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Kalpana Rai

2026-05-08T16:47:08Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1950–2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalpana Rai
| native_name = కల్పనా రాయ్
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|05|09}}<ref name="telanganadiary">{{cite web|last1=Ch|first1=Srinivas|title=స్టార్ అఫ్ ది డే : కల్పనా రాయ్|url=http://www.telanganadiary.news/te/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%87-%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE/|website=telanganadiary.news|accessdate=29 December 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230000134/http://www.telanganadiary.news/te/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%87-%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|02|06|1950|05|09}} Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh
| othername =
| years_active = 1974 - 2008
| homepage =
| occupation = Actor
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Kalpana Rai''' (9 May 1950 – 6 February 2008) was an Indian actress<ref name="famousbio">{{cite web|title=Kalpana Rai Biography|url=http://famousbio.com/Kalpana-Rai|website=famousbio.com|accessdate=19 August 2016}}</ref> from Andhra Pradesh who predominantly appeared in Telugu films. She acted in more than 430 films.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

She was born in Kakinada.<ref name="altiusdirectory">{{cite web|title=Kalpana Rai, Tollywood Character Artist|url=http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Entertainment/famous-tollywood-character-artist-kalpana-rai-biography.php|website=altiusdirectory.com|accessdate=19 August 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kalpana Rai was born in Kakinada. She had experience in stage, through which she entered into films. Though she acted in more than 400 films she died poor.<ref name="ap7am">{{cite web|title=కల్పనారాయ్ కి మిగిలింది కన్నీళ్లే!|url=http://www.ap7am.com/film-news-23025-kalpana-roy-story.html|website=ap7am.com|accessdate=29 December 2016|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229172340/http://www.ap7am.com/film-news-23025-kalpana-roy-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
She made her debut as an actress with the film [[O Seeta Katha]] in 1974. She was known for comical roles with peculiar dialect of Godavari districts. Her last film was [[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]] (2005).{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Notable filmography==
{{col-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[O Seeta Katha]] (1974)
* [[Needa Leni Aadadi]] (1974)
* [[Bharatamlo Oka Ammayi]] (1975)
* Raaja<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaja (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RTZ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1976) as Paru
* [[Sri Rama Bantu]] (1979) as Durgamma
* [[Kodallostunnaru Jagratta]] (1980)
* [[Thathayya Premaleelalu]] (1980)
* [[Ram Robert Rahim]] (1980)
* [[Doctor Malathi]] (1982)
* [[Pratigna (1982 film)|Pratigna]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1982) as Kanakam
*[[Bangaru Bhoomi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Bhoomi (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WJC |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1982) as Woman at the village well
* [[Neti Bharatam]] (1983)
* [[Adavalle Aligithe]] (1983)
* [[Kondaveeti Nagulu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Nagulu (1984)
|url=https://indiancine.ma/YSS |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1984) as Kannamma's([[Radhika Sarathkumar]]) aunt
* Srimathi Kaavali (1984)
* Mukkopi (1984)
* Ooha Sundari (1984)
* Danavudu (1984)
* Nava Mohini (1984)
* [[Kongumudi telugu movie|Kongumudi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongumudi (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZWU |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1985) as Nurse
* [[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]] (1985)
* Sanchalanam (1985)
* Aggiraju (1985)
* [[Surya Chandra]] (1985)
* [[Seetharama Kalyanam (1986 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]] (1986)
* [[Muddula Krishnayya]] (1986)
* Chadastapu Mogudu (1986)
* [[Aadi Dampathulu]] (1986)
* [[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]] (1986)
* Chaitanyam (1986)
* [[Karu Diddina Kapuram]] (1986)
* [[Captain Nagarjun]] (1986)
* [[Dabbevariki Chedu]] (1987)
* [[Muvva Gopaludu]] (1987)
* [[Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]] (1987)
* [[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]] (1987)
* Donga Kapuram (1987)
* [[Aakhari Poratam]] (1988)
* [[Janaki Ramudu]] (1988)
* Agni Keratalu (1988)
* ''[[Chattamto Chadarangam]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJmkchM8ZZU |title=CHATTAMTHO CHADARANGAM {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SOBHAN BABU {{!}} SARATH BABU {{!}}ARJUN {{!}} SHARADA {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |language=en |access-date=2024-05-01 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> (1988) as Bhadrakali
* [[Bazaar Rowdy]] (1988)
* [[Donga Kollu]] (1988)
* Chinni Krishnudu (1988)
* Veguchukka Pagatichukka (1988)
* [[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagartha]] (1989)
* [[Agni (1989 film)|Agni]] (1989)
* Swara Kalpana (1989)
* [[Vicky Dada]] (1989)
* [[Adavilo Abhimanyudu]] (1989)
* Sakshi (1989)
* [[Bamma Mata Bangaru Baata]] (1989)
* Dorikithe Dongalu (1989)
* Krishna Gari Abbayi (1989)
* Kondaveeti Rowdy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Rowdy |url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/kondaveeti-rowdy-telugu-movie-streaming-online-watch/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Binged |language=en-US}}</ref> (1990)
* [[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]] (1990)
* Sahasa Putrudu (1990)
* Abhisarika (1990)
* [[Chevilo Puvvu]] (1990)
* [[Kadapa Reddamma]] (1990)
* [[Muddula Menalludu]] (1990)
* [[Thalli Tandrulu]] (1991)
* [[Sathruvu|Shatruvu]] (1991)
* [[Pandirimancham]] (1991)
* Golmaal Govindam (1992)
* [[Brindavanam]] (1992)
* [[Aapadbandhavudu]] (1992)
* [[Valu Jada Tolu Beltu]] (1992)
* Chinnalludu (1993)
* [[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]] (1993)
* Vintha Kodallu (1993)
*[[Madam]] (1994)
*[[Palnati Pourusham]] (1994)
*[[Jailor Gari Abbayi]] (1994)
*[[Brahmachari Mogudu]] (1994)
*[[Maatho Pettukoku]] (1995)
*[[Bhale Bullodu]] (1995)
*[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]] (1996)
*[[Sampradayam (Telugu Film)|''Sampradayam'']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Sampradayam (1996) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sampradayam-1996-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref> (1996) as Peramma
* Super Heroes (1997)
* Evandi Pelli Chesukondi (1997)
* [[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]] (1997)
* [[Circus Sattipandu]] (1997)
* [[Preminchukundam Raa]] (1997)
* [[Pape Naa Pranam]] (1998)
* Yuvaratna Rana (1998)
* [[Pandaga]] (1998)
* [[Seenu (1999 film)|Seenu]] (1999)
* [[Kalisundam Raa]] (2000)
* [[Bachi]] (2000)
* [[Pelli Sambandham]] (2000)
* [[Goppinti Alludu]] (2000)
* [[Devullu]] (2000)
* [[Vamsoddharakudu]] (2000)
* [[Choosoddaam Randi]] (2000)
* [[Manasu Paddanu Kaani]] (2000)
* [[Priyamaina Neeku]] (2001)
* [[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]] (2001)
* [[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]] (2001)
* [[Allari (film)|Allari]] (2002)
* [[Seema Simham]] (2002)
* [[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]] (2005)
* [[Madhumasam]] (2007)
}}

==Death==
She died because of her illness at her residence in Indiranagar, Hyderabad. Even though she acted in more than 400 films she could not save much. Movie Artistes’ Association donated Rs.10,000 for her funeral and there were hardly any visitors to pay their last respects.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|0706796}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Kalpana}}
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Barmans in Cachar

2026-05-05T19:49:30Z

RicoSturdivant: stub!

The [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] speaking community (Dimasa language speakers) of [[Cachar district|Cachar]] ([[Assam]], [[India]]) are known as Barman,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kolb |first1=Michael R. |title=Out Of The Hills Young Dimasas and Traditional Religion |date=2019 |publisher=North Eastern Social Research Centre |location=Assam |isbn=978-81-938785-0-7 |page=30}}</ref> forming one of the indigenous tribes of undivided Cachar (including [[Dima Hasao district|Dima-Hasao]], [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]] and [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]). They are officially recognized as one of the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribes]] under the plains category in [[Assam]] in the name called “Barmans in Cachar”.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barman, Kh. D. & Kh. D. Singha |title=Keynote on the Term Barman: One of the Exonyms of Dimasa. In Kh. D. Singha, D. M. K. Haokip and M Longmailai (Eds) Under Documented Languages of Northeast India and Beyond |date=2025 |publisher=DVS Publishers |location=Guwahati |isbn=978-81-971388-3-6 |pages=187–209}}</ref> [[File:Barman Dimasa Girl.jpg|thumb|alt=Barman Dimasa damsel while performing Baidima, the traditional dance.|Barman Dimasa damsel performing Baidima, the traditional dance.]]
As per population census 2024 prepared by existing "Barman Dimasa Kachari Development Council" the total population of Barman Dimasa Kachari (outside sixth schedule area) was 97,904 in five districts of Assam: Cachar, Karimganj, Hailakandi, Hojai and Nagaon.

==Historical Background==
It is worth sharing that linguistically Dimasa, Koch, Bodo, Kokborok, Deori, Garo, Rabha, and Tiwa are cognate groups. Shafer (1955: 107) classified them under Barish Section (aka Boro-Garo) of Baric Division language family. Grierson, in his work, shared "it said that some 200 years ago, the Raja of Hill Tipperah, when giving his daughter in marriage to the Raja of Maibang in the North Cachar (present Dima Hasao), gave her a dowry the Surma Valley in what is now known as the district of Cachar.".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grierson |first1=G.A. |title=Linguistic Survey of India Vol.III Tibeto Burman Family Part II Specimens of the Bodo. Naga, Kachin Groups)) |date=1903 |publisher=Low Price Publications |location=Delhi |pages=8}}</ref> In the sixteenth century, a [[Koch people|Koch]] principality was established in [[Dimasa Kingdom|Khaspur]] by Chilarai, who made it a “crown colony” of Koch Behar under Uparaja, who later declared his independence and formed the Kingdom of Khaspur. However, since the beginning of the eighteenth century, this Kingdom was declining; its last ruler Bhimsingha, was growing old with no male heir. His only daughter Kanchani, was given in marriage to the Dimasa prince Lakshmi Chandra in 1745 A.D. Shortly after the demise of Bhimsingha, the two states (Maibang and Khaspur) were merged, and the capital of Dimasas was shifted from Maibang to Khaspur, near Silchar, the Cachar valley or South Cachar (aka Barak Valley) became the core area of the Dimasa state. The North Cachar Hills (present Dima-Hasao) was administered by a Dimasa governor and Central Cachar (Nagaon portion) through an Aditya or Sezwal. Members of the royal family and a large number of the aristocracy moved to the plains of Cachar. The aristocracy which settled in Cachar formed a Hindu caste called [[Barman (surname)|BARMAN]] and consecrated as Kshatriya by Brahmanas and allowed to put on [[Upanayana|sacred threads]] (Janeo).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barpujari |first1=S.K. |title=History Of The Dimasas (From earliest times to 1896 A.D.)) |date=1997 |publisher=Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills |location=Assam |pages=45–79}}</ref> Thus, Barman is a Hindu name of Dimasa.

==Religion==
[[File:Barman Dimasa Priest.jpg|thumb|Hojai, the Dimasa Priest (in the middle) with Baruwa (assistant priest) and Dangjuruya/Deori (assistant priest).]]
[[File:Maiyoapa Garba.jpg|thumb|alt=Hojai, the Dimasa Priest performing age old traditional ritual called Maiyaopa Garba|Dimasa Priest while performing their age old traditional ritual.]]
They came close to the mainstream of the [[Sanātanī|Sanatana]] (aka [[Hindus|Hindu]]) religious life by replacing their many age-old customs and rituals with Sanatana practices, later they were grouped to [[Kshatriya]] and referred to as Barman. Even then they retained some of their age old animistic customs and rituals which they still practice. Like most of the indigenous peoples, the animistic perspective is so inherent that they do not even have a word in their language that corresponds to "[[Animism]]" (the term, which is an [[Anthropology|anthropological]] construct).

==Demographics==

The Barmans of cachar number some 21,747 persons, forming 0.6% of [[Barak Valley]]'s population, according to [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]]. They are mainly found in Upper Cachar's (most particularly in an around Khaspur area where once their [[Kachari kingdom]] stood) respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |title=C-16 Population by Mother Tongue |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315090034/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |type=XLSX |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

Whereas, Dimasa people in [[North Cachar Hills]] are known by the name of [[Dimasa people|Dimasa Kachari people]], numbering 74,502 persons, thus constituting around 35% of the district's population.

==Language==
The mother tongue of Barmans is Dimasa. From the four major dialects of Dimasa, i.e., Hasao, Hawar, Dembra and Dizuwa <ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=Kh. Dhiren |title=An Introduction to Dimasa Phonology |date=2007 |publisher=DVS Publishers |location=Guwahati |isbn=978-81-86307-11-3 |page=3}}</ref> (aka Dijuha), the Barmans speak the Hawar dialect. Linguistically, it comes under Barish (aka [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Bodo-Garo]] or Bodo-Koch) section of Baric (aka Sal or Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw) division of Tibeto-Burman language family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shafer |first1=Robert |title=Classification of the Sino-Tibetan Languages, WORD |date=1955 |publisher=Routledge |issn=0043-7956 |page=94 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552}}</ref>

==Clans==
The Barmans of Cachar have 40 patri clans called Sengphong /seŋpoŋ/ and 42 matri clans called Julu /zulu/. Both clans are exogamous in nature apart from the matrimonial relationship.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hakacham |first1=Upen Rabha |title=Clans and Surnames of Indigenous People and Tribes of Assam |date=2018 |publisher=Anundoram Borooah Institute of Language, Art & Culture |location=Assam |isbn=978-93-82680-33-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Danda |first1=D.G. |title=Among the Dimasa of Assam An Ethnographic Study |date=1978 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |location=New Delhi}}</ref> A male member of Barmans inherits his father's Sengphong and mother's Julu (aka Jilik) but he handed down only the Sengphong to his lineage, not his Julu. Similarly, a female member inherits both the clans from parents but she handed down only one clan, that is, her mother's Julu.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cachar district]]
[[Category:Dimasa people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples]]

List of governors of Danish India

2026-05-04T16:56:31Z

RicoSturdivant: Adding info...

{{Short description|none}}

The '''Governor of Tranquebar''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Guvernører af Trankebar'') was a title typically given for the leadership of [[Danish India]] from 1620 – 1845. The title of leader of [[Tranquebar]] has had various names throughout history like [[Overhoved|o''verhoved'']], [[President (corporate title)|president]] or [[commander]].

==List==
===Governors of Tranquebar===

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of governors of Tranquebar<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Larsen|first=Kay|url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf|title=RESIDENTER, KOMMANDANTER OG CHEFER|publisher=ARTHUR JENSENS FORLAG|year=1840|location=Copenhagen|pages=18|language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Danske guvernører - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk|url=http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933983|access-date=2024-05-11|website=123hjemmeside.dk|language=da-DK}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" | Image
! rowspan="2" width="200px" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="3" | Tenure
! rowspan="2" | Events
|-
! width="100px" | Start
! width="100px" | End
! width="100px" | Duration
|-
! {{color|#000|1}}
| [[File:Karel van III Mander - Rigsadmiral Ove Gjedde - KMS605 - Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ove Gjedde]] {{small|(27 December 1594 – 19 December 1660)}}
| 11 October 1620
| 13 February 1621
| {{ayd|1620|10|11|1621|2|13}}
|
* [[Ove Gjedde's Expedition]]

* [[Action of 19 February 1619]]
* [[Ambush at Portudal]]
* [[Conquest of Koneswaram Temple]]

* [[Tranquebar Treaty of 1620]]
* Establishment of [[Tranquebar]]
|-
! {{color|#000|2}}
|
| [[Roland Crappé]]
|13 February 1621
|1636
|≥ {{ayd|1621|2|13|1636|1|1}}
|
* [[Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies]]
* [[Siege of Dansborg (1624)]]
|-
! {{color|#000|3}}
|
| [[Bernt Pessart]]
| 1636
| 1643
|≥ 7 years
|
* Start of the [[Dano-Mughal War]]
* [[Skirmish at Pipli]]
* [[Loss of the St. Jacob]]
* [[Capture of the ship The Bengali Prize]]
* [[Expulsion of Danes from Balasore]]
|-
! {{color|#000|4}}
|
| [[Willem Leyel]]
|1643
|1648
|≥ 5 years
|
* [[Conflict between Willem Leyel and Bernt Pessart]]
* [[Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg]]
* [[Capture of the St. Michael]]
* [[Danish rescue mission to Pipli]]
* [[Battle of Balasore]]
* [[Willem Leyel's war on Golconda]]
* [[Tranquebar Rebellion]]
|-
! {{color|#000|5}}
|
| [[Poul Hansen Korsør]]
|1648
|1655
|≥ 7 years
|
* Tried selling Tranquebar to the Dutch and the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]
|-
! {{color|#000|6}}
|
| [[Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke]]
|1655
|1674
|≥ 19 years
|
* [[Sieges of Tranquebar (1655–1669)]]
* Renewed Dano-Mughal War
|-
! {{color|#000|7}}
|
| [[Henrik Eggers]]
|1669
|1673
|≥ 4 years
|
*
|-
! {{color|#000|8}}
|
| [[Sivert Adeler]]
|1673
|1682
|≥ 9 years
|
* Made temporary peace with the [[Mughal Empire]]
|-
! {{color|#000|9}}
| [[File:Potrait of Axel Juel.png|100px]]
| [[Axel Juel]]
|8 October 1681
|9 July 1686
|{{ayd|1681|10|8|1686|7|9}}
|
* [[Blockade of Porto Novo]]
|-
! {{color|#000|10}}
|
| [[Wolf Henrik von Kalnein|Wolff Heinrich von Calnein]]
|9 July 1686
|October 1687
|≥ {{ayd|1686|7|9|1687|10|1}}
|
* Renewed Dano-Mughal War
* [[Arrest attempt of Jørgen Bjørn]]
|-
! {{color|#000|11}}
|
| [[Christian Porck]]
|October 1687
|1689
|≥ {{ayd|1687|10|1|1689|1|1}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|12}}
| [[File:Ubekendt, Kaptajn Moritz Hartmann, , KAS2071, Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg|100px]]
| [[Moritz Hartmann (officer)|Moritz Hartmann]]
|22 April 1690
|30 September 1690
|{{ayd|1690|4|22|1690|9|30}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|13}}
|
| Christian Porck
|1690
|1694
|≥ 4 years
|
* Improved Tranquebar's fortifications
|-
! {{color|#000|14}}
|
| [[Claus Vogdt]]
|1694
|19 May 1701
|≥ {{ayd|1694|1|1|1701|5|19}}
|
* [[Dano-Mughal Treaty]]
* [[Siege of Tranquebar (1699)]]
|-
! {{color|#000|15}}
|
| [[Andreas Andræ]]
|19 May 1701
|1701
|≥ {{ayd|1701|5|19|1701|12|31}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|16}}
|
| [[Mikkel Knudsen Crone]]
|1701
|1702
|≥ 1 year
|
|-
! {{color|#000|17}}
|
| [[Jørgen Bjørn]]
|July 1702
|12 June 1704
|≥ {{ayd|1702|7|1|1704|6|12}}
|
* Improved Tranquebar's fortifications
|-
! {{color|#000|18}}
|
| [[Johan Sigismund Hassius]]
|1 July 1704
|20 October 1716
|{{ayd|1704|7|1|1716|10|20}}
|
* Start of the [[Tranquebar Mission]]
* [[Zion Church, Tharangambadi|Zion Church]] is erected
|-
! {{color|#000|19}}
|
| [[Christen Brun-Lundegaard]]
|20 October 1716
|21 January 1720
|{{ayd|1716|10|20|1720|1|21}}
|
* [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]] is erected
|-
! {{color|#000|20}}
|
| [[Ulrik Christian Nissen]]
|21 January 1720
|12 October 1726
|{{ayd|1720|1|21|1726|10|12}}
|
* Harsh tariff policies inacted
|-
! {{color|#000|21}}
|
| Rasmus Hansen Attrup
|12 October 1726
|8 August 1730
|{{ayd|1726|10|12|1730|8|8}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|22}}
|
| Diderich Mühlenport
|8 August 1730
|1 August 1733
|{{ayd|1730|8|8|1733|8|1}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|23}}
| [[File:Possible depiction of poul panck on the Tranquebar Palampore.png|100px]]
| Poul Krisk Panck
|1 August 1733
|13 July 1741
|{{ayd|1733|8|1|1741|7|13}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|24}}
|
| Ivar Bonsack|Ivar Bonsack
|13 July 1741
|17 September 1744
|{{ayd|1741|7|13|1744|9|17}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|25}}
|
| Hans Ernst Bonsack
|17 September 1744
|5 September 1754
|{{ayd|1744|9|17|1754|9|5}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|26}}
|
| Hans Georg Krog
|5 September 1754
|10 August 1759
|{{ayd|1754|9|5|1759|8|10}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|27}}
|
| Christian Frederik Høyer
|9 May 1759
|4 July 1760
|{{ayd|1759|5|9|1760|7|4}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|28}}
|
| Herman Jacob Forck
|4 July 1760
|27 April 1761
|{{ayd|1760|7|4|1761|4|27}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|29}}
| [[File:Peter Herman Abbestée.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hermann Abbestée]]
|27 April 1761
|14 February 1775
|{{ayd|1761|4|27|1775|2|14}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|30}}
| [[file:David Brown (1734-1804).jpg|100px]]
| [[David Brown (1734–1804)|David Brown]]
|14 February 1775
|17 January 1779
|{{ayd|1775|2|14|1779|1|17}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|31}}
| [[File:Peter Herman Abbestée.jpg|100px]]
| Hermann Abbestée
|17 January 1779
|17 May 1788
|{{ayd|1779|1|17|1788|5|17}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|32}}
| [[File:Peter Anker.jpg|100px]]
| [[Peter Anker]]
|17 May 1788
|7 February 1806
|{{ayd|1788|5|17|1806|2|7}}
|
* [[Capture of Tranquebar (1801)]]
* [[Capture of Serampore (1801)]]
* [[Plunder of Nancowry]]
|-
! {{color|#000|33}}
|
| Johan Peter Hermannson
|7 February 1806
|13 February 1808
|{{ayd|1806|2|7|1808|2|13}}
|
* [[Surrender of Tranquebar (1808)]]
* [[Capture of Serampore (1808)]]
|-
| colspan="7" style="background-color:#ececec |'''''[[Surrender of Tranquebar (1808)|English occupation]] (13 february 1808 – 20 September 1815)'''''
|-
! {{color|#000|34}}
|
| Gerhard Sievers Bille
|20 September 1815
|19 November 1816
|{{ayd|1815|9|20|1816|11|19}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|35}}
|
| Johan Peter Hermannson
|19 November 1816
|15 February 1822
|{{ayd|1816|11|19|1822|2|15}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|36}}
|
| Jens Kofoed
|16 February 1822
|7 May 1823
|{{ayd|1822|2|16|1823|5|7}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|37}}
| [[File:Ulrich A. Schønheyder.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ulrich Anton Schønheyder|Ulrich Anton Schönheyde]]
|7 May 1823
|7 March 1825
|{{ayd|1823|5|7|1825|3|7}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|38}}
|
| Hans de Brinck-Seidelin
|7 March 1825
|26 March 1829
|{{ayd|1825|3|7|1829|3|26}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|39}}
|
| Lauritz Christensen
|26 March 1829
|14 May 1832
|{{ayd|1829|3|26|1832|5|14}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|40}}
| [[File:Konrad Emil Mourier.jpg|100px]]
| Conrad Emil Mourier
|17 May 1832
|11 May 1838
|{{ayd|1832|5|17|1838|5|11}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|41}}
| [[File:Johannes Rehling painting.png|100px]]
|[[Johannes Rehling]]
|11 May 1838
|18 June 1841
|{{ayd|1838|5|11|1841|6|18}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|42}}
|
|Christian Tiemroth
|18 June 1841
|15 September 1841
|{{ayd|1841|6|18|1841|9|15}}
|
|-
! {{color|#000|43}}
| [[File:Portræt af Peder Hansen (1798-1880).jpg|100px]]
| Peder Hansen
|16 October 1841
|7 November 1845
|{{ayd|1841|10|16|1845|11|7}}
|
* [[Danish India]] is sold to the [[British Empire]]
|-
|}

===Governors of Dannemarksnagore===

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of governors of Dannemarksnagore<ref name=":0" />
|-
! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" width="200px" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="3" | Tenure
! rowspan="2" | Events
|-
! width="100px" | Start
! width="100px" | End
! width="100px" | Duration
|-
! {{color|#000|1}}
|[[Andreas Andræ]] {{small|(d. 1701)}}
|1698
|January 1699
|≥ 1 year
|
* [[Dano-Mughal Treaty]]
* Establishment of [[Dannemarksnagore]]
|-
! {{color|#000|2}}
|[[Thomas Schmertz]] {{small|(d. 1708)}}
|January 1699
|26 July 1702
|{{ayd|1699|1|1|1702|7|26}}
|
* More warehouses and a [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] is erected
|-
! {{color|#000|3}}
|[[Johan Joachim Michelsen]] {{small|(d. 1706)}}
|26 July 1702
|28 October 1706
|{{ayd|1702|7|26|1706|10|28}}
|
* [[Johan Joachim Michelsen#Collaboration with Armenians|Collaboration with Armenians]]
* Attempted Dano-Persian treaty
|-
! {{color|#000|4}}
|[[Jacob Panck]] {{small|(d. 1719)}}
|28 October 1706
|3 September 1709
|{{ayd|1706|7|26|1709|9|3}}
|
* [[Siege of Dannemarksnagore (1707)|Siege of Dannemarksnagore]]
|-
! {{color|#000|5}}
|[[Wolff Ravn]]
|3 September 1709
|1 October 1711
|{{ayd|1709|9|3|1711|10|1}}
|
* Factory is decaying
|-
! {{color|#000|6}}
|Rasmus Attrup
|1 October 1711
|December 1714
|{{ayd|1711|10|1|1714|12|1}}
|
* evacuation of Dannemarksnagore
|-
! {{color|#000|7}}
|Gallus Bøgvad
|1718
|1721
|≥ 3 years
|
* Short reestablishment of Dannemarksnagore
|}

===Governors of Frederiknagore===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of governors of Serampore ({{Langx|da|Frederiknagore}})<ref name=":0" />
!Tenure
!'''Incumbent'''
!Notes
|-
|1755–1758
|Christian Soetmann
|
|-
|1758–1760
|Bartholomæus Ziegenbalg
|Son of [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]]
|-
|1760–1762
|Terkel Windekilde
|
|-
|1762–1765
|Demarchis
|
|-
|1765–1767
|Mogens Tyrholm
|
|-
|1767–1768
|Michael Thede
|
|-
|1768–1770
|Charles Cazeuove
|
|-
|1770
|James Brown
|
|-
|1770
|Herman Hinckel
|
|-
|1770–1772
| [[Johan Leonhard Fix]]
|1st term
|-
|1772
|[[Ole Bie]]
|1st term
|-
|1772–1773
| Johan Leonhard Fix

|2nd term
|-
|1773–1776
|Andreas Hiernøe
|
|-
|1776–1785
|Ole Bie
|2nd term
|-
|1785–1788
|Friedrich le Fevre
|
|-
|1788–1797
|Ole Bie
|3rd term
|-
|1797–1799
|Peter Hermanson
|
|-
|1799
|Jacob Kræfting
|1st term
|-
|1799–1805
|Ole Bie
|4th term
|-
|1805–1828
|Jacob Kræfting
|2nd term
|-
|1828–1833
|Johannes Hohlenberg
|
|-
|1833–1835
|Johan Boeck
|
|-
|1835–1838
|[[Johannes Rehling]]
|
|-
|1838–1845
|Peder Hansen
|Colony sold to Britain in 1845
|}

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|List of governors of the Danish West Indies}}
* {{Annotated link|List of colonial governors of the Danish Gold Coast}}
* {{Annotated link|Danish India}}

== References ==
{{Ref list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Capture of Tranquebar}}
[[Category:Governors of Danish India| ]]
[[Category:Danish colonial governors and administrators]]
[[Category:Danish colonisation in Asia]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]

Athiyaman (Sathiyaputhra)

2026-05-02T15:01:07Z

RicoSturdivant: started

{{Short description|Ancient rulers of southern India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Athiyaman
| native_name =
| other_names = Sathiyaputhra
| country =
| founded =
| final_ruler =
| titles =
| historic_seat = [[Dharmapuri|Thagadur]] (Dharmapuri)
| dissolution =
| parent_family =
| region = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| other_families = [[Chera]]<ref name="chera1">{{cite book |author=Adoor K. K. Ramachandran Nair |title=Kerala State Gazetteer, Volume 2, Issue 1 |publisher=State Editor, Kerala Gazetteers, 1986 - Kerala (India) |page=229}}</ref><ref name=chera2/>
}}

{{TNhistory}}
'''Athiyaman''' (also known as '''Athiyan,''' '''Adhiyaman,''' '''Adigaman,''' or as '''Sathiyaputhra''' in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]) were an ancient line of rulers based in Thagadur, present day [[Dharmapuri]], in northern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] country, dating back to at least the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite web |author=Subramanian, T. S. |date=4 July 2009 |title='Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions are the only record of old Tamil' |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2614/stories/20090717261407000.htm |accessdate=28 November 2014 |publisher=Frontline}}</ref> They were one of the four major powers of the [[Tamilakam|Tamilakam (the Tamil country)]] during the second half of the first millennium BCE, bordered by the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] to the southwest and the [[Pandyas]] and [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] to the south.

The Athiyamans are mentioned in [[Sangam literature|early historic Tamil literature (the Sangam Literature)]], as well as in inscriptions such as the edicts of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka|Asoka]] (3rd century BCE) and a [[Tamil-Brahmi]] cave record from Jambai ([[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Brahmi Inscription - Department of Archeology, Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/brahmi-inscription-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808181742/https://tnarch.gov.in/brahmi-inscription-0 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date= |website=Government Archeology Department of Tamil Nadu state}}</ref> The Tamil-Brahmi inscription at [[Jambai village|Jambai]], Tirukkoyilur, provide details of their sovereignty in the c. 1st century CE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brahmi Inscription {{!}} Department Of Archaeology|url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/brahmi-inscription-0|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.tnarch.gov.in}}</ref> The most well-known ruler of this dynasty was [[Athiyamān Nedumān Añci|Neduman Anchi]], who is listed as one of the [[Last seven great patrons|kadai ezhu vallal]] (the last seven great patrons) in [[Tamil literature|early historic Tamil literature]].<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name="chera2" />

Their rule is mentioned in the Gummireddipura plates, with the added title "Sathyaputhra" — meaning "Members of the Fraternity of Truth" — a term synonymous with the Chera dynasty.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} [[Vitukathazhakiya Perumal|Vidukathazhagiya Perumal]], a late 12th century AD century ruler of this family, is described as the descendant of a certain Ezhini, an Adigaman of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] (Sanskrit: [[Chera dynasty|Kerala]]) family.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Hultzch |editor-first=E. |title=No. 34: Two Inscriptions of Vidugadalagiya Perumal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/page/n410/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VI |pages=331–334}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1890 |editor-last=Hultzsch |editor-first=E. |title=Tirumalai Inscriptions (No. 75 and 76) |url=https://archive.org/details/southindianinscr014359mbp/page/n119/mode/1up |journal=South Indian Inscriptions |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=I |pages=106–07}}</ref><ref name="chera2">{{cite book |author=V. Manickam |title=Kongu Nadu, a History Up to A.D. 1400 |publisher=Makkal Veliyeedu, 2001 - Kongu Region (India) - 647 pages |page=151}}</ref>

==Inscriptional records==

=== Inscriptions of Ashoka ===
The [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]] (3rd century BCE) mentions the Athiyaman dynasty—as the Sathiyaputhras—in his inscriptions, alongside the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], and [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] (referred to as the Keralaputhras). This suggests that the Athiyamans held significant importance in south India during Ashoka's time, on par with the Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas.{{Cquote|"Ye Ca anta ata Choda, Pandiya, Satiyaputo, Kedalaputo, Tambapanni, Antiyogo nama, Yonalaja"
}}
{{Cquote|Everywhere in the conquered dominions of king Priyadarsin, the Beloved of the Gods, and the dominions on the borders as those of the Chola, the Pandya, the Satiyaputra, the Keralaputra, Tamraparni, the Yavana King named Antiyoka and the other neighbouring kings of this Antiyoka...
}}

=== Jambai inscription ===
A [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscription, generally dated to the 1st century CE, found at [[Jambai]] in [[Tirukkoyilur]], [[Viluppuram district]] (formerly [[South Arcot]]) in [[Tamil Nadu]], refers to the Athiyaman dynasty as the Sathyaputhras.<ref>[http://tamilartsacademy.com/articles/article25.xml Asoka and the Tamil Country: The Evidence Of Archaeology] - Dr. R. Nagasamy, Tamil Arts Academy</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_13/introduction_1.html |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |title=South Indian Inscriptions Volume_13 - Cholas Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com |url-status=live |accessdate=2013-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718040058/http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_13/introduction_1.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref>

[[File:Jambai inscription on Adhiyamaan Nedumaan Anji.jpg|thumb|Jambai Inscription]]

{{Cquote|{{center|"''satiyaputō atiyan neṭumān añci itta paḷi"<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674012271 |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD |publisher=Cre-A and Harvard University |year=2003 |series=Harvard Oriental Series |pages=398–399}}</ref><ref name="Kongu Nadu, a history up to A.D. 1400, page 152">''Kongu Nadu, a history up to A.D. 1400, page 152''</ref>''}}
}}

{{Cquote|{{center|''The hermitage was given by Atiyan Netuman Anci, the Satiyaputta.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674012271 |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD |publisher=Cre-A and Harvard University |year=2003 |series=Harvard Oriental Series |pages=398–399}}</ref><ref name="Saptar̥ṣīśvara temple in the lower Kaveri Delta, page 13">''Saptar̥ṣīśvara temple in the lower Kaveri Delta, page 13''</ref>''}}
}}

The inscription records the endowment of a cave-shelter by the ruler Athiyan Neduman Anchi, who bears the title "Sathiyaputho". It provides the names of his dynasty ("Athiyan"), his father ("Neduman"), and himself ("Anchi").<ref name=":0">I. Mahadevan, RECENT DISCOVERIES OF JAINA CAVE INSCRIPTIONS IN TAMILNADU</ref> The Athiyan ruler Neduman Anchi mentioned in the inscription is also referenced in [[Sangam literature|early historic Tamil works]] such as [[Purananuru]] and [[Akanaṉūṟu|Akananuru]].''<ref>Dr. R. Nagasamy, Asoka and the Tamil Country: The Evidence Of Archaeology</ref>'' The discovery of this inscription enabled historians to identify the title "Athiyaman", found in [[Sangam literature|early Tamil literature]], with the "Sathiyaputras" mentioned in Ashoka's inscriptions.<ref name=":0" />

The Gummireddipura plates also mention the Sathyaputhra Adigaman dynasty.

== See also ==
* [[Velir]]
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta, ''A History of South India'' (1955), OUP, New Delhi
* {{cite web |author=Iravatham Mahadevan |title=RECENT DISCOVERIES OF JAINA CAVE INSCRIPTIONS IN TAMILNADU |url=http://www.jainsamaj.org/literature/recent-171104.htm |publisher="Rishabh Saurabh" Published on the occasion of Seminar on "Jaina Heritage of Karnataka, held at Bangalore ( Organised by Rishabh Dev Foundation , Delhi ) on 4th & 5th April 1994" |accessdate=2007-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215608/http://www.jainsamaj.org/literature/recent-171104.htm |archivedate=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athiyamaan}}
[[Category:Sangam period]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Puranas]]
[[Category:Tamil empires and kingdoms]]

Jayakanthan

2026-04-30T00:27:14Z

RicoSturdivant: created new data

{{Short description|Indian writer, journalist, filmmaker}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Jayakanthan
| pseudonym =
| image = ஜெயகாந்தன்.jpg
| caption = Jayakanthan in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|04|24}}
| birth_place = [[Cuddalore]], [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|04|08|1934|04|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai, India]]
| occupation = Novelist, [[short story writer]], [[screenplay writer]], film director
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| alma_mater =
| awards = [[Padma Bhusan]], [[Jnanpith]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Order of Friendship]]
}}

'''D. Jayakanthan''' (24 April 1934 – 8 April 2015), popularly known as '''JK''',<ref name=Frontline1>{{cite web|last1=S.|first1=Dorairaj|title=Social realist|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2919/stories/20121005291910400.htm|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|year=2012|access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref> was an [[Indian people|Indian]] writer, journalist, orator, filmmaker, critic and activist. Born in [[Cuddalore]], he dropped out of school at the age of 9 and went to [[Madras]], where he joined the [[Communist Party of India]]. In a career spanning six decades, he authored around 40 novels, 200 short stories, apart from two autobiographies. Outside literature, he made two films. In addition, four of his other novels were adapted into films by others.

Jayakanthan's literary honours include [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]] and [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi]] awards. He was also a recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] (2009), India's third-highest civilian honour,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> the Soviet Land Nehru Award (1978), and the [[Government of Russia|Russian government's]] [[Order of Friendship]] (2011).

==Biography==
Jayakanthan was born in 1934 into a family of agriculturists in [[Manjakuppam]], a suburb of [[Cuddalore]], a part of the [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot District]] of the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]]. Brought up by his mother and maternal uncles, he got interested in politics at a young age as his uncles were actively involved in it. As a child, he was highly inspired by the works of [[Subramania Bharati]].<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last1=Raman|first1=N Kalyana|title=Jayakanthan 1934-2015 - in the commoner's era|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=JAYAKANTHAN-1934-2015-IN-THE-COMMONERS-ERA-10042015006005|access-date=10 April 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 April 2015|archive-date=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410162415/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=JAYAKANTHAN-1934-2015-IN-THE-COMMONERS-ERA-10042015006005|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jayakanthan dropped himself out of school after completing fifth grade, as he thought studies would hinder his political activism.<ref name=FL2005>{{cite news|last1=S|first1=Viswanthan|title=A writer in his world|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2208/stories/20050422000708500.htm|access-date=11 April 2015|work=Frontline}}</ref>

In 1946, he left for [[Madras]] (now Chennai) in search of livelihood, where he performed odd jobs, before ending up as a compositor in the printing press of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tamil-writer-jayakanthan-dead/article7081930.ece|title=Jnanapith winner Jayakanthan dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 April 2015|access-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> His association with the CPI, instilled the ideas of the movement,<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite web|last1=S|first1=Viswanthan|title=Celluloid tribute|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2514/stories/20080718251409200.htm|website=Frontline|access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref> where he got to accompany leaders such as P. Jeevanandham, Baladandayutham and S. Ramakrishnan. The leaders of the party encouraged him to write.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|title=Legendary Tamil writer Jayakanthan 'JK' passes away|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/legendary-tamil-writer-jayakanthan-jk-passes-away/20150409.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=10 April 2015|date=9 April 2015}}</ref> After graduating to an active member of the party, he got to learn about topics pertaining to [[world literature]], culture, politics, economics and journalism. It was during this time, Jayakanthan started writing for pro-communist magazines. Over the next few years, he established himself as one of the top-most writers in the party. His early works were first published in the party newspaper ''Janasakthi'', and soon other magazines like ''Sarasvathi'', ''Thamarai'', ''Santhi'', ''Manithan'', ''Sakthi'' and ''Samaran'' published his works. His early works focussed on the plight of slum-dwellers who were settled in and around the party office.<ref name="FL2005" />

Jayakanthan wrote his first short story for a Tamil magazine titled ''Sowbakiyavathi'',<ref name=hindu1 /> which got it published in 1953. Following early success, Jayakanthan started writing for mainstream magazines such as ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', ''[[Kumudam]]'' and ''Dinamani Kadir'', who published a number of short-stories particularly in the 1960s.<ref name=Frontline1 /><ref name=rediff /> In 1964, Jayakanthan entered films by co-producing and directing a venture titled ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (1965 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'', based on his novel.<ref name=rediff /> The film focussed on the plight of slum-dwellers. Although a commercial failure, it won the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Third Best Feature Film|President's Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite book|author=Times of India (Firm)|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEEjAQAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Bennett, Coleman.|page=279}}</ref> The following year he made another film based on his namesake novel ''[[Yaarukkaga Azhudhaan]]'' which had [[Nagesh]] playing the lead role.<ref name=Bhaskaran>{{cite news|last1=Bhaskaran|first1=S. Theodre|title=Tragic comedian|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2604/stories/20090227260413300.htm|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref> His novel ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (novel)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]'' (1970) won him the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (for Tamil) in 1972. Later this was adapted into a [[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|film of the same name]] by [[A. Bhimsingh]], which won a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]. Promoted by the film's success, Bhimsingh made one more film tilted ''Oru Nadigai Naadagam Paarkiral'', based on his namesake novel.<ref name=jagranjosh>{{cite web|title=Jnanapith awardee Tamil writer Jayakanthan died|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/jnanapith-awardee-tamil-writer-jayakanthan-died-1428578175-1|publisher=jagranjosh.com|access-date=10 April 2015|date=9 April 2015}}</ref>

In 2008, Ravisubramaniyan made a documentary film on Jayakanthan, the second of its kind, and was produced by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref name=FL2008>{{cite news|title=It was Ilaiyaraaja's decision|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2514/stories/20080718251409300.htm|date=July 2008|access-date=11 April 2015|work=Frontline}}</ref> In 2011, ''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' was adapted into a [[Malayalam]] television series ''Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2011|title=Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar comes alive on Amrita TV|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=47470_Chila+Nerangalil+Chila+Manushyar+comes+alive+on+Amrita+TV|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015313/https://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=47470_Chila+Nerangalil+Chila+Manushyar+comes+alive+on+Amrita+TV|archive-date=22 March 2018|access-date=20 November 2021|website=Afaqs}}</ref> In February 2014, Jayakanthan was admitted into a private hospital in Chennai following illness. Following a brief illness, he was discharged after a year, and died on 8 April 2015.<ref name=hindu1 />

In 2017 his award-winning novel ''Oru Manithan Oru Veedu Oru Ulagam'' is being made as a feature film by award-winning filmmaker [[Kumar G. Venkatesh]].

A musical tribute to Jayakanthan was released by [[Bava Chelladurai]], Bharathi Baskar and [[Jeyamohan]] on 24 April 2023 as part of Jayakanthan's birthday celebration. Composer [[Rajan Somasundaram|Raleigh Rajan]] selected three of Jayakanthan's poems and created the musical tribute sung by Sathyaprakash.<ref name=YT2023>{{cite news|title=Bava Chelladurai and Bharathi Baskar launch Musical Tribute to Jayakanthan|url=https://www.jeyamohan.in/182507/|date=April 2023|access-date=27 June 2023|work=Launch Event}}</ref>

==Personal life, influences and political views==
Jayakanthan was married to his cousin Gnanambikai, who worked as a primary school teacher. The couple had two daughters and a son - J Kadambari, J Jayasimhan, and J Deepalakshmi.<ref name=hindu1 /> Born in a family that had a lot of political activists, Jayakanthan became interested in politics at a young age. He became a strong supporter of the CPI ever since joining the party in the 1950s.<ref name=Feb2015>{{cite news|last1=S|first1=Viswanthan|title=A writer in his world|url=http://www.frontline.in/other/a-writer-in-his-world/article6808011.ece|access-date=10 April 2015|work=Frontline|date=6 February 2015}}</ref> He was coaxed to join politics by K. Baladhandayutham of the CPI. While he stood up against the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and its leaders for a majority of his lifetime, he supported the CPI leaders for "Nehruvian socialism" and had a great admiration [[Indira Gandhi]]. He quit the CPI, and later joined the Tamil Desiyak Katchi, founded by [[E. V. K. Sampath]], before joining the [[Indian National Congress]].

Despite his recognition and popularity as an exceptional Tamil author in multiple genres, Jayakanthan's entry into electoral politics did not end successfully. He contested the 1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, as an Independent candidate in the Theagaraya Nagar constituency and could poll only 481 votes (0.64%). He had remarked the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] as a "fascist" organisation.<ref name=hindu1 /> This extremist view of Jayakanthan is resented by Sri Lankan Tamils, and attribute it to his knowledge deficit on the history of Sri Lankan Tamils.

==Literary style and themes==
A majority of Jayakanthan's works revolve around the lives of underclass people like rickshaw-pullers, prostitutes and rag-pickers. In an interview, he said that during his initial days in Chennai he spent his life amidst such people. This prompted him to develop a liking towards them.<ref name=Kolappan>{{cite news|last1=B|first1=Kolappan|title=Firebrand writer who dared to question social mores|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/firebrand-writer-who-dared-to-question-social-mores/article7083191.ece|access-date=10 April 2015|work=The Hindu|date=9 April 2015}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Prolific Tamil writer [[Jeyamohan]] has written numerous articles about the fictional world in Jayakanthan's works, and also had extensively discussed it in his book ''Mannum Marabum'' along with several other authors.<ref>http://jeyamohan.in/?s=%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+#.WLht_W997IU Jeyamohan Essays, Answers</ref> Major Tamil critic [[M. Vedhasagayakumar]] has made a comparative study on the works of Jayakanthan and [[Pudhumaipithan]]. [[Jayanthasri Balakrishnan]] did her doctoral research study in Tamil on complete novellas of Jayakanthan.<ref>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/106462 Jayanthasri Balakrishnan study</ref>

A full-length documentary made by filmmaker Ravi Subramaniam and other essays by several Tamil writers written after the death of the writer are also considered notableworks on him.

==Works of Jayakanthan==

===Non-fiction===
* ''Oru Ilakkiyavaathiyin Arasiyal Anubhavangal'' (lit. Political experiences of a literary person; 1974)<ref name=FL2005 />
* ''Oru Ilakkiyavaathiyin Kalaiyulaga Anubhavangal'' (lit. Experiences of a literary person in the world of art; 1980)<ref name=FL2005 />

===Novels and novelettes===
{{colbegin}}
* ''Vazhkkai Azhaikkiradhu''. 1957
* ''Kaivilanggu''. 1961
* ''Yarukkaka Azhuthan?''. 1962
* ''Birammopadhesam''. 1963
* ''Piralayam''. 1965
* ''Karunaiyinal Alla''. 1965
* ''Rishimoolam''. 1965
* ''Yosikkum Velayil'' (lit. While thinking; 1982)<ref name=FL2005 />
* ''Parisukkup Po!''. 1966
* ''Kokila Enna Seythu Vittal?''. 1967
* ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (novel)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]''. 1970
* ''Oru Nadikai Nadakam Parkkiral''. 1971
* ''Cinemavukkup Pona Siththal''. 1972
* ''Oru Manidhan Oru Vidu Oru Ulakam''. 1973
* ''Jaya Jaya Sankara''. 1977
* ''Ganggai Engge Pogiral''. 1978
* ''Oru Kudumpaththil N^Adakkirathu''. 1979
* ''Pavam, Ival Oru Pappaththi!''. 1979
* ''Enggenggu Kaninum''. 1979
* ''Oorukku Nooruper''. 1979
* ''Karikkodukal''. 1979
* ''Munggil Kattu Nila''. 1979
* ''Oru Manidhanum Sila Erumaimadukalum''. 1979
* ''Ovvoru Kuraikkum Kizhe''. 1980
* ''Pattimarkalum Peththimarkalum''. 1980
* ''Appuvukku Appa Sonna Kadhaikal''. 1980
* ''Kaththirukka Oruththi''. 1980
* ''Karu''. 1981
* ''Aydha Pusai''. 1982
* ''Sunthara Kandam''. 1982
* ''Isvara Alla There Nam''. 1983
* ''O, Amerikka!''. 1983
* ''Illadhavarkal''. 1983
* ''Idhaya Ranikalum Ispedu Rajakkalum''. 1983
* ''Karru Veliyinile''. 1984
* ''Kazhuththil Vizhuntha Malai''. 1984
* ''Andha Akkavaiththedi''. 1985
* ''Innum Oru Pennin Kadhai''. 1986
{{colend}}

===Film adaptations===
* ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (1965 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' (1965; screenwriter and director)
* ''[[Kaaval Dheivam]]'' (1968) Story (kaivilangu)
* ''[[Yaarukkaga Azhudhaan]]'' (1966; also screenwriter and director)<ref name=Bhaskaran />
* ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Oru Nadigai Natakam Parkiral]]'' (1978)<ref name=rediff />
* ''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]'' (2001)
*
* ''Oru Manithan Oru Veedu Oru Ulagam'' (2017)
* ''Sarovaram'' (1993) Malayalam

===Short stories===
Jayakanthan's portfolio includes 200 short stories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Short Story Collections of Jeyakantan|url=http://tamilnation.co/literature/modernwriters/jeyakantan/00.htm|publisher=tamilnation.co|access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Short Story Collections of D. Jayakanthan|url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0204.pdf|publisher=projectmadurai.org|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref>
{{colbegin}}
* ''Yugasanthi''
* ''Illadhadhu Yedhu''
* ''Irandu Kuzhanthaigal''
* ''Naan Irukkiren''
* ''Bommai''
* ''Devan Varuvaara''
* ''Thuravu''
* ''Poo Uthirum''
* ''Kuraippiravi''
* ''Enthiram''
* ''Treadle''
* ''Pinakku''
* ''Nandavanthil Oar Aandi'' (made into [[Pithamagan]])
* ''Nee Inna Sir Solra?''
* ''Puthiya Vaarpugal''
* ''Suya Tharisanam''
* ''Agrahaarathu Poonai''
* ''Agni Pravesam''
* ''Puthu Seruppu Kadikkum''
* ''Naan Enna Seiyattum Sollungo?''
* ''Gurupeetam''
* ''Tea Kadai Samiyaarum Tractor Saamiyaarum''
* ''Nikki''
* ''Oru Veedu Poottikkidakkirathu''
* ''Naan Jannalaruge Utkarnthirukkiren''
* ''Gurukkal Aathu Paiyan''
* ''Munnilavum Pinpaniyum''
* ''Mutrugai''
* ''Sumaithangi''
* ''Nadaipaathaiyil Gnaanopathesam''
* ''Oru Bhakthar''
{{colend}}

===Essays===
* ''Bharathi Padam'' (1974)
* ''Imayaththukku Appal'' (1979)

==Awards and honours==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil|Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' (1972)<ref name=rediff />
* Soviet Land Nehru Award in (1978)<ref name=rediff />
* Fellow of [[Sahitya Akademi]] (1996)<ref name=rediff />
* [[Jnanpith Award]] (2002)<ref name=rediff />
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (2009)<ref name=rediff />
* [[Order of Friendship]] (2011)<ref name=rediff />
*[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer]] (1978)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayakanthan}}
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil activists]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Pamphleteers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Sealdah–Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express

2026-04-28T08:26:28Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Sealdah - Jammu Tawi ''Humsafar Express''
| logo =
| image = Jammu sealdah humsafar.jpg
| image_width = 335
| caption = Sealdah - Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express At [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| status =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|7|4}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Sealdah}} ('''SDAH''')
| stops = 11
| end = {{rws|Jammu Tawi}} ('''JAT''')
| distance = {{convert|1948|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 34h 15m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs once in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 3 tier, Sleeper
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22317 / 22318
| speed = Avg. Speed 57 km/h
| map = {{Sealdah–Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22317 / 22318 '''Sealdah - Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express''' is a premium train service belonging to [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Sealdah}} and {{rws|Jammu Tawi}} in India on a weekly basis.<ref name=indianrailways>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2017-18/Humsafar_Tejas.pdf|title = Trains at a Glance (November 2017 - June 2018)|access-date = 2 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=irailinfo>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-jammu-tawi-humsafar-express-22317/24149/325/81#st|title =22317/Sealdah - Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express | publisher=indiarailinfo|access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref> The train was inaugurated on 3 July, 2018. Earlier in 1998, the first name was Sealdah - Jammu Tawi Express which train encountered an worst tragedy involved in [[1998 Khanna rail collision]] now on 3rd July 2018 this train was replaced by Humsafar Express on same route

==Coach composition ==
The train runs with 21 [[LHB coach|Linke-Hoffman Busch coaches]], consisting of AC 3-Tier and Sleeper class coaches. It has a single rake, which it shares with [[Sealdah - Jalpaiguri Road Humsafar Express]]. The primary maintenance of this train is executed at {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}.
{{Indian Railways coach composition legend}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indiarailinfo.com/train/24149| title=22317 Sealdah - Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express }}</ref>

'''Coach position of 22317 (ex. Sealdah)'''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |21
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|S1
|S2
|S3
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|B6
|B7
|B8
|B9
|PC
|B10
|B11
|B12
|B13
|B14
|B15
|EOG
|-
|}

'''Coach position of 22318 (ex. Jammu Tawi)'''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |21
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|B15
|B14
|B13
|B12
|B11
|B10
|PC
|B9
|B8
|B7
|B6
|B5
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|S3
|S2
|S1
|EOG
|-
|}
Passengers are advised to check the coach position indicator at the station before boarding.

==Timings==
* The 22317 Sealdah - Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express leaves {{rws|Sealdah}} at 13:10 hrs every Monday and reaches {{rws|Jammu Tawi}} the next day at 23:25 hrs.
* The 22318 Jammu Tawi – Sealdah Humsafar Express leaves {{rws|Jammu Tawi}} at 07:20 hrs every Wednesday and reaches {{rws|Sealdah}} the next day at 17:30 hrs.

==Traction==
Since the route is fully electrified, the train is hauled by a {{stnlink|Sealdah}} based [[WAP 7]] or [[WAP-4]] locomotive end to end.

== Route and halts ==
The stoppages are:-

{{columns-list|* '''{{rws|Sealdah}}'''
* {{rws|Asansol Junction}}
* {{rws|Dhanbad Junction}}
* [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]]
* {{rws|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}
* {{rws|Varanasi}}
* {{rws|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{rws|Bareilly}}
* {{rws|Moradabad}}
* {{rws|Saharanpur}}
* {{rws|Ambala Cantonment}}
* {{rws|Ludhiana}}
* '''{{rws|Jammu Tawi}}'''|colwidth=15em}}

== See also ==

* [[Humsafar Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Humsafar Express}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sealdah - Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Sadashiv Bhosle

2026-04-27T01:11:21Z

RicoSturdivant: Put up the stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian activist and politician (1920–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kutre Sadashiv Bhosle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kadoli, Karnataka|Kadoli]], [[Belgaum]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|04|15|1920|01|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kadoli, Karnataka|Kadoli]], [[Belagavi]], Karnataka, India
| other_names = Sadashiv Bapusaheb Bhosale
| known_for = Indian independence activism, Gandhian principles
| occupation = Politician, social reformer
| title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (1947–1952, 1952–1957)
| notable_works = Establishment of Vatsalyadham, Gandhi Ghar, and Kasturba Kendra
}}

'''Kutre Sadashiv Bhosle''' (1 January 1920 – 15 April 2021), also known as '''Sadashiv Bapusaheb Bhosale''', was an Indian social activist, independence activist, Gandhian, and politician from [[Karnataka]]. He was the first [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Belgaum]] after India's independence and was often referred to as the "[[Mahatma Gandhi|Bapu]]" of Belgaum. Bhosale was a centenarian and died in 2021 at the age of 101.<ref>{{cite news |title=Freedom fighter and Gandhian passes away in Belagavi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/freedom-fighter-and-gandhian-passes-away-in-belagavi/article34323207.ece?homepage=true |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060738/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/freedom-fighter-and-gandhian-passes-away-in-belagavi/article34323207.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=deccanherald>{{cite news |last1=Kottur |first1=Swaroopananda M |last2=Mudakavi |first2=Divyashri |title=This Bhosle is Belagavi's Bapu |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/this-bhosle-is-belagavi-s-bapu-776539.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=16 November 2019}}</ref>

He founded Gandhi Ghar to spread Gandhian principles and [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]] Kendra for women's empowerment. He also set up Vatsalyadham in [[Mudhol]], [[Bagalkot district]] to aid villagers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mudakavi |first1=Divyashri |title=Remembering Belagavi's Gandhi Baba |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/remembering-belagavi-s-gandhi-baba-975249.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and work ==
Bhosle was born on 1 January 1920 in Kadoli village, Belgaum district, to Bapu Saheb and Savitri Bhosle. As a student, he joined the Indian independence movement. In 1942, he participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] and was imprisoned for over two years at [[Yerawada Central Jail|Yerwada Central Jail]], where he was influenced by [[Gandhians|Gandhian]] principles. In 1947, Bhosle was elected as the MLA for South Belgaum. He served a second term in 1952, representing the Bagewadi constituency. He resigned from his position in 1955, citing concerns over the administration's alignment with Gandhian principles.<ref>{{cite news |title=बेळगावचे पहिले आमदार सदाशिव भोसले यांचे 101 व्या वर्षी निधन |url=https://policenama.com/latur-news-funeral-in-front-of-gram-panchayat-as-there-is-no-cemetery-hanumantwadi-nilanga/ |publisher=Policenama |date=15 April 2021 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

[[Vinoba Bhave]]'s [[Village|Gram]] [[Swaraj]] and [[Bhoodan movement]] inspired Bhosale, who thereafter traveled across Karnataka. He spent six years in Kosuru, [[Mundgod]] ([[Uttara Kannada district]]), training individuals and integrating them into the social mainstream. Upon returning home, he convinced his father to donate 24 of their 25 shared acres of land to 50 underprivileged families, promoting the [[Bhoodan movement]] in his community.<ref name=deccanherald/>

He established Gandhi Ghar, a center dedicated to spreading [[Gandhism|Gandhian principles]], on the remaining acre at [[Devagiri]]. He founded the Kasturba Kendra to promote [[women's empowerment]]. In 1960, he initiated a hunger strike to oppose a liquor store in his village, leading to the government revoking its license.<ref name=deccanherald/>
== Personal life ==
Despite his affluent background, Bhosale chose a simple life dedicated to Gandhian ideals. He married Vatsala in a temple ceremony.

