluvanarayana Swamy {{!}} Melkote Temple|newspaper=The Hindu |url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/the-lords-crowning-glory/article3283625.ece}}</ref>
The temple lies on the foothills of Melkote and is associated with the Yoga Narasimha temple built on rocky hills which overlook the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] valley. The temple is classified one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] the tradition. It is about {{convert|30|mi}} from [[Mysore]] and {{convert|97|mi}} from [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-03|title=Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple {{!}} Cheluvanarayana Swamy {{!}} Melkote Temple|url=https://www.karnataka.com/melukote/melukote-cheluvanarayana-swamy-temple/|access-date=2020-09-30|website=Karnataka.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

The temple legend associates the place as the worship place of [[Vishnu]] by [[Brahma]]. The temple in its current form was constructed during the 11th century. The temple is associated with [[Ramanuja]] and has received several endowments from the ruling Mysore kings. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious Charitable Endowment Department, Government of Karnataka.

== Legend ==
Legend has it that once Hindu god [[Brahma]] requested [[Vishnu]] to gift him his image to worship. Vishnu handed him an idol which Brahma gave his son Sanatakumara who in turn installed it in current Melkote. Brahma requested one more image for worship with Vishnu and he gave a metal image, which was believed to have been carried by [[Rama]] during the Kritayuga, [[Balarama]] during the Dwaparayuga and Yadava family during kaliyuga. The presiding deity is called Narayanadri and the metal image is referred as Yadavadri.<ref name=temple/>

According to another legend, Ramanujacharya went to Delhi to retrieve the utsava-murti that had been stolen from the temple. The Delhi Sultan shows Ramanujacharya his treasury of looted statues, however the idol Ramapriya is not among them. The next day Ramanuja finds the idol being played with as a doll by the Sultan's princess. He calls out to the idol "Cheluva pille!" (Beloved son) and the idol comes to him. Ramanuja takes the idol back to Melkote, however the princess follows him, unwilling to part with the idol. The princess becomes one with the idol out of devotion and to this day is honoured as "Bibi Nachiyar".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Richard H. |date=2004 |title=A Muslim Princess in the Temples of Viṣṇu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106886 |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=8 |issue=1/3 |pages=137–156 |doi=10.1007/s11407-004-0006-y |jstor=20106886 |issn=1022-4556|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The legend however is anachronistic as the Delhi sultanate was established in the 13th century while Ramanujacharya is believed to have lived in the 11th and 12th centuries. Similar "Tulukka Nachiyar" (Turkish sacred woman) stories are seen for Srirangam and Madurai temples to show how [[Bhakti]] transcends socio-religious boundaries.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[File:Ornate pillars in a mantapa in the Cheluvarayaswamy temple at Melukote.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mantapa]] at the temple]]
After [[Ramanuja|Ramanujacharya]] was made the [[rajguru]] of [[Hoysala Empire]], [[Lord Vishnu]] in a dream ordered Ramanuja to move to Melkote, where he would find the holy earth. Traditional accounts mention that the reason for travel was to search for namam clay for [[Srivaishnava Urdhva Pundra]] which was abundant in Melkote. Upon traveling, he found the holy earth and a [[vigraha]] of the god which was installed as the deity Tirunarayana of Melkote in the Bahudhanya year (1099 CE)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Narasimhiengar |first1=M. T. |last2=F. |first2=J. F. |date=1915 |title=Ramanuja and Melukote |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189291 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |pages=147–152 |jstor=25189291 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> [[Pushya|Pushyamasa]] [[Paksha#Shukla Paksha|Shukla Paksha]] [[Chaturdashi]], the deity was installed according to [[Pancharatra]] [[Agama_(Hinduism)|agama]]. Ramanuja worshipped it for three days, followed by [[kumbhabhishekham]] and recited [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|tamil vedas]]. [[Vishnuvardhana]] sanctioned 5000 ''[[Vijayanagara coinage|Gadyanas]]'' for the construction of the temple which was completed in 1104 CE.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, the [[Yadugiri Yathiraja Mutt]] was established for a sanyasi to live and manage the affairs of the temple.<ref name=":sarojini">{{cite book |last1=Jagannathan |first1=Sarojini |title=Impact of Śri Rāmānujāçarya on temple worship |date=1994 |publisher=Nag Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=8170812887 |edition=1st}}</ref>

==Temple complex==
The temple complex has a square plan and houses the image of Cheluvanarayanaswami in the santum. The temple halls house the images of Ramanuja, [[Azhwar]]s and Yadugiriamma<ref name=temple/> The temple is lined with carved pillars and features a dome-like top decorated with highly detailed sculptures. The presiding deity is ''Cheluvanarayana Swamy,'' also known as Tirunarayana (ತಿರುನಾರಾಯಣ) or ''Cheluvapille Raya (ಚೆಲುವಪಿಲ್ಲೆ ರಾಯ),'' a form of Lord [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-03|title=Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple {{!}} Cheluvanarayana Swamy {{!}} Melkote Temple|url=https://www.karnataka.com/melukote/melukote-cheluvanarayana-swamy-temple/|access-date=2020-09-30|website=Karnataka.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Inscriptions indicate that the deity was also known as Ramapriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melkote|url=http://www.bibangalore.org/1/post/2014/04/april-22nd-2014.html|access-date=2020-10-23|website=Bhaktivedanta institute {{!}} Bangalore|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Melkote Panorama (12).jpg|600px|thumb|center|Panoramic view of the Yoga Narsimha temple and the temple tank, Kalyani]]

The ''utsavamurthi (ಉತ್ಸವ ಮೂರ್ತಿ),'' a metal idol sculpture used for processions and certain religious rituals, represents the deity ''Cheluvanarayana Swamy''. According to the legend, this metallic figure was once lost, but was recovered by [[Ramanuja|Sri Ramanujacharya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vinayak|first=Akshatha|date=2017-01-13|title=A Walk Around the Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple in Melukote|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/cheluvanarayana-swamy-temple-in-melukote-003082.html|access-date=2020-09-30|website=nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref> The annual report of the Mysore Archaeological Department states that based on the strength of [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] evidence, the presiding deity of this temple was already a well-known object of worship even before Sri Ramanujacharya was worshiped at the shrine during the December 1098 CE period. This was also before Sri Ramanujacharya ventured to the Mysore region where he most likely would have used his influence to rebuild or renovate the temple. From the lithic records of the period, the existence of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] influence and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] worship are also evident.

==Endowments==
The temples has rich endowments received from various ruling Mysore kings. The Rajamudi, the crown studded with stones was presented by Mysore king Wodeyar (1578 - 1617CE). [[Tipu Sultan]] is believed to have donated elephants and Nagari to the temple. The Mysore king Krishnaraja Wodeyar (1799 - 1831 CE) has donated a crown set with precious jewels known as Krishnarajamudi. There is a third crown set studded with diamond known as Vairamudi. All these are used to decorate the processional deity during temple festivals.<ref name=temple>{{cite book|title=Melukote Temple|publisher=Hindu Religious Charitable Endowment Department, Government of Karnataka|page=3|year=2019}}</ref> All three crowns are kept in the custody of the government and are brought to the temple on a specific annual occasion to adorn the image of ''Cheluvanarayana Swamy''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka's Well-Kept Secret: Melukote |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70255/head-to-karnatakas-well-kept-secret-melukote |date=20 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061010055713/http://www.sanskritacademy.org/Melkote.htm Academy of Sanskrit Research]
{{commons category}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mandya district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]

Bhanjakhedi

2026-01-19T07:37:17Z

Ridheehee: Creating The Info First Draft - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhanjakhedi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.47886982518517|N|76.85740151512488|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
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| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
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| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
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}}

'''Bhanjakhedi''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Bhanjakhedi Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | title = harangaov police station phone number | date = 10 November 2019 | newspaper = madhya pradesh Police | archive-date = 30 November 2021 | access-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184313/http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

J. C. Daniel Award

2026-01-16T17:15:21Z

Ridheehee: creating pg!

{{short description|Kerala's highest cinema award}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox award
| name = J. C. Daniel Award
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = [[List of lifetime achievement awards|Lifetime achievement]]
| location = [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
| reward = {{INR Convert|500|k}}
| year = 1992
| year2 = 2024
| holder_label = Recent winner
| holder = [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 31
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[T. E. Vasudevan]]
| website = 
}}

The '''J. C. Daniel Award''' is the highest award in [[Malayalam cinema]], established by the [[Government of Kerala]], India. It is presented annually by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], a [[non-profit]] autonomous institution operating under the [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Cultural Affairs]], [[Kerala]]. Instituted in 1992, the award recognizes individuals for their "outstanding contributions to Malayalam cinema".<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=Activities|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive|publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachithra Academy]]|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412195637/http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive|archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=M T Vasudevan Nair chosen for J C Daniel Award|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/27550|access-date=16 April 2016|work=[[Madhyamam Daily]]|date=23 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416144456/http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/27550|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Recipients are selected by a jury suggested by the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy and appointed by the Department of Cultural Affairs.<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite news|title=M T Vasudevan Nair selected for J C Daniel award|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/nation-current-affairs/article/m-t-vasudevan-nair-selected-j-c-daniel-award|access-date=18 April 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220005231/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/nation-current-affairs/article/m-t-vasudevan-nair-selected-j-c-daniel-award|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the honourees receive a [[figurine|statuette]], a citation, and a cash prize of {{INR Convert|500|k}}. They are honoured at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Express News Service|title=State Film Awards Distributed|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/State-Film-Awards-Distributed/2015/12/27/article3197788.ece|access-date=14 April 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414145547/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/State-Film-Awards-Distributed/2015/12/27/article3197788.ece|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Government of Kerala created the award to commemorate the contribution of Indian filmmaker [[J. C. Daniel]], who is often regarded as the "father of Malayalam cinema".<ref name=Daniel>{{cite book|last=Bingham|first=Adam|title=Directory of World Cinema: INDIA|date=2013|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=9781841506227|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc1DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412200502/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc1DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The J. C. Daniel Award was managed by the Department of Cultural Affairs until 1997. In 1998, the Government of Kerala constituted the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, and since that year, the Academy has hosted the award.<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite book|last=Josh|first=Jagran|title=Current Affairs October 2015 eBook|publisher=Jagran Josh|year=2015|page=334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24zZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418122531/https://books.google.com/books?id=24zZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A cash prize of {{INR Convert|50|k}} was granted with the award until 2002.<ref name=menon/> In 2003, the prize money was doubled and, as part of a technical correction to update it, no award was presented that year. Actor [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] was the first recipient of the award with the increased monetary prize of {{INR Convert|100|k}} in 2004.<ref name=madhu/><ref name=50k/> Since 2016, the cash prize is {{INR Convert|500|k}}.<ref name="2016 award">{{cite news|title=47th state film awards presented|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/47th-state-film-awards-presented/articleshow/60453890.cms|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[Times News Network]]|date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/47th-state-film-awards-presented/articleshow/60453890.cms|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since its inception up to 2023, the J. C. Daniel Award has been bestowed on 31 individuals. The award was first presented to film distributor and producer [[T. E. Vasudevan]] in 1992. Actress [[Aranmula Ponnamma]] was the first woman to receive the honour, in 2005. The 2011 recipient, actor [[Jose Prakash]], died before the award ceremony. His son accepted the award on his behalf. The most recent winner is actress [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] in 2024.

==Recipients==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of award recipients
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Image
! scope="col"|Recipient
! scope="col"|Field of work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1992
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Vasudevan|[[T. E. Vasudevan]]}}
|Distributor, producer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Shivprasadh|first=S.|title=Cinema is his world|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-is-his-world/article4904720.ece|access-date=30 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630092240/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-is-his-world/article4904720.ece|archive-date=30 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Sukumaran Nair|[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]}}
|Actor, director, screenwriter, lyricist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=1991-99>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards (1991–99)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|publisher=[[Government of Kerala]]|department=Information & Public Relations Department|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Bhaskaran|[[P. Bhaskaran]]}}
|Lyricist, director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Lyricist-filmmaker P. Bhaskaran dead|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/lyricistfilmmaker-p-bhaskaran-dead/article1802470.ece|access-date=30 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630120000/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/lyricistfilmmaker-p-bhaskaran-dead/article1802470.ece|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1995
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | [[Abhayadev]]
|Lyricist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Pradeep|first=K.|title=Unforgettable verses|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/unforgettable-verses/article4557960.ece|access-date=30 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129192702/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/unforgettable-verses/article4557960.ece|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Vincent|[[A. Vincent]]}}
|Cinematographer, director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Chelangad|first=Saju|title=Reeltime: Malayalam's innovative auteur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reeltime-malayalams-innovative-auteur/article6969519.ece|access-date=30 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630153044/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reeltime-malayalams-innovative-auteur/article6969519.ece|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| [[File:K.raghavan.JPG|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|Raghavan|[[K. Raghavan]]}}
|Composer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=K. Raghavan passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/k-raghavan-passes-away/article5253072.ece|access-date=30 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227091915/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/k-raghavan-passes-away/article5253072.ece|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
| [[File:V. Dakshinamoorthy.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|Dakshinamurthy|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]}}
|Composer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|agency=Times News Network |title=Music composer Dakshinamoorthy passes away at 94 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Music-composer-Dakshinamoorthy-passes-away-at-94/articleshow/21564207.cms |access-date=30 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606130422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Music-composer-Dakshinamoorthy-passes-away-at-94/articleshow/21564207.cms |archive-date= 6 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1999
| [[File:GDevarajan.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|Devarajan|[[G. Devarajan]]}}
|Composer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=1991-99/>
|-
| 2000
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Krishnan Nair|[[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]}}
|Director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title='Sayahnam' bags seven awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110042458/http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/06/stories/0406211e.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/03/06/stories/0406211e.htm|access-date=25 February 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Menon|[[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]}}
|Director, art director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=menon>{{cite news|title=P.N. Menon selected for Daniel award|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412131444/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/05/12/stories/2002051204450400.htm|archive-date=12 April 2016|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/05/12/stories/2002051204450400.htm|access-date=25 February 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 May 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[File:K.J. Yesudas.JPG|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|Yesudas|[[K. J. Yesudas]]}}
|Playback singer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=50k>{{cite web|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Kerala honours Yesudas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125250/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/yesu/20030603.htm|archive-date=12 April 2016|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/yesu/20030603.htm|access-date=12 April 2016|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=3 June 2003|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" colspan="3" | No award
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards (2000–12)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|archive-date=7 July 2015 |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|publisher=[[Government of Kerala]]|department=Information & Public Relations Department|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| [[File:Madhu.png|90px]]
! scope="row" | [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
|Actor, director, producer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=madhu>{{cite news|title=J.C. Daniel Award for Madhu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418105728/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042306030400.htm|archive-date=18 April 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042306030400.htm|access-date=12 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 April 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Ponnamma|[[Aranmula Ponnamma]]}}
|Actress
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=J.C. Daniel Award for Aranmula Ponnamma|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234142/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122313200400.htm|archive-date=18 April 2014|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122313200400.htm|access-date=25 February 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 December 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Ravi Varma|[[Mankada Ravi Varma]]}}
|Cinematographer, director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Mankada Ravi Varma dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708182247/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mankada-ravi-varma-dead/article906753.ece|archive-date=8 July 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mankada-ravi-varma-dead/article906753.ece|access-date=12 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Ramdas|[[P. Ramdas]]}}
|Director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=J.C. Daniel Award for P. Ramdas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412132654/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jc-daniel-award-for-p-ramdas/article1234769.ece|archive-date=12 April 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jc-daniel-award-for-p-ramdas/article1234769.ece|access-date=25 February 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Kravindranathannair.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|Ravindran Nair|[[K. Ravindran Nair]]}}
|Producer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|agency=Express News Service|title=J C Daniel award presentation tomorrow|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133038/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article98224.ece|archive-date=12 April 2016|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article98224.ece|access-date=12 April 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[40th Kerala State Film Awards|2009]]
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Sethumadhavan|[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]}}
|Director, screenwriter
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Mathew|first=Roy|title=J.C. Daniel Award for Sethumadhavan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418110036/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/jc-daniel-award-for-sethumadhavan/article428938.ece|archive-date=18 April 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/jc-daniel-award-for-sethumadhavan/article428938.ece|access-date=25 February 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[41st Kerala State Film Awards|2010]]
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Appachan|[[Navodaya Appachan]]}}
|Producer, director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=JC Daniel award for Navodaya Appachan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133642/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/JC-Daniel-award-for-Navodaya-Appachan/articleshow/7596320.cms |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/JC-Daniel-award-for-Navodaya-Appachan/articleshow/7596320.cms |access-date=12 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[42nd Kerala State Film Awards|2011]]
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Prakash|[[Jose Prakash]]}}{{efn|[[Jose Prakash]] died one day after the award announcement, hence he could not receive the honour.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Express News Service|title=Honoured, Jose Prakash exits|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133922/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article348720.ece|archive-date=12 April 2016|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article348720.ece|access-date=12 April 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> His son accepted the award on his behalf.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jose Prakash's son to accept award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jose-prakashs-son-to-accept-award/article3341531.ece|access-date=14 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418111322/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jose-prakashs-son-to-accept-award/article3341531.ece|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|Actor, singer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam actor Jose Prakash passes away|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/malayalam-actor-jose-prakash-passes-away-458681.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630195107/http://www.news18.com/news/india/malayalam-actor-jose-prakash-passes-away-458681.html|archive-date=30 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|work=[[News18]]|date=24 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[43rd Kerala State Film Awards|2012]]
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Sasikumar|[[J. Sasikumar]]}}
|Director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=J.C. Daniel Award for Sasikumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412134416/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/jc-daniel-award-for-sasikumar/article4411443.ece|archive-date=12 April 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/jc-daniel-award-for-sasikumar/article4411443.ece|access-date=25 February 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[44th Kerala State Film Awards|2013]]
| [[File:MT Vasudevan Nair.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|Vasudevan Nair|[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]}}
|Screenwriter, director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=M T Vasudevan Nair chosen for Kerala's top cinema honour
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412134743/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/m-t-vasudevan-nair-chosen-for-keralas-top-cinema-honour_1474621.html|archive-date=12 April 2016|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/m-t-vasudevan-nair-chosen-for-keralas-top-cinema-honour_1474621.html|access-date=25 September 2014|publisher=[[Zee News]]|date=24 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[45th Kerala State Film Awards|2014]]
| [[File:IV Sasi 62nd Filmfare Awards South.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|Sasi|[[I. V. Sasi]]}}
|Director, screenwriter
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Veteran filmmaker I V Sasi bags J C Daniel award|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412135004/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/veteran-filmmaker-i-v-sasi-bags-j-c-daniel-award/|archive-date=12 April 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/veteran-filmmaker-i-v-sasi-bags-j-c-daniel-award/|access-date=12 April 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[46th Kerala State Film Awards|2015]]
| [[File:KG George.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|George|[[K. G. George]]}}
|Screenwriter, director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=J.C. Daniel award for K.G. George|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jc-daniel-award-for-kg-george/article9078902.ece|access-date=12 September 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912083725/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jc-daniel-award-for-kg-george/article9078902.ece|archive-date=12 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[47th Kerala State Film Awards|2016]]
| [[File:DirectorAdoor.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" | {{sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
| Director, screenwriter
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="2016 award" />
|-
| [[48th Kerala State Film Awards|2017]]
| [[File:Sreekumaran Thampi and Adoor Gopalakrishnan (cropped).jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" |[[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| Lyricist, director, screenwriter, producer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran Malayalam film personality Sreekumaran Thampi honoured with JC Daniel award|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/veteran-malayalam-film-personality-sreekumaran-thampi-honoured-with-jc-daniel-award/articleshow/63527599.cms|access-date=29 March 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329184403/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/veteran-malayalam-film-personality-sreekumaran-thampi-honoured-with-jc-daniel-award/articleshow/63527599.cms|archive-date=29 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[49th Kerala State Film Awards|2018]]
| [[File:Sheela.png|90px]]
! scope="row" |[[Sheela]]
| Actress, director, screenwriter
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Actress Sheela wins prestigious J C Daniel Award|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/actress-sheela-wins-prestigious-j-c-daniel-award-119060400874_1.html|access-date=4 June 2019|work=[[Business Standard]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=4 June 2019|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719051742/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/actress-sheela-wins-prestigious-j-c-daniel-award-119060400874_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[50th Kerala State Film Awards|2019]]
| [[File:Hariharan director.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" |[[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
| Director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Hariharan bags JC Daniel award for lifetime contributions to Malayalam cinema|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/03/hariharan-bags-jc-daniel-award-for-lifetime-contributions-to-malayalam-cinema-2218841.html|access-date=4 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 November 2020|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103143545/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/03/hariharan-bags-jc-daniel-award-for-lifetime-contributions-to-malayalam-cinema-2218841.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[51st Kerala State Film Awards|2020]]
| [[File:P jayachandranDSC 0207.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" |[[P. Jayachandran]]
| Singer
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=J. C. Daniel Award for P. Jayachandran|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jc-daniel-award-for-p-jayachandran/article37946069.ece|access-date=13 December 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213151024/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jc-daniel-award-for-p-jayachandran/article37946069.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[52nd Kerala State Film Awards|2021]]
| {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Producer of the Malayalam film 'AAKASHGOPURAM" Shri. Manu S.Kumaran and the Director, Shri K. P Kumaran addressing at the press during the 39th International Film Festival (IFFI-2008) in Panaji, Goa on November 25, 2008.jpg
|bSize = 650
|cWidth = 90
|cHeight = 80
|oTop = 135
|oLeft = 320
|Location=center}}
! scope="row" |[[K. P. Kumaran]]
|Director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmmaker-kp-kumaran-receives-the-prestigious-jc-daniel-award/articleshow/92917908.cms|title=Filmmaker KP Kumaran receives the prestigious JC Daniel award|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 July 2022|access-date=2022-07-16|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716114255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmmaker-kp-kumaran-receives-the-prestigious-jc-daniel-award/articleshow/92917908.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[53rd Kerala State Film Awards|2022]]
| [[File:T.V. Chandran.jpg|90px]]
! scope="row" |[[T. V. Chandran]]
|Director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/j-c-daniel-award-t-v-chandran/1107250 "2022ലെ ജെ സി ഡാനിയേൽ പുരസ്കാരം സംവിധായകൻ ടി വി ചന്ദ്രന്"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729123003/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/j-c-daniel-award-t-v-chandran/1107250 |date=29 July 2023 }}. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in Malayalam). 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.</ref>
|-
|[[54th Kerala State Film Awards|2023]]
| [[File:Shaji N. Karun.png|90px]]
! scope="row" |[[Shaji N. Karun]]
| Cinematographer, director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Shaji N Karun chosen for JC Daniel Award 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Dec/09/shaji-n-karun-chosen-for-jc-daniel-award-2023 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[55th Kerala State Film Awards|2024]]
| {{dash}}
! scope="row" | [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]]
|Actress
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2026 |title=Actress Sarada bags JC Daniel Award |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/actress-sarada-bags-jc-daniel-award-xmkve7q6 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.keralafilm.com Official website for Kerala State Chalachithra Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329122233/http://www.keralafilm.com/ |date=29 March 2014 }}
* [http://keralaculture.org Official website for Department of Cultural Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005171436/http://www.keralaculture.org/ |date=5 October 2017 }}
{{J. C. Daniel Award}}
{{Kerala State film Award}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]

Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist)

2026-01-08T12:49:08Z

Ridheehee: brief update layout based on references and updated info

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name =Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist)
|party_logo =
|colorcode = red
|leader =
|chairman =
|secretary = [[Babu Divakaran]]
|ppchairman =
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader =
|foundation = 2005
|predecessor =
|dissolution =
|split = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)]]
|merged = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|headquarters =TC 24/113, Panvila, Thycadu, P.O. Thiruvananthapuram, Pin Code-695014<ref name="headquarters ">http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Notification17.09.2010.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|publication =
|students =
|youth =
|women =
|labour =
|peasants =
|ideology =
|international =
|colours =
|position =
|eci =
|alliance = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|symbol =
|website =
|flag =
}}
'''Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist)''' was a [[political party]] in Kerala, India. It was formed by the former Labour Minister of Kerala, [[Babu Divakaran]] in 2005. Divakaran broke away from the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)|RSP(B)]]. In 2008 the party merged with the [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]. In 2011, Babu Divakaran quit SP and subsequently RSP(M) merged with [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]].