He died on 15 April 2021, at the age of 101, at his residence in Kacheri Galli, [[Kadoli, Karnataka|Kadoli]], Belagavi.<ref name="deccanherald" />
== See also ==
* [[Vaman Narayan Joshi]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhosle, Sadashiv}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Bombay State MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

G. K. Vishnu

2026-04-22T08:54:28Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. K. Vishnu
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| years_active = 2016–present
| notable_works = ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017) ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019) [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']] (2023)
| spouse = {{marriage|Mahalakshmi|2021}}
}}
'''G. K. Vishnu''' is an [[Indian cinematographers|Indian cinematographer]] who predominantly works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-11-02 |title=An eye for visuals |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/An-eye-for-visuals/article16091648.ece |access-date=2023-11-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114203941/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/An-eye-for-visuals/article16091648.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=2019-11-14 |title='Grandeur Is Not Just Wide Frames And Lots Of People': Bigil Cinematographer GK Vishnu |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/grandeur-is-not-just-wide-frames-and-lots-of-people-bigil-cinematographer-gk-vishnu |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926113814/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/grandeur-is-not-just-wide-frames-and-lots-of-people-bigil-cinematographer-gk-vishnu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=மா.பாண்டியராஜன் |date=2019-10-30 |title='விஜய் பிகிலுக்காக ஃபுட்பால் கத்துக்கிட்டாரா... அனிமேஷனா?!' - 'பிகில்' கேமராமேன் விஷ்ணு பதில் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/bigil-cinematographer-gk-vishnu-interview |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Vikatan |language=ta |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114204039/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/bigil-cinematographer-gk-vishnu-interview |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Vishnu married Mahalakshmi on 25 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mersal cinematographer GK Vishnu gets married. Keerthy Suresh, Varalaxmi attend wedding |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mersal-cinematographer-gk-vishnu-gets-married-keerthy-suresh-varalaxmi-attend-wedding-1794821-2021-04-25 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=India Today |date=25 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527034658/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mersal-cinematographer-gk-vishnu-gets-married-keerthy-suresh-varalaxmi-attend-wedding-1794821-2021-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vishnu's brother, Vignesh, a data scientist who encouraged him to take up cinematography as a career.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Vishnu is a computer science engineering graduate.<ref name=":0" /> Before venturing into cinematography, he worked as an [[interface designer]].<ref name=":2" /> He assisted [[Richard M. Nathan]] and [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]] in ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' (2013) and [[Theri (film)|''Theri'']] (2016), respectively.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

== Filmography ==
=== As cinematographer ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2016
|''Ctrl Alt Del''
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Web series
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Cinema Veeran]]''
|[[Documentary film]]
|
|-
|[[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']]
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-03 |title=Didn't expect such a reaction: Mersal DoP GK Vishnu on GST controversy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/didn-t-expect-such-a-reaction-mersal-dop-gk-vishnu-on-gst-controversy/story-sVbiLhUIqP3UyOqmCbwoVI.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2018-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121103318/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/didn-t-expect-such-a-reaction-mersal-dop-gk-vishnu-on-gst-controversy/story-sVbiLhUIqP3UyOqmCbwoVI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Bigil]]''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2021
|[[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Debut in Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-10 |title=Krack Review: Mass potlam Biryani |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/krack-review-mass-potlam-biryani |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910231343/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/krack-review-mass-potlam-biryani |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Khiladi (2022 film)|''Khiladi'']]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=Telugu star Ravi Teja's 'Khiladi' in cinemas on February 11, 2022 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/telugu-star-ravi-tejas-khiladi-in-cinemas-on-february-11-2022-1049589.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114204053/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/telugu-star-ravi-tejas-khiladi-in-cinemas-on-february-11-2022-1049589.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Ravanasura (film)|Ravanasura]]''
|1 song
|
|-
|[[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']]
|[[Hindi]]
|Debut in Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Anirudh Ravichander performs Jawan song Chaleya, Shah Rukh Khan reacts 'I have to dance on this while you sing beta' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anirudh-ravichander-performs-jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-reacts-101694746937371.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024112334/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anirudh-ravichander-performs-jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-reacts-101694746937371.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|[[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]]}}
|Tamil
|Post-production
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/suriya-45-is-rj-balajis-film-with-suriya-a-devotional-fantasy-drama/ar-AA1vfkWC |title='Suriya 45': Is RJ Balaji's film with Suriya a devotional fantasy drama? |website=[[MSN]] |date=7 December 2024 |access-date=7 December 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2027
|{{pending film|[[Raaka]]}}
|Telugu
|Filming
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
!Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
![[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|26 February 2018
| Best Cinematographer
| rowspan="4" |[[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2018-02-26 |title=Ilayathalapathy Vijay's Mersal sweeps Edison Awards [winners' list] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=2018-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429105814/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|14 – 15 September 2018]]
| Best Cinematographer
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2018 Nominations: Vijay's Mersal Beats Madhavan And Vijay Sethupathi's Vikram Vedha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=2018-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910171301/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[Techofes|Techofes Awards]]
|19 February 2018
| Best Cinematographer
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-19 |title=இதுவரை மெர்சல் செய்துள்ள சாதனைகள்: பட்டியலிட்ட படக்குழு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/119512-.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908060208/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/119512-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
|-
![[Vijay Awards]]
|[[10th Vijay Awards|3 June 2018]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Vijay Awards |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/vijay-awards/4031/the-glitzy-night-is-here/1100005877/watch |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Hotstar }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 
|-
![[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|18 September 2021]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Tamil|Best Cinematographer – Tamil]]
|''[[Bigil]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2021-08-21 |title=Dhanush's Asuran Gets 10, Ajith's Viswasam Gets 6, Vijay's Bigil Gets 5 Nominations at SIIMA [Vote] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/dhanushs-asuran-gets-10-ajiths-viswasam-gets-6-vijays-bigil-gets-5-nominations-siima-vote-839937 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Nominations for 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=8605828}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu, G. K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal

2026-04-19T16:34:55Z

RicoSturdivant: Put up initial entry w/ sources

{{Short description|2024 book on Liberalism in an Indian context}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal
| image = The cover of the book "The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal".png
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Cover of the book "The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal"
| author = [[Gurcharan Das]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Indian English]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = Ideology and Indian political landscape
| genre = Nonfiction
| set_in =
| publisher = Speaking Tiger Books
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = February 20, 2024
| english_pub_date =
| published = Yes
| media_type = Print, Ebook
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn = 9789354476792
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover = yes
| website =
}}
'''''The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal''''' is a memoir by Indian economist [[Gurcharan Das|Gurucharan Das]] in which he reflects on his personal and intellectual journey toward liberalism, while also exploring the paradoxes, ironies, and moral dilemmas that surround this ideology in the Indian context.
== Synopsis ==
Das introduces the book by defining who a “liberal” is and tracing the provenance of liberal ideas in [[India]], he states that liberalism spread amongst wealthy Indians with the arrival of the [[British Raj]]. According to Das, by the third decade of the 21st century liberal democracy was “in the retreat” around the world. He observes what he deems to be an irony present in India which is that India despite being lauded as a “vigorous” democracy, constantly produces an anaemic economy, which is a consequence of a [[Socialism|socialist]]-command economy, called [[Licence Raj]]. In 1991, India achieved economic freedom which is described as “the liberal dream”. However, Das notes this accomplishment was followed by a weakening democracy in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Seshadri |first=Suresh |date=2024-05-03 |title=Review of The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal by Gurcharan Das: Keeping the faith |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/review-of-the-dilemma-of-an-indian-liberal-by-gurcharan-das/article68124474.ece |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Gurcharan Das: 'In writing a memoir you need to go into your past'|url=https://merotribune.com/2024/09/20/author-gurcharan-das-in-writing-a-memoir-you-need-to-go-into-your-past/|website=Mero Tribune|date=2024-09-20|access-date=2026-01-23|language=en-US|first=Editorial|last=Board}}</ref>

In the succeeding chapters, Das narrates the history of the evolution of liberalism from the 18th century European [[Age of Enlightenment]] to the [[Industrial Revolution]], to the [[Great Depression]] culminating in the modern-day contemporary liberalism. He contends that the sentiment that liberalism originated at the global west is a myth. He defends his contention by citing the [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]] c.1500 BCE.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Nandita |date=2024-07-12 |title='The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal' book review: Decoding freedom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2024/Jul/12/the-dilemma-of-an-indian-liberal-book-review-decoding-freedom |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|[In the beginning] there was neither being nor non-being…[but] who really knows? [for] the gods came afterwards.}}In Chapter 4, Das maps the events that led to the liberalisation of India which included the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian people which enabled the framing of the [[Indian Constitution]], the formation and demise of a liberal Indian party named [[Swatantra Party]] culminating in the 1991 liberal economic reforms of India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Markets, memoir, moksha — Gurcharan Das traces India Story from Licence Raj to liberal '90s|url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/markets-memoir-moksha-gurcharan-das-traces-india-story-from-licence-raj-to-liberal-90s/1835818/|work=ThePrint|date=2023-11-07|access-date=2026-01-23|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231110044030/https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/markets-memoir-moksha-gurcharan-das-traces-india-story-from-licence-raj-to-liberal-90s/1835818/|archive-date=2023-11-10|language=en-US|first=Rama|last=Lakshmi}}</ref>

Das continues to narrate his ideological journey from socialism to [[liberalism]], [[libertarianism]] and back to [[classical liberalism]]. He describes the political climate of the newly independent socialist India, the role of [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] in his prime ministerhood, Das's encounter with racism in the US, brings him his epiphany of racism that exists in his home, India. He also recounts how his employment with Richardson Hindustan Limited in [[Bombay]], selling [[Vicks VapoRub]], landed him in legal trouble. In the chapter titled “''A Victim of the Licence Raj''”, Das describes his experiences being taken to court as Vicks's sales goes “through the roof” at the onset of the [[Influenza pandemic|flu epidemic]] in 1968. As the sales exceeded the authorized, licensed production limit, Das's company's actions were construed to be a crime with a potential jail sentence.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gurcharan Das on why it's lonely being an Indian liberal|url=https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/03/19/gurcharan-das-on-why-its-lonely-being-an-indian-liberal|work=The Economist|access-date=2026-01-23|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=As I’m leaving, I remind the officer to imagine how our country will look in the eyes of the world when national and international newspapers report that our government has sent an executive to jail for alleviating the misery of millions of children during an epidemic. The government quietly drops the enquiry.}}
Das admits that it was at this point of his life he abandoned Socialism and embraced Laissez Fair Libertarianism, believing in a small state.

In the final chapters, Das lays out the shortcomings of liberalism, according to him, while liberalism focuses on the intrinsic worth of an individual but does not sufficiently value the “bonds of community”. Ultimately, Das concludes that despite liberalism's inadequacy in certain aspects of a society, he will not abandon his faith in liberalism, and contends that it will once again prevail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book Review {{!}} India, essentially liberal? If not, should we celebrate the death of its promise? {{!}} Book Review {{!}} India, essentially liberal? If not, should we celebrate the death of its promise?|url=https://www.asianage.com/books/270424/book-review-india-essentially-liberal-if-not-should-we-celebrate-the-death-of-its-promise.html|website=www.asianage.com|date=2024-04-27|access-date=2026-01-23|language=en|first=Sanjeev|last=Ahluwalia}}</ref>

== Reception ==
According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', the narrative of the book consists of "wit and disarming candour" which "sucks one into the life of a man in search of [[Moksha]]." <ref name=":0" />''[[The New Indian Express]]'' states that the book explores the political journey of the author in a manner that is simple but also intellectually refined.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[The Elephant Paradigm]]
* [[India Unbound]]
* [[The Difficulty of Being Good]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Difficulty Of Being Good}}
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]

Burn Hall School

2026-04-17T17:31:33Z

RicoSturdivant: Pg

{{For|the school in Abbottabad, Pakistan|Army Burn Hall College}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Burn Hall School
| image = Burn Hall School, Srinagar - Logo.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| motto = {{langx|la|Industria Floremus}} “In Toil We Flourish”
| city = [[Srinagar]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.074195|N|74.832928|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = Missionary
| established = {{start date and age|1956|4|17}} (originally in {{start date and age|1942}})
| founder = Father J. Boerkamp ([[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill]], London)
| sister_school = [[Army Burn Hall College]] in [[Abbottabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| principal = Rev. Fr. Stalin Raja
| classes_offered = L.K.G to 12th
| houses = Shakespeare {{color box| red}} Wordsworth {{ color box | blue}} Keats {{color box | yellow}} Milton {{color box| green}}
| nickname = "Hallions"
| publication = Burn Hall Flame
| yearbook = Burn Hall Blaze
| address = Gupkar Road, Sonwar
| language = English
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| colors = Navy blue {{color box| blue}}
| affiliation = [[JKBOSE]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.burnhallschool.ac.in}}
}}

'''Burn Hall School''' is an all boys missionary school in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Its motto is ''"Industria Floremus - In Toil We Flourish"''. It is one of the oldest schools in the valley. The school celebrated its Diamond Jubilee in 2016, and it's Platinum Jubilee on 17 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-06|title=Burn Hall School celebrates diamond jubilee|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/sports/burn-hall-school-celebrates-diamond-jubilee/|access-date=2020-07-26|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==

The Mill Hill Missionaries (MHM) first settled in the Kashmir area in 1884 to provide pastoral care to Catholic soldiers and began establishing a formal mission, including the construction of oldest Catholic Church in Jammu and Kashmir at Baramulla in 1891. On 6th July, 1887, [[Pope Leo XIII]] erected the Apostolic Prefecture of [[Kashmir]] and [[Kafirstan]], whose territories extended from Kashmir to [[Kabul]], and entrusted it to the Mill Hill Missionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-29 |title=The Missionaries and Kashmir’s Struggle for Peace - Mill Hill Missionaries |url=https://millhillmissionaries.com/the-missionaries-and-kashmirs-struggle-for-peace/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Catholic Mission in Ladakh, 1888-1898 |url=https://ladakhstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/rrol6_03_bray.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=tabernacle consecrated in jammukashmirs northernmost mountain range |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/09/04/tabernacle-consecrated-in-jammukashmirs-northernmost-mountain-range&post_id=47904 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=ucanews.com |language=en}} </ref> It were eventually the Mill Hill missionaries Fr. Thijssen and Fr. Jong who started this boys' school in Srinagar in 1942. "The Willows" building which housed the first Burn Hall School is now the Teachers' Training College.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qazi|first=Khursheed Ahmad|date=2016|title=Christian Missionaries & English Education in J & K State: an Overview|url=https://www.rjelal.com/4.3.16c/793-804%20Dr.%20KHURSHEED%20AHMAD%20QAZI.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Research Journal of English Language and Literature|volume=4|issue=3|pages=793–804|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718074603/https://www.rjelal.com/4.3.16c/793-804%20Dr.%20KHURSHEED%20AHMAD%20QAZI.pdf|archive-date=July 18, 2020|access-date=July 25, 2020|via=rjelal.com}}</ref>

The [[Srinagar]] branch closed down temporarily following the Pakistani invasion that occurred during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], and it was restarted on 17 April 1976 with its first principal, Father J. Boerkamp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History – Burn Hall School|url=http://burnhallschool.ac.in/about-us/history/|access-date=2020-07-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

In reconstruction of the school premises, after a fire gutted down the building on March 27, 1976, [[Misereor]] and [[Dutch Lenten Campaign Foundation]] (Formerly Cebemo) had majorly helped with aid for new operations.

==Location==

Burn Hall School is located in Sonwar, Srinagar. It is neighboured by Ziarat Sharief of Syed Yaqoob Sahib, and [[Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium]].

==Administration==

Burn Hall School is managed by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar]]. It is directed by the Education Society of the Jammu-Srinagar Diocese. The school serves children from age 3 years through secondary school.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2013-03-22|title=Burn Hall School, Srinagar|url=https://www.educationworld.in/burn-hall-school-srinagar/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=EducationWorld|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Social status ==

According to [[Greater Kashmir]], in 2015 District Development Commissioner Farooq Ahmed Shah praised Burn Hall for "spreading quality education".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-14|title=DDC inaugurates Burn Hall Bal Mela|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar/ddc-inaugurates-burn-hall-bal-mela/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Kashmir Observer'' said it is "a prestigious institution in the city, with one of the oldest schooling traditions".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-20|title=Children of Conflict: How is Uncertainty Shaping Children's Behaviour in Kashmir|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2018/06/20/children-of-conflict-how-is-uncertainty-shaping-childrens-behaviour-in-kashmir/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Kashmir Observer|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Affiliations ==

Registered as a charitable society, it is affiliated with [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education]] (JKBOSE) and recognized by the Education Department of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":1" /> It follows the directions from the Directorate of School Education, Srinagar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Affiliation – Burn Hall School|url=http://burnhallschool.ac.in/about-us/affiliation/|access-date=2020-07-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Public empowerment liability ==

The school's lease agreement on government land requires the school to hold places to admit students [[Below Poverty Line|from the low economic sector of society]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-21|title=BPL Student's Admission In Missionary Schools|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/bpl-students-admission-in-missionary-schools/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Curriculum ==
Burn Hall School follows curriculum of the JKBOSE,<ref name=":1" /> and as an English medium school, it places special emphasis on usage of English language in student-teacher and student-student interaction. Extra-curricular cultural and literary activities, as well as environment and science activities, provide experiential learning opportunities.<ref name=":1" />

==The BHS Students' Council==

In 2022, the school, the 1st Students' Council, headed by the Head Boy & his Deputy.

In 2023, the 2nd Students' Council was appointed.

Subsequently, the 3rd Students' Council was appointed on 9 May 2024. In an effort to encourage students' leadership qualities, the school increased the council's total capacity from 15 to 37 and later 41.

The school appointed the 4th Students' Council in the academic session of 2025.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burn Hall Senior Secondary School - Srinagar, Kashmir |url=https://burnhallschool.ac.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715225742/https://burnhallschool.ac.in/ |archive-date=2025-07-15 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=Burn Hall School}}</ref>

==The BHS Editorial Board==

The school operates a 'Student run" editorial team for the management and publishing of its Yearbook "The Burn Hall Blaze" and the monthly newsletter "The Burn Hall Flame."

== Notable alumni ==


* [[Omar Abdullah]], politician, former chief minister J&K State, vice-president Jammu & Kashmir National Conference, 1st chief minister of the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir
* [[Agha Shahid Ali]], English poet
* [[Rohit Bal]], fashion designer
* [[Haseeb Drabu]], economist, politician
* [[Zain Khan Durrani]], bollywood actor
* [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], politician, chief Islamic cleric of Kashmir.
* [[MC Kash]], rap/hip hop artist
* [[Autar Kaw]], academic
* [[Ahmer Khan]], independent journalist
* [[Amjad Khan (American cricketer)|Amjad Khan]], cricketer
* [[Kunal Khemu]], bollywood actor
* [[Sajjad Gani Lone]], politician, MLA Handwara JKLA.<ref name="jkla.neva.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Jammu and Kashmir Vidhan Sabha Legislative session and proceedings |url=https://jkla.neva.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504181932/https://jkla.neva.gov.in/ |archive-date=2025-05-04 |website=Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}</ref>
* [[Amitabh Mattoo]], educationist, policymaker
* [[Junaid Azim Mattu]], politician, former mayor Srinagar Municipal Corporation
* [[Shafat Qazi]], IT entrepreneur
* [[Tanvir Sadiq]], politician, chief spokesperson Jammu & Kashmir National Conference, MLA Zadibal JKLA<ref name="jkla.neva.gov.in"/>
* [[Sanjay Suri]], bollywood actor



==Former principals==
* 1956{{ndash}}1962: Fr. Boerkamp [[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill|MHM]]
* 1963{{ndash}}1964: Fr. Kuipers [[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill|MHM]]
* 1964{{ndash}}1967: Fr. J. Mc Mohan [[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill|MHM]]
* 1968{{ndash}}1977: Fr. J. Jones [[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill|MHM]]
* 1977{{ndash}}1983: Fr. J.C. Hugh [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFM Cap.]]
* 1984{{ndash}}1989: Fr. Dominic [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFM Cap.]]
* 1990{{ndash}}1992: Br. V. J. Mani [[Brothers of Christian Instruction of St. Gabriel|SG]]
* 1992{{ndash}}1993: Br. Raju John [[Brothers of Christian Instruction of St. Gabriel|SG]]
* 1993{{ndash}}1997: Br. Jacob [[Brothers of Christian Instruction of St. Gabriel|SG]]
* 1997{{ndash}}2001: Br. George [[Brothers of Christian Instruction of St. Gabriel|SG]]
* 2001{{ndash}}2007: Fr. Maria John
* 2007{{ndash}}2012: Fr. Raphael Jey Kumar
* 2012{{ndash}}2014: Fr. [[Ivan Pereira]]
* 2015{{ndash}}3 Nov 2021: Fr. Sebastian Nagathunkal
* 3 Nov 2021{{ndash}}present: Fr. Stalin Raja

== See also ==
* [[List of schools in India]]
* [[List of Christian schools in India|List of Christian Schools in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Schools in Srinagar]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1942]]

Uffrainkhal

2026-04-17T08:22:59Z

RicoSturdivant: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Pauri Garhwal district#Uffrainkhal]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Villages in Pauri Garhwal district]]

Self-Realization Fellowship

2026-04-17T03:03:46Z

RicoSturdivant: Put up the bio w/ sources

{{Short description|American spiritual organization}}
{{for|the meaning of the term ''self-realization''|Self-realization}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Self-Realization Fellowship
|image = SRF-Logo.png
|image_size = 250px
|caption =
|type = [[Religious organization]]
|status = [[Foundation (nonprofit)|Foundation]]
|founder = [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]
|formation = {{Start date and age|1920}}
|purpose = Educational, [[Philanthropic]], [[Religious studies]], [[Spirituality]]
|headquarters = [[Los Angeles, California]], United States<ref name="tbi"/>
|location =
|coordinates = 
|region_served = Worldwide
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = [[Brother Chidananda]]<ref name="LAT-2017"/>
|affiliations = [[Yogoda Satsanga Society of India]]
|website = {{URL|yogananda.org/}}
}}
[[File:Paramahansa Yogananda Standard Pose.jpg|thumb |[[Paramahansa Yogananda]], Founder]]
[[File:SRF Headquarters at 3880 San Rafael Dr..JPG|thumb|Headquarters of SRF at Mt. Washington at 3880 San Rafael Ave., Los Angeles, CA]]

'''Self-Realization Fellowship''' ('''SRF''') is a worldwide religious organization founded in 1920 by [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], the Indian [[guru]] who authored ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''. Before moving to the United States, Yogananda began his spiritual work in India in 1917 and named the organization [[Yogoda Satsanga Society of India]] (YSS).<ref name=LifePositive>{{cite web|title=Paramahansa Yogananda - The Yogi and His Fellowship|last=Bhattacharya|first=Saurabh|url=http://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/masters/paramahansa-yogananda/self-realization.asp|website=lifepositive.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717000259/http://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/masters/paramahansa-yogananda/self-realization.asp|archive-date=17 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://yssofindia.org/about |title=About Yogoda Satsanga Society of India }}</ref> He moved to the [[Western world|West]] in 1920 and in 1925 established SRF's headquarters at [[Mount Washington, Los Angeles]], California, US. Before his return visit to India in 1935 he legally incorporated SRF in the United States, designating it as the only organization to carry on his work and disseminate his teachings.<ref name="Melton">{{cite book |last=Melton, J. Gordon |first=Martin Baumann |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=9781598842043}}</ref><ref name="Williamson">{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=Lola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yX4VCgAAQBAJ |title=Transcendent in America: Hindu-inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion |date=2010 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9449-4 |location=New York and London |page=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=154, 227}}

Yogananda's teachings include [[meditation]] techniques intended to promote awareness of [[Yoga (philosophy)#God in Yoga school of Hinduism|God]] and one's [[Ātman (Hinduism)|soul]]. SRF conveys these techniques through a home-study course, and they publish Yogananda's books and lectures. SRF also coordinates the Worldwide Prayer Circle, which prays for world peace and those in need.

==Leadership==
Paramahansa Yogananda founded SRF in 1920 and served as head until his death on 7 March 1952.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Wessinger |first1=Catherine |title=America's Alternative Religions: The Vedanta Movement and the Self-Realization Fellowship |date=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=og_u0Re1uwUC&dq=The+Vedanta+Movement+and+the+Self-Realization+Fellowship.&pg=PA173|isbn=0-7914-2398-0 |page=173,179}}</ref><ref name="NYT-2014">{{cite news |title=When Being a Yogi Had an Exotic Air |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 October 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/10/movies/awake-about-the-life-of-paramahansa-yogananda.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |last1=Gates |first1=Anita }}</ref><ref name="Melton" /> In 1925, he established the international headquarters for SRF/YSS at Mount Washington in Los Angeles, California.<ref name="Melton" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=International Headquarters |url=https://yogananda.org/locations-international-headquarters |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Self-Realization Fellowship}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The three-story building had originally been opened in 1909 as a hotel. SRF now calls it Mother Center. After Yogananda's death, SRF preserved his bedroom in the building as a shrine.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Meares |first=Hadley |date=August 9, 2013 |title=From Hip Hotel to Holy Home: The Self-Realization Fellowship on Mount Washington |url=https://www.pbssocal.org/history-society/from-hip-hotel-to-holy-home-the-self-realization-fellowship-on-mount-washington |access-date=December 1, 2023 |work=PBS SoCal}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The first president and head of SRF/YSS after Yogananda was [[Rajarsi Janakananda]], who was president until his death on 20 February 1955.<ref>{{cite news |title=Millionaire president of yoga society dies |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/435261802.html?dids=435261802:435261802&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+21%2C+1955&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1886-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=24&desc=MILLIONAIRE+PRESIDENT+OF+YOGA+SOCIETY+DIES |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021193120/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/435261802.html?dids=435261802:435261802&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+21,+1955&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1886-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=24&desc=MILLIONAIRE+PRESIDENT+OF+YOGA+SOCIETY+DIES |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1955-02-21}}</ref>

[[Daya Mata]] was the next head and president of Self Realization Fellowship/YSS from 1955 until her death on 30 November 2010.<ref>Woo, Elaine (2010-12-03). "Sri Daya Mata dies at 96; led L.A.-based Self-Realization Fellowship". latimes.com, 3 December 2010. Retrieved on 2012-03-16 from http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-sri-daya-mata-20101203,0,6781315.story.</ref> American yoga scholar [[Linda Johnsen]] wrote that Daya Mata was an example of a new wave of women who acquired leadership positions in Hindu spirituality.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQpNKH1oOYC&pg=PA130 |title=Today's Woman in World Religions |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780791416884 |page=130}}</ref>

In 2010, [[Mrinalini Mata]] became the next president of SRF/YSS, with the official announcement being on 9 January 2011. She held this position until her death on 3 August 2017.<ref name=LAT-2011>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-jan-12-la-me-self-realization-20110112-story.html |title=Self-Realization Fellowship elects Sri Mrinalini Mata as new leader|first=Mitchell |last=Landsberg |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=12 January 2011}}</ref><ref name = Chidananda/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://yogananda.org/a-channel-of-the-gurus-love-and-wisdom |title=In Memoriam: Sri Mrinalini Mata |access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> She had been chosen by Yogananda to oversee his publications after his death, and she had held the position of SRF/YSS vice-president from 1966 until she became president in 2011.<ref name=LAT-2011/>

On 30 August 2017, [[Brother Chidananda]] was elected as the president by a unanimous vote of the SRF Board of Directors.<ref name = Chidananda>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiajournal.com/religion/brother-chidananda-is-new-spiritual-leader-of-srf|title=Brother Chidananda is New Spiritual Leader Of SRF |date=17 September 2017|website=India Journal| access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref><ref name=LAT-2017>{{cite web |url=https://yogananda.org/blog/news-srf-announces-new-president|title=Brother Chidananda Elected President and Spiritual Head of SRF/YSS |website=Yogananda.org |access-date=2017-09-03 }}</ref>

=== Monastic order ===
SRF is run by members of its [[Monasticism|monastic]] order,<ref name=":0" /> established by Yogananda in the early 1930s.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Centuries-old Tradition |url=https://yogananda.org/monasticorder#A%20Centuries-old%20Tradition |access-date=2019-09-22 |website=yogananda.org}}</ref> SRF's monks and nuns coordinate the organization's retreats, youth programs, temple services, and publishing and translation efforts.<ref name=":0" /> They also coordinate the Worldwide Prayer Circle, a network of groups and individuals who pray for world peace and those in need.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santosanada |first1=Brother |date=2011 |title=Yogananda's Kriya Yoga Teachings |journal=Caduceus |volume=Autumn-Winter |issue=82 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rourke |first1=Mary |date=10 November 1996 |title=Private Talks With God Go Public |work=Los Angeles Times - Life and Style, Section E |publisher=California Times}}</ref>

According to SRF's website, there are four stages of life in the SRF monastic order that represent a deepening commitment to the renunciant life: [[postulancy]], [[novitiate]], [[brahmacharya]], and [[sannyas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Four Stages of Monastic Life |url=https://yogananda.org/monasticorder#The%20Four%20Stages%20of%20Monastic%20Life |access-date=2019-09-22 |website=yogananda.org}}</ref> Monks and nuns of the SRF Order who take their final renunciant vows are members of the [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya|Swami Order]], which traces its spiritual lineage back to [[Adi Shankara]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Philip |title=The Life of Yogananda |publisher=Hay House, Inc. |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4019-5218-1 |location=Carlsbad, CA |page=76}}</ref>

==Teachings==
{{See also|Paramahansa Yogananda#Teachings}}

Yogananda first introduced his teachings to the West during an international congress of religious leaders held in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1920 in a talk entitled ''The Science of Religion''. Yogananda believed that his methods were [[Testability|testable]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Yogananda|first=Paramahansa |title=The Science of Religion |year=1982 |page=iv|publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |location= Los Angeles, CA| isbn=978-0-87612-005-7}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Netburnstaff |first=Deborah|title=If you practice yoga, thank this man who came to the U.S. 100 years ago|date=19 November 2020 |location=Los Angeles |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-11-19/self-realization-fellowship-paramahansa-yogananda-los-angeles-history}}</ref> The dissemination of his teachings continues through SRF,<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Philip |title=American Veda |publisher=Harmony |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-385-52135-2 |edition=1 |pages=109}}</ref> which he [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] in 1935 as a nonprofit religious organization.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{wikisource-inline|SRF Articles of Incorporation 1935}}</ref> According to author Lola Williamson in her book, ''Transcendent in America: Hindu-inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion'', "He (Yogananda) made it clear that his teachings were to be shared through Self-Realization Fellowship and not through rogue organizations that taught in his name."<ref name="Williamson" />{{Rp|page=227}}

Yogananda's autobiography contains a list of aims and ideals for SRF; the first of these is to disseminate "scientific techniques for attaining direct personal experience of God". Another is "to advocate cultural and spiritual understanding between East and West".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yogananda |first=Paramahansa |title=[[Autobiography of a Yogi]] |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |year=1998 |edition=13th |pages=481 |author-link=Paramahansa Yogananda}}</ref> SRF teaches methods of concentration and meditation, including a technique called ''[[Kriya Yoga school|kriya yoga]]'', for the purpose of attaining what Yogananda called ''Self-realization''. Yogananda used this term to signify the realization of one's true Self or [[Ātman (Hinduism)|soul]]. SRF presents Eastern and Western religious teachings as essentially one and the same, including passages from both the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[New Testament]] in its services.<ref name=":0" /> SRF also publishes Yogananda's works, which include his home-study lessons, autobiography, lectures, and recorded talks.<ref name="Melton" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Yogananda |first=Paramahansa |title=God Talks With Arjuna |year=1995 |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship; 1st edition |page=427}}</ref><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=187}}

SRF funded the 2014 documentary ''[[Awake: The Life of Yogananda]]'', which was co-directed by Paola Di Florio and Lisa Leeman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rechtshaffen |first1=Michael |title='Awake' a vivid glimpse of West's 1st meditation guru |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-awake-movie-yogananda-review-20141017-story.html |access-date=13 May 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=16 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=David |title=Movie review: 'Yogananda' gave yoga, meditation to America |url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Movie-review-An-introduction-to-Yogananda-5827086.php |access-date=13 May 2023 |work=SF Gate |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |date=16 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gates|first1=Anita|title= When Being a Yogi Had an Exotic Air - 'Awake,' About the Life of Paramahansa Yogananda |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/10/movies/awake-about-the-life-of-paramahansa-yogananda.html|work=New York Times|date=9 October 2014 |accessdate=5 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428231455/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/10/movies/awake-about-the-life-of-paramahansa-yogananda.html|archivedate=28 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Kriya Yoga ===
{{Main|Kriya Yoga school}}
SRF initiates prepared students in a technique called ''kriya yoga'' that it teaches hastens the process of spiritual awakening.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=183}} Through deep and regular practice, the technique is supposed to withdraw one's energy and attention from distracting thoughts, emotions, and stimuli, so that one may experience peace and attunement with God in the resulting stillness.<ref name=":0" /> SRF requires aspiring disciples first to undertake a home-study course called the ''SRF Lessons'', compiled from Yogananda's teachings. In keeping with [[Guru–shishya tradition|Upanishadic tradition]], recipients of SRF's lessons pledge not to share the contents with others. In SRF, learning the ''kriya yoga'' technique is seen as ''[[diksha]]'' (initiation) by the [[guru]] (Yogananda), and it involves an initiation rite conducted by an authorized representative. SRF sends disciples printed ''kriya yoga'' lessons even if they cannot attend the rite.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=183}}

==Temples, retreats, and other facilities==
[[File:SelfRealizationFellowship.jpg|thumb|Gateway to the Self-Realization Fellowship Temple in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] in central [[Los Angeles, California]]]]
[[File:Yogananda Center - Lake and Swan.jpg|thumb|[[Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine|SRF Lake Shrine]] looking toward the golden lotus-topped Gandhi memorial on Sunset Blvd., [[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles]], California]]

Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF) has over 600 temples and meditation centers in 62 countries.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Sahagun" /> There are eight temples in the United States, seven in [[California]] and one in [[Arizona]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temples, Retreats & Ashrams {{!}} Self-Realization Fellowship |url=https://yogananda.org/locations-temples-retreats-ashrams |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Self Realization Fellowship |language=en-US}}</ref>

* Bay Area Temple, [[Walnut Creek, California|Walnut Creek]]
* [[Encinitas, California|Encinitas]] Temple
* [[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]] Temple
* [[Glendale, California|Glendale]] Temple
* [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] Temple
* Lake Shrine Temple, [[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]]
* [[San Diego]] Temple
* [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] Temple

SRF also runs retreat centers:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retreats {{!}} Self-Realization Fellowship |url=https://yogananda.org/events-programs-retreats |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Self Realization Fellowship |language=en-US}}</ref>

* [[Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine|Lake Shrine]] in Pacific Palisades, CA
* Hidden Valley Ashram (for men) in [[Escondido, California|Escondido, CA]]
* Greenfield Retreat (for women) in [[Front Royal, Virginia]]
* Bermersbach Retreat in [[Germany]]
* Armação Retreat in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], Brazil.

SRF has a sister organization in India called [[Yogoda Satsanga Society of India]] (YSS), founded by Yogananda in 1917 and headquartered in [[Dakshineswar]] (near Calcutta).<ref>{{cite news |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |date=18 October 2011 |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |pages=1145 |work=University of California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&q=Yogoda+Satsanga+Society+of+India&pg=PA1145 |access-date=2017-07-16 |isbn=9781452266565}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Constance |url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone_r9k7 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=New York : Checkmark Books, an imprint of Infobase Publishing |others=Internet Archive |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8160-7336-8 |pages=392–393}}</ref> YSS oversees 200 ''kendras'', ''mandalis'', retreats, and ashrams throughout India and Nepal,<ref>{{cite web |title=YSS Ashrams and Centres |url=https://yssofindia.org/ashrams |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=yssofindia.org}}</ref> along with more than 20 educational and medical facilities.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:SRF ashram on the point at Swamis.JPG|thumb|A 2007 view looking north along Swami's beach in Encinitas, the red-roofed building on top of the point is the hermitage where Yogananda wrote ''Autobiography of a Yogi'']]

=== Encinitas Hermitage ===
{{Main|Self-Realization Fellowship Encinitas Hermitage and Meditation Gardens}}
After his return from India in 1936, Yogananda took up residence at the SRF hermitage in [[Encinitas, California]], which was a surprise gift from his disciple [[Rajarsi Janakananda]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg|first=Philip |title=The Life of Yogananda |year=2018 |page=232|publisher=Hay House, Inc. |location= Carlsbad, CA|isbn=978-1-4019-5218-1 }}</ref> While at this hermitage Yogananda wrote ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]'' and other works.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg|first=Philip |title=The Life of Yogananda |year=2018 |page=263|publisher=Hay House, Inc. |location= Carlsbad,CA|isbn=978-1-4019-5218-1 }}</ref> The property includes an [[ashram]].<ref name="SDM">{{Cite magazine |last=O'Shea |first=Diedre |date=March 2005 |title=When the Spirit moves us / There are all these little places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6P8DAAAAMBAJ&q=Encinitas+Gardens+of+Self+Realization+Fellowship+Hermitage+temple&pg=RA1-PA279 |magazine=[[San Diego Magazine]] |page=279}}</ref>

=== Hollywood Temple ===
On 30 August 1942, Yogananda opened the SRF Hollywood Temple on Sunset Blvd., [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], California. It is the oldest SRF temple in the US. According to Phil Goldberg, Yogananda dedicated it to "the ideal of human brotherhood and the definite realization of God as the One Father of all mankind."<ref name="Temples">{{cite book |last=Goldberg|first=Philip |title=The Life of Yogananda |year=2018 |pages=258–260|publisher=Hay House, Inc. |location= Carlsbad, CA|isbn=978-1-4019-5218-1 }}</ref> [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan Markle's]] parents, [[Doria Ragland]] and [[Thomas Markle|Thomas Markle Sr.]], were married by Brother Bhaktananda at the Hollywood Temple on 23 December 1979.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/did-you-know-meghan-markle-s-parents-got-married-at-an-indian-temple-1241404-2018-05-25 |title=Did you know Meghan Markle's parents got married at an Indian temple?|last=Chhabra |first=Shivani |work=India Today |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=26 May 2018 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Lake Shrine ===
{{Main|Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine}}
The Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine is located on [[Sunset Boulevard]] in [[Pacific Palisades, California]]. It was dedicated by Yogananda on 20 August 1950<ref name="Temples" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lakeshrine.org/ |title=Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine |website=lakeshrine.org |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> as a 10-acre spiritual center honoring the five major world religions. It is set in a hillside amphitheater with gardens and a spring-fed lake, and it is home to [[swan]]s, [[duck]]s, [[koi]], water turtles, [[Lotus (plant)|lotus]] flowers, a Dutch-style windmill, and a golden lotus archway that is painted white and topped with gold lotus blossoms.<ref name="Temples" /> The archway frames the [[Mahatma Gandhi]] World Peace Memorial, an outdoor shrine wherein a 1,000-year-old Chinese [[sarcophagus]] holds a portion of Mahatma Gandhi's ashes.<ref name="Temples" /><ref>{{cite news |last=O'Connor |first=Pauline|title=Pacific Palisades|date=26 June 2008 |location=Los Angeles |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-26-gd-neighbors26-story.html}}</ref>

[[File:SRF San Diego Cypress Trees.jpg|alt=SRF San Diego - Cypress trees|thumb|A view of Cypress trees at SRF San Diego Temple hand planted by Paramahansa Yogananda]]

=== San Diego Temple ===
Yogananda established the San Diego Temple in [[Bankers Hill, San Diego]], on 5 September 1943, during [[World War II]]. The front walkway of the temple is lined with cypress trees planted by Yogananda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sandiegotemple.org/about/|title=Self-Realization Fellowship - San Diego Temple |website=sandiegotemple.org |access-date=12 April 2023}}</ref> In 1945, [[Mrinalini Mata]], then fourteen-year-old Merna Brown, first met Yogananda at this temple, and a year later, entered the ashram in Encinitas.<ref name="Temples" />

=== Twentynine Palms ===
Yogananda spent most of the last four years of his life in seclusion at his desert ashram in Twentynine Palms, California, with some of his closest disciples. He completed his writings there, including the revisions of his books, articles, and previous lessons.<ref name="Gita">{{cite book |last=Yogananda |first=Paramahansa |title=God Talks With Arjuna - The Bhagavad Gita |page=xii |year=1995 |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |location=Los Angeles, California |isbn=0-87612-030-3}}</ref><ref name="Temples" />

==Reception, views and controversies==
As of 1992, SRF had several hundred thousand members. It has had widespread influence through its publications, but it has struggled to preserve the confidentiality of the lessons from its home-study course – similar lessons have been provided by unaffiliated sources. SRF responded by including in its publications a copyright statement and a certification that SRF is the society founded by Yogananda to convey his teachings.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=186–187}}

=== Celebrity involvement ===
[[George Harrison]] frequently cited SRF's founder, Yogananda, as an important spiritual influence;<ref>{{cite magazine|author=((Appleford, Eliscu, Saraceno))|date=14 February 2002 |title=Harrison still giving to charity |magazine=Rolling Stone|issue=889 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="NYT-2014" /><ref name="tbi">{{cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |title=The Story of Paramahansa Yogananda,the Man Who Took Yoga Beyond Indian Shores |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/59103/paramahansa-yogananda-international-yoga-day/ |access-date=2017-07-10 |work=thebetterindia.com|date=21 June 2016 }}</ref> on visits to Los Angeles, Harrison spent time at the SRF retreat in Encinitas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Green, Joshua M. |year=2006 |title=George Harrison's Spiritual Life |publisher=[[Hinduism Today]] January, February, March 2006 issue |location=New York |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/january-february-march-2006/2006-01-george-harrison-s-spiritual-life/}}</ref><ref name="NYT-2014" /><ref name="tbi" /> According to Straight Arrow Press, in the United States the "proceeds from the January 14, 2002, reissue of George Harrison's 1970 song ''[[My Sweet Lord]]'' will go to the Self-Realization Fellowship".<ref>{{cite book |title=The George Harrison Encyclopedia |pages=120 |publisher=Virgin Books |isbn=978-0-7535-0822-0 |last1=Harry |first1=Bill |year=2003}}</ref> His funeral was held at SRF's Lake Shrine.<ref name=":4" />

[[Ravi Shankar]] had met Yogananda in the 1930s and gave his first U.S. concert at the SRF Encinitas Retreat, Encinitas, California in 1957.<ref name="NYT-2014" /><ref name="tbi" />

[[Elvis Presley]] often visited SRF in the late 1960s. According to Louis Sahagun of the LA Times, [[Bruce Mars|Brother Paramananda]], "who left a promising acting career to devote his life to the fellowship", said that Elvis had once said to him: "Man, you made the right choice. People don't know my life or that I sometimes cry myself to sleep because I don't know God."<ref name="Sahagun">{{cite news |last=Sahagun |first=Louis|title=Guru's Followers Mark Legacy of a Star's Teachings|date=6 August 2006 |location=Los Angeles |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-06-me-swami6-story.html}}</ref>

=== Lawsuit with Kriyananda ===
{{See also|Kriyananda#Legal cases}}
In 1990, SRF filed suit against James Donald Walters (aka [[Kriyananda]]) and his organization, Ananda Church of Self-Realization, regarding Ananda's use of ''Self-Realization'' in their name and their use of specific writings, photographs and recordings of Paramahansa Yogananda. According to Louis Sahagún of the Los Angeles Times, SRF wanted "to secure exclusive rights to Yogananda's teachings, name, likeness, voice and use of the term 'self-realization'". The litigation continued from 1990 to 2002, when the final jury trial was held in the [[US District Court for the Eastern District of California]]. Jurors ultimately agreed with Self-Realization Fellowship's argument that Yogananda had repeatedly made his intentions clear before dying – he wanted the Fellowship to maintain copyrights to his works. The court ordered Ananda to pay about [[US$]]29,000 to SRF for its earnings from SRF's sound recordings, and a judge suggested that Ananda not remove ''Ananda'' from its name, to which it agreed. However, the court did not require Ananda to pay damages for using written works for educational or religious purposes. It also determined that the terms ''Paramahansa Yogananda'' and ''self-realization'' could not be trademarked.<ref name="jury">{{cite news | first =Doug | last =Mattson | title=Jury: Copyrights violated by church | location =Grass Valley, CA | newspaper=[[The Union (newspaper)|The Union]]| date= 30 October 2002}}</ref><ref name="Sahagun" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Edy |first=Carolyn |date=June 2003 |title=Who Owns Yogananda? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 |journal=Yoga Journal |issue=174 |pages=26 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

=== Paternity claim ===
Ben Erskine claimed that Yogananda was probably his father; his mother having been a disciple of Yogananda's in the late 1920s. Erskine's daughter Peggy made paternity claims and financial demands, but DNA tests determined that there was no blood relationship between Yogananda and Erskine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Watanabe |first1=Teresa |title=DNA Clears Yoga Guru in Seven-Year Paternity Dispute |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jul-11-me-guru11-story.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=11 July 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg|first=Philip |title=American Veda |year=2012 |publisher=Harmony|edition = 1|isbn=978-0-385-52135-2 |pages= 246–247}}</ref>

=== SRF expansion project ===
SRF submitted a draft of their expansion project for its headquarters atop Mt. Washington, Los Angeles, CA, planning, over a 30-year period, the construction of a "museum, additional office space, classrooms, counseling facilities, underground parking and more living quarters for cloistered monks and nuns…",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramos |first1=George |title=City Report Spurs Debate on Church's Planned Expansion |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-apr-28-me-24422-story.html |access-date=12 May 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=28 April 2000}}</ref> but withdrew the plan when it realized it did not have widespread support from local residents.<ref name="Williamson" />{{Rp|page=73}}

==Bibliography==
{{main| Paramahansa Yogananda bibliography}}

== See also ==
* [[Lahiri Mahasaya]]
* [[New religious movement]]
* [[Yukteswar Giri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |title=The Social Significance of a Western Belief in Reincarnation: A Qualitative Study of the Self-Realization Fellowship |first=Jane Robinson |last=Dillon |publisher=Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, San Diego. |year=1998 |oclc=39462309}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Self-Realization Fellowship}}

* {{Official website|https://yogananda.org/}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|SRF Articles of Incorporation 1935}}

{{Paramahansa Yogananda|state=expanded}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{New Religious Movements}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:International Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Yoga organizations]]
[[Category:Paramahansa Yogananda]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Mount Washington, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1920]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in California]]

Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987

2026-04-13T22:15:58Z

RicoSturdivant: Put up first post basic info

{{Short description|Repealed Indian legislation (1985–2000)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987
| image = | imagesize = 150
| imagelink = | imagealt = | caption = | long_title = An Act to make special provisions for the prevention of, and for coping with, terrorist and disruptive activities and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/TADA.HTM Act No. 28 of 1987]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted =
| date_assented = 3 September 1987 | date_signed = | date_commenced = 24 May 1987
| bill = | bill_citation = | bill_date = | introduced_by = | 1st_reading = | 2nd_reading = | 3rd_reading = | white_paper = | committee_report =
| amended_by = Act 16 of 1989, Act 43 of 1993
| repeals =
| status = Repealed
| related_legislation = | summary = | keywords = }}
'''Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987''', commonly known as '''TADA''', was an Indian anti-terrorism law which was in force during the governments of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]], between 1985 and 1995 (modified in 1987) amid the [[Punjab insurgency]] and applied to the whole of India. It was originally assented to by the President on 23 May 1985<ref name="Zaidi">{{harvnb|Zaidi|2002|p=288}}</ref> and came into effect on 24 May 1985.<ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1985/E-0828-1985-0252-36137.pdf Gazette of India notification]</ref> This act was intended to halt the [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan Movement]], an armed Sikh separatist movement present in [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]]. It later expanded to encompass other states as well. The Act had a [[sunset provision]] for lapsing after two years post-commencement, which it did on 24 May 1987. The Parliament not being in session, the life of the Act could not be extended. But the provisions were kept alive by an ordinance effective from the expiry date of the Act.<ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1987/E-0710-1987-0020-30804.pdf Gazette notification of the ordinance]</ref> This ordinance was later replaced with the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987. It was assented to on 3 September 1987, and made effective in two parts from 24 May 1987 and 3 September 1987. This also had a sunset provision of two years from 24 May 1987. It was renewed in 1989, 1991 and 1993 before being allowed to lapse in 1995 due to increasing unpopularity after widespread allegations of abuse.<ref name="Kalhan 2006">{{cite journal| first=Anil| last=Kalhan |ssrn=970503|title=Colonial Continuities: Human Rights, Antiterrorism, and Security Laws in India|year=2006|publisher=20 Colum. J. Asian L. 93|display-authors=etal}}</ref> It was the first anti-terrorism law legislated by the government to define and counter terrorist activities.<ref name="satp">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/TADA.HTM#7A|title=(THE) Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (PREVENTION) ACT, 1987|publisher=satp.org|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

The Act's third paragraph gives a very thorough definition of "[[Terrorism in India|terrorism]]":

{{blockquote|"Whoever with intent to overawe the Government as by law established or to strike terror in the people or any section of the people or to alienate any section of the people or to adversely affect the harmony amongst different sections of the people does any act or thing by using bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances or inflammable substances or lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other chemicals or by any other substances (whether biological or otherwise) of a hazardous nature in such a manner as to cause, or as is likely to cause, death of, or injuries to, any person or persons or loss of, or damage to, or destruction of, property or disruption of any supplies or services essential to the life of the community, or detains any person and threatens to kill or injure such person in order to compel the Government or any other person to do or abstain from doing any act, commits a terrorist act."}}

==Powers==
The law gave wide powers to [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] for dealing with national terrorist and 'socially disruptive' activities.<ref name="Zaidi"/> The police were not obliged to produce a detainee before a [[Magistrate|judicial magistrate]] within 24 hours.<ref name="Zaidi"/> The [[Suspect|accused]] person could be detained up to 1 year.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Confessions made to police officers was admissible as [[evidence]] in the court of law, with the [[Legal burden of proof|burden of proof]] being on the accused to prove his innocence.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Courts were set up exclusively to hear the cases and deliver judgements pertaining to the persons accused under this Act.<ref name="Zaidi"/> The trials could be held in camera with the identities of the witnesses kept hidden.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Under 7A of the Act, Police officers were also empowered to [[Attachment (law)|attach]] the [[Property|properties]] of the accused under this Act. Under this act police have no rights to give third degree or harassed anyone to speak as mentioned in the act.

==Criticism==
The Act was widely criticised by human rights organisations as it contained provisions violating human rights.<ref name="Kalhan 2006"/><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Human Rights in India: Kashmir Under Siege|author1=Asia Watch Committee (U.S.)|author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization)|date=1991|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=9780300056143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrGwSsSchRUC|page=111|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111213/jsp/northeast/story_14872900.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314135808/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111213/jsp/northeast/story_14872900.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2014|title=Court acquits 29 booked under Tada|publisher=telegraphindia.com|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> The criticism are centred on the following facts:

*Under the Act, whoever advocates directly or indirectly for [[cession]] or [[secession]] in any part of India is liable to be punished.
*The Act provides that a person can be detained up to one year without formal charges or trial against him.
*Section 20 of the Act provides that detainee can be in police custody up to 60 days, which increases the risk of [[torture]]. Also the detainee need not be produced before a judicial magistrate but instead may be produced before an executive magistrate, who is an official of police and administrative service and is not answerable to the high court.
*The trial can be held secretly at any place, with the identity of the witnesses being secret, which violates international standards of fair trials.
*The Act reverses the presumption of innocence of the accused under the Act. Under section 21 of the Act, the person who is accused of committing a terrorist act if arms and explosives were recovered or made confessions to someone other than a police officer or provided financial assistance for the commission of the terrorist act or by suspicion that the person has arms or explosives or financial assistance to commit the terrorist act, that person shall be presumed to be guilty unless the contrary is proved.
*Confessions to a police officer not below the rank of superintendent of the police can be used as evidence against a person.
*Section 19 of the Act bars appeals by persons accused under it except to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].