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Communism|India|Politics}}

* [[Communism in Kerala]]
* [[Communism in India]]
*[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
*[[Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala(Bolshevik)]]
*[[Kerala Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John)]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Marxist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2005]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Kerala]]
[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2011]]

K. L. V. Vasantha

2026-01-08T00:25:00Z

Ridheehee: creating a data

{{Short description|Indian actress, singer and dancer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=August 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{infobox person
| name = K. L. V. Vasantha
| image = Vasantha1945.png
| alt = A young Indian woman wearing jewelry on her head, ears, and neck, and a dark sari
| caption = Vasantha, from a 1945 newspaper advertisement for ''Subadra''
| birth_date = 1923
| birth_place = Kundrathur, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu
| death_date = 2008
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Actress, singer, dancer
| spouse = K. K. Vasu [[T. R. Sundaram]]
}}
'''Kundrathur L. V. Vasantha''' (1923–2008) was an Indian actress, singer and dancer who worked mainly in [[Tamil language]] films.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/remembering-vasantha/article1433352.ece |title=Remembering Vasantha |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 February 2008 |access-date=14 November 2016 |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>

==Biography==
Vasantha was born in 1923 in [[Kundrathur]], then based in [[Ramanathapuram district]]. As a young girl, she was actively involved in singing and dancing. According to actress [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]], Vasantha played in a minor, uncredited role in ''[[Pavalakkodi (1934 film)|Pavalakkodi]]'' (1934). After becoming a teenager, she appeared in B. N. Rao's ''Rambaiyin Kaathal'' (1939), a box-office success that catapulted Vasantha into stardom. Rao later cast her in ''Bhooloka Ramba'' (1940), also a hit.<ref name="thehindu" />

When [[Gemini Studios]] opened in 1941, Vasantha portrayed the lead female character in its debut production ''[[Madanakamarajan]]'', financed by Gemini founder [[S. S. Vasan]]. The success of this film further enhanced Vasantha's reputation. When Vasan planned ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' in 1943, he announced that Vasantha would star as the lead female, but she was eventually replaced by [[T. R. Rajakumari]]. Vasantha shifted to Salem where she joined [[T. R. Sundaram]]'s [[Modern Theatres]], and played the female lead in many of Sundaram's films such as ''Rajarajeswari'' (1944), ''[[Burma Rani]]'' (1945) and ''Sulochana'' (1947).<ref name="thehindu" />

Vasantha was already an accomplished dancer and singer, so she did both in most of her films. Her dance-drama sequence in ''Madanakamarajan'' became notable. In 1946, she played the lead roles in two Modern Theatres films: the Wahab Kashmiri-directed ''Chitra'' which was not successful, and ''Subhadhra''. After acting in a few more films, she returned to [[Chennai]] (then known as Madras) and lived there till her death in 2008.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Personal life ==
Vasantha married producer K. N. Vasu,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=25 April 2017 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 38 {{!}} Testimony of producer K.N. Vasu |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-38/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023151123/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-38/ |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> following the death of her husband T.R.Sundaram (1907-1963), the founder of Modern Theatres in Salem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=... And thus he made Chandralekha sixty years ago |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2017/and_thus_he_made_chandralekha_sixty_years_ago.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524070957/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2017/and_thus_he_made_chandralekha_sixty_years_ago.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=14 November 2016 |website=[[Madras Musings]]}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film
|-
| 1939 || ''Rambaiyin Kaathal''
|-
| 1940 || ''[[Satyavaani]]''
|-
| 1941 || ''[[Madanakamarajan]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=8 October 2009 |title=Madanakamarajan (1941) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Madanakamarajan-1941/article16885488.ece |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1944 || ''[[Raja Rajeswari (film)|Raja Rajeswari]]''
|-
| 1945 || ''[[Burma Rani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=6 October 2006 |title=War relic |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/article30211050.ece |access-date=23 October 2021 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1946 || ''[[Subathra]]''
|-
| 1947 || ''Sulochana''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasantha, K L V}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]

Water supply and sanitation in India

2026-01-02T21:31:57Z

Ridheehee: added structure for consistency based on references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Distinguish|Irrigation in India|Environment of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox water supply and sanitation
|country=India
|water_coverage =
|access_improved_water =
|access_basic_water = 98.7% (2018)<ref name="NITI Aayog 2017">{{Cite book |date=2017 |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/National-Multidimentional-Poverty-Index-2023-Final-17th-July.pdf |publisher=NITI Aayog |publication-place=New Delhi|isbn=978-92-4-151289-3}}</ref><ref name="JMP UNICEF">{{cite web
|last = World Health Organization
|author-link = World Health Organization
|author2 = UNICEF
|title = Joint Monitoring Program
|url = https://washdata.org/data/household#!/dashboard/new}}</ref>
|sanitation_coverage =
|access_improved_sanitation=
|access_basic_sanitation = 98.7% (2018)<ref name="NITI Aayog 2017"/><ref name="JMP UNICEF" />

* Safely managed sanitation: 97%
* Basic sanitation: 99%
* Limited sanitation: 7%
* No access to sanitation (open defecation): 1%
|share_wastewater_treated = 27% (2003)<ref name="Panse 2006">{{Cite web |last=Panse |first=Dayanand B. |date=2006 |title=Ecological sanitation – a need of today! Progress of EcoSan in India |url=http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-innovative-ecosan-network-india-progress-text-2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122810/http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-innovative-ecosan-network-india-progress-text-2006.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=DWA, Hennef and GTZ, Eschborn |page=3}} This figure refers to 921 Class I Cities and Class II Towns in 2003–04.</ref>
|continuity_of_supply =
|urban_water_use = 126 (2006)<ref name="WSP Kuwasip"/>
|water_use =
|tariff =
|metering = 55% in urban areas (1999)<ref name="National Institute of Urban Affairs 2005">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/23362613/Status-of-Water-Supply-Sanitation-and-Solid-Waste-Management-in-Urban-Areas-Part-1# |url-access=limited |publisher=National Institute of Urban Affairs |pages=xix–xxvi, 28 |via=[[Scribd]]}} The evaluation is based on a survey of all 23 metropolitan cities in India (cities with more than 1 million inhabitants) and a representative sample of 277 smaller cities with an aggregate population of 140 million. The survey was carried out in 1999.</ref>
|investment = {{USD}}5 / capita (2012)<ref name="Planning Commission">{{Cite web |title=Draft Report of the Steering Committee on Urban Development for Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012) |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp11/str11_hud1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063649/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp11/str11_hud1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]]}}</ref>
|share_by_utilities =
|financing =
|tax_financing =
|external_financing =
|non_revenue_water =
|decentralization = Partial
|company = No
|regulator = No
|policy_setting = State governments; Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation at the central level
|sector_law = No
|urban_providers = 3,255 (1991)
|rural_providers = about 100,000
|providers =
}}
In 2018, 98.7% of Indians had access to the basic [[water]] and [[sanitation]] facilities.<ref name="NITI Aayog 2017"/> India faces challenges ranging from [[Water source|sourcing water]] for its megacities to its [[Water distribution system|distribution network]] which is [[Intermittent water supply|intermittent]] in rural areas with continuous distribution networks just beginning to emerge. [[Non-revenue water]] is a challenge.

The share of Indians with access to [[Improved water source|improved sources of water]] increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008 and stood at 98.7% in 2018.<ref name="JMP" /> In 1980, rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1%. By 2018, it reached over 98%.<ref name="JMP">UNICEF/WHO [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] estimate for 2008 based on the 2006 [[Demographic and Health Survey]], the 2001 census, other data and the extrapolation of previous trends to 2010.</ref><ref name="NITI Aayog 2017"/>{{rp|p=78}} However, many people still lack access to water and sewage infrastructure.

== Water supply ==

=== Cities ===
In 2005, none among 35 Indian cities with populations above one million distributed water more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure. Due inadequate water pressure, people struggled collecting water even when available.<ref name="World Bank">{{Cite web |title=Project Information Document (PID) Concept Stage. Delhi Water Supply & Sewerage |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/458421468035082934/text/36065.txt
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101082144/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/458421468035082934/text/36065.txt
|archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref>
Service benchmarking carried out 2006 across 28 cities found average supply duration around 3.3 hours daily, ranging from one hour every three days up 18 hours daily.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip" />
A 2007 study showed that 20 cities recorded average supply duration only 4.3 hours daily. Longest duration reached 12 hours daily at [[Chandigarh]], while lowest remained 0.3 hours at [[Rajkot]].<ref name="Asian Development Bank">{{Cite book |url=https://www.adb.org/publications/2007-benchmarking-and-data-book-water-utilities-india
|title=2007 Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities India |publisher=Asian Development Bank, Government of India |year=2007 |isbn=978-971-561-648-5 |page=3}}</ref>
By 2015, 88% total population had access [[Improved water source|at least basic]] water,{{Efn|Term "at least basic water" introduced {{as of|2016|alt=new}}, related previous term "[[improved water source]]". Under Indian norms, access improved [[water supply]] exists when at least {{convert|40|l}} per person daily safe drinking water available within {{convert|1.6|km}} distance or {{convert|100|m}} elevation difference, relaxed as per field conditions. One pump required per 250 persons.{{According to whom|date=February 2021}}}} reaching 96% urban and 85% rural areas. Thus, nearly 150 million people still lacked access even basic water.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In Delhi land usage for residential area varies widely from planned colonies to unplanned slums. Despite the large piped network, with some areas receiving intermittent water supply, there are large areas that lack coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aijaz |first=Rumi |date=8 June 2020 |title=Water supply in Delhi: Five key issues |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/water-supply-in-delhi-five-key-issues-67477/ |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=ORF |language=en-US}}</ref> Reliance on dubious private water vendors is costly. For example, in Delhi water trucks get water from illegal wells on the banks of the Yamuna River for {{convert|0.75|$/gal|$/m3|$=₹|disp=or|order=flip}} ({{convert|{{#expr: {{To USD|0.75|IND}}}}|$/gal|$/m3|abbr=on|disp=out|order=flip}} or {{convert|{{#expr: {{To USD|0.75|IND}} * 100}}|¢/gal|¢/gal|0|abbr=on|disp=out|order=flip}}).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sethi |first1=Aman |date=2015 |title=At the Mercy of the Water Mafia, Foreign Policy, July/August 2015 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/17/at-the-mercy-of-the-water-mafia-india-delhi-tanker-gang-scarcity/ |access-date=11 October 2015 |website=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref>
[[File:Home water filters, water purifiers, and bottled water in India.jpg|thumb|In India, Delhi has the highest usage of household water purifiers/filters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Harikishan |date=29 November 2019 |title=12% of urban India relies on bottled water, 1 in 4 homes has a purifier |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/12-of-urban-india-relies-on-bottled-water-1-in-4-homes-has-a-purifier-6142062/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Basic gravity water filter, electric reverse osmosis and ultraviolet filters visible.<ref>{{Citation |title=Household Water Filter Evaluation Ahmedabad, India |date=2015 |work=Comprehensive Initiative on Technology Evaluation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> Standard 20 L bottled water visible.]]

The supply of cities that depend on surface water is threatened by pollution, increasing [[water scarcity]] and conflicts among users. For example, [[Bangalore]] depends to a large extent on water pumped since 1974 from the [[Kaveri]] river, whose waters are disputed between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. As in other Indian cities, the response to water scarcity is to transfer more water over large distances at high costs. In the case of Bangalore, {{convert|500,000|m3}} of water is pumped per day over a distance of {{cvt|100|km}}, thus increasing the city's supply by two-thirds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Lalitha |date=17 August 2009 |title=Stage-IV of Cauvery water supply scheme underway |url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/NEWPROJECTS/stageiv-of-cauvery-water-supply-scheme-underway |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715123433/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/NEWPROJECTS/stageiv-of-cauvery-water-supply-scheme-underway |archive-date=15 July 2011 |website=Project Monitor}}</ref>

[[Jamshedpur]] provided 25% of its residents with continuous water supply in 2009.<ref name="Asian Development Bank 2010">{{Cite book |date=2010 |title=Every Drop Counts: Learning from Good Practices in Eight Asian Cities |url=https://www.adb.org/publications/every-drop-counts-learning-good-practices-eight-asian-cities |page=22 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |isbn=978-92-9092-030-4}}</ref> In 2021, some parts of Mumbai got 24 hour supply, others got 19 hours supply or less.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Laxman |date=5 March 2021 |title=Mumbai: BMC set to wind up project supplying 24-hr water to city |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-bmc-set-to-wind-up-project-supplying-24-hr-water-to-city-7214717/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Puri]] became the first city in India to get a piped 24 hour continuous drinking water quality water supply.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wallen |first=Joe |date=17 August 2021 |title=How Puri became the first Indian city to provide clean drinking water for all |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/puri-became-first-indian-city-provide-clean-drinking-water/ |access-date=5 January 2023 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> [[Trivandrum]] is the largest Indian city and the only million agglomeration that enjoys uninterrupted hygienic water supply.<ref name="National Institute of Urban Affairs 2005" />{{Better source needed|reason=Above it says Puri was the first to get a drinkable 24*7 supply|date=January 2023}} Chennai has two [[desalination]] plants: the [[Nemmeli Seawater Desalination Plant|Nemmeli]] and [[Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant|Minjur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2010 |title=Chennai to get more desal after Nemmeli award |url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2010/1/chennai-to-get-more-desal-after-nemmeli-award |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Global Water Intelligence}}</ref>

=== Towns ===
[[Malkapur, Karad|Malkapur]] is the first Indian town to provide 24/7 water supply with 100 per cent coverage. The programme started in 2008 as a pilot project and soon covered the entire city. The connection is 100 per cent metered with telescopic tariff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malkapur 24X7 Water Supply Scheme |url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/40.%20Success%20Story%20of%20Malkapur%2024X7%20Water%20Supply%20System.pdf |publisher=Malkapur Nagarpanchayat, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran}}</ref>

=== Rural ===
Kaapil has been successful in providing continuous piped water supply to all households.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== Other water sources ===

==== Rainwater harvesting ====
In the early 21st century, India began heavily investing in [[Rainwater harvesting#India|rainwater harvesting]] infrastructure and policy as an urgent response to water scarcity.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=M. Dinesh |editor2-last=Ghosh |editor2-first=Shantanu |editor3-last=Patel |editor3-first=Ankit |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Om Prakash |editor5-last=Ravindranath |editor5-first=R. |title=Rainwater harvesting in India: some critical issues for basin planning and research |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/47964/ |journal=Land Use and Water Resources Research |doi=10.22004/ag.econ.47964 |last1=Kumar |first1=M. Dinesh |last2=Ghosh |first2=Shantanu |last3=Patel |first3=Ankit |last4=Singh |first4=Om Prakash |last5=Ravindranath |first5=R. |last6=Kumar |first6=M. Dinesh |last7=Ghosh |first7=Shantanu |last8=Patel |first8=Ankit |last9=Singh |first9=Om Prakash |last10=Ravindranath |first10=R. }}</ref> In 2001, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory in every building to avoid groundwater depletion. In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practised by the people of the Thar Desert. Increase in rainwater harvesting efforts across the nation have revived ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan, such as the chauka system from the Jaipur district. Other large cities like Pune, Mumbai and Bangalore all have varying rules for mandatory rainwater harvesting, especially in new buildings. In 2002, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai required all new buildings over {{convert|1000|m2}} to have rainwater harvesting infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Button |first=Cat |date=4 May 2017 |title=Domesticating water supplies through rainwater harvesting in Mumbai |url=https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=213795/E121A9CF-89E3-4B54-953E-129FBB1FF267.pdf&pub_id=213795 |journal=Gender & Development |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1080/13552074.2017.1339949 |s2cid=80471348 |issn=1355-2074}}</ref> The law was expanded in 2007 to {{convert|300|m2}}. The goal was to ensure buildings had enough water to last them through non-monsoon seasons. The process included a catchment system, an initial flush, and extensive filtering. As of 2021, the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) reported 3000 newly constructed or redeveloped buildings with rainwater harvesting infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=India Rainwater Harvesting Market, By Type (Rain Barrel System, Dry System, Wet System, Green Roof System), By Harvesting Method (Above Ground {Ground Surface and Storage Tank}, Under Ground), By Application (Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural), By Region, By Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2018–2028 |url=https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-rainwater-harvesting-market/14736.html |journal=TechSci Research}}</ref> However, many residents have complained that the stored water is contaminated, turning saline and brackish. Experts and residents argue that BMC authorities have done little to take implementation seriously, and the actual effectiveness of the rainwater harvesting mandate is unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |title=Mumbai could save water through its mandatory rainwater harvesting rule – but no one seems to care |url=https://scroll.in/article/929966/mumbai-could-save-water-through-its-mandatory-rainwater-harvesting-rule-but-no-one-seems-to-care |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Scroll.in |date=17 July 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

While rainwater harvesting in an urban context has gained traction in recent years, evidence points toward rainwater harvesting in rural India since ancient times.<ref name="Pandey 2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=Deep Narayan |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Anderson |first3=David M. |date=2003 |title=Rainwater harvesting as an adaptation to climate change |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24107712 |journal=Current Science |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=46–59 |jstor=24107712 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> The type of system varied depending on the geography and culture of the region. Himachal Pradesh, for example, relied on ''kuhls'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuhl, kohli and a lost tradition |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/kuhl-kohli-and-lost-tradition |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=India Water Portal Hindi}}</ref> a community-owned rainwater irrigation system. Maharashtra predominately used ''bhandara phads'', a [[check dam]] which lowers the velocity of flow from rivers and reduces erosion. On the onset of British rule in the early 19th century, many of these systems were abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater harvesting in India: Traditional and contemporary |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/rainwater-harvesting-india-traditional-and-contemporary |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=India Water Portal Hindi}}</ref> Environmentalists and scholars now believe that agricultural communities should revive ancient techniques to allow for rainwater harvesting to source the water needs of the community.<ref name="Pandey 2003" />

== Sanitation ==
{{See also|List of countries by proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities}}
[[File:People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population (1).png|center|thumb|350x350px|This chart depicts the decrease in open defecation from 2000 to 2022 in countries sharing a land border with India. According to the [[World Health Organization|WHO]]/[[UNICEF]] [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)]], as reported by [[Our World in Data]], the number of people practising open defecation fell from 62% to 33% from 2004 - 2014. About 157 million (15.7 crore), or approximately 11% of India’s population, still practised [[open defecation]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JMP |url=https://washdata.org/data/household#!/ind |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911000000/https://washdata.org/data/household#!/ind |archive-date=2024-09-11 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=washdata.org}} [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=IN Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Share of people practicing open defecation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/people-practicing-open-defecation-of-population?tab=chart&country=MMR~BGD~IND~OWID_WRL~CHN~PAK~BTN~NPL~AFG~High-income+countries~Least+Developed+Countries~Low-income+countries~Lower-middle-income+countries |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HARUNA KASHIWASE |date=17 November 2023 |title=World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-toilet-day-420-million-people-are-defecating-outdoors |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=blogs.worldbank.org}}</ref>]]

A formal sanitation programme was first launched in 1954, followed by Central Rural Sanitation Programme in 1986, Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 2012 and Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014.

In 2020, according to the [[World Bank]] data 72% Indians, 68% Pakistanis, and 54% Bangladeshi have access to the basic sanitation facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS|access-date=8 May 2022|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> In 2015, 44% had access to basic sanitation, or 65% in urban areas and 34% in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/india/summary/statistics/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113120952/https://washwatch.org/en/countries/india/summary/statistics/ |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=WASHwatch.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NITI Aayog 2017" /> In 2017, at least [[Improved sanitation|basic sanitation]] increased to 59.5%. Between 2014 and 2019, the Government in India has built around 110 million toilets, all across India, due to which the basic sanitation coverage went up from 38.7% in October 2014 to 93.3% in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Warehouse |url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=.WS_PPL_S-ALB..&startPeriod=2014&endPeriod=2019 |website=UNICEF Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Suri |first2=Manveena |date=6 October 2019 |title=Half of India couldn't access a toilet 5 years ago. Modi built 110M latrines – but will people use them? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/05/asia/india-modi-open-defecation-free-intl-hnk-scli/index.html |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dashboard. Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) 2.0 |url=https://sbm.gov.in/sbmgdashboard/statesdashboard.aspx |access-date=18 February 2019 |website=Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin |publisher=Ministry of Jal Shakti}}</ref>

For years, most Indians depended on on-site sanitation facilities which means mainly [[pit latrine]]s in rural areas. The government has been investing heavily in building sanitation units, in a nation-wide campaign called the Swachh Bharat Mission. Between 2014 and 2020, the Indian government managed to make household toilets accessible to over 99% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |author=McCarthy |first=Niall |date=19 November 2020 |title=India's Toilet-Building Revolution |url=http://www.statista.com/chart/14924/indias-toilet-building-revolution/ |access-date=17 December 2020 |publisher=Statista}}</ref> This translates to a total of 110 million toilets build since 2014, according to Statista. Preceding this success is the success of the Slum Sanitation Programme in Mumbai that has provided access to sanitation for a quarter million slum dwellers.<ref>{{cite web |date=2006 |title=Water Supply & Sanitation – Reaching the Poor Through Sustainable Partnerships: The Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai, India |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/380341468258301005/reaching-the-poor-through-sustainable-partnerships-the-slum-sanitation-program-in-mumbai-india |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Mark |date=2007 |title=Mumbai Slum: Dharavi |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/text3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505084934/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/text3.html |archive-date=5 May 2007 |website=National Geographic}}</ref> Sewage, where available, is often in a bad state. In Delhi the sewage network has lacked maintenance over the years and overflow of raw [[sewage]] in open drains is common, due to blockage, settlements and inadequate pumping capacities.<ref name="creaking" /> The capacity of the 17 existing [[wastewater treatment plants]] in Delhi is adequate to cater a daily production of waste water of less than 50% of the drinking water produced.<ref name="World Bank" /> Of the 892 million people in the world that [[open defecation|defecate openly]], some 15 million live in India, making it the country with the highest number of people who defecate in the open.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sharma |first=Betwa |date=15 October 2009 |title=665 million Indians still defecate in open: UN |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/15/in-india-665-million-defecate-in-open-un.htm |access-date=19 September 2010 |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref> This has serious public health implications.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

A specific Indian problem is also the (officially prohibited) "[[manual scavenging]]" which is connected to the officially banned [[caste system]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hobson |first=Kevin |title=Indian Caste System and The British |url=https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_hobso_caste_frameset.htm |access-date=18 February 2019 |website=InfinityFoundation.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Sahana |date=5 May 2016 |title=Why is the world so obsessed with India's caste system? |url=http://indiafacts.org/why-is-the-world-so-obsessed-with-indias-caste-system |website=India Facts}}</ref> and relates to unsafe and undignified emptying of toilets and pits, as well as handling of raw, untreated [[human waste|human excreta]].[[File:Holiness of Ganga.jpg|alt=|thumb|Millions depend on the [[Ganges river|Ganga river]] ]]
As of 2003, it was estimated, that only 27% of India's [[wastewater]] was being treated, with the remainder flowing into rivers, canals, groundwater or the sea.<ref name="Panse 2006" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=Bruce |date=6 September 2007 |title=The World – Drawing a curtain on old ways – In India, a villager uses his own strategy in a campaign to encourage the use of toilets instead of the great outdoors. |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-toilet6sep06,0,2934595,full.story?coll=la-home-center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090505110554/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-toilet6sep06,0,2934595,full.story |archive-date=5 May 2009 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> For example, the sacred [[Ganges]] river is infested with diseases and in some places "the Ganges becomes black and septic. Corpses, of semi-cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by."<ref name="creaking">{{cite news |date=13 December 2008 |title=Special report : Creaking, groaning: Infrastructure is India's biggest handicap |newspaper=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749787 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2008, NewsWeek described Delhi's sacred [[Yamuna River]] as "a putrid ribbon of black sludge" where the concentration of fecal bacteria is 10,000 times the recommended safe maximum despite a 15-year programme to address the problem.<ref name="Overdorf 2008">{{Cite web |last=Overdorf |first=Jason |date=28 June 2008 |title=India: An Environmental Mess |url=https://www.newsweek.com/india-environmental-mess-91207 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> [[Cholera]] epidemics are not unknown.<ref name="Overdorf 2008" />
[[File:Crossing the street in Mathura.jpg|thumb|A street in [[Mathura]] overflowing with sewage and garbage in 2011]]

=== East Kolkata wetlands ===
In 2018, [[The Hindu]] reported that the [[East Kolkata wetlands]], the world's largest biological [[sewage treatment]] facility, had been used to clean the sewage of Kolkata for several decades through the use of algae. This natural system, in use since the 1930s, was discovered by [[Dhrubajyoti Ghosh]], an ecologist and municipal engineer in the 1970s, while he was working in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghatak |first1=Aditi Roy |date=17 February 2018 |title=The wetlands will weep today |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/wetlands-will-weep-today-1502586927.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308105011/https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/wetlands-will-weep-today-1502586927.html |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018 |publisher=The Statesman}}</ref> Ghosh worked for decades to protect the wetlands.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Dhrubajyoti |title=The Calcutta Wetlands: turning bad water into good |url=http://dhrubajyoti.net/publ/Dr.%20Ghosh_changemaker.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113145208/http://dhrubajyoti.net/publ/Dr.%20Ghosh_changemaker.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2017 |access-date=8 March 2018 |website=www.dhrubajyoti.net |publisher=Changemakers (issue October 2008)}}</ref> It had been a practice in [[Kolkata]], one of the five largest cities in [[India]], for the municipal authorities to pump sewage into shallow ponds (''bheris'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Dhrubajyoti |url=http://dhrubajyoti.net/Final%20Ecosystem%20Book.pdf |title=Ecosystem management – towards merging theory and practice |date=2 October 2014 |publisher=Nimby books |isbn=9788190657044 |location=New delhi |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624111735/http://dhrubajyoti.net/Final%20Ecosystem%20Book.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the heat of the tropical sun, algae proliferated in these ''bheris'', converting the sewage into clean water, which in turn was used by villagers to grow [[Rice#Harvesting, drying and milling|paddy]] and vegetables. This almost 100-year-old system treats 750 million litres of [[wastewater]] per day, providing livelihoods for 100,000 people in the vicinity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aseem |first1=Shrivastava |date=8 March 2018 |title=The ecologically subsidised city: on Kolkata's wetland communities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-ecologically-subsidised-city/article22970933.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123175547/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-ecologically-subsidised-city/article22970933.ece |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> For his work, Ghosh was included in the UN Global 500 Roll of Honour in 1990 and received the [[Luc Hoffmann]] award in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global 500 environmental forum |url=http://www.global500.org/index.php/year/1990?start=100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231603/http://www.global500.org/index.php/year/1990?start=100 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=8 March 2018 |website=www.global500.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

== Health impact ==
{{See also|Health in India#Health Issues}}
The lack of adequate sanitation and safe water has significant negative health impacts including diarrhoea, referred to by travellers as the ''Delhi Belly'' ([[Travelers' diarrhea]]),<ref>{{cite web |author=Cunha |first=John P. |editor-last=Shiel Jr. |editor-first=William C. |editor2-last=Davis |editor2-first=Charles Patrick |title=Travelers' Diarrhea: Learn About Antibiotics and Treatment |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/travelers_diarrhea/article.htm |access-date=29 July 2015 |work=MedicineNet}}</ref> and experienced by about 10 million visitors annually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopp |first=Chris |date=18 January 2010 |title=10 Ways to Avoid Traveler’s Diarrhea in India|url=http://www.fullstopindia.com/2010/01/10-ways-to-avoid-travelers-diarrhea-in-india/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220145529/http://www.fullstopindia.com/2010/01/10-ways-to-avoid-travelers-diarrhea-in-india/ |archive-date=20 February 2011 |access-date=30 March 2011 |website=FullStopIndia.com }}</ref> The dismal working conditions of sewer workers are another concern. A survey of the working conditions of sewage workers in Delhi showed that most of them suffer from chronic diseases, respiratory problems, skin disorders, allergies, headaches and eye infections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Rupa |date=7 February 2009 |title='My life cleaning Delhi's sewers' |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7872770.stm |access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> Various other cities in India have a record of unsafe drinking water. Municipal water in Visakhapatnam is contaminated with too much chlorine and pharmaceuticals which cause headache, short-term memory loss and loss of focus.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Responsibility for water supply and sanitation ==
According to the Indian Constitution, legislating regarding matters related to provision of drinking water supply and sanitation is responsibility of the [[States of India|State]] governments as it falls in the [[State List|state list]] included in its seventh schedule. The 73rd and the 74th Amendment to the constitution required the state governments to devolve provision of drinking water and sanitation services to the [[Panchayati Raj]] Institutions (PRI) in rural areas or municipalities in urban areas, called [[Urban Local Bodies]] (ULB). At present, the arrangements for provision of these services vary. In some states, parastatal agencies are involved in provision of either of the two services or both. Further, within states, different arrangements are also observed for rural and urban areas. For example, in urban and rural areas of Kerala, drinking water is supplied by the [[Kerala Water Authority]] a parastatal agency. In Maharashtra on the other hand, ULBs provide drinking water supply in most urban areas, but [https://mjp.maharashtra.gov.in/en Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran] provides drinking water in most rural areas and a few urban areas as well.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Highly centralised decision-making and approvals at the state level, which are characteristic of the Indian civil service, affect the management of water supply and sanitation services. For example, according to the World Bank in the state of Punjab the process of approving designs is centralised with even minor technical approvals reaching the office of chief engineers. A majority of decisions are made in a very centralised manner at the headquarters.<ref name="World Bank Punjab 2006, Annex 1">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/11/27/000020953_20061127111653/Rendered/INDEX/37377.txt Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Project Appraisal Document ], 2006, Annex 1</ref> In 1993 the Indian constitution and relevant state legislations were amended in order to decentralise certain responsibilities, including water supply and sanitation, to municipalities. Since the assignment of responsibilities to municipalities is a state responsibility, different states have followed different approaches. According to a Planning Commission report of 2003 there is a trend to decentralise capital investment to engineering departments at the [[Districts of India|district]] level and operation and maintenance to district and gram panchayat levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Assessment 2002. Water Supply and Sanitation |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/wtrsani.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106004412/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/wtrsani.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2006 |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |pages=23–26}}</ref>

=== Policy and regulation ===
The responsibility for water supply and sanitation at the central and state level is shared by various Ministries. At the central level three Ministries have responsibilities in the sector: the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (until 2011 the Department of Drinking Water Supply in the Ministry of Rural Development) is responsible for rural water supply and sanitation; the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (India)|Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation]] and the Ministry of Urban Development share the responsibility for urban water supply and sanitation. Except for the National Capital Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories, the central Ministries only have an advisory capacity and a limited role in funding. Sector policy thus is a prerogative of state governments.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

'''National Urban Sanitation Policy'''. In November 2008 the government of India launched a national urban sanitation policy with the goal of creating what it calls "totally sanitised cities" that are open-defecation free, safely collect and treat all their wastewater, eliminate [[manual scavenging]] and collect and dispose solid waste safely. As of 2010, 12 states were in the process of elaborating or had completed state sanitation strategies on the basis of the policy. 120 cities are in the process of preparing city sanitation plans. Furthermore, 436 cities rated themselves in terms of their achievements and processes concerning sanitation in an effort supported by the Ministry of Urban Development with the assistance of several donors. About 40% of the cities were in the "red category" (in need of immediate remedial action), more than 50% were in the "black category" (needing considerable improvement) and only a handful of cities were in the "blue category" (recovering). Not a single city was included in the "green category" (healthy and clean city). The rating serves as a baseline to measure improvements in the future and to prioritise actions. The government intends to award a prize called Nirmal Shahar Puraskar to the best sanitation performers.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=New Sanitation Award Creates Healthy Competition Among Indian Cities |url=http://www.wsp.org/wsp/node/1040 |access-date=21 August 2012 |website=Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank}}</ref>

==== Wastewater treatment ====
[[File:Wastewater stream.jpg|thumb|Picture of a wastewater stream]]
In India, wastewater treatment regulations come under three central institutions, the ministries of forest, climate change housing, urban affairs and water.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schellenberg|first1=Tatjana|last2=Subramanian|first2=Vrishali|last3=Ganeshan|first3=Ganapathy|last4=Tompkins|first4=David|last5=Pradeep|first5=Rohini|date=2020|title=Wastewater Discharge Standards in the Evolving Context of Urban Sustainability–The Case of India|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|language=en|volume=8|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2020.00030|s2cid=215790363|issn=2296-665X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The various water and sanitation policies such as the "National Environment Policy 2006" and "National Sanitation Policy 2008" also lay down wastewater treatment regulations. State governments and local municipalities hold responsibility for the disposal of sewage and construction and maintenance of "sewerage infrastructure". Their efforts are supported by schemes offered by the Government of India, such as the National River Conservation Plan, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, National Lake Conservation Plan. Through the Ministry of Environment and Forest, India's government also has set up incentives that encourage industries to establish "common facilities" to undertake the treatment of wastewater.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kaur|first1=R|last2=Wani|first2=SP|last3=Singh|first3=AK|editor4-last=Lal|editor4-first=K|title=Wastewater production, treatment and use in India|url=https://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/356/mod_page/content/128/CountryReport_India.pdf|access-date=17 November 2020|website=AIS}}</ref>

Recent initiatives include the 'National Water Policy 2012' that promotes efficient use and water management, recycling and reuse of wastewater, water supply and sanitation, and efficient water pricing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Water Policy (2012) |url=http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/NWP2012Eng6495132651_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712102455/http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/NWP2012Eng6495132651_1.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India}}</ref>

=== Service provision ===
'''Urban areas'''. Institutional arrangements for water supply and sanitation in Indian cities vary greatly. Typically, a state-level agency is in charge of planning and investment, while the local government ([[Urban Local Bodies]]) is in charge of operation and maintenance.<ref name="National Institute of Urban Affairs 2005" /> Some of the largest cities have created municipal water and sanitation utilities that are legally and financially separated from the local government. However, these utilities remain weak in terms of financial capacity. In spite of decentralisation, ULBs remain dependent on capital subsidies from state governments. Tariffs are also set by state governments, which often even subsidise operating costs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch6_1.pdf |title=10th Plan, p. 613 |access-date=11 June 2007 |archive-date=21 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821113757/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch6_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Furthermore, when no separate utility exists, there is no separation of accounts for different activities within a municipality. Some states and cities have non-typical institutional arrangements. For example, in [[Rajasthan]] the sector is more centralised and the state government is also in charge of operation and maintenance, while in [[Mumbai]] the sector is more decentralised and local government is also in charge of planning and investment.<ref name="National Institute of Urban Affairs 2005" /> In 2012 the Delhi Jal Board contracted out operations and management in three zones of the city to private companies under performance-based contracts to reduce non-revenue water. The Vasant Vihar-Mehrauli zone is operated by SMPL Infrastructure of India, Malviya Nagar by [[Suez Environnement]] and the Nangloi zone by Veolia Environnement.<ref name="GWI Delhi">{{cite web|title=Delhi Jal Board focuses on its finances|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/10/general/delhi-jal-board-focuses-its-finances.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=27 December 2013|date=October 2013}}</ref>

'''Private sector participation.''' The private sector plays a limited, albeit recently increasing role in operating and maintaining urban water systems on behalf of ULBs. For example, the Jamshedpur Utilities & Services Company (Jusco), a subsidiary of [[Tata Steel]], has a lease contract for [[Jamshedpur]] (Jharkhand), a management contract in [[Haldia]] (West Bengal), another contract in [[Mysore]] (Karnataka) and since 2007 a contract for the reduction of [[non-revenue water]] in parts of [[Bhopal]] (Madhya Pradhesh).<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/ The Financial Express]: [http://www.financialexpress.com/news/jusco-reaches-bhopal-aims-for-other-cities-under-jnurm/212545/ Jusco reaches Bhopal, aims for other cities under JNURM], 25 August 2007</ref> The French water company [[Veolia]] won a management contract in three cities in [[Karnataka]] in 2005.<ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org">[[World Bank]]:[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWAT/Resources/4602122-1213366294492/5106220-1234469721549/21.5_India_Karnatka_Alvarado.pdf Introducing 24/7 water supply – Challenges in three cities in Karnataka, India]. Retrieved 29 March 2009.</ref><ref name="web.worldbank.org">[[World Bank]]: [http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P082510 Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project]. Retrieved 29 March 2009.</ref> In 2002 a consortium including [[Thames Water]] won a pilot contract covering 40,000 households to reduce non-revenue water in parts of [[Bangalore]], funded by the [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]]. The contract was scaled up in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D.S. |first=Madhumathi |date=7 December 2003 |title=Bangalore water board upbeat on project to plug leakage |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/08/stories/2003120800771300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040314060725/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/08/stories/2003120800771300.htm |archive-date=14 March 2004 |website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> The Cypriot company Hydro-Comp, with two Indian companies, won a 10-year concession contract for the city of [[Latur City]] (Maharashtra) in 2007 and an operator-consultant contract in [[Madurai]] (Tamil Nadu).<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Latur+water+supply+project+is+replicable+across+India-a0202434389 The Latur water supply project is replicable across India], Interview with Ashok Natarajan, Managing Director of Hydro Comp Enterprises, 1 March 2009</ref> Furthermore, the private Indian infrastructure development company SPML is engaged in build-operate-transfer (BOT) projects, such as a bulk water supply project for [[Bhiwandi]] (Maharashtra).<ref>Dealcurry.com:[http://dealcurry.com/20100621-SPML-Infra-To-Raise-PE-Funding-For-Bhiwandi-Water-Project.htm SPML Infra To Raise PE Funding For Bhiwandi Water Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225065319/http://dealcurry.com/20100621-SPML-Infra-To-Raise-PE-Funding-For-Bhiwandi-Water-Project.htm |date=25 December 2010 }}, 21 June 2010</ref> In 2023, [[NeeRain]] a government supported start-up was able to save 60,000 liters of water each year through innovation by installing their [[patent]]ed technologies across multiple location in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nitnaware |first=Himanshu |date=18 May 2021 |title=Gujarat Startup's Low-Cost Filters Save 60000 Litres of Water, Without Electricity |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/255256/amit-doshi-gujarat-startup-neerain-rooftop-rainwater-harvesting-system-filter-cost-effective-no-maintenance-gandhinagar-water-crisis-conservation-innovation-success-story-him16/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About NeeRain Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Filters |url=https://neerain.com/about-us/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=NeeRain |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Rural areas'''. There are about a 100,000 rural water supply systems in India. At least in some states, responsibility for service provision is in the process of being partially transferred from State Water Boards and [[Districts of India|district]] governments to [[Panchayati Raj]] Institutions (PRI) at the block or village level (there were about 604 districts and 256,000 villages in India in 2002, according to [[Subdivisions of India]]. Blocks are an intermediate level between districts and villages). Where this transfer has been initiated, it seems to be more advanced for single-village water schemes than for more complex multi-village water schemes. Despite their professed role Panchayati Raj Institutions, play only a limited role in provision of rural water supply and sanitation as of 2006. There has been limited success in implementing decentralisation, partly due to low priority by some state governments.<ref name="World Bank Punjab 2006, Annex 1"/> Rural sanitation is typically provided by households themselves in the form of latrines.

== Innovative approaches ==
{{See also|Har ghar jal}}

A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested in India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include [[community-led total sanitation]], demand-driven approaches in rural water supply, a public-private partnerships to improve the continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of [[microcredit for water supply and sanitation|microcredits in water supply and sanitation]] to women in order to improve access to water.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

=== Total Sanitation Campaign ===
{{Main|Total Sanitation Campaign}}

In 1999 a demand-driven and people-centred sanitation programme was initiated under the name [[Total Sanitation Campaign]] (TSC) which has some similarities with [[community-led total sanitation]] (CLTS), but is not the same. It evolved from the limited achievements of the first structured programme for rural sanitation in India, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme, which had minimal community participation. The main goal of Total Sanitation Campaign is to eradicate the practice of [[open defecation]] by 2017. Community-led total sanitation is not focused on building infrastructure, but on preventing open defecation through self-awareness and shame. In Maharashtra where the programme started more than 2000 [[Gram Panchayat]]s have achieved "open defecation free" status. Villages that achieve this status receive monetary rewards and high publicity under a programme called Nirmal Gram Puraskar.<ref>[http://www.irc.nl/page/103 IRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408090411/http://www.irc.nl/page/103 |date=8 April 2014 }}:[http://www.irc.nl/page/35966 India: Unrealistic approach hampers rural sanitation programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005020454/http://www.irc.nl/page/35966 |date=5 October 2008 }}, 1 June 2007</ref><ref>Benny George:[https://web.archive.org/web/20201201123012/http://www.ivcs.org.uk/IJRS/April2009/incentivising%20sanitation%20coverage%20in%20rural%20india.pdf Nirmal Gram Puraskar: A Unique Experiment in Incentivising Sanitation Coverage in Rural India], International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS), Vol. 16, No. 1, April 2009</ref>

A new sanitation campaign was launched as [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] (Clean India Mission) in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rukmini |first=S |date=2 October 2014 |title=Modi launches 'My Clean India' campaign |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Modi-launches-My-Clean-India-campaign/article60391303.ece#:~:text=Making%20an%20appeal%20for%20a,Modi%20said. |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of 1 December 2017, Total Sanitation Coverage throughout India has risen to 73% up from 42% on 2 October 2014, the day Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched.<ref>{{citation |url=http://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/ |title=Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Report Stats |date=12 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928152538/http://sbm.gov.in/sbmreport/home.aspx |archive-date=28 September 2017 }}</ref>

=== Demand-driven approaches in rural water supply ===
Most rural water supply schemes in India use a centralised, supply-driven approach, i.e. a government institution designs a project and has it built with little community consultation and no capacity building for the community, often requiring no water fees to be paid for its subsequent operation. Since 2002 the Government of India has rolled out at the national level a programme to change the way in which water and sanitation services are supported rural areas. The programme, called ''Swajaldhara'', decentralises service delivery responsibility to rural local governments and user groups. Under the new approach communities are being consulted and trained, and users agree up-front to pay a tariff that is set at a level sufficiently high to cover operation and maintenance costs. It also includes measures to promote sanitation and to improve hygiene behaviour. The national programme follows a pilot programme launched in 1999.<ref>Ministry of Rural
Development, Department of Drinking Water Supply:[http://ddws.gov.in/swajaldhara.htm Swajaldhara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510030643/http://ddws.gov.in/swajaldhara.htm |date=10 May 2010 }}, updated on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref>

According to a 2008 World Bank study in 10 Indian states, ''Swajaldhara'' results in lower capital costs, lower administrative costs and better service quality compared to the supply-driven approach. In particular, the study found that the average full cost of supply-driven schemes is {{convert|38|$/m3|$/cuft|$=₹|disp=or}} ({{convert|{{#expr: {{To USD|38|IND|year=2008}} * 100}}|¢/m3|¢/cuft|abbr=on|disp=or}}), while it is only {{cvt|26|$/m3|$/cuft|$=₹|disp=or}} ({{cvt|{{#expr: {{To USD|26|IND|year=2008}} * 100}}|¢/m3|¢/cuft|abbr=on|disp=or}}) for demand-driven schemes. These costs include capital, operation and maintenance costs, administrative costs and coping costs incurred by users of malfunctioning systems. Coping costs include travelling long distances to obtain water, standing in long queues, storing water and repairing failed systems. Among the surveyed systems that were built using supply-driven approach system breakdowns were common, the quantity and quality of water supply were less than foreseen in designs, and 30% of households did not get daily supply in summer. The poor functioning of one system sometimes leads to the construction of another system, so that about 30% of households surveyed were served by several systems. As of 2008 only about 10% of rural water schemes built in India used a demand-driven approach. Since water users have to pay lower or no tariffs under the supply-driven approach, this discourages them to opt for a demand-driven approach, even if the likelihood of the systems operating on a sustainable basis is higher under a demand-driven approach.<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/07/23/000333037_20080723003033/Rendered/PDF/447910PP0P09411741301PUBLIC10PAPER2.pdf World Bank:Inefficiency of Rural Water Supply Schemes in India], Smita Misra, 2008</ref>

=== Achieving continuous water supply in Karnataka ===
In the cities of [[Hubli]], [[Belgaum]] and [[Gulbarga]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], the private operator [[Veolia]] increased water supply from once every 2–15 days for 1–2 hours, to 24 hours per day for 180,000 people (12% of the population of the 3 cities) within 2 years (2006–2008). This was achieved by carefully selecting and ring-fencing demonstration zones (one in each city), renovating the distribution network, installing meters, introducing a well-functioning commercial system, and effective grass-roots social intermediation by an NGO, all without increasing the amount of bulk water supplied. The project, known by its acronym as KUWASIP (Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project), was supported by a {{USD}}39.5 million loan from the [[World Bank]]. It constitutes a milestone for India, where no large city so far has achieved continuous water supply. The project is expected to be scaled-up to cover the entire area of the three cities.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip">{{cite web |date=September 2010 |title=The Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project: 24x7 Water Supply is Achievable |url=http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP_Karnataka-water-supply.pdf |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120220844/http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP_Karnataka-water-supply.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=20 August 2012 |publisher=World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) |type=Field Note}}</ref><ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org"/><ref name="web.worldbank.org"/>
Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development & Finance Corporation (KUIDFC) has taken up North Karnataka Urban Sector Investment Programme (NKUSIP) covering 25 towns. Ilkal is one of the Project town, where 24 X 7 water supply project was implemented. The construction activities commenced in February 2013 and 24 X 7 water supply is commissioned in September 2015. The system is running successfully since then.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaki |first=Keiichi |date=June 2017 |title=24/7 Normalized Water Supply Through Innovative Public-Private Partnership: Case Study from Ilkal Town, Karnataka, India |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/7503 |website=Think Asia |publisher=Asian Development Bank Institute}}</ref>

=== Microcredit for water connections in Tamil Nadu ===
{{Further|Microcredit for water supply and sanitation}}
In [[Tiruchirapalli]] in Tamil Nadu, the NGO Gramalaya, established in 1987, and women self-help groups promote access to water supply and sanitation by the poor through microcredit. Among the benefits are that women can spend more time with their children, earn additional income, and sell surplus water to neighbours. This money contributes to her repayment of the WaterCredit loan. The initiative is supported by the US-based non-profit [[Water Partners International]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://water.org/partners/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616043138/http://www.water.org/waterpartners.aspx?pgID=1015|url-status=dead|title=Partnering for Clean Water: Join Our Mission|archivedate=16 June 2008|website=Water.org}}</ref>

=== Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company ===
The Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO) provides water and sanitation services in [[Jamshedpur]]. Until 2004 a division of Tata Steel provided water to the city's residents. However, service quality was poor with intermittent supply, high water losses and no metering.<ref name="Asian Development Bank 2010" /> To improve this situation and to establish good practices that could be replicated in other Indian cities, JUSCO was set up as a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Steel in 2004.