==Impact==
The number of people arrested under the act had exceeded 76,000, by 30 June 1994.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Twenty-five percent of these cases were dropped by the police without any charges being framed.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Only 35 percent of the cases were brought to trial, of which 95 percent resulted in acquittals.<ref name="Zaidi"/> Less than 2 percent of those arrested were [[Conviction|convicted]].<ref name="Zaidi"/> The TADA act was ultimately repealed and succeeded by the [[Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act]] (2002-2004) and this act was subsequently repealed after much controversy as well.<ref name="indiacode">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiacode.nic.in/rspaging.asp?tfnm=200426|title=aaa|publisher=indiacode.nic.in|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Yet many continue to be held under TADA.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Supreme Court ruling==
The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] has held that mere membership of a banned organisation does not make the member liable for the punishment under this Act.<ref>Arup Bhuyan Vs. State of Assam- Criminal Appeal No. 889 of 2007</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anti-terrorism legislation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite book
|year=2002
|last=Zaidi
|first=S. Hussain
|title=[[Black Friday – The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts]]
|publisher= Penguin Books
|location=Mumbai, India
|isbn=978-0-14-302821-5
}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/TADA.HTM TERRORIST AND DISRUPTIVE ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1987]
* [https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/india-bck1121.htm India Human Rights Press Backgrounder – Anti-Terrorism Legislation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terrorist And Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act}}
[[Category:Terrorism laws in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1985]]
[[Category:1993 Bombay bombings]]
[[Category:1993 in Indian law]]
[[Category:1987 in India]]
[[Category:1989 in India]]
[[Category:1991 in India]]
[[Category:1995 in India]]
[[Category:Repealed Indian legislation]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Repealed Acts of the Parliament of India]]

Afghan cricket team in India in 2026

2026-04-12T17:58:38Z

RicoSturdivant: new

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Afghan cricket team in India in 2026
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg
| team2_name = Afghanistan
| from_date = 6
| to_date = 20 June 2026
| team1_captain =
| team2_captain =
| no_of_tests = 1
| team1_tests_won =
| team2_tests_won =
| team1_tests_most_runs =
| team2_tests_most_runs =
| team1_tests_most_wickets =
| team2_tests_most_wickets =
| player_of_test_series =
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won =
| team2_ODIs_won =
| team1_ODIs_most_runs =
| team2_ODIs_most_runs =
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets =
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets =
| player_of_ODI_series =
}}

The [[Afghanistan cricket team]] is scheduled to tour India in June 2026 to play the [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/schedule-for-afghanistan-s-multi-format-tour-of-india-unveiled |title=Schedule for Afghanistan's multi-format tour of India unveiled |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://acb.af/en-US/post/afghanatalan-to-tour-india-for-a-solitary-test-and-three-odis |title=AfghanAtalan to Tour India for a Solitary Test and Three ODIs |work=[[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref> The tour will consist of one [[Test cricket|Test]] and three [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-afghanistan-for-one-test-and-three-odis-in-june-1526608 |title=India to host Afghanistan for one Test and three ODIs in June |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Program |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> In March 2026, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2026 home international season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/XSvoAXx9 |title=Schedule for Afghanistan's Tour of India announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>

==Only Test==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 6–10 June 2026
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}

| score-team1-inns1 =
| runs-team1-inns1 =
| wickets-team1-inns1 =

| score-team2-inns1 =
| runs-team2-inns1 =
| wickets-team2-inns1 =

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[New Chandigarh]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = 
}}

== ODI series ==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 June 2026
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 June 2026
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527152.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 June 2026
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}


==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/afghanistan-in-india-2026-1527147 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2026}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afghan cricket team in India in 2026}}
[[Category:2026 in Afghan cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2026]]
[[Category:Afghan cricket tours of India]]

T. Chinnasamy

2026-04-12T14:27:46Z

RicoSturdivant: Put up the info first draft

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. Chinnasamy
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1918
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.
| constituency1 = [[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| predecessor1 = Nataraia Odayar
| successor1 = D. K. Naidu
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''T. Chinnasamy''' (Venkatachalam) was an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hailed from the [[Chinnasalem]] area in the [[Kallakurichi district]] and received his education at the Chinnasalem Primary School. Representing the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party, he contested and won the [[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1962 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency]] to become a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).<ref>Madras Legislative Assembly Who Who 1962. Madras-9: Legislative Assembly Department. April 1962. p. 52.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1962===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kallakurichi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chinnasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,084 |percentage=48.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vedamanickam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,837 |percentage=36.61% |change=+14.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sadayan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=4,537 |percentage=8.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kaliaperumal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,989 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,247 |percentage=12.14% |change= 12.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,447 |percentage=59.79% |change= -9.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,264 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 26.92% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Sanjaysinh Mahida

2026-04-12T00:40:19Z

RicoSturdivant: Put up the entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjaysinh Mahida
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mahudha Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = 1980
| birth_place = Mahudha, [[Kheda district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| alma_mater = Shree Saraswati School
| education = Class 10 (1998)
| profession = Politician
| father = Vijaysinh Mahida
}}

'''Sanjaysinh Mahida''' (born 1980)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sanjaysinh Vijaysinh Mahida(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MAHUDHA(KHEDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6150 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Mahudha Assembly constituency in [[Kheda district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Mahudha Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Sanjaysinh Vijaysinh Mahida Wins From Mahudha , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/mahudha-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568260 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mahida is from [[Mahudha]], Kheda district, Gujarat. He is the son of Vijaysinh Mahida. He completed his secondary education at Shree Saraswati School in 1998. He later, discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Mahida won from [[Mahudha Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He polled 91,900 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Indrajitsinh Parmar of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 25,689 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahudha Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Sanjaysinh Vijaysinh Mahida Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/mahudha-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562693.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06118.htm?ac=118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131175724/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06118.htm?ac=118 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahudha Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Mahudha constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/mahudha-118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203032011/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/mahudha-118 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here">{{cite news |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |date=21 October 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=17 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahida, Sanjaysinh}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Kheda district]]

Akshata Deshpande

2026-04-11T10:22:13Z

RicoSturdivant: stub!

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshata Deshpande
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|09|19}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-akshata-deshpande-enjoys-a-vacation-with-friends/articleshow/101154873.cms|title=TV actress Akshata Deshpande enjoys a vacation with friends|website=The Times of India|date=21 June 2023 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Belgaum]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018–present
| other_names =
| relatives =
}}

'''Akshata Deshpande''' (born 19 September 1999)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2023/05/20/actress-akshatha-deshpande-ravishing-pictures.html|title=Akshata Deshpande – അക്ഷത ദേശ്പാണ്ഡെ|website=manoramaonline.com}}</ref> is an Indian television actress best known for her work on [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] television, including a lead role in the serial ''Mathe Vasantha''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-this-time-i-am-able-to-celebrate-ugadi-with-my-parents-in-hometown-says-akshatha-deshpande/articleshow/98904645.cms|title=Exclusive! "This time, I am able to celebrate Ugadi with my parents in hometown," says akshatha deshpande|website=The Times of India|date=22 March 2023 }}</ref>

==Career==
Deshpande started her career in modelling. She made her acting debut with ''Mathe Vasantha'' on [[Star Suvarna]], along with Rakshit in lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-am-not-quitting-matte-vasantha-says-akshatha-deshpande/articleshow/83255775.cms|title=I am not quitting Matte Vasantha serial, says akshatha deshpande|website=The Times of India|date=5 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/the-response-to-mathe-vasantha-is-truly-overwhelming-akshatha-deshpande/articleshow/81721032.cms|title=The response to Mathe Vasantha is truly overwhelming: akshatha deshpande|website=The Times of India|date=27 March 2021 }}</ref> She replaced Deepa Jagadeesh in the Kannada Serial ''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]'' on [[Udaya TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/akshatha-deshpande-replaces-deepa-jagadeesh-in-kavyanjali/articleshow/83136487.cms|title=Akshatha Deshpande replaces Deepa Jagadeesh in Kavyanjali|website=The Times of India|date=June 2021 }}</ref>

In 2023, Akshata debuted in her first [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] serial, ''Anamika,'' which airs on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/akshatha-deshpande-bags-lead-role-in-a-new-tamil-daily-soap-says-i-have-been-working-hard-for-it-for-a-long-time/articleshow/101125805.cms|title=Akshatha Deshpande bags lead role in a new Tamil daily soap, says, "I have been working hard for it for a long time"|website=The Times of India|date=20 June 2023 }}</ref>

==Television==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2018 || ''AmruthaVarshini'' || Amrutha "Ammu" and Varshini "Varsha" || ||
|-
| 2020{{endash}}2021 || ''Mathe Vasantha'' || Ambika || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Suvrana Superstar'' || Guest || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tejaswini-shekar-akshatha-deshpande-and-ashwini-to-feature-in-suvarna-superstar/articleshow/80431683.cms|title=Tejaswini Shekar, Akshatha Deshpande and Ashwini to feature in Suvarna Superstar|website=The Times of India|date=24 January 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020{{endash}}2022 ||''[[Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)|Kavyanjali]]''|| Anjali ||
|
|-
| 2022{{endash}}2024|| ''Kateyondu Shuruvagide'' || Krithi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/since-my-bond-with-my-elder-sister-is-very-strong-in-real-life-i-could-easily-relate-to-krithi-and-her-love-for-her-sibling-sisters-katheyondu-shuruvagide-actress-akshatha-deshpande/articleshow/99292828.cms|title="Since my bond with my elder sister is very strong in real life, I could easily relate to Krithi and her love for her siblingsisters," Katheyondu Shuruvagide actress Akshatha Deshpande|website=The Times of India|date=6 April 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024{{endash}}2025|| ''Anamika'' || Anamika||Tamil debut ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-anamika-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/101101142.cms|title=New TV serial 'Anamika' to launch soon; deets inside|website=The Times of India|date=19 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|2024{{endash}}present || ''Ninnu Kori'' || Chandrakala||Telugu debut||
|-
|2024{{endash}}2026 || ''Chikkejamani'' || Kaveri || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/actress-akshata-deshpande-returned-to-television-through-the-serial-chikkejamani-088741.html|title='ಕಥೆಯೊಂದು ಶುರುವಾಗಿದೆ' ಎಂದಿದ್ದ ಅಕ್ಷತಾ ದೇಶಪಾಂಡೆ ಈಗ 'ಚಿಕ್ಕೆಜಮಾನಿ'; ಈ ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಬಹುದು?|website=Filmibeat Kannada|date=9 September 2024 |language=Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=12809374}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Akshata}}
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

A. S. Kannan

2026-04-07T06:20:58Z

RicoSturdivant: post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. S. Kannan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|7|7|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 =[[K. Sundaram]]
| successor1 = [[P. Balaraman ]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India ]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = small scale business man
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''A. S. Kannan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He is from [[Ponneri]] town in the [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur district]]. A member of the [[Communist Party of India]], he successfully contested the 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election from the [[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri constituency]] and became a Member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 46-48.</ref><ref>https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2001/tamil-nadu/ponneri/40/23425/153</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponneri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Kannan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=81,408 |percentage=54.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,018 |percentage=36.22% |change=-25.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Duraikkannu |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,319 |percentage=2.90% |change=-2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Devarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,753 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. D. Rathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,211 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaseelan |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=1,326 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Maran |party=Independent politician |votes=827 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,390 |percentage=18.36% |change= -13.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,49,143 |percentage=61.24% |change= -6.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,43,530 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, A.S.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2022

2026-04-03T21:53:48Z

RicoSturdivant: started data

{{short description|Indian reality television program}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Saregamapalilchamps2022.webp
| image_alt = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'l Champs 2022
| caption =
| num_episodes = 30
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|10|15}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2023|01|22}}
| prev_season = [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2020|2020]]
| next_season = [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2023|2023]]
}}

'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2022''''' is the ninth season of the Indian child singing reality show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]'', which is based on the long-running reality show, ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''.<ref name="Tellychakkar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-little-champs-exclusive-when-the-show-will-premiere-television-220920 |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Little Champs: Exclusive! This is when the show will premiere on television |website=Tellychakkar.com |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019135447/https://wreddismorce.com/land?c=UZyThP8IoHLdmzRXen9ago_ia-E%3D&cnv_id=166a0ba85926ef4593900141202bc697&placement=17707919&campaign=637424&sub1=637424 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was originally broadcast on [[Zee TV]] from October 2022 to January 2023.{{not verified in body|date=January 2024}}

==Programming==
Open auditions were held in five cities, screening 2000 potential contestants. The show premiered on Zee TV<ref name="Outlook">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/bharti-singh-my-mother-raised-me-to-be-an-independent-woman-news-230747 |title=Bharti Singh: My Mother Raised Me To Be An Independent Woman |date=18 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019135433/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/bharti-singh-my-mother-raised-me-to-be-an-independent-woman-news-230747 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/09/zee-tv-organises-activities-during-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-li-l-champs-season-9-auditions |title=Zee TV organises activities during Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs Season 9 auditions |date=22 September 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019135445/https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/09/zee-tv-organises-activities-during-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-li-l-champs-season-9-auditions |url-status=live}}</ref> and Zee5 simultaneously on 15 October 2022 at 21:00 IST.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Contestant status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height: 25px; width: auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestants
!Position
!Status
!Date of Elimination
|-

| bgcolor="silver" |
|[[Jetshen Dohna Lama]]
|1st
|bgcolor=lightgreen|Winner
|22 Jan
|-
|bgcolor="silver"|
|Harsh Sikandar
|2nd
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|22 Jan
|-
|bgcolor=gold|
|{{Nowrap|Dnyaneshwari Ghadge}}
|3rd
|style="background:#7FFFD4"|{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|22 Jan
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |
|Atanu Mishra
|4th
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|3rd Runner-up}}
|22 Jan
|-
| bgcolor="gold" |
|Atharv Bakshi
|5th
|style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|4th Runner-up}}
|22 Jan
|-
| bgcolor="gold" |
|Rafa Yeasmin
|6th
|style="background:#FF00FF;" |{{nowrap|5th Runner-up}}
|22 Jan
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |
|Aarohi Soni
|7th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|14 Jan
|-
|bgcolor="gold" |
|Devika Sharma
|8th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|14 Jan
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |
|Palakshi Dixit
|9th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|1 Jan
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |
|{{Nowrap|Prajyot Gundale}}
|10th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|1 Jan
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |
|{{Nowrap|Harmeher Kaur Kalsey}}
|11th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|4 Dec
|-
|bgcolor=silver|
|Rajdeep Ghosh
|12th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|4 Dec
|-
|bgcolor=gold|
|Asham Ali Khan
|13th
|bgcolor=salmon|Eliminated
|20 Nov
|-
|}

==Judges and host==
The show is judged by music composer [[Anu Malik]], playback singer [[Neeti Mohan]] and singer and composer [[Shankar Mahadevan]]. The show is hosted by Indian comedian [[Bharti Singh]].<ref name="Outlook"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ianslive.in/news/shankar_mahadevan_finds_mini_manna_dey_in_sa_re_ga_ma_pa_li_l_champs_contestant-910485/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |title=Shankar Mahadevan finds 'Mini Manna Dey' in 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs' contestant |website=IANS Live |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019135440/https://ianslive.in/news/shankar_mahadevan_finds_mini_manna_dey_in_sa_re_ga_ma_pa_li_l_champs_contestant-910485/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shankar-mahadevan-finds-mini-manna-dey-in-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-li-l-champs-contestant-news-228478 |title=Shankar Mahadevan Finds 'Mini Manna Dey' In 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs' Contestant |date=8 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010031647/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shankar-mahadevan-finds-mini-manna-dey-in-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-li-l-champs-contestant-news-228478 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tellychakkar"/>

== Guests ==
{{multiple issues |section=yes |1=
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
{{excessive examples |section|date=January 2024}}
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!{{nowrap|Guest(s)}}
!{{nowrap|Ep No.}}
!Date
!Remarks
|-
|[[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Kriti Sanon]]
| rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |6 November 2022
|Promotion of film ''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]''
|-
|[[Rahul Deshpande]]
|to support contestant Dnyaneshwari
|-
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
|9
|12 November 2022
|Mithun Chakraborty and Padmini Kolhapure Special
|-
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]
|10
|13 November 2022
|Mithun and Disco Special.
Also, [[Vijay Benedict]] and [[Babbar Subhash]] made brief appearance as guest
|-
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|11
|19 November 2022
|Asha Bhosale special
|-
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Pyarelal]] (of Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo)
and wife Sunila
| rowspan="2" |12
| rowspan="2" |20 November 2022
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammed Rafi]] night
|-
|Shahid Rafi (Son of [[Mohammed Rafi]])
|-
|[[Rajesh Roshan]] and [[Rakesh Roshan]]
|13
|26 November 2022
|The Roshans special
|-
|[[Kajol|Kajol Devgan]] and [[Vishal Jethwa]]
|14
|27 November 2022
|Kajol Degan 30 Years Special and ''[[Salaam Venky]]'' promotion
|-
|[[Hema Malini]]
|15
|3 December 2022
|Dream of Heros Special
|-
|[[Nitin Mukesh]]
|16
|4 December 2022
|100 Years of [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
|[[Jeetendra]] and [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
|17
|10 December 2022
|The Dancing Heros special
|-
|[[Tusshar Kapoor]] and [[Seerat Kapoor]]
|18
|11 December 2022
|Fathers the Superheroes special, ''[[Maarrich]]'' promotion
|-
|[[Rohit Shetty]], [[Ranveer Singh]],
[[Pooja Hegde]] and [[Varun Sharma]]
|19
|17 December 2022
|Promotion of film ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''
|-
|[[Aruna Irani]]
|20
|18 December 2022
|Late [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] and Aruna Irani Special
|-
|[[Karisma Kapoor]]
|21
|24 December 2022
|Celebrating The Kapoors Family
|-
|[[Chhota Bheem]] and [[Little Singham]]
(Indian animated charatacters)
|22
|25 December 2022
|Christmas special
|-
|[[Anandji Virji Shah]] and Shanta Anandji Shah
|23
|31 December 2022
|Romance Special
|-
|[[Jaya Prada]]
|24
|1 January 2023
|Celebrating 50 years of Jaya Prada
|-
|[[Kumar Sanu]]
|25
|8 January 2023
|Dada ki Dadagiri Special
|-
|[[Kumar Sanu]]
|26
|9 January 2023
|Kumar Sanu special
|-
|[[Asha Parekh]]
|27
|14 January 2023
|Rajesh Khanna special
|-
|[[Satish Kaushik]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|29
|21 January 2023
|promotion of film ''[[Chhatriwali (film)|Chhatriwali]]''
|-
||[[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Amit Trivedi]] and [[Anurag Kashyap]]
|30
|22 January 2023
|For supporting finalist and promotion of Almost Pyaar with film ''DJ mohabbat''.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

{{Reality-tv-prog-stub}}

List of cultural, technical and sports festivals in IITs and NITs

2026-04-01T07:56:03Z

RicoSturdivant: Adding details...

{{short description|None}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{see also|List of cultural festivals in Indian colleges}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}

This is a '''list of [[Culfest|cultural]] and technical festivals''' held in [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs) and [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs) throughout [[India]]. Some colleges may combine these festivals with sports or other activities, while others may hold separate sports festivals. The list only consists of festivals with a Wikipedia page.

For a list of all festivals in India, see [[List of cultural festivals in Indian colleges]].

==Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)==

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" ! |State/UT
! rowspan="2" ! |Location
! rowspan="2" ! |Name of IIT
! colspan="2" ! | [[Cult Fest|Cultural festival]]
! colspan="2" ! |Technical festival
! colspan="2" |Sports festival
|-
!Name
!First held
!Name
!First held
!Name
!First held
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Varanasi]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi|IIT (BHU) Varanasi]] || [[Kashiyatra]] || 1981|| || || ||
|-
| [[Odisha]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|IIT Bhubaneswar]] || [[Alma Fiesta]] ||2009|| [[Wissenaire]] ||2010|| Ashvamedha||
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] || [[Mood Indigo (festival)|Mood Indigo]] || 1971 || [[Techfest]] || 1998 || Aavhan || 2017
|-
| [[Delhi]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] || [[Rendezvous (festival)|Rendezvous]] || 1976 || Tryst || || ||
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || [[Dhanbad]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad|IIT (ISM) Dhanbad]] || [[Srijan]] ||1977|| Concetto || || Parakram ||
|-
| [[Assam]] || [[Guwahati]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]] || [[Alcheringa (Festival)|Alcheringa]] || 1996 || [[Techniche]] || 1999 || Spirit||
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Kanpur]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] || [[Antaragni]] || 1966 || [[Techkriti]] || 1995 || [[Udghosh]] || 2002
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || [[Kharagpur]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]] || [[Spring Fest]] || 1960 || || || Shaurya||
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] || [[Saarang]] || 1974 || [[Shaastra]] || 2000 || ||
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Mandi, India|Mandi]]|| [[Indian Institute of Technology Mandi|IIT Mandi]] || [[Exodia]] ||2012|| || || Rann-neeti||
|-
| [[Bihar]] || [[Patna]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]] || [[Anwesha]] || 2010 || || || Infinito||
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Roorkee]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|IIT Roorkee]] || [[Thomso (festival)|Thomso]] || 1980s || [[Cognizance, IIT Roorkee|Cognizance]]|| 2003|| Sangram||
|
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || [[Jodhpur]] || [[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur|IIT Jodhpur]] || Ignus || 2008 || Prometeo|| 2008|| Varchas|| 2008||
|}

==National Institutes of Technology (NITs)==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |State/UT
! rowspan="2" ! |Location
! rowspan="2" ! |Name of NIT
! colspan="2" ! | [[Cult Fest|Cultural Festival]]
! colspan="2" ! |Technical Festival
|-
!Name
!First held
!Name
!First held
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Allahabad]]|| [[NIT Allahabad|MNNIT Allahabad]] || [[Culrav]] || 1986|| ||
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Bhopal]]|| [[NIT Bhopal|MANIT Bhopal]] || || || [[Technosearch]] ||2003
|-
| [[Kerala]] || [[Kozhikode]]|| [[NIT Calicut]] || [[Ragam (festival)|Ragam]] ||1987|| [[National Institute of Technology Calicut#Tathva|Tathva]]||
|-
| [[Haryana]] || [[Kurukshetra]]|| [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra|NIT Kurukshetra]] || || || [[Techspardha]] || 1995
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || [[Jamshedpur]]|| [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur|NIT Jamshedpur]] || || || [[Ojass]] || 2004
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Nagpur]]|| [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur|VNIT Nagpur]] || [[Aarohi]] ||1988|| ||
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || [[Surathkal]]|| [[NIT, Surathkal|NIT Surathkal]] || [[Incident (festival)|Incident]] ||1980|| ||
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Trichy]]|| [[National Institute of Technology, Trichy|NIT Trichy]] || [[Festember]]||1975|| [[Pragyan (festival)|Pragyan]]||2005
|-
| [[Telangana]] || [[Warangal]]|| [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal|NIT Warangal]] || [[SpringSpree]] ||1978|| ||
|}

==See also==
*[[List of cultural festivals in Indian colleges]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{National Institutes of Technology}}

[[Category:College festivals in India|*Technology]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology festivals| 01]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Technology|L]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India|L]]
[[Category:Technical festivals in India|L]]
[[Category:Lists of festivals in India|cultural technical Iit]]
[[Category:Lists of cultural festivals|India, technology]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cultural, technical and sports festivals in IITs and NITs}}

Yakuza E-Vehicles

2026-03-26T05:42:08Z

RicoSturdivant: Put up a details w/ refs

{{notability|1=Companies|date=March 2025}}
{{Short description|Electric vehicle manufacturing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Yakuza E-Vehicles
| logo =
| logo_alt = Yakuza Electric Vehicles
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
*[[Electric vehicles]]
*[[Motorcycle]]}}
| services = {{unbulleted list| Motor Vehicle Manufacturing | Motor Vehicle Distribution | EV Batteries }}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2019||}}
| founder = Dr. Dipanshu Mehta Nishant Chawla 
| area_served = [[India]] [[Nepal]]
| key_people = Dr. Dipanshu Mehta (MD) Nishant Chawla (Director)
| products = {{Unbulleted_list|Yakuza Rubie|Yakuza Neu}}
| subsid =
| owner = Maa Luxmi E-Vehicles Private Limited
| website = {{URL|https://www.yakuzaev.com/}}
| location = [[Sirsa]], [[Haryana]], India
}}

'''Yakuza E-Vehicles''' is an Indian [[Electric motorcycles and scooters|electric two-wheeler]] manufacturer headquartered in [[Sirsa]]. It was founded by Dr. Dipanshu Mehta in November 2019. It has EV manufacturing facilities in [[Sirsa, Haryana]], [[Memari|Memari, West Bengal]], [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Kodikonda, Sri Sathya Sai, Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gwalior|Samudan, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem, Tamil Nadu]].
==History==
Yakuza EV was founded in 21st November 2019 by Dr. Dipanshu Mehta. Yakuza Electric Vehicles comes under parent company Maa Luxmi E-Vehicles Private Limited. Yakuza launched its mother plant in Sirsa, Haryana.<ref>{{cite news |title=From fields to factories: Haryanas Sirsa emerges as electric vehicle hub |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/from-fields-to-factories-haryanas-sirsa-emerges-as-electric-vehicle-hub/ |work=[[The Tribune (India)]] |language=en}}</ref>

Yakuza produced its first electric scooter (Yakuza Rubie) in 2019. In 2023, Yakuza launched its first budget-friendly EV car.<ref>{{cite news |title=खुशखबरी ! आ गई देश की सबसे सस्ती इलेक्ट्रिक कार, Bike के बराबर है कीमत |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/auto/cars/auto-news-cheapest-electric-car-in-india-yakuza-karishma-features-and-price-stb/articleshow-xlqox5i |work=[[Asianet News|Asianet News Hindi]] |language=hi |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312085206/https://hindi.asianetnews.com/auto/cars/auto-news-cheapest-electric-car-in-india-yakuza-karishma-features-and-price-stb/articleshow-xlqox5i |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=इस इलेक्ट्रिक कार को देख याद आ जाएगी नैनो, कीमत 1 से 2 लाख रुपये |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/automobile/tata-nano-like-electric-car-yakuza-karishma-ev-price-1-to-2-lakh-2615882.html |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |date=17 May 2024 |language=hi |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312122832/https://www.tv9hindi.com/automobile/tata-nano-like-electric-car-yakuza-karishma-ev-price-1-to-2-lakh-2615882.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.yakuzaev.com/}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2019]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Scooter manufacturers]]
[[Category:Electric scooters]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle industry]]
[[Category:companies based in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sirsa, Haryana]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Puducherry Prevention of Anti-social Activities Act, 2008

2026-03-25T18:17:43Z

RicoSturdivant: started post

{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 150
| enacted_by = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Puducherry Prevention of Anti-social Activities Act, 2008''' (PPASA) is an act of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry assembly]] which provides for preventive detention of boot-leggers, dangerous persons, forest offenders, gamblers, ''[[goonda]]s'' and property grabbers for prevention of their anti-social and dangerous activities prejudicial to the maintenance of public order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://police.pondicherry.gov.in/THE%20PUDUCHERRY%20PREVENTION%20OF%20ANTI-SOCIAL%20ACTIVITIES%20ACT.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Gazette of Puducherry : THE PUDUCHERRY PREVENTION OF ANTI-SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ACT, 2008 |date=17 December 2010 |website=Police.pondicherry.gov |access-date=2016-12-29}}</ref>

The bill was introduced in the assembly on 20 October 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/10/20/bill-to-curb-anti-social-activities-introduced-1224502989.html|title=Bill to curb anti-social activities introduced|date=20 October 2008|website=Oneindia.com |access-date=2016-12-29}}</ref> and the act came into effect from 27 October 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/modified-prevention-of-antisocial-activities-bill-passed/article856740.ece |title=Modified Prevention of Anti-social Activities Bill passed - TAMIL NADU |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-10-29 |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Tamil Nadu Goondas Act]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Organised crime in India}}

[[Category:State legislation in India]]
[[Category:Crime in India]]
[[Category:Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Acts related to organized crime]]

{{india-law-stub}}

2025 Union budget of India

2026-03-23T12:34:53Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{Short description|Government budget}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government budget
|title = [[Union Budget of India]]
|bill= [https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2025-26/doc/AFS/allafs.pdf Annual Financial Statement of the Central Government for the year 2025-26] [https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2025-26/doc/Finance_Bill.pdf The Finance Bill, 2025]
|presented = 1 February 2025
|parliament = [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|debt = {{decreasepositive}} 56.1% of [[GDP]]
|deficit = {{decreasepositive}} 4.4% of [[GDP]]
|surplus =
|debt_payment =
|tax_cut = Complete tax rebate on income upto ₹12.75 lakh
|spending =
|Total_Expenditures = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|50.65|t|year=2025|to=USD}}
|Total_Revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|34.96|t|year=2025|to=USD}}
|chancellor =
|treasurer =
|total revenue =
|minister = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|passed = 1 February 2025
|submitted_to = [[Parliament of India]]
|year = 2025
|url = {{URL|https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/}}
|government=[[Third Modi ministry]]|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|date_submitted = 1 February 2025
|submitter = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] [[Finance Minister of India|Minister of Finance]]
|caption = [[Emblem of India]]
|imagesize = 100px
|bill_link=|image = Emblem_of_India.svg
|next_year = 2026
|next_budget = 2026 Union budget of India
|previous_year = 2024
|previous_budget = 2024 Union budget of India
|country = India
|gdp = {{Increase}} 4.271 Trillion
}}

The '''2025 Union budget of India''' was presented by [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] on 1 February 2025 for the financial year 2025–2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-02-01 |title=Nirmala Sitharaman creates history with 8th consecutive Union Budget |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/nirmala-sitharaman-creates-history-with-8th-consecutive-union-budget/article69167323.ece |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This was the first full financial year budget of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi|Narendra Modi's]] [[third Modi ministry|third term]] in office.

== Major announcements ==

=== Taxation reforms ===
* Zero Income Tax up to 12 Lakh: Under the new tax regime, no income tax will be levied on incomes up to ₹12 lakh.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-01 |title=Income Tax slabs 2025: No income tax payable on income up to ₹12 lakh, says Nirmala Sitharaman during Budget 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2025-no-income-tax-payable-on-income-up-to-12-lakh-says-nirmala-sitharaman/article69167571.ece |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=New Income Tax Slabs in Budget 2025: Now, zero income tax for those earning up to Rs 12 lakh annual income |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/budget/new-income-tax-slab-and-rates-9811457/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Income in upwards of ₹12 lakh will be levied tax according to the revamped tax slabs. The tax rates for the old tax regime, however, remain unchanged.
* TDS and TCS Rationalization: The limit for tax deduction at source (TDS) on interest for senior citizens has been doubled from ₹50,000 to ₹1 lakh, and the annual limit for TDS on rent increased from ₹2.40 lakh to ₹6 lakh.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-01 |title=Income Tax Budget 2025: New norms for TDS, TCS in Union Budget |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/new-norms-for-tdstcs-in-union-budget-2025/article69168115.ece |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Tax Exemption: Withdrawals made from the National Savings Scheme by individuals on or after 29 August, 2024, will be exempt from tax.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2025-02-01 |title=Budget 2025 exempts withdrawals from NSS a/cs up to August 29, 2024 from tax |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/fm-announces-changes-in-nss-accounts/articleshow/117820634.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* Extension of Time-Limit to File Income Tax Returns: The deadline to file updated returns has increased from two to four years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deadline to file updated tax return extended in Budget 2025 |url=https://m.economictimes.com/wealth/tax/time-limit-to-file-updated-income-tax-return-extended-in-budget-2025/articleshow/117823625.cms}}</ref>
* New Income Tax Bill: This bill seeks to simplify tax regime and reduce compliance burden. The bill was tabled in the Parliament in the subsequent half of the budget session.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Budget 2025: Propose to introduce new income tax bill next week, says FM Sitharaman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/budget-2025-propose-to-introduce-new-income-tax-bill-next-week-says-fm-sitharaman/article69167488.ece}}</ref>

=== Focus on agriculture ===
Source:<ref name=Key>{{Cite web |title=Key Features of Budget 2025-2026 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2025-26/doc/bh1.pdf}}</ref>
* Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana
* Enhanced Credit through KCC: Facilitate short term loans for 7.7 crore farmers, fishermen, and dairy farmers with enhanced loan of ₹5 lakh.
* Developing Self-Reliance in Pulses: Launch a 6-year Mission with special focus on Tur, Urad, and Masoor.
* Establishment of a Makhana Board in Bihar

=== Increased expenditure in science and innovation field ===
Source:<ref name=Key/>
* Research, Development & Innovation: An allocation of ₹20,000 crore has been made to implement a private sector-driven research, development, and innovation initiative.
* PM Research Fellowship: To provide ten thousand fellowships for technological research in IITs and IISc.
* Gene Bank for Crops Germplasm: The second Gene Bank, housing 10 lakh germplasm lines, will be established to ensure future food and nutritional security.

=== Export promotion ===
Source:<ref name=Key/>
* Incentivising Electronics and EVs: Exemptions will be granted for open cells used in LED/LCD TVs, looms for textiles, and capital goods for lithium-ion batteries used in mobile phones and electric vehicles.
* Promotion of MRO: A 10-year exemption will be granted on goods used for shipbuilding and ships meant for breaking. Additionally, the time limit for the export of railway goods imported for repairs will be extended.
* Trade Facilitation: A time limit has been set for the finalization of provisional assessments. A new provision allows for the voluntary declaration of material facts after clearance and duty payment, with interest but without penalty. Additionally, the IGCR (Import General Customs Rules) have been amended to extend the time limit to one year and allow for the filing of quarterly statements instead of monthly ones.
*Leather Goods: Wet blue leather will be fully exempted from basic customs duties, aiming to promote domestic consumption and enhance exports to other nations.<ref>{{ Cite web |title=Budget 2025: From Cancer Drugs To Leather Goods, Full List Of What's Getting Cheaper And Costlier After Nirmala Sitharaman's Speech |url=https://www.news18.com/business/budget-2025-costlier-and-cheaper-items-price-changes-tax-hikes-gst-live-updates-9209259.html}}</ref>

== Tax changes ==

=== Revised Income Tax Slabs ===
The tax slabs for the new tax regime were revised. Income up to ₹12 lakh will be exempted from taxation. Owing to a revised standard deduction of ₹75,000, income up to ₹12,75,000 will be exempted from income tax.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01|title=No income tax payable on income up to 12 lakh, says Nirmala Sitaraman|url= https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2025-no-income-tax-payable-on-income-up-to-12-lakh-says-nirmala-sitharaman/article69167571.ece/|website=The Hindu |language=en}} </ref>

This was the fourth revision of minimum taxable income under the [[premiership of Narendra Modi|premiership]] of [[Narendra Modi]]. The minimum taxable income was increased in 2014 from ₹2 lakh to ₹2.5 lakh, further raised to ₹5 lakh in 2019, ₹7 lakh in 2023, and ₹12 lakh in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01|title=No income tax payable on income up to 12 lakh, says Nirmala Sitaraman|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2025-no-income-tax-payable-on-income-up-to-12-lakh-says-nirmala-sitharaman/article69167571.ece/|website=The Hindu |language=en}} </ref> The minimum taxable income, however, only applies in a scenario the total income is within ₹12 lakh. Once income breaches the ₹12,75,500 threshold (accounting for the standard deduction amounting to ₹75,000), income above ₹4 lakhs will be taxed per the revised tax slabs.

The tax slabs outlined hereunder will be applicable under the new tax regime for those with income above ₹12.75 lakh. The updated tax rates are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
!Tax Rate
!Slab before budget
!Slab after budget
|-
|Nil
|Up to ₹3 lakh
|Up to ₹4 lakh
|-
|5%
|₹3 lakh to ₹7 lakh
|₹4 lakh to ₹8 lakh
|-
|10%
|₹7 lakh to ₹10 lakh
|₹8 lakh to ₹12 lakh
|-
|15%
|₹10 lakh to ₹12 lakh
|₹12 lakh to ₹16 lakh
|-
|20%
|₹12 lakh to ₹15 lakh
|₹16 lakh to ₹20 lakh
|-
|25%
|No slab
|₹20 to ₹24 lakh
|-
|30%
|Above ₹15 lakh
|Above ₹24 lakh
|}
The standard deduction was increased from ₹50,000 to ₹75,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=Budget 2025: No taxes till Rs 12.75 lakh to 25% new tax rate included -- new tax-related changes announced |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/tax/story/budget-2025-no-taxes-till-rs-1275-lakh-to-25-new-tax-rate-included-new-tax-related-changes-announced-462985-2025-02-01|access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== New regime tax rates and savings ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Budget 2025: New vs Old Tax regime -- how tax savings will differ with new tax brackets |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/tax/story/union-budget-2025-new-vs-old-tax-regime-how-tax-savings-will-differ-with-new-tax-brackets-463051-2025-02-01}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Comparison of income tax liability under Old Regime, New Regime (2024) and New Regime (2025) for salaried individuals (with ₹75,000 standard deduction)
! Taxable Income (₹)
! Old Regime (₹)
! New Regime (2024) (₹)
! New Regime (2025) (₹)
! Savings Over 2024 New Regime (₹)
! Savings Over 2024 New Regime (%)
|-
| 5,00,000 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100%
|-
| 7,50,000 || 65,000 || 26,000 || 0 || 26,000 || 100%
|-
| 10,00,000 || 1,17,000 || 52,000 || 0 || 52,000 || 100%
|-
| 12,00,000 || 1,79,400 || 83,200 || 0 || 83,200 || 100%
|-
| 12,75,000 || 2,02,800 || 96,200 || 0 || 96,200 || 100%
|-
| 15,00,000 || 2,73,000 || 1,45,600 || 48,750 || 96,850 || 67%
|-
| 20,00,000 || 4,29,000 || 3,01,600 || 1,28,000 || 1,73,600 || 58%
|-
| 25,00,000 || 6,24,000 || 4,79,600 || 3,53,000 || 1,26,600 || 26%
|-
| 30,00,000 || 7,41,000 || 6,13,600 || 4,78,000 || 1,35,600 || 22%
|-
| 45,00,000 || 12,09,000 || 10,81,600 || 9,28,000 || 1,53,600 || 14%
|-
| 50,00,000 || 13,65,000 || 12,37,600 || 10,78,000 || 1,59,600 || 13%
|-
| 60,00,000 || 24,05,500 || 22,88,000 || 20,78,000 || 2,10,000 || 9%
|-
| 70,00,000 || 34,45,000 || 33,28,000 || 30,78,000 || 2,50,000 || 8%
|-
| 80,00,000 || 44,85,500 || 43,68,000 || 40,78,000 || 2,90,000 || 7%
|-
| 90,00,000 || 55,25,000 || 54,08,000 || 50,78,000 || 3,30,000 || 6%
|-
| 1,00,00,000 || 65,65,000 || 64,48,000 || 60,78,000 || 3,70,000 || 6%
|-
| 2,00,00,000 || 1,33,25,000 || 1,32,08,000 || 1,22,78,000 || 9,30,000 || 7%
|-
| 3,00,00,000 || 1,64,45,000 || 1,63,28,000 || 1,53,78,000 || 9,50,000 || 6%
|-
| 4,00,00,000 || 2,68,45,000 || 2,67,28,000 || 2,57,78,000 || 9,50,000 || 4%
|-
| 5,00,00,000 || 3,72,45,000 || 3,71,28,000 || 3,61,78,000 || 9,50,000 || 3%
|}

== Allocation of Expenditure to the government ==
The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] and the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] accounted for over 50% of the total governmental expenditure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry wise Summary of Budget Provisions |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2025-26/doc/eb/sumsbe.pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Ministry
!Total Expenditure (crores)
!Percentage of Total Expenditure (%)
|-
|[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
|₹19,39,001
|38.279%
|-
|[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|₹6,81,210
|13.448%
|-
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
|₹2,87,333
|5.672%
|-
|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|₹2,55,445
|5.043%
|-
|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
|₹2,33,210
|4.604%
|-
|[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
|₹2,15,767
|4.259%
|-
|[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]]
|₹1,90,405
|3.758%
|-
|[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers]]
|₹1,61,965
|3.197%
|-
|[[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
|₹1,37,756
|2.719%
|-
|[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]
|₹1,28,650
|2.539%
|-
|[[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]
|₹1,08,105
|2.134%
|-
|[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
|₹99,858
|1.971%
|-
|[[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
|₹99,502
|1.964%
|-
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
|₹96,777
|1.910%
|-
|[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]
|₹38,613
|0.762%
|-
|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
|₹32,646
|0.644%
|-
|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
|₹26,889
|0.530%
|-
|[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
|₹26,549
|0.524%
|-
|[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
|₹26,026
|0.513%
|-
|[[Department of Atomic Energy]]
|₹24,049
|0.474%
|-
|[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
|₹23,168
|0.457%
|-
|[[Ministry of Power (India)]]
|₹21,847
|0.431%
|-
|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
|₹20,516
|0.405%
|-
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|₹19,326
|0.381%
|-
|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]]
|₹18,446
|0.364%
|-
|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
|₹14,925
|0.294%
|-
|[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
|₹14,886
|0.293%
|-
|[[Department of Space]]
|₹13,416
|0.264%
|-
|[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]]
|₹11,561
|0.228%
|-
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries]]
|₹7,680
|0.151%
|-
|[[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
|₹7,544
|0.148%
|-
|[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
|₹6,100
|0.120%
|-
|[[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]
|₹5,915
|0.116%
|-
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]]
|₹5,850
|0.115%
|-
|[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
|₹5,471
|0.108%
|-
|[[Ministry of Textiles]]
|₹5,272
|0.104%
|-
|[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]]
|₹4,364
|0.086%
|-
|[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
|₹4,358
|0.086%
|-
|[[Ministry of AYUSH]]
|₹3,992
|0.078%
|-
|[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
|₹3,794
|0.074%
|-
|[[Ministry of Earth Sciences]]
|₹3,649
|0.072%
|-
|[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
|₹3,412
|0.067%
|-
|[[Ministry of Steel]]
|₹3,362
|0.066%
|-
|[[Ministry of Culture]]
|₹3,360
|0.066%
|-
|[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]
|₹3,350
|0.066%
|-
|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]]
|₹3,038
|0.059%
|-
|[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
|₹2,708
|0.053%
|-
|[[Ministry of Tourism (India)]]
|₹2,541
|0.050%
|-
|[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
|₹2,470
|0.048%
|-
|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
|₹2,400
|0.047%
|-
|The [[President of India]], [[Parliament Of India]], [[Union Public Service Commission]] and the Secretariat of the [[Vice President of India]]
|₹1,906
|0.037%
|-
|[[Ministry of Cooperation]]
|₹1,186
|0.023%
|-
|[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]
|₹1,185
|0.023%
|-
|[[Ministry of Planning (India)|Ministry of Planning]]
|₹1,006
|0.019%
|-
|[[Ministry of Coal]]
|₹501
|0.009%
|-
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
|₹66
|0.001%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''₹50,65,345'''
|'''100%'''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|0}}
{{authority control}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite report |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2025-26/doc/AFS/allafs.pdf |title=ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT FOR 2025-2026 |last=Sitharaman |first=Nirmala |author-link=Nirmala Sitharaman |date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025}}
*{{Cite report |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2025-26/doc/Finance_Bill.pdf |title=The Finance Bill, 2025 |last=Sitharaman |first=Nirmala |author-link=Nirmala Sitharaman |date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025}}

{{Union budget of India}}
[[Category:Union budgets of India]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian economy]]

Garhwal Himalayas

2026-03-18T14:47:33Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{short description|Mountain ranges in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox mountain
|name = Garhwal Himalayas
|native_name =
|photo = Garhwal Himal from Camels Back (5281754856).jpg
|photo_caption = Garhwal Himalaya from "Camel's Back", [[Uttarakhand]]
|country = [[India]]
|region=
|subdivision3_type = State
|subdivision3 = [[Uttarakhand]]
|borders_on =

|highest = [[Nanda Devi]]
|elevation_m = 7817
|elevation_ref =
|coordinates = {{coord|30|22|23|N|79|58|15|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline}}
|coordinates_ref =

|length_km =
|width_km =
|area_km2 =
|length_orientation=
|width_orientation =
|length_ref =
|width_ref =
|area_ref =
|parent = [[Himalayas]]
|map = India
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Location in India
|range_coordinates={{coord|30.6170|N|78.9010|E|source:wikidata|format=dms|display=it}}
|range_coordinates_ref=
}}
[[File:Garhwal Himal from Camels Back (5281754856).jpg|300px|thumb|Garhwal Himalaya from "Camel's Back", [[Uttarakhand]], India]]
The '''Garhwal Himalayas''' are mountain ranges situated in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rawat|first=Ajay S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC&dq=Garhwal+Himalaya&pg=PA33|title=Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective|date=November 2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-136-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapadia|first=Harish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KptmxrqhKl4C&q=Curzon+Trail&pg=PP1|title=Across Peaks & Passes in Garhwal Himalaya|date=1999|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-097-2|language=en|author-link=Harish Kapadia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=an empirical study of Garhwal Himalaya|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287647789|access-date=2021-07-12|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>
__NOTOC__
== Geology ==
This range is also a part of the Himalayan [[Sivalik Hills]], the outer most hills of the Himalaya located in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].

==Major peaks==
{{#invoke:Mountains Prism|list|m|rank,name,elev,prom,fa,tcoords
|7817^[[Nanda Devi]]
|7756^[[Kamet]]
|7434^[[Sunanda Devi]]
|7355^[[Abi Gamin]]
|7274^[[Mana Peak]]
|7242^[[Mukut Parbat]]
|7120^[[Trisul]]
}}

== Demographics ==
The towns which are included in these ranges are [[Pauri]], [[Tehri]], [[Uttarkashi]], [[Rudraprayag]], [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], and [[Chota Char Dham]] pilgrimage namely [[Gangotri]], [[Yamunotri]], [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]]. Some of the sites of the location are the hill stations of [[Mussoorie]],<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Siwalik Hills |volume=25 }}</ref> [[Dhanaulti]], [[Auli, India|Auli]], [[Chopta]]. The [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], [[Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks]], is also located in Garhwal Himalaya.

==See also==
* [[Garhwal division]]
* [[List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{Wikivoyage|Garhwal}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}
{{Asia topic|Climate of}}}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]

Masjid-e-Hindan

2026-03-16T15:20:25Z

RicoSturdivant: general refine lead for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Gurdwara in Tehran, Iran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Masjid-e-Hindan''' ({{langx|fa|مسجد هندان|4=Mosque of the Indians}}) is a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[gurdwara]] in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.sikhreview.org/june2001/diary.htm Prime Minister pays homage at Teheran Gurdwara] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101542/http://www.sikhreview.org/june2001/diary.htm |date=2011-07-18 }}. ''Sikh Review'', June 2001</ref> The gurdwara was established in 1941 and serves Tehran's very small [[Sikhism in Iran|Sikh community]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-visit-iran-gurdwara/articleshow/52364802.cms|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi to visit Iran Gurdwara|first=Dipanjan Roy|last=Chaudhury|date=20 May 2016|via=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-announces-chair-in-name-of-guru-nanak-for-11-universities-2381217.html|title=Punjab CM Amarinder Singh Announces Chair in Name of Guru Nanak for 11 Universities|website=News18}}</ref> Despite its name, the complex is not an [[Mosque|Islamic mosque]], and is given its name due to the Muslim majority in Iran.{{CN|date=March 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tehran Province}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Iran]]

{{Iran-struct-stub}}
{{Sikhism-stub}}
{{Asia-religious-struct-stub}}

Platilda Dias

2026-03-15T03:52:44Z

RicoSturdivant: started a article

{{Short description|Indian singer and comedian (born 1949)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Platilda Dias
| image = Platilda Dias (cropped).jpg
| caption = Afonso in 2016
| birth_name = Maria Platilda Afonso
| birth_place = [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Betalbatim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| education = Escola Commercial Tecnica ([[Lyceum]])
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|8|2|df=y}}
| years_active = 1959–2003; 2018–present
| spouse = Ivo Dias
| children = 4
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|comedian|actress}}
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/platilda.dias}}
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=91460|title=Panaji: Tiatr Academy Goa to Honour 11 Tiatr Artistes on Dec 14|website=daijiworld.com|access-date=2024-05-18|archive-date=2023-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811150300/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=91460|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Maria Platilda Afonso e Dias''' (born 2 August 1949) is an Indian singer, comedian, and actress known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], television, and ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre) productions.

==Early life==
Displaying a passion for music from an early age, Platilda began her singing journey during her school years. She actively participated in the [[church choir]] and engaged in singing competitions held at her school, often collaborating with her brother Aires.<ref name=":0" /> It is worth noting that Afonso's father was employed in [[Karachi]], [[British India]], while her mother possessed a singing voice. Around the year 1957–58, when Afonso was approximately eight years old, her residence became the site of an annual [[Feast of the Cross|cross feast]], located just outside their house. These feasts attracted the attention of the [[Head teacher|director]] of the nearby Portuguese school (known as ''Aula''), who resided in their neighborhood and would attend the [[novena]]s (a series of nine religious devotions). During one such novena, Afonso and her brother Aires, who were studying in Portuguese, were inspired by the previous singers and spontaneously sang along with the [[rosary]] in Portuguese. Impressed by their talent, the organizers extended an invitation to Afonso and her brother to perform at one of the [[Calendar of saints|feasts]]. Following this, the local [[catholic priest]] in Betalbatim acknowledged Aires' talent in singing and extended an invitation to him to perform the song "Veronica" for the [[liturgical drama|passion play]] during the [[Lent]] period at their [[parish church]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=159–161}}</ref>

In 1959, Professor Alicia orchestrated a ceremony to commemorate her first prize achievement in [[paddy cultivation]], which had been bestowed by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese administration]] that year. The event was graced by the presence of the [[Governor-general]], who was invited to attend. During this gathering, Afonso and her brother Aires showcased their musical prowess, captivating the then Governor-general of [[Portuguese India]], [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva]], who was specially summoned to present the award. Professor Alicia, director of ''Iscola de Portuguese'', was honored with the Golden Konnos accolade. In the course of their performance, Afonso and her brother demonstrated their vocal talents, impressing the Governor-general to such an extent that he sought a personal encounter with them. Deeply moved by their abilities, he extended a generous offer of [[scholarship]]s for their educational pursuits and graciously invited them to his residence in [[Miramar, Goa|Porta de Gaspar Dias]]. In preparation for the occasion, Professor Tertoliano DSa, a [[violinist]], trained Afonso and her brother in executing a harmonious Portuguese [[duet]] entitled "Que Saudades," which served as a tribute to the Governor-general, who did not comprehend the [[Konkani language]]. Subsequently, Afonso and her brother achieved recognition within their local community as accomplished singers. Later that same year, the village youth organized a theatrical production known as a "''[[tiatr]]''", a customary form of entertainment prevalent in rural areas during that era. Eager to include Afonso and Aires in the performance, they approached Afonso's mother for consent. However, her mother declined the request, citing the necessity of obtaining Afonso's father's authorization, as he happened to be situated in [[Karachi]], [[British India]] at the time.<ref name=":2" />

In the rural village of [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Betalbatim]], a group of young boys, led by Afonso's future husband Ivo Dias, a ''tiatr'' writer, approached Professor Alicia with a request. Professor Alicia, in turn, approached Afonso's mother to obtain permission for Afonso and her brother to participate in their endeavors. Afonso's mother agreed to correspond with Afonso's father in Karachi, seeking his consent. After a period of correspondence, Afonso's father granted permission, taking into account the respectable backgrounds of the boys involved and their commitment to the village. Ivo provided the Afonso siblings with three songs: one [[solo (music)|solo]] for Aires, one solo for Afonso, and a [[duet]] for Afonso and her brother, Aires. Their performances in the village garnered acclaim, propelling them to local fame. As a result, they received an invitation to showcase their talent at the [[Majorda]] ''tiatr''. Established ''[[tiatrist]]s'' such as [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[M. Dod de Verna]], and [[Kid Boxer]] were also part of this event. Impressed by the singing abilities of Afonso and her brother Aires, these professionals expressed a keen interest in learning more about their background and place of residence. M. Dod, in particular, visited their home the very next day to meet Afonso's mother. Although initially hesitant, Afonso's mother eventually relented, granting permission for Afonso and Aires to participate exclusively in village ''tiatrs'', provided that M. Dod would ensure their safe return. The siblings embarked on a series of village ''tiatrs'', collaborating with both local playwrights and contractors. Through these engagements, Afonso and Aires had the opportunity to interact with established artists such as [[M. Boyer]], Jacinto Vaz, [[Remmie Colaço]], and the Trio Kings.<ref name=":2" /> In their debut ''tiatr'' under M. Dod's guidance, Afonso captivated audiences with a duet alongside her brother, garnering appreciation.<ref name=":0" />

M. Boyer found himself in need of a young performer and selected Afonso's brother, Aires, to join him in Bombay for his theatrical production titled ''Kazarache Ratri'' (Wedding Night). Aires delivered a performance that received acclaim. In a subsequent production called ''Thevoi Thomas'', written by M. Dod de Verna, Afonso and her brother were cast and embarked on an extensive tour for about year. Despite not receiving remuneration in the form of shares, they were generously gifted monetary contributions in envelopes by the audience as a token of appreciation for their performances in these local theater productions. In due course, Afonso and her brother became members of the Young Stars of Goa, a [[theater group]] formed by [[Nelson Afonso]], where they established themselves as regular contributors to the ''tiatr'' scene as [[child artist]]es.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Afonso's talent gradually caught the attention of popular directors, propelling her into the spotlight. Initially performing alongside her brother Aires, she expanded her collaborations to include other male singers, showcasing her vocal abilities. Her talent attracted several male singers who eagerly sought to perform [[duet]]s with her. Afonso's professional acting debut occurred in the ''[[tiatr]]'' production ''Dha Mandament'' ([[Ten Commandments]]), directed by Jephsis Hitler, where she entertained audiences with her acting skills. Subsequently, she received a growing number of offers, leading to her breakthrough role in the acclaimed ''tiatr Kantteantlem Ful'' (Thorn Flower), produced by [[Star of Curtorim]]. The performance was presented by members of the Young Stars of Goa collective. This widely performed production garnered significant praise in both [[Goa]] and [[Bombay]], providing Afonso with extensive exposure and establishing her as a recognized figure in the realm of ''tiatr''. During her stage career, Afonso married her fiancé Ivo Dias, who himself was a semi-professional ''[[tiatrist]]'' from their shared village. Following a hiatus to fulfill family commitments, Afonso made a return to the stage, captivating audiences once again with her performances.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=243–245 |language=en |access-date=2024-04-25 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Afonso became a leading figure in the field of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater during the 1990s, receiving significant support from her husband Ivo, who recognized her acting and singing abilities. Despite Ivo having retired from the stage, he encouraged Afonso to pursue her talents. Afonso successfully transitioned to comedy roles, establishing herself as the leading female comedienne in the [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]] scene. Afonso's mere presence on stage would elicit laughter from the audience. Her poise, along with her fluent delivery of the "[[Salcete]]-Konkani" or "Saxtti" dialect, charmed theatergoers and proved to be an aspect of her performances. Afonso's talent took her to various countries abroad, including the [[Gulf countries]] and the [[United Kingdom]], where she captivated audiences with her acting skills as a ''tiatrist''. Throughout Goa and Bombay, Afonso remained in high demand, consistently entertaining theater enthusiasts with her comedic roles. Her versatility extended beyond acting, as she showcased her singing prowess through [[audio cassette]]s and performances on platforms such as [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]. Afonso's talent was not limited to the theater, as she also ventured into [[telefilm]]s and was even considered for a significant role in a [[feature film]] during the mid-1990s. Over the course of her career, Afonso had the privilege of working with popular Konkani directors in the Konkani theater industry, including [[C. Alvares]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Robin Vaz]], [[Aristides Dias]], [[M. Dod de Verna]], [[J. P. Souzalin]], [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony D'Sa]], [[Anthony Mendes]], [[John Claro]], and [[Mike Mehta]].<ref name=":1">Meet the artiste: Maria Platilda Afonso e Dias via [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] publication (10 May 2018)</ref> Furthermore, Afonso occasionally participated in [[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|non-stop shows]], further demonstrating her talent and versatility as an artist.<ref name=":0" />

Afonso, as a vocalist, exhibited her musical prowess by engaging in collaborative performances ranging from [[duo (music)|duos]], [[duet]]s, [[trio (music)|trios]] to [[quartet]]s. A significant portion of her [[repertoire]] comprises compositions by her husband, Ivo, who is recognized for his adeptness as a [[lyricist]] and prior involvement in dramatic endeavors. While she frequently collaborated with her brother, Aires, in duets, Afonso also found success in partnering with Tony Sax and Luis Rod. Her artistic ventures have led her on extensive tours across the Gulf countries, where she has enthralled audiences through her participation in ''[[tiatr]]'' and [[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell-tiatr]] productions. Throughout her career, Afonso has embraced a diverse array of roles, embodying characters such as a mentally unstable woman, a youthful [[Lady-in-waiting|damsel]], a comedic figure, simpleton, drunkard, [[Kunbi]], mother, old lady, and various other archetypes, thereby showcasing her versatility as an actress. She harbors a particular sentiment towards her depiction of a university student in the theatrical production ''Hello Daddy'', under the direction of Mike Mehta. Afonso showcased a portrayal as a genuine ''bhattkann'' (landlady) during a performance, that left an impression with the audience, astonishing spectators who failed to recognize her in that particular show. Her affinity for comedic roles and skill in uplifting the audience's spirits have made her a sought-after choice for directors of ''khell-tiatr'' productions. In 2018, Afonso made a return to the stage after a 15-year hiatus, gracing the ''tiatr production Tukai Tench Assa'' written and directed by [[Sharon Mazarello]].<ref name=":1" /> In this production, she assumed the role of Marikin, a character fluent in Portuguese, alongside [[Wilson Mazarello]], who portrayed Santu. Additionally, Afonso participated in a well-received trio performance alongside Josephine and [[Jessie Dias]], which garnered an [[encore]] from the audience.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Senior tiatrists shine bright in this familial drama |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=130434 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Afonso is the sibling of Aires, who also actively participated in the [[Tiatr|Konkani performing arts]]. Afonso entered into marriage with Venancio Antonio lyode Tadeu "Ivo" Dias, a former semi-professional ''[[tiatr]]'' writer and composer.<ref name=":0" />