Efficiency and service quality improved substantially over the following years. The level on [[non-revenue water]] decreased from an estimated 36% in 2005 to 10% in 2009; one quarter of residents received continuous water supply (although the average supply remained at only 7 hours per day) in 2009; the share of metered connections increased from 2% in 2007 to 26% in 2009; the number of customers increased; and the company recovered its operating costs plus a portion of capital costs. Identifying and legalising illegal connections was an important element in the reduction of non-revenue water. The utility prides itself today of the good drinking water quality provided and encourages its customers to drink from the tap. The utility also operates a wastewater treatment plant that meets discharge standards. The private utility pays salaries that are higher than civil service salaries and conducts extensive training programmes for its staff. It has also installed a modern system to track and resolve customer complaints. Furthermore, it conducts independent annual customer satisfaction surveys. Together with Ranhill Malaysia it won a 25-year concession contract for providing the water supply in [[Haldia]] City, West Bengal.<ref name="Asian Development Bank 2010" />

=== Fecal sludge management ===
Many small and medium towns in India have started deploying [[fecal sludge management]] (FSM) for dealing with human excreta instead of waiting for [[sewerage]] systems. It deals with excreta contained in on-site sanitation systems like pits and septic tanks (called as fecal sludge). It involves removal of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation system its conveyance to a facility where it is treated. In sewerage systems, sizeable share of the capital expenditure is towards laying network. {{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} In deploying FSM, the waste is conveyed through vacuum emptier trucks or other vehicles using existing road network, thereby drastically reducing the capital expenditure. {{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Already 30 towns have FSM services operational and they are at various stages of planning in 700 other towns across the country.<ref name="NFSSM Alliance 2021">{{Cite book|last=NFSSM Alliance|url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-01/NITI-NFSSM-Alliance-Report-for-digital.pdf|title=Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Urban Areas: Service and Business models|publisher=NITI Aayog|year=2021}}</ref> It is rapidly being adopted in the states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, [[Water supply and sanitation in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]], Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu with support of members of the [https://nfssmalliance.org/ NFSSM Alliance].<ref name="NFSSM Alliance 2021" />

== Efficiency of utilities==
There are only limited data on the operating efficiency of utilities in India, and even fewer data on the efficiency of investments. Two indicators of operating efficiency are non-revenue water and labour productivity.

'''Non-revenue water'''. According to the results of a service level benchmarking (SLB) programme carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) in 2006 in 28 cities, the average level of [[non-revenue water]] (NRW) was 44 per cent.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip"/> Another study of 20 cities by the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission with the support of the Asian Development Bank showed an average level of [[non-revenue water]] (NRW) of 32%. However, 5 out of the 20 cities did not provide any data. For those that provided data there probably is a large margin of error, since only 25% of connections are metered, which makes it very difficult to estimate non-revenue water. Also, three utilities in the sample show NRW levels of less than 20%, two of which have practically no metering, which indicates that the numbers are not reliable and actual values are likely to be higher.<ref name="Asian Development Bank" /> In Delhi, which was not included in the ADB study, non-revenue water stood at 53% and there were about 20 employees per 1000 connections. Furthermore, only 70% of revenue billed was actually collected.

'''Labour productivity'''. Concerning [[labour productivity]], the 20 utilities in the sample had on average 7.4 employees per 1,000 connections, which is much higher than the estimated level for an efficient utility.<ref name="Asian Development Bank" /> A survey of a larger sample of Indian utilities showed an average ratio of 10.9 employees per 1,000 connections.<ref name="National Institute of Urban Affairs 2005" />

== Tariffs, cost recovery and subsidies ==
[[Water tariff|Water and sewer tariffs]] in India are low in both urban and rural areas. In urban areas they were set at the equivalent of about {{cvt|10|¢/m3}} in 2007 and recovered about 60% of operating and maintenance costs, with large differences between cities. Some cities such as Kolkata do not bill residential users at all. In rural areas the level of cost recovery often is even lower than in urban areas and was estimated at only 20% in rural Punjab. Subsidies were estimated at {{USD}}1.1 billion per year in the mid-1990s, accounting to 4% of all government subsidies in India. 70% of those benefiting from the subsidies are not poor.

=== Urban areas ===
'''Metering.''' [[Water metering]] is the precondition for billing water users on the basis of volume consumed. Estimates of the share of customers metered vary depending on the study quoted. According to the results of a service level benchmarking (SLB) rogram carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development in 2006 in 28 cities, the share of metering was 50 per cent.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip"/> According to a 1999 survey of 300 cities about 62% of urban water customers in metropolitan areas and 50% in smaller cities are metered (average 55%). However, meters often do not work so that many "metered" customers are charged flat rates. Bangalore and Pune are among the few Indian cities that meter all their customers. Many other cities have no metering at all or meter only commercial customers.<ref name="National Institute of Urban Affairs 2005" /> Users of standposts receive water free of charge. A 2007 study of 20 cities by the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] with the support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) showed that only 25% of customers of these utilities were metered. Most other customers paid a flat tariff independent of consumption. Some utilities, such as the one serving [[Kolkata]], actually do not bill residential users at all.<ref>[[Asian Development Bank]]:[http://www.adb.org/publications/2007-benchmarking-and-data-book-water-utilities-india Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India], 2007, p. 9</ref>

'''Tariff levels'''. According to the same ADB study the average tariff for all customers – including industrial, commercial and public customers – is {{convert|4.9|$/m3|$/cuft|$=₹|disp=or}} ({{convert|{{#expr: {{To USD|4.9|IND|year=2007}} * 100}}|¢/m3|¢/cuft|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name="Asian Development Bank" /> According to a 2007 global water tariff survey by the OECD the residential water tariff for a consumption of {{cvt|15|m3}} was equivalent to {{cvt|0.15|$/m3}} in Bangalore, {{cvt|0.12|$/m3}} in Calcutta, {{cvt|0.11|$/m3}} in New Delhi and {{cvt|0.09|$/m3}} in Mumbai. Only Bangalore had a sewer tariff of {{cvt|0.02|$/m3}}. The other three cities did not charge for sewerage, although the better-off tend to be the ones with access to sewers.<ref>OECD/Global Water Intelligence Water Tariff Survey 2007, quoted in Peter Gleick:[https://books.google.com/books?id=_wd-s1FB7VEC&dq=oecd+gwi+water+tariff+survey&pg=PT338 The World's Water 2008–2009], p. 321-322</ref>

'''Tariff structure.''' The tariff for customers that are effectively metered is typically a uniform linear tariff, although some cities apply increasing-block tariffs.<ref name="National Institute of Urban Affairs 2005" />

'''Affordability.''' Urban water tariffs were highly affordable according to data from the year 2000. A family of five living on the poverty line which uses {{convert|20|m3}} of water per month would spend less than 1.2% of its budget on its water bill if it had a water meter. If it did not have a water meter and was charged a flat rate, it would pay 2.0% of its budget. This percentage lies below the often used affordability threshold of 5%. However, at that time the average metered tariff was estimated at only {{cvt|0.03|$/m3}}, or less than three times what it was estimated to be in 2007.<ref>National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), 2002, Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban India, quoted in: World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:[http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/418200752957_scorecard.pdf Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India], 2002, p. 7-8</ref> Apparently no more up-to-date estimates on the share of the average water bill in the budget of the poor are available.

'''Cost recovery.''' According to a 2007 study of 20 cities the average rate of cost recovery for operating and maintenance costs of utilities in these cities was 60%. Seven of the 20 utilities generated a cash surplus to partially finance investments. [[Chennai]] generated the highest relative surplus. The lowest cost recovery ratio was found in [[Indore]] in Madhya Pradesh, which recovered less than 20% of its operating and maintenance costs.<ref name="Asian Development Bank" /> According to the results of a service level benchmarking (SLB) programme carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development in 2006 in 28 cities, cost recovery was 67% on average.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip"/>

'''Delhi example'''. Between 2011 and 2013 Delhi Jal Board (DJB) has increased its revenues by 50 per cent and reduced operating subsidies from the National Capital Territory of Delhi. It owes {{INRConvert|350|b|1}} in debt, but hopes that the debt will be converted into a grant. The utility focuses on improving its customer database, meter reading through hand-held devices, billing and bill collection under a new manager, Debashree Mukherjee, who took the helm of the utility in 2012.<ref name="GWI Delhi"/> As of 2004, in [[Delhi]] revenues were just sufficient to cover about 60% of operating costs of DJB; maintenance was, as a result, minimal. In the past, the Delhi utility has relied heavily on government financial support for recurrent and capital expenditures in the magnitude of {{INRConvert|3|b|1}} per year and {{INRConvert|7|b|1}} respectively. Accounts receivable represent more than 12 months of billing, part of it being non-recoverable.<ref name="World Bank" /> The average tariff was estimated at {{USD}}0.074/m3 in 2001, compared to production costs of {{USD}}0.085/m3, the latter probably being a very conservative estimate that does not take into account capital costs.<ref>[http://www.adb.org/Water/Indicators/Profiles/Delhi_city.pdf Delhi ADB 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010125148/http://www.adb.org/Water/Indicators/Profiles/Delhi_city.pdf |date=10 October 2007 }} The same source estimates the working ratio at 2.45, which implies that current revenues must be less than half of recurrent costs</ref>

'''Challenges faced in attempting to increase tariffs.''' Even if users are willing to pay more for better services, political interests often prevent tariffs from being increased even to a small extent. An example is the city of [[Jabalpur]] where the central government and the state government financed a {{INRConvert|130|m|1}} water supply project from 2000–2004 to be operated by the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation, an entity that collected only less than half of its operational costs in revenues even before this major investment. Even so, the municipal corporation initially refused to increase tariffs. Only following pressure from the state government it reluctantly agreed to increase commercial tariffs, but not residential tariffs.<ref>[[Global Water Partnership]]:[http://www.gwptoolbox.org/index.php?option=com_case&id=151&Itemid=45 Malay Raj MukerjeeIndia: Issues in introducing a realistic water pricing regime in urban local bodies]</ref>

=== Rural areas ===
Cost recovery in rural areas is low and a majority of the rural water systems are defunct for lack of maintenance. Some state governments subsidise rural water systems, but funds are scarce and insufficient.<ref>Planning Commission:[http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch5_5.pdf 10th Plan, p. 604] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727055634/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch5_5.pdf |date=27 July 2007 }}</ref> In rural areas in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], operation and maintenance cost recovery is only about 20%. On one hand, expenditures are high due to high salary levels, high power tariff and a high number of operating staff. On the other hand, revenue is paid only by the 10% of the households who have private connections. Those drawing water from public stand posts do not pay any water charges at all, although the official tariff for public stand post users is {{INRConvert|15|rounding_digits=1}} per month per household.<ref name="World Bank Punjab 2006, Annex 1"/>

=== Subsidies and targeting of subsidies ===
There are no accurate recent estimates of the level of subsidies for water and sanitation in India. It has been estimated that transfers to the water sector in India amounted to {{INRConvert|54708|m|1}} per year in the mid-1990s, accounting for 4% of all government subsidies in India. About 98% of this subsidy is said to come from State rather than Central budgets.<ref>Srivastava, D.K. and Sen, T.K. (1997), Government Subsidies in India, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi, quoted in: World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:[http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/418200752957_scorecard.pdf Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India], 2002, p. 8</ref> This figure may only cover recurrent cost subsidies and not investment subsidies, which are even higher (see below). There is little targeting of subsidies. According to the World Bank, 70% of those benefiting from subsidies for public water supply are not poor, while 40% of the poor are excluded because they do not have access to public water services.<ref>World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:[http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/418200752957_scorecard.pdf Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India], 2002, p. 12</ref>

== Investment and financing ==
Investment in urban water supply and sanitation has increased during the first decade of the 21st century, not least thanks to increased central government grants made available under [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] under the Congress government until 2014 and the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] (Clean India Mission) under the BJP government since 2014, alongside loans from the [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]].

=== Investment ===
The [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] (2007–2012) foresaw investments of {{INRConvert|1270.25|b|1}} for urban water supply and sanitation, including urban (stormwater) drainage and solid waste management.<ref name="Planning Commission" />

=== Financing ===
The funding of government programmes for water supply and sanitation is shared by the central government, states and other contributors, with the share contributed by various stakeholders varying between programmes and over time. For example, as of 2016 the states pay 60% and the central government pays 40% for investments financed under the Clean India Mission and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme. Until 2015 the central government had funded 75% of the Clean India Mission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tracking Policy and Budgetary Commitments for Drinking Water and Sanitation: A Study of Select States|url=http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Tracking-Policy-and-Budgetary-Commitments-for-Drinking-Water-and-Sanitation-1.pdf|publisher=Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA)|access-date=28 July 2016|date=January 2016}}</ref>

Under the 11th Plan (2007–12) 55% of the investments were to be financed by the central government, 28% by state governments, 8% by "institutional financing" such as HUDCO, 8% by external agencies and 1.5% by the private sector. Local governments were not expected to contribute to the investments. The volume of investments was expected to double to reach 0.7% of GDP. Also, it implied a shift in financing from state governments to the central government.<ref name="Planning Commission" /> During the 9th Plan only 24% of investments were financed by the central government and 76% by state governments. Central government financing was heavily focused on water supply in rural areas.<ref>[[Planning Commission of India]]:[http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/wtrsani.pdf India Assessment 2002, Water Supply and Sanitation, a WHO-UNICEF sponsored study], 2003, p. 51-53</ref>

=== Institutions ===
The current system of financing water supply and sanitation is fragmented through a number of different national and state programmes. This results in simultaneous implementation with different and conflicting rules in neighbouring areas. For example, in rural areas different programmes undermine each other, adversely affecting demand driven approaches requiring cost sharing by users.

State budgets the major source of financing for water supply and sanitation. State Financing Corporations (SFC) play an important role in making recommendations regarding the allocation of state tax revenues between states and municipalities, criteria for grants, and measures to improve the financial position of municipalities. According to the Planning Commission, SFCs are in some cases not sufficiently transparent and/or competent, have high transactions costs, and their recommendations are sometimes not being implemented.<ref>Planning Commission:[http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch6_1.pdf 10th Plan (2002–2007), p. 611] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821113757/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch6_1.pdf |date=21 August 2007 }}</ref> An important source of financing are loans from [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]] Ltd (HUDCO), a Central government financial undertaking. HUDCO loans to municipal corporations need to be guaranteed by state governments. HUDCO also on-lends loans from foreign aid, including Japanese aid, to states. The [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (2005–2014) played an important role in financing urban water supply and sanitation through central government grants. However, its grants were limited to the 35 largest cities in the country and 28 other selected cities, so that most cities with less than 1 million inhabitants were not eligible to receive grants from this mission. It was replaced by the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT), the new government's flagship programme for urban development. In addition, in 2014 the new government announced its high-profile [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] (Clean India Mission) that aims at eradicating [[open defecation]] by 2019, covering 4,041 cities and towns. The programme has received funding and technical support from the [[World Bank]], corporations and state governments under the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] and [[Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan]] schemes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-17/news/59232518_1_india-open-defecation-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-toilets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220014530/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-17/news/59232518_1_india-open-defecation-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-toilets|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2015|title=Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref> Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over {{INRConvert|620|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-with-a-broom-in-hand-pm-modi-to-lead-from-the-front_1478677.html|title=PM Modi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' set for mega launch Thursday; schools, offices gear up for event|work=[[Zee News]] |date=October 2014}}</ref> An amount of {{INRConvert|90|b}} was allocated for the mission in [[2016 Union budget of India]].<ref>{{citation |title=Budget 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs 9,000 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/budget-2016-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-gets-rs-9000-crore/articleshow/51193662.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=29 February 2016 }}</ref> In 2015 the government introduced a 0.5% service tax on air travel, telephony, eating out and banking to finance the Clean India Campaign.<ref>{{cite web|title=New steps to make Swachh Bharat, or Clean India Campaign, a reality|url=http://www.ircwash.org/news/tax-raise-realise-india%E2%80%99s-dream|publisher=IRC – Supporting water, sanitation and hygiene services for life|access-date=28 July 2016|date=17 December 2015}}</ref> A budget tracking study revealed that the shift of policy focus from water to sanitation as part of the Clean India Campaign has resulted in a cut in government spending on rural water supply. A Parliamentary Standing Committee report found that the government would be unable to achieve its 2017 target of providing 50% rural households with piped water.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dietvorst|first1=Cor|title=The decision to divert funding from water to sanitation turned sour when drought struck India.|url=http://www.ircwash.org/news/can-you-spend-too-much-sanitation|publisher=IRC|access-date=28 July 2016|date=21 July 2016}}</ref>

During the 2019 [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] of India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi confirmed that the target of half of the country's households provided of piped water wasn't reached. He also announced that the Government had decided to promote the Jal Jeevan Mission with a starting endowment fund of Rs 3.5 trillion and the goal "to provide to all households in rural India safe and adequate water through individual household tap connections by 2024".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-jal-jeevan-mission | title = What is Jal Jeeval Mission | newspaper = Business Standard India | year = 2019 | publisher = Business Standard | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103121320/https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-jal-jeevan-mission | archive-date = 3 January 2020 | url-status = live}}</ref>
The Jal Jeevan Mission subsumed the older National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), preserving the goal "to provide Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household" by 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/JJM_note.pdf | title = Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) | page = 1 | publisher = [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191123081359/https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/JJM_note.pdf/ | archive-date = 23 November 2019 | url-status = live}}</ref> At the 107th [[Indian Science Congress]] held in January 2020 in [[Bengaluru]], Modi declared that "technology is the strength of the Jal Jeevan Mission" and young Indian scientists have the "responsibility to develop cheap and effective technology for the recycling of water", which represents a new frontier for all of them.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-india-needs-logical-temperament-to-give-direction-to-socioeconomic-development-pm/story-82yJdEd1bKJXjBp8s7q4oK.html | title = Rural India's economic strength linked to young scientists: PM in Bengaluru | date = 3 January 2020 | journal = [[Hindustan Times]] | location = Bengaluru | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103061146/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-india-needs-logical-temperament-to-give-direction-to-socioeconomic-development-pm/story-82yJdEd1bKJXjBp8s7q4oK.html | archive-date = 3 January 2020 | url-status = live}}</ref>

In 1996 Tamil Nadu introduced a public-private partnership, the Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF), to channel both grants and loans to cities in the state. TNUDF has received funding from the [[World Bank]], Japanese [[JICA]] and [[KfW]] from Germany. It also mobilises funding from the capital market through a water and sanitation pooled fund, under which several municipalities joined to issue a bond in the local market. TNUDF so far is the only functioning state-level fund that channels loans to ULBs in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund|title=Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund|url=http://www.tnudf.com/wspf.asp|access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> In 2012 the state of Orissa has created an Urban Development Fund modelled on the example of Tamil Nadu.

== External cooperation ==
In absolute terms India receives almost twice as much development assistance for water, sanitation and water resources management as any other country, according to data from the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]. India accounts for 13 per cent of commitments in global water aid for 2006–07, receiving an annual average of about {{USD}}830 million (€620 million), more than double the amount provided to China. India's biggest water and sanitation donor is Japan, which provided {{USD}}635 million, followed by the World Bank with {{USD}}130 million.<ref>[[Financial Times]]:[https://www.ft.com/content/ec5ab47a-2309-11de-9c99-00144feabdc0 India gets biggest share of aid for water and hygiene], 7 April 2009</ref><ref>[[OECD]], 2007:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/60/42265683.pdf Measuring Aid to Water Supply and Sanitation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525044541/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/60/42265683.pdf |date=25 May 2010 }}, p. 3</ref> The annual average for 2004–06, however, was about half as much at {{USD}}448 million, of which Japan provided {{USD}}293 million and the [[World Bank]] {{USD}}87 million.<ref>OECD:Aid to the water sector commitments, India, calculated from the following pivot table:[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090200/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/14/41812948.xls Water focus charts: Disbursements 2004–2006]</ref> The [[Asian Development Bank]] and Germany are other important external partners in water supply and sanitation.

In 2003 the Indian government decided it would only accept bilateral aid from five countries (the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, Germany and Japan). A further 22 bilateral donors were asked to channel aid through nongovernmental organisations, United Nations agencies or multilateral institutions such as the European Union, the Asian Development Bank or the World Bank.<ref>Gareth Price, [[Chatham House]]:[http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/3199_wp200904.pdf India's aid dynamics: from recipient to donor?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617014553/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/3199_wp200904.pdf |date=17 June 2011 }}, Asia Programme Working Paper, September 2004, p. 4</ref>

=== Asian Development Bank ===
India has increased its loans from the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) since 2005 after the introduction of new financing modalities, such as the multitranche financing facility (MFF) which features a framework agreement with the national government under which financing is provided in flexible tranches for subprojects that meet established selection criteria. In 2008 four MFFs for urban development investment programmes were under way in North [[Karnataka]] ({{USD}}862 million), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ({{USD}}1,260 million), [[Rajasthan]] ({{USD}}450 million), and [[Uttarakhand]] ({{USD}}1,589 million). Included in these MFFs are major investments for the development of urban water supply and sanitation services.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130703163214/http://www.adb.org/features/country-water-action-testing-innovative-financing Asian Development Bank:Country Water Action: India. Testing Innovative Financing], December 2008</ref>

=== Germany ===
Germany supports access to water and sanitation in India through financial cooperation by [[KfW]] development bank and technical cooperation by [[GTZ|GIZ]]. Since the early 1990s both institutions have supported [[watershed management]] in rural [[Maharashtra]], using a participatory approach first piloted by the Social Centre in Ahmednagar and that constituted a fundamental break with the previous top-down, technical approach to watershed management that had yielded little results.<ref>In German: [http://www.jesuiten.de/jesuitenmission.ch/pdf/jhs2005_4.pdf Interview mit Pater Hermann Bacher SJ], Jesuiten 4/2005 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The involvement of women in decision-making is an essential part of the project. While the benefits are mostly in terms of increased agricultural production, the project also increases availability of water resources for rural water supply.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Project – Erosion Protection in India. Getting Women Involved in Decision-Making Processes |url=http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Development_policy_positions/Gender/Project_-_Erosion_protection_in_India.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727204443/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Development_policy_positions/Gender/Project_-_Erosion_protection_in_India.jsp |archive-date=27 July 2011 |website=[[KfW]]}}</ref> In addition, GIZ actively supports the introduction of [[ecological sanitation]] concepts in India, including community toilets and decentralised wastewater systems for schools as well as small and medium enterprises. Many of these systems produce biogas from wastewater, provide fertiliser and irrigation water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Sustainable Sanitation in India. Examples from Indo-German Development Cooperation |url=http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-sustainablesanitation-india-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122633/http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-sustainablesanitation-india-2008.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=[[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] (GTZ)}}</ref>

=== Israel ===
Israel is providing advanced water management technology and expertise to India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Ritu |date=23 November 2017 |title=India & Israel: Cooperation on water management |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/india-israel-cooperation-on-water-management/articleshow/61767010.cms |access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=13 August 2024 |title=India-Israel join hands for new water technology centre at IIT Madras |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-israel-join-hands-for-new-water-technology-centre-at-iit-madras-3148683 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
As India's largest donor in the sector the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) finances a multitude of projects with a focus on capital-intensive urban water supply and sanitation projects, often involving follow-up projects in the same locations. Projects approved between 2006 and 2009 cover parts of Assam, Kerala, the [[Hogenakkal Integrated Drinking Water Project|Hogenakkal Water Supply and Fluorosis Mitigation Project]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Goa]], [[Agra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], and [[Bangalore]].<ref>[[JICA]]:[http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/oda_loan/economic_cooperation/index.html Ex-Ante Evaluation]. Retrieved 18 March 2010.</ref>

'''Evaluation of past projects'''. An ex-post evaluation of one large programme, the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Programme, showed that "some 60%–70% of the goals were achieved" and that "results were moderate". The programme was implemented by the [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]] from 1996 to 2003 in 26 cities. The evaluation says that "state government plans were not based on sufficient demand research, including the research for residents' willingness to pay for services", so that demand for connections was overestimated. Also fees (water tariffs) were rarely increased despite recommendations to increase them. The evaluation concludes that "HUDCO was not able to make significant contributions to the effectiveness, sustainability, or overall quality of individual projects. One of the reasons that not much attention was given to this problem is probably that there was little risk of default on the loans thanks to state government guarantees."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonoda |first=Hajime |date=2005 |title=Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Program |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2006/pdf/project33_full.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928015901/http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2006/pdf/project33_full.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |website=Japan International Cooperation Agency}}</ref>

=== World Bank ===
The World Bank finances a number of projects in urban and rural areas that are fully or partly dedicated to water supply and sanitation. This includes support targeted towards the Ganga River Basin, municipal development in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and in rural areas of Uttarakhand and Punjab. There are multiple projects and loans that go into hundreds of millions and billions of US dollars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/cpf/india/project |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref>

'''Evaluation of past projects'''. A study by the World Bank's independent evaluation department evaluated the impact of the World Bank-supported interventions in the provision of urban water supply and wastewater services in [[Mumbai]] between 1973 and 1990. It concluded that water supply and sewerage planning, construction and operations in Bombay posed daunting challenges to those who planned and implemented the investment programme. At the outset, there was a huge backlog of unmet demand because of underinvestment. Population and economic growth accelerated in the following decades and the proportion of the poor increased as did the slums which they occupied. The intended impacts of the programme have not been realised. Shortcomings include that "water is not safe to drink; water service, especially to the poor, is difficult to access and is provided at inconvenient hours of the day; industrial water needs are not fully met; sanitary facilities are too few in number and often unusable; and urban drains, creeks and coastal waters are polluted with sanitary and industrial wastes."<ref>{{cite web |title=India – Water Supply and Waste Water Services in Bombay: First, Second and Third Bombay Water Supply and Sewerage Projects |url=http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0C21174E191C96F4852567F5005D38EF?opendocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705220115/http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0C21174E191C96F4852567F5005D38EF?opendocument |archive-date=5 July 2014 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) – The World Bank Group}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Cleanest cities in India]]
* [[Climate of India]]
* [[Environment of India]]
* [[Kalpasar Project]]
* [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
* [[List of drainage basins by area]]
* [[List of rivers of India by discharge]]
* [[List of rivers by discharge]]
* [[Dissolved load|List of rivers by dissolved load]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[List of water supply and sanitation by country]]
* [[National Water Policy]]
* [[Polavaram Project]]
* [[Pollution of the Ganges]]
* [[Sanitation worker]]
* [[Saemangeum Seawall]]
* [[Water scarcity in India]]
* [[Water pollution in India]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
;Notes
{{notelist}}

;Citations
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Sridhar |first1=Kala Seetharam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkyXKPBKJI0C&pg=PA41 |title=State of Urban Services in India's Cities: Spending and Financing |last2=Reddy |first2=A. Venugopal |date=2010 |publisher=Public Affairs Centre |isbn=9780198065388 |via=Google Books}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zerah |first=Marie-Helene |title=Water, unreliable supply in Delhi |publisher=Manohar [and] Centre de Sciences Humaines |year=2000 |isbn=8173043280}}

== External links ==
* [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/01/24/000090341_20060124094858/Rendered/PDF/34750.pdf World Bank: India's Water Economy:Bracing for a Turbulent Future, 2005] (PDF)
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report/ Sustaining Water for All in a Changing Climate] The World Bank, 2010, Case Study on water resources in Andhra Pradesh, India. pp. 73–77.
* Comprehensive Portal on Water in India: [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/ India Water Portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080403042432/http://www.solutionexchange-un.net.in/en/Water/introduction.html Solution Exchange:Water Community in India] (archived)
* Water and Environmental Sanitation Network India:[http://www.wesnetindia.org/ WES-Net India]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222918/http://www.wesnetindia.org/ |date=15 February 2021 }}.
* Asian Development Bank/Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission: [http://www.adb.org/publications/2007-benchmarking-and-data-book-water-utilities-india 2007 Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India]
*[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTWSS/0,,contentMDK:20879544~menuPK:3810623~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:337302,00.html World Bank:Reaching the Poor Through Sustainable Partnerships: The Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai, India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100216181522/http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Overview.pdf Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission:Overview] (archived)

{{India topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Water supply and sanitation by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation in India}}
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India| ]]
[[Category:Social issues in India]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Meditrina Hospital

2025-12-30T20:29:18Z

Ridheehee: minor changes

{{UDP|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Meditrina Hospital, Kollam
| org_group = Meditrina Group of Hospitals
| image =
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Meditrina
| logo =
| logo_size = 
| location = [[Ayathil]]
| address = Kollam - Ayoor Road, Bypass Road, Ayathil, Kollam, Kerala 691021
| region = [[Kollam]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.893118|76.633674|region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| healthcare = Private
| funding = Private
| type = [[Tertiary referral hospital]]
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = 
| patron = 
| network = 8 Hospitals
| beds = 175
| founded = 13 December 2014
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.meditrinahospitals.com|Official Website}}
| other_links = 
}}
'''Meditrina Hospital''' is a hospital in the city of [[Kollam]], [[India]]. It is the first [[Tertiary referral hospital|tertiary care hospital]] in the [[Kollam|city]], located at [[Ayathil]], and was inaugurated 13 December 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meditrinahospitals.com/meditrina/about.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328034656/http://www.meditrinahospitals.com/meditrina/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2015 |title=About us - Medtrina Hospital |access-date=25 November 2014 }}</ref> Meditrina Group of Hospitals is headquartered at [[Kollam]], mainly aiming to provide bypass and allied cardiac care.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/matrix-invests-rs-40-cr-in-meditrina-hospitals/article5093850.ece |title=Matrix invests Rs. 40 cr in Meditrina Hospitals |publisher=The Business Line |access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>

The Meditrina Group has recently raised $6 million ([[Indian rupee|INR]] 30 crores) from Matrix Partners India.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coolavenues.com/startups-vc-zone/kerala-based-meditrina-hospitals-raises-6-million-from-matrix-partners |title=Kerala based Meditrina Hospitals Raises $ 6 Million from Matrix Partners |publisher=Cool Avenues.com |access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>
==Branches==
*[[Employees' State Insurance|ESIC]] Heart Centre, [[Asramam]] ([[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]])
* [[Panchkula]] (Haryana)
* [[Ambala Cantonment|Ambala Cantt.]] (Haryana)
* [[Faridabad]] (Haryana)
* [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (Kerala)
* [[Jamshedpur]] (Jharkhand)
*[[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]]-[[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] (Jharkhand)
*[[Gurugram]] (Haryana)
*[[Agroha (town)|Agroha]] (Haryana)
*[[Maldives]]
*[[Palakkad]] (Kerala)

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}
{{Health in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 2014]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kollam]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Kerala]]

Tabbar

2025-12-17T23:02:37Z

Ridheehee:

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language thriller streaming television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tabbar poster.jpg
| genre = [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| creator = Harman Wadala
| director = Ajitpal Singh
| producer = Ajay G. Rai
| writer = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Supriya Pathak]]
* [[Pavan Malhotra]]
* [[ Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)| Sahil Mehta]]
* [[Ranvir Shorey]]
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi Punjabi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| editor = Parikshhit Jha
| cinematography = Arun Kumar Pandey
| runtime = 32-47 minutes
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| music = [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
| company = Jar Pictures
| composer =
| executive_producer = Samir Khurana
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Pavan Malhotra's 'Tabbar' to premiere on SonyLIV on October 15 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/pavan-malhotras-tabbar-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-on-october-15-1036276.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| last_aired =
| released =
}}
'''''Tabbar''''' ({{Translation|Family}}) is an Indian Hindi-Punjabi language [[Thriller film|thriller]] streaming television series created and written by Harman Wadala, directed by Ajitpal Singh and produced by Ajay G. Rai for [[SonyLIV]], and premiered on 15 October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=न्यूज़ |first1=एबीपी |title=Tabbar Teaser Release: सस्पेंस से भरी होगी वेब सीरीज Tabbar, टीज़र में मर्डर मिस्ट्री की झलक |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/tabbar-teaser-release-supriya-pathak-kanwaljit-singh-come-together-for-intense-family-thriller-1966349 |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=11 September 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> It stars [[Pavan Malhotra]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Gagan Arora]], [[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]]<ref>{{cite web
|title="I'm fortunate enough to practise my art," says Sahil Mehta
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-im-fortunate-enough-to-practise-my-art-says-sahil-mehta-66601.html
|website=Filmfare
|date=11 June 2024
|access-date=4 December 2025
}}</ref>, [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] and [[Ranvir Shorey]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Supriya Pathak, Ranvir Shorey To Star In SonyLiv's Family Drama 'Tabbar' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-nothing-is-more-important-than-family-and-thats-what-makes-tabbar-special-supriya-pathak/394136 |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref> in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title='Tabbar' trailer: An ex-police officer goes to great lengths to save his family |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1005568/tabbar-trailer-an-ex-police-officer-goes-to-great-lengths-to-save-his-family |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=''Tabbar'' explores themes like evil vs good: Ajitpal Singh |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tabbar-explores-themes-like-evil-vs-good-ajitpal-singh/2178201 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=OutLook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tabbar trailer out: SonyLIV's series heads to rural Punjab |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/videos/2021/oct/02/tabbar-trailer-out-sonylivs-series-heads-to-rural-punjab-27037.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Trailer of SonyLIV web series 'Tabbar' starring Supriya Pathak |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-watch-trailer-of-sonyliv-web-series-tabbar-starring-supriya-pathak-417434 |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[WION]] |language=en}}</ref>

At the [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Tabbar'' received 11 nominations, including Best Drama Series and Best Director in a Drama Series (Singh), and won a leading 8 awards, including Best Series (Critics), Best Director in a Series (Critics) (Singh), Best Actor in a Drama Series (Malhotra), Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Arora) and Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Pathak).

==Cast==
* [[Pavan Malhotra]] as Omkar Singh
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Sargun Kaur <ref name="tabbar cast">{{cite news |last1=MumbaiSeptember 10 |first1=India Today Web Desk |title=Supriya Pathak, Pavan Malhotra-starrer new web series Tabbar's teaser out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/supriya-pathak-pavan-malhotra-starrer-new-web-series-tabbar-s-teaser-out-1851531-2021-09-10 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gagan Arora]] as Happy
* [[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]] as Tegi
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Ajeet Sodhi<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hindi |first1=Dainik Bhaskar |title=Pawan Malhotra, Supriya Pathak and Ranvir Shorey will be seen in web series Tabbar {{!}} "टब्बर" में नजर आएंगे पवन मल्होत्रा, सुप्रिया पाठक और रणवीर शौरी, अजीत पाल सिंह करेंगे निर्देशन - Bhaskar Hindi |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/entertainment/news/pawan-malhotra-supriya-pathak-and-ranvir-shorey-will-be-seen-in-web-series-tabbar-291766 |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hindi}}</ref>
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Inderji
* Paramvir Singh Cheema as Lucky
* Swairaj Sandhu as Jagtar Singh, Lucky's father
* Anita Shabdeesh as Ranjeet Kaur, Lucky's mother
* Nupur Nagpal as Palak Mahajan
* Babla Kochhar as Suneel Mahajan, Palak's father
* Seema Kaushal as Tanu Mahajan, Palak's mother
* Rachit Bahal as Maheep Sodhi, Ajeet's brother
* Ali Mughal as Multan, Ajeet's henchman
* Varun Narang, Doctor

==Synopsis==
The story centers around Omkar Singh, a Punjab Police retiree who lives in Jalandhar with his wife and two sons. Upon return from Delhi, the elder son (Happy) accidentally exchanges a similar-looking bag with another passenger's (Maheep Sodhi) at the train station. When Maheep, who is the younger brother of a businessman-turned-politician (Ajeet Sodhi) arrives at their home to reclaim his bag, a fateful incident occurs that puts Omkar and his family in a precarious predicament. The story of ''Tabbar'' follows the lengths Omkar will go to protect his family whilst navigating a web of deception and inquisition.

==Reception==

''Tabbar'' received positive reviews from the viewers and the critics. ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated it to be an "Engrossing and intense family drama".<ref>{{cite news |title=Tabbar Review: Tabbar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/tabbar/seriesreview/86840856.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> "The story keeps one hooked on to it," said Dainik Jagran. ABP called it to be an "Enthralling thriller with amazing performances".

''[[Moneycontrol|MoneyControl]]'' stated, "the storytelling is so compelling that you will watch as the lies and blood keep mounting."<ref>{{cite news |title=Review {{!}} 'Tabbar' Is A Great Show About Going To Incredible Lengths For Family |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/review-tabbar-is-an-incredible-show-about-going-to-incredible-lengths-to-protect-family-7585621.html |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en}}</ref>

''KoiMoi'' said, "Pavan Malhotra-led thriller is as dark as it gets without a minute of ease."<ref>{{cite news |title=Tabbar Review: Pavan Malhotra Led Thriller Is As Dark As It Gets Without A Minute Of Ease |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/tabbar-review-pavan-malhotra-led-thriller-is-as-dark-as-it-gets-without-a-minute-of-ease/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=Koimoi |date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

Prathyush Parasuraman of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, The tension rarely slips, and the acting, aided by Sneha Khanwalkar’s moody melodies, ground you to a world you begin to care enough to be devastated for.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tabbar review: Ajiptal Singh's debut show on SonyLIV is a stunning Shakespearean family drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tabbar-review-ajiptal-singhs-debut-show-on-sonyliv-is-a-stunning-shakespearean-family-drama-10054971.html |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=15 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Shweta Keshri of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, ''Tabbar'' boasts of some great performances. Pavan Malhotra is exceptionally good in the thriller, who gets into his character of Omkar Singh with ease.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MumbaiOctober 15 |first1=Shweta Keshri |title=Tabbar review: Pavan Malhotra outshines everyone in SonyLiv's family thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/tabbar-review-pavan-malhotra-s-family-thriller-gets-darker-with-every-episode-1865211-2021-10-15 |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Episodes==
===Series 1===
{{Episode table
|background = #812f09

|overall = 5 
|season = 6 
|title = 19
|director = 11
|writer = 31
|airdate = 11
|episodes =
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Karam Din
| DirectedBy = Ajitpal Singh
| WrittenBy = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Jhooth
| DirectedBy = Ajitpal Singh
| WrittenBy = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Sach
| DirectedBy = Ajitpal Singh
| WrittenBy = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Tureya Ja
| DirectedBy = Ajitpal Singh
| WrittenBy = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Kaala
| DirectedBy = Ajitpal Singh
| WrittenBy = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = CHECKING PREVIEW
----
'''Verse by [[Baba Farid]]:'''
काले मैंडे कपडे, काला मैऺडा वेस ।
गुन्ही भरिया मैं फ़िरा, लोक कहे दरवेस ।
(Transl: Black are my clothes, black is my garb | Full of failings I am, people call me sage.)
|LineColor = 000080
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Ishq
| DirectedBy = Ajitpal Singh
| WrittenBy = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Hanera
| DirectedBy = Ajitpal Singh
| WrittenBy = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Birha
| DirectedBy = Ajitpal Singh
| WrittenBy = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain Mr. Roy
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
}}
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Category
!Nominee / work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|2022]]
| rowspan="13" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Drama Series
| rowspan="2" |''Tabbar''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="13" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 - Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/nominations |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Series (Critics)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director in a Drama Series
| rowspan="2" |Ajitpal Singh
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director in a Series (Critics)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Drama Series
|[[Pavan Malhotra]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
|[[Gagan Arora]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
|[[Supriya Pathak]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Original Story (Series)
| rowspan="2" |Harman Wadala, Sandeep Jain and Mr. Roy
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Original Screenplay (Series)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Music (Series)
|[[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Production Design (Series)
|Vipin Kamboj
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer (Series)
|Arun Kumar Pandey
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing (Series)
|Parikshhit Jha
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15404324}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/clip/tabbar-1000134965 Tabbar On Sonyliv]

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]

Amausi metro station

2025-12-06T18:45:41Z

Ridheehee: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Lucknow Metro's Red Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = {{ric|Lucknow Metro|size=40}} Amausi
| style = Lucknow Metro
| type = {{Lucknow Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| image = Amausi metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport|Airport]] Road, Amausi, [[Lucknow]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.771246|N|80.878623|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Lucknow Metro]]
| operator = [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]
| line = {{rcb|Lucknow Metro|Red|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[Munshi Pulia metro station|Munshi Pulia]] Platform-2 → [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport metro station|CCS International Airport]]
| tracks = 2
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2019|03|08}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Single-phase {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Lucknow Metro|line=Red |left=Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport |right=Transport Nagar}}
| map_locator =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Lucknow Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Lucknow Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Amausi''' is a metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Lucknow Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Lucknow Metro]] serving the Amausi suburb of [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].. It was opened on 8 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow Metro gets a blueprint from Delhi|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Lucknow-Metro-gets-a-blueprint-from-Delhi/611040|work=The Indian Express|date=25 April 2010|accessdate=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow Metro Map|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/lucknow-metro.html|work=mapsofindia.com|accessdate=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UP Approves Detailed Project Report of Lucknow Metro |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=807564 |work=Outlook India|accessdate=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015161610/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=807564 |archivedate=15 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Proposed Lucknow Metro Stations on North–South and East–West Corridors|url=http://mtariqkhan-hindustantimes.blogspot.in/2013/08/proposed-lucknow-metro-stations-on.html|work=mtariqkhan-hindustantimes.blogspot.in/|date=6 August 2013|accessdate=16 October 2013}}</ref>

It is located at the Airport Road in Amausi.

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Amausi track layout
| title-color = white
| title-bg = #{{rcr|Lucknow Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Transport Nagar metro station|Transport Nagar]]
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport metro station|CCS International Airport]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport metro station|CCS International Airport]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Munshi Pulia metro station|Munshi Pulia]] '''Next Station:''' [[Transport Nagar metro station|Transport Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}
==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Lucknow]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]]
*[[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
}}

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lucknow Metro Stations}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Lucknow Metro stations]]

Sanjoy Manik Tripura

2025-11-28T03:26:23Z

Ridheehee: adding the pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Sanjoy Manik Tripura''' (born 1979)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He is a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karbook Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Gomati district]]. He won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Tipra Motha Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjoy Manik Tripura
| birth_date = 1979
| birth_place = Karbook, Gomati district, Tripura, India
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]
| father = Biswa Manik Tripura
| education = Class 12
| alma_mater = Nutan Bazar School, Amarpur
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = [[Burba Mohan Tripura]]
| constituency = Karbook (ST)
| image = Indian Politician Sanjoy Manik Tripura.png
}}

== Early life and education ==
Tripura is from [[Karbook Assembly constituency|Karbrook]], Gomati district, Tripura. He is the son of late Biswa Manik Tripura. He completed Class 12 in 2002 at Nutan Bazar School, [[Amarpur, Tripura|Amarpur]], Gomati District.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sanjoy Manik Tripura(Tipra Motha Party):Constituency- KARBOOK (ST)(GOMATI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6926 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tripura won from Karbook Assembly constituency representing the [[Tipra Motha Party]] in the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election. He polled 16,647 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ashim Kumar Tripura of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 4,447 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjoy Manik Tripura in Tripura Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/sanjoy-manik-tripura-karbook-candidate-s23a043c001/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Election Result: कारबूक सीट पर ट‍िपरा मोथा के संजोय मान‍िक त्र‍िपुरा ने मारी बाजी, BJP दूसरे तो CPM बनी तीसरे नंबर की पार्टी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/karbook-tripura-election-result-winner-looser-2023-ashim-kumar-tripura-priyamani-debbarma-milton-chakma-bjp-cpim-congress-5421005.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura Election Result 2023: BJP-IPFT alliance wins 33 seats in Tripura, secures second term in power, says Election Commission |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/tripura-assembly-election-2023-results-live-news-bjp-congress-tmp-latest-polls-updates-2-march-2023/liveblog/98347306.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura, Sanjoy Manik}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Gomati district]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Zulfikar Ali Khan of Kamadhia

2025-11-13T21:41:19Z

Ridheehee: adding basic bio nd citations!