Afonso's success as an artiste can be attributed to her diligent approach to her craft. She is known for her meticulous study of scripts and her commitment to understanding and portraying her roles authentically. Drawing inspiration from individuals in her immediate environment, Afonso keenly observes their moods, mannerisms, and nuances, refining her performances accordingly. She places great importance on [[Character arc|character development]] and portrayal.<ref name=":1" /> As of 2012, Afonso was a resident of Thondwaddo, [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Betalbatim]], [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |archive-date=2023-08-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===The moustache incident===
During a ''tiatr'' performance, Afonso was engaged to [[Jacinto Vaz]], a fellow actor known for always donning a [[Fake moustache|false mustache]]. However, a peculiar incident occurred on a particular day that led to an unexpected turn of events. As Afonso energetically moved about the stage, her hand inadvertently made contact with Jacinto's mustache, causing it to dislodge and fall off. The audience burst into laughter, much to Jacinto's dismay, as he felt his pride wounded. Sensing the need to rectify the situation, Afonso quickly devised a clever plan. With quick thinking, she addressed Jacinto, uttering the words, "Tum muge mai-paik muko friendly ass mhun kollot mhun heo mixeo laita nhu? Pun mhaka tum sarko kess dissot to choichea zaieo mixio nastanam," which loosely translates to, "Are you wearing this mustache in fear of my parents since you're so friendly with me? However, I'm curious to witness your appearance without it." Afonso's [[impromptu]] remark not only managed to salvage the performance but also garnered applause from the audience. In the aftermath of the scene, Jacinto's anger subsided, and he expressed his gratitude by embracing Afonso for her quick wit and ability to avert a potentially embarrassing situation.<ref name=":2" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1960s
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|Duo singer
|Debut as singer
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1960s
|''Thevoi Thomas''
|Duo singer
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Dha Mandament''
|Unnamed role
|Debut as an actor
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Kantteantlem Ful''
|Young girl from convent
|
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2013-10-19 |title=Platilda Dias: Tiatr machiechem ek 'finest' kolakar |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/19oct_av_ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Amcho Avaz via [[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113012603/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/19oct_av_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1980s
|''Hello Daddy''
|University student
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2018
|''Tukai Tench Assa''
|Marikin
|Also trio singer
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

==Select filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1969
|''Mhoji Ghorkan''
|Unnamed role
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|1988
|''Girestkai''
|Uncredited
|Video film
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming home to familiar haunts |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Coming-home-to-familiar-haunts-/167790 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424093339/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Coming-home-to-familiar-haunts-/167790 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|Untitled film
|Unnamed role
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4485193}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Platilda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Taukeer Alam

2026-03-13T09:10:27Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{Short description|Indian conservationist, citizen ornithologist and scientist}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Taukeer Alam Lodha<ref name="earlybird"/>
|image =File:Taukeer Alam.jpg
|caption=Alam in November 2019
|image_size =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Rajaji National Park]],<ref name="scroll"/> [[Uttarakhand]], India
|death_place =
|occupation = {{Hlist |Environmentalist |citizen scientist}}
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Taukeer Alam Lodha''' is an Indian [[nature conservation]]ist, writer, [[community education|community educator]] and birder from [[Uttarakhand]]. He has documented the traditional knowledge of the [[Van Gujjar people]] from the [[Sivalik Hills]] region, authoring three books<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fellow Update: Taukeer Alam |url=https://inlaksfoundation.org/community/updates/fellow-update-taukeer-alam/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Inlaks Shivdasani Foundation |language=en}}</ref> and translating over 170 children's books in his native language, [[Van Gujjari]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Free Online Children's Stories To Read {{!}} StoryWeaver |url=https://storyweaver.org.in/en/stories?language=Van%20Gujjari%20%28Devanagari%20Script%29&query=&sort=Ratings |website=storyweaver.org.in/ |access-date=11 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He has established community-based education from displaced Van Gujjar families and worked with the state forest department to educate over 4,000 students on [[environmental protection]].<ref name=":0"/> He is a 2022 [[Inlaks Shivdasani]] Fellow,<ref name=":0" /> a [[Sanctuary Asia]] awardee<ref name="pioneer">{{cite web |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=Sanctuary Asia awardees honoured by BTDT |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/sanctuary-asia-awardees-honoured-by-btdt.html |website=The Pioneer |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and a [[Tata Steel|Samvaad Fellow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Steel Foundation: Funding and celebrating tribal communities |url=https://causebecause.com/tata-steel-foundation-funding-celebrating-tribal-communities/7983 |website=CauseBecause |access-date=29 December 2024 |date=29 December 2020}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Gju-Taukeer-Alam-Introduction.webm|thumb|Alam introducing himself in documentary ''MarginalizedAadhaar'']]
Alam was born into the [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjar tribe]] in [[Uttarakhand]], and grew up in [[Rajaji National Park]], developing an early interest in observing wildlife, particularly birds.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Arpita |title=Meet Taukeer Alam, the school dropout who has become one of Uttarakhand's top birders |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/895647/meet-taukeer-alam-the-school-dropout-who-has-become-one-of-uttarakhands-top-birders |website=Scroll.in |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en |date=19 November 2018}}</ref> His grandparents were [[transhumance|nomadic pastorialists]], migrating from Rajaji with their [[water buffalo]] herds to the grasslands in the upper [[Himalayas]] during summer, and migrating back to Rajaji post monsoons. In 1983 Rajaji was declared a national park, forcing the Van Gujjars to quit pastorialism and relocate outside of the forest, and work as agricultural labourers. Following a larger disruption in 2003 his family moved to [[Gaindi Khata]] near [[Haridwar]] when he was nine. He was admitted to school but dropped out<ref name="pioneer"/> within days, staying at home for the following two years. In 2018 he graduated from high school through [[distance education]].<ref name="vikalpsangam">{{cite web |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Arpita |title=Meet Taukeer Alam, the school dropout who has become one of Uttarakhand's top birders |url=https://vikalpsangam.org/article/birder-taukeer-alam-uttarakhand/ |website=Vikalp Sangam |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en |date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

== Career ==
At the age of 18, he started assisting researchers from the [[Bangalore]]-based [[Centre for Ecological Sciences]] at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] that were then visiting Rajaji and<ref name="sanctuarynaturefoundation">{{cite web |title=Taukeer Alam |url=https://sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/award/taukeer-alam |website=sanctuarynaturefoundation.org |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> ecologist Soumya Prasad invited him to assist in research.<ref name="scroll"/> Later he joined the [[Nature Science Initiative]] at [[Dehradun]] as a field coordinator where he taught himself data collection and analysis,<ref name="pioneer"/> assisting in field research.<ref name="scroll"/> In six years he became one of the most prominent birders from Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web |title=eBirders - Uttarakhand, India - eBird |url=https://ebird.org/region/IN-UL/ebirders?yr=BIGDAY_2018a |website=ebird.org |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="mongabay">{{cite news |last1=Chandramouli |first1=Kartik |title=[Video] Binoculars showed the way to this 23-year-old citizen scientist |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2018/07/video-binoculars-showed-the-way-to-this-23-year-old-citizen-scientist/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=Mongabay-India |date=11 July 2018}}</ref>

== Community education ==
It was reported in 2023 that Alam and his friends conducted a survey in 2018 or earlier, finding out about 600 out of 3,200 being enrolled in schools, and only about 100 attending schools.<ref name="villagesquare">{{cite web |last1=Thakur |first1=Jyoti |title=Community classrooms sow hope among Van Gujjar children |url=https://www.villagesquare.in/community-classrooms-sow-hope-among-van-gujjar-children/ |website=Village Square |access-date=29 December 2024 |date=30 January 2023}}</ref> In 2018 he and with his Van Gujjar friends established a school in [[Laldhang]] to teach children from the Van Gujjar settlements.<ref name="villagesquare"/> Later this team established an organisation called Maee ("buffalo caretaker" in Van Gujjari) to educate children.<ref name="villagesquare"/> At Maee he also created teaching materials like nature-based games and used traditional games and folktales to teach environmental conservation.<ref name="earlybird">{{cite web |title=Meet an Educator: Taukeer Alam Lodha – Early Bird |url=https://www.early-bird.in/meet-an-educator-taukeer-alam-lodha/ |website=Early Bird |access-date=29 December 2024 |date=7 December 2022}}</ref> In 2019 he and the Maee team established a community-run library in his house.<ref name="villagesquare"/> In 2022, the number of students came down to 100 from 250 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="villagesquare"/> He has been collaborating with the forest department to take children for [[Nature conservation|environmental conservation]] trips, teaching them about [[seed dispersal]] and other bird behaviour through [[birdwatching]] festivals and training programmes.<ref name="scroll"/>

== Selected works ==
* {{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Taukeer |title=Vana Gujjarī Kahāniyāṃ |date=April 2024 |publisher=Maee}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Taukeer |title=Vana Gujjarī Hindī Śabdakośa |date=April 2024 |publisher=Maee}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Taukeer |title=Vana Gujjarī Baiṃta: Vana Gujjarī Gīta |date=April 2024 |publisher=Maee}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Taukeer |title=Bajarāta Te Khvāna: Vana Gujjarī Paheliyām̐ Aura Lokokatiyām̐ |date=April 2024 |publisher=Maee}}

== See also ==
* [[Van Gujjar people]]
* [[Gurjars in Uttarakhand]]
* [[Van Gujjari]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Taukeer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
https://bioone.org/journals/acta-ornithologica/volume-60/issue-1/00016454AO2025.60.1.007/Reproductive-Ecology-of-the-Threatened-Great-Slaty-Woodpecker-Mulleripicus-pulverulentus/10.3161/00016454AO2025.60.1.007.short Reproductive Ecology of the Threatened Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus pulverulentus

Behala

2026-03-13T08:19:38Z

RicoSturdivant: general improved lead as per guidelines additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Neighbourhood of Kolkata, India}}
{{Copy edit|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Behala
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Behala Tram depot, Kolkata.jpg
| photo1b= Behala Night View ,D.H Road.jpg
| photo2a= Behala Sakherbazar, Kolkata.jpg
| photo2b=Thakurpukur, Kolkata,Wb.jpg
| photo3a =Sarsuna Satellite Township, Behala.jpg
| photo3b =New normal Durga Puja 2021 at Aatchala Bari Barisha IMG 20211014 110151 05.jpg
| photo4a =Behala, James Long Sarani, Kolkata.jpg
| photo4b =Behala Parnasree Lake view, Kolkata.jpg
| size = 310
| spacing = 1
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| border = 2
| position = center
| color_border = black
| foot_montage = 1: Behala Tram Depot, D.H Road 2: Barisha Silpara D.H Road 3: Barisha Sakherbazar Crossing 4: Thakurpukur, D.H Road 5: Sarsuna Satellite Township 6: Atchala Bari, Barisha Sabarna para 7: James Long Sarani 8: Parnasree Pally Lake
| text =
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| image_caption =
| image_flag =
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| nickname =
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| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Kolkata district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas|url=http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=SubDivision}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/kolkata-city-map.htm|title=Map of Kolkata (Calcutta)}}</ref>
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Taratala metro station|Taratala]]|[[Behala Bazar metro station|Behala Bazar]]|[[Behala Chowrasta metro station|Behala Chowrasta]]||[[Sakherbazar metro station|Sakherbazar]]| [[Thakurpukur metro station|Thakurpukur]]}}
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
| total_type = 
| parts_style = 
| parts =[[Ward No. 115, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|115]], [[Ward No. 116, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|116]], [[Ward No. 117, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|117]], [[Ward No. 118, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|118]], [[Ward No. 119, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|119]], [[Ward No. 120, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|120]], [[Ward No. 121, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|121]], [[Ward No. 122, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|122]], [[Ward No. 123, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|123]], [[Ward No. 124, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|124]], [[Ward No. 125, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|125]], [[Ward No. 126, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|126]], [[Ward No. 127, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|127]], [[Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|128]], [[Ward No. 129, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|129]], [[Ward No. 130, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|130]], [[Ward No. 131, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|131]] and [[Ward No. 132, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|132]]
| p1 =
| p2 = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
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| leader_name =
| established_date =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Behala Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Paschim]] and [[Behala Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Purba]]
| unit_pref = Imperial 
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_ft = 36
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| population_as_of = 2001
| population_total =
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| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| utc_offset_DST =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4981|N|88.3108|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = PIN codes 
| postal_code = 700034('''Behala'''), 700060([[Parnasree Pally]]), 700061([[Dakshin Behala]]), 700061([[Sarsuna]]), 700008([[Barisha, India|Barisha]]), 700063([[Thakurpukur]]), 700038([[New Alipore|Sahapur]]), 700082([[Haridevpur|Haridevpur_partially]])
| area_code = +91 33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Behala''' is a neighbourhood of [[South Kolkata]], located in the [[Kolkata]] district of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. Behala is a part of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCAboutKolkataHome.jsp |title=About Kolkata |author=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |year=2011|publisher= KMC|access-date=1 September 2011}}</ref> It is broadly spread across Ward Numbers: [[Ward No. 115, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|115]], [[Ward No. 116, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|116]], [[Ward No. 117, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|117]], [[Ward No. 118, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|118]], [[Ward No. 119, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|119]], [[Ward No. 120, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|120]], [[Ward No. 121, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|121]], [[Ward No. 122, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|122]], [[Ward No. 123, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|123]], [[Ward No. 124, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|124]], [[Ward No. 125, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|125]], [[Ward No. 126, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|126]], [[Ward No. 127, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|127]], [[Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|128]], [[Ward No. 129, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|129]], [[Ward No. 130, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|130]], [[ Ward No. 131, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|131]], and [[Ward No. 132, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|132]] of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), and is divided into two Vidhan Sabha constituencies: [[Behala Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Paschim]] and [[Behala Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Purba]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-25 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> This area is served by the South West Division of the [[Kolkata Police]], also known as Behala Division (The division comprises Behala, [[Taratala]], [[Parnasree Pally|Parnasree]], [[Sarsuna]], [[Thakurpukur]], and [[Haridevpur]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkatapolice.gov.in/unit_details/south-west-division/|title=South West Division|publisher=Kolkata Police|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/midnight-change-of-guard-17-more-police-stations-come-under-lalbazar/cid/1196018|title=Midnight change of guard - 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

Behala is one of the oldest residential areas of the city. The [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] family, one of the oldest [[zamindar]] families of western Bengal and trustee of the [[Kalighat Kali Temple]], live here.<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, p. 11, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}</ref> It is also home to [[Sourav Ganguly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ganguly-Bengal-s-greatest-cricketer/Article1-343094.aspx |title=Ganguly: Bengal's greatest cricketer |author=Press Trust of India |date=7 October 2008 |access-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118190435/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ganguly-Bengal-s-greatest-cricketer/Article1-343094.aspx |archive-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> former [[Indian national cricket captain]], and [[Sovan Chatterjee]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=703 |title=Sovan Chatterjee |author=National Election Watch|year=2011|access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> the former Mayor of Kolkata.

The [[Durga Puja]] celebration of the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family at [[Barisha, India|Barisha]] was launched in 1610 by Laksmikanta Majumdar, making it the second-oldest family Durga Puja in western Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sudeshna |title=Durga Puja: Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow |edition=2nd |year= 2006|orig-year=2004 |publisher=Rupa & Co |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-291-0547-0 |page=32 }}</ref> Today, Durga Puja at Behala is marked by exotic theme-based ''sarbojanin'' pujas. Barisha Chandi Mela is a 10-day fair held every year in November–December since 1792.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-11-14 |title=Chandi Mela: 230 বছরের পা দিল ঐতিহ্যবাহী চণ্ডীপুজো ,পুজো ঘিরে মেলা সপ্তাহভর |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/kolkata/chandi-mela-at-behala/wb20221114112307421421862 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-01 |title=230-yr-old fair resumes after 2-yr Cov break |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/230-yr-old-fair-resumes-after-2-yr-cov-break/articleshow/95899910.cms |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Manasa Mangal.jpg|thumb|[[Behula]]'s (top, left) journey, as depicted in the folk art of West Bengal. The word Behala is commonly believed to have its root in Behula's name]]
The word ''Behala'' is commonly believed to have its root in ''[[Behula]]'', the name of the female protagonist of [[Manasamangalkavya]].<ref name = name>{{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1= Sudhindranath |title=Behala Janapader Itihas |trans-title=History of Behala Township |publisher=Progressive Writers' Guild |location=Kolkata |language=bn|pages=45–49 |trans-chapter=Name and Characteristics of the Township|chapter= Janapad Rupe Name}}</ref> Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term ''Bahulapur'' ("land of many rivers" or "dark city").<ref name = name/> "Bahula" is also an epithet of the goddesses [[Chandi]] and [[Kali]].<ref name = name/> Rev. [[James Long (Anglican priest)|James Long]], who used to live in the area, described Behala as ''Byala'' in one of his early writings.<ref name = name/> It is also known that Behala comprised many small villages before the whole area was urbanised and each village here was suffixed with ''-behala,'' i.e., Bazarbehala, Tamtelbehala, Bnorshebehala ([[Barisha, India|Barisha]]), Sorshunnobehala ([[Sarsuna]]), etc.<ref name = name/> Names like Rajarbaganbehala, Sahapurbehala, Naskarpurbehala, and Santoshbatibehala are also found in the old proceedings of South Suburban Municipality.<ref name = name/>

==History==
=== Modern day ===

Behala encompasses one of the largest suburban agglomerations of the city of Kolkata. It consists of many small localities like Sahapur, [[New Alipore]] (partially), [[Parnasree Pally]], Behala Bazaar, Manton, Behala Chowrasta ([[Barisha, India|Barisha]]), Muchipara, Sakherbazaar, Silpara, Bakultala, [[Shakuntala Park]], Kadamtala, [[Thakurpukur]], [[Haridevpur]], [[Dakshin Behala]], [[Sarsuna]], and [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]]. Huge growth of population (especially since the early 1980s) resulted in the area being of interest to daily wage earners, common populace, and educated classes. Due to this enormous and unplanned growth, traffic in the area is dependent on the arterial Diamond Harbour Road, in spite of the availability of the parallel James Long Sarani (commonly known as the Rail Line, since the old and now defunct Kalighat Falta Railway ran here) as an option. During the construction of the Taratala flyover, a large portion of traffic flowed through James Long Sarani to avoid construction activity, causing the development of other areas of Behala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/dh-road-one-flank-blocked-chaos-in-other/cid/1392998|title=DH Road: one flank blocked, chaos in other|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>

Encroachments by street hawkers of the sidewalks on both sides of the busy Diamond Harbour Road are a major problem. Areas like Behala Bazar, Behala Chowrasta, and Behala Sakherbazaar have been added to the 'Calcutta Green Zone' and traffic moves at a snail's pace during peak office hours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-27 |title=From canning street to Behala, Alipore zoo to science city, KMC clears 800 spots in 2 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/from-canning-street-to-behala-alipore-zoo-to-science-city-kmc-clears-800-spots-in-2-days-debobrata-shome-subhojyoti-kanjilal-sukhomoy-sen/articleshow/111302257.cms |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=দখলদারি আর খোঁড়া রাস্তায় 'নরক' বেহালা |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/dh-road-is-getting-smaller-due-to-encroachment-and-activities-as-a-result-accidents-are-increasing/articleshow/102442256.cms |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref>

Previously, there were tram lines along the middle of Diamond Harbour Road from Joka to Mominpur, and people often used the trams to go to Esplanade. The service on this stretch has since been withdrawn. Mominpur to Behala Bazaar service was closed in 2006 due to the Taratala flyover.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Behala-Joka-tram-route-may-shut-down/articleshow/2969741.cms|title=Behala-Joka tram route may shut down|website=The Times of India|date=22 April 2008 |access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> Behala Bazaar to Joka service was also closed in 2011, due to the elevated metro railway construction on Diamond Harbour Road, which will run from Joka to Esplanade ([[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]]).<ref name=":0" />

SL Dhanuka Girls' hostel that has come up at Behala on Diamond Harbour Road, inaugurated on 24 March 2017 by the Chief minister of Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/cm-to-inaugurate-sl-dhanuka-girls-hostel-221351|title=CM to inaugurate SL Dhanuka Girls' hostel|website=www.millenniumpost.in|date=22 March 2017 |access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.4981|88.3108}} 
| zoom = 14 
| label = Behala
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.4981|88.3108}}
| label-pos = right
| float = right
}}
===Police district===
The localities of the Behala area are served by the South West Division (Behala Division) of Kolkata Police. It includes Taratala Police station, Behala Police station, Thakurpukur Police Station, Parnashree Police station, Sarsuna Police station, and Haridevpur Police station.
<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=9&Division=B| title = Kolkata Police| work = South West Division| publisher = KP| access-date = 21 March 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330095919/http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=9&Division=B| archive-date = 30 March 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>
Behala Women Police station, located at the same address as Behala Police station, covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South West division, i.e. Sarsuna, Taratala, Behala, Parnasree, Thakurpukur, and Haridevpur.<ref name="police"/>

==Education==
There are many educational institutions situated in Behala.

=== Colleges ===


* [[Behala College]]
* [[NSHM Knowledge Campus]]
* [[Sarsuna College]]
* [[Sarsuna Law College]]
* [[Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur]]
* [[Vivekananda College for Women]]

=== Schools ===


* [[Barisha High School]]
* [[Bratachari Vidyasram]] (H.S.)
* [[M. P. Birla Foundation Higher Secondary School|M P Birla Foundation Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Meghmala Roy Education Centre]]

==Transport==
Various buses are available to move around Kolkata. [[Majerhat Bridge]] is one of the major roads connecting Behala to the rest of Calcutta, and has led to massive traffic snarls in the area. Now, a new bridge has been made which successfully connects Behala with other areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2018/sep/06/kolkatas-majerhat-bridge-collapse-traffic-snarls-continue-in-city-1868395.html|title=Kolkata's Majerhat bridge collapse: Traffic snarls continue in city|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 September 2018 |access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>

===Bus===
'''WBTC'''
* S-4 (Parnasree - Karunamoyee)
* AC-4 (Parnasree - Howrah Stn)
* AC-49 (Parnasree - Ecospace)
* AC-4A (Parnasree - Ecospace)
* S-4D (Parnasree - Ecospace)
* E-4 (Parnasree - Howrah Stn)
* S-31 (Behala Chowrasta - Jadavpur)
* AC-31 (Behala Chowrasta - Jadavpur)
* S-22 (Shakuntala Park - Karunamoyee)
* S-45 (Shakuntala Park - Baghbazar)
* AC-12D (Howrah Stn - Joka)
* AC-52 (Howrah Stn - Amtala)
* ACT-41 (Belgachia - Joka)
* 7A (Sarsuna - Howrah Stn)
* EB-16 (Thakurpukur - Hatisala)
* S-3B (Behala 14 no. - Kankurgachi)
* S-3W (Joka Tram Depot - Ecospace)
* S-12D (Howrah Stn - Joka)
* S-16 (Thakurpukur - Karunamoyee)
* M-14 (Behala 14 no. - Ecospace)
* C-37 (Amtala - Howrah Stn)

===Tram===

Trams used to be popular vehicles connecting Behala with [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] ([[Route 35]]). After the construction of Taratala flyover, the route was truncated and trams would ply only along the Behala-Joka stretch. In 2011, the route finally closed as a result of the Esplanade-Joka Metro Project.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Joka-Behala-tram-is-now-history/articleshow/8686772.cms|title=Joka-Behala tram is now history|website=The Times of India|date=2 June 2011 |access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>

===Railway===

Behala is served by the [[Majerhat railway station|Majherhat]], [[Brace Bridge railway station|Brace Bridge]], and [[New Alipore railway station|New Alipore]] railway stations on the [[Sealdah]] South section of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]].

[[File:Eastern Railway Sports Complex, Behala.jpg|thumb|Eastern Railway Sports Complex]]

Behala was also served by the Gholesapur, Sakherbazar, and Thakurpukur railway station of [[McLeod's Light Railways#Kalighat-Falta Railway|Kalighat Falta Railway (KFR)]], which has been closed in 1957.<ref name=AK16>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/~apub/katwa/index.htm |title=AK16 Steam Locomotive. |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173516/http://www.irfca.org/~apub/katwa/index.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Airport===

[[Behala Airport]], more commonly referred as Behala Flying Training Institute (BFTI) or Behala Flying Club (BFC), is the second of the two airports in the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]], the other being the [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]. There are plans to upgrade the airport. Previously, there was helicopter service from Behala Airport to Digha and Durgapur, but it was later suspended by the authority. Currently, there is no commercial helicopter service available from Behala Flying Club.<ref>{{citation|title=Airports Authority of India, Behala Airport|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/77580}}</ref>

[[File:Behala Flying Club View.jpg|thumb|Behala Airport]]

=== Metro Railway ===
Former [[President of India|President]] Ms. [[Pratibha Patil]] laid the foundation of the Joka to Esplanade [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Rail]] Project ([[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]]) in presence of [[Finance Minister of India|Union Finance Minister]] and [[Governor of West Bengal|Governor]] of [[West Bengal]] in September 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Left-leaders-stay-away-from-Presidentrsquos-function/article16043430.ece|title=Left leaders stay away from President's function|date=2010-09-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-11|last=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The metro has partially started from Joka to Taratala, and was inaugurated by Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] on 30 December 2022.

Currently, the six active stations are Joka Metro Station, Thakurpukur Metro Station, Sakherbazar Metro Station, Behala Chowrasta Metro Station, Behala Bazaar Metro Station, Taratala Metro Station, and Majherhat Metro Station.
[[File:Thakurpukur Metro station, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Thakurpukur Metro station]]
The construction of the Majherhat Metro Station - Esplanade Metro Station portion is expected to be completed by 2029.

==Healthcare==
The Behala region is surrounded by numerous hospitals and medical centres.

The State General Hospital for region Behala is Vidyasagar State General Hospital, which is beside the Behala bazar metro station and Kolkata Municipal Corporation Behala.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Nearby Behala, at Thakurpukur M.G Road, another famous hospital and medical research centre is situated, the "Saroj Gupta Cancer Research Institute", locally known as "Thakurpukur cancer hospital". It is one of the oldest cancer treatment centres in Kolkata.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Some other hospitals in Behala are:
* [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Clinic]] Taratala, Sahapur and Thakurpukur, 3A bus stand
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=April 2025}}
* [[Behala Balananda Brahmachari Hospital and Research Centre]], Pathakpara
* [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha Hospital]] Joka
* [[BMRI Hospital]], 3A bus stand
* [[Disha Eye Hospital]], Chowrasta
* [[DM hospital]], James Long Sarani
* [[Drishti Eye Care Centre]], Barisha Sakherbazar Sabarna Para
* [[ESIC Hospital and Medical College]], Joka Metro Station/Diamond Park
* [[James Long Clinic]], James Long Sarani
* [[Kasturi Medical Research Centre]], 3A bus stand
* [[Kolkata Eye clinic]]
* [[Narayan Memorial Hospital]], Manton
* [[South Suburban Clinic, Taratala]]
* [[Swadesh Bose Hospital]], Thakurpukur
* [[UMRI Hospital]], James Long Sarani
* [[Vidyasagar Government Hospital]]
* [[Vivekananda Hospital & Research Institute]], Parnasree
* [[Woodlands Multispeciality hospital]], Alipore

==Festivals==
[[File:Maa Chandi Idol,Barisha.jpg|thumb|Maa Chandi Idol during Maa Chandi Puja & Mela at Barisha]]

Barisha Chandi Mela, a 10-day fair held every year in November–December since 1792, attracts people from all over the city. Many popular artists also perform during this festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=One of the oldest fairs of Kolkata -- Behala's 227-year-old Chandi Mela|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/one-of-the-oldest-fairs-of-kolkata-behala-s-227-year-old-chandi-mela|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Get Bengal|language=en}}</ref>

A big Rath Yatra festival and mela also occur every year on Diamond Harbour Road, [[Thakurpukur]]. The festival and mela starts from day of Ratha Yatra and the mela ends at the day of Ulta Ratha Thakurpukur rath Mela is the biggest Rath Yatra Mela of Behala area.

Apart from Thakurpukur rath yatra mela, [[Barisha, Kolkata|Barisha]] rath yatra mela (Sakherbazar), [[Sarsuna]] (Badamtala) Rath Yatra Mela, and Sonamukhi Rath Yatra Mela (Sarsuna and Maheshtala Border) also occurs every year. A Rath made of brass of sonar Durga Bari, made in 1871, is brought outside every year during Rath Yatra Celebration.

Jagatdhatri Puja is also celebrated in many Localities of Behala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/famous-theme-based-pujas-of-city-to-get-displayed-on-jagadhatri-puja-at-chandannagore-323983|title=Famous theme-based Pujas of city to get displayed on Jagadhatri Puja at Chandannagore|website=www.millenniumpost.in|date=21 October 2018 |access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>

At Kalipuja, Chamunda Kali Puja and a big Mela also happen every year at Bahadur Math in Dakshin Behala Road, Sasthir More.

The biggest celebration, the festival of Eid, is held at Behala 18 Bigha Masjid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 11, 2021|first=Bishwabijoy|last=Mitra|title=City bonedi baris to keep Rath Yatra celebrations low key|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/city-bonedi-baris-to-keep-rath-yatra-celebrations-low-key/articleshow/84319788.cms|access-date=2021-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Business==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2025}}
The Diamond Harbour Road is dotted on both sides with shops and eateries. Clothes, jewellery, electronic items, sports goods, books, and footwear can be found in a multitude of stores all along the stretch from Taratala to Manton. Recent additions to the shopping scene include shopping malls and factory outlets.

==Places of interest==
*Sonar Durga Temple
*Siddheshwari Kali temple
[[File:SiddeshwariTemple01.jpg|thumb|right|The Siddheshwari temple of Behala]]
*72, Banamali Naskar Lane, Behala, Kolkata-60
Famous place described as Residence of Ghanada(Mess-Bari) in "[[Ghanada]]" a Bengali Science fiction novel written by Ghanashyam Das.
* [[Barisha, India|Douglas Grounds (Oxford Mission)]]
*Behala Chanditala Maa Mangal Chandi Temple
* [[State Archaeological Museum]], Satyen Roy Road
[[File:State Archaeological Museum - 1 Satyen Roy Road - Behala - Kolkata 2015-12-12 7772.jpg|thumb|State Archaeological Museum]]
*Adi Shiva Temple, Barisha Silpara
* Sabarna Roy Chowdhury Family houses at Barisha
* [[Sabarna Sangrahashala]], Baro Bari, Barisha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.thestatesman.com/c/6066810|title=Clipping of The Statesman - Kolkata - The Statesman|website=epaper.thestatesman.com|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref>
* St. Peter's Church, [[Church of North India|CNI]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cnicalcutta.org/church_st_peters_church_barisha.html|title=Untitled Document|website=cnicalcutta.org|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref>
*12 Temples of Lord Shiva (also known as Dwadash Mandir), more than 350 years old, in Sabarna Para, Sakherbazar
* Behala Gourio Math
* Behala Gajantala Shitala Mandir.
* Behala AC Market (new Ladies Own)
* Behala Siddeshwari Market
* Behala Parnashree Lake

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Behala}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Southern fringes}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Shahnaz Husain

2026-03-12T01:59:04Z

RicoSturdivant: reworked structure to improve readability and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman (born 1944)}}
{{Independent sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shahnaz Husain
| image = Shahnaz Husain.jpg
| caption = Shahnaz Husain
| alt = Shahnaz Husain
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|11|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Businesswoman
| years_active =
| alma_mater = [[St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Allahabad]], India
| children =
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|shahnaz.in}}
| signature =
| spouse =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Shahnaz Husain''' (born 5 November 1944) is an Indian businesswoman and the founder, chairperson and managing director of, The Shahnaz Husain Group. She has received acclaim for pioneering the [[herbal]] beauty care movement and taking the Indian herbal heritage of [[Ayurveda]] worldwide.<ref name="Ayurveda Herbal">{{cite web|title=International Acclaim of Ayurveda Herbal Beauty|url=http://www.csrvision.in/shahnaz-husain-group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217140918/http://www.csrvision.in/shahnaz-husain-group/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2018|publisher=By CSR VISION}}</ref><ref name="Ayurveda's Story of World Domination">{{cite news|title=Ayurveda's Story of World Domination|url=http://lucknowobserver.com/shahnaz-hussain/|publisher=The Lucknow Observer|date=5 July 2016|archive-date=29 September 2023|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929141858/https://lucknowobserver.com/shahnaz-hussain/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, she was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, by the Government of India for her contribution to the fields of trade and industry.<ref name="Padmashri Award">{{cite web|title=Fourth highest civilian awards from the Government of India, presented by the President of India|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Name=shahnaz|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511130555/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Name=shahnaz|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Husain was invited by [[Harvard Business School]] to speak on her experience of establishing an international brand without commercial advertising and has also become a Harvard Case Study which is included in its curriculum.<ref name="Harvard">{{cite web|title=Shahnaz Husain shares her secrets behind establishing an international brand|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/shahnaz-husain-shares-her-secrets-behind-establishing-an-international-brand/57486871|publisher=Brand Equity}}</ref><ref name="subject at Harvard Business School">{{cite news|title=Shahnaz Husain now a subject at Harvard Business School|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/shahnaz-husain-now-a-subject-at-harvard-business-school/369394.html|date=25 February 2017|newspaper=The Tribune|location=India|accessdate=21 January 2019|archive-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122094741/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/shahnaz-husain-now-a-subject-at-harvard-business-school/369394.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also lectured to students at [[:en:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]], [[University of Oxford]] and [[London School of Economics]].<ref name="Visit to Massachusetts">{{cite news|title=Visit to MIT|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/Shahnaz-Husain-on-her-visit-to-Massachusetts/articleshow/19930271.cms|publisher=TIMES OF INDIA|date=8 May 2013}}</ref> Shahnaz has also represented India at President [[:en:Barack Obama|Barack Obama's]] World Summit for Entrepreneurs. In 1996, she won Success Magazine's "World's Greatest Woman Entrepreneur" award.<ref name="Woman Entrepreneur Award">{{cite news|title=World Greatest Woman Entrepreneur Award|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19960615-shahnaz-husain-gets-the-world-greatest-woman-entrepreneur-award-833234-1996-06-15|publisher=INDIA TODAY|date=15 June 1996}}</ref> She has walked the red carpet at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and has spoken at both the [[House of Lords]] and [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in the British Parliament.

== Personal life ==
Born Shahnaz Beg, she is the daughter of Justice Nasir Ullah Beg, a former Chief Justice of the [[:en:Allahabad High Court|Allahabad High Court]] and Sayeeda Begum, who was the daughter of the commander-in-chief of the Hyderabad army. Her grandfather, Justice Samiullah Beg, was a prominent politician of the [[United Province]] who later served as Chief Justice of the Hyderabad High Court. Her uncle, [[:en:Mirza Hameedullah Beg|Mirza Hameedullah Beg]], was a former [[:en:Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice of India]].She married on Arshad ullah khan saroha on 1967.

Shahnaz studied at [[St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Prayagraj]]. She was married at an early age to Nasir Husain with whom she has two children. She studied [[Ayurveda]] in [[Iran]] while Nasir Husain was posted in [[Tehran]]. She then completed her training in cosmetic therapy and cosmetology from leading institutions of the West, such as Helena Rubinstein, Schwarzkopf, Christine Valmy, Lancome and Lean of Copenhagen. She returned to India and started Women's World in New Delhi at her home. The then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, frequently visited her.

==About The Shahnaz Husain Group==
Adopting the concept of Herbal Care and Cure, Shahnaz opened her first herbal clinic in 1971 and over the next few years formed The Shahnaz Husain Group. She formulated therapeutic products for specific skin and hair problems, as well as premium ranges for skin care, such as 24 Carat Gold, Oxygen, Diamond, Pearl, Plant Stem Cells and Platinum Range. The company also sells its products online at http://shahnaz.in. The Shahnaz Husain Group has over 400 franchise ventures across the world covering over 138 'without animal testing' countries.<ref name="'without animal testing'">{{cite web|title=Don't Test on Animals|url=https://www.petaindia.com/living/products/caring-consumer/companies-don-t-test-animals/|website=Petaindia}}</ref> The first franchise clinic opened in Calcutta in 1979. Within a year, there were 80 Shahnaz Herbal franchise clinics in India. The first foreign Shahnaz Herbal franchise clinic was opened in London in 1982. The group also operates its premium Ayurveda Salon and Spa treatment center in New Delhi to offer a line of proprietary treatments for Skin, Hair and Body.

== Corporate social responsibility ==
Shahnaz has tied up with Government skill development projects in beauty and wellness.<ref name="Skill Development">{{cite news|title=West Bengal shines spotlight on beauty & wellness training|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/west-bengal-shines-spotlight-on-beauty-wellness-training/articleshow/58275831.cms|publisher=The Economic Times|date=20 April 2017}}</ref> Her beauty academy has trained and certified over 40,000 under-privileged women, distributing tool kits for home-based business

== Awards ==
Shahnaz Husain has received several international and national awards for her contribution in the beauty industry:
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Origin
! Awards Name
|-
| 1985
| National
| Outstanding Woman Entrepreneur from FICCI<ref name="Outstanding Woman Entrepreneur">{{cite web|title=Outstanding Woman Entrepreneur from FICCI|url=http://www.ficciflo.com/awards/|website=FICCI}}</ref>
|-
|1996
| International
| "World's Greatest Entrepreneur" award, from Success, the prestigious U.S. business magazine, becoming the first woman to receive the award in 105 years.<ref name="June 15, 1996">{{cite news|title=World's Greatest Entrepreneur" Award|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19960615-shahnaz-husain-gets-the-world-greatest-woman-entrepreneur-award-833234-1996-06-15|publisher=INDIA TODAY|date=15 June 1996}}</ref>
|-
|2006
| National
| Padmashri Award – Fourth highest civilian awards from the Government of India, presented by the President of India.<ref name="Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Name=shahnaz|website=Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511130555/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Name=shahnaz|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2009
| International
| Leonardo da Vinci Diamond Award by International Biographical Centre at Washington DC <ref name="Awarded in Washington DC">{{cite web|title=Awarded in Washington DC|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2009/10/20/beauty-and-wellness/shahnaz-husain-awarded-in-washington-dc/|website=India Retailing|date=19 October 2009|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422120653/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2009/10/20/beauty-and-wellness/shahnaz-husain-awarded-in-washington-dc/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2009
| National
| Woman of Substance Award from Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI) <ref>{{cite news|title=Awarded by ICCI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Shahnaz-awarded-by-ICCI/articleshow/5624465.cms|publisher=TIMES OF INDIA|date=28 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|2011
| National
| Lifetime Leadership Achievement Award at the 2nd Annual Women In Leadership (WIL) Forum.<ref name="Wins Lifetime Achievement Award">{{cite news|title=Wins Lifetime Achievement Award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Shahnaz-Hussain-wins-lifetime-achievement-award/articleshow/10313241.cms|publisher=TIMES OF INDIA|date=11 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
|2012
| International
| Outstanding Ayurvedic Innovation Award in London from the Indo-British Business Forum at the House of Commons, British Parliament.<ref name="Honored with International Awards">{{cite news|title=Honored with International Awards|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/events/shahnaz-husain-honored-with-international-awards/articleshow/16681755.cms|publisher=TIMES OF INDIA|date=5 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2012
| International
| Olympia Asia Award for Outstanding Contribution in Ayurveda and Plant Cosmetics at the Olympia Beauty Show in London.
|-
|2013
| International
| Glory of India Award in Dubai for outstanding innovations in Ayurvedic beauty care.
|-
|2014
| International
| Golden Peacock Entrepreneurial Leadership Award for 2014 in London for Ayurvedic Innovation.<ref name="Golden Peacock Awards">{{cite web|title=Golden Peacock Women Entrepreneurial Leadership Award|url=http://goldenpeacockawards.com/leadershipawards/leadershipwinner13.html|website=Golden Peacock Awards|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127171819/https://goldenpeacockawards.com/leadershipawards/leadershipwinner13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2015
| National
| Entrepreneur India Award 2015 for Outstanding Ayurvedic Innovations from Entrepreneur Media India, FICCI, NEN and NASSCOM <ref name="Entrepreneur of the Year">{{cite news|title="Entrepreneur of the Year in Service Business Health, Beauty & Wellness"|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/shahnaz-conferred-with-entrepreneur-of-the-year-award/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2017
| National
| "Woman Super Achiever" Award in Mumbai, sponsored by Femina <ref name="World Women Leadership Congress">{{cite web|title=Woman Super Achiever|url=http://www.worldwomenleadershipcongress.org/awd-winners-2017.html|website=World Women Leadership Congress|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606004606/http://www.worldwomenleadershipcongress.org/awd-winners-2017.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2017
| National
| Ayurveda Innovation Award from Suryadatta Group, Pune.<ref name="Honoured with Suryadatta National Award">{{cite web|title=Honoured with Suryadatta National Award|url=https://medium.com/@Journobipin/beauty-icon-shahnaz-husain-honoured-with-suryadatta-national-award-2017-5ba3e0989a98|website=medium.com|date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>
|}

==Publications / further reading==
1. Shahnaz Husain Beauty Book (https://www.amazon.in/Shahnaz-Husains-Beauty-Book-Husain/dp/8122200605)

2. Flame Book (http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/my-mothers-story/article3359825.ece)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Shahnaz Husain Official Online Store (https://www.shahnaz.in)
* Shahnaz Husain's Beauty Blog (https://www.shahnaz.in/index.php/beauty_blog {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328075102/https://www.shahnaz.in/index.php/beauty_blog |date=28 March 2020 }})

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Husain, Shahnaz}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:La Martinière College, Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Lucknow]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Namdev Sasane

2026-03-10T05:19:19Z

RicoSturdivant: small update formatting for clarity further and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Umarkhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umarkhed]]
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Waman Najardhane]]
| successor = [[Kisan Wankhede]]
| term_start =24 October 2019
| term_end = 23 November 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|07|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Umarkhed]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = Smt. Anuja Sasane
| party = {{flagicon image|}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Namdev Jayram Sasane''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Umarkhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umarkhed]] in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8455|title=Namdev Jayram Sasane(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- UMARKHED (SC)(YAVATMAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/story/maharashtra-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-1612506-2019-10-24|title=Maharashtra election result winners full list: Names of winning candidates of BJP, Congress, Shiv Sena, NCP|date=October 24, 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maharashtra-election-results-full-list-winners-bjp-shiv-sena-congress-ncp-807727|title=Maharashtra election results: Full list of winners from BJP, Shiv Sena, Congress, NCP|date=2019-10-25|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=english|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref name="BJP Strategy To Drop 7 Sitting MLAs Pays Off In Vidarbha">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=28 November 2024 |title=BJP Strategy To Drop 7 Sitting MLAs Pays Off In Vidarbha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/bjps-bold-strategy-how-dropping-7-sitting-mlas-led-to-a-clean-sweep-in-vidarbha/articleshow/115780011.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205075412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/bjps-bold-strategy-how-dropping-7-sitting-mlas-led-to-a-clean-sweep-in-vidarbha/articleshow/115780011.cms |archivedate=5 December 2024 |accessdate=5 December 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasane, Namdev}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Karnataka High Court

2026-03-03T09:21:47Z

RicoSturdivant: clean up

{{short description|High Court for Indian state of Karnataka}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = High Court of Karnataka Karnāṭaka Ućća Nyāyālaya
| image = Logo of Karnataka High Court.png
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Emblem of the court
| established = {{start_date and age|df=y|p=y|1884}}
| jurisdiction = [[Karnataka]]
| location = '''Principal bench''' {{bulleted list|[[Bengaluru]]}} '''Additional benches''' {{bulleted list|[[High Court of Karnataka (Dharwad Bench)|Dharwad]]|[[High Court of Karnataka (Gulbarga Bench)|Kalaburagi]]}}
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9779|N|77.5926|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[President of India|Presidential]] appointment on [[advice and consent|advice]] of the [[Chief Justice of India]] and the [[Governor of Karnataka]].
| authority = [[Constitution of India]]
| terms = Mandatory retirement at age 62
| positions = 62
| language = Kannada, English
| website = [https://judiciary.karnataka.gov.in https://judiciary.karnataka.gov.in]
| chiefjudgetitle = [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]]
| chiefjudgename = [[Vibhu Bakhru]]
| termstart = 19 July 2025
| termend =
}}

The '''High Court of Karnataka''' (''IAST: Karnāṭaka Ućća Nyāyālaya'', commonly referred to as the '''Karnataka High Court''' and formerly known as the '''Mysore High Court''', is the highest judicial authority of the [[Indian state|Indian]] state of [[Karnataka]]. The court's principal [[Bench (law)|bench]] is located in [[Bengaluru]], the capital city of Karnataka, with additional benches in [[Hubballi-Dharwad|Hubballi-Dharwad]] and Kalaburagi. In [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], the High Court operates from a red-painted brick building known as the [[Attara Kacheri]], located opposite the [[Vidhana Soudha]], the seat of the [[Karnataka Legislature]].

== Composition ==
The High Court is composed of the Chief Justice of Karnataka and other judges, who are appointed by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite constitution|article=216|polity=India|date=1950}}</ref> As of February 2022, there are 45 judges in the High Court,<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Court of Karnataka Official Web Site|url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/profiles-sitting-judges.php}}</ref> against a sanctioned maximum strength of 62.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=9 January 2020|title=High Court sees highest number of judges at 43|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/high-court-sees-highest-number-of-judges-at-43/article30517359.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221075045/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/high-court-sees-highest-number-of-judges-at-43/article30517359.ece|archive-date=21 December 2020|access-date=21 December 2020|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[V. Kameswar Rao|Valluri Kameswar Rao]] has been the Acting [[Chief Justice]] since 30 May 2025.

== Powers and jurisdiction ==
The High Court is the highest judicial authority within the State of Karnataka. It has superintendence over all courts and tribunals, such as district courts, operating within Karnataka, except those of the armed forces.<ref>{{cite constitution|article=227|clause=1|polity=India|date=1950}}</ref><ref>{{cite constitution|article=227|clause=4|polity=India|date=1950}}</ref> [[Appeal|Appeals]] against judgments of lower courts, such as district-level civil and sessions courts, are heard in the High Court. Appeals against judgments of the High Court are heard by the [[Supreme Court of India]].

The High Court is a [[court of record]] and has the authority to prosecute for [[Contempt of court|contempt]] of itself.<ref>{{cite constitution|article=215|polity=India|date=1950}}</ref>

The Karnataka High Court has permanent benches at [[Hubli–Dharwad|Hubballi-Dharwada]] (operational on 24 August 2013) and [[High Court of Karnataka (Gulbarga Bench)|Kalaburagi]] (operational on 31 August 2013).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98252 |title=Permanent Benches of Karnataka High Court Established at Dharwad and Gulbarga |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Prior to the establishment of permanent benches, Hubballi-Dharwada and Kalaburagi had circuit benches of Karnataka High Court starting in 2008. The Hubballi-Dharwada bench was inaugurated by then Chief Justice of India [[K. G. Balakrishnan|K.G. Balakrishnan]] on 4 July 2008 and became operational on 7 July 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/dharwad-high-court-bench-all-set-to-celebrate-its-10th-anniversary/articleshow/64846937.cms |title=Dharwad high court bench all set to celebrate its 10th anniversary |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>
== Premises ==
{{Main|Attara Kacheri}}
[[File:High Court of Karnataka.jpg|thumb|Rear facade of ''Attara Kacheri,'' the Bengaluru seat of the Court's principal bench (in Neoclassical architecture style)]]
[[File:19-High Court Karnataka.JPG|thumb|''Attara Kacheri,'' the Bengaluru seat of the Court's principal bench]]
The High Court's principal bench is located in Bengaluru, in a building called the ''Attara Kacheri''. It is a two-storey building made of stone and brick, painted red, in the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style. The building was constructed between 1864 and 1868<ref>{{Cite news |title=Attara Kacheri: Building that housed 18 public departments made way for Karnataka High Court |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/attara-kacheri-building-that-housed-18-public-departments-made-way-for-karnataka-high-court/articleshow/48713221.cms |access-date=2021-01-05}}</ref> and is located in Bengaluru's Cubbon Park.
[[File:Karnataka High Court Plaque 1992.jpg|thumb|alt=Attara Kacheri Plaque|Karnataka High Court Plaque]]
In 1982, it was proposed to demolish this building.<ref name="dem">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/18/stories/2007041821260500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210130408/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/18/stories/2007041821260500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2007|title=When the axe was spared |access-date=11 September 2007 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 April 2007}}</ref> A [[public interest litigation]] (PIL) was filed in the High Court to prevent demolition. This was the first PIL ever filed in the court, and the case was heard in the same building that was supposed to be demolished.<ref name="dem1">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/18/stories/2006041800680100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912191242/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/18/stories/2006041800680100.htm|url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2006 |title=The battle for Attara Kacheri |access-date=11 September 2007 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 April 2006}}</ref> The petition was dismissed by the High Court, but in 1985 the proposal to demolish the building was dropped after the Supreme Court directed the state government to reconsider demolition.

=== Heritage ===
Lord Cubbon, the then Viceroy of Colonial India was responsible for building [[Attara Kacheri]]. The building features Greco-Roman styled architecture with red paint and a sprawling expansive layout, marked by a distinguished central structure. A portion of the High Court building served as Attara Kacheri, during the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]] era, housing various public offices.

The entrance of the Attara Kacheri building now faces the side opposite to the [[Vidhana Soudha]], which was originally the rear side of the former Attara Kacheri. Over a hundred years later, when the building became the High Court, it began to show signs of age and wear. This led to the proposal for its demolition during the tenure of [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] and again in 1984, when there was a plan to replace it with a new structure. These proposals faced significant protests from citizens who opposed dismantling the colonial-era building.

A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was filed, but the High Court dismissed the petition. The case was subsequently taken to the Supreme Court. In consideration of the public concerns, the government decided not to demolish the building but instead to renovate and expand it to meet modern needs. The government of Karnataka assigned the task to the engineers of the Public Works Department (PWD).<ref>Dayananda, Prof. N. Justice N Venkatachala - The Tireless Crusader. pp. 143-165</ref> Preparations began in 1986 to renovate the old structure and add a new parallel block, designed in the same style as the original Attara Kacheri.

In 1990s, the Karnataka Government successfully rejuvenated the Attara Kacheri building, adding new blocks alongside the existing structure. The old building was reinforced to accommodate the updated requirements. The Northern Block was formally Inaugurated by Lokayuktha Venkatachala, with a plaque installed during the event.<ref>Iyer, Meera (2019) Discovering Bengaluru. {{ISBN|9353210291}} pp. 98-99</ref>

== Chief Justice and Judges ==
The current sitting judges of the court are as follows:<ref>[https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/profiles-sitting-judges.php High Court of Karnataka - Profile of sitting judges]</ref>{{See also|List of sitting judges of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court}}

== Former Chief Justices ==
P. Mahadevayya, M. Sadasivayya, [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]], [[Sam Piroj Bharucha]] and [[G. T. Nanavati]] were among the notable Chief Justices who presided over this court.

=== List of former Chief Justices ===
;High Court of Mysore
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!N
!Chief Justice
!Term
|-
|1
|Charles George Plumer
|1884 – July 1890
|-
|2
|Sir [[T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty]]
| July 1890 – 4 November 1895
|-
|3
|James William Best
|4 November 1895 – 1907
|-
|4
||[[Stanley Ismay]]
|1908–1912
|-
|5
|P. Mahadevayya
|1931–1934
|-
|6
|''Justice Palecanda Belliappa Medapa''
|1948 -1955
|}

;High Court of Karnataka
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Chief Justice
!Term
|-
!1
|[[R. Venkataramaiah]]
|1 November 1956 – 16 July 1957
|-
!2
|S. R. Das Gupta
|25 July 1957 – 13 August 1961
|-
!3
|[[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]]
|29 March 1962 – 7 August 1963
|-
!4
|[[A. R. Somanath Iyer]]
|23 November 1969 – 29 December 1969
|-
!5
|M. Sadasivayya
|30 December 1969 – 16 September 1970
|-
!6
|A. Narayana Pai
|17 September 1970 – 6 June 1973
|-
!7
|G. K. Govinda Bhat
|7 June 1973 – 14 December 1977
|-
!8
|D. M. Chandrashekar
|22 March 1978 – 25 September 1982
|-
!9
|K. Bhimaiah
|28 October 1982 – 10 April 1983
|-
!10
|[[V. S. Malimath]]
|6 February 1984 – 24 October 1985
|-
!11
|Prem Chand Jain
|28 August 1986 – 16 September 1989
|-
!12
|S. Mohan
|26 October 1989 – 7 October 1991
|-
!13
|[[Sam Piroj Bharucha|S. P. Bharucha]]
|1 January 1991 – 30 June 1992
|-
!14
|S. B. Majumdar
|2 July 1993 – 13 September 1994
|-
!15
|[[G. T. Nanavati]]
|28 September 1994 – 4 March 1995
|-
!16
|M. L. Pendse
|28 July 1995 – 25 March 1996
|-
!17
|S. A. Hakeem
|3 May 1996 – 9 May 1996
|-
!18
|R. P. Sethi
|29 June 1996 – 6 January 1999
|-
!19
|[[Y. Bhaskar Rao]]
|9 March 1999 – 26 June 2000
|-
!20
|P. V. Reddi
|21 October 2000 – 16 August 2001
|-
!21
|[[Nagendra Kumar Jain]]
|31 August 2001 – 20 October 2004
|-
!22
|[[Nauvdip Kumar Sodhi]]
|19 November 2004 – 29 November 2005
|-
!23
|[[Cyriac Joseph]]
|7 January 2006 – 6 July 2008
|-
!24
|[[P. D. Dinakaran]]
|8 August 2008 – 7 August 2010
|-
!25
|[[Jagdish Singh Khehar]]
|8 August 2010 – 12 September 2011
|-
!26
|[[Vikramajit Sen]]
|24 December 2011 – 24 December 2012
|-
!27
|[[Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela]]
|7 March 2013 – 1 June 2015
|-
!28
|[[Subhro Kamal Mukherjee]]
| 23 February 2016– 9 October 2017
|-
!29
|[[Dinesh Maheshwari]]
| 12 February 2018 – 17 January 2019
|-
!30
|[[Abhay Shreeniwas Oka]]
|10 May 2019 – 30 August 2021
|-
!31
|[[Ritu Raj Awasthi]]
|11 October 2021 – 2 July 2022
|-
!32
|[[Prasanna B. Varale]]
|15 October 2022 – 24 January 2024
|-
!33
|[[P. S. Dinesh Kumar]]
|3 February 2024 – 24 February 2024
|-
!34
|[[Nilay Vipinchandra Anjaria]]
|25 February 2024 – 29 May 2025
|-
!35
|[[Vibhu Bakhru]]
|19 July 2025 – ''Incumbent''
|}

== Judges elevated to Supreme Court ==

=== Currently serving ===
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header" width="92%" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name of the Judge
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Date of Appointment as Judge
! rowspan="2" |Date of elevation to Supreme Court
! rowspan="2" |Date of Retirement
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Immediately preceding office
|-
!As HC Judge
!As Supreme Court Judge
!Total tenure {{small|(including both SC and HC)}} 
|-
!1
|[[B. V. Nagarathna|Bengaluru Venkataramaiah Nagarathna]]
|[[File:Justice_BV_Nagarathna.jpg|alt=|108x108px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{dts|2008|2|18|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2021|8|31|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2027|10|29|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2008|2|18|2021|8|30|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2021|8|31|2027|10|29|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2008|2|18|2027|10|29|duration=on}}
|Judge of Karnataka HC
|-
!2
|[[Aravind Kumar]]
|[[File:Justice_Aravind_Kumar.jpg|alt=|85x85px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{dts|2009|6|26|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|2|13|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2027|7|13|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2009|6|26|2023|2|12|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2023|2|12|2027|7|13|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2009|6|26|2027|7|13|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat HC]]
|}

=== Former Judges ===
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header" width="92%" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name of the Judge
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Date of Appointment as Judge
! rowspan="2" |Date of elevation to Supreme Court
! rowspan="2" |Date of Retirement
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Immediately preceding office
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
!As HC Judge
!As Supreme Court Judge
!Total tenure {{small|(including both SC and HC)}} 
|-
!1
|[[K. S. Hegde|Kowdoor Sadananda Hegde]]
|[[File:K._S._Hegde.jpg|alt=|103x103px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|1957|8|26|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1967|7|17|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1973|4|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1957|8|26|1967|7|16|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1967|7|17|1973|4|30|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1957|8|26|1973|4|30|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|1st CJ]] of [[Delhi High Court|Delhi HC]]
|Resigned from office
|-
!2
|[[Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah|'''Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah''']]
|'''[[File:Justice E.S. Venkataramiah.jpg|alt=|93x93px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|'''{{Dts|1970|6|25|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{dts|1979|3|8|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{Dts|1989|12|17|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1970|6|25|1979|3|7|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1979|3|8|1989|12|17|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1970|6|25|1989|12|17|duration=on}}'''
|'''Judge of Karnataka HC'''
|'''19th Chief Justice of India'''
|-
!3
|[[Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty]]
|
|{{Dts|1970|6|25|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1987|5|1|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|1991|12|14|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1970|6|25|1987|4|30|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1987|5|1|1991|12|14|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1970|6|25|1991|12|14|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Allahabad High Court|27th CJ]] of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]]
|
|-
!4
|[[M. N. Venkatachaliah|'''Manepalli Narayanarao Venkatachaliah''']]
|'''[[File:Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah.jpg|126x126px]]'''
|'''{{Dts|1975|11|6|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{dts|1987|10|5|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{Dts|1994|10|24|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1975|11|6|1987|10|4|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1987|10|5|1994|10|24|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1975|11|6|1994|10|24|duration=on}}'''
|'''Judge of Karnataka HC'''
|'''25th Chief Justice of India'''
|-
!5
|[[N. Venkatachala|Nanje Gowda Venkatachala]]
|
|{{Dts|1977|11|28|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1992|7|1|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|1995|7|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1977|11|28|1992|6|30|duration=on}}
| rowspan="1" align="center" |{{ayd|1992|7|1|1995|7|2|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1977|11|28|1995|7|2|duration=on}}
|Judge of Karnataka HC
|
|-
!6
|[[S. Rajendra Babu|'''Sanjeevalu Rajendra Babu''']]
|'''[[File:Justice S. Rajendra Babu.jpg|126x126px]]'''
|'''{{Dts|1988|2|19|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{dts|1997|9|25|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{Dts|2004|5|31|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1988|2|19|1997|9|24|duration=on}}'''
| align="center" |'''{{ayd|1997|9|25|2004|5|31|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1988|2|19|2004|5|31|duration=on}}'''
|'''Judge of Karnataka HC'''
|'''34th Chief Justice of India'''
|-
!7
|[[Shivaraj Patil|Shivaraj Virupanna Patil]]
|
|{{Dts|1990|3|29|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2000|3|15|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2005|1|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|3|29|2000|3|14|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2000|3|15|2005|1|11|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1990|3|29|2005|1|11|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|21st CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|
|-
!8
|[[R. V. Raveendran|Raju Varadarajulu Raveendran]]
|
|{{Dts|1993|2|22|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2005|9|9|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2011|10|15|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1993|2|22|2005|9|8|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2005|9|9|2011|10|15|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1993|2|22|2011|10|15|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|18th CJ]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh HC]]
|
|-
!9
|[[H. L. Dattu|'''Handyala Lakshminarayanaswamy Dattu''']]
|'''[[File:Justice H.L. Dattu.jpg|94x94px|Ranjan Gogoi]]'''
|'''{{Dts|1995|12|18|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{dts|2008|12|17|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{dts|2015|12|2|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1995|12|18|2008|12|16|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|2008|12|17|2015|12|2|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1995|12|18|2015|12|2|duration=on}}'''
|'''[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|27th CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]'''
|'''42nd Chief Justice of India'''
|-
!10
|[[Venkate Gopala Gowda]]
|[[File:Justice_VG_Gopala_Gowda.jpg|100x100px]]
|{{Dts|1997|6|11|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2012|12|24|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2016|10|5|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1997|6|11|2012|12|23|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2012|12|24|2016|10|5|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1997|6|11|2016|10|5|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|24th CJ]] of [[Orissa High Court|Orissa HC]]
|
|-
!11
|[[Mohan Shantanagoudar]]
|[[File:Justice Mohan M. Shantanagoudar.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|2003|5|12|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2017|2|17|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2021|4|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2003|5|12|2017|2|16|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2017|2|17|2021|4|24|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2003|5|12|2021|4|24|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Kerala High Court|32nd CJ]] of [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]]
|Died in office
|-
!12
|[[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
|[[File:Justice S. Abdul Nazeer.jpg|alt=|100x100px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|2003|5|12|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2017|2|17|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|1|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2003|5|12|2017|2|16|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2017|2|17|2023|1|4|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2003|5|12|2023|1|4|duration=on}}
|Judge of Karnataka HC
|
|-
!13
|[[A. S. Bopanna|Ajjikuttira Somaiah Bopanna]]
|[[File:Justice A S Bopanna.jpg|alt=|99x99px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|2006|1|6|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2019|5|24|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2024|5|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2006|1|6|2019|5|23|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2019|5|24|2024|5|19|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2006|1|6|2024|5|19|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|37th CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|
|}

== Judges elevated as Chief Justices ==

== Additional Benches ==

[[File:©India.Karnataka.Gulbarga.High Court bench Gulbarga.JPG|thumb|Karnataka High court bench in Kalaburagi.]]The Karnataka High Court currently operates in Bengaluru, Hubballi-Dharwada and Kalaburagi. For many years there was a demand for additional benches due to the difficulty faced by people from northern regions of the state, as Bengaluru is located in the southeastern corner. This issue led to agitation, including boycott of court proceedings by lawyers in the northern region. In response, the government decided to establish circuit benches in [[Hubli–Dharwad|Hubballi-Dharwada]] and [[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]] in 2006.<ref name="cir">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/05/stories/2006080510320400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129153921/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/05/stories/2006080510320400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2010|title= Contracts signed for circuit Bench buildings|access-date=11 September 2007|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 August 2006}}</ref> The new benches were inaugurated on 4 and 5 July 2008, respectively. Subsequently, there was a push to make both the Hubballi-Dharwada and Kalaburagi benches permanent. As a result, the Hubballi-Dharwadaa bench became permanent on from 25 August 2013, followed by the Kalaburagi bench on 31 August 2013.

== Controversies ==
In late 2002, 14 newspapers and periodicals reported allegations of a [[sex scandal]] involving some judges of the Karnataka High Court in Mysore. In response, the Chief Justice formed a high-level [[judicial inquiry]] committee to investigate the matter. The committee later [[acquitted]] the judges, as no substantial [[Evidence (law)|evidence]] could be found to support the allegations.<ref name="contrv1">{{cite news |title=Mysore sex scandal: Media faces contempt case |work=The Times of India|location=India |access-date=7 February 2003 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/36704861.cms |date=7 February 2003}}</ref><ref name="contrv2">{{cite web |title=Contempt proceedings against scribes stayed |work=The Tribune |access-date=5 May 2003 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031119/nation.htm}}</ref><ref name="contrv3">{{cite web |title=Karnataka HC judges cleared in sex scandal |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 February 2003 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/feb/02karna.htm}}</ref>

As of 2023, approximately 2.7 lakh cases were pending in Karnataka High Court, which is facing a significant backlog. The court has struggled with delays due to challenges in adhering to the Karnataka Civil Procedure Code and delivering timely justice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ratna |date=2023-08-15 |title=Alarming that over 2.7 lakh cases pending in Karnataka High Court: Chief Justice PB Varale |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/alarming-27-lakh-cases-pending-karnataka-high-court-chief-justice-pb-varale |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

As of August 2024, approximately 20 Lakh cases are pending across the state, with the High Court serving as the final custodian of justice in these matters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-12 |title=With 16% vacancies, lower courts in Karnataka grapple with 20L+ pending cases |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/with-16-vacancies-lower-courts-in-karnataka-grapple-with-20l-pending-cases/articleshow/112453717.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Law}}}}
* [[High Court of Karnataka (Dharwad Bench)|Dharwad Bench of the High Court]]
* [[High Court of Karnataka (Gulbarga Bench)|Kalaburagi Bench of the High Court]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts]
*[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020036.html Judge strength in High Courts increased]
*[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/dharwad-gets-a-permanent-hc-bench-113082400443_1.html Dharwada HC circuit bench gets permanent tag – Business Standard News]

== External links ==
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ABriefSketchOfTheLifeOfRajaDharmaPravinaT.R.A.ThumbooChetty|title=A Brief Sketch of the Life of T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty, C.I.E, Formerly Chief Judge and Officiating Dewan of Mysore. .|last=Royaloo Chetty|first=T.|publisher=Hoe & Co.Madras|year=1909}}
*[http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/ Official Karnataka High Court website]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/luminaries-who-presided-over-the-high-court/article3239060.ece Luminaries who presided over the High Court]

{{High courts of India}}
{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:1884 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 1884]]
[[Category:Government of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1868]]
[[Category:Karnataka High Court| ]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in India]]

Nisabdham

2026-03-03T03:14:48Z

RicoSturdivant: started a page

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Michael Arun}}
{{About||the 2020 Telugu-language film|Nishabdham}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nisabdham
| image = Nisabdham.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Michael Arun
| producer = Angelin Davenci
| writer = Michael Arun
| starring = Ajay [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] Sathanya [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
| music = Shawn Jazeel
| cinematography = S. J. Star
| editing = Lawrence Kishore
| studio = Miracle Pictures
| distributor = Behind The Scenes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|03|10}}
| runtime = 126 min 43 sec
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nisabdham''''' ({{translation|Silence}}) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language social drama film written and directed by Michael Arun. Featuring Ajay, [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] and Sathanya in the lead roles, the film's score and soundtrack is composed by Shawn Jazeel. ''Nisabdham'' tells the story of a child, who is sexually abused and how her parents tackle the situation. The film began production during March 2015 and was released on 10 March 2017.
It is the remake of 2013 Korean film [[Hope (2013 film)|''Hope'']] by director Lee Joon-ik.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*Ajay (Sathish Kumar) as Aadhi
*[[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as Aadhira
*Sathanya as Bhoomi
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Pervez Ahmed
*[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as a judge
*[[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] as the public prosecutor
*Palani as Shankar
*Ruthu as Therapist
*Hamsa as Matilda
*Venkatesh Babu
*R. T. Kumar as the defence lawyer
* Nitin Thomas as Police Officer
{{colend}}

==Production==
Debutant director Michael Arun, who had previously worked as an associate director in the production studio [[R. B. Choudary|Super Good Films]] and as a co-director in the film ''[[Thagaraaru]]'' (2013), wrote the story about a child, who is sexually abused and how her parents tackle the situation, after hearing about a real life incident in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2017 |title=This film has a strong social message |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/09/this-film-has-a-strong-social-message-1579192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050011/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/09/this-film-has-a-strong-social-message-1579192.html |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANUPAMA SUBRAMANIAN |date=8 March 2017 |title=Nisabdham gets 'U' certificate |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080317/nisabdham-gets-u-certificate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329054018/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080317/nisabdham-gets-u-certificate.html |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film began production in mid-2016 and Arun cast [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] in a leading role with [[Savitha Reddy]] working as a dubbing artiste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Abhinaya's meaty role in Nisabdham |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310117/abhinayas-meaty-role-in-nisabdham.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329052238/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310117/abhinayas-meaty-role-in-nisabdham.html |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Newcomer Ajay, [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and child actress Sathanya were also selected for pivotal roles. While composing the soundtrack, newcomer composer Shawn Jazeel brought in cellist [[Tina Guo]] of ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' fame and Serbian instrumentalist Vladiswar Nadishana for the background score.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2016 |title=Abhinaya in yet another challenging role |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270816/abhinaya-in-yet-another-challenging-role.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329052048/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270816/abhinaya-in-yet-another-challenging-role.html |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nisabdham
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Shawn Jazeel
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 February 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label = Raagam Audio
| producer = Shawn Jazeel
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's music was composed by Shawn Jazeel, while the audio rights of the film was acquired by Raagam Audios. The album released on 23 February 2017 and featured sixteen tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nisabdham Music Juke Box |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jr0Zh_mfw_s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408023518/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jr0Zh_mfw_s |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| total_length =
| title1 = Man Meethu
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = Shawn Jazeel
| length1 = 6:39
| title2 = Un Idhya
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra2 = Shawn Jazeel, Shakina Shawn
| length2 = 7:49
| title3 = Un Paarvai
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra3 = Thomson Andrews, Apeksha Dandekar
| length3 = 6:22
| title4 = Jesu Meine Freude
| lyrics4 = —
| extra4 = —
| length4 = 1:27
| title5 = Wings To Fly
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = —
| length5 = 2:33
| title6 = Friends
| lyrics6 = —
| extra6 = —
| length6 = 0:47
| title7 = Nisabdham
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = —
| length7 = 1:41
| title8 = Friend in Need
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = —
| length8 = 1:27
| title9 = I've Been There
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = —
| length9 = 1:40
| title10 = Longing Heart
| lyrics10 = —
| extra10 = —
| length10 = 1:18
| title11 = I Feel Your Pain
| lyrics11 = —
| extra11 = —
| length11 = 0:56
| title12 = New Beginning
| lyrics12 = —
| extra12 = —
| length12 = 2:20
| title13 = Survivor Pt.1
| lyrics13 = —
| extra13 = —
| length13 = 1:09
| title14 = My Soul
| lyrics14 = —
| extra14 = —
| length14 = 1:38
| title15 = Survivor Pt.2
| lyrics15 = —
| extra15 = —
| length15 = 1:35
| title16 = My Soul (Instrumental)
| lyrics16 = —
| extra16 = —
| length16 = 1:38
}}

==Release==
The film opened on 10 March 2017 across [[Tamil Nadu]] alongside higher profile releases in ''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' and ''[[Maanagaram]]''. In their review, a critic from [[Deccan Chronicle]] wrote "kudos to the director for handling the disturbing subject with lots of sensitivity" and "there may be a few glitches, but nevertheless, it is an honest attempt from Arun".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2017 |title=Nishabdham movie review: Baby Sathanya steals the thunder |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110317/nishabdham-movie-review-baby-sathanya-steals-the-thunder.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408005021/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110317/nishabdham-movie-review-baby-sathanya-steals-the-thunder.html |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The New Indian Express also labelled the film as "promising work" stating "lending a realistic tone to his story telling, the director avoids the clichéd approach to such themes" and that "it's more an emotional take on the subject as seen from the perspective of the victim and her parents, than a suspenseful, investigative mode of treatment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title='Nisabdham' review: Promising work of a debutant maker |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/mar/10/nisabdham-review-promising-work-of-a-debutant-maker-1579860.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050805/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/mar/10/nisabdham-review-promising-work-of-a-debutant-maker-1579860.html |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The Times of India wrote "There are two ways to look at ''Nisabdham''. If you are the [[Is the glass half empty or half full?|glass-half-full]] type, you would agree that the tone wildly swings between somewhat tactful and full-blown melodrama; the staging feels TV serial-ish; the acting is ineffective; the court scenes are so dated" but "still, you might be able to brush aside many of the film's failures under the carpet because the film's intentions are noble and some of the moments bring a lump to your throat".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Nisabdham Review {2.5/5}: The tone wildly swings between somewhat tactful and full-blown melodrama |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nisabdham/movie-review/57576687.cms |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Likewise, Sify.com concluded that "''Nisabdham'' is indeed an honest attempt and it can be watchable for the message delivered but we only wish the director could've have taken more care with dialogues and execution."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2017 |title=Review : Nisabdham review- Average film with a message |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nisabdham-review--average-film-with-a-message-review-tamil-rdklBqcbjbhbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311045829/http://www.sify.com/movies/nisabdham-review--average-film-with-a-message-review-tamil-rdklBqcbjbhbg.html |archive-date=11 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from The Hindu also noted "a genuine endeavour to make a socially-relevant film goes awry and ''Nisabdham'' is barely watchable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2017 |title=The lingering trauma |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-lingering-trauma/article17444078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310204809/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-lingering-trauma/article17444078.ece |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6984716}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about child abuse]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

Jugni (2016 film)

2026-03-02T09:41:40Z

RicoSturdivant: basic adjust structure after review and added references

{{Short description|2016 film directed by Shefali Bhushan}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jugni
| image = Jugni Bollywood Film Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shefali Bhushan
| producer = Karan Grover Manas Malhotra Shefali Bhushan
| writer = Shefali Bhushan
| starring = [[Sugandha Garg]] [[Siddhant Behl]] [[Sadhana Singh]] Anuritta K Jha Samir Sharma Chandan Gill
| music = [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| cinematography = [[Divakar Mani]]
| editing = Navnita Sen
| studio = Dhun Productions
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|01|22|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jugni''''' ({{translation|Female firefly}}) is an Indian [[romantic musical film]] written and directed by debutant filmmaker Shefali Bhushan. The movie deals with a music composer who travels to a village in India in search of a golden voice. The term [[jugni]] has a double meaning; the term is usually used to connote a female firefly, while in Punjabi folk music, it refers to a narrative device in which an outside observer comments with humorous or sad remarks on occurring events.

The film is a traditional [[musical film|musical]] composed by [[Clinton Cerejo]] and consists of singing contributions from several Indian film composers including [[Vishal Bharadwaj]] and [[A.R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bollyspice.com/117496/music-maestros-come-together-for-the-grand-launch-of-jugnis-music-album-launch|title = Music maestros come together for the grand launch of Jugni's music album launch|date = 16 December 2015}}</ref> The film was distributed by [[PVR Pictures]] and released nationwide in India on January 22, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/videos/catch-the-official-trailer-musical-drama-jugni/|title = Catch the Official Trailer Musical Drama 'Jugni'|date = 17 December 2015}}</ref> It has been selected to be shown at several film festivals, including the London Indian Film Festival, the Indian Film Festival, the Hague, the Avvantura Film Festival, Zadar, the River to River Indian Film Festival, the FOG Festival, the USA, and others.

== Plot ==
Jugni (Firefly) is the beat of the soul, the free-flying spirit. Jugni is Vibhavari or 'Vibs', a music director, working on her first big break in the Hindi film industry. When work and home affairs with her live-in boyfriend Sid (Samir Sharma) get rough, Vibs hits the road with a glint of hope to find music. The journey takes her to a village in Punjab in the search of a Bibi Saroop (Sadhana Singh), whose voice holds the promise that Vibs is searching for. As fate would have it, it turns out that Mastana, Bibi's son and a proficient singer himself, is the voice and man who winds his way into Vibs' heart. From here on, Jugni is about striking balances, making tough decisions while trying to soften the blows, and dealing with the dramatic turns and unpredictability of life. It is about finding the place one can call home; the home of the heart, where the firefly is at her brightest.

== Cast ==
*[[Sugandha Garg]] as Vibhavari
*[[Sadhana Singh]] as Bibi Saroop
*[[Siddhant Behl]] as Mastana
*[[Anurita Jha]] as Preeto
*Samir Sharma as Sidharth
*Chandan Gill as Jeeta Jazbaati
*Kartick Sitaraman as Nishant (Director)
*Devinder Daman as Babaji
*Divya Unny as TV Actress

== Soundtrack ==

The film's soundtrack comprises 12 songs and 11 songs was composed by Clinton Cerejo and the other one was composed by Kaashif sung by the Oscar winner A. R. Rahman.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=48|s=30}}
| title1 = Jugni
| note1 = Title Track
| extra1 = [[Javed Bashir]]
| lyrics1 = [[Shellee]]
| music1 = [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| length1 = 5:43
| title2 = Dilaan De Saundey
| extra2 = Javed Bashir
| lyrics2 = Traditional
| music2 = Clinton Cerejo
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = Dugg Dugg Duggy
| extra3 = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| lyrics3 = Shellee
| music3 = Clinton Cerejo
| length3 = 3:34
| title4 = Lakhon Salaam
| extra4 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| lyrics4 = [[Kaashif Sahib]]
| music4 = Kaashif Sahib
| length4 = 5:32
| title5 = Zarre Zarre Mein Noor Bhara
| extra5 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] & [[Jazim Sharma]]
| lyrics5 = Shellee
| music5 = Clinton Cerejo
| length5 = 7:01
| title6 = Dil Ke Sang
| extra6 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| lyrics6 = Shellee
| music6 = Clinton Cerejo
| length6 = 3:46
| title7 = Hatt Mullah Mainu Rok Na
| extra7 = [[Bianca Gomes Shellee]] & [[Baba Bulleh Shah]]
| lyrics7 = Shellee & Baba Bulleh Shah
| music7 = Clinton Cerejo
| length7 = 4:14
| title8 = Joban Hai Shawa
| extra8 = [[Neha Kakkar]]
| lyrics8 = Shellee
| music8 = Clinton Cerejo
| length8 = 3:11
| title9 = Bolladiyaan
| extra9 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| lyrics9 = Shellee
| music9 = Clinton Cerejo
| length9 = 4:07
| title10 = Heer
| extra10 = Nakash Aziz
| lyrics10 = [[Waris Shah]]
| music10 = Clinton Cerejo
| length10 = 1:36
| title11 = Jugni
| note11 = Unplugged
| extra11 = Neha Kakkar & [[Javed Bashir]]
| lyrics11 = Shellee
| music11 = Clinton Cerejo
| length11 = 3:01
| title12 = Hatt Mullah
| note12 = Reprise
| extra12 = Bianca Gomes Shellee & Baba Bulleh Shah
| lyrics12 = Shellee & Baba Bulleh Shah
| music12 = Clinton Cerejo
| length12 = 2:09
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3453964}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Clinton Cerejo]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]

John Edward Robinson (bishop)

2026-03-02T02:54:52Z

RicoSturdivant: minor correct page to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|American bishop (1849–1922)}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Irish English|date=June 2020}}
'''John Edward Robinson''' (12 February 1849 – 16 February 1922<ref>{{cite book |last=Lutzweiler |first=James |title=Missionary Review of the World |volume=45 |year=1922 |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]] |page=330 |quote=BISHOP John Edward Robinson, ... of the Methodist Episcopal Church, died in Bangalore February 16th, aged seventy-three.}}</ref>) was a [[missionary bishop]] of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]], elected in 1904.
[[File:Bishop J.E. Robinson, portrait bust LCCN2014681108.jpg|thumb]]
==Birth and family==
John was born in [[Gort]], [[County Galway, Ireland]] (28 miles north of [[Limerick]]). His parentage was [[English people|English]], the son of James and Jane Robinson. John was fatherless at the age of six. He came to the U.S. in 1865. He married Retta Terry on 15 November 1876. They had the following children: Ruth E., Helen E., John F., Bessie E., Flora L. and Muriel E.

==Education==
John was [[Conversion to Christianity|converted]] to the [[Christianity|Christian]] faith while a teacher of boys at the 104th St. [[Methodist Church]] in [[New York City]]. He graduated from [[Drew Theological Seminary]] in 1874. He also received a [[D.D.]] degree from [[Albion College]] in 1902.

==Ordained ministry and missionary service==

Robinson went to [[India]] in 1874 as a [[missionary]]. His appointments were as follows: [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] (1874–77), [[Bangalore]] (1877–80), and [[Yangon|Rangoon, Burma]] (1880–86). He then became the presiding elder of the [[Burma]] District (1884–86). He was appointed to [[Shimla|Simla]] in 1886, but then again as a presiding elder, this time of the [[Bombay]] District (1887–96). He was presiding elder then of the [[Asansol]] District (1896-00) and the [[Calcutta]] District (1900–04).

Robinson also served as the [[Editing|editor]] of the ''Burmah Evangelist'' (1884–87) and of the ''Indian Witness'' (1896–1904).

==Episcopal ministry==
The Rev. Dr. John Edward Robinson was elected the Missionary Bishop for [[South Asia|Southern Asia]] in 1904. In his [[theology]], Bishop Robinson was considered ''"liberal evangelical."''<ref name="New Schaff-Herzog">[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc10/Page_61.html ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,'' Vol. X, p. 61.]</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of bishops of the United Methodist Church]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Selected writings==
* ''Apostolic Succession Refuted'', Rangoon, 1884
* ''The Rise and Progress of Methodism'', 1899

==References==
* ''"Robinson, John Edward"'' in '''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,''' Samuel Macauley Jackson, D.D., LL.D., Editor-in-Chief, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1954, Vol. X, p. 61.[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc10/Page_61.html]
* ''"ROBINSON, Rev. Bishop John Edward, D.D."'' in '''Who's Who in American Methodism,''' Carl F. Price, Compiler and Editor, New York: E.B. Treat & Co., 1916, p. 186.

{{Protestant missions to India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robinson, John Edward}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:American Methodist missionaries]]
[[Category:Converts to Methodism]]
[[Category:Editors of Christian publications]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from County Galway]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Methodist writers]]
[[Category:Drew University alumni]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Albion College alumni]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]

{{US-bishop-stub}}
{{Methodism-bishop-stub}}

Souvik Chakrabarti

2026-02-26T21:13:04Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1991)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Souvik Chakrabarti
| image = SouvikChakrabarti.jpeg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Chakrabarti with [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] in 2017
| fullname = Souvik Chakrabarti
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|7|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height = 1.72 m
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 23
| position = [[Midfielder]] / [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Right back]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| years1 = 2009–2012
| clubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps1 = 37
| goals1 = 6
| years2 = 2012–2013
| clubs2 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| caps2 = 24
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2013–2014
| clubs3 = [[United SC|Prayag United]]
| caps3 = 22
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2014–2017
| clubs4 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps4 = 41
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2014
| clubs5 = → [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]] (loan)
| caps5 = 7
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2015
| clubs6 = → [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]] (loan)
| caps6 = 12
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2016
| clubs7 = → [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]] (loan)
| caps7 = 16
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2017–2018
| clubs8 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps8 = 18
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2018–2020
| clubs9 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps9 = 25
| goals9 = 1
| years10 = 2020–2022
| clubs10 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps10 = 26
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2022–
| clubs11 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps11 = 46
| goals11 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 13:24, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Souvik Chakrabarti''' ({{langx|bn|সৌভিক চক্রবর্তী}}; born 12 July 1991), is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] or [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]].

==Career==

===Mohun Bagan===
Chakraborty started playing football at the age of eight at the Yubajagaran football coaching centre.<ref name=MBInterview>{{cite web|title=Being part of the fed cup team is a pleasant surprise for me: Souvik Chakraborty|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/being-part-of-the-fed-cup-team-is-a-pleasant-surprise-for-me-souvik-chakrab|work=Mohun Bagan|access-date=22 October 2012|archive-date=14 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314162124/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/being-part-of-the-fed-cup-team-is-a-pleasant-surprise-for-me-souvik-chakrab|url-status=live}}</ref> He then joined the [[Mohun Bagan]] Academy when he was 15 years old where he recalls his most memorable moment there, the Manchester United Premier Cup in [[Manchester]], [[England]].<ref name=MBInterview/> Chakraborty was then selected to join the first-team for the [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup]] and the [[Calcutta Football League]].<ref name=MBInterview/> His call-up to the senior team was made possible due to the rule that each club in the Calcutta Football League must have two under-19 players in the squad.<ref name=MBInterview/> Chakraborty had to wait until 2 November 2011 before making his professional debut for the club against [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] at the [[Fatorda Stadium]] in which Mohun Bagan lost 5–0, coming on as a 26th-minute substitute for [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Dempo SC 5-0 Mohun Bagan – Armando Colaco's Side Destroys The Mariners At Home|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69217/dempo-vs-mohun-bagan/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=22 October 2012|archive-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103142056/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69217/dempo-vs-mohun-bagan/report|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air India===
In the summer of 2012 Chakraborty signed for [[Air India FC|Air India]] of the [[I-League]] and scored his first professional goal of his career for the club on 28 August 2012 against [[Pailan Arrows]] during the [[2012 Durand Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=DURAND CUP 2012: AIR INDIA HOLD PAILAN 1-1, WHILE SPORTING CLUBE DE GOA THRASH ONGC 3-1|url=http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/|work=Barefoot|access-date=22 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901013121/http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/|archive-date=1 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He made his I-League debut for Air India on 7 October 2012 against [[Prayag United S.C.]] in which Air India lost 5–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prayag United 5-1 Air India: Ranti Martins' hat-trick grounds the Airmen|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93651/prayag-united-vs-air-india/report|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=22 October 2012|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104091417/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93651/prayag-united-vs-air-india/report|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his second goal for Air India in the I-League against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] on 16 December 2012 to give Air India the lead 1–0 before the match ended 1–1 after Lajong found an equalizer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=Air India 1-1 Shillong Lajong – Late Boithang Haokip goal helps the visitors grab a point|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96198/air-india-vs-shillong-lajong-fc/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=17 December 2012|archive-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101191945/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96198/air-india-vs-shillong-lajong-fc/report|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United Sports Club===
Souvik made his debut on 6 October 2013 against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in which he played till 61minutes and was replaced by [[Snehasish Chakraborty]] as United lost the match 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru vs. Prayag United 1-0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/06/india/i-league/bengaluru/chirag-united-sc/1585292/|work=Soccerway|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103000322/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/06/india/i-league/bengaluru/chirag-united-sc/1585292/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mohun Bagan===
In January 2014, Chakraborty signed for Kolkata giant [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. A Mohun Bagan Academy product, he is very much a mariner at heart. Having devoted his life to football, Souvik has turned into a master passer and crosser of the ball. A good passer, crosser, and modern box to box midfielder, Souvik was a vital cog in Bagan's I-League triumph in 2014–15 season.
On 21 May 2016, Souvik started on the right of midfield in Mohun Bagan's [[2016 Indian Federation Cup final]] victory over Aizawl FC before being substituted in the 88th minute.
On 28 February 2017, Souvik started as the captain for the first time for Mohun Bagan in the AFC Cup against Club Valencia.

====Delhi Dynamos (loan)====
In August 2014, Delhi based ISL franchisee [[Delhi Dynamos]] signed him in domestic draft. He made total 7 ISL appearances for Delhi Dynamos in first season, but Delhi finished fifth in final League table.

In June 2015, Delhi Dynamos retained him for next season ISL along with 4 more players.<ref>{{cite web |last=Noronha |first=Anselm |title=Indian Super League clubs' domestic transfer dealings |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/10/13440952/indian-super-league-clubs-domestic-transfer-dealings?ICID=SP |work=Goal.com |date=10 July 2015 |access-date=12 July 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006154822/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/10/13440952/indian-super-league-clubs-domestic-transfer-dealings?ICID=SP |url-status=live }}</ref> He is highly rated by [[Roberto Carlos (footballer)|Roberto Carlos]] in Delhi Dynamos where he played almost all matches for a right back for Delhi dynamos in 2015 season. He helped Delhi to reach semi final, in which Delhi lost 3–1 to FC Goa.

In July 2016, Delhi Dynamos again retained him for next season ISL for the third straight time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/06/20/24817802/indian-super-league-souvik-chakrabarti-and-lalchhawnkima |title=Indian Super League: Souvik Chakrabarti and Lalchhawnkima join Delhi Dynamos - Goal.com |access-date=10 August 2016 |archive-date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625010057/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/06/20/24817802/indian-super-league-souvik-chakrabarti-and-lalchhawnkima |url-status=live }}</ref> Delhi Dynamos sent Souvik to [[A-League]] club [[Central Coast Mariners FC|Central Coast Mariners]] for a week long training camp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xtratime.in/delhi-dynamos-duo-of-anas-and-souvik-train-with-a-league-side-central-coast-mariners/|title=Delhi Dynamos duo of Anas and Souvik train with A-League side Central Coast Mariners|date=12 August 2016|access-date=30 March 2022|website=xtratime.in|publisher=Xtra Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330095250/https://xtratime.in/delhi-dynamos-duo-of-anas-and-souvik-train-with-a-league-side-central-coast-mariners/|archive-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> Delhi Dynamos head coach [[Gianluca Zambrotta]] rated Souvik a versatile player and used him as a left back in entire season. Souvik started all matches for Delhi Dynamos in 2016 campaign.

===Jamshedpur===
On 23 July 2017, Chakraborty was selected in the fourth round of the [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft]] by [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2017 player draft, as it happened: ATK, Jamshedpur FC and Pune strike big|url=https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|access-date=2 November 2017|work=The Field|date=23 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172202/https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club during the first ever match on 18 November 2017 against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]. He started and played the whole match as Jamshedpur drew 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United 0-0 Jamshedpur|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/18/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/jamshedpur/2597745/?ICID=PL_MS_02|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324225248/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/18/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/jamshedpur/2597745/?ICID=PL_MS_02|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|29 October 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|souvik-chakraborty/72567}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Air India FC|Air India]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
| rowspan="5" |[[I-League]]
|24||2||5{{efn|name=FedCup|Appearance(s) in [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]}}{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||1|| colspan="2" |—||29||3
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[United SC|Prayag United]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|22||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||22||0
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|15||0||4{{efn|name=FedCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||19||0
|-
|[[2015–16 Mohun Bagan AC season|2015–16]]
|13||0||5{{efn|name=FedCup}}||0||6{{efn|name=statsAFCCL|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Champions League]]}}{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||24||0
|-
|[[2016–17 Mohun Bagan AC season|2016–17]]
|13||0||5{{efn|name=FedCup}}||0||6{{efn|name=statsAFCC}}||0||24||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Mohun Bagan total
!41!!0!!14!!0!!12!!0!!67!!0
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]] (loan)
|[[2014 Indian Super League|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Super League]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||7||0
|-
|[[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
|12||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||0
|-
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
|16||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||16||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Delhi Dynamos total
!35!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!35!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
| rowspan="3" |Indian Super League
|18||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||18||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
|18||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||19||0
|-
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
|7||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||7||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Mumbai City total
!25!!1!!1!!0!!0!!0!!26!!1
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
| rowspan="3" |Indian Super League
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||7||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
|16||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||16||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Hyderabad total
!26!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!26!!0
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="3" |Indian Super League
|5||0||4||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|19||0||9||0|| colspan="2" |—||28||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="2" |East Bengal total
!24!!0!!13!!0!!0!!0!!37!!0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!215!!3!!29!!0!!12!!0!!252!!4
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Air India'''
*[[Durand Cup]]: [[2012 Durand Cup|2012]]

'''Mohun Bagan'''
*[[I-League]]: [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|2015–16]]

'''Hyderabad'''
*[[Indian Super League]]: [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Laxmikanth Kattimani the hero as Hyderabad FC beat Kerala Blasters FC on penalties to win first Hero ISL title |date=20 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/laxmikanth-kattimani-the-hero-as-hyderabad-fc-beat-kerala-blasters-fc-on-penalties-to-win-first-hero-isl-title |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322104911/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/laxmikanth-kattimani-the-hero-as-hyderabad-fc-beat-kerala-blasters-fc-on-penalties-to-win-first-hero-isl-title |url-status=live}}</ref>

'''East Bengal'''
*[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]: [[2024 Super Cup (India)|2024]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Sports links}}
* [http://www.fcjamshedpur.com/players/10659-souvik-chakrabarti Jamshedpur FC Profile]
{{East Bengal FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarti, Souvik}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Air India FC players]]
[[Category:United SC players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC players]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]

Tanpura

2026-02-20T02:28:10Z

RicoSturdivant: reworked section additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian drone instrument}}
{{About|the Indian drone instrument|other instruments of similar name|Tanbur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Tanpura
| image = Pandit Murli Manohar Shukla 'MANHAR'.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[Pandit]] with tanpura
| background =
| names = {{hlist|tambura|tanpuri|tamboura|tanpoura}}
| classification = [[Stringed instrument]]
| hornbostel_sachs = [[List_of_chordophones_by_Hornbostel–Sachs_number#Lutes_(321)|321.321]]
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Necked bowl lutes
| developed = ~300 BCE
| timbre =
| volume =
| attack =
| decay =
| range =
| pitch =
| musicians =
| builders =
| sound sample =
| articles =
| module = {{Listen
|child=yes
|filename=Ninnukori-Mohanam-ramakrishnamurthy.wav|title=''Ninnu Koriyunnanura''
|description= ''[[Mohanam|Mohanam raga]]'', set to ''[[adi tala]].'' Composed by [[Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar]], performed by [[Ramakrishnan Murthy]].
|pos=center
}}
}}
{{Carnatic}}

The '''tanpura''' ({{Langx|sa|तंबूरा|translit=Taṃbūrā}}; also referred to as '''tambura''', '''tanpuri''', '''tamboura''', or '''tanpoura''') is a long-necked, plucked, four-[[stringed instrument]] originating in the [[Indian subcontinent]], found in various forms in [[Indian music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-03-12 |title=Tambura: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/tambura |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Visually, the tanpura resembles a simplified [[sitar]] or similar [[lute]]-like instrument, and is likewise crafted out of a [[gourd]] or [[pumpkin]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Asoke Kumar |last2=Sengupta |first2=Ranjan |last3=Banerjee |first3=Kaushik |last4=Ghosh |first4=Dipak |date=2019 |title=Acoustical Analysis of the Tanpura |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2610-3 |journal=Signals and Communication Technology |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2610-3 |issn=1860-4862|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The tanpura is not used to play a [[melody]], but to support and sustain the performance of another musician or [[Singing|vocalist]], as well as musicians accompanying a [[Concert dance|dance performance]].<ref name=":0" /> The instrument's four strings are tuned to specific [[Musical note|notes]] of a given [[Scale (music)|scale]] or [[musical key]], normally the fifth (''Pa''; [[Solfège]], “So”) and the root tonic (''Sa''; “Do”), creating a drone effect. The strings are generally tuned 5-8-8-1.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Jade |first=Srivani |last2=Campbell |first2=Patricia Shehan |date=2025-10-01 |title=World Music Pedagogy in Practice: Part 2 – Learning Hindustani/Indian Music |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/27527646251325240 |journal=Journal of General Music Education |language=EN |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=5–12 |doi=10.1177/27527646251325240 |issn=2752-7646|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One of the three strings tuned to the tonic is thus an [[octave]] below the others, adding greater [[Acoustic resonance|resonance]] and depth to the ambient drone.

==History==
[[File:A Lady Playing the Tanpura, ca. 1735.jpg|thumb|A woman playing the tanpura, ca. 1735]]
The Tanpura (or in ancient times called the ''Tumburu Vina'') dates back to approximately 300 B.C. The roots of the instrument are apparent in the [[Nāṭyaśāstra]] by [[Bharata (sage)|Bharata Muni]] (~200 BCE–200 CE), where drone-based accompaniment is described (though not named Tanpura).<ref name=":0" /> References in [[Sangita Ratnakara]] (13th century CE) by [[Śārṅgadeva|Sharngadeva]] also suggest instruments of similar function and structure.<ref name=":0" />

The modern and most current form of the tanpura is depicted from around the 16-17th centuries. While the instrument contains influence from [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] cultural descent, its closest descendant is the ancient [[Veena]], specifically the [[Tritantri veena|Tritantri Veena]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Diya Maria |date=2023-05-13 |title=Tracking the tanpura legacy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/May/12/tracking-the-tanpura-legacy-2574537.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> also from the Indian subcontinent. Early [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] paintings during this time illustrated scenes of a ''tambur'' player.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Slawek1987">{{cite book |author=Stephen Slawek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw8l6QGFi2EC&pg=PA8 |title=Sitār Technique in Nibaddh Forms |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-208-0200-1 |pages=8–}}</ref>

Additional evidence of the instrument was seen from the middle of the 17th century. Some portrayals showed a completely wooden, fretless tanpura ([[Tanjore]] style), and others shown as a wooden tanpura with a [[gourd]] (tumba). These illustrations revealed many different varieties of the instrument.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Popley |first=Herbert A. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.21415 |title=Music of India |date=1921}}</ref>

Tanpuras form the root of the ensemble and indeed of the music itself, as the tanpura creates an [[Acoustics|acoustic]] dynamic reference chord from which the [[raga]]s ([[Modal frame|melodic modes]]) are anchored.<ref name=":1" />

===Tanpura makers===
The sitar maker family of [[Miraj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/F3lxLkOWNR54XdklwQWuSO/The-Musical-Home-of-the-Mirajkar.html|title=The Musical Home of the Mirajkar|first=Shubha|last=Mudgal|date=4 October 2014|website=Livemint.com|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> is regarded as the finest producers of tanpuras in the world.<ref name=":5">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mirajs-legacy-sitar-makers-go-online-to-survive/articleshow/64992898.cms | title=Miraj's legacy sitar-makers go online to survive | first=Priyanka | last=Kakodkar | date=15 July 2018 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=7 July 2020 }}</ref> The family has been making tanpuras for over seven generations from 1850.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/india/interesting-pictures-of-sanglis-sitar-makers/interesting-pictures-of-sanglis-sitarmakers/articleshow/65041249.cms|title=A few even make ancient instruments like the Taus - Photogallery|website=Photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> The signature of the Miraj tanpura is the shell of a bottle gourd that is used for the body of the tanpura. This gourd is specifically grown for the purpose of instrument making and must be hung and dried for one year. The other components of the instrument are carved from wood. The entire process to construct one tanpura takes approximately three weeks.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Amelia Kosciulek, Reem Makhoul, Nikita |title=This Indian family has been turning pumpkins into instruments for almost 2 centuries |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/india-pumpkin-instruments-tanpura-sitar-miraj-sitarmakers-2022-11 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Construction==
The body shape of the tanpura somewhat resembles that of the [[sitar]], but it has no [[frets]] – as the strings are always plucked at their full lengths. The Tanpura is different from other [[String instrument|string instruments]] as it does not have any frets or a fretboard.<ref name=":0" /> The tanpura is composed of four main parts: tumba, gulu (neck joint), tagli ([[Soundboard (music)|sound board]]), dand (neck).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />

The tumba is first dried, soaked in water, and cleaned allowing the outside of the tumba to become like an elastic or rubber. The other components of the instrument such as the tagli and dand are carved from wood that is seasoned for 3 years to ensure its best quality. Decorations on the tanpura are carved onto the instrument. These carvings previously made with ivory, are now made with a white plastic alternative due to India’s ban on [[Ivory]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Esmond |last2=Vigne |first2=Lucy |date=1989-12-30 |title=The decline and the fall of India's ivory industry |url=https://pachydermjournal.org/index.php/pachyderm/article/view/685 |journal=Pachyderm |language=en |volume=12 |pages=4–21 |doi=10.69649/pachyderm.v12i1.685 |issn=1683-5018|doi-access=free }}</ref> After polishing the instrument using [[gum copal]] (a natural resin), the instrument is strung and finely tuned.<ref name=":6" />

===Bridge and strings===
{{multiple image
|image1=Side view of tanpura bridge,photo taken by martin spaink.jpg
|caption1=Side view of tanpura bridge
|image2=Dsc01727du.jpg
|caption2=Top view of tanpura bridge
}}
The [[overtone]]-rich sound and the audible movement in the inner resonances of tone is achieved by applying the principle of ''[[Jivari]]'' which creates a sustained "buzzing" sound in which particular harmonics will resonate with focused clarity. To achieve this effect, the strings pass over a table-shaped, curved-top [[Bridge (instrument)|bridge]], the front of which slopes gently away from the surface of the strings.<ref name=":0" /> When a string is plucked, it has an intermittent periodical grazing contact with the bridge. When the string moves up and down, the downward wave will touch a far point on the curve of the bridge, and as the energy of motion of the string gradually diminishes, these points of contact of the string on the bridge will gradually shift as well, being a compound function of amplitude, the curvature of the bridge, pitch, string tension and time.<ref>{{Citation |last=Datta |first=Asoke Kumar |title=Acoustic Analysis of Tanpura Signals |date=2019 |work=Acoustical Analysis of the Tanpura: Indian Plucked String Instrument |pages=83–105 |editor-last=Datta |editor-first=Asoke Kumar |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2610-3_6 |access-date=2025-11-14 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2610-3_6 |isbn=978-981-13-2610-3 |last2=Sengupta |first2=Ranjan |last3=Banerjee |first3=Kaushik |last4=Ghosh |first4=Dipak |editor2-last=Sengupta |editor2-first=Ranjan |editor3-last=Banerjee |editor3-first=Kaushik |editor4-last=Ghosh |editor4-first=Dipak|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When the string is plucked, it has a large amplitude. As the energy of the string's movement gradually diminishes, the contact point of the string with the bridge slowly creeps up the slope of the bridge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=R. |last2=Dey |first2=N. |last3=Datta |first3=A. K. |last4=Ghosh |first4=D. |date=September 2005 |title=Assessment of musical quality of tanpura by fractal-dimensional analysis |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218348X05002891 |journal=Fractals |volume=13 |issue=03 |pages=245–252 |doi=10.1142/S0218348X05002891 |issn=0218-348X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Depending on scale, tension and pitch, this can take between three and ten seconds. The acoustics of the room where the instrument is being played can also affect the resonance of the sound.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />

This dynamic process can be fine-tuned using a cotton thread between string and bridge: by shifting the thread, the grazing contact sequence is shifted to a different position on the bridge, changing the harmonic content.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Tanpura - Toss Levy |url=https://www.tosslevy.nl/tanpura/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.tosslevy.nl |language=nl}}</ref> According to this principle, tanpuras are attentively tuned to achieve a particular tonal shade relative to the tonal characteristics of the raga. These more delicate aspects of tuning are directly related to what Indian musicians call ''raga Svaroop'', which is about how characteristic intonations are important defining aspects of a particular raga.<ref>{{cite web|title=FUNDAMENTALS OF RAG|url=https://chandrakantha.com/music-and-dance/i-class-music/rag/|publisher=chandrakantha|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

===Sizes and tunings===
{{multiple image
|image1=Male vocal Tanpura, Miraj 1963.JPG
|caption1=A male-pitched tanpura
|image2=A pair of female vocal tanpuras.jpg
|caption2=A pair of female-pitched tanpuras
}}
Tanpuras come in different sizes and pitches: larger "males", smaller "females" for vocalists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Budhaditya |date=2022-11-02 |title=The Changing Ecology of the Kolkata Tanpura |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2022.2118480 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=1095–1111 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2022.2118480 |issn=0085-6401}}</ref>

Male vocalists use the biggest instruments and pitch their tonic note (''Sa''), often at D, C{{music|#}} or lower, some go down to B-flat; female singers usually a fifth higher, though these tonic notes may vary according to the preference of the singer, as there is no absolute and fixed pitch-reference in the Indian Classical music systems. A female singer may take her 'sa' at F, another at A.<ref name=":7" />

The male tanpura has an open string length of approximately one metre; the female is three-fourths of the male.<ref name=":7" /> The standard [[Musical tuning|tuning]] is 5-8-8-1 (so do′ do′ do) or, in Indian [[sargam (music)|sargam]], Pa-sa-sa-Sa. For ragas that omit the fifth tone, pa, the first string is tuned down to the natural fourth: 4-8-8-1 or Ma-sa-sa-Sa. Some ragas that omit Pa and shuddha Ma, such as [[marva (raga)|Marwa]] or [[Hindol]], require a less common tuning with shuddha Dha (major 6th), DHA-sa-sa-SA or 6-8-8-1, or with the 7th, NI-s-s-S.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raga Marwa |url=http://kksongs.org/raga/list/marwa.html |website=KKSongs |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> With a five-string instrument, the seventh or NI (major or minor 7th) can be added: PA-NI-sa-sa-SA (5-7-8-8-1)or MA-NI-sa-sa-SA (4-7-8-8-1). Both minor and major 7th harmonics are clearly distinguishable in the harmonic texture of the overall sound, so when the Ni - strings are tuned into these harmonics, the resultant sound will be perfectly harmonious.<ref name=":7" />

Usually the octave strings are in steel wire, and the tonic, 4th or 5th strings in brass or bronze wire. If a string will be tuned to the 6th or 7th, a steel string is advised instead.<ref name=":7" />

=== Variants ===

Tanpuras are designed in two different styles:
*''Miraj style'': the favorite form of tanpura for Hindustani performers. It is usually between three and five feet in length, with a carved, rounded [[Soundboard (music)|soundboard]] (''tabli'') and a long, hollow straight neck, in section resembling a rounded capital D. The round lower chamber to which the tabli, the connecting heel-piece and the neck (''dandh'') are fixed is cut from a selected and dried [[gourd]] (''tumba''). Wood used is either [[Toona ciliata|tun]] or [[teak]]; bridges are usually cut from one piece of bone.<ref name=":6" />
*''Tanjore style'': this is a [[south India]]n style of tambura, used widely by Carnatic performers. It has a somewhat different shape and style of decoration from that of the Miraj, but is otherwise much the same size. Typically, no gourd is used, but the spherical part is gouged out of a solid block of wood. The neck is somewhat smaller in diameter. [[Jackwood|Jack wood]] is used throughout; bridges are usually cut from one piece of [[rosewood]]. Often, two rosettes are drilled out and ornamented with inlay work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

==== Electronic vs. Traditional Tanpura ====
An [[electronic tanpura]], also referred as [[shruti box]], is a small box that imitates the sound of a tanpura, is sometimes used in contemporary Indian classical music performances instead of a tanpura, though this practice is controversial.<ref name=":0" />

The use of electronic tanpuras has sparked conversation among musicians and manufacturers, with differing views on the tanpura's impact in performance and trandition. Supporters of electronic versions state the lack of tanpura players, convenience, and high costs of the instrument as reasons for the shift to electronic alternatives. A traditional tanpura can cost approximately three times more than an electronic tanpura.<ref name=":6" /> App versions, such as ''Tanpura Droid'' and ''iTanpura Lite'' are other commonly used alternatives due to accessibility and convenience.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-14 |title=Digital music edges out classical instruments from stage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/digital-music-edges-out-classical-instruments-from-stage/articleshow/60060469.cms |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Others argue electronic versions fail to emulate subtle imperfections and resonance of a traditional tanpura.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=The Evolution of the Electronic Tanpura – Music & Moorings |url=https://lakshmianand.com/music/potpourri/the-evolution-of-the-electronic-tanpura/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, electronic versions have reduced opportunities for students to accompany their [[Guru|gurus]] (teachers) in performance or concert settings. This tradition is a long-standing practice in the [[Gurukula|gurukula system]] in music.<ref name=":3" /> Increased use of electronic versions of the instrument has also been linked to a decline in demand for traditional tanpuras leading to a decline in business amongst manufacturers.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|author=Ashok Damodar Ranade|title=Keywords and concepts: Hindustani classical music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MW30AAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Promilla|isbn=978-81-85002-12-5}}source for Sangit Parijat is Ahobal Pandit, translated by Kalind-Hatvas, Sangeet Karyalaya 1971
* Wim van der Meer - Joep Bor: De roep van de Kokila, historische en hedendaagse aspekten van de Indiase muziek; Martinus Nijhoff / 's-Gravenhage 1982, {{ISBN|90 247 9079 4}}
* Hindustani Music, 13th to 20th centuries, editors: Joep Bor, Françoise Delvoye, Jane Harvey & Emmy te Nijenhuis; Codarts, Manohar 2010
* {{cite book|author=Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy|title=The Rāgs of North Indian Music: Their Structure and Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGLRqLscf78C|year=1995|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-395-3}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200140/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69870/1/69870.pdf On some Indian string instruments (1921)] Sir C V Raman, FRS, M.A., D.Sc. (Hon), Palit Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta, Nobel Prize, 1930
* [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.130.9410&rep=rep1&type=pdf ''Beyond Swayambhu Gandhar: an analysis of perceived tanpura notes'']. Paritosh K. Pandya. [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai {{date missing}}
* [http://glorian.bandcamp.com/album/tanpura-sounds-2 Audio samples of tanpura of various pitch], Glorian.bandcamp.com

==Further reading==
*[http://www.medieval.org/music/world/martin_est.html ''Some reflections on the use of Electronic Tanpura and the intricacies of tanpura tuning'']. Medieval.org, Martin Spaink, 2003.

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Necked bowl lutes]]
[[Category:Tanbur]]

Bijay Chand Mahtab

2026-02-19T08:09:08Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bardhaman and writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
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'''Maharajadhiraja Bahadur Sir Bijay Chand Mahtab''', (19 October 1881 – 29 August 1941)<ref name=g/> was the ruler of [[Burdwan Estate]], [[Bengal Presidency]] in [[British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]]) from 1887 till his death in 1941.<ref>Imperial gazetteer of India: provincial series, 1909 – Volume 5 – Page 270</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Komagata maru, a challenge to colonialism: key documents by Komagata maru, a challenge to colonialism: key documents|year=2005|publisher=Unistar Books|pages=245–46|isbn=9788186898055|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kxl6AAAAMAAJ&q=Bijoychand+Mahtab}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mahtab's predecessor, Maharaja [[Aftab Chand Mahtab]] (ruled : 1879–85) died without heirs, and his widow adopted Bijoy Chand Mahtab, son of [[Khatri]] Ban Bihari Kapur, a relative of [[Mahtab Chand Bahadur]], a past ruler of Burdwan Estate from 1832 to 1879. At the time of adoption, in 1887, he was only six years old, therefore, the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] along with the [[Dewan|Diwani-i-Raj]], Ban Bihari Kapoor, (the natural father of Bijaychand), ruled the estate up to 1902. In 1893, the title of 'Raja' was bestowed on Ban Bihari Kapoor. The government permitted the [[British Raj|Raj]] in 1897 to maintain an armed force of 600 people and 41 cannons.<ref name=i>Imperial Gazetteer of India by Sir William Wilson Hunter, 1908 – Page 101</ref>

In 1899, Bijay Chand Mahtab passed the entrance examination of [[Calcutta University]], and was the first in the Raj family to obtain a formal educational qualification.

==Ruler==
In 1902, he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers to the throne of Burdwan Raj. Next year in 1903, the title of '[[Raja]]dhiraj' was bestowed on him at the [[Delhi Durbar]]. A pompous coronation was organised in the [[Burdwan Raj Palace|palace at Bardhaman]], where [[James Bourdillon|Lieutenant Governor Bourdillon]] was present to bestow the honour.<ref name=i/>

In 1903, he invited the Governor General [[Lord Curzon]] to the Bardhaman palace and to commemorate the event constructed a gate now known as [[Curzon Gate, Burdwan|Curzon Gate]] in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style, which is a major landmark of [[Burdwan]] today and stands at junction of Bijaychand Road and Grand Trunk Road. The Royal Palace of Burdwan is situated one km from the gate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bardhaman.com/places_of_interest.htm |title=Curzon Gate |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425214858/http://www.bardhaman.com/places_of_interest.htm |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1903, he saved the life of the Lieutenant Governor, Sir [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser|Andrew Fraser]]. He risked his life to save that of Sir Andrew Fraser, lieutenant-governor of Bengal, when an attempt to assassinate him was made by Indian nationalists on 7 November 1908. In return for his loyalty to the British, he was honoured with the title of K.C.I.E. and [[Indian Order of Merit]] (Class III).<ref name=g>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=A4A9FE15B1E12C313AEC086DCCED853D.journals?fromPage=online&aid=5779668 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series) Table of Contents – October 1941 – Volume 73, Issue 04 pp: 387–388] Obituary : Maharaja Adhiraja Bijay Chand Mahatab of Burdwan.</ref><ref name=i/>
[[File:Bijay Chand Mahtab Bahadur, Maharaja of Burdwan, in 1906.jpg|thumb|Mahtab in 1906]]
In 1908, as per a proclamation of [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], elevated to the title of '[[Maharajadhiraja]]', which was bestowed on a hereditary basis.<ref name=i/>

He also served as representative of Bengal [[zamindar]]s in Legislative and Provincial council, continuously for many years.<ref name=g/>

In 1908, he toured England and Europe and later wrote a book named ''Diary of an European Tour.''<ref name=g/>

He was also noted for his philanthropy, especially in field of education and health welfare. For example, in 1908, he donated Rs. 40,000/- towards construction of hostel and other facilities for Ranchi Arts College, [[Ranchi]], where Burdwan Raj also held large estates.<ref>''Education and Social Changes in Bihar 1900–1921: A Survey of Social History'' by S. N. Pandey, 1975– Page 86</ref> [[Bijoy Chand Hospital]] was also founded by him during his reign in decade of 1910.

He was a member of the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] from 1907 to 1918, and of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] from 1909 to 1912. He was associated with the state administration in subsequent years and Member of Executive Council of Bengal for the years 1919–1924.

He was also the President of [[British Indian Association]] from 1911 to 1918<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/british-indian-association-annual-meeting/article23324260.ece|title=British Indian Association Annual Meeting.|date=2018-03-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and again in 1925.{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2020}}

In 1914, he was appointed as one of the members of the committee that investigated in to riots of [[Budge Budge]] and [[Komagata Maru incident]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Voyage of the Komagata Maru: The Sikh Challenge to Canada's Colour Bar By Hugh Johnston|year=2011|page=109|isbn=9780774844727|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbA4vO9bFUkC&q=Bijoychand+Mahtab&pg=PA109|last1=Johnston|first1=Hugh}}</ref>

In 1924, he was one of the members of a committee headed by Sir [[Charles Todhunter]], which looked into taxation reforms in British India, which submitted its report in 1925.<ref>Taxation and the Indian Economy by S.M. Jha, 1990– Page 166</ref> and was also the member of Indian Reforms Enquiry Commission of 1924.
[[File:Seal of Sir Bijay Chand Mahtab.png|thumb|Official seal of Bijay Chand Mahtab]]
In spite of his loyalty towards the British, he provided warm [[hospitality]] to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], when he visited Bardhaman in 1925 and welcomed cordially [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] when he visited Bardhaman in 1928 to campaign in the municipal elections.