{{short description|Indian nobleman}}
{{Distinguish|Zulfikar Ali Khan of Rampur}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sayyid Mir Zulfikar Ali Khan
| image = Kamadhia Zulfikar Ali Khan (1859-1921).png
| caption =
| succession = [[Darbar (title)|Darbar]] of [[Kamadhia]]
| reign = 1863-1921 <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
| coronation = 1880 <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
| predecessor = Jufar Ali Khan <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
| regent = Bakar Ali Khan (1863-1880; de facto until 1890) <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
| successor = Sarfaraz Ali Khan II <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1859}}
| birth_place = [[Kamadhia]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age text|1921|1859}}
| death_place = [[Kamadhia]], British Raj
| burial_date = 1921
| burial_place =
| spouse = Khadija Begum Sahiba
| issue = 3 ([[Zulfikar Ali Khan of Kamadhia#Issue|see below]])
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| father = Jufar Ali Khan
| mother = Basti Begum Sahiba
| religion = [[Islam]]
| royal house = [[Kamadhia|Kamadhia Royal Family]] ([[Mir (surname)|Mir]])
}}

Sayyid Mir '''Zulfikar Ali Khan''' ({{langx|gu|ઝુલ્ફીકાર અલી ખાન}}; 1859–1921) was the 3rd [[Darbar (title)|Darbar Sahaib]] of [[Kamadhia]] between 1863 and 1921.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-29 |title=KAMADHIA |url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/k/kamadhia.html |access-date=2025-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729054624/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/k/kamadhia.html |archive-date=29 July 2008 }}</ref><ref name=":1">Alphabetical List of Title-Holders in India, other than Ruling Chiefs, corrected to 31st December 1907 (with appendix). IOR (L/PS/20/H91/2), Oriental & India Office Collection, British Library, St Pancras, London.</ref>

==Reign==
Zulfikar was born in 1859 as the second son of Jufar Ali Khan and Grandson of Sarfaraz Ali Khan I from a [[Muslims|Muslim]] family lineage.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blacker|first1=Valentine|title=Memoir of the operations of the British Army in India during the Mahratta War 1817&1819|date=1821|publisher=Read Books|pages=371|edition=Vol 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Testimonials and recommendatory notes to Mir Sarfaraz Ali Saheb|journal=Printed at Diamond Jubilee Printing Press Ahmedabad|date=1900}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaheer-Sardar - User Trees - Genealogy.com |url=https://www.genealogy.com/ftm/s/a/r/Zaheer-Sardar/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0099.html |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=www.genealogy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kwoAAAAYAAJ&q=Kamadhia |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |language=en}}</ref> He had an older brother, Amir ud-din Muhammad Khan Bahadur (b. 1841) who died as a minor, hence why he was selected as heir apparent to his father. When his father died in Surat in 1863 at the age of 46, he succeeded him as the ruler at the age of just 4, hence why a Regency was in place until 1880. He firstly went to [[England]] to study in 1873 and then studied at the [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]] in Rajkot three years later.<ref name=":0" /> During his 58-year reign, Zulfikar experienced an influential and peaceful reign.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghalib |first1=Mirza Asadullah Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18ljAAAAMAAJ&q=Zulfikar+'Ali+Khan+kamadhia+Delhi+Durbar |title=Mirza Ghalib and the Mirs of Gujarat |last2=Imam |first2=Mir Jaffar |date=2003 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0057-3 |language=en}}</ref> He attended the [[Delhi Durbar]]s of [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1903)|1903]] and [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|1911]], and was granted medals on both occasions. His descendants are known as the Darbars of Kamadhia and Scions of the Nawabs of Surat. Eventually he died at the age of 62 in 1921 and was succeeded by his son Sarfaraz Ali Khan II.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghalib |first1=Mirza Asadullah Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18ljAAAAMAAJ&q=Kamadhia+Mirza+Ghalib+and+the+Mirs+of+Gujarat |title=Mirza Ghalib and the Mirs of Gujarat |last2=Imam |first2=Mir Jaffar |date=2003 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0057-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine |url=https://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/18crust/eighteen/season13.htm |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=www.uppercrustindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> His 58-year reign was one of the longest reigns in Gujarati history.

==Issue==
Firstly in 1879, in Ahmedabad, at the age of 20 he married Khadija Begum Sahiba, eldest daughter of Pirzada Bawa Miyan. His marriage gave him three children.<ref name=":0" />
* Sarfaraz Ali Khan II (whom succeeded him in his title)
* Jafur Ali Khan (probably named after his grandfather)
* Ghulam Khwaja Moin-Uddin Khan (whom succeeded his brother in his titles in 1934)

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Muslim monarchs]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]

Ranoji Scindia

2025-11-13T16:24:03Z

Ridheehee: fixes

{{Short description|Maharaja of Gwalior from 1731 to 1745}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ranoji Scindia
| title = Maharaja
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Ranoji Rao Scindia.jpg
| alt =
| caption = A plaque outside Shaniwar Wada in Pune
| succession = [[Gwalior State| 1st Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior]]
| reign = 1731–1745
| successor = [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1700}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1745|7|3|1700|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Shujalpur]], [[Malwa]], [[Maratha Empire]] modern day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse = Maina Bai Chima Bai
| issue = [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]] [[Dattaji Rao Scindia]] [[Jyotiba Rao Scindia]] [[Tukoji Rao Scindia]] [[Mahadji Scindia]]
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| full name =
| era name =
| era dates =
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
| house = [[Scindia]]
| father = Jankoji Scindia I
| mother =
| occupation =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| type =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| rank = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|22px]] [[Sardar]] [[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|21px]] [[Maharaja]]
| commands = [[Gwalior State]]
| battles = {{ubl|[[Battle of Palkhed]]|[[Battle of Jaitpur]]|[[Battle of Vasai]]|[[Battle of Dabhoi]]}}
}}
}}

'''Ranoji Scindia''' ({{circa|1700}} – 3 July 1745), also known as '''Ranoji Sendrak,''' was a Maratha military commander and the founder of the [[House of Scindia|Scindia dynasty]], and the first monarch establishing the [[Gwalior State]] as an independent ruler. He served the [[Peshwa|Peshwas]] of the Maratha Empire in several military campaigns. The Scindia dynasty rose to prominence in the 18th century and went on to dominate central and north India as one of the most prominent powers due to their influential presence in [[Delhi]] and their highly modernized army.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ranoji |last=Scindia |title=Scindia Research Centre |website=[[Jai Vilas Mahal|The Jai Vilas Palace Museum]] |url=https://jaivilaspalace.in/the-scindias/ }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ranoji Scindia was born in a [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] family, who were the hereditary [[Patil (title)|Patil]]s (Sarpanch) of [[Kanherkhed]], a village in present day [[Satara district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra.]] His forefathers in the previous centuries had served as [[shiledar]]s (cavalrymen) under the [[Bahmani Sultanate]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA188|access-date=16 July 2011|date=19 December 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=188–}}</ref>

==Career==
As a young man, Ranoji started in the service of [[Balaji Vishwanath]] Peshwa.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&q=ranoji&pg=PA1]</ref> At that time Ramchandrababa Sukhtankar, one of the Peshwa's diplomats, recognised Ranoji's talents and had him made the personal servant of the Peshwa's son, [[Bajirao I]].<ref name="Embree1988">{{cite book|author=Ainslie Thomas Embree|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-18899-7|page=14|quote=Ranoji Scindia (d. 1750), the founder of Gwalior state, started his political career reputedly as a slipper-bearer at the court of the peshwa, or prime minister, of the Marathas, but soon rose to high office.}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar1999">{{cite book|author=K. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|isbn=978-81-7748-000-9|quote=The carrying of the Pallimaradi before the Zamorin on public occasions might have been due to the same reason as the carrying of a pair of golden slippers before Scindia , whose ancestor was the slipper - bearer of Peshwa Baji Rao - to show his respect for his original humble office which was the cause of his subsequent success}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2003">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Essays on Medieval Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BRuAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566336-5|page=93|quote=The Sindhias, it is well-known, were drawn from a Kunbi family which had the hereditary patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in the district of Wai. The origins of the Holkar were even more humble: they belonged to the caste of goat-herds (dungar), the family holding zamindari rights in the village of Hal.}}</ref><ref name="seminar417424">{{cite journal|title=Seminar - Issues 417-424|page= 59 |author=Romila Thapar|year=1994|quote=Many peasant caste men who distinguished themselves in battle or otherwise served the ruler became Marathas . Witness the first Holkar who was a shepherd and the first Scindia who was a Kunbi personal servant of the Peshwa}}</ref> Upon the death of his father, Bajirao was appointed as the Peshwa at the age of twenty by Chhatrapati [[Shahu I|Shahu]]. This evoked jealousy from senior officials at the Maratha court. This in turn led Baji Rao to promote talented young men who were barely out of teens such as Ranoji, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], the Pawar brothers, Pilaji Jadhav, and Fateh Singh Bhosle as commanders of his troops. None of these men belonged to families that held hereditary [[Deshmukh]]i rights under earlier rulers such as the Deccan Sultanates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [u.a.] |isbn=978-0521033169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |pages=117–121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142/ |title=New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772 |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |pages=65, 69}}</ref><ref name="Eaton2005"/><ref name="Chandra2003"/>

Ranoji, along with Malharrao Holkar and Pawar brothers, was in charge of the Maratha campaign initiated by Peshwa Bajirao in [[Malwa]] in 1726. Ranoji established his capital at [[Ujjain]] in 1731. He appointed Ramchandrababa Sukhtankar as his [[dewan]], or administrator, and Made Yashaji Rambhaji [[sarsenapati]] of his army, while he spent most of his life on military campaign.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&q=ranoji&pg=PA1]</ref> Some historians credit Sukhtankar with bringing the [[Kumbh mela]] to Ujjain in 1732.<ref>Pandey, J., 2007. The ‘Habitus’ and ‘Doxa’of Great Tradition of Kumbha Mela: Role of Shiva Legends. The Public. An International Refereed Research Journal, 6(2), pp.11[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54572288/THE_PUBLIC__62__2017_ii_ACADEMIA-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1635303854&Signature=JY09Br-1JOL1MrznF5QxaLGR~bro6q2IfgHwQGAnEVERIXuzSvEfU7Ea1WIVMR6hqAd49e-f91jCK7~evSdk3yqFFJfc5siWCN4VZ5~U3PFgb-GPmOono-OE507EfX1jTRYXu7TUMC63kI9OV6yKVGGYBxha3FTCc96Wvb8OT9A9D4eDAy~~JO5pSMthAl-9RcQaVKUBx-9KQc9Uw2yI5imJY0wL24mMvAESuKrLJVr2sXO0uW5bLD4NQ2dL5k~Wu4kmnxeyHnINAYvp7ipmaozgvQiXS4FilF5ifmtGsqziTNr0TEnxRc6aUSxV2h3-NHegrYixSdnEyIl6cyO3cg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027021900/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54572288/THE_PUBLIC__62__2017_ii_ACADEMIA-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1635303854&Signature=JY09Br-1JOL1MrznF5QxaLGR~bro6q2IfgHwQGAnEVERIXuzSvEfU7Ea1WIVMR6hqAd49e-f91jCK7~evSdk3yqFFJfc5siWCN4VZ5~U3PFgb-GPmOono-OE507EfX1jTRYXu7TUMC63kI9OV6yKVGGYBxha3FTCc96Wvb8OT9A9D4eDAy~~JO5pSMthAl-9RcQaVKUBx-9KQc9Uw2yI5imJY0wL24mMvAESuKrLJVr2sXO0uW5bLD4NQ2dL5k~Wu4kmnxeyHnINAYvp7ipmaozgvQiXS4FilF5ifmtGsqziTNr0TEnxRc6aUSxV2h3-NHegrYixSdnEyIl6cyO3cg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|date=27 October 2021}}</ref><ref>MANIT, B., 2012. BACHELOR OF PLANNING (Doctoral dissertation, MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY).</ref>
<ref name="Jacobsen2008p31">{{cite book|author=James Lochtefeld|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|pages=31–33}}</ref> An early account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela was published by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in 1796 CE.<ref name="Jacobsen2008p31" />

==Family==
Ranoji had five sons: [[Jayappa Shinde|Jayappa rao]], Jyotibarao, [[Dattaji Scindia|Dattajirao]], Tukojirao, and [[Mahadji Shinde|Mahadji Scindia]]. The eldest four died fighting in various battles in northern India between 1750-1761. Mahadji, the youngest, had an illustrious career in the second half of the 18th century.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&q=ranoji&pg=PA1]</ref>
His descendants were the rulers of the Princely state of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] during the British colonial period (1818-1947).

==See also==
*[[Scindia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Scindia|Scindia Dynasty]]||-||1745}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=None}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gwalior State|Maharaja of Gwalior]]|years=1731–1745}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]]}}
{{end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scindia, Ranoji}}
[[Category:1745 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Scindia dynasty|Ranoji]]
[[Category:People from Shajapur]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

14th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards

2025-10-15T16:45:12Z

Ridheehee:

{{Infobox film awards
|number=14
|award=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards
|award_link=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards
|image=
|caption=
|date= 04 January 2023
|site= [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|host=
|preshow=
|producer=
|network=
|director=
| best_picture= [[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]
|most_wins=
|most_nominations=
|last = 13th
|next = [[15th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|15th]]
}}

The '''14th [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]''' ceremony honoring the winners and nominees of the best of [[Tamil cinema]] in [[2020 in film|2020]]-2021 is an event that was held on 04 January 2023 in [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2020-2021|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2020-2021 |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |location=India |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Film
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Director
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[T. J. Gnanavel]] – ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Actor
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Actress
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Suriya]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]], [[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Lijomol Jose]] – ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Supporting Actor
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Supporting Actress
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Pasupathy]] – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Villain - Male
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Villain - Female
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[S. J. Suryah]] – ''[[Maanaadu]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''NOT AWARDED'''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Comedian - Male
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Comedian - Female
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Redin Kingsley]] – ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''NOT AWARDED'''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Child Artist
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Debut Director
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''Mukesh - ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''Madonne Ashwin – ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Debut - Male
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Debut - Female
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''Hakkim Shahjahan – ''[[Kadaseela Biriyani]]'''''
| colspan=3|
*'''Abarnathi – ''[[Thaen (film)|Thaen]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Music Director
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Lyricist
|-
|colspan=3|
* '''[[Anirudh Ravichander]] – ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]], [[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'''''
|colspan=3|
* '''[[Thamarai]] – "Yaar Azhaippadhu" – ''[[Maara]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Playback Singer – Male
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Playback Singer – Female
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''Kapil Kapilan – "Adiye" – ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]'''''
|colspan=3|
*'''Kidakkuzhi Mariyammal – "Kandaa Vara Sollunga" – ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Story
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Screenplay
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''P. Virumaandi – ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'''''
| colspan=3|
*'''[[Venkat Prabhu]] – ''[[Maanaadu]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Dialogue
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Production Design
|-
| colspan=3|
*'''[[Mari Selvaraj]] – ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'''''
| colspan=3|
*'''T. Ramalingam – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]], [[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Cinematography
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Editing
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Tanveer Mir]] – ''[[Psycho (2020 film)|Psycho]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Praveen K. L.]] – ''[[Maanaadu]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Stunt
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Dance Choreography
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Stunt Silva]] – ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] – "[[Vaathi Coming]]" -''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Costume Design
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Make Up
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''Aegan Ekambaram – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''Dasarathan– ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Crew
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Production
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''A P Productions – ''[[Thaen (film)|Thaen]]'''''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Most Popular Film
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Entertainer
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'''''
|colspan=3 |
*'''''[[Sivakarthikeyan]]'''''
|}

==Superlatives==
{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! rowspan=3 | 4
| ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
|-
| ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
|-
| ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
|-
! rowspan=3 | 3
| ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
|-
| ''[[Maanaadu]]''
|-
| ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2
| ''[[Thaen (film)|Thaen]]''
|-
| ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
* [[List of Tamil films of 2020]]
* [[List of Tamil films of 2021]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2021 Indian film awards]]

Kolkata–Madar Express

2025-10-01T15:16:45Z

Ridheehee: creating new pg

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Madar (Ajmer)–Kolkata Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|02|19}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Madar Junction}} (MDJN)
| stops = 31
| end = {{stnlnk|Kolkata}} (KOAA)
| distance = {{convert|1981|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 41 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 19607 / 19608
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 19607 / 19608 '''Madar (Ajmer)–Kolkata Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to the [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Madar Junction}} (MDJN) railway station of {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} (AII) and {{stnlnk|Kolkata Chitpur}} (KOAA) in India. It is currently being operated with 19607/19608 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Patna/SMS-web-based-housekeeping-service-on-8-trains/articleshow/50634021.cms | title=SMS, web-based housekeeping service on 8 trains | date=19 January 2016 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Kumar | last=Rajesh | accessdate=26 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railway-passengers-experience-changes-from-scorn-to-smile/articleshow/50637191.cms Railway passengers experience changes from ‘scorn to smile’]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/five-trains-to-stop-at-sultanganj-station/articleshow/59584281.cms Five trains to stop at Sultanganj station]</ref><ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/move-to-find-alternative-route-for-cancelled-dc-trains.html MOVE TO FIND ALTERNATIVE ROUTE FOR CANCELLED DC TRAINS]</ref>

== Service==

The 19608/Madar (Ajmer)–Kolkata Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 1977 km in 41h 25m. The 19607/Kolkata–Madar Weekly Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 1977 km in 41h 35m.

== Route and halts ==

Halts of the Train:

* '''{{stnlnk|Kolkata}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Naihati Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bandel Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Durgapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Raniganj}}
* {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katrashgarh}}
* {{stnlnk|Chandrapura Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Phusro}}
* {{stnlnk|Bokaro Thermal}}
* {{stnlnk|Ranchi Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Daltonganj}}
* {{stnlnk|Garwa Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Renukut}}
* {{stnlnk|Chopan}}
* {{stnlnk|Singrauli}}
* {{stnlnk|Bargawan}}
* {{stnlnk|Beohari}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Murwara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Damoh}}
* {{stnlnk|Saugor}}
* {{stnlnk|Mungaoli}}
* {{stnlnk|Ashoknagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Guna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Baran}}
* {{stnlnk|Sogariya}}
* {{stnlnk|Bundi}}
* {{stnlnk|Chanderiya}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhilwara}}
* {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Madar Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train now runs with LHB rakes with a Maximum Permissible Speed : 130 km/h

The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 3 AC lll Economy
* 5 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General coaches
* 1 EOG (End on Generation)
* 1 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake)

Runs as a dedicated rake without rake sharing.
Single LHB rake belongs to North Western Railway (Ajmer) Division.

== Traction==
It is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Madar Junction to Kolkata Terminal and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction only 1 time:

* {{stnlnk|Chopan}}

== See also ==

* [[Kolkata railway station]]
* [[Madar Junction railway station]]
* [[Bhagalpur–New Delhi Weekly Superfast Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kolkata-madar-ajmer-express-19607/16945/7037/9772 19607/Kolkata–Madar (Ajmer) Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/madar-ajmer-kolkata-express-19608/16974/9772/7037 19608/Madar (Ajmer)–Kolkata Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata-Madar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Shahensha Ansari

2025-09-04T19:04:32Z

Ridheehee: adding new post w/ refs

{{notability|sports|date=September 2025}}
{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1981)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Shahensha Ansari
| image =
| fullname = Shahensha Ansari
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|12|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sikkim]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
| currentclub = Sikkim Aakraman
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2012–2014
| clubs1 = [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2015
| clubs2 = [[Gangtok Himalayan S.C.|Gangtok Himalayan]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2017–
| clubs3 = Sikkim Aakraman
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 16:30, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Shahensha Ansari''' (born 23 December 1981) is an Indian [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder (association football)|midfielder]] for [[Sikkim Premier Division League]] club Sikkim Aakraman.

==Club career==
Born in [[Sikkim]], Ansari was part of the [[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]] side that participated in the [[Santosh Trophy]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sikkim team Santosh Trophy 2004 |url=https://www.facebook.com/sikkimexpress/posts/sentinels-of-sikkim-football-2football-has-given-me-respect-proper-path-in-life-/1781917228620948/ |access-date=8 July 2020 |work=Sikkim Express |date=17 May 2019}}</ref> In 2012, Ansari would join [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] side [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]].<ref>{{cite news |title=United Sikkim I-League 2nd Division |url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/apr16thpart_2012.html |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=KolkataFootball |date=17 April 2012}}</ref> He would help United Sikkim earn promotion to the top tier [[I-League]] for the next season. He made his professional debut for the club on 20 September 2012 against [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] in the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]. He came on as a substitute for [[Shabbir Ali (footballer, born 1986)|Shabbir Ali]] as United Sikkim lost 0–1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune FC 1–0 United Sikkim FC |url=http://punefc.com/?match-reports=federation-cup-united-sikkim-0-1-pune-fc |website=Pune Football Club|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103113306/http://punefc.com/?match-reports=federation-cup-united-sikkim-0-1-pune-fc|archive-date = 3 November 2012}}</ref> Ansari then made his debut in the I-League on 6 October 2012 against [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]. He came off the bench again for Raju Debnath as United Sikkim won 3–2.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Sikkim 3–2 Salgaocar |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394143/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>

After one season, United Sikkim were relegated and Ansari continued playing for the club in the I-League 2nd Division.<ref>{{cite news |title=2nd Div I-League: Babatunde guides Royals to second win |url=http://theshillongtimes.com/2014/04/06/2nd-div-i-league-babatunde-guides-royals-to-second-win/ |access-date=8 July 2020 |work=The Shillong Times |date=6 April 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, Ansari moved to [[Gangtok Himalayan S.C.|Gangtok Himalayan]] who would also participate in the I-League 2nd Division.<ref>{{cite news |title=I-LEAGUE 2ND DIVISION: MOHAMMEDAN KEEN TO BUILD ON THEIR IMPRESSIVE START AGAINST GANGTOK HIMALAYAN SC |url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2015/11/20/i-league-2nd-division-mohammedan-keen-to-build-on-their-impressive-start-against-gangtok-himalayan-sc/ |access-date=8 July 2020 |work=India Footy |date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

Ansari then joined Sikkim Aakraman in the local [[Sikkim Premier Division League]] where he played for the club in 2017 and continued to do so in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=TENZING TSHEPEL DOUBLE HAND SIKKIM AAKRAMAN FC CRUCIAL THREE POINTS|url=https://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=1413|access-date=8 July 2020|publisher=Goalie365|website=www.goalie365.com|date=16 September 2017|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711080035/https://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=1413|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PREMIER DIVISION S-LEAGUE 2019: KUMAR SPORTING FC 2-2 UNICORN FC AND SIKKIM AAKRAMAN FC 5-0 UNITED SIKKIM FC |url=https://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=3113 |access-date=8 July 2020 |work=Goalie365 |date=31 August 2019}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|match played 12 May 2013}}<ref name="soccerway">{{soccerway|sahensha-ansari/267443}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=3|League
!colspan=2|Cup
!colspan=2|Continental
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=1|[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|[[I-League]]||20||0||1||—||—||0||21||0
|-
!colspan=3|Career total
!20||0||1||0||0||0||21||0
|}

==Honours==
'''United Sikkim'''
*[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]: [[2012 I-League 2nd Division final round|2012]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Shahensha}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:United Sikkim FC players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Sikkim]]

Gwalpara (community development block)

2025-08-26T05:01:50Z

Ridheehee: creating new post!