In 1935, the [[Indian Weightlifting Federation]] was formed, and he served as its first President.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – IWLF |url=https://iwlf.in/about-us/history/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

During the later part of his rule, however, there were allegations of financial corruption coupled with mismanagement and the affairs of the Raj were in shambles. The British administrator took over the complete management of Burdwan Raj and Bijoy Chand was deprived of management from the years 1929–1936.

In 1936, he was handed back the reign of his Estate by British.

In 1938, he was a member of the ''Francis Floud Commission'' to suggest changes in the Permanent Settlement of 1793. The commission recommended the replacement of the [[zamindari]] system by a [[ryotwari]] (tenancy) system in which the ownership of land would vest with the ryot (tenant) and the land revenue payable by him could be revised periodically. The recommendations could not be implemented because of differences in the Fazlul Huq ministry.

However, with the India's independence gaining momentum it was evident that the days of zemindars and [[princely states]] were coming to an end. It was this realisation that led Bijaychand Mahtab to extend indirect support to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].

==Writer==
Bijaychand Mahtab was deeply involved with Bengali literature. He was president of the reception committee in the 8th session of the ''[[Nikhil Bharat Banga Sahitya Sammelan|Bangya Sahitya Sammelan]]'' held at [[Bardhaman]] in 1914. From amongst the twenty books he wrote, mention may be made of ''Impression'', ''The Indian Horizon'', ''Meditation'', ''Studies'', ''Vijaygitika'' (collection of songs composed by him), ''Troyodashi'' (poem), ''Ranjit'' (play), and ''Manaslila'' (science-play).

==Death and successor==
Mahtab died on 29 August 1941 at [[Burdwan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Maharaja of Burdwan Dead|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19410831-1.2.22|access-date=9 May 2017|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=31 August 1941|page=2}}</ref> His reign which began in 1887 and lasted till 1941, was the longest in history of Bardhaman Raj. He left behind two sons Uday Chand and Abhay Chand and two daughters, thereby ending the long history adoptions for succession in Burdwan Raj. His elder son [[Uday Chand Mahtab]], succeeded him to the [[throne]] of Burdwan Raj.

==Titles==
*[[Rajadhiraja]] – 1893
*[[Maharajadhiraja]] – 1903
*[[Maharajadhiraja Bahadur]] – 1906 (made hereditary)

==Honours==
*[[Delhi Durbar]] Medal – 1902
*[[Indian Order of Merit]] – 3rd class (Civil division) – 1909
*[[K.C.I.E.|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] – 1909<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28210|supp=y|page=3|date=29 December 1908}}</ref>
*[[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] – 1911 <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28559|supp=y|page=9357|date=8 December 1911}}</ref>
*[[GCIE|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] – 1924<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32893|supp=y|page=5|date=28 December 1923}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Bijoy Chand Mahtab}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Bijay Chand Mahtab}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Kapoor-Mahtab Dynasty]]||19 October 1881||29 August 1941}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aftab Chand Mahtab]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bardhaman Raj|Maharajadhiraja of Bardhaman Raj]]|years=1887–1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Uday Chand Mahtab]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahtab, Bijay Chand}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from British India]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Indian Order of Merit]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]

History of Hyderabad, Sindh

2026-02-17T23:17:06Z

RicoSturdivant: created a stub.

{{Short description|none}}
{{use Pakistani English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderābād City]] (''Haidarābād'') ({{langx|sd|حیدرآباد}}, {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|حیدرآباد}}}} ), headquarters of the district of [[Sindh]] province of Pakistan traces its early history to ''Neroon'',<ref>Page 67, Karachi, the show window of Sind by M. Hanif Raza Published in 1984, Editions Mystique (Karachi)</ref><ref>Page 221, Sindh, the land of Indus civilisation by Syed Abdul Quddus Published in 1992, Royal Book Co. (Karachi, Pakistan)</ref> a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] ruler of the area from whom the city derived its previous name, [[Neroon Kot]]. Its history dates back to medieval times, when ''[[Ganjo Takker]]'' (Barren Hill), a nearby hilly tract, was used as a place of worship. Lying on the most northern hill of the ''Ganjo Takker'' ridge, just east of the river Indus, it is the third largest city in the province and the eighth largest in the country with an expanse over three hillocks part of the most northerly hills of the Ganjo Takker range, 32 miles east of the Indus with which it is connected by various routes leading to Gidu Bandar.

Hyderabad, as the historic capital of Sindh, is the centre of all the provincial communications: road, rail, waterways and air. From the date of its foundation (1768), its manufactures-ornamented silks, silver- and gold-work, and lacquered ware-have been the chief in the province, and during its heyday had gained prizes at the industrial exhibitions of Europe. Some noteworthy antiquities are the tombs' of the Kalhora jagirani and [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] rulers.

==Early history==

===The early settlement===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
The area around Hyderabad was an agricultural region with forests during the [[Indus Valley civilization]].

Under the rule of a local ruler Neroon, this small fishing village thrived upon the banks of the mighty Indus river. A nearby hill tract called the Ganjo Takker or ''the bald (barren) hill'', later attributed to as the Ganjo Range by British occupants, protected the town raising it above the level of the water and safe from flood calamities that were regular in neighbouring regions. Of popular tradition, the place came to be known as [[Neroon Kot]] نيرون ڪوٽ. Neroon Kot literally means the ''place where Neroon came from''.

The Ganjo Takker ridge lay on a low limestone range and was used as a place of worship by the most adherent religious priests that blessed the city believing their meditation may result in excellent trade networks the city was developing at the time. But these very particular popularity traits in the areas of trade led the city vulnerable to outside sieges. Equipped mostly with farming equipment, the locals were attacked by the conquest of Islamic armies circa AD 711 and surrendered. Neroon was dethroned.

===Earlier past===

====Rai Dynasty (c. 489 – 632 AD)====
{{Main|Rai dynasty}}
[[File:Map of Sindh (Rais).png|thumb|Territory of the [[Rai dynasty]], circa 550–600 CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226742210 |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (i)}}</ref>]]

The [[Rai dynasty]] of Sindh was a dynasty of Sindh and at its height of power ruled much of the Northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. The dynasty reigned for a period of 144 years, c. 489 – 632 AD, concurrent with the [[Huna people|Hun]] invasions of North India.<ref name="Wink pg.152">{{cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|title=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World|publisher=BRILL|year=1996|isbn=90-04-09249-8|pages=133, 152–153}}</ref> The names of rulers might have been corruptions of [[Sanskrit]] names — Devaditya, Harsha, and SInhasena.<ref name="Wink pg.152" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Mirchandani|first=B. D.|title=Glimpses of Ancient Sind: A Collection of Historical Papers|publisher=Saraswati M. Gulrajani|year=1985|location=Sindh|pages=25, 53–56}}</ref> The origins of the dynasty, caste status, and how they rose to power remains unknown.<ref name="Wink pg.152" /><ref name=":2" /> They apparently had familial ties with other rulers of South Asia including Kashmir, Kabul, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc. — [[Aror]] is noted to be the capital of both Hind and Sindh.<ref name="Wink pg.152" /><ref name=":03">{{cite book |last=Asif |first=Manan Ahmed |author-link=Manan Ahmed Asif |title=A Book of Conquest |pages=65, 81–82, 131–134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-66011-3}}</ref> [[Alexander Cunningham (historian)|Alexander Cunningham]] had proposed an alternate chronology (? – >641 AD) — primarily on the basis of numismatic and literary evidence{{Efn|The end-date arrived as a result of equating Sindhu with the ''Sin tu'' kingdom, described in the [[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]] during 641 A.D. Modern scholars reject this claim.}} — identifying the first two Rais as Hunas and the later three as rulers of [[Zabulistan]] and [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].<ref name=":2" />{{efn|Diwaji and Sahiras were respectively [[Toramana]] and [[Mihirakula]]. Rai Sahasi was held to be [[Tegin Shah]], Rai Sahiras II to be {{URL|1=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG200795|2=Vasudeva}}, and Rai Sahasi II, an anonymous successor.}} However, there exists little historical evidence to favor the proposition of Hunas ever making to Sindh and the individual bases of his hypothesis stands discredited in modern scholarship.<ref name=":2" /> [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya]] supported Cunningham's chronology (? – > 641 AD) but held the Rais to be descendants of [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]] and [[Shudra]], by caste.<ref name=":2" />{{Efn|This descent from Mauryas was proposed on the basis of Rai Mahrit, then ruler of [[Chittor]] claiming to be Sahasi II's brother. Rulers of pre-Sisodia Rajasthan usually claimed a descent from Mauryas and this identification went perfectly with [[Xuanzang]]'s noting the King of Sin-tu to be a Sudra.}}

====Chacha dynasty (c. 632 – c. 724 AD)====
{{Main|Brahmin dynasty}}
[[File:Map of the Chachas circa 650 CE.png|thumb|Territory of the [[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh|Chach dynasty]], circa 600–650 CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226742210 |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (b)}}</ref>]]
The [[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh]] ({{Circa|632 – 712}}),<ref name="Wink">{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC |title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2 |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004095098 |pages=152–153 |language=en}}</ref> also known as the Chacha dynasty,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=B. S. L. Hanumantha |title=Indian History and Culture |last2=Rao |first2=K. Basaveswara |date=1958 |publisher=Commercial Literature Company |pages=337 |language=en}}</ref> were the [[Sindhi Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] ruling family of the [[Chacha Empire]]. The Brahmin dynasty were successors of the Buddhist [[Rai dynasty]]. Most of the information about its existence comes from the ''[[Chach Nama]]'', a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty.

Chinese traveller, [[Xuanzang|Hieun Tsang]], who had visited the Sindh region during the start of the Chacha rule, described in his work that [[Buddhism]] had declined in the region and [[Brahminical Hinduism]] had once again gained the majority dominance.<ref name=GailO>{{cite book |author=[[Gail Omvedt|Omvedt, Gail]] |date=August 18, 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSF8b5hbyP0C&dq=buddhism+was+dominant+sindh&pg=PT92 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028020950/https://books.google.com/books?id=rSF8b5hbyP0C&dq=buddhism+was+dominant+sindh&pg=PT92 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |page=160 |title=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste |quote=It appears that at the time of Hsuan Tsang, after a millennia-long historical con- flict, Brahmanism had emerged dominant. Buddhism was declining and it would, within centuries, vanish from the land of its origin. |publisher=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9780761996644 |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name=KYB>{{cite book |year=2003 |author1=[[Khawar Mumtaz|Mumtaz, Khawar]] |author2=Mitha, Yameena |author3=Tahira, Bilquis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrnRZQGklwMC&pg=PA12 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=Pakistan: Tradition and Change |publisher=[[Oxfam]] |isbn=9780855984960 |page=12 |quote=By the seventh century AD, Buddhism declined completely and Hinduism became the dominant religion. Around this time the Arabs, who had trade and commerce links going back for centuries, came for the first time as conquerors (712 AD). By 724 AD they had established direct rule in Sindh. |language=en-PK }}</ref>

[[Hinduism]] was the predominant religion in [[Sindh]] under the [[Chacha dynasty|Chacha empire]], prior to the arrival of [[Islam]] with the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Arab invasions]], although a significant minority of the [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] population adhered to [[Buddhism]] as well.<ref name = 'JMalik'>{{cite book |date=October 31, 2008 |author=[[Jamal Malik|Malik, Jamal]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu15DwAAQBAJ |access-date=October 22, 2023 |title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History |page=40 |quote=Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist. |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E.J. Brill]] |isbn=9789047441816 |language=en-PK }}</ref> Hindus made up almost two-thirds of the ethnic [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] population before the arrival of Islam in the region.<ref name='CNikhil'>{{cite news |last=Chandwani |first=Nikhil |date=March 13, 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/desires-of-a-modern-indian/history-of-hinduism-in-sindh-from-ancient-times-and-why-sindh-belongs-to-india/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313143207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/desires-of-a-modern-indian/history-of-hinduism-in-sindh-from-ancient-times-and-why-sindh-belongs-to-india/ |archive-date=March 13, 2019 |title=History of Hinduism in Sindh from ancient times and why Sindh belongs to India |quote=Hinduism was majorly practiced in Sindh during this time but with the entry of Chandragupta Maurya in 313 BC there was an entry of Buddhism as well. .... However, there was a revival of Hindu religion during the Gupta period which then became dominated culture in Sindh. It flourished well all over India, especially in the Sindh region. .... Before the invasion of Mohammed bin Qasim, Hinduism was the most prominent religion in Sindh that constituted about 64 percent of percent of the total population. |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> At the time of the invasions, [[Sindhi Hindus]] were a rural pastoral population, majority of whom lived in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely Hindu;<ref name="MacLean5272" /> whereas Buddhists were a mercantile population, almost entirely concentrated in the urban areas between lower Sindh and [[Makran]], a region that was equally divided in population between Buddhists and Hindus.<ref name="MacLean5272">{{cite book |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWaEuE6ucR0C |url-status=live |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/religion-and-society-in-arab-sind/mode/1up |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E.J. Brill]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 |quote=As a result, it is possible to conclude that Buddhism, while important in Sindh, was not the only or even the majority religion. Hindus were definitely in the vast majority in upper Sind (where, as noted, there were few if any Buddhists), but probably at least equal in numbers to the Buddhists in Lower Sindh and Mukrân. '''(page 52)''' ..... Nevertheless, the data indicate, in a general way, the relative balance between the two religions in Lower Sind and the predominance of Hinduism in Upper Sind. '''(page 72)''' |language=en }}</ref>

===In the 7th century===
In the [[Chachnama]] we find frequent mention of a chief [[Agham Lohana]] who was ruler of [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)|Brahmanabad]] with their two territories, Lakha to the west of Lohana and Sama to the south of Lohana (Nerron) Narayankot, Hyderabad, Sindh in the time of Chach AD 636.
{{Main|Agham Lohana}}

===The Islamic conquest===
[[Image:Mbq.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Muhammad Bin Qasim leading his troops in battle circa 711-712]]
In 711, [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] al-Sakafi (pictured right) conquered the town. By mid-712, Muslims armies had conquered much of the Sindh. However, later in an agreement with local authorities of the Sindh the Arab forces halted their advances and ceased military activities in Sindh in return of peaceful conduct affairs. After a brief rule of Arabs and local leaders Sindh came under the rule of local Soomros, who were local Sindhis converted to [[Islam]]. Soomro rule was followed by the great Samma dynasty rule. By the end of Samma dynasty rule Sindh was occupied by invading Afghan warlords who lost the empire to [[Mughal Empire]] after a brief period of rule.

The Mughal empire thrived in the majority of the central parts of India and yet however never seated a ruler on the land of Neroon. The new Muslim invaders that had settled in the town mingled with the locals and wed local girls and were pulled into the mysticism of the land. For decades Hyderabad did not seat a throne but things were to change when [[Nadir Shah]] Durrani or Iran invaded the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] capital in 1739.

All throughout the late 17th century, the Mughal dynasty had grown weary and weak in the regions of the Sindhu territory or [[Sindh]] and the governor Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhora became the de facto, virtual ruler of Sindh around 1701. Muhammad Khan Kalhora belonged to the most affluent tribe in the region namely the Kalhora کلہوڑا.

In 997, [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi]], took over the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid dynasty]] empire established by his father, [[Sabuktigin|Sultan Sebuktegin]], In 1005 he conquered the [[Hindu Shahi|Shahi]]s in [[Kabul]] in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of [[Sinds]]. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later [[Mughal Empire]] ruled the region. The Sindh region became predominantly [[Muslim]] due to [[missionary]] [[Sufi]] saints whose [[dargah]]s dot the landscape of Sindh.

===Old City of Hyderabad===
The '''Old City''' is the name given to parts in the east of the city of [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] that were part of the city before the creation of [[Latifabad]] and [[Qasimabad (Hyderabad)|Qasimabad]]. These areas include Paratabad, Islamabad, Noorani Basti, Tando Yousaf, and Kalimori. The old name of Hyerabad was Narayan kot in Arabic tone is Nerun Kot.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} It was also known as the City Of wind Catchers and Orials.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===The Kalhora dynasty===

The [[River Indus]] was changing course around 1757 due to Monsoons resulting in periodic floods and devastating the banks of the river. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhora was admired as the saintly ruler of Sindh at the time his capital [[Khudabad]] near [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] was repeatedly flooded. Being fed up, he decided to move his capital to a better place.<ref name="Vanishing-Glory">{{cite web|url=http://www.webjournal.unior.it/dati/19/72/web%20journal%203,%20hyderabad.pdf|title=The Vanishing Glory of Hyderabad (Sindh, Pakistan)|publisher=UNIOR Web Journals|author=Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur|access-date=1 April 2008|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225191715/http://www.webjournal.unior.it/Dati/19/72/Web%20Journal%203,%20Hyderabad.pdf%0A|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The present day city of Hyderabad was founded in 1768 on the site of the ancient town of [[Neroon Kot]] by Ghulam Shah Kalhora of the [[Kalhora Dynasty]] it remained the chief town of Sindh until 1843, when, after the battle of Miani, it surrendered to the British, and the capital was transferred to Karachi.<ref name="IGI"/> It was named after the prophet [[Mohammed]]'s son-in-law, [[Ali]], also known as [[Haidar]].

Surviving as a small fishing village on the banks of River Indus, the city was suddenly called the heart of the [[Indus Valley|Mehran]]. Thriving upon the fresh river water's banks, Hyderabad was much loved by Ghulam Shah. He admired the city so much that in 1766, he ordered a fort to be built on one of the three hills of Hyderabad to house and defend his people. The massive half-a-square kilometer (about 36 acres) garrison was completed by 1768. Since then, it stands in place and is called the ''Pacco Qillo'' ''پڪو قلعو'' or the ''strong fort''. The Kalhora rule lasted for two more decades until the demise of the great Ghulam Shah.

===The Talpur kingdom===

After the death of the great Kalhora, started [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] Rule. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro's period is considered to be the Golden period in the history of Sindh. Later the Kalhora behaved as incompetent rulers and Sindh was ruined under Mian Abdun-Nabi Kalhoro.<ref name="Vanishing-Glory"/> Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur left his capital Khudabad, the ''land of God'' and made Hyderabad his capital in 1789. Great celebrations were held in 1792 to mark his formal entry in the Hyderabad fort. He made the Pacco Qillo his residence and also held his courts there. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur along with his three other brothers was responsible for the affairs that persisted in the city of Hyderabad in the years of their kingdom. The four were called ''Chār Yār'', Sindhi for ''four friends''. The rulers of Sindh were named [[Emir|Ameers]], Arabic for ''leaders''. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including [[Sonaras]], Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term Khudabadi in the names of their communities as an identifier of origin.

It remained the capital of Sindh under the Talpur rulers who succeeded the Kalhoras till 1843, a rule lasting almost half-a-century when Talpurs faced a greater threat – the [[British India|British]]. The last remaining rule of the Talpur kingdom was Mir Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur (pictured right) was among the Talpur leaders to surrender to the British and was ported to [[Calcutta]] in what is now India. Many Talpur Mirs died there during many years of confinement in a small area near Calcutta. The bodies of the Talpur Mirs who died there were brought back to Hyderabad when all Mirs were allowed to return to Sindh. These Mirs were buried in the tombs located at the northern edge of the Ganjo Hill.<ref name="Vanishing-Glory"/>

For these Mirs, they embraced the local culture and tried to proceed it with building literary institutions to restore the integrity of the Sindhi culture. In order to educate their people the mother of Mir Fateh Ali Khan, Bibi Khairunnissa, established Jamia al-Khairi or al-Khairi University.<ref name="Vanishing-Glory"/>

===The colonial rule===
: ''The history of the British occupation is taken mostly from the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], written over a century ago during British rule.''<ref name="IGI"/>
The British came face-to-face with the Talpurs at the [[battle of Miani]] on 17 February 1843. It is said that even in rigor mortis the Ameers (Mirs) held their swords high fighting the British. The battle ended on 24 March where the Mirs lost and the city came into the hands of the British. The battle at Dabo landed an even greater part of Sindh in the laps of the British regime and the city surrendered to the British. Being the last stronghold in the way of the British, the city once conquered, completed the British Conquest of Sindh.

The crown of being a capital of the emirate of [[Sindh]] was then transferred to [[Karachi]] when the British general [[Charles James Napier|Sir Charles Napier]] conquered Sindh in 1843, mainly because the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] had headquarters in Karachi.

The residency, memorable for its defence by [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|Sir James Outram]] against the [[Baloch people|Baluchi]]s in 1843, which was situated 3 miles from Hyderabad, no longer exists. The municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853.<ref name="IGI"/>

In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the [[First War of Indian Independence|Indian mutiny]] raged across the [[South Asia]], the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. The garrison at the fort composed of British and Native infantry, 2 batteries of artillery, and an [[ammunition column]]. The barracks were built in twelve blocks, with hospitals, bazar and various amenities to the north-west of the city.<ref name="IGI"/>

The British demolished most of the buildings around the time of the mutiny to accommodate their troops and their military stores and fused the arsenal in the Pacco Qillo so that the people wouldn't use that against them. Evidently the city received the very first blow to its glorious name. No longer were the roads washed with [[sandalwood]] perfume and rose-water.

The British however tallied the population statistics of the city in the years to come to keep an accurate record of the growth. Populations statistics dating back to 1872 illustrate the tremendous growth the city achieved within a few decades. From 43,088 (1872), 48,153 (1881), 58,048 (1891) to 69,378 (1901), the city grew in thousands. At this point in time the Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers mostly linked to trade while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest ethnic minority. The 710 Christians were mostly new converts or the British soldiers in regiments around the town. The city ranked seventh in the [[Bombay Presidency]] in terms of population.<ref name="IGI">{{cite web| url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_327.gif| title=Hyderābād City – Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 13, p. 321| publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]| access-date=3 April 2008| archive-date=5 June 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605033820/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_327.gif| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Also included in the census figures were income and expenditure, the average income during the decade ending 1901 was Rs. 220,000. In 1903-4 the income and expenditure amounted to 270,000 and 280,000 respectively. The chief sources of income were [[octroi]] (Rs. 1,30,000) and water rate (Rs. 22,000); and the chief heads of expenditure were general administration and collection of taxes (Rs. 39,000), public safety (Rs. 7,400), water-supply and drainage (RS. 22,000), conservancy (Rs. 37,000), hospitals and dispensaries (Rs. 15,000), public works (Rs. 13,000), and education (Rs. 18,000). The income of the cantonment fund in 1903-4 was Rs. 43,000, and the expenditure Rs. 33,800.<ref name="IGI"/>

The British devised a rail network throughout the western part of the then South Asia and purchased the private Scinde Railway (Sinds railway) to connect to the [[Kabul]] trade routes. The rail network would later be called the [[North Western Railway (British India)|North-Western State Railway]] in 1886. Hyderabad was a major junction on the line linking distant trade locations like [[Lahore]] and still is to date.

To facilitate the expansion of the former capital, the British deployed water pumping technologies that would pump water from the river bank at Gidu Bandar whence from the water was deposited into large reservoirs situated about 500 yards from the river bank capable of holding over 1,000,000 gallons of water, surely a first when it comes to state-of-the-art constructions. Using a smart gravitational concept, the water was then supplied to the far most arid regions of the town.<ref name="IGI"/>

==Modern times==

===Independence and exodus of Sindhi Hindus ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2009}}
The predominantly Muslim population supported [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]. After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s migrated to India while the [[Muslim]] refugees from India settled in the Hyderabad District. Prior to the [[Partition of India|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947, Hyderabad had a large population of Hindu Sindhi who were mainly involved in trade and commerce. After [[Partition of India|independence]]e of Pakistan, the Hindu Sindhis expected to remain in Sindh, but they were compelled to migrate to India. The waves of [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]] refugees fleeing from India started to arrive in Hyderabad, violence erupted on the streets. The properties of Sindhi Hindus were given to Muhajir. Although most of the Hindu Sindhis fled to India. Many Hindu Sindhis wanted to return to Sindh, when the violence had settled down, but it was not possible. The [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]] were given land in lieu of land they lost in India mostly in the town of [[Hirabad, Hyderabad|Hirabad]]. While the population of Hyderabad grew with the arrival of Muslim refugees from India, the [[Government of Pakistan]] proposed the creation of two more suburbs, namely [[Latifabad]] (in honour of the famous poet of Sindh [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhita'i]]) and [[Qasimabad (Hyderabad)|Qasimabad]] (in honour of the famous Muslim general [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]), to settle the Muslim refugees.

===City declared capital again===
With the influx of [[Muslim]] refugees from across the borders, the city saw its numbers increasing in population and was deemed to be the second largest city in [[Sindh]] according to population statistics at the time. Owing to the new-found glory, the city regained its title of being a capital of the Sindh province from 1947 to 1955. After formation of Province of the West Pakistan in 1955 under one unit scheme, Hyderabad lost its capital status. Meanwhile, [[Karachi]] which being the federal capital of Pakistan, was shifted in 1959 to [[Rawalpindi]] by then president [[Ayub Khan]]. On dissolution of one unit in 1970, the then President [[Yahya Khan]] made Karachi as the capital of [[Sindh]] in 1970. During this time, Hyderabad served as a municipality in 1953; while along the oncoming year, it was upgraded to a Municipal Corporation.

==Post-modern age==
Hyderabad, twice the capital of Sindh and now the seventh largest city of Pakistan, is one of the oldest cities of the [[South Asia]]. Hyderabad is a communication centre, connected by rail with [[Peshawar]] and [[Karachi]]. The second largest city of the province of Sindh, it has over 6 million people dwelling in it.

===Diverse ethnic settlements===
People migrated from across the border into Pakistan were all ethnically diverse. Migrants that settled in the province of Punjab were predominantly Punjabi speaking people and amalgamated well with the natives, whilst the people that came into the territories of the province of Sindh found no bond with the natives of Sindh, neither cultural nor racial, not even religious at times. Most Sindhi natives were Hindus. The new emigrants found difficult to mingle with the native neighbours in their newly allotted homes. And even decades after independence, the tensions seems to rise even steeper limits. The emigrants were given a new identity, a new name – Muhajirs.

===The ethnic riots===
{{Cleanup rewrite||section|date=February 2019}}
The 1980s saw a black period in the history of Hyderabad as riots erupted in the city between the two ethnic diversities in majority, the [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]]s and the [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]]. The city had never been the same again, forever divided by ethnicity, scared by racist hatred.<ref name="ethnic-riots">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/backgrounders/index.html| title=Pakistan Backgrounder|publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal| access-date=14 April 2008}}</ref> This type of tension was never felt in the town; even when Hindus were part of the community in pre-independence Hyderabad.

On 30 September 1988 after sunset simultaneously at several places in Hyderabad and Latifabad (thickly populated by Mahajirs) gangs of armed people started firing at people in streets causing about more that 300 casualties most of them were mahajirs, surprisingly no law enforcement agency, including police interrupted the assault and all killers escaped, not a single killing vehicle was apprehended next day few sindhis were killed in Karachi., it was reported that the streets of Hyderabad were littered with bodies right from [[Hirabad, Hyderabad|Hirabad]] to [[Latifabad]]. a commission was set up and some people were charged with crime but not a single culprit was taken to task, and one after other all got free from sindh high court. government, then headed by ghulam ishaq khan as president did no serious attempt to find the killers and after 1988 election people party govt made it sure that no evidence or witness should go to court, generally mahajirs think it was job of establishment who used sindhi nationalist organisations as weapon. those govt officers serving in city of Hyderabad walked out without any enquiry. and awarded by beynazeer government. it is intriguing that not a single sindhi got killed that fateful evening.<ref name="ethnic-riots"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/Conflict_management/EthnicConflictinSindhOctober2011.pdf |title=Ethnic conflict in Sindh |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101150/http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/Conflict_management/EthnicConflictinSindhOctober2011.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The political hoopla over the domestic violence and civil killings provoked a massive police operation in the city with 2000 policemen surrounded the Pacco Qillo locality. The huge army of peacemakers could not curb the riots and had to be called back. There was only a trickle of internal migrations before the operation, but the operation triggered a mass exodus of population. The Muhajir migrated en masse from [[Qasimabad (Hyderabad)|Qasimabad]] and the interior of Sindh into [[Latifabad]]. Similarly, the Sindhis people moved to [[Qasimabad (Hyderabad)|Qasimabad]] from Hyderabad and [[Latifabad]].<ref name="ethnic-riots"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/02/world/ethnic-rioting-in-karachi-kills-46-and-injures-50.html|title = Ethnic Rioting in Karachi Kills 46 and Injures 50|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2 October 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Col. Ved Prakash|title=Encyclopaedia of Terrorism in the World, Volume 1|year=2011|publisher=Kalpaz publication|isbn=978-81-7835-869-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9iF9n2a80EC&q=Urdu-Sindhi+riots+of+1988&pg=PA367|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Oskar Verkaaik|first1=by|title=Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan|year=2004|publisher=Princeton university press|url=https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk/page/189 189]|quote=Urdu-Sindhi riots of 1988.|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Alyssa Ayres|first1=By|title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan|date=23 July 2009|publisher=Cambridge University press|isbn=9780521519311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&q=Urdu-Sindhi+riots+of+1988&pg=PA54|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Papiya Ghosh|first1=By|title=Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent|date=21 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42409-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xP4jAwAAQBAJ&q=Urdu-Sindhi+riots+of+1988&pg=PA120|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nichola Khan|title=Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi|date=5 April 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135161934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2yMAgAAQBAJ&q=Urdu-Sindhi+riots+of+1988&pg=PA33|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Michel Boivin|title=Sindh Through History and Representations: French Contributions to Sindhi Studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=146|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXYMAQAAMAAJ&q=Urdu-Sindhi+riots+of+1988|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hari Sharan Chhabra|title=World Focus, Volume 15|date=1994|publisher=H.S. Chhabra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ydnAAAAMAAJ&q=Urdu-Sindhi+riots+of+1988|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Hyderabad, Sindh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.apnahyderabad.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Hyderabad, Pakistan}}
[[Category:Hyderabad District, Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh|Hyderabad]]

Yes, Norman Productions

2026-02-08T12:46:22Z

RicoSturdivant: improve article and improved wording

{{Short description|Film and television production company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Yes, Norman Productions
| logo = Yes, Norman Productions Logo.svg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Production company]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2017|10|27}}
| founder = [[Kaley Cuoco]]
| hq_location_city = [[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]], [[California]]
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
* Kaley Cuoco ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
* Suzanne McCormack ([[Vice president#In business|SVP]])
}}
| owner = Kaley Cuoco
}}

'''Yes, Norman Productions''' is an American film and television [[production company]] founded on October 27, 2017 by actress and producer [[Kaley Cuoco]]. It is known for producing the television series ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' (2019–present) and ''[[The Flight Attendant]]'' (2020–2022).

==History==
[[File:Kaley Cuoco (35303585254) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The company's founder Kaley Cuoco in 2017]]
In October 2017, the company, founded by actress and producer [[Kaley Cuoco]], entered an exclusive multi-year [[First-look deal|first look]] production deal with [[Warner Bros. Television]].<ref name="deadline-10-17">{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title=Kaley Cuoco Launches Company, Inks Pod Deal With Warner Bros. TV & Set First Project – Limited Series She Would Star In |url=https://deadline.com/2017/10/kaley-cuoco-pod-deal-warner-bros-tv-the-flight-attendant-1202196368 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028033456/http://deadline.com/2017/10/kaley-cuoco-pod-deal-warner-bros-tv-the-flight-attendant-1202196368/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 28, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 29, 2017 |date=October 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes">{{cite web |last=Heimbrod |first=Camille |title=Kaley Cuoco Launches Yes, Norman Productions; Headlines First Project 'The Flight Attendant' |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/kaley-cuoco-launches-yes-norman-productions-headlines-first-project-flight-attendant-2607459 |website=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=November 23, 2017 |date=October 28, 2017}}</ref> The production company is named after Cuoco's dog.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pasquini |first1=Maria |title=Kaley Cuoco's Beloved Dog Norman Dies: 'You Will Always Have My Heart' |url=https://people.com/pets/kaley-cuoco-dog-norman-dies |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=September 3, 2022 |language=en |date=January 16, 2021}}</ref> With this production deal, the company [[Option (filmmaking)|optioned]] the rights to ''[[The Flight Attendant (novel)|The Flight Attendant]]'', a book written by author [[Chris Bohjalian]]. The book was later developed into a black comedy mystery thriller series [[The Flight Attendant|of the same name]], with Cuoco starring and serving as executive producer.<ref name="deadline-10-17"/> [[Greg Berlanti]] also serves as executive producer via his production company, [[Berlanti Productions]].<ref name="deadline-07-19"/>

In August 2018, Suzanne McCormack joined the company from [[Chuck Lorre Productions]] as senior vice president, and oversees the development and production of the company's television and film projects.<ref>{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title=Kaley Cuoco Taps Suzanne McCormack As Development Executive For Her Company |url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/kaley-cuoco-yes-norman-productions-suzanne-mccormack-senior-vice-president-1202446229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816012125/https://deadline.com/2018/08/kaley-cuoco-yes-norman-productions-suzanne-mccormack-senior-vice-president-1202446229/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 16, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=February 18, 2020 |language=en |date=August 15, 2018}}</ref><ref name="latimes"/> In October 2018, it was announced that the company would co-produce the [[DC Universe (streaming service)|DC Universe]] animated series ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'', with Cuoco as one of the show's executive producers and the voice of its main character, [[Harley Quinn|Dr. Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn]].<ref name="deadline-04-18">{{cite web |last=Boucher |first=Geoff |title=Kaley Cuoco To Voice Harley Quinn In DC Universe Series; Watch New York Comic Con Preview |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/kaley-cuoco-harley-quinn-dc-universe-series-teaser-video-1202475618 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004123149/https://deadline.com/2018/10/kaley-cuoco-harley-quinn-dc-universe-series-teaser-video-1202475618/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 4, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=May 30, 2019 |language=en |date=October 4, 2018}}</ref>

In July 2019, the company entered a two-year first look production deal with Warner Bros. Television, and announced that ''[[The Flight Attendant]]'' had been picked up by [[WarnerMedia]]'s streaming platform, [[HBO Max]].<ref name="deadline-07-19">{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title=Kaley Cuoco To Star In 'The Flight Attendant' Drama Series Picked Up By WarnerMedia Streamer, Inks New Deal With Warner Bros. TV |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/kaley-cuoco-new-deal-warner-bros-tv-will-star-the-flight-attendant-drama-series-warnermedia-streamer-1202639998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701171659/https://deadline.com/2019/07/kaley-cuoco-new-deal-warner-bros-tv-will-star-the-flight-attendant-drama-series-warnermedia-streamer-1202639998/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 1, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 1, 2019 |language=en |date=July 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="deadline-07-19-1">{{cite web |last1=Hayes |first1=Dade |last2=Andreeva |first2=Nellie |title=WarnerMedia Streaming Service Gets A Name, Will Include 'Friends' Library, Greg Berlanti & Reese Witherspoon Films, CW Series |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/warnermedia-names-streaming-service-hbo-max-confirms-friends-greg-berlanti-reese-witherspoon-in-the-mix-1202643722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709181651/https://deadline.com/2019/07/warnermedia-names-streaming-service-hbo-max-confirms-friends-greg-berlanti-reese-witherspoon-in-the-mix-1202643722/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 9, 2019 |language=en |date=July 9, 2019}}</ref> In August 2019, it was announced that the company would produce an upcoming [[CBS]] comedy, ''Pretty'', which is written by [[Lindsey Kraft]] and Santina Muha, and will also star Kraft.<ref name="deadline=08-19">{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title=Comedy 'Pretty' Starring Lindsey Kraft & Santina Muha From Kaley Cuoco's Yes, Norman Prods. In Works At CBS |url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/pretty-cbs-comedy-lindsey-kraft-santina-muha-star-kaley-cuoco-yes-norman-prods-1202658588 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801161727/https://deadline.com/2019/08/pretty-cbs-comedy-lindsey-kraft-santina-muha-star-kaley-cuoco-yes-norman-prods-1202658588/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=August 22, 2019 |language=en |date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> On November 29, 2019, ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' premiered on DC Universe,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |title=DC Universe Originals Release Schedule Revealed |url=https://comicbook.com/dc/news/dc-universe-original-release-schedule |website=Comic Book |access-date=February 14, 2021 |language=en |date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> with the second season premiering on April 3, 2020,<ref>{{cite web |last=Zalben |first=Alex |title='Harley Quinn' Is Coming Back To DC Universe For Season 2 Sooner Than You Think [Exclusive] |url=https://decider.com/2020/02/21/harley-quinn-season-2-premiere-date-season-1-binge |website=[[New York Post#Decider|Decider]] |access-date=February 14, 2021 |date=February 21, 2020}}</ref> and a third season announced on September 18, 2020, alongside the announcement that the show would move to HBO Max, following the restructuring of DC Universe.<ref>{{cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |title='Harley Quinn' Renewed for Season 3 at HBO Max, DC Universe Transitions Out of Scripted Originals |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/harley-quinn-renewed-season-3-hbo-max-dc-universe-1234774781 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=February 14, 2021 |date=September 18, 2020}}</ref>

In November 2020, it was announced that the company will be producing a live-action series called ''America's Sweetheart'', from the developers of ''Harley Quinn'' for [[Apple TV+]],<ref name="latimes">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |title=Kaley Cuoco isn't just 'the girl next door.' And she's out to prove it |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-11-02/kaley-cuoco-the-flight-attendant-big-bang-theory-harley-quinn |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=February 2, 2021 |date=November 2, 2020}}</ref> but the series later moved to HBO Max.<ref name="variety-feb-2021">{{cite web |last=Aurthur |first=Kate |title=How Kaley Cuoco Soared to New Heights in 'The Flight Attendant' |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/kaley-cuoco-the-flight-attendant-1234913229 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=February 24, 2021 |date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> On November 26, 2020, ''[[The Flight Attendant]]'' premiered on HBO Max, and in December 2020, the series was renewed for a second season.<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title='The Flight Attendant' Renewed For Season 2 As More Of HBO Max's Kaley Cuoco Series Cleared For Takeoff |url=https://deadline.com/2020/12/the-flight-attendant-renewed-season-2-kaley-cuoco-hbo-max-1234659010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218180056/https://deadline.com/2020/12/the-flight-attendant-renewed-season-2-kaley-cuoco-hbo-max-1234659010/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 18, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=February 2, 2021 |date=December 18, 2020}}</ref> The second season premiered on April 21, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title='The Flight Attendant' Season 2 Eyes 2022 Landing On HBO Max |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/the-flight-attendant-season-2-eyes-2022-landing-on-hbo-max-1234713194 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312052733/https://deadline.com/2021/03/the-flight-attendant-season-2-eyes-2022-landing-on-hbo-max-1234713194/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=December 24, 2021 |date=March 12, 2021}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' in February 2021, Cuoco said that her company was acquiring the rights to a limited series about the life of actress, singer, and animal welfare activist, [[Doris Day]].<ref name="variety-feb-2021"/> In March 2021, it was announced that the company would be producing and developing a limited series about Doris Day, based on the 1976 biography ''Doris Day: Her Own Story'' by [[A. E. Hotchner]].<ref name="variety-mar-21">{{cite web |last=Aurthur |first=Kate |title=Kaley Cuoco to Play Screen Legend Doris Day in Limited Series in Development at Warner Bros. Television |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/kaley-cuoco-doris-day-limited-series-warner-bros-televison-1234928853 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 13, 2021 |date=March 12, 2021}}</ref> Cuoco will play Doris Day in the series and executive produce alongside Greg Berlanti, who will also executive produce via [[Berlanti Productions]].<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Kaley Cuoco To Play Doris Day In Warner Bros TV Limited Series |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/kaley-cuoco-to-play-doris-day-in-warner-bros-tv-limited-series-1234713270 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312184820/https://deadline.com/2021/03/kaley-cuoco-to-play-doris-day-in-warner-bros-tv-limited-series-1234713270/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=March 13, 2021 |date=March 12, 2021}}</ref>

In May 2021, the company optioned the rights to ''A Season With Mom'', a book written by author Katie Russell Newland, and foreword written by former American football quarterback, [[Peyton Manning]].<ref name="deadline-05-21">{{cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |title=Kaley Cuoco's Yes, Norman Banner Lands Rights To Katie Russell's 'A Season With Mom' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/kaley-cuocos-yes-norman-banner-a-season-with-mom-1234751912 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507163511/https://deadline.com/2021/05/kaley-cuocos-yes-norman-banner-a-season-with-mom-1234751912/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=May 7, 2021 |date=May 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Leffler |first=David |title=Why 'A Season With Mom' is the Ultimate Springtime Read |url=https://www.austinmonthly.com/why-a-season-with-mom-is-the-ultimate-springtime-read |website=Austin Monthly Magazine |access-date=May 7, 2021 |date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Also in May 2021, the company signed a three-year first look production deal with [[Warner Bros. Television Studios]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title=Kaley Cuoco Inks Big New Overall Deal With Warner Bros. TV Group As Her Yes, Norman Prods. Ramps Up |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/kaley-cuoco-inks-overall-deal-warner-bros-tv-group-yes-norman-prods-1234757913 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520160129/https://deadline.com/2021/05/kaley-cuoco-inks-overall-deal-warner-bros-tv-group-yes-norman-prods-1234757913/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=May 20, 2021 |date=May 20, 2021}}</ref>

In October 2021, it was announced that the company would be co-producing the thriller film ''[[Role Play]]'', with [[The Picture Company]] and [[StudioCanal]], written by Seth Owen and directed by [[Thomas Vincent (director)|Thomas Vincent]].<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Kaley Cuoco In Talks To Star & Produce Studiocanal & Picture Company's High-Concept Thriller 'Role Play' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/kaley-cuoco-in-talks-to-star-produce-studiocanal-picture-companys-high-concept-thriller-role-play-1234786566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120129/https://deadline.com/2021/07/kaley-cuoco-in-talks-to-star-produce-studiocanal-picture-companys-high-concept-thriller-role-play-1234786566/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 16, 2022 |date=July 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="deadline-10-29">{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Kaley Cuoco Studiocanal & Picture Company Feature 'Role Play' Lands 'Bodyguard' Director Thomas Vincent – AFM |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/kaley-cuoco-movie-role-play-thomas-vincent-to-direct-1234864834 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029144359/https://deadline.com/2021/10/kaley-cuoco-movie-role-play-thomas-vincent-to-direct-1234864834/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 16, 2022 |date=October 29, 2021}}</ref> The film's cast includes Cuoco,<ref name="deadline-10-29"/> [[David Oyelowo]],<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=David Oyelowo Joins Studiocanal & Picture Company's 'Role Play' Opposite Kaley Cuoco; Prime Video In Final Talks To Acquire |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/david-oyelowo-joins-studiocanal-prime-video-in-final-talks-to-acquire-1235039084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606185440/https://deadline.com/2022/06/david-oyelowo-joins-studiocanal-prime-video-in-final-talks-to-acquire-1235039084/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 6, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 16, 2022 |date=June 6, 2022}}</ref> [[Bill Nighy]],<ref name="deadline-07-16">{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Bill Nighy Boards Kaley Cuoco Thriller 'Role Play' From Studiocanal, Picture Company & Prime Video |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/bill-nighy-kaley-cuoco-role-play-1235063230 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713144209/https://deadline.com/2022/07/bill-nighy-kaley-cuoco-role-play-1235063230/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 16, 2022 |date=July 13, 2022}}</ref> and [[Connie Nielsen]].<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Kaley Cuoco Thriller 'Role Play' Adds Connie Nielsen |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/kaley-cuoco-role-play-connie-nielsen-1235064308 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714215758/https://deadline.com/2022/07/kaley-cuoco-role-play-connie-nielsen-1235064308/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=July 16, 2022 |date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> ''Role Play'' began [[principal photography]] in July 2022 at [[Babelsberg Studio]] in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]],<ref name="deadline-07-16"/> and was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on January 12, 2024.<ref name="deadline-11-23">{{cite web |last1=Tinoco |first1=Armando |title='Role Play' Trailer: First Look At Kaley Cuoco & David Oyelowo In Prime Video's Comedic Spy Thriller |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/role-play-trailer-kaley-cuoco-david-oyelowo-prime-video-1235613359 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116010047/https://deadline.com/2023/11/role-play-trailer-kaley-cuoco-david-oyelowo-prime-video-1235613359/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=December 2, 2023 |date=November 16, 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Network
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2019–present
| ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]''
| [[DC Universe (streaming service)|DC Universe]] [[HBO Max]]/[[Max (streaming service)|Max]]
| with Lorey Stories, Ehsugadee Productions, Delicious Non-Sequitur Productions, [[DC Entertainment]], and [[Warner Bros. Animation]]
| <ref name="deadline-04-18"/>
|-
| 2020–2022
| ''[[The Flight Attendant]]''
| [[HBO Max]]
| with [[Berlanti Productions]] and [[Warner Bros. Television]]
| <ref name="deadline-10-17"/>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kite Man: Hell Yeah!]]''
| Max
| with Lorey Stories, Delicious Non-Sequitur Productions, [[DC Studios]], and [[Warner Bros. Animation]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Petski |first1=Denise |title='Kite Man: Hell Yeah' Teaser: First Look At Max's 'Harley Quinn' Spinoff Series |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/kite-man-hell-yeah-teaser-harley-quinn-spinoff-max-1235547471 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915010546/https://deadline.com/2023/09/kite-man-hell-yeah-teaser-harley-quinn-spinoff-max-1235547471/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=April 11, 2024 |date=September 15, 2023}}</ref>
|}

====In development====
* ''Kansas City Star'' ([[HBO]]; with [[Warner Bros. Television]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andreeva |first1=Nellie |title=Kaley Cuoco Comedy ‘Kansas City Star’ From ‘Hacks’ Creators Nears HBO Series Order |url=https://deadline.com/2024/11/kaley-cuoco-kansas-city-star-hbo-comedy-series-hacks-creators-1236176000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114005034/https://deadline.com/2024/11/kaley-cuoco-kansas-city-star-hbo-comedy-series-hacks-creators-1236176000/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 14, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=November 16, 2024 |date=November 14, 2024}}</ref>

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Gross (worldwide)
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Distributor
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Meet Cute (film)|Meet Cute]]''
| Alex Lehmann
| {{N/A}}
| with [[Weed Road Pictures]] and Convergent Media
| [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Role Play]]''
| [[Thomas Vincent (director)|Thomas Vincent]]
| {{N/A}}
| with [[The Picture Company]] and [[StudioCanal]]
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| <ref name="deadline-11-23"/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Yes, Norman Productions| ]]
[[Category:Kaley Cuoco]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in California]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Television production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in California]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based Beverly Hills, California]]

Malayalam literature

2026-02-07T17:26:35Z

RicoSturdivant: fixed formatting for clarity and added references

{{Short description|Literary traditions of the Malayali people of India}}
{{Distinguish|Malaysian literature}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Indian literature}}
[[File:Samkshepavedartham 1772.pdf|thumb|Cover page of ''Nasranikal okkekkum ariyendunna samkshepavedartham'', the first book to be printed in Malayalam in 1772.]]
[[Malayalam]], the [[lingua franca]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]] and the union territories of [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puduchery]], is one of the eleven [[classical languages of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece | title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India}}</ref> '''Malayalam literature''' comprises those literary texts written in [[Malayalam]], a [[Dravidian languages|South-Dravidian language]] spoken in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'', written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] in 1785.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=The legacy of Kerala |year=2008 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam, Kerala |isbn=978-81-264-2157-2 |edition=1st DCB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |title=August 23, 2010 Archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427073541/http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref> Malayalam literature has been presented with 6 [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapith awards]], the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jnanpith given to Akkitham|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpith-given-to-akkitham/article32685581.ece|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=24 September 2020|access-date=12 June 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Celebrated Malayalam poet Akkitham wins 2019 Jnanpith Award|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/celebrated-malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-2019-jnanpith-award-119112900926_1.html|last=ANI|date=29 November 2019|access-date=12 June 2021|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

The [[Sangam literature]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam.<ref name="clt.1"/> The origin of [[Malayalam calendar]] dates back to year 825 CE.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |access-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Broughton Richmond 1956 218">{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year=1956|pages=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="R. Leela Devi 1986 408">{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|pages=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> It is generally agreed that the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] of 849/850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]]. The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' (late 12th or early 13th century)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam literature {{!}} Facts, Writers, Poetry, & Examples |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Malayalam-literature |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]'', two [[epic poem]]s written in [[Old Malayalam]]. In the subsequent centuries, besides a popular ''Pattu'' ("song") literature, the ''[[manipravalam]]'' poetry also flourished. ''Manipravalam'' (translates "ruby coral") style consisted of poetry in an admixture of Malayalam and [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359722/Malayalam-language|title=Malayalam language|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> Then came works such as ''champus'' and ''sandeshakavyas'' in which prose and poetry were interspersed. Later, poets like [[Cherusseri Namboothiri|Cherusseri]] introduced poems on devotional themes.

Designated a "[[Classical Language in India]]" in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Malayalam literature developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]],<ref name="Cherussery (Krishnagadha) Malayalam author books">{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1473 |title=Cherussery (Krishnagadha) Malayalam author books |website=keralaliterature.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407052549/http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php%3Fauthid%3D1473 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mlm"/> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]],<ref name="mlm"/> and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]],<ref name="mlm"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/ |title=The Charms of Poonthanam Illam |last=Arun Narayanan |date=25 October 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> in the 15th and the 16th centuries of [[Common Era]].<ref name="mlm">{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref>Freeman, Rich (2003). "Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala". In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</ref> Thunchathu Ezhuthachchan is also known as ''The father of modern Malayalam literature''.<ref name="mlm"/> [[Kunchan Nambiar]], a poet of 18th century CE, also has contributed much to Malayalam literature in its early form.<ref name="mlm"/> The [[Bharathappuzha]] river, also known as [[Ponnani|River Ponnani]], and its tributaries, have played a major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The river sutra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/rivers-have-nurtured-malayalam-literature-and-poetry-since-time-immemorial/article25058214.ece|last=Binoy|first=Rasmi|date=27 September 2018|access-date=24 January 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> There were also other important works, in [[Arabi Malayalam]] like [[Muhyadheen mala|Muhyadheen Mala]], which was also produced in 16th-17th centuries of Common Era. The growth of [[Arabi Malayalam]] literature eventually lead to [[Mappila Song]]s. The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works those date back to 16th-17th centuries of [[Common Era]] are also very closer to the modern Malayalam language.<ref name="mlm" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2017|title=New university centre for Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151017/new-university-centre-for-arabi-malayalam.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> [[Ezhuthachan]], a strong proponent of [[Bhakti movement]], is known as the father of Malayalam. His poems are classified under the genre of ''kilippattu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317732/kilippattu|title=kilippattu - musical genre|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>

The prose literature, criticism, and [[Malayalam journalism]] began after the latter half of the 18th century CE. Contemporary Malayalam literature deals with social, political, and economic life context. Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in the late 19th century with the rise of the famous Modern Triumvirate consisting of [[Kumaran Asan]],<ref name="poemhunter.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/kumaran-asan/|title=Kumaran Asan - Kumaran Asan Poems - Poem Hunter|website=www.poemhunter.com|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]<ref name="Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer - Ulloor">{{cite web|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/ulloor-s-parameswara-iyer/|title=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer - Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer Poems - Poem Hunter|website=www.poemhunter.com|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]].<ref name="Vallathol Narayana Menon - Vallatho">{{cite web|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/vallathol-narayana-menon/|title=Vallathol Narayana Menon - Vallathol Narayana Menon Poems - Poem Hunter|website=www.poemhunter.com|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> Kumaran Asan was temperamentally a [[pessimist]]—a [[disposition]] reinforced by his [[metaphysics]]—yet all his life was active in promoting his downtrodden [[Hindu]]-[[Ezhava]] community. Ullor wrote in the [[classical tradition]], appealing for [[Mohism|universal love]], while Vallathol responded to the human significance of [[social progress]]. Contemporary Malayalam poetry deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards [[political radicalism]].<ref name="South Asian arts">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65212/Tamil#toc65213|title=South Asian arts|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name="google25">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Mahi-Mewat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&pg=PA4542 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-8177552720 |page=4542}}</ref><ref name="Accessions List, South Asia">{{cite book |title=Accessions List, South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 1994 |publisher=E.G. Smith for the U.S. Library of Congress Office, New Delhi |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Indian Writing Today">{{cite book |title=Indian Writing Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1967 |publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers |page=21}}</ref><ref name="DattaAkademi1987">{{cite book |author1=Amaresh Datta |author2=Sahitya Akademi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=2394|isbn=978-0836424232 }}</ref><ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey">{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5JkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1993 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |page=19}}</ref> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], and [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.<ref name="MukundanPillai2004">{{cite book |author1=Eṃ Mukundan |author2=C. Gopinathan Pillai |title=Eng Adityan Radha And Others |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&pg=PP3 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2004 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-8126018833 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari2002">{{cite book |author=Ed. Vinod Kumar Maheshwari |title=Perspectives On Indian English Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&pg=PA126 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-8126900930 |page=126}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri2008">{{cite book |author=Amit Chaudhuri |title=Clearing a Space: Reflections On India, Literature, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&pg=PA44 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1906165017 |pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 1997 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260 |first=Sarah |last=Lyall}}</ref> The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in the late 19th century CE.<ref name="clt">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|pages=454|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}} |edition=Malayalam }}</ref>

==Evolution of Malayalam==
{{main|Malayalam}}
[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD).jpg|thumbnail|The [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (849/850 CE) is the available oldest inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]].<ref name="adagadagudugudu">{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=|orig-year=1972}}</ref> Besides [[Old Malayalam]], the copper plate also contains signatures in [[Arabic]] (Kufic script), [[Middle Persian]] (cursive Pahlavi script) and [[Judeo-Persian]] (standard square [[Hebrew]]) scripts.<ref name="cereti">{{Cite book|last=Cereti|first=C. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&q=Exegisti+Monumenta:+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-+Williams|title=Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=9783447059374|editor-last=Sundermann|editor-first=W.|location=Wiesbaden|pages=|chapter=The Pahlavi Signatures on the Quilon Copper Plates|editor-last2=Hintze|editor-first2=A.|editor-last3=de Blois|editor-first3=F.}}</ref>]]

The western dialect of [[Old Tamil]] spoken in the southwestern [[Malabar Coast]] of [[India]] was known as ''Malanaattu Tamil''/''Malabar Tamil'' (Meaning the ''Tamil of the hilly region''/the ''Tamil of Malabar'') since the ancient [[Sangam period]] (300 BCE - 300 CE).<ref name="Malabar"/> Due to the geographical separation of the [[Malabar Coast]] from [[Tamil Nadu]], and the presence of [[Western Ghats]] mountain ranges in between these two geographical regions, the dialect of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] spoken in the territory of the western [[Malabar Coast]] of the ancient [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] kingdom was different from that spoken in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-mainland.<ref name="Malabar"/> The generally held view is that Malayalam was the western coastal dialect [[Middle Tamil]]<ref name="eb">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |title=Dravidian languages – History, Grammar, Map, & Facts |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709173402/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and started separation from Proto-Tamil-Malayalam sometime in the 8th century CE.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|loc=p. 6|ps=: Other sources date this split to the 7th and 8th centuries.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=B. |year=2009 |chapter=Malayalam |editor1=Keith Brown |editor2=Sarah Ogilvie |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |page=682 |quote="[...] Malayalam emerged from Proto-Tamil–Malayalam; divergence occurred over a period of four or five centuries, from the 8th century onward".}}</ref> The renowned poets of [[Old Tamil|Classical Tamil]] such as [[Paranar]] (1st century CE), [[Ilango Adigal]] (2nd-3rd century CE), and [[Kulasekhara Alvar]] (9th century CE) were [[Malayali|Keralites]].<ref name="Malabar"/> The [[Sangam literature]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam.<ref name="clt.1">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|page=450|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}} |edition=Malayalam }}</ref>

Some scholars however believe that both [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and Malayalam developed during the prehistoric period from a common ancestor, 'Proto-Tamil-Malayalam', and that the notion of Malayalam being a 'daughter' of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is misplaced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=R. E. |last2=Kumari |first2=T. C. |title=Malayalam |date=1997 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-02242-2 |page=xxiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFQG2DCaIsIC |language=en}}</ref> This is based on the fact that Malayalam and several [[Dravidian languages]] on the western coast have common archaic features which are not found even in the oldest historical forms of literary Tamil. However they share few striking innovations with Middle Tamil thus making independent descent impossible.<ref>A. Govindankutty (1972) – From proto-Tamil-Malayalam to West Coast dialects. Indo-Iranian Journal, Vol. 14 No. (1/2), pp. 52–60</ref>

[[Old Malayalam]] (''Pazhaya Malayalam''), an inscriptional language found in [[Kerala]] from ''c.'' 9th to ''c.'' 13th century CE,<ref name="Narayanan2017">M. G. S. Narayanan. "Kozhikkodinte Katha". Malayalam/Essays. Mathrubhumi Books. Second Edition (2017) {{ISBN|978-81-8267-114-0}}</ref> is the earliest attested form of [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]].<ref name=":830">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur|pages=380–82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ayyar|first=L. V. Ramaswami|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology|title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology|publisher=Rama Varma Research Institute|year=1936|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Trichur|pages=3}}</ref> The start of the development of [[Old Malayalam]] from a western coastal dialect of [[Middle Tamil|contemporary Tamil]] ([[Middle Tamil]]) can be dated to c. 7th - 8th century CE.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772|title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-809977-2|editor-last=Karashima|editor-first=Noburu|location=New Delhi|pages=152–53}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|date=|title=Malayalam language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Malayalam-language|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> It remained a west coast dialect until c. 9th century CE or a little later.<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|date=5 July 2024|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages/Literary-languages#ref279622|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The origin of [[Malayalam calendar]] dates back to year 825 CE.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Broughton Richmond 1956 218"/><ref name="R. Leela Devi 1986 408"/> The formation of the language is mainly attributed to geographical separation of Kerala from the Tamil country.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":830" /> It is generally agreed that the western coastal dialect of Tamil began to separate, diverge, and grow as a distinct language, mainly due to the heavy influence of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], those became common prominent languages on [[Malabar Coast]], when the caste system became strong in Kerala under [[Nambudiri]] [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name="Malabar">കേരള ചരിത്രം, എ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ</ref>

The [[Old Malayalam]] language was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] kings as well as on the village temples).<ref name=":830" /> Most of the inscriptions in [[Old Malayalam]] were found from the [[List of districts of Kerala|northern districts of Kerala]], those lie adjacent to [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref name=":830"/> [[Old Malayalam]] was mostly written in [[Vatteluttu|Vatteluttu script]] (with [[Grantha script|Pallava/Southern Grantha]] characters).<ref name=":830" /> [[Old Malayalam]] had several features distinct from the contemporary Tamil, which include the Nasalisation of adjoining sounds, Substitution of palatal sounds for dental sounds, Contraction of vowels, and the Rejection of gender verbs.<ref name=":830" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|date=2018|title=History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448918759852|journal=Studies in People's History|language=|volume=5|issue=1|pages=13–31|doi=10.1177/2348448918759852|s2cid=166060066|issn=2348-4489|via=|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala|publisher=Kerala Historical Society|year=1972|isbn=|location=Kerala|pages=18}}</ref>

The [[Old Malayalam]] got gradually developed into [[Middle Malayalam]] (''Madhyakaala Malayalam'') by the 13th century CE.<ref name="Menon 1939">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC&q=%22middle+malayalam%22&pg=PA14|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|first=T. K. Krishna|last=Menon|date=1939|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120606036|via=Google Books}}</ref> The Malayalam literature also completely got diverged from [[Tamil literature]] by this period. ''Kannassa Ramayanam'' and ''Kannassa Bharatham'' by ''Rama Panikkar'' of the [[Niranam poets]] who lived between 1350 and 1450, are representative of this language.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kerala (India)|first=Dept. of Public Relations|title=District Handbooks of Kerala: Pathanamthitta (Volume 7 of District Handbooks of Kerala, Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations|year=2003}}</ref> The ''[[Champu]] Kavyas'' written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the ''Pathinettara Kavikal'' (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], also belong to Middle Malayalam.<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="mlm"/> The literary works of this period were heavily influenced by [[Manipravalam]], which was a combination of contemporary Malayalam and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Malabar"/> The scripts of ''[[Kolezhuthu]]'' and ''[[Malayanma]]'' were also used to write [[Middle Malayalam]], in addition to ''Vatteluthu'' and [[Grantha script]] those were used to write [[Old Malayalam]].<ref name="Malabar"/>

The [[Middle Malayalam]] was succeeded by Modern Malayalam (''Aadhunika Malayalam'') by the 15th century CE.<ref name="Malabar"/> The poem ''[[Krishnagatha]]'' written by [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]], who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446 – 1475) of [[Kolathunadu]], is written in modern Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> The language used in ''Krishnagatha'' is the modern spoken form of Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> During the 16th century CE, [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] from the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] from the [[Kingdom of Valluvanad]] followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu]]'' and ''Mahabharatham [[Kilippattu]]'' written by Ezhuthachan and ''[[Jnanappana]]'' written by Poonthanam are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/>
[[Image:Tigalari script comparison chart..jpg|thumb|300px|right|alt=Image: scripts comparison|[[Grantha script|Grantha]], [[Tigalari script|Tigalari]], and [[Malayalam script]]s]]
It is [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] who is also credited with the development of [[Malayalam script]] into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of ''[[Vatteluttu]]'', ''[[Kolezhuthu]]'', and [[Grantha script]], which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script.<ref name="mlm"/> Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as ''The Father of modern Malayalam''.<ref name="mlm"/> The development of modern [[Malayalam script]] was also heavily influenced by the [[Tigalari script]], which was used to write the [[Tulu language]].<ref name="mlm"/> The currently adopted [[Malayalam script]] is the only script in India that can be used to write any other [[Languages of India|language of India]] as it contain letters to denote both of the [[Voiced retroflex approximant]] (/ɻ/) (which is unique to Tamil and Malayalam in India) and the letters unique to [[Sanskrit]] (those are not there in the [[Tamil script]]). The language used in the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works of 16th-17th century CE is a mixture of Modern Malayalam and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="mlm"/> They follow the syntax of modern Malayalam, though written in a modified form of [[Arabic script]], which is known as [[Arabi Malayalam script]].<ref name="mlm"/>

[[Kunchan Nambiar]] introduced a new literary form called ''Thullal'', and [[Unnayi Variyar]] introduced reforms in ''[[Kathakali|Attakkatha literature]]''.<ref name="mlm"/> Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in the late 19th century with the rise of the famous Modern Triumvirate consisting of [[Kumaran Asan]],<ref name="poemhunter.com"/> [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]<ref name="Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer - Ulloor"/> and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]].<ref name="Vallathol Narayana Menon - Vallatho"/> The printing, prose literature, and [[Malayalam journalism]], developed after the latter-half of the 18th century CE.<ref name="mlm"/> In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name="google25"/><ref name="Accessions List, South Asia"/><ref name="Indian Writing Today"/><ref name="DattaAkademi1987"/><ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey"/> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.<ref name="MukundanPillai2004"/><ref name="Maheshwari2002"/><ref name="Chaudhuri2008"/> Malayalam has also borrowed a lot of its words from various foreign languages, mainly from the [[Semitic languages]] including [[Arabic]], and the [[Languages of Europe|European languages]] including [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], due to the long heritage of [[Indian Ocean trade]] and the Portuguese-Dutch colonisation in the [[Malabar Coast]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of vocabulary from various origins
{{Main|List of loanwords in Malayalam}}

! scope="col" | Word
! scope="col" | Original word
! scope="col" | Language of origin
! scope="col" | Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ml|കത്ത്}} ({{Transliteration|ml|Kattŭ}})
|{{Transliteration|ar|Khaṭ}}
|[[Arabic]]
|letter
|-
|{{lang|ml|ജനാല}} or {{lang|ml|ജനൽ}} ({{Transliteration|ml|Jaṉāla}} or {{Transliteration|ml|Jaṉal}})
|{{lang|pt|Janela}}
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|window
|-
|{{lang|ml|കക്കൂസ്}} ({{Transliteration|ml|Kakkūsŭ}})
|{{lang|nl|Kakhuis}}
|[[Dutch language|Early Modern Dutch]]
|toilet
|}

==Old Malayalam==
{{main|Old Malayalam}}

===Folk Songs===
Folk songs are the oldest literary form in Malayalam.<ref name="clt"/> They were just oral songs.<ref name="clt"/> Many of them were related to agricultural activities, including ''Pulayar Pattu'', ''Pulluvan Pattu'', ''Njattu Pattu'', ''Koythu Pattu'', etc.<ref name="clt"/> Other [[Ballad]]s of Folk Song period include the ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]'' (Northern songs) in [[North Malabar]] region and the ''Thekkan Pattukal'' (Southern songs) in [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern Travancore]].<ref name="clt"/> Some of the earliest [[Mappila song]]s (Muslim songs) were also folk songs.<ref name="clt"/>
For the first 600 years of the [[Malayalam calendar]], Malayalam literature remained in a preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs (''Pattu''). Prominent were songs praising the goddesses of the land, ballads of brave warriors, songs related to the work of a particular caste and songs intended just for entertainment. ''Bhadrakali pattu, thottam pattu, Mappila pattu, mavaratham pattu, sasthanga pattu, nizhalkoothu pattu, sarpa pattu, sastham pattu, thiyyattu pattu, pulluvar pattu, mannar pattu, panar pattu, krishi pattu, thamburan pattu, pada pattu, villadichan pattu, onappattu, kummi'' and lullaby were some of the major subgenres. These names were not used historically, but are used in modern times to describe the song genres of that time.<ref name="Panicker">Dr. K. Ayyappa Paniker (1977). ''A Short History of Malayalam Literature''.</ref>

===''Ramacharitham''===
''Ramacharitham'' is a collection of poems written at the end of the preliminary stage. It is the oldest Malayalam book available, with a possible exception of ''Thirunizhalmala''. The collection has 1,814 poems in it. ''Ramacharitham'' mainly consists of stories from the Yuddha Kanda of the ''Ramayana''. It was written by a poet with the pen name ''Cheeramakavi'' who, according to poet Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, was Sree Veerarama Varman, a king of southern Kerala from AD 1195 to 1208.<ref>{{ Citation| last=S. Parameshwara Aiyer| first=Ulloor| title=Kerala Sahithya Chrithram (History of literature of Kerala)| publisher=University of Kerala| place=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala|year=1990}}</ref> However the claim that it was written in Southern Kerala is expired on the basis of new discoveries.<ref name="kasaragod">{{Cite web |title=School of Distance Education |url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032515/http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.sdeuoc.ac.in}}</ref> Other experts, like Chirakkal T Balakrishnan Nair, Dr. K.M. George, M. M. Purushothaman Nair, and P.V. Krishnan Nair, state that the origin of the book is in [[Kasaragod district]] in [[North Malabar]] region.<ref name="kasaragod"/> They cite the use of certain words in the book and also the fact that the manuscript of the book was recovered from [[Nileshwaram]] in [[North Malabar]].<ref>{{Citation| last=Leelavathi| first=Dr. M.| title=Malayala Kavitha Sahithya Chrithram (History of Malayalam poetry)}}</ref> The influence of ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' is mostly seen in the contemporary literary works of Northern Kerala.<ref name="kasaragod"/>{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The words used in ''Ramacharitam'' such as ''Nade'' (''Mumbe''), ''Innum'' (''Iniyum''), ''Ninna'' (''Ninne''), Chaaduka (''Eriyuka'') are special features of the dialect spoken in [[North Malabar]] ([[Kasaragod]]-[[Kannur]] region).<ref name="kasaragod"/> Furthermore, the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] mentioned in ''Ramacharitham'' is not the Thiruvananthapuram in Southern Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<ref name="kasaragod"/> But it is [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]] of [[Kumbla]] in the northernmost [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<ref name="kasaragod"/> The word ''Thiru'' is used just by the meaning ''Honoured''.<ref name="kasaragod"/> Today it is widely accepted that ''Ramacharitham'' was written somewhere in [[North Malabar]] (most likely near [[Kasaragod]]).<ref name="kasaragod"/> ''Ramacharitham'' is considered a book written during the formative years of Malayalam. According to Rev. Dr. [[Hermann Gundert]], who compiled the first dictionary of the Malayalam language, ''Ramacharitham'' shows the ancient style of the Malayalam language.<ref>{{ Citation| last=Gundert| first=Rev. Dr. Hermann| title=Malayalabhasha Vyakaranam (Grammar of Malayalam language|year=1865}}</ref>

==Middle Malayalam==
{{main|Middle Malayalam}}

===Manipravalam===
{{Main|Manipravalam}}
While the ''Pattu'' school flourished among certain sections of the society, the literature of the elite was composed in the curious mixture of [[Sanskrit]] and Malayalam which is referred to as ''[[Manipravalam]]'', ''mani'' meaning ruby (Malayalam) and ''pravalam'' meaning coral (Sanskrit).<ref>Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp.78</ref> ''[[Lilathilakam]]'', a work on grammar and rhetoric, written in the last quarter of the 14th century discusses the relationship between ''Manipravalam'' and ''Pattu'' as poetic forms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=T. K. Krishna|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC|isbn=978-81-206-0603-6}}</ref> It lays special emphasis on the types of words that blend harmoniously. It points out that the rules of Sanskrit prosody should be followed in ''Manipravalam'' poetry. This particular school of poetry was patronised by the upper classes, especially the [[Nambudiri]]s. Dramatic performances given in ''[[Koothambalam]]s'', known by the names of ''[[Koothu]]'' and ''[[Koodiyattom]]'', often used Sanskrit and Malayalam. In ''Koodiyattom'', the clown (''vidooshaka'') is allowed to use Malayalam while the hero recites ''slokas'' in Sanskrit. [[Tholan]], a legendary court poet in the period of the [[Chera dynasty|Kulasekhara]] kings, is believed to have started this practice.

The earliest of these works in the ''Manipravalam'' school is ''Vaisika Tantram'' written in the 13th century. It contains about 200 quatrains in Sanskrit metres and is in the form of professional advice given to a prostitute or courtesan by her mother. Each quatrain is composed with care and due weight is given to the rules of rhetoric. Several quatrains of this type are quoted in ''Lilathilakam'' by way of illustration for the several rules of grammar and rhetoric.

The most representative of the early ''Manipravalam'' works are the tales of courtesans (''[[Manipravala champu|Achi Charitams]]'') and the Message Poems (''[[Sandesa Kavya]]s''). ''Unniyachi Charitam, [[Unnichiruthevi Charitham|Unnichiruthevi Charitam]]'' and ''Unniyadi Charitam'' are examples of the former type which is known by the name ''[[Manipravala champu|champu]]''. The ''Padya'' (verse) portion is in Sanskrit metres and the ''Gadya'' (prose) portion is mostly in Dravidian metres. Authorship of ''Unniyachi Charitam'' and ''Unnichiruthevi Charitam'' is not known and only a portion of the works is now available. ''Unniyadi Charitam'', which also exists in a fragmented form, is supposed to be written by Damodara Chakkiar. The ''Sandesa Kavyas'' are an important poetic genre in Sanskrit, and on the model of [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[Meghadūta]]'' and Lakshmidasa's ''Sukasandesa'', a number of message poems came to be written first in ''Manipravalam'' and later in pure Malayalam. The best known among these ''sandesas'' is perhaps ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]'' written in the 14th century. The poem is written under the pen-name Amruthanilakshi, and some believe that it was written in 1362 CE. The exact identity of the author remains a mystery, but it is widely believed that one of the members of the [[Travancore]] Royal Family wrote it.

The next work to be mentioned is ''Ramakathapattu'', as it is popularly known, though the author calls it ''Ramayanakavyam''. The author is Ayyappilli Asan who lived sometime about 1400 CE at Auvatutura near [[Kovalam]] and whom P. K. Narayana Pillai, who discovered the full text of the book in 1965, calls "the [[Homer]] of Malayalam." ''Ramakathapattu'' contains 3163 songs in 279 ''Vrittas'' or parts.<ref name="Datta">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |author=Amaresh Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=50 }}</ref>

===Niranam poets===
{{main|Niranam poets}}
While the Manipravala poetry flourished as a diversion from the mainstream, the tradition set up by Cheeraman of ''Ramacharitam''and the more enlightened among the anonymous folk poets was resumed and replenished by three writers commonly referred to as [[Niranam poets]], being [[Niranam Poets|Madhava Panikkar]], [[Sankara Panikkar]] and [[Rama Panikkar]]. They were influenced by the [[Bhakti movement]]. The ''Bhakti'' school was thus revived, and in the place of the excessive sensuality and eroticism of the ''Manipravalam'' poets, the seriousness of the poetic vocation was reasserted by them. It is believed that they all belonged to the same Kannassa family and that Madhava Panikkar and Sankara Panikkar were the uncles of Rama Panikkar, the youngest of the three. Their most important work is ''Kannasa Ramayanam'' which is an important link between ''Ramacharitam'', ''Ramakathapattu'' and [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Ezhuthachan]]'s ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam]]''. [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|Ulloor]] has said that Rama Panikkar holds the same position in Malayalam literature that [[Edmund Spenser]] has in English literature.<ref name="Panicker"/>

===Later Champus and Krishnagatha===
The 15th century CE saw two paralleled movements in Malayalam literature: one spearheaded by the ''Manipravalam'' works, especially the ''[[Manipravala champu|Champus]]'', and the other emanating from the ''Pattu'' school and adumbrated in [[Cherusseri Namboothiri|Cherusseri]]'s magnum opus, ''Krishnagatha'' (Song of Krishna). The language of the later ''Champus'' reads more like modern Malayalam than that of the earlier ''Champus'' and ''[[Sandesa Kavya]]s''. ''Champus'' were mostly works of satire and [[hyperbole]] was a regular feature of it. The greatest ''Champus'' of the 15th century is Punam Nambudiri's ''Ramayanam'' which uses Puranic themes and episodes unlike the 14th century ''Champus'' which were tales of the courtesans. Punam was a court poet of the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]]. Punam also wrote a ''[[Mahabharata|Bharatam]] Champoo''. There are also many others, the authorship of which is ascribed to him. The later ''Champus'' came to be used for dramatic oral narration by performing artists in their ''[[Koothu]]'' and ''Patakam''. Mahishamangalam (or Mazhamangalam) Narayanan Nambudiri who lived in the 16th century is the author of some of the best ''Champus'' of all time. The most widely known of these is ''Naishadham'' followed by ''Rajaratnavaliyam'' and ''Kodia Viraham''. ''Chandrotsavam'', whose authorship is unknown, is a long narrative poem written in ''Manipravalam''.

The elitist ''Manipravala'' ''Champu'' school disappeared by the end of the 16th century. The average readers without much grounding in Sanskrit had their favourite poems and poets in the so-called ''Pattu'' school. With the writing of ''Krishnagatha'' by [[Cherusseri Namboothiri|Cherusseri]], the validity of the use of spoken Malayalam for literary purposes received its ultimate justification. Unlike the language of ''Ramacharitam'' and the works of the [[Niranam poets]], the language of ''Krishnagatha'' marks the culmination of a stage of evolution. There is some dispute about the author's name and his identity. Some scholars are of opinion that he was the same as the Punam Nambudiri of the ''Champus''. It is widely believed that Cherusseri lived in the 15th century CE and was the court poet of Udayavarma of [[Kolathunadu]].

===Arabi Malayalam===
{{Main|Arabi Malayalam}}
[[File:ArabiMalayalam_alphabet.png|thumb|right|[[Arabi Malayalam]] alphabet with Malayalam alphabet correspondences]]
The [[Arabi Malayalam]] (also called Mappila Malayalam<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|date=1 October 2019|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kuzhiyan |first=Muneer Aram |title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India |type=PhD |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506 |publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad |hdl=10603/213506}}</ref> and Moplah Malayalam) was the traditional [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|title=Sea, Community and Language: A Study on the Origin and Development of Arabi- Malayalam Language of Mappila Muslims of Malabar|date=2 October 2019|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> of the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslim community]] in [[Malabar Coast]]. The poets like [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]] and [[Pulikkottil Hyder]] have made notable contributions to the [[Mappila songs]], which is a genre of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] literature.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108104937/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=Mappila songs cultural fountains of a bygone age, says MT|date=31 March 2007|access-date=15 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>Pg 167, Mappila Muslims: a study on society and anti colonial struggles By Husain Raṇdathaṇi, Other Books, Kozhikode 2007</ref> The [[Arabi Malayalam script]], otherwise known as the [[Ponnani]] script,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kunnath |first=Ammad |date=15 September 2015 |title=The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD |type=PhD |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49524 |publisher=Department of History |hdl=10603/49524}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Panakkal|first=Abbas|url=http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|title=Islam in Malabar (1460-1600) : a socio-cultural study /|date=2016|publisher=Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527064123/http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kallen|first=hussain Randathani|title=Trade and Culture: Indian Ocean Interaction on the Coast of Malabar in Medieval Period|url=https://www.academia.edu/22105661|language=en |website=Academia.edu}}</ref> is a writing system - a variant form of the [[Arabic script]] with special [[orthography|orthographic]] features - which was developed during the early medieval period and used to write [[Arabi Malayalam]] until the early 20th century CE.<ref name="Miller">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987. pp. 458-56.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/contribution.html|title=Malayalam Resource Centre | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912185758/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/contribution.html | archive-date=2012-09-12}}</ref> Though the script originated and developed in [[Kerala]], today it is predominantly used in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] by the migrant [[Muslim]] community.<ref name=":0">Menon. T. Madhava. "A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 2", International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002. pp. 491-493.</ref><ref name="Arabic script for malayalam">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html|title=Malayalam|website=www.nvtc.gov|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=17 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202844/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Evolution of Modern Malayalam==
[[File:Copy of Ezhuthachan's Adhyathma ramayanam Kilippattu.jpg|thumb|Copy of Ezhuthachan's [[stylus]] and ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam|Adhyatma Ramayanam]]'' preserved at [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur]]|251x251px]]
The [[Middle Malayalam]] (''Madhyakaala Malayalam'') was succeeded by Modern Malayalam (''Aadhunika Malayalam'') by the 15th century CE.<ref name="Malabar"/> The poem ''[[Krishnagatha]]'' written by [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]], who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446 – 1475) of [[Kolathunadu]], is written in modern Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> The language used in ''Krishnagatha'' is the modern spoken form of Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> During the 16th century CE, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan from the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] from the [[Kingdom of Valluvanad]] followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu]]'' and ''Mahabharatham [[Kilippattu]]'' written by Ezhuthachan and ''[[Jnanappana]]'' written by Poonthanam are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/>

It is Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan who is also credited with the development of [[Malayalam script]] into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of ''[[Vatteluttu]]'', ''[[Kolezhuthu]]'', and [[Grantha script]], which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script.<ref name="mlm"/> Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as ''The Father of modern Malayalam''.<ref name="mlm"/> The development of modern [[Malayalam script]] was also heavily influenced by the [[Tigalari script]], which was used to write the [[Tulu language]], due to the influence of [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s in Kerala.<ref name="mlm"/> The language used in the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works of 16th-17th century CE is a mixture of Modern Malayalam and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="mlm"/> They follow the syntax of modern Malayalam, though written in a modified form of [[Arabic script]], which is known as [[Arabi Malayalam script]].<ref name="mlm"/>

P. Shangunny Menon ascribes the authorship of the medieval work ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', which describes the [[Parashurama]] legend and the departure of the final [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]] king to [[Mecca]], to Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan.<ref>History of Travancore by Shungunny Menon, page 28</ref> The currently adopted [[Malayalam script]], adopted by Ezhuthachan can be used to write any other [[Languages of India|language of India]] as it contain letters to denote both of the [[Voiced retroflex approximant]] (/ɻ/) (which is unique to Dravidian languages in India) and the letters unique to [[Sanskrit]] (those are not there in the [[Tamil script]]).

==Modern Malayalam==
{{main|Malayalam}}

===Bhakti era===
[[File:THUNCHAN MEMORIAL.jpg|thumbnail|300px|The [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] is situated at [[Thunchan Parambu]], [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]]]
[[File:Portrait of Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan,the father of the Malayalam language.jpg|thumb|left|[[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]]]]
Malayalam literature passed through a tremendous process of development in the 15th and 16th centuries. [[Cherusseri]]'s ''Krishnagatha'' bore witness to the evolution of modern Malayalam language as a proper medium for serious poetic communication. Alongside this, there flourished numerous Sanskrit poets who were very active during this period. The greatest of them was [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] (1559–1665), the author of ''[[Narayaniyam]]''. The most significant development of the time took place in the field of Malayalam poetry. [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] wrote his two great epics ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam]]'' and ''Srimahabharatam'' and two shorter pieces, ''Irupathinalu Vrittam'' and ''Harinama Kirtanam'' and thereby revolutionised Malayalam language and literature at once. Ezhuthachan refined the style of Malayalam language and it was during his period that Malayalam literature attained its individuality and Malayalam became a fully fledged independent language. Today he is known as the father of Malayalam language and its literature. The ''[[Kilippattu]]'' form he adopted in ''Ramayanam'' and ''Bharatam'' may be a pointer to his recognition of the importance of sound effect in poetry. Ezhuthachan is perhaps the greatest spokesman of the [[Bhakti movement]] in Malayalam but he is more than a writer of devotional hymns. [[K. Ayyappa Paniker]] has noted that "the transition from Cherrusseri to Ezhuthachan marks the triumph of modernism over medievalism."<ref name="Panicker"/> Another important poet of this period was [[Poonthanam|Poonthanam Nambudiri]] (1547–1640). His chief poems are ''[[Jnanappana]]'' (The Song of Divine Wisdom), ''Bhasha Karnamritam'' and ''Kumaraharanam'' or ''Santanagopalam Pana''.<ref name="mlm"/>

===Performance arts===
The 16th century also saw the writing of some dramatic works in ''Manipravalam'' and pure Malayalam, ''Bharatavakyam'', often described as a choral narration, is a work in ''Manipravalam'' which was used for stage performance. The main development in the cultural field in Kerala in the 17th century was the growth of a new form of visual art called [[Kathakali]], which brought into being a new genre of poetry called [[Aattakatha (performance)|Attakkatha]] consisting of the libretto used for a Kathakali performance. The origins of ''aattakatha'' literature dates back to the 12th century and it emerged as a literary genre in the 17th century. The earliest of the ''aattakathas'' is believed to be a cycle of eight ''[[Ramayana]]'' stories (collectively known as ''[[Ramanattam]]''), composed by Kottarakkara Tampuran and about whose date there is an ongoing controversy. Next in importance are the works of Kottayathu Tampuran whose period is about the middle of the seventeenth century. Since the four ''aattakatha''s he wrote ''Bakavadham, Kalyanasaugandhikam, [[Kirmeeravadham]]'' and ''Kalakeyavadham'' punctiliously conform to the strict rules of Kathakali, they are particularly favoured by orthodox artistes and their patrons. Another poet of this category is [[Irayimman Thampi]] (1783–1863). [[Unnayi Variyar]]'s ''[[Nalacharitham]] Aattakatha'' is one of the most famous works in this genre. ''[[Margamkali]]'' was the form of ritual and entertainment among the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] corresponding to the ''Sanghakali'' of the Brahmins. ''Margamkalippattu'' is the song for this performance depicting the story of [[Thomas the Apostle]]. This was one of the numerous pieces of Christian literature that must have gained currency in the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref name="mlm"/>[[File:Kathakali BNC.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Kathakali]]]]

In the court of [[Travancore Kingdom|Travancore]] king [[Marthanda Varma]] (1706–1758) and his successor [[Dharma Raja|Dharma Raja Kartika Tirunal Rama Varma]], there flourished a number of poets distinguished in several ways. [[Ramapurathu Warrier]] (1703–1753), the author of ''Kuchela Vrittam Vanchippattu'', was one of them. The ''Vanchippattu'' or Boat song is a poetic form of folk origin composed entirely in the Dravidian metre ''nathonnata''. [[Kunchan Nambiar]] (1705–1770), the founder of [[Ottan thullal|Thullal]] and its rich literature, is often considered as the master of Malayalam satirist poetry. Born in [[Killikkurussimangalam]], he spent his boyhood at Kudamalur and youth at [[Ambalappuzha]]. 1748 he moved to the court of Marthanda Varma and later to the court of his successor Dharma Raja. The word "Thullal" literally means "dance", but under this name Nambiar devised a new style of verse narration with a little background music and dance-like swinging movement to wean the people away from the [[Chakkiyar Koothu]], which was the art form popular till then. He used pure Malayalam as opposed to the stylised and Sanskritised Malayalam language of Chakkiyar Koothu. He also adopted many elements from [[Padayani]] and [[Kolam Thullal]] and certain local folk arts. There are three kinds of Tullal distinguished on the basis of the performer's costume and the style of rendering, viz., ''Ottan, Sitankan'' and ''Parayan''. Dravidian metres are used throughout although there is a quatrain in a Sanskrit metre.<ref name="mlm"/>

===Prose literature===
There was a great lull in the field of literary creation in Malayalam for nearly a century after the death of Kunchan Nambiar. There was however a consistent and steady development of prose at this time. The evolution of prose literature in the early centuries was a very slow process. In the wake of ''Bhashakautaliyam'' several translations began to appear in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The prose of ''Attaprakarams'' was meant to aid the Chakiyars in learning the art of [[Koodiyattom]]. ''Doothavakyam'' (14th century CE) is one of the earliest of these works. 15th century Malayalam prose is represented by ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]m'', a summary of the original in Sanskrit. A large number of prose works appeared during this period, most of which are either narrative based on ''[[purana]]s'' and religious works in Sanskrit or commentaries on similar works. With the starting of the first printing presses in the 16th century by Christian missionaries, prose literature received a great boost. Several regional versions of ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', tracing the beginnings of Kerala history, began to appear in the 18th century. Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar (1737–1799) wrote the first travelogue in Malayalam, ''Varthamanapustakam'' (Book of News). The works of Christian missionaries like [[Johann Ernst Hanxleden|Arnos Patiri (Johann Ernst Hanxleden)]], 1699–1732) and Paulinose Patiri (John Philip Wesdin, 1748–1806) also led to a widening of the range of topics and themes in Malayalam literature.<ref name="mlm"/>

===Venmani school===
{{main|Venmani School}}
The third quarter of the nineteenth century bore witness to the rise of a new school of poets devoted to the observation of life around them and the use of pure Malayalam (''Pachcha Malayalam''). The major poets of the Venmani school were [[Venmani Achhan Nambudiripad]] (1817–1891), [[Venmani Mahan Nambudiripad]] (1844–1893), [[Poonthottam Achhan Nambudiri]] (1821–1865), [[Poonthottam Mahan Nambudiri]] (1857–1896) and the members of the [[Kodungallur Kovilakam]] (Royal Family) such as [[Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran]]. The style of these poets became quite popular for a while and influenced even others who were not members of the group like [[Velutheri Kesavan Vaidyar]] (1839–1897) and Perunlli Krishnan Vaidyan (1863–1894). The Venmani school pioneered a style of poetry that was associated with common day themes, and the use of pure Malayalam rather than Sanskrit. The poetry was therefore easily understood by the common man. The works were known for its humour, wit, and lyrical metre.<ref name="mlm"/>

==Modern prose literature==
{{See also|Malayalam drama|Malayalam novel|Malayalam journalism}}
[[File:Gundert, Hermann (1814-1893).jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Herman Gundert]]]]
[[File:Travancore Rupee - Reverse.jpg|thumb|Malayalam letters on old [[Travancore Rupee]] coin. The establishment of the Kingdom of [[Travancore]] was a turning point in the field of Malayalam literature.]]
Contemporary Malayalam poetry deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards [[political radicalism]].<ref name="South Asian arts"/> Nineteenth century was not a very creative period for Malayalam literature (except towards the end) from the point of view of imaginative writing. The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in the late 19th century CE.<ref name="clt"/> But the foundations for the great renaissance that began at the end of the century were laid during this period. The establishment of colleges for imparting English education, the translation of the Bible and other religious works, the compilation of dictionaries and grammars, the formation of the text book committee, the growth of printing presses, the starting of newspapers and periodicals, the introduction of science and technology, the beginning of industrialisation and the awakening of social and political consciousness: these constitute the giant strides towards modernisation. Like his predecessors [[Swathi Thirunal]] and [[Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma|Uthram Thirunal]], [[Ayilyam Thirunal]] (1832–1880) and [[Visakham Thirunal]] (1837–1885) were great patrons of letters and were themselves talented writers. Christian missionaries [[Benjamin Bailey (missionary)|Benjamin Bailey]] (1805–1871), Joseph Peet, Richard Collins and George Mathen (1819–1870) were responsible for many works on Malayalam language based on western models. Perhaps the most important of these missionaries was [[Herman Gundert]] (1814–1893). Born in [[Stuttgart]] in [[Germany]] and educated at [[Tübingen]] and [[Switzerland]], Gundert came to India in 1836. He wrote over twenty books in Malayalam, the most important of which are ''A Malayalam-English Dictionary, A Grammar of Malayalam, Keralappazhama'' and ''Pazhamcholmala''. The first authoritative grammar of Malayalam was also Gundert's contribution (1851). This led to the production of a number of grammatical works in Malayalam. Vaikkam Patchu Moothathu (1814–1883) published his ''Grammar of Malayalam'' in 1876, ''Kerala Kaumudi'' by Kovunni Nedungadi (1831–1889) came out in 1878. This was soon followed by the first history of the language by P. Govinda Pillai (1849–1897) published in 1881. The first work on rhetoric in Malayalam on the European model was brought out by Father Gerad under the title ''Alankara Sastram'' in the same year. By the end of the 19th century two different traditions could be clearly distinguished in Malayalam literature: the western school and the oriental or traditionalist school. Writers such as [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koyithampuran]] represent the confluence of these two major traditions. His major works include ''Mayurasandesam'' (Peacock Message) and the translations of [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' (which got him the title of Kerala Kalidasa), and of Von Limburg Brower's ''Akbar''. Meanwhile, many literary magazines were established to encourage all kinds of writers and writings, such as C. P. Achutha Menon's ''Vidyavinodini'', [[Kandathil Varghese Mappillai]]'s ''[[Bhashaposhini]]'' and Appan Thampuran's ''Rasikaranjini''.<ref name="mlm"/>[[File:Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran Changanassery Lakshmipuram Palace.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Kerala Varma Valiya Koyithampuran]]]]

In the wake of Kerala Varma's translation of ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam'', several attempts were made to translate numerous plays from Sanskrit and English into Malayalam. These plays were seldom acted. The stage conditions of those days were crude and unfit to project a performance. As if irritated by this imitation plays of low quality, P. Rama Kurup wrote ''Chakki Chankaram'' (1893). Kerala Varma's nephew [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] went a step further than his uncle in the promotion of a synthesis between the different trends current in the literature of his time. A professor in the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|His Highness Maharaja's University College, Thiruvananthapuram]], he had to modernise the process of teaching Malayalam language and literature; this made him write books on grammar and rhetoric (which earned him the title of Kerala [[Pāṇini|Panini]]) and eventually prepare the ground for an enlightened renaissance in Malayalam poetry and literary criticism. A close associate of both Kerala Varma and Raja Raja Varma, [[K. C. Kesava Pillai]] wrote ''Kesaviyam'' (a ''mahakavya'') and a number of ''attakkathas''. [[Azhakathu Padmanabha Kurup]] (1869–1932: author of ''Ramachandravilasam''), [[Pandalam Kerala Varma]] (1879–1919: author of ''Rukmangatha Charitam''), Kattakkayam Cherian Mappila (1859 – 1937: author of ''Sri Yesu Vijayam''), [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] (1877–1949 : author of ''Umakeralam'') and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] (1879–1958: author of ''Chitrayogam''), all paid their obeisance to this neoclassicist trend.<ref name="mlm"/>

The developments in prose at this time were very significant, [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]] (1861–1895), more famous under his pseudonym Kesari, was one of the first to explore the essay form in Malayalam. He was closely associated with periodicals like ''Kerala Chandrika'' (started in 1879 at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]), ''Kerala Patrika'' (started in 1884 by C. Kunhiraman Menon (1854–1936) and [[Appu Nedungadi]] (1866–1934) at [[Kozhikode]]), ''Kerala Sanchari'' (after 1898 under the editorship of Murkoth Kumaran) and the English Journal ''Malabar Spectator''. His ''[[Vasanavikriti]]'' is considered by historians and literary experts as the first [[short story]] in Malayalam literature. It was published in ''[[Vidyavinodini]]'' in 1891. Along with Nayanar, the pioneers of short stories in Malayalam were [[Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon]], [[C. S. Gopala Panicker]], [[Ambadi Narayana Poduval]], [[Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon]] (M. R. K. C.) and [[Moorkoth Kumaran]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature: History of Literature |author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |publisher=National Books |date=1990 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nhkAAAAMAAJ |quote=The pioneers of the short-story in Malayalam were Vengayil Kunju Raman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunjukrishna Menon, C. S. Gopala Panikkar, Ambadi Narayana Poduval, Chakulath Kunjirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) and Murkoth Kumaran.}}</ref> ''Fulmoni Ennum Koruna Ennum Peraya Randu Sthreekalude Katha'' (Phulmōni ennuṁ kōruṇa ennuṁ pērāya ranṭu strīkaḷuṭe katha), a translation of [[Hana Catherine Mullens]]'s Bengali novel ''Fulmoni O Korunar Biboron'' by Rev. Joseph Peet, is believed to be the first novel printed and released in Malayalam (1858). ''Ghathakawadham'' (''Ghātakavadhaṁ'', 1877) by Rev. Richard Collins was the first novel printed and published in Malayalam with a story based in [[Kerala]] and around [[Malayali]]s.<ref name="mlm"/>

The first novel conceived and published in Malayalam was [[Appu Nedungadi]]'s ''[[Kundalatha]]'' (1887).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Seminar-in-memory-of-Appu-Nedungadi/article15769229.ece|title=Seminar in memory of Appu Nedungadi|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 October 2010|access-date=15 September 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Though ''Kundalatha'' is not considered a major novel, it gets the pride of place as the first work in the language having the basic characteristics of a novel. [[O. Chandhu Menon]]'s ''[[Indulekha (novel)|Indulekha]]'' was the first major novel in Malayalam language. It was a landmark in the history of Malayalam literature and initiated the novel as a new flourishing genre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700011403.htm |title=The Hindu : Voice of rebellion |author=K. Kunhikrishnan |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022162845/http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700011403.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> The title refers to the main character in this novel, a beautiful, well educated Nair lady of 18 years. [[C. V. Raman Pillai]]'s ''[[Marthandavarma (novel)|Marthandavarma]]'' (1891) had many distinctions: it was the first historical novel in any South Indian languages, first novel from [[Travancore]], first Malayalam novel to be a part of a trilogy and the first Malayalam novel to have a masculine title. ''Marthandavarma'' was completed even before ''Indulekha'' but could not be published until 1891 owing to lack of finance. The novel recounted the history of [[Venad]] ([[Travancore]]) during the final period of [[Rajah Rama Varma]]'s reign and subsequently to the accession of [[Marthanda Varma]]. The novel had a [[Marthanda Varma (film)|film adaptation of the same name]] in 1933 and was the first Malayalam novel to be adapted into film. During the early 20th century, Malayalam received outstanding novels, either as translations or adaptations of Western literature. The post-independence period saw a fresh start in the history of longer fiction in Malayalam as in many other Indian languages, parallel to the evolution of post-world war fiction in other parts of the world. It was both a break and a continuation. [[P. Kesava Dev]], who was a Communist in the thirties and forties turned away from diehard ideologies and wrote a symbolic novel called ''Arku Vendi?'' (For Whose Sake?) in 1950, challenging the philosophy of Stalinist liquidation of political enemies. It had a special significance in the context of the 'Calcutta thesis'. After portraying the class struggle of farm labourers in ''[[Randidangazhi]]'' (Two Measures) in 1949, [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] turned away from party politics and produced a moving romance in ''[[Chemmeen (novel)|Chemmeen]]'' (Shrimps) in 1956. For [[S. K. Pottekkatt]] and [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]], who had not dabbled in politics, the continuity is marked in the former's ''Vishakanyaka'' (Poison Maid, 1948) and the latter's ''[[Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu]]'' (My Grandpa had an Elephant, 1951). The non-political social or domestic novel was championed by [[Uroob|P. C. Kuttikrishnan (Uroob)]] with his ''[[Ummachu]]'' (1955) and ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'' (Men and Women of Charm, 1958). In 1957 Basheer's ''[[Pathummayude Aadu]]'' (Pathumma's Goat) brought in a new kind of prose tale, which perhaps only Basheer could handle with dexterity. The fifties thus mark the evolution of a new kind of fiction, which had its impact on the short stories as well. This was the auspicious moment for the entry of [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and [[T. Padmanabhan]] upon the scene. Front runners in the post-modern trend include [[Kakkanadan]], [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[E. Harikumar]], [[M. Mukundan]] and [[Anand (writer)|Anand]].<ref name="mlm"/> The travelogues written by [[S. K. Pottekkatt]] were turning point in the travelogue literature.<ref name="mlm"/> Prominent literary critics of twentieth century include [[Kuttikrishna Marar]].<ref name="mlm"/>

In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name="google25"/><ref name="Accessions List, South Asia"/><ref name="Indian Writing Today"/><ref name="DattaAkademi1987"/><ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey"/> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.<ref name="MukundanPillai2004"/><ref name="Maheshwari2002"/><ref name="Chaudhuri2008"/> [[Kerala]] has the [[Indian states ranking by media exposure|highest media exposure in India]] with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly [[English language|English]] and [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The DHS Program - India: Standard DHS, 2015-16 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-355.cfm |website=dhsprogram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Family Health Survey|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Report.shtml|website=rchiips.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003131317/http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-4Report.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early prose literature==
List of early prose literature in the 19th century.<ref name=earlynovels19>
{{cite book
| last = Irumbayam
| first = Dr. George
| editor = Jacob, Jolly
| title = മലയാള നോവൽ പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിൽ (malayāḷa nōval pattonpatāṁ nūṯāṇṭil)
|trans-title=The Malayalam Novel in the Nineteenth Century
| type = Study
| edition = First D.C.P.
| orig-year = 1984
|date=January 1997
| publisher = Cultural Publication Section, Government of Kerala
| location = Thiruvananthapuram
| language = ml
}}
</ref>

===Allegories===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 320px;" | Title
! style="width: 220px;" | Author
! style="width: 80px;" | Year
! style="width: 90px;" | Make
! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes
|-
| ''Sanchariyude Prayanam'' (സഞ്ചാരിയുടെ പ്രയാണം – Sancāriyuṭe Pṟayāṇaṁ)
| Rev. C. Muller Rev. P. Chandran
| style="text-align: center;" | 1846
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' (English, 1674) by [[John Bunyan]]
}}
|-
| ''Paradeshi Mokshayathra'' (പരദേശി മോക്ഷയാത്ര – Paradēśi Mōkṣayātṟa)
| Rev. [[Arch Deacon Koshy|K. Koshy]] Rev. Joseph Peet
| style="text-align: center;" | 1844
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' (English, 1677) by [[John Bunyan]] First repeated translation of an English literature to Malayalam
}}
|-
| ''Thirupporattam'' (തിരുപ്പോരാട്ടം – Tiruppōrāṭṭaṁ)
| [[Arch Deacon Koshy|Archdeacon. K. Koshy]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1868
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[The Holy War]]'' (English, 1682) by [[John Bunyan]]
}}
|}

===Plays===
Writers like [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[N. N. Pillai]], [[Cherukad]], [[Thoppil Bhasi]], [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] have contributed much to Malayalam drama.<ref name="clt"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 320px;" | Title
! style="width: 220px;" | Author
! style="width: 80px;" | Year
! style="width: 90px;" | Make
! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes
|-
| ''Bashashankunthalam'' (ഭാഷാശാകുന്തളം – Bhaṣāśākuntaḷaṁ)
| [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1850–1860
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Abhijnanasakuntalam]]'' (Sanskrit ,1000 B.C-0400) by [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]] The first prose translation to Malayalam from [[Sanskrit literature]]
}}
|-
| ''Almarattam'' (ആൾമാറാട്ടം – Āḷmāṟāṭṭaṁ)
| Kalloor Umman Philipose
| style="text-align: center;" | 1866
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'' (1594–1595) by [[William Shakespeare]]
}}
|-
| ''Kamakshee Charitham'' (കാമാക്ഷീചരിതം – Kāmākṣīcaritaṁ)
| K. Chidambara Wadhyar
| style="text-align: center;" | 1880–1885
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[Tales from Shakespeare|Tales from Shakespeare: As You Like It]] by [[Mary Lamb]]'', (Children's Story Adaptation-English,1807) ''[[As You Like It]]'' (1599–1600) by [[William Shakespeare]]
}}
|-
| ''Varshakala Katha'' (വൎഷകാലകഥ – Varṣakāla Katha)
| K. Chidambara Wadhyar
| style="text-align: center;" | 1880–1885
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[Tales from Shakespeare|Tales from Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale]] by [[Mary Lamb]]'', (Children's Story Adaptation-English,1807) ''[[The Winter's Tale]]'' (1623) by [[William Shakespeare]]
}}
|}

===Stories===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 320px;" | Title
! style="width: 220px;" | Author
! style="width: 80px;" | Year
! style="width: 90px;" | Make
! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes
|-
| ''Oru Kuttiyude Maranam'' (ഒരു കുട്ടിയുടെ മരണം – Oru Kuṭṭiyuṭe Maraṇaṁ)
| <Anonymous Writer>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1847
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Published in the monthly periodical ''[[Rajyasamacharam]]'' December edition
}}
|-
| ''Vishathinu Marunnu'' (വിഷത്തിന് മരുന്ന് – Viṣattinŭ Marunnŭ)
| <Anonymous Writer>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1848
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Published in the monthly periodical ''[[Rajyasamacharam]]'' February edition
}}
|-
| ''Anayum Thunnanum'' (ആനയും തുന്നനും – Āṉayuṁ Tunnaṉuṁ)
| <Anonymous Writer>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1849
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Published in the monthly periodical ''[[Njananikshepam|Jnananikshepam]]'' August edition
}}
|-
| ''Meenakethanan or Meenakethana Charitham'' (മീനകേതനൻ or മീനകേതനചരിതം – Mīṉakētaṉan or Mīṉakētaṉacaritaṁ )
| [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1850–1860
| style="text-align: center;" | Inspiration
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Inspired from 'The Story of the Prince Kamar-Ez-Zeman and the Princess Budoor', ''[[One Thousand and One Nights|The Thousand And One Nights Vol II]]'' by [[Edward William Lane]] (English, 1839) which is a translation of ''[[:ar: ألف ليلة وليلة|Kitab Alf Laylah Wa-Laylah]]'' (Arabic, 1100–1200)
}}
|-
| ''Jathibetham'' (ജാതിഭേദം – Jātibēdaṁ)
| [[Arch Deacon Koshy|Archdeacon. K. Koshy]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1860
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Published in the monthly periodical ''[[Njananikshepam|Jnananikshepam]]'' August, September, November editions
}}
|-
| ''Aayalkarane Konnavante Katha'' (അയൽക്കാരനെ കൊന്നവന്റെ കഥ – Ayalkārane Konnavanṯe Katha)
| <Anonymous Writer>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1873
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''Kallan'' (കല്ലൻ – Kallan)
| <Anonymous Writer>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1881
| style="text-align: center;" | Adaptation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Published in the periodical ''Vidyavilasini''
}}
|-
| ''Pullelikunchu'' (പുല്ലേലിക്കുഞ്ചു – Pullēlikkuñcu)
| [[Arch Deacon Koshy|Archdeacon. K. Koshy]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1882
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Sequel to ''ജാതിഭേദം (1860)'', First sequel in Malayalam prose literature Divided into three parts: Part One is a prequel ''ജാതിഭേദം (1860)''. Part Two has a plot with same characters of the prequel and some new characters in a new situation. Part Three is presented as a religious tract following incidents of Part Two.
}}
|-
| ''Vasanavikrithi'' (വാസനാവികൃതി – Vāsanāvikr̥ti)
| [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|Vengayil Kunjiraman Nayanar]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1891
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Regarded as the first short-story of Malayalam literature
}}
|}

===Novels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 320px;" | Title
! style="width: 220px;" | Author
! style="width: 80px;" | Year
! style="width: 90px;" | Make
! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes
|-
| ''Fulmoni Ennum Koruna Ennum Peraya Randu Sthreekalude Katha'' (ഫുൽമോനി എന്നും കോരുണ എന്നും പേരായ രണ്ടു സ്ത്രീകളുടെ കഥ – Phulmōni ennuṁ kōruṇa ennuṁ pērāya ranṭu strīkaḷuṭe katha)
| Rev. Joseph Peet
| style="text-align: center;" | 1858
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First novel printed and released in Malayalam First novel translated to Malayalam which was originally conceived in an Indian language Translation of ''The History of Phulmani and Karuna'' (English,1853) by Mrs. (Hana Catherine) Mullens which is a translation of ''ফুলমনি ও করুণার বিবরণ [Fulmoni O Korunar Biboron]'' (Bengali ,1852) by [[Hana Catherine Mullens|Mrs. (Hana Catherine) Mullens]]
}}
|-
| ''Ghathakawadham'' (ഘാതകവധം – Ghātakavadhaṁ)<ref name="ReferenceA">Ancy Bay 2015. Translating Modernity: Conversion and Caste in Early South Indian Novel – The Slayer Slain and Saraswathi Vijayam. Calicut: Olive Publishers.</ref>
| Rev. Richard Collins<ref name=ku>
{{cite book
|title=Journal of Kerala Studies, Volume 9
|year=1982
|publisher=Kerala University|location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
|pages=159
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk1DAAAAYAAJ&q=Slayer+Slain+malayalam+translator
}}
</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1877
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First novel printed and published in Malayalam with a story based in Kerala and around Malayalees, First novel translated to Malayalam which was originally conceived in English Translation of ''The Slayer Slain'' (English,1864–1866) by Mrs. (Frances) Richard Collins & Rev. Richard Collins
}}
|-
| ''Pathminiyum Karunayum'' (പത്മിനിയും കരുണയും – Patmiṉiyuṁ karuṇayuṁ)
| <Anonymous Writer>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1884
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First repeated translation of a novel to Malayalam Translation of ''The History of Phulmani and Karuna'' (English,1853) by Mrs. (Hana Catherine) Mullens which is a translation of ''ফুলমনি ও করুণার বিবরণ [Fulmoni O Korunar Biboron]'' (Bengali ,1852) by [[Hana Catherine Mullens|Mrs. (Hana Catherine)]]
}}
|-
| ''[[Kundalatha]]'' (കുന്ദലത – Kundalata)
| [[Appu Nedungadi]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1887
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First novel conceived and published in Malayalam, first novel by a Malayalee Keralite, First novel from [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] First Malayalam novel to have a story outside Kerala and without Malayali characters
}}
|-
| ''[[Indulekha (novel)|Indulekha]]'' (ഇന്ദുലേഖ – Indulēkha)
| [[O. Chandhu Menon|O. Chandumenon]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1889
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First [[social novel]] in Malayalam, first novel made in Malayalam with [[Malayali]] characters and a story based in Malabar, Kerala,
}}
|-
| ''Indumathee Swayamvaram'' (ഇന്ദുമതീസ്വയംവരം – Indumatīsvayaṁvaraṁ)
| Padinjare Kovilakathu Ammaman Raja
| style="text-align: center;" | 1890
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''Meenakshi'' (മീനാക്ഷി – Mīṉākṣi)
| C. Chathu Nair
| style="text-align: center;" | 1890
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''[[Marthandavarma (novel)|Marthandavarma]]'' (മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ – Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma)
| [[C. V. Raman Pillai]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1891
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First Historical novel in Malayalam, Kerala and South India, First novel from [[Travancore]] First Malayalam novel to be a part of a trilogy, First Malayalam novel to have a masculine title
}}
|-
| ''Saraswatheevijayam'' (സരസ്വതീവിജയം – Sarasvatīvijayaṁ)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| Potheri Kunjanbu
| style="text-align: center;" | 1892
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''Parishkarapathi'' (പരിഷ്ക്കാരപ്പാതി – Pariṣkārappāti)
| Kochuthomman Appothikari
| style="text-align: center;" | 1892
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''Parangodee Parinayam'' (പറങ്ങോടീപരിണയം – Paṟaṅṅōṭīpariṇayaṁ)<ref>Varughese, Shiju Sam. 2015. "Colonial Intellectuals, Public Sphere and the Promises of Modernity: Reading Parangodeeparinayam". In Bose, Satheese Chandra and Varughese, Shiju Sam (eds.). Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, pp. 41–58. {{ISBN|978-81-250-5722-2}}</ref>
| Kizhakepattu Raman Menon
| style="text-align: center;" | 1892
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First satirical novel in Malayalam
}}
|-
| ''Sarada'' (ശാരദ – Śārada)
| [[O. Chandhu Menon|O. Chandumenon]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1892
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First novel foretold to have sequels in a trilogy
}}
|-
| ''Lakshmeekeshavam'' (ലക്ഷ്മീകേശവം – Lakṣmīkēśavaṁ)
| Komattil Padu Menon
| style="text-align: center;" | 1892
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''Naluperiloruthan'' (നാലുപേരിലൊരുത്തൻ – Nālupēriloruttan)
| C. Anthapayi
| style="text-align: center;" | 1893
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''Chandrahasan'' (ചന്ദ്രഹാസൻ – Candrahāsan)
| P. Krishnan Menon T. K. Krishnan Menon C. Govindan Eledam
| style="text-align: center;" | 1893
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''Akbar'' (അക്ബർ – Akbaṟ)
| Kerala Varma Valiya Koi Thampuran
| style="text-align: center;" | 1894
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = First Historical novel translated to Malayalam Translation of ''Akbar'' (English,1879) by M. M which is a translation of ''Akbar'' (Dutch ,1872) by [[:nl:Petrus Abraham Samuel van Limburg Brouwer|Dr. P.A.S van Limburg Brouwer]]
}}
|-
| ''Kalyani'' (കല്യാണി – Kalyāṇi)
| <Anonymous Writer>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1896
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Published in ''Vidyāvinodini'' periodical
}}
|-
| ''Sukumari'' (സുകുമാരി – Sukumāri)
| Joseph Mooliyil
| style="text-align: center;" | 1897
| style="text-align: center;" | Original
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content =
}}
|-
| ''Saguna'' (സഗുണ – Saguṇa)
| Joseph Mooliyil
| style="text-align: center;" | 1898–1899
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''Saguna'' (English, 1896) by Kirubai Sathyanathan Ammal
}}
|-
| ''Kamala'' (കമല – Kamala)
| C. Krishnan Nair
| style="text-align: center;" | 1899
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''Kamala'' (English, 1896) by Kirubai Sathyanathan Ammal
}}
|}

===Apologues===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 320px;" | Title
! style="width: 220px;" | Author
! style="width: 80px;" | Year
! style="width: 90px;" | Make
! class="unsortable" style="width: 300px;" | Other notes
|-
| ''Rasselas'' (റാസലസ് – Ṟāsalas)
| Pilo Paul<ref name=InflWestMal1>
{{cite book
| last = George
| first = Dr. K. M.
| title = Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature
| type = Study
| orig-year = 1972
| year = 1998
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 99
}}
</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1895
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[Rasselas]]'' or ''The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia'' (English, 1759) by [[Samuel Johnson]]
}}
|-
| ''Nandipa Deepika'' (നന്ദിപദീപിക – Nandipadīpika)
| Kunji Kelu Nair
| style="text-align: center;" | 1895
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[Rasselas]]'' or ''The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia'' (English, 1759) by [[Samuel Johnson]]
}}
|-
| ''Rasalelika'' (രസലേലിക – Rasalēlika)
| Thatha Kanaran
| style="text-align: center;" | 1898
| style="text-align: center;" | Translation
| {{hidden | headercss = text-align: left;
| header = More
| content = Translation of ''[[Rasselas]]'' or ''The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia'' (English, 1759) by [[Samuel Johnson]]
}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian literature]]
* [[List of Indian poets#Malayalam|List of Malayalam poets]]
* [[List of fiction writers in Malayalam]]
* [[Malayalam Literary Awards]]
* [[Arabi Malayalam]]
* [[Bible translations into Malayalam]]
* [[Malayalam (Unicode block)]]
* [[Malayalam Braille]]
* [[Women in Malayalam literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
; English
* {{Cite book|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|author=T. K. Krishna Menon|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=[[New Delhi]]|year=1939|isbn=978-81-206-0603-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/primerofmalayala0000kris}}
* {{Cite book|title=History of Malayalam Literature|author=[[P. K. Parameswaran Nair]]|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|year=1967|translator=E. M. J. Venniyoor|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayal0000unse}}
* {{cite book|author=[[A. Sreedhara Menon]] |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=|year=1967|publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]]|location=[[Kottayam]]|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{cite book |title= A Survey of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |url= |year=1968 |location=[[Bombay]] |publisher=Asia Publishing House}}
* {{cite book |title= Social Novels in Malayalam |author=Verghese Ittiavira |url=https://archive.org/details/socialnovelsinma0000itti |year=1968 |location=[[Bangalore]] |publisher=Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society}}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD Thesis |author=T. Bhaskaran |date=1970 |title= Malayalam poetics with special reference to Krishnagatha |publisher=[[University of Kerala|Kerala University]] |location=[[Trivandrum]] |hdl=10603/147356 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/147356}}
* {{cite book |title= A History of Malayalam Literature |author=Krishna Chaitanya |year=1971 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |isbn=978-81-250-0488-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayal0000chai}}
* {{cite book |title= Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |year=1972 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=9788126004133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC}}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. Ayyappa Panicker]] |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=1977 |location=[[Trivandrum]] |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
* {{cite book |title=History of Malayalam Literature |author=[[Leela Devi|R. Leela Devi]] |url= |year=1977 |location=[[Trivandrum]] |publisher=Educational Supplies Depot}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Malayalam Metre |author=[[N. V. Krishna Warrier]] |url= |year=1977 |location=[[Trivandrum]] |publisher=Dravidian Linguistics Association}}
* {{cite book |title= International Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |volume=6 |author=Ganga Ram Garg |url= |year=1988 |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
* {{cite book |title= A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |url= |year=1990 |location=[[Kottayam]] |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|N.B.S.]]}}
* {{cite book |title=A Perspective of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. Ayyappa Panicker]] |url= |year=1990 |location=[[Madras]] |publisher=Annu Chithra Publications}}