{{Short description|Community development block in Madhepura district, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gwalpara
| native_name = ग्वालपाड़ा
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|45|02|N|86|52|52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 95295
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =  852115
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bihariganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bihariganj]]
| website = {{URL|madhepura.bih.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gwalpara''' is one of the administrative divisions of [[Madhepura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 23 km from the district headquarters, namely, at [[Madhepura]].

==Geography==
Gwalpara is located at {{Coord|25.7505490|N|86.8811570|E|format=dms|}}

===Panchayats===
[[Gram panchayat|Panchayats]] in Gwalpara [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] are: Reshna, Jhitkiya kalhot, Birgaon chatra, Sukhasan, Temabhela, Sahpur, Gualpara, Sarauni, Khokhsi, Jhalari, Pirnagar and Bisbari.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.brandbihar.com/english/districts/madhepura/Madhepura_Gualpara.html |title = Gualpara Block |work = Blocks of Madhepura | publisher = brandbihar.com |accessdate = 2011-02-07 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
In the 2001 census Gwalpara Block had a population of 95,295.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/in-10.aspx |title=Republic of India, Bihar |publisher=Geo Hive |url-status=dead |accessdate=2013-09-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914051624/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/in-10.aspx |archivedate=2013-09-14 }}</ref>

==Education==
At Gwalpara there are a renowned high school and a middle school named Madhuram Rajkiya Krit Uchh Vidyalaya is upgraded to "Madhyam(+2) high school and Madhuram Rajkiya Krit Madhya Vidyalaya.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Madhepura district}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Madhepura district]]

Kunal Datta (cricketer)

2025-08-01T20:00:48Z

Ridheehee: creating a details!

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1936)}}
{{for|the musician|Kunal Datta (musician)}}
{{no footnotes|blp=yes|date=October 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
'''Kunal Datta''' (born 20 August 1936) was an Indian [[cricket]]er. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler who played for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]. He was born in [[Patna]].

Datta made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1959–60 season, against [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra]]. From the lower-middle order, he scored 4 not out in the only innings in which he batted, as Kerala finished their first innings at 555/5, a team-best score which lasted for 48 years.

Datta bowled 8 overs in the match, taking figures of 1-25.

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/35/35731/35731.html Kunal Datta] at CricketArchive {{subscription required}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Kunal}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Patna]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1930s-stub}}

Charles William Chitty

2025-07-25T15:37:35Z

Ridheehee:

{{Short description|British colonial judge (1859–1932)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Charles William Chitty
| birth_date = 8 August 1859
| death_date = 17 March 1932 (aged 72)
| death_place = [[Torquay]], Devon
| alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
| occupation = Barrister and colonial judge
| children = 2
}}

'''Sir Charles William Chitty''' (8 August 1859 – 17 March 1932) was a British barrister and colonial judge in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. He was judge of the [[Chief Justice of Myanmar#History|Chief Court of Lower Burma]]; the [[Lahore High Court|Chief Court of Punjab]], and the [[Calcutta High Court|High Court of Calcutta]], between 1903 and 1919.

== Early life and education ==
Chitty was born on 8 August 1859, the eldest son of General W. T. Chitty of the [[Indian Staff Corps|Bombay Staff Corps]]. He belonged to an old legal family many of whom had notable careers at the Bar and on the Bench. He was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]] where he was awarded his degree in 1883. He was called to Bar by the [[Inner Temple]] in 1884.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Various |url=http://archive.org/details/whowaswhovol31920003vari |title=Who Was Who Vol 3 1929-1940 |date=1848 |publisher=Adam & Charles Black |others=Internet Archive |pages=249}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=19 March 1932 |title=Sir Charles Chitty |work=[[The Times]] |pages=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitty, Charles William |url=https://archives.innertemple.org.uk/names/8580e7cc-576c-4671-8e9a-9b50b3edede8 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Inner Temple Collections |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chitty chose a career in India and enrolled as an advocate in the [[Bombay High Court]] where he practised for several years. In 1891, he was appointed Chief Judge of the Court of Small Causes, Bombay. From 1903 to 1904, he was judge of the Court of Lower Burma, Rangoon. In 1905, he was judge of the Chief Court of the Punjab, Lahore. In 1907 he was appointed puisne judge in the High Court of Judicature of Calcutta, was knighted in 1916, and remained on the bench until his retirement in 1919.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Personal life and death ==
Chitty married Helen Mary Latham in 1893. They had a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

Chitty died on 17 March 1932 at [[Torquay]], Devon, aged 72.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 1932 |title=Deaths." Times, 19 Mar. 1932, p. 1 |work=[[The Times]] |pages=1}}</ref>

== Honours ==
Chitty was created a [[Knight Bachelor]] in the [[1916 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supplement 29608, 2 June 1916 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29608/supplement/5553 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitty, Charles William}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Lahore High Court]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Judges from British Burma]]

Indian locomotive class HG

2025-07-23T16:15:34Z

Ridheehee: creating new details!

{{Short description|Indian steam locomotive class}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| powertype = Steam
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| image = File:545 PakistanKhyberPass 19931223.jpg
| builder = [[Vulcan Foundry]] [[North British Locomotive Company]] [[Robert Stephenson & Company]] [[Kitson & Company]] [[Beyer, Peacock & Company]]
| serialnumber =
| totalproduction = More than 500
| uicclass = 1'D n2 (HG class) 1'D h2 (HGS/HGC class)
| operator = [[Indian Railways]] [[Pakistan Railways]]
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = [[Pakistan Railways]] HGS 2216 on the [[Khyber Pass Railway]].
| hatnote =
| designer = [[British Engineering Standards Association]]
| ordernumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate = {{circa}} 1907–1924
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| website =
| whytetype = [[2-8-0]]
| aarwheels =
| Britishclass =
| driver =
| bogies =
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|7|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = Variant with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} Variant with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| coupleddiameter =
| wheeldiameter =
| trailingdiameter =
| tenderdiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| engine total =
| wheelbasewithtender = Variant with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels, 4000 gallon tender: {{convert|51|ft|6+7⁄8|in|m|abbr=on}} Variant with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels, 4000 gallon tender: {{convert|50|ft|4+1/2|in|m|abbr=on}}
| leading =
| drivers =
| coupled = Variant with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}} Variant with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| trailing =
| bogie =
| tender total =
| tenderbogie =
| pivotcentres =
| wheelspacing =
| length =
| over couplers =
| over buffers = Variant with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels, 4000 gallon tender: {{convert|61|ft|6+1⁄4|in|m|abbr=on}} Variant with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels, 4000 gallon tender: {{convert|60|ft|3+7⁄8|in|m|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|9|ft|6|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| bodyonly =
| height = {{convert|13|ft|6|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| frametype =
| axleload = Variant with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|16.3|LT}} Variant with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|15.7|LT}}
| leadingbogie/pony =
| coupled all =
| coupled 1 =
| coupled 2 =
| coupled 3 =
| coupled 4 =
| trail bogie/pony =
| tenderbogieload =
| tenderaxle =
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight =
| tenderweight =
| locotenderweight =
| tendertype =
| fueltype = [[Coal]], later converted to oil-firing
| fuelcap = {{ubl|{{convert|7.6|lt|t|abbr=on}} of coal (3000/4000 gal tenders)|{{convert|10.2|lt|t|abbr=on}} of coal (4500 gal tender)}}
| lubecap =
| coolantcap =
| watercap = {{convert|3000|or|4000|or|4500|impgal|abbr=on}}
| tendercap =
| sandcap =
| consumption =
| watercons =
| displacement =
| fireboxtype = [[Belpaire firebox|Belpaire]]
| firearea = Variant with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|35|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} Variant with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|32|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| pitch =
| boilertype =
| diameterinside =
| lengthinside =
| smalltubediameter =
| largetubediameter =
| boiler =
| boilerpressure = {{convert|180|psi|bar kgf/cm2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| safetyvalvetype =
| feedwaterheater =
| totalsurface =
| tubearea =
| archarea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| fireboxarea =
| superheaterarea =
| superheatertype = Schimdt (HGS, HGC)
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = Variant with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|21|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} Variant with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|20|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=ISRS>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in/broad-gauge.php|title=History of Steam: Broad Gauge
|author=
|date=
|website=ISRS website |publisher= Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629075526/http://www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in/broad-gauge.php |access-date=2025-07-22 |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}
</ref>
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
| valvetype = [[Slide valves|Slide]] (HG class) [[Piston valves|Piston]] (HGS/HGC class)
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| trainbrakes =
| reservoircap =
| compressorcap =
| exhaustercap =
| safety =
| coupling =
| maxspeed =
| poweroutput =
| poweroutput start =
| poweroutput 1 hr =
| poweroutput cont =
| tractiveeffort = Starting at 11.2 bar boiler pressure: Variant with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|146|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} Variant with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels: {{convert|134|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
| t/e starting =
| t/e 1 hr =
| t/e continuous =
| acceleration =
| deceleration =
| factorofadhesion =
| f/adh starting =
| f/adh 1 hr =
| f/adh continuous =
| locobrakeforce =
| dynamicpeakeffort =
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers =
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale = [[British Raj]] (until 1947) India (from 1947) Pakistan (from 1947)
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate = Up until 2006
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits = 2 (India) 4 (Pakistan)
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition = At least six preserved, remainder scrapped
| notes =
| bgcolor =
| color =
| carrydiameter =
| overallwheelbase =
| emptyweight =
| serviceweight =
| pistonstroke =
| cylinderpressure =
| indicatedpower =
| runningsteps =
| runningstepswitch =
| powerindex =
| over headstocks =
}}
The '''Indian locomotive class HG''' is a {{whyte|2-8-0}} [[Rail freight transport|goods]] traffic [[steam locomotive]] introduced in 1907 as one of seven standard locomotive designs developed by the Engineering Standards Committee (later the [[BSI Group|British Engineering Standards Association]] (BESA)) for use on [[British Raj|British Indian]] [[Rail transport in India|railways]]. Locomotives of this design were rostered by various British Indian railways, later passing on to [[Indian Railways]] and [[Pakistan Railways]] after the [[Partition of India|partition]], the latter of which continued using these locomotives into the 21st century to haul the [[Khyber train safari|Khyber Steam Safari]] on the rugged [[Khyber Pass Railway]].

==Background==

British Indian railways operated numerous steam locomotives built to their own design standards. Around the turn of the century, this strained British locomotive manufacturers who could not keep up with motive power demand for the growing railways.<ref name=ISRS/><ref name=history/> This led to British Indian railways outsourcing production of locomotives to non-British companies, which generated complaints from British locomotive manufacturers.<ref name=history>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/isrs082004-steam-history.html
|title=Steam in History
|last=Bhandari
|first=R. R.
|website=IRFCA website
|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA)
|access-date= 2025-07-22
}}</ref>

Amidst this situation, proposals for standardisation of British Indian steam locomotives had been drawn up in the 1870s but never went through;<ref name=ISRS/> but later, a locomotive standardisation scheme for British Indian railways was finally realised when the Engineering Standards Committee was requested by the British Indian government to develop standard locomotive designs for the British Indian railways, in order to improve efficiency in their operations.<ref name=BESA1quote>
{{cite report
|date=November 1903
|title=Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCFMAAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[British Standards Institution]]
|page=2
|access-date= 2025-07-22
|quote="It is hoped that the labours of the Committee may help to bring... much increased economy and efficiency ... in the equipment and working of the Railways of India."
}}
</ref><ref name=BESA2>
{{cite report
|date=November 1903
|title=Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCFMAAAAMAAJ
|publisher=[[British Standards Institution]]
|page=2
|quote=The Locomotive Committee beg leave to report that, in accordance with instructions received through the Engineering Standards Committee from the Secretary of State for India, and with the assistance of a Conference between the Consulting Engineers and Locomotive Manufacturers of the country, they have carefully considered the questions of the most suitable designs of Locomotives for use on the Railways of India, and of the standardisation of their component parts. |access-date= 2025-07-22
}}
</ref><ref name=locomotivemag2>
{{cite magazine
|date=15 June 1908
|title=Indian locomotive practice
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-bNAAAAMAAJ
|volume=14
|magazine=The [[Locomotive, Railway Carriage & Wagon Review]]
|location=[[London]]
|publisher=[[Locomotive Publishing Company]]
|pages=103
|access-date=2025-07-22}}
</ref><ref name=history/> Its first report, compiled in 1903,<ref name=BESA1>
{{cite report
|date=November 1903
|title=Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCFMAAAAMAAJ
|publisher=[[British Standards Institution]]
|access-date= 2025-07-22
}}
</ref>{{efn|name=rep1}} outlined plans for British Indian standard locomotive designs, with additional reports issued in 1907<ref name=BESA1907>
{{cite report
|date=February 1907
|title=Second Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiw7AQAAMAAJ |publisher=[[British Standards Institution]]
|access-date= 10 September 2024 }}</ref> and in 1910.<ref name=BESA1910>
{{cite magazine
|author=
|title=[Third Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways]
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ7AQAAMAAJ
|magazine=Indian Industries and Power
|volume=7
|date=1910
|access-date=2025-07-22
|page=275
}}
</ref>

==History==
[[File:ETH-BIB-BESA Lokomotive HG Ans 05373-1616-FL.jpg|left|200px|thumb|NBL builder's photo of an HG class locomotive]]
First catalogued by the BESA in their 1907 report on British Indian standard locomotive designs, this goods locomotive design appeared alongside the [[Indian locomotive class AP|4-4-2]] and [[Indian locomotive class HP|4-6-0]] mail engines and the [[Indian locomotive class PT|2-6-4T]] tank engine in the same report.<ref name=BESA1907/> In the same report, three different tenders were to be paired with the tender engines, which were two three-axle tenders with a water capacity of 3000 and 4000 gallons, and a 4500 gallon two-bogie tender with two axles for each bogie.<ref name=BESA1907/>

Additionally, the goods locomotive design had two variants: one with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter [[driving wheels]] proposed by the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], and one with {{convert|4|ft|8+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels, commonplace with several other locomotives already in use on various railways, including the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] (BNR). However, the variant with the with {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter driving wheels was never manufactured<ref name=ISRS/>{{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=18}} and later was omitted by the BESA in their 1910 report.<ref name=BESA1910/>

From 1912, superheating was provisioned and locomotives of this design fitted new with [[Wilhelm_Schmidt_(engineer)|Schmidt]] [[superheater]]s were designated class HGS.{{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=18}} Locomotives later retrofitted with ssuperheaters were designated class HGC. The superheated locomotives gave better performance as compared to their saturated counterparts, as the latter were of British designs unsuited for the climate of the [[Indian subcontinent]], namely due to narrow fireboxes present in these designs.<ref name="IRFCA">
{{cite web
|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-steam.html
|title=Steam Locomotives Classes: Steam Locomotives
|author=
|date=
|website=Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA) website
|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA)
|access-date=15 July 2024
}}
</ref>

In 1947, after the British Raj was [[Partition_of_India|partitioned]], 133 HG class locomotives of the [[North_Western_State_Railway|North Western Railway]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://ba.e-pics.ethz.ch/catalog/ETHBIB.Bildarchiv/r/102300/viewmode=infoview
|title=North British Locomotive Company Glasgow (NBL) L195, Indian State Railway (ISR)-North Western Railway
|last=
|first=
|date=
|website=ba.e-pics.ethz.ch
|publisher=
|access-date=15 July 2024
|quote=}}
</ref> ended up in the hands of [[Pakistan Railways]]. [[Indian Railways]], who inherited the remainder, still had 168 HG class locomotives on the [[Central Railway Zone|Central]], [[Eastern Railway Zone|Eastern]], and [[South Eastern Railway Zone|South Eastern]] zones in June 1977,{{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=90}} and were likely retired in the 1980s.

Pakistan Railways however, despite steam traction being mostly phased out in [[Pakistan]] in the 1990s, retained HGS 2216, 2277, and 2306 for use on the [[Khyber Pass Railway]], where two of them worked [[top and tail]] on [[Khyber train safari|tourist trains]] to [[Landi Kotal railway station|Landi Kotal]], until 2006, when the railway suspended operations after [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon rains]] damaged the line.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbasi |first=Obaid Ur Rehman |date=24 January 2021 |title=The forgotten train |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/778151-the-forgotten-train|work=www.thenews.com.pk |location= |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/khyber-pass-railway.html | title=Khyber Pass Railway |last=Mughal |first=Owais |date=September 2006 |website=www.irfca.org |publisher= |access-date=14 July 2024 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/pakistan12.htm|title=Pakistan Steam - the last gasp?|author=|website=International Steam|access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

==Preservation==
Two of the Indian HG class locomotives have been preserved:
* HGS 26761 at the [[Rail Museum, Howrah]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/Preserved%20Steam%20Locomotives(2016).pdf|title=Preserved Steam Locomotives (2016) |author= |date=22 September 2016 |website=indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=15 July 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
* Ex-[[North Western State Railway|NWR]] HGC 1598 (Vulcan no.2461) at the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi]]{{efn|name=HGC}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://erail.in/info/rail-museum-national-rail-museum/2501|title=National Rail Museum New Delhi |author= |date= |website=erail.in |publisher= |access-date=15 July 2024 |quote=}}</ref>{{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=91}}

Four of the Pakistani HGS class locomotives are known to have survived, most recently used at a steam event around [[Attock]] in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tanago.de/erlebnisreisen/en/old-travel-2020/pakistan-broad-gauge-steam-around-attock.php?lang=EN |title=Pakistan: Broad gauge steam around Attock with 4 HG/S in steam! |author= |date= |website=www.tanago.de |publisher= |access-date=17 July 2024 |quote=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian locomotive class HP]]
* [[Indian locomotive class AP]]
* [[Indian locomotive class SG]]
* [[Indian locomotive class SP]]
* [[Indian locomotive class PT]]
* [[Indian locomotive class HT]]
* [[Locomotives of India]]
* [[Locomotives of Pakistan]]
* [[Khyber train safari|Khyber Train Safari]]
* [[Khyber Pass Railway]]
* [[Retirement of steam locomotives by country]]
* [[Steam locomotives of the 21st century]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=rep1|The Engineering Standards Committee report that first catalogued this locomotive design was compiled in 1903, but was not published until 1905 (British Standards Institution).}}
{{efn|name=HGC|Built in 1909 as a HG class, converted in 1929.}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |author-link= |date=1979 |title=Steam locomotives in India, Part 3 – Broad Gauge |url=https://archive.org/details/steamlocomotives0000hugh/mode/2up |location=Harrow, Middlesex |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |page= |isbn=978-0-9503469-4-6|url-access=registration}}
{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}
{{subject bar|commons=Category:Indian locomotive class HG|portal=Trains}}
[[Category:2-8-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:1′D h2 locomotives]]
[[Category:1′D n2 locomotives]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Beyer, Peacock locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:Kitson locomotives]]
[[Category:NBL locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1907]]
[[Category:Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Vulcan Foundry locomotives]]

ARDE Under Barrel Grenade Launcher

2025-07-19T14:25:59Z

Ridheehee: Creating First Page Added Tags - done

{{Infobox weapon
|name=Under Barrel Grenade Launcher, 40mm
|image=File:UBGL unit.jpg
|image_size=300
|caption= ARDE UBGL.
|origin= [[India]]
|type= [[Grenade launcher]]

|is_ranged= yes

|service= 2010–present<ref name=bsword>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922175112/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/2010/august2010.pdf|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/2010/august2010.pdf|title=Bulk Production Clearance for 40mm UBGL|publisher=DRDO|accessdate=2013-11-15|archivedate=2010-09-22|date=August 2010|page=2}}</ref>
|used_by=[[Indian Army]]
|wars=

|designer= [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]]<ref name="bsword"/>
|design_date= 2010
|manufacturer= [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]]
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=10,000 (September 2019)<ref name="DRDO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/40mm-under-barrel-grenade-launcher-ubgl|title=40mm Under Barrel Grenade Launcher (UBGL) | Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>
|variants=

|weight= 1.5 kg (unloaded)
|length= 450mm
|part_length= 350mm
|width=
|height=
|crew=

|cartridge= [[40 mm grenade#40x46mm|40x46mm]]
|caliber=
|action= Single shot, Pump Action
|rate= 5 to 7 round/min
|velocity= 250 ft/s (76 m/s)
|range= 28-400m
|max_range= 400m
|feed=Breech Loading
|sights= Various sights developed by ARDE for the launcher:<ref name=ofb>{{cite web|title=Under Barrel Grenade Launcher 40 mm |url=http://ofbindia.nic.in/products/data/weapons/wmc/8.htm |publisher=[[Ordnance Factories Board]] |accessdate=31 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211041651/http://ofbindia.nic.in/products/data/weapons/wmc/8.htm |archivedate=11 December 2014 }}</ref>
*Post type foresights
*Ladder sight with 50m steps
*Illuminated bubble sight for indirect firing
*Tritium illuminated sight for night firing
}}

The '''40 mm Under Barrel Grenade Launcher''',{{efn|No official name is given to the grenade launcher as of March 2020.<ref name="DEFEXPO2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2020/02/25/defexpo-2020-indian-ubgl-under-barrel-grenade-launcher-for-insas/|title = [DEFEXPO 2020] Indian UBGL (Under Barrel Grenade Launcher) for INSAS -|date = 25 February 2020}}</ref>}} is a single shot [[grenade launcher]] developed by [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|ARDE]] and [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]]<ref name="bsword"/> for use with the [[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] and [[AK-47]] rifles used by the [[Indian Army]]. Standalone versions of the grenade launcher exist.<ref name="ofb"/>

As of September 2019, around 10,000 UBGLs were manufactured.<ref name="DRDO"/>

==History==
[[File:Yudh Abhyas 2014 140928-a-sf654-018 (15221572140).jpg|left|thumb|upright|An Indian Army soldier with an INSAS AR outfitted with a UBGL.]]

The UBGL was in Indian military service since 2010.<ref name="DEFEXPO2020"/> It was reported by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]] in 2011 that paramilitary forces ordered around 100 UBGLs.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Annual Report 2010-11 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/155963/AR-eng-2011.pdf |journal=Ministry of Defence Government of India Annual Report}}</ref>

In 2020, production of 40mm rounds began in Ammunition Factory Khadki under [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gktoday.in/ammunition-factory-khadki-pune-manufactured-40-mm-ubgl-under-barrel-grenade-launcher-ammunition/ | title=Ammunition Factory Khadki, Pune, manufactured 40 mm UBGL (Under Barrel Grenade Launcher) Ammunition - GKToday }}</ref> The first ammunition consignment was sent to the [[Border Security Force]].<ref name="40MMR">{{Cite web|title=40 mm UBGL (UNDER BARREL GRENADE LAUNCHER) AMMUNITION BY AFK, PUNE|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1645370|access-date=2020-11-19|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On August 2, 2021, OFT announced that the UBGL was made compatible with the [[Trichy assault rifle]], which is being brought into service by the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPF) and various [[State Armed Police Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chennai |first=PIB |date=August 2, 2021 |title=LAUNCHING OF 40 X 46 mm Under Barrel Grenade Launcher (UBGL) for TAR and AK-47 Rifle |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1741582 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Design==
The UBGL can be attached to the INSAS and various AK-47 rifles.<ref name="DRDO"/> It has a three-point attachment system to be able to mount the UBGL to the rifles with a built-in safety to prevent accidental discharge.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Technology Focus|date=October 2021|title=Small arms and ammunition|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_Oct_2021.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[DRDO]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009034015/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_Oct_2021.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2021 }}</ref>

The trigger system is a button located on the left side of the barrel, allowing the soldier to fire both the rifle and grenade launcher without having to change his firing posture.<ref name="ofb"/><ref name="DEFEXPO2020"/> Its maximum range is 400 metres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/infantry-support-weapons/ |title=INFANTRY SUPPORT WEAPONS - Asian Military Review |accessdate=2015-10-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006104047/http://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/infantry-support-weapons/ |archivedate=2015-10-06 }}</ref>

The weapon uses a simple ladder sight mechanism, similar to the [[GP-25]]. It also has tritium illuminated sights for night firing. The ammunition fired by the UBGL is similar to the [[Milkor MGL]] used by the Indian Army, allowing for standardisation.<ref name="ofb"/>

To install the UBGL, the handguard of an INSAS/AK-type rifle needs to be removed first before the device is installed.<ref name="DEFEXPO2020"/>

===Ammunition===
The UBGL can be used to fire Practice, HEAP, HEDP and RP-type 40mm rounds.<ref name="40MMR"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223140819/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/OFT/40mm-ubgl |date=February 23, 2020|title=40mm Under Barrel Grenade Launcher}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801151217/https://ddpdoo.gov.in/unit/pages/OFT/40x46mm-ubgl---tar |date=August 1, 2022|title=40mm UBGL - TAR}}

{{Ordnance Factories Board}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Firearms of India]]
[[Category:40×46mm grenade launchers]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]

Chauth Mata Temple

2025-04-29T17:34:11Z

Ridheehee: put up initial location initial version - done

{{Short description|Temple in Rajasthan, India}}
[[File:Chauth mata ka mandir.jpg|thumb|Chauth Mata]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Chauth Mata Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Rajasthan
|map_caption = Location in Chauth Ka Barwara, Rajasthan.
|coordinates = {{coord|26.051085|N|76.1361334|E|display=inline,title}}
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|district = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
|location = [[Chauth Ka Barwara]]
|deity =
|festival =
| website =
}}

'''Chauth Mata Temple''' is located in a village named [[Chauth Ka Barwara]] in [[Sawai Madhopur district]] of Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=This temple of Chauth Mata is 565 years old, it is situated on a hill.|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/karwa-chauth-2018-565-years-old-chautha-mata-temple-situated-on-the-hill-01154488.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=There is a famous temple of Chauth Mata in Rajasthan, the mother had given a vision to the king and ordered it to be built.|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/chauth-mata-mandir-in-sawai-madhopur-rajasthan-2188236/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sakat Chauth: The temple of Sakat Mata is here in the country, special worship is also done on Ganesh Chaturthi|url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-sakat-chauth-2019-sakat-mata-temple-in-rajasthan-india-18878200.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Karva Chauth 2018: Unique is the Chauth Mata Temple of Barwara|url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-know-about-famous-chauth-mata-temple-sawai-madhopur-on-karwa-chauth2018-18574493.html}}</ref>

== History ==
This is one of the oldest temple of Rajasthan. This was built by [[Bhim Singh of Marwar]], brought the Chauth Mata idol from a nearby village.{{fact|date=May 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sawai Madhopur district]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]

Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line

2025-04-14T14:26:20Z

Ridheehee: creating details!

{{short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line
| color =800000
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Tig1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| caption = Titilagarh railway station is an important junction on '''Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram''' line
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| start = [[Jharsuguda railway station|Jharsuguda]], {{convert|516|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Howrah on [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
| end = [[Vizianagaram railway station|Vizianagaram]], {{convert|820|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Howrah on [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
| stations = 67 nos. 9 nos Big Junction stations at Raipur, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Balangir, Titlagarh, Lanjigarh, Rayagada, Bobbilli & Vizianagaram.
| routes = Fully Double Electrified line from Vizianagaram to Titlagarh section & in parts in Raipur-Titlagarh-Sambalpur section. Double line construction going in Raipur-Titlagarh-Sambalpur section.
| open = 1931 from Vizianagaram to Raipur; 1961 from Titlagarh to Jharsuguda.
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = Jharsuguda-Titlagarh: {{convert|230|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Titlagarh–Vizianagaram: {{convert|266|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Titlagarh–Raipur: {{convert|203|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Rayagada–Koraput: {{convert|176|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Jharsuguda-Vizianagaram(end to end): {{convert|496|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| speed = 130 km/h
| electrification = Yes
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line ''' is a railway line in eastern India. It connects [[Jharsuguda railway station|Jharsuguda]],{{convert|516|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Howrah on the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]], and [[Titlagarh railway station|Titlagarh]], which in turn is connected with [[Vizianagaram railway station|Vizianagaram]], {{convert|820|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Howrah on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]], and {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction}}, {{convert|830|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Howrah on the Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line. There are several branch lines, like the {{convert|176|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} line connecting [[Rayagada railway station|Rayagada]] with [[Koraput railway station|Koraput]] on the [[Kothavalasa–Kirandul line]]. The line traverses [[Western Odisha]] and connects the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]] with the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]. It covers small portions of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Geography==
The Jharsaguda–Titlagarh line starts from [[Jharsuguda railway station|Jharsuguda]], at the north western end of [[Odisha]], on the [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]], and goes through the [[Ib River|Ib]] river valley.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://jharsuguda.nic.in/geography.htm |title = Jharsuguda|work=Geographical position| publisher=Jharsuguda district administration | access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref> It crosses the [[Mahanadi River]], downstream from [[Hirakud Dam]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://sambalpur.nic.in/ |title = Sambalpur district|work= Geographical background of the district| publisher= Sambalpur district administration | access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref> The railway track passes through hilly areas interspersed with valleys of the tributaries of the Mahanadi, the important amongst which are the [[Ong River|Ong]] and [[Tel River|Tel]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://balangir.nic.in/ |title =Balangir District |work= Location & Geography| publisher=Balangir district administration | access-date = 2012-11-30}}</ref>

The Raipur–Titlagarh–Vizianagaram line sets off from Raipur, in the fertile Mahanadi valley of Chhattisgarh, on the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://raipur.gov.in/profile.htm|title =Raipur District |work= Profile| publisher=Raipur district administration | access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref> It passes through the rocky Mahasamund district of central Chhattisgarh before entering Odisha.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://mahasamund.gov.in/ |title =Mahasamund, Chhattisgarh |work= Geography details| publisher=Mahasamund district administration | access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref> It enters the plains of Nuapada district in western Odisha,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ordistricts.nic.in/district_profile/aboutus.php | title = Nuapada District | work = At a glance | publisher = Nuapada district administration | access-date = 2012-11-30 | archive-date = 30 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140330112921/http://ordistricts.nic.in/district_profile/aboutus.php | url-status = dead }}</ref> then through the [[Eastern Ghats]] in southern Odisha, on to the coastal plains of Andhra Pradesh. It meets the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] at Vizianagaram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vizianagaram.nic.in/AboutVZM.html |title=Vizianagaram District |work=Salient features |publisher=Vizianagaram district administration |access-date=2012-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223202306/http://vizianagaram.nic.in/AboutVZM.html |archive-date=23 February 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Tracks at Sambalpur Road railway station.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Railway rake with coal at Sambalpur Road]]
The area covered by this line (including branch lines) is rich in mineral resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navratnanews.com/industries/industries%20index.htm |title=Industrial scenario of Western Odisha |publisher=navratnanews.com |access-date=2012-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129165027/http://www.navratnanews.com/industries/industries%20index.htm |archive-date=29 January 2013 }}</ref> There are two coalfields in the area with high quantum of reserves. According to [[Geological Survey of India]], the [[Talcher Coalfield]] has reserves of 38.65 billion tonnes, the highest in India. [[Ib Valley Coalfield]] has reserves of 22.3 billion tonnes, the third highest in India.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf | title =Coal Resources of India (As on 1.1.2004) | publisher =Coal Wing, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata | access-date =2012-11-30 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120327022156/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf | archive-date =27 March 2012 | df =dmy-all }}</ref>[[NTPC Limited]] has two power stations in Odisha, both are on this line – the 3000 MW [[Talcher Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 460 MW [[Talcher Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ntpc-to-add-another-500-mw-to-talcher-plant/658251 |title =NTPC to add another 500 MW to Talcher Plant | work = The Indian Express|date=10 August 2010|access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/search_news.php?search=Talcher%20Thermal%20Power%20Station&select=keyword |title = TTPS runs on 93% PLF | work = Business Standard|date=6 November 2012|access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref> NTPC has planned two more super thermal power plants of 1600 MW each at Darlipalli in Sundergarh district and Gajamara in Dhenkanal district.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ntpc-may-get-land-for-gajamara-darlipalli-projects-soon/466713/ |title = NTPC may get land for Gajamara, Darlipalli projects soon |newspaper = Business Standard India |date = 5 March 2012 | publisher = Business Standard, 5 March 2012|access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref> Sterlite Energy Ltd. (of the [[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta group]]) has a 2400 MW Independent Power Plant at Jharsuguda.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sterliteenergy.co.in/operations-jharsuguda.htm | title = Jharsuguda Power Project | publisher = Sterlite Energy | access-date = 2012-11-30 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121113170848/http://www.sterliteenergy.co.in/operations-jharsuguda.htm | archive-date = 13 November 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

[[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]] operates bauxite mines on Panchampatmali Hills in Koraput district of Odisha. It has an alumina refinery at Damanjodi, and a smelter and a rolled products unit at Angul. It has an 8 x 120 MW captive power plant at Angul.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nalcoindia.com/ |title = NALCO a Navratna Company | publisher =NALCO |access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref> Vedanta Aluminium Limited (of the [[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta group]]) has an aluminium smelter and a 9x135 MW captive power plant at Jharsuguda. It has an alumina refinery and 3x30 MW captive power plant at Lanjigarh.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vedantaaluminium.com/ | title = Jharsuguda | publisher = Vedanta Aluminium Limited | access-date = 2012-11-30 | archive-date = 30 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530114807/http://www.vedantaaluminium.com/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>[[Hindalco Industries|Hindalco]] has a smelter and a 368 MW captive power plant at Hirakud.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindalco.com |title =Hindalco |work=manufacturing locations| publisher =Hindalco |access-date = 2012-11-30 }}</ref>

[[Bhushan Steel|Bhushan Steel Limited]] has a presence at Meramandali in Dhenkanal district of Odisha and is currently (as of 2012) implementing a backward integration project to set up an integrated steel plant of 2.3 million tonnes per annum capacity. It has plans to further raise the capacity of the plant.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bhushan-group.org/ | title = Welcome to Bhusan Steel Limited | work = Manufacturing plants | publisher = Bhusan | access-date = 2012-11-30 | archive-date = 14 April 2013 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130414073410/http://bhushan-group.org/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Bhushan Steel|Bhusan Power and Steel Limited]] has a presence at Thelkoloi in Jharsaguda district of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.bhushanltd.com/ | title =Bhushan Power & Steel | access-date = 2012-11-30 | publisher = Bhushan Limited }}</ref>

There is an ordnance factory at Badmal in [[Balangir district]].<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=ofbol&page=about&lang=en | title =Ordnance Factory Bolangir | access-date = 2012-12-06 | publisher =Ordnance Factory Board, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India }}</ref> A plant of the engine division of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] is located at Sunabeda, Koraput. It is on the Visakhapatnam-Kirandaul line.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://hal-india.com/ | title = Hindusthan Aeronautics Limited| access-date = 2012-12-06 | work = Divisions/Engine Division Koraput | publisher = HAL}}</ref>

==History==
The mainline of [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] from Nagpur to Asansol was opened for goods traffic on 1 February 1891. Between 1893 and 1896, {{convert|1288|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the historical East Coast Railway was opened for traffic. In 1898–99, two important lines of BNR, namely Sini–Kharagpur–Kolaghat and Kharagpur–Cuttack were opened, thereby linking BNR to the lines in southern India.<ref name=ser>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 }}</ref>

The Sambalpur—Titalgarh Railway line is approximately Rs 11 crores of aid from the Japanese and 4.2 crores from the US. The foreign exchange Is coming out of the U.S. President Asian economic Development Fund and we are getting 20 million dollars. Japan has promised 8 million dollars. We have been promised all that and the purposes this foreign exchange will be used for rails and other materials.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1777/1/lsd_02_05_27-09-1958.pdf page 13</ref> Formerly the line was to go from Sambalpur to Kantangunji. Subsequently, we found that Kantangunji via Bolangir and Titalgarh would be saving 20 miles, and investigations are going on those lines.

The {{convert|78|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Vizianagaram–Parvatipuram line was opened in 1908–09 and an {{convert|33|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} extension to Salur was built in 1913. The {{convert|390|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long Parvatipuram–Raipur line was completed in 1931.<ref name=ser/> In 1922, the [[Talcher Coalfield]] was linked with the Howrah–Chennai line.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2208/stories/20050422001510000.htm |title = South Eastern Railway – A Saga of Performance |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Suhrid Sankar | work= Frontline|volume=22|issue=8, 12–25 March 2005| access-date = 2012-11-25 }}</ref>

In 1960, Indian Railway took up three projects: the Kottavalasa–Koraput–Jeypore–Kirandaul line (Dandakaranya Project), the Titlagarh–Bolangir–Jharsuguda Project and the Rourkela–Kiriburu Project. All the three projects taken together were popularly known as the DBK Project or the Dandakaranya Bolangir Kiriburu Project.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.baral.us/Orissa-rail-history.pdf |title =History of Indian Railways in Orissa |last=Baral |first=Chitta | access-date = 2012-11-27 }}</ref> The Sambalpur–Titlagarh line was opened to traffic in 1963.<ref name=ser/>

The Sambalpur–Talcher line was sanctioned in 1983 and was completed in 1998.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Talcher-Sambalpur/Project/pid14875.htm |title = Talcher-Sambalpur Project| publisher= Process Register| access-date = 2012-11-27 }}</ref>

The Koraput–Rayagada Rail Link Project was completed on 31 December 1998.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Koraput-Rayagada_Rail_Link/Project/pid14848.htm |title = Koraput–Rayagada Rail Link Project|publisher= Process Register| access-date = 2012-11-27 }}</ref>

===Railway reorganization===
[[File:Gajapatinagaram Railway station.jpg|thumb|Railway line near Gajapatinagaram]]
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was nationalized in 1944.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part - III (1900 - 1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21}}</ref>[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] was formed on 14 April 1952 with the portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]] east of [[Mughalsarai]] and the Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name=zones>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier.<ref name=zones/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part - IV (1947 - 1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> Amongst the new zones started in April 2003 were [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]. Both these railways were carved out of South Eastern Railway.<ref name=zones/> Doubling of Vizianagaram–Gajapatinagaram completed by 31 March 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.processregister.com/Gajaptinagaram-Vizianagaram_Dbling-I_I/Project/pid14830.htm |title=Vizianagaram-Gajapatinagaram doubling}}</ref> The doubling of Bobbili–Gajapatinagaram completed by 30 June 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.processregister.com/Bobbili-Gajapatinagram_Doubling/Project/pid14820.htm |title=Bobbili-Gajapatinagaram doubling}}</ref>

==New lines==

===Balangir–Khurda Road project===
The {{convert|289|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|0}} railway line, now (as of 2012) under construction from [[Balangir]] on the Jharsuguda–Titlagrh line to [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road]] on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]], will pass through [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]], [[Boudh district|Boudh]] and [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]. It would require construction of 11 tunnels measuring 6.30 km in all, and around 435 bridges including one {{convert|660|m|ft|adj=mid|-long|0}} bridge over the [[Tel River]].<ref name=hindubolangir>{{cite web| url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/23/stories/2011022351360300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110308131147/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/23/stories/2011022351360300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 March 2011 |title = Bolangir-Khura railway line development demanded|date=23 February 2011| work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2012-11-27 }}</ref>

In 1945 this rail link was first surveyed by the Bengal Nagpur Railway, which thought [[Bhubaneswar]]'s link with some of the most backward undivided districts of Odisha, namely [[Balangir district|Balangir]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and [[Phulbani district|Phulbani]], to be important. The project actually got off in 1994.<ref name=expressbolangir>{{cite web| url = http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article562050.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104931/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article562050.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 March 2016 |title =Wait continues for crucial rail link | work= The New Indian Express|date=9 July 2012| access-date = 2012-11-27 }}</ref>

The project was initially hit by delays in land acquisition and even after it got off progress was slow. According to Shivaji Patnaik, the veteran [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader, "The construction for the project started way back in 1994. After 17 years, not even 36 km of line is developed."<ref name=hindubolangir/><ref name=expressbolangir/><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/panel-constituted-to-monitor-land-acquisition-for-railway-projects/article4033537.ece |title = Panel constituted to monitor land acquisition for railway projects|newspaper = The Hindu|date=26 October 2012| access-date = 2012-11-27 }}</ref>

A {{convert|175|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|0}} [[Phulbani]]–[[Berhampur]] broad-gauge link is planned.<ref name=survey>{{cite web| url = http://www.teamorissa.org/rail.asp| title = Infrastructure Rail| publisher = team orissa| access-date = 2012-11-27| archive-date = 4 September 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100904224551/http://www.teamorissa.org/rail.asp| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Bimalagarh–Talcher project===
Another new line project lagging behind is the {{convert|156|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|0}} line connecting Bimlagarh on the [[Rourkela–Barsuan branch line]] and Talcher on the [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]], sanctioned in 2004–05. This line when complete would reduce the distance between Rourkela and Bhubaneswar from 460 km (via Sambalpur) to 300 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.welcomeorissa.com/orissa_news.php?opt=view&id=31329&ChosenDay=19&ChosenMonth=04&ChosenYear=2011 |title=Bimlagarh-Talcher rail link: All decks cleared |publisher=welcomeOdisha.com |access-date=2012-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025742/http://www.welcomeorissa.com/orissa_news.php?opt=view&id=31329&ChosenDay=19&ChosenMonth=04&ChosenYear=2011 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Angul–Sukinda Road project===
Construction of the {{convert|102|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|0}} railway track linking Angul on the Sambalpur–Talcher–Barang branch line to Sukinda Road on the [[Padapahar–Jakhapura branch line]] is expected to be initiated in 2013, after clearing all land-acquisition related problems. This line is being taken up on the [[public–private partnership]] (PPP) mode in partnership between [[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited]], [[Government of Odisha]], [[Jindal Steel and Power]] and [[Bhushan Steel|Bhushan Power and Steel]]. The new railway track will provide connectivity between [[Talcher Coalfield]] and the Padapahar–Jakhapura branch line with iron ore mines and upcoming industries. A number of mega steel projects are coming up in this region.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/workrs-1100-crore-angul-sukinda-rail-project-by-april-2013/489203/ |title =Work on Rs. 1,100 crore Angul–Sukinda rail project by April 2013 |newspaper =Business Standard India |date=11 October 2012| access-date = 2012-11-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1294407.ece| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120906/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1294407.ece| url-status = dead| archive-date = 4 March 2016|title =Work on Angul–Sukinda railway line to begin in April |work= New Indian Express|date=11 October 2012| access-date = 2012-11-27}}</ref>

===Vizianagaram–Titlagarh third line===
Vizianagaram–Titlagarh third line project will be constructed at an estimated cost of Rs 2,335.68 crore. The third line, which comes under the East Coast Railway is an alternative route to the over-burdened existing line. The length of the railway line will be 264.6 km. The project will be completed within five years i.e. 2021.

===Other projects===
Several new lines have been planned. These include the {{convert|245|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|0}} Talcher–Hindol Road–Berhampur–Gopalpur line, and the {{convert|120|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|0}} Bargarh–Nawapara Road line via Padampur.<ref name=survey/>

Construction of the {{convert|52|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|0}} Jharsuguda–Barpalli rail line is essential for transportation of coal from the [[Ib Valley Coalfield]] with a potential of 90 million tonnes per annum. [[Mahanadi Coalfields Limited]] will fund this project.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/290-mt-coal-evacuation-hampered-due-to-lack-of-rail-infrastructure/article3926686.ece?css=print|title = 290 MT Coal evacuation hampered due to lack of rail infrastructure |last=Mehdudia |first=Sujay|date = 22 September 2012 | work=The Hindu Business Line| access-date = 2012-11-10}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Koraput–Damanjodi section was electrified in 1988–89. The Barang–Rajatgarh–Meramandoli section was electrified in 2002–03. Rajatgarh–Kapilas Road was electrified in 2003–04.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref>

Electrification of the Titlagarh–Sambalpur–Jharsuguda and Angul–Sambalpur sections were sanctioned in the [[Railway Budget]] for 2012–13 dedicated to nation by Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 15 January 2019.<ref name=railbudget>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/budget-2012/rail-budget/What-is-new-in-Railway-Budget-2012-13/articleshow/12267354.cms |title = What is new in Railway Budget 2012-13|work=The Times of India|date=14 March 2012| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref> Traction work started in Vizianagaram–Jharsuguda section.

==Electrification work==
Electrification work from Vizianagaram to Titlagarh has been completed in 2017–18. Also, single line electrification work was completed from Titlagarh–Sambalpur–Jharsuguda section just electric line doubling in Titlagarh–Sambalpur section is also completed.

==Track==
Doubling of several lines have been sanctioned in the budget for 2012–13: Jharsaguda–Sambalpur, Sambalpur–Titlagarh, [[Raipur]]–[[Mahasamund]]–Titlagarh, Sambalpur–Talcher, Lapanga–Brundamal, Angul–Kerejang, Rajatgarh–Barang.<ref name=railbudget/>

The Ministry of Coal has identified the Talcher area as one of the major areas for coal production. Additionally, a number of coal blocks are being developed by the private sector. About 100 million tonnes of incremental coal freight is expected. Doubling of Talcher–Sambalpur, Sambalpur–Jharsuguda, Sambalpur–Titlagarh and Titlagarh–[[Mahasamund]]–Raipur has been sanctioned and work is in progress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/vision_2020_blue_050411.pdf |title=Blueprint for railway electrification |publisher=Railway Board |access-date=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710212957/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/vision_2020_blue_050411.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=JSG&name=JHARSUGUDA+JN Trains at Jharsuguda]

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jharsuguda-Vizianagaram line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division|*]]
[[Category:Chakradharpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Waltair railway division|*]]