; Malayalam
* {{cite book|author=P. Govindapilla |title=മലയാളഭാഷാചരിത്രം [Malayala Bhasha Charitram]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277954|year=1881|language=ml}}
* [[R. Narayana Panickar]] (1929–1951). ''കേരള ഭാഷാസാഹിത്യചരിത്രം [Kerala Bhasha Sahitya Charitram]'' (Volume 1, [https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/35091.pdf Volume 2], [https://archive.org/download/KeralaBhashaSahithyaCharithram/Kerala_Bhasha-Sahithya_Charithram.pdf Volume 3], [https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/35093.pdf Volume 4], [https://archive.org/download/KeralaBhashaSahithyaCharithramPart5/Kerala%20Bhasha%20sahithya%20Charithram%20part-5.pdf Volume 5], [https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/6447.pdf Volume 6] and [https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/6446.pdf Volume 7]) (in Malayalam).
* {{cite book|author=[[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] |title=കേരളസാഹിത്യചരിത്രം [Kerala Sahitya Charitram]|url=http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/index.html|year=1953|publisher=[[Travancore University]]|location=[[Trivandrum]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[P. K. Parameswaran Nair]] |title=മലയാള സാഹിത്യചരിത്രം [Malayala Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=1956|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai |title=കേരളഭാഷയുടെ വികാസപരിണാമങ്ങള്‍ [Keralabhashayude Vikasaparinamangal] |url=|year=1957|publisher=S.P.C.S.|location=[[Kottayam]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Erumeli Parameswaran Pillai]] |title=മലയാളസാഹിത്യം കാലഘട്ടങ്ങളിലൂടെ [Malayala Sahityam Kalaghattangaliloode]|url=|year=1966|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram|location=[[Kottayam]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |title=മലയാള നോവല്‍ സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം [Malayala Novel Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=1978|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |title=ആധുനിക നോവല്‍ ദര്‍ശനം [Adhunika Novel Darsanam]|url=|year=1982|publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]]|location=[[Kottayam]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=K. Ashokan |title=നോവല്‍ മലയാളത്തില്‍ തകഴി മുതല്‍ മുകുന്ദന്‍വരെ [Novel Malayalathil: Thakazhi Muthal Mukundan Vare]|url=|year=1982|publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|N.B.S.]]|location=[[Kottayam]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[George Irumbayam]] |title=ആദ്യകാല മലയാളനോവല്‍ [Adyakala Malayala Novel]|url=|year=1982|publisher=Current Books|location=[[Trichur]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[George Irumbayam]] |title=മലയാള നോവല്‍ പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടില്‍ [Malayala Novel Pathonpatham Nuttandil] |url=|year=1984|publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]]|location=[[Kottayam]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=Kalpetta Balakrishnan |title=ചരിത്രനോവല്‍ മലയാളത്തില്‍ [Charitra Novel Malayalathil]|url=|year=1986|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[G. Sankara Pillai]] |title=മലയാള നാടക സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം [Malayala Nataka Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=1987|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[K. P. Appan]] |title=മാറുന്ന മലയാള നോവല്‍ [Marunna Malayala Novel]|url=|year=1988|publisher=Gauthama|location=[[Alleppey]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[George Irumbayam]] |title=നോവല്‍ സി.വി. മുതല്‍ ബഷീര്‍ വരെ [Novel C. V. Muthal Basheer Vare] |url=|year=1998|publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]]|location=[[Kottayam]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=K. P. Ramesh |title=ആധുനികാനന്തരമലയാള നോവല്‍ [Adhunikanantara Malayala Novel]|url=|year=1998|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=Kalpetta Balakrishnan |title=മലയാളസാഹിത്യചരിത്രം [Malayala Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=2000|publisher=Kerala Bhasha Institute|location=[[Trivandrum]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]] |title=മലയാള നാടക സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം [Malayala Nataka Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=2005|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|editor=[[Panmana Ramachandran Nair]] |title=സമ്പൂർണ്ണ മലയാള സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം [Sampoorna Malayala Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=2008|publisher=[[DC Books]]|location=[[Kottayam]]|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|author=[[M. M. Basheer]] |title=മലയാള ചെറുകഥ സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം 1950–2007 [Malayala Cherukatha Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=2008|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Trichur]]|language=ml}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030217152754/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/liter.htm Malayalam Literature] at the website of the Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060902051826/http://www.lib.washington.edu/southasia/guides/malayalam.html Selected bibliography of Malayalam literature in English translation]. [[University of Washington Libraries]]
* {{YouTube|kXPc4KogBtQ|Evolution of Malayalam Language}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030205030545/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/history.html History of Malayalam Literature] at Malayalam Resource Centre
*[https://malayalamkavithakal.com Malayalam Poems]

{{Kerala topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Malayalam Literature|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Literature}}
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Literature by language]]
[[Category:Malayalam-related lists|literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]

Abdal (caste)

2026-02-05T12:55:22Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{other uses|Abdal (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Muslim community in South Asia}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Abdal
| population =
| popplace = India • Pakistan • Nepal
| langs = [[Urdu language|Urdu]] • [[Maithili language|Maithili]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| rels = Islam
| related = [[Jogi Faqir]] • [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]] • [[Qalandar (caste)|Qalandar]] • [[Rawal (caste)|Rawal]] • [[Sai (caste)|Sai]] • [[Abdal people (West Asia)]]
}}

The '''Abdal''' (Shekh Hashmi) are a Muslim community found in [[North India]]. They are a sub-group within the [[Faqir (clan)|Arabic old Shekh community]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Marginal Muslim Communities in India edited by M.K.A Siddiqui pages 344-356</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=abdal+of+uttar+pradesh |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=N. K. |last1=Singh |first2=A. P. |last2=Mishra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8HT5OMWVssC&q=Mirasi&pg=PA563 |title=Global Encyclopaedic Enthnography Of Indian Muslim (3 vol. set) |date=August 2008 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-297-9 |language=en}}</ref> They are classified as an [[Other Backward Caste]] in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central List of OBCs for the State of Bihar |url=https://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/bihar.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427025323/https://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/bihar.pdf |archive-date=2025-04-27 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=ncbc.nic.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Faqir (caste)|Faqir]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Dom people}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

Tamilanban

2026-02-04T21:31:56Z

RicoSturdivant: brief improved references after review and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Tamil poet and writer (1933–2025)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Jegadeesan or by his [[pen name]] "Erode" Tamilanban (or "Erode" Tamizhanban)|Natarajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| website = {{URL|https://erodetamilanban.com/}}
| image = Erode Tamilanban (cropped).jpg
| caption = Tamilanban in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1933|9|28}}
| birth_place = [[Chennimalai]], composite [[Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)|Coimbatore District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Erode district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| honorific_prefix = [[Kalaimamani]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|11|22|1933|9|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| notable_works = ''Vanakkam Valluva!'' (2000)
| awards = * [[Kalaimamani Award]] (1999)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2004)
| relatives = * Valliammal (mother)
* S. R. Natarajan (father)
| birth_name = Jegadeesan
}}

'''Natarajan Jegadeesan''', known by his pen name "'''Erode'''" '''Tamilanban''' (also spelled as '''Erode Tamizhanban'''; 28 September 1933 – 22 November 2025), was a poet and writer from [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

==Life and career==
Tamilanban was born in [[Chennimalai]]. a town in present-day [[Erode district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] on 28 September 1933.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=22 November 2025 |title=Poet and newsreader Erode Tamilanban is no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/poet-and-newsreader-erode-tamilanban-is-no-more/article70310956.ece |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2023 |title=பெரியாரை அடியொற்றும் பெருங்கவிஞர் ஈரோடு தமிழன்பன் இன்று அகவை 90 – 28.9.1933 – பேராசிரியர் ய. மணிகண்டன் தலைவர், தமிழ்மொழித் துறை,சென்னைப் பல்கலைக்கழகம் |url=https://viduthalai.in/4637/90-2891933/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251122115653/https://viduthalai.in/4637/90-2891933/ |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Viduthalai (newspaper)|Viduthalai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

In 2004, he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil language|Tamil]] for his poetry collection ''Vanakkam Valluva '' (lit. Greetings, [[Thiruvalluvar|Valluvar]]). He also worked as a newsreader for [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=தூரங்கள் என்பன... தமிழன்பன் சிறப்புப் பேட்டி|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/art-culture/essays/2006/tamilanban.html|access-date=27 July 2010|newspaper=Oneindia|year=2006|language=Tamil|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724024037/http://thatstamil.oneindia.in/art-culture/essays/2006/tamilanban.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sahitya">[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm#tamil Tamil Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955–2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032426/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm#tamil |date=24 January 2010}} [[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website.</ref> He was a board member of the Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nadaga Mandram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:jR1cKVhsxM0J:www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_IyalIsaiNatakaManram.pdf+erode+tamilanban&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgbjuH-7o7HUG4Ammdjl1DaqOgDlevwlMm3s6cb-Y-irLtmxDPLxHuL3pSow9dGHY6Oa2yPnha4V3CzwxX2xeojUDL-6tnBIKfgm3KzMGUp4iB5Akmpsh9YIectRaxu2beBEw4c&sig=AHIEtbTI6PgQNSQ_zUKkIbi5518AjsvWiw|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|accessdate=27 July 2010}}</ref> He died on 22 November 2025, at the age of 92.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and recognitions==
* [[S. P. Adithanar Senior Tamil Scholar Award]] (2017)<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Move beyond politics, make media content people-centric’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/nov/07/move-beyond-politics-make-media-content-people-centric-1694109.html |access-date=21 January 2019 |agency=New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Kalaimamani]] award by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* Sahitya Akademi award (2004)
* Kokkarako award (1969)

==Selected works==
#''Silirppugal'' – Paari Nilayam (1970)
#''Andha nandanai eritha neruppin micham'' – Poompuhar padhippakam (1982)
#''Thirumbi vandha thervalam'' – Poompuhar padhippakam (1985)
#''Kannukku veliyae sila kanaakkal'' – Narmada padippakam (1990)
#''En veetukku ethirae oru erukkan chedi'' – Pablo bharathi padippakam (1995)
#''Nadai marandha nadhiyum thisai mariya odayum'' – Poompuhar padhippakam (1998)
#''Anaikkava endra America'' — Poompuhar padhippakam (1999)
#''Un veetukku naan vandhirundhen'' – Pablo bharathi padippakam (1999)
#''Bharathidasanodu pathandugal'' – vizhigal padippakam (2000)
#''Vanakkam Valluva!'' – Poompuhar padhippakam (2000)
#''Sennimalai cleopatrakkal'' – Pablo bharathi padippakam (2002)
#''Vaarthaikal ketta varam'' – vizhigal padippakam (2002)
#''Madhippedugal'' — Marudha (2002)
#''Ivargalodum ivarrodum'' – vizhigal padippakam (2003)
#''Kanakaanum vinaakkal'' – vizhigal padippakam (2004)
#''Minnal urangum podhu'' – Sri Durga padippakam (2004)
#''Kadhavai thattiya pazhaya kadhali'' – vizhigal padippakam (2005)
#''Vidiyal vizhudugal'' – Poompuhar padhippakam (2005)
#''Kavin kuru nooru'' – Pablo bharathi padippakam (2005)
#''Pablo Neruda paarvaiyil India'' – Pablo Neruda Spanish Latin America Research Institute (2007)
#''Idugurip peyarallai Islam'' – Rahmat arakattalai (2008)
#''Olaichuvadiyum kurunthagadum'' – Vidivelli veliyeedu (2008)
#''Solla vandadhu'' – Muthamizh padippagam (2008)
#''Poems of questions'' – Translation by Gregory James. Arimaa Nokku (2018)
#''Glow-worm woods'' – Translation by Gregory James. Arimaa Nokku (2019)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamilanban}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]

Paralakhemundi railway station

2026-02-04T05:18:28Z

RicoSturdivant:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{cleanup lead|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Paralakhemundi
| alt = Paralakhemundi Railway Station
| caption = Paralakhemundi Railway Station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Paralakhemundi_Railway_Station.jpeg
| address = [[Paralakhemundi]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.7857|84.07933|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|60|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Naupada-Gunupur section|Naupada-Gunupur Section]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Available
| opened = 1899-1900
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code| code = PLH| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]| division = {{rwd|Waltair}}}}
| owned = Indian Railways
| operator = East Coast Railway
| status = Functioning
| former =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
}}
'''Paralakhemundi railway station''' belongs to [[East Coast Railway]] of [[Waltair]] Division. It is located in [[Gajapati district]] of [[Odisha]].This is the first odisha dedicated railway line as well as the FIRST ROYAL RAILWAY STATION of [[Odisha]], established in 1899. The total section was established by [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] [[Maharaja]] of [[Paralakhemundi]] and it is first odisha Origin Railway station of [[Odisha]] state . This line was the first lite rail line of eastern india otherwise known as [[Parlakimedi Light Railway]] PLR, one of the oldest station in odisha. This is the first Lite Railway station of odisha. After five years, [[Mayurbhanj State Railway]] came in to existence. Hence, it was the first [[Narrow gauge]] railway station of [[Odisha]].There are currently four trains running through this station as of 2025<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samantray |first=Dilip Kumar |title= Odisha The Railway Story |publisher= Teerataranaga Printers and Publication |year=2022 |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |pages=106–112 |chapter= No 4 - The Royal Railways Of Odisha|author-link=Dilip Kumar Samantray}}</ref>

==History==
Paralakhemundi Light Railway was a two-foot six-inch gauge railway. The Maharaja of Paralakhemundi decided to connect his capital with Naupada which was only {{cvt|40|km}} away. With the government giving its sanction in 1898, work began in fully. The line was opened to traffic in 1900. This railway line was built at a cost of Rs 700,000. In the starting years, the Parlakhimidi Railway had incurred losses but after 1910, it started making marginal profits and after 1924–1925, the profits increased. This motivated the Maharaja's son [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]] to extend the line to Gunupur in two phases in 1929 and 1931. It was later merged with [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://irfca.org/articles/parlakimedi.html|title= Parlakhimidi railway history}}</ref>

==Railway reorganization==
After Indian Independence it was merged with [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]. surveys were undertaken for broad-gauge conversion in 1950 and again in 1964 and 1967. The foundation stone was finally laid for the Naupada–Gunupur gauge conversion work at Naupada on 27 September 2002. With effect from 1 April 2003, it became a part of the newly formed East Coast Railway. The line was finally closed for gauge conversion on 9 June 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/broad-gauge-line-ready-for-trial-run/article314663.ece|title= Gauge conversion|website= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Services were restarted on 22 August 2011 with the introduction of Puri–Gunupur Passenger.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Gunupur-Puri-train-service-starts-Rayagada-elated/articleshow/9694603.cms|title =Gunupur–Puri train service starts, Rayagada elated|website =[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/parlakhemundi-plh/7613 Trains at Parlakhemundi]

{{Railway stations in Orissa}}

[[Category:Railway stations on Naupada-Gunupur line]]
[[Category:Waltair railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gajapati district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1900]]

Leila (TV series)

2026-02-02T09:40:15Z

RicoSturdivant: brief expand page per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2019 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Leila Netflix.jpg
| caption = Poster
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Leila (novel)|Leila]]''|[[Prayaag Akbar]]}}
| runtime =
| creator = [[Urmi Juvekar]]
| director = [[Deepa Mehta]] Shanker Raman [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
| starring = [[Huma Qureshi]] [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] [[Seema Biswas]] [[Rahul Khanna]] [[Sanjay Suri]] [[Arif Zakaria]] Ashwath Bhatt Anupam Bhattacharya
| writer = Urmi Juvekar Suhani Kanwar Patrick Graham
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country =
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| cinematography = Johan Heurlin Aidt
| editor = Arindam Ghatak Meghna Manchanda Sen Shan Mohd
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2019|06|14}}
| company = Open Air Films LLP
| executive_producer = Deepa Mehta Urmi Juvekar
| producer = Priya Sreedharan Wasim Khan Zulfaquar Torabi Vibhav Shikdar
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| related =
}}

'''''Leila''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Utopian and dystopian fiction#Dystopian fiction|dystopian]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] series directed by [[Deepa Mehta]], Shanker Raman and [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/filmmaker-deepa-mehta-to-direct-netflix-s-indian-original-leila-1394575-2018-11-23|title=Filmmaker Deepa Mehta to direct Netflix's Indian original Leila|work=India Today|date=23 November 2018|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Based on the [[Leila (novel)|2017 eponymous novel]] by [[Prayaag Akbar]], ''Leila'' follows the story of Shalini, who tries to find her missing daughter in a totalitarian regime in the near future.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/deepa-mehtas-netflix-show-leila-gets-a-release-date-2060649.html|title=Deepa Mehta's Netflix Show Leila Gets a Release Date|publisher=CNN-News18|date=8 March 2019|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Written by [[Urmi Juvekar]], it stars [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Rahul Khanna]], [[Sanjay Suri]] and [[Arif Zakaria]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/mar/09/netflix-series-leila-gets-release-date-1948595.html|title=Netflix series 'Leila' gets release date|work=The New Indian Express|date=9 March 2019|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> A teaser was launched on 8 March.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/netflix-leila-huma-qureshi-release-date-5617016/|title=Huma Qureshi's Netflix series Leila to launch globally on June 14|work=The Indian Express|date=8 March 2019|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> The six-episode series premiered on 14 June 2019 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/915832/netflix-indian-original-series-leila-will-be-out-in-june|title=Netflix Indian original series 'Leila' will be out in June|publisher=Scroll.in|date=8 March 2019|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-14|title=Leila review: Provocative and political; Huma Qureshi owns Netflix India's most courageous show yet|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/leila-review-provocative-and-political-huma-qureshi-owns-netflix-india-s-most-courageous-show-yet/story-LVNJedrs9fEr6nxzWYTBWJ.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Huma Qureshi]] as Shalini
*[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Bhanu
*Leysha Mange as Leila
*[[Seema Biswas]] as Madhu
*[[Rahul Khanna]] as Rizwan Chaudhary
*[[Sanjay Suri]] as Joshiji
*[[Arif Zakaria]] as Guru Ma
*[[Ashwath Bhatt]] as Mr. Dixit
*Indu Sharma as Mrs. Dixit
*Pallavi Batra as Kanika
*Anupam Bhattacharya as Mohan
*[[Akash Khurana]] as Mr. Rao
*[[Jagjeet Sandhu]] as Rakesh
*Prasanna Soni as Ashish
*[[Neha Mahajan]] as Pooja
*[[Adarsh Gourav]] as Naz Chaudhary

==Production==
In February 2018, [[Netflix]] announced that an original series will be made on the dystopian fiction novel ''[[Leila (novel)|Leila]]'' by [[Prayaag Akbar]], with Urmi Juvekar serving as the writer and executive producer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-announces-three-new-original-indian-web-series-leila-ghoul-and-crocodile-4363855.html|title=Netflix announces three new original Indian web series - Leila, Ghoul and Crocodile|publisher=First Post|date=23 February 2018|access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> In November, it was announced that [[Deepa Mehta]] along with [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] and Shanker Raman, will be directing the series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/asia/netflix-india-leila-shanker-raman-pawan-kumar-directors-1203035226/|title=Netflix's Indian Series 'Leila' Adds Shanker Raman, Pawan Kumar as Co-Directors|last=Frater|first=Patrick|work=Variety|date=22 November 2018|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> To prepare for the role of Shalini, Qureshi went through physical training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/thanks-to-leila-huma-qureshi-hooked-to-gym|title=Thanks to 'Leila', Huma Qureshi hooked to gym|publisher=The Quint|date=4 April 2019|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> The principal photography of ''Leila'' began in October 2018 in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/huma-qureshi-shares-first-set-picture-from-netflix-s-leila-series/story-nt44w4DrE239mMvADHYTFI.html|title=Huma Qureshi shares first set picture from Netflix's Leila series|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 November 2018|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> It was finished in February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/huma-qureshi-wraps-up-netflix-s-leila-posts-heartfelt-note-1495251-2019-04-05|title=Huma Qureshi wraps up Netflix's Leila, posts heartfelt note|work=India Today|date=5 April 2019|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
===Season 1===
{{Episode table |background=#A62325 |overall=1 |season=10 |title=60 |airdate=20 |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Episode 1
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|06|14}}
|ShortSummary = In the late 2040s, the nation of Aryavarta is governed by Dr. Joshi. The nation is divided into communities separated by high walls and is subject to strict segregation. Water and clean air have become luxuries. Shalini, along with her husband Rizwan Chaudhary, lives peacefully with their daughter Leila. One day, when swimming in their private pool, they are attacked by goons who accuse them of wasting water in the form of their swimming pool. They kill Rizwaan and kidnap Shalini in front of terrified Leila. Shalini is sent to a "re-education center" or reprimand house to live with several other women who are accused of "sinning" or being somehow defiled. Treated as slaves and all dressed in red, they are also drugged on a daily basis. A few are chosen to take the purity test, which will supposedly allow them to go back home, but if they fail, they will be sent to a labor camp and never see their families again. Shalini finds out from another girl (Pooja) that a new law has been passed; any kids from mixed parentage are taken away by the government. Since her husband was a Muslim, she now worries that her daughter Leila is in danger. We then see this new law in action as Kanika’s baby is being tested for purity. The results show that she is of mixed blood so the guards put her in a cage, ready to be taken away. Kanika, warned by Shalini, tries to save her baby but is quickly knocked out by the guards. This causes both of them to be punished for their actions. Kanika is made to marry a dog while Shalini is forbidden from taking part in the purity test. Desperate to leave the house, she reveals to the leader Guru Ma that Pooja did not undergo an abortion by Dr. Renu who is a slave as well as initially decided. This betrayal allows her to take the test. The day of the test finds Shalini faced a difficult choice; to be able to succeed she has to press a button which will kill the "traitors" Pooja and Renu. Unable to bring herself to perform this task, she fails the test and is sent to the labor camp. As she enters the bus, she is quickly told to sit somewhere else as being a category 5; she can only sit in certain seats.
On their way to the camp, we see how poor and desperate for water people are. The bus gets toppled by protestors and rioters looking for water, which gives Shalini a chance to escape. However, the guard, Bhanu (Siddharth), spots which direction she’s run off in and chases after her.
|LineColor = A62325
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Episode 2
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|06|14}}
|ShortSummary = In a bid to escape, she winds up in a room with caged children where she saves a little girl called Roop. She takes a liking to her as she reminds her of her daughter and promises to give Roop money if she helps her reach the highway. From here, we then find out about Roop’s back story where we learn she was on her way to see her uncle when Roop and her brother were caught and sold into slavery. Roop now wants to find her brother and buy him back, which she plans to do with the money Shalini has promised her once she returns home.

They then make their way through rubbish-littered dumps but are seen by Bhanu, who hasn’t given up his chase. As he runs after them, we flashback to Shalini and her family watching the news of the Taj Mahal being destroyed. Her brother-in-law Naz exclaims that walls should be built to protect them, which causes disagreement and discord with his brother. The couple explains that they have decided to move to the East End, which is where we cut back to the present day.

Shalini and Roop struggle to go through the gates to reach the highway where they’re sadly separated. Roop gets taken away by soldiers for trying to desecrate a statue of Joshi while Shalini begrudgingly presses on, eventually making it to her in-laws' house where she hopes to find Leila.

She finds her in-laws who tell her that her husband is dead and they don’t know where Leila is. She’s also reunited with her brother-in-law Naz who is not happy to see her. He confronts her, blaming her for her current predicament. After telling her she’s not part of the family anymore, she hears an ominous knock at the door; Bhanu, having been previously tipped off by Naz, arrives to take her away to the labor camp. Her mother-in-law hugs her goodbye but not before telling her to remember Project Balee when she goes looking for Leila.

As she reaches the labor camp, Shalini finally has time to grieve the loss of Roop. The episode then ends with her looking out the window and seeing firsthand the contrast between the rich and poor divide of the country.
|LineColor = A62325
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Episode 3
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|06|14}}
|ShortSummary = Back in Tower 51 where Shalini lives in the labor camp, she relays her findings to her friend Madhu. She explains that she wants to find the writer of an article about missing children and Project Balee, and having listened to her pleas, Madhu agrees to help her.

The next day, she begins her new job; she’s assigned as a maid to a privileged family called the Dixit's. While we find out that Mr. Dixit is one of the engineers for the upcoming Skydome, we also see that the presence of Joshi is everywhere in the household and they’re brainwashing their child into following the new leader’s doctrines.

Later that night, Madhu wakes Shalini up and tells her she has found the reporter. He works in the gas plant and she tells her that if she fits a camera in Dixit’s room, she will be taken to the reporter. Madhu explains that Dixit is involved in a dangerous conspiracy and they need to find out more.

The next day, as Shalini goes to work with the camera hidden in her lunch, she watches Mr. Dixit’s presentation about the Skydome which will make sure there is clean water for everyone and no pollution. Pinching the child until he begins crying, Shalini garners up a good distraction in order to sneak the camera into Dixit’s office.

After intercepting a package at the local mall, Shalini uses the computer in the house and finds out that the reporter is dead. A menacing Mr. Shrivastava arrives and tells Mrs. Dixit that there’s still a lot of preparation left before the inauguration of the Skydome but reveals there’s also a lot of enemies to deal with.

As her husband is suddenly taken away, Mrs. Dixit starts to panic; she worries that she may lose her son. We find out that the child is not hers and that she bought him because she was unable to conceive. In a cruel sense of irony, he’s a mixed-race child and Shalini finds out that mixed children are being sold. Feeling sorry for her, Shalini decides to help and takes her to Bhanu who extracts the chip from Mrs. Dixit’s wrist and helps her getaway.

The episode then ends on a cliff-hanger as Bhanu points a gun at Shalini’s head and tells her he needs to kill her as she knows too much.
|LineColor = A62325
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Episode 4
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|06|14}}
|ShortSummary = Shalini pleads for her life and explains that she was only trying to help. She mentions that she has a package from Mr. Dixit and in a bid to try and distract him, throws sand in Bhanu’s face and drives away.
As she reaches the fertility clinic to find out more about her daughter, she sees a poster showing one of the fertility doctors who she recognizes as one of the men who came to kill her husband and kidnap Leila. Bhanu questions her about the package and she tells him that if he takes her to the clinic first thing tomorrow, she will give it to him.

Back at the camp, Madhu congratulates Shalini for her help catching Mr. Dixit. She then asks to be given Madhu’s job so she can get into the clinic in the morning. As sirens and soldiers wake the labor camp residents, they find incriminating evidence under Madhu’s bed and she gets sent to a construction site where she will now work.

The next day, Shalini gets assigned to a different job, this time in Rao’s mansion for 7 days. She later purposely drops tea on Rao which gets her fired. Bhanu takes her away but they are both later stopped by the police before being shown footage of when they helped Mrs. Dixit escape. They ask her who the man in the video is but Shalini lies, telling them she doesn’t know. We then see a news report showing an assassination attempt on Joshi by Dixit. As he was involved in a conspiration, we could assume that Dixit was framed for this crime.

After they are released, Shalini finally gives Bhanu the package which contains a video of Dixit explaining that the Skydome will be like a giant air conditioner with vents blowing hot air outside of it, with power the equivalent of 500 jets taking off at the same time. This will then cause a terrible fire outside and obliterate all of Unnati.

In the morning, Bhanu takes her to the clinic where she meets with Dr. Rakesh who tells her he can get her any child she wishes for, but it will be a mixed child. She then describes her own daughter which prompts him to show her a video of children in cages before we finally see Roop again. Shalini hastily chooses her but she has already been sold. He admits to her that he is the head of the repeaters and has a list with all the mixed-blood children on it.

After creating a diversion, she manages to check his computer to look for the whereabouts of her daughter. Sadly, she discovers that she is deceased, causing her to attack Dr. Rakesh and be taken back to Guru Ma.
|LineColor = A62325
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Episode 5
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|06|14}}
|ShortSummary = Bhanu and another man takes a dead body to the dumps, which is of Dr. Rakesh's. A trial for Shalini’s crime is being held but Guru tells her she is now beyond purification. He later meets with Bhanu with a message from Rao saying he wants Shalini back and although reluctant at first, Bhanu convinces Guru to let her go back to Rao.
Bhanu then tells Shalini that there is a resistance and that the Dixit's were publicly executed. They want the plans to the dome and in exchange, he will find out what happened to her daughter. More importantly, though, he’ll check to see if she’s still alive. He gives her instructions; she must get the plans from Rao’s computer. He also tells her that it was her brother-in-law Naz who sent the repeaters to her house, which led to the death of Riz.

Shalini then goes and sees Naz, questioning him over what he’s done but he tells her again, with no remorse, that it was all her fault. He then sounds an alarm while she asks him about Leila, and Shalini gets a hint that Leila could be alive. Bhanu arrives just in time and takes her away before the authorities can arrive. Cunningly, she then puts a GPS tracker on Naz’s scooter in a bid to find out where Leila may be.

Shalini tries to get close to Rao. Bhanu and Shalini then decide on a new plan, involving taking photos of the files. From the GPS, she sees that Naz has moved to a school, which indicates that Leila might be there. Against Bhanu's wishes, she makes her way to the school and sees her daughter safe and sound but being brainwashed into becoming a young soldier of Aryavarta.
|LineColor = A62325
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Episode 6
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|06|14}}
|ShortSummary = Leila doesn't recognize Shalini. She is also being raised by Shalini’s former maid. Seeing her daughter again prompts her to decide to attend the Skydome function as her daughter will be performing there. She’ll use this opportunity to attempt a rescue.
Back at Rao’s house, Shalini tries to photograph the plans but is caught by Mohan. In a bid to distract everyone, she manages to turn the electricity of which allows her to finally take the pictures of the Skydome’s plans. She is confronted again by Mohan but her old maid’s husband convinces him that she is innocent.
Bhanu receives the pictures and realizes that it will be difficult to get in as the security will be very tight. The only solution would be to get someone on the guest list. Shalini then meets with Rao and gives him an audio spool she took earlier of his favorite poem. He asks her why and how she managed to get this as it’s now illegal to which she replies that she needs to get into the Skydome function as her daughter will be performing there. He decides to help her as he’s not happy with Joshi’s new order.

She also asks Bhanu for a passport and a car but instead, he gives her a light bulb containing a deadly poisonous gas to take to the function.   He convinces her to take it in but not before making him promise that no harm will come of Leila. Rao gives Shalini a script to read to the function, planning a coup in a bid to rule over Joshi.

With the wheels set into motion, the day of the inauguration arrives and Shalini has hidden the light bulb inside Rao’s lunch. As Joshi arrives, the children perform for the audience. Joshi then asks one of the children, which happens to be Leila, to stay with him. After Rao's speech, Shalini goes up to Joshi and threatens to release the poisonous gas. He smiles, telling her she must do what she came here to do. She replies that she wants her life and her daughter back. He tells Leila to go to her mother, but she replies that Aryavarta is her mother and runs to Sapna, the maid.

The episode then ends with Joshi telling her that no one can defeat Aryavarta while Shalini looks ready to break the light bulb.
|LineColor = A62325
}}
}}

== Reception ==

Rohan Naahar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the show a 4/5 and said of it "What the show cannot achieve in terms of streamlined storytelling, it more than makes up for with the sheer audacity of its ideas, and for having the bravery of following through on them." He also said that the show's YouTube trailer was [[Review bomb|dislike bombed]] by individuals calling the show "[[Anti-Hindu sentiment|Hinduphobic]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-14|title=Leila review: Provocative and political; Huma Qureshi owns Netflix India's most courageous show yet|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/leila-review-provocative-and-political-huma-qureshi-owns-netflix-india-s-most-courageous-show-yet/story-LVNJedrs9fEr6nxzWYTBWJ.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Soumya Rao of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said that "In [the] Netflix series, the future isn’t very different from the present" and elaborated that "Although Leila is set in the distant future, there are unmistakable allusions to the present. Dissenters are branded as traitors, [[Anti-intellectualism|intellectuals are attacked]] and the Repeaters have unchecked powers."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Soumya|title='Leila' review: In Netflix series, the future isn't very different from the present|url=https://scroll.in/reel/927014/leila-review-in-netflix-series-the-future-isnt-very-different-from-the-present|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Scroll.in|date=15 June 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Hiba Bég of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the show a 4/5 and said "‘Leila’ Is a Show That Will Force You to Re-Think Everything".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bég|first=Hiba|date=2019-06-15|title='Leila' Is a Show That Will Force You to Re-Think Everything|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/complete-review-new-netflix-leila-huma-qureshi|access-date=2021-07-27|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt9337588}}

{{Netflix original ended series (2019–present)}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Dystopian television series]]
[[Category:Works about totalitarianism]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]

Yadunandana Swami

2026-01-29T01:09:51Z

RicoSturdivant: added intro and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|background = #FFA07A
|name = Yadunandana Swami
|sanskrit =
|image = Satsvarupa-das-goswami-yadunandana-swami.jpg
|caption = Yadunandana Swami (right), 2009
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|alias = Javier Pera López
|location =
|Title =
|Period =
|Predecessor =
|Successor =
|initiation = [[Diksa]]–1978, [[Sannyasa]]–2009
|post = Principal [[Bhaktivedanta College]], [[Sannyasi]], Executive Member of Ministry of Educational Development of Governing Body Commission
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Spain]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|website = http://www.yswami.com
}}
[[Image:2009-world-parlament-religions-dr-yadunandana-hare.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Yadunandana Swami leading the [[kirtana]] during 2009 Parliament of World's Religions in [[Melbourne]].]]
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Yadunandana Swami,''' [[principal (university)|Principal]] of [[Bhaktivedanta College]], is the first Spanish second generation [[sannyasi]] of [[ISKCON]]. He was approved by ISKCON's GBC body, in February 2009, as an ISKCON [[sannyasa]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://news.iskcon.com/node/1773
|title = Bhaktivedanta College Principal Accepts Renounced Order
|work = ISKCON News Weekly
|access-date = 2009-03-07
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120213134133/http://news.iskcon.com/node/1773
|archive-date = 13 February 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> He is one of the original developers of VTE (Vaisnava Training and Education) courses and is currently an Executive Member of Governing Body Commission Ministry of Educational Development.<ref>[http://iskconeducation.org/index.php?p=article&g=24 Official Site of ISKCON Ministry of Educational Development]</ref>

Yadunandana Swami, a disciple of [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]], is originally from Spain. Among other subjects, he teaches Bhaktivaibhava courses at Bhaktivedanta College and is specializing on ''History of sannyasa in ISKCON''.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.bhaktivedantacollege.com/index.php?p=article&g=33
|title = Bhaktivedanta College
|publisher=bhaktivedantacollege.com
|access-date = 2009-03-07
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.sdgonline.org/tachycardia_10.html
|title = Tachycardia. Start of July 2008 - Part 10
|publisher = GN Press
|access-date = 2009-03-07
|last = Goswami
|first = Satsvarupa dasa
|author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.radhadesh.com/pdf/eRNL_3_06.pdf
|title = Radhadesh Newsletter
|publisher = ISKCON Radhadesh
|access-date = 2009-03-07
|archive-date = 24 October 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071024162138/http://www.radhadesh.com/pdf/eRNL_3_06.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://btg.krishna.com/main.php?id=802
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20070811002719/http://btg.krishna.com/main.php?id=802
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2007-08-11
|title = The Album of My Festive Year
|publisher = [[Back to Godhead]]
|access-date = 2009-03-07
|last = N.K.
|first = Devi Dasi
}}

</ref>
On 10 March 2009 Yadunandana received [[sannyasa]] within the presence of current ISKCON sannyasa minister Prahladananda Swami, ceremony was introduced by his godbrother Hridaya Caitanya Dasa, [[Kadamba Kanana Swami]] performed the [[fire sacrifice]] and [[Jayadvaita Swami]] officially awarded [[danda]] staff. He has been described as one "of the best scholars in the field of ISKCON Studies"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.iskcon.com/node/2174 |title=About ISKCON Studies Journal on ISKCON.com |access-date=14 April 2010 |archive-date=23 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223122951/http://news.iskcon.com/node/2174 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has represented ISKCON, along with other senior swami of ISKCON, [[Indradyumna Swami]], in the parliament (Maha Satsang) of World Religions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shivayoga.org/html/parliament_of_world_s_religion.html |title=Maha Satsang |access-date=14 April 2010 |archive-date=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430131400/http://shivayoga.org/html/parliament_of_world_s_religion.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the first ISKCON speaker on ''Krishna Consciousness and the Environment'' in [[Parliament of the World's Religions#2009 Parliament|2009 Parliament of World's Religions]] and 2011 World Yoga Masters Summit for Proclamation of the World Yoga Day.<ref>2009 Parliament of the World's Religions. Speakers schedule: [http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/content/speaker_schedule.html Dec 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112203356/http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/content/speaker_schedule.html |date=12 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.yogaworldsday.com/proclamation_summit2011.htm 2011 World Yoga Summit in Bangalore, India]</ref>

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web
|url = http://news.iskcon.com/node/1853/2009-03-21/interview_yadunandana_swami_discusses_sannyasa
|title = Interview: Yadunandana Swami Discusses Sannyasa
|publisher = news.iskcon.com
|access-date = 2009-03-22
|last = Dinadayal
|first = Dasa (Dario Knez)
|archive-date = 26 March 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326231111/http://news.iskcon.com/node/1853/2009-03-21/interview_yadunandana_swami_discusses_sannyasa
|url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite web|url=http://iskconstudies.org/iskcon-studies-journal-vol-one/a-history-of-education-in-iskcon/ |title=A History of Education in ISKCON |publisher=iskconstudies.org |access-date=2009-10-16 |last=Swami |first=Yadunanadana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915234535/http://iskconstudies.org/iskcon-studies-journal-vol-one/a-history-of-education-in-iskcon/ |archive-date=15 September 2009 }}

{{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadunandana}}
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness religious figures]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism|Yadunandanal]]
[[Category:Spanish Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hare Krishnas]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

White-breasted waterhen

2026-01-21T21:30:11Z

RicoSturdivant: expand details for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = White-breasted waterhen
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Amaurornis phoenicurus'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |article-number=e.T22692640A95217833 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692640A95217833.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Amaurornis phoenicurus - Singapore Botanic Gardens.jpg
| image_caption = Adult in [[Singapore]]
| image2 = AmaurornisPhoenicurusCall.ogg
| image2_caption = Call at dusk, Bangalore
| genus = Amaurornis
| species = phoenicurus
| authority = ([[Thomas Pennant|Pennant]], 1769)
| synonyms = ''Erythra phoenicura''
|range_map = White-breasted Waterhen.JPG
|range_map_caption = {{legend0|#C6514A|approximate range|outline=gray}}
}}

The '''white-breasted waterhen''' ('''''Amaurornis phoenicurus''''') is a waterbird of the rail and crake family, [[Rallidae]], that is widely distributed across [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. They are dark slaty birds with a clean white face, breast and belly. They are somewhat bolder than most other rails and are often seen stepping slowly with their tail cocked upright in open marshes or even drains near busy roads. They are largely [[crepuscular]] in activity and during the breeding season, just after the first rains, make loud and repetitive croaking calls.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/07/top-25-wild-bird-photographs-of-the-week-23/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170507220612/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/07/top-25-wild-bird-photographs-of-the-week-23/ | archive-date = May 7, 2017 | first = S. | last = Boyes | title = Top 25 Wild Bird Photographs of the Week #23 | date =2012 | work = National Geographic Voices | publisher = National Geographic Society | access-date = July 15, 2017}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:AmaurornisPhoenicurusGould.jpg|thumb|left|Amaurornis phoenicurus]]
Adult white-breasted waterhens have mainly dark grey upperparts and flanks, and a white face, neck and breast. The lower belly and undertail are cinnamon or white coloured. The body is flattened laterally to allow easier passage through the reeds or undergrowth. They have long toes, a short tail and a yellow bill and legs. Sexes are similar but females measure slightly smaller. Immature birds are much duller versions of the adults. The downy chicks are black, as with all [[Rallidae|rails]].

Several subspecies are named for the populations that are widely distributed. The nominate subspecies is described from Sri Lanka but is often widened to include ''chinensis'' of mainland India and adjoining regions in Asia, west to Arabia and east nearly to Japan. The remaining subspecies are those from islands and include ''insularis'' of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, ''midnicobaricus'' of the central Nicobars, ''leucocephala'' of Car Nicobar, ''maldivus'' of the Maldives, ''javanicus'' of Java and ''leucomelanus'' of Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, P.C. |author2=Anderton, J.C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005| title= Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide |volume=2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Abdulali, H. |year=1964 |title=Four new races of birds from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 61| issue=2| pages=410–417 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48072973}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
Their breeding habitat is [[marsh]]es across tropical [[Asia]] from [[Pakistan]] east to [[Indonesia]]. They are mainly seen in the plains but have been known from the higher hills such as in Nainital (1300m) and the High Range (1500m) in Kerala.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Robertson, A. |year=1990| title= Some altitudinal records of birds from the High Range, Kerala| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 87|issue=3|page=456|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48807184}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Smetacek, V. |year=1974| title= On the increasing occurrence of typically plains-birds in the Kumaon hills| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=71| issue=2|pages=299–302|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48286499}}</ref> These large {{cvt|32|cm}} long rails are permanent residents throughout their range. They make short distance movements and are known to colonize new areas. They have been noted as some of the early colonizers on the volcanic island of [[Rakata]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00177240|title=The birds of Anak Krakatau: the assembly of an avian community |year=1992 |last1=Zann|first1=R.A.|last2=Darjono|journal=GeoJournal|volume=28|issue=2|page=261 |bibcode=1992GeoJo..28..261Z |s2cid=84431557 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume= 122| issue=4| pages=784–788| year=2010| doi= 10.1676/10-012.1| title=Range Expansion of the White-breasted Waterhen (''Amaurornis phoenicurus'') into Micronesia |author1=Buden, D.W. |author2=Retogral, S. |s2cid= 86755225|name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Although most often found near freshwater, they are also found near brackish water and even the seashore when there is no freshwater as on the volcanic Barren Island in the Andamans.<ref name=hbk/>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:White-breasted Waterhen (Immature) I Picture 171.jpg|thumb|Immatures have only traces of white on the front]]
These birds are usually seen singly or in pairs as they forage slowly along the edge of a waterbody mainly on the ground but sometimes clambering up low vegetation. The tail is held up and jerked as they walk. They probe with their bill in mud or shallow water, also picking up food by sight. They mainly eat [[insect]]s (large numbers of beetles have been recorded<ref name=hbk/>), small [[fish]] (which are often carefully washed in water), aquatic invertebrates and grains or [[seed]]s such as those of ''[[Pithecellobium dulce|Pithecolobium dulce]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Relton, A. |author2=Moses, A. A. |author3=Wesley, H.D. |year=1991 |title= Addition to the dietary of Whitebreasted Waterhen ''Amaurornis phoenicurus'' (Pennant)| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=88 |issue=2 |page=282 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48673704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title =Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Volume 3. The food of birds in India|author= Mason, C.W. |editor=Maxwell-Lefroy, H. | year=1911| publisher=Imperial Department of Agriculture in India|url=https://archive.org/stream/foodofbirdsinind00masorich#page/252/mode/1up|page=252}}</ref> They may sometimes feed in deeper water in the manner of a moorhen.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sugathan, R. |author2=Rajan, S.A. |year=1988|title= Notes on feeding behaviour of ''Amaurornis phoenicurus'' at Point Calimere |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=85 |issue=1 |page=191|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48804714}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Balachandran, S. |year=1988 |title= Some observations on unusual feeding behaviour of Whitebreasted Waterhen (''Amaurornis phoenicurus'')| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=85 |issue=3|pages=615–616|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48804714}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds6/BakerFBI6#page/n59/mode/1up|pages=23–25|author= Baker, E.C.S. |year=1929| title= Fauna of British India |volume=Birds. Volume 6 |edition=Second| place= London| publisher=Taylor and Francis}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| pages=173–174|url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia04oaterich#page/173/mode/1up |author= Blanford, W.T. |year=1898| title= Fauna of British India |volume=Birds. Volume 4 |place=London |publisher=Taylor and Francis}}</ref>

The nesting season is mainly June to October but varies locally. They nest in a dry location on the ground in marsh vegetation, laying 6-7 [[Egg (biology)|eggs]]. Courtship involves bowing, billing and nibbling. The eggs hatch in about 19 days.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dhindsa, Manjit S. |author2=Sandhu, P.S. |author3=Toor, H.S. |year=1983 | title= Some observations on the breeding of the Chinese Whitebreasted Waterhen ''Amaurornis phoenicurus chinensis'' (Boddaert)| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=80|issue=1|pages=213–214|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48743803}}</ref> Both sexes incubate the eggs and take care of the chicks. Chicks often dive underwater to escape predation.<ref name=hbk/> Adults are said to build a roost or brood nest where young chicks and the adults roost.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Sengupta, M. |editor2=Dalwani, R. |year=2008| chapter=Loss of wetland breeding habitats and population decline of White-breasted Waterhen, ''Amaurornis phoenicurus phoenicurus'' (Pennant) - A case study|title=Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference|pages=529–536|author1=Gopakumar, P.S. |author2=Kaimal, P.P. |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
[[File:White-breasted Waterhen.ogv|thumb|Singapore, Oct 1994]]
Many rails are very secretive, but white-breasted waterhens are often seen out in the open. They can be noisy especially at dawn and dusk, with loud croaky calls. The Andamans population ''insularis'' is said to make duck like ''quack'' calls.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|title= Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan |volume=2 |edition=Second |year=1980 |author1=Ali, S. |author2=Ripley, S.D. |name-list-style=amp | pages=169–172|publisher= Oxford University Press| place=New Delhi}}</ref>

==In culture==
Local names of this bird are often formed by [[onomatopoeia]] (based on the sound it makes), for example ''ruak-ruak'' in [[Malay language|Malay]] and {{transliteration|si|korawakka}} (කොරවක්කා) in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].;<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent |journal=Buceros |author=Anonymous|year=1998|volume=3|issue=1|url=http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/vol%203%20(1).pdf |pages=53–109}}</ref> although differently formed local names are also not uncommon, such as "Dahuk" in Bengali (used in Bangladesh and the Bengali-speaking areas of India), "Dauk" (ডাউক) in Assamese, "Gur-gu-aa" in Boro, "Vo-kurwak" in Karbi, and "Keruwak" in Iban and Sarawakian Malay. In [[Odisha]] it is called as {{lang|or|ଡାହୁକ}} "Daahuka" in [[Odia language|Odia]]. In Maharashtra it is called as {{lang|mr|पाणकोंबडी}} ''pankombadi'' or {{lang|mr|कुवाक कोंबडी}} ''kuak kombadi'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. In [[Malayalam]] they are called {{lang|ml|കുളക്കോഴി}} ''kulakozhi''. They are called "Kanbili" in the Maldives.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://saruna.mnu.edu.mv/jspui/handle/123456789/4017 |title=Field Guide to Maldivian Birds and Beach Ecosystems |publisher=UNICEF and Education Development Centre, Maldives |year=2008 |page=11}}</ref> In [[Kannada]] they are called 'hundukoli' ([[ಹುಂಡುಕೋಳಿ]]). In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], they are called {{lang|taa|கானாங்கோழி}} ''kaanaangkozi''.<ref>{{cite book |date=2013 |author=Jeganathan, P. |author2=Asai |title=க்ரியா பதிப்பகம். சென்னை. பக்கங்கள் |trans-title=A photographic field guide on birds |language=Tamil |publisher=Cre-A |place=Chennai |page=184}}</ref>

In [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], it is known as ''tikúgas'', it has [[cognates]] in several [[Formosan languages|related languages]] in [[Taiwan]] which refer to the [[Taiwan bamboo partridge]] (e.g. ''tikolac'' in [[Amis language|Amis]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30013#5/15.974/122.648|title=*tikuRas: a bird, the Formosan bamboo partridge|last1=Blust|first1=Robert|last2=Trussel|first2=Stephen|website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary|date=2010|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

The naturalist writer ''[[Edward Hamilton Aitken|Eha]]'' humorously describes the call of this species:<ref>{{cite book|author=Whistler, H. |title=Popular handbook of Indian Birds |publisher= Gurney and Jackson|year=2007 |orig-year=1st Pub. 1949| pages=437–438| url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n485/mode/2up/ |isbn=1-4067-4576-6}}</ref>
"''It began with loud harsh roars which might have been elicited from a bear by roasting it slowly over a large fire, then suddenly changed to a clear note repeated like the coo of a dove.''"

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:White-breasted Waterhen AMSM4814.jpg|White-breasted Waterhen carrying a mollusc, Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India
File:White-breasted-water-hen-agra.jpg|A White Breasted Waterhen scouting for insects in a small garden pond in Agra, Uttar pradesh, India
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Amaurornis phoenicurus}}
{{Wikispecies|Amaurornis phoenicurus}}
* [http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/birds/Amaurornis_phoenicurus.htm White-breasted waterhen in Sungei Buloh Nature Park, Singapore]
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/white-breasted-waterhen-amaurornis-phoenicurus Photos and videos]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q862825}}

[[Category:Amaurornis|white-breasted waterhen]]
[[Category:Birds of Indomalaya]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1769|white-breasted waterhen]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Pennant]]

Blue Line (Chennai Metro)

2026-01-19T15:17:42Z

RicoSturdivant: fix information per sources

{{Short description|Transit line in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Blue Line
| other_name = Wimco Nagar - Airport line
| native_name = Nīla vaḻittaṭam
| native_name_lang = Tamil
| color = {{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}
| image = Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = A train on the Blue Line
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Chennai Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale =
| start = {{stl|Chennai Metro|Chennai Airport}}
| end = {{stl|Chennai Metro|Wimco Nagar Depot}}
| connectinglines = '''''Operational''''' (4): {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}}, {{rbox|Chennai Suburban North Line|North Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|North}}}}, {{rbox|Chennai Suburban South Line|South Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}}}, {{rbox|Chennai Suburban West Line|West Line, Chennai Suburban|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}}}, '''''Upcoming''''' (3): {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Red|croute}}
| stations = 26 (Operational) + 12 (planned) Total = 38
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{Start date and age|2016|09|21|df=yes}}
| close =
| operator = [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]
| character = {{cvt|17|km}} Underground {{cvt|15.65|km}} Elevated
| stock = [[Alstom]]
| depot = Wimco Nagar
| linelength_km = 32.65
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| speed_km/h = 80
| elevation =
| map = {{Chennai Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Blue Line''' is one of the two operational lines of [[Chennai Metro]] apart from the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green line]], in Chennai, India. The line stretches from {{stl|Chennai Metro|Chennai Airport}} to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Wimco Nagar Depot}}, covering a distance of {{cvt|32.65|km}}. The line consists of 26 [[Metro station|station]]s out of which 13 stations are underground and the rest are [[elevated]] or on ground level. In May 2018, operations on the blue line commenced between [[Saidapet metro station|Saidapet]] and [[AG-DMS metro station|AG-DMS]] with the extended underground stretch from AG-DMS to [[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]] of blue line commencing operations on 10 February 2019 completing the phase 1 of the metro.

{{Rapid transit OSM map
|stroke-width = 5
|frame-align = right
|system_qid = Q19891160
|single_line = y
|stations = y
|stations_qid = Q19891160
|frame-width = 200
|frame-height = 200}}
{{Clear left}}

[[File:A Chennai Metro train at Alandhur station.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|An airport-bound metro at Alandur station]]

== Planning and construction ==
=== Phase I ===
In 2006, a modern metro rail system was planned for [[Chennai]] modeled after the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro is a financial success, not just a technological one|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/mcQh3ZfkfIHQ3Q7zkwOQUP/8216Metro-is-a-financial-success-not-just-a-technologica.html|access-date=13 November 2019|newspaper=[[Livemint]]|date=11 September 2007|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113161153/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/mcQh3ZfkfIHQ3Q7zkwOQUP/8216Metro-is-a-financial-success-not-just-a-technologica.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="P1">{{cite press release|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/pre2.pdf|title=Chennai Metro Rail Project approved by Government of India|date=28 January 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408220627/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/pre2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) was tasked with preparing a detailed project report on the implementation of metro system in Chennai.<ref name="P1"/> Based on the report, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] approved the first phase of the project in November 2007.<ref name="FAQ">{{cite news|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/faq/|title=Chennai Metro Rail FAQ|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227110901/http://chennaimetrorail.org/faq/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first phase was planned with two lines covering {{cvt|45.1|km}} with {{cvt|25|km|1}} being underground. The first corridor would connect [[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]] with [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai International Airport]] extending for {{cvt|23.1|km}} with {{cvt|14.3|km}} being underground.<ref name="P1"/> In December 2007, [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]] (CMRL) was incorporated and the [[Government of India]] gave approval for the project in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Centres_nod_for_Metro_Rail_in_Chennai/articleshow/2955314.cms|title=Center nod for Metro Rail in Chennai|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2008|access-date=20 August 2010|archive-date=25 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625071526/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Centres_nod_for_Metro_Rail_in_Chennai/articleshow/2955314.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FAQ"/>

The construction started in June 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Work-commences-on-Chennai-metro|title=Work commences on Chennai Metro|publisher=Projects Today|date=11 June 2009|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825214006/http://www.projectstoday.com/News/Work-commences-on-Chennai-metro|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2010, the contract for supplying [[rolling stock]] was awarded to [[Alstom]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/alstom-to-provide-2000-cars-for-chennais-metro/680434/|title=Alstom to provide 2000 cars for Chennai's metro|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=11 September 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129132421/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/alstom-to-provide-2000-cars-for-chennais-metro/680434/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url= https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909|title= First Metro Rolling Stock contract in India|publisher=Alstom Transport|date= 9 September 2010|access-date= 18 September 2010|archive-date= 15 April 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230415155738/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909|url-status= live}}</ref> Test and trial runs happened on the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green line]] in 2013 and early 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-flags-off-metro-rail-test-run/article5321219.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail Test Run|access-date=6 November 2013|date=6 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=T.|last=Ramakrishnan|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110053702/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-flags-off-metro-rail-test-run/article5321219.ece?|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Metro-Rail-Rolls-Out-a-Surprise-with-Koyambedu-Pillar-trial-Run/2014/02/15/article2057593.ece|title=Metro Rail Rolls Out a Surprise with Koyambedu-Pillar trial Run|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=14 February 2014|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915025103/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Metro-Rail-Rolls-Out-a-Surprise-with-Koyambedu-Pillar-trial-Run/2014/02/15/article2057593.ece?|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/chennai-metro-holds-trial-on-elevated-section/article5690070.ece|title=Chennai Metro holds trial on elevated section|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=14 February 2014|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145830/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/chennai-metro-holds-trial-on-elevated-section/article5690070.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After approvals from [[Research Design and Standards Organisation|RDSO]] and the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety, commercial operations started between [[Alandur metro station|Alandur]] and Koyambedu stations on the green line in June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140904/nation-current-affairs/article/chennai-metro-one-stop-short-dream-run|title=Chennai Metro one stop short of dream run|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 August 2014|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035707/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140904/nation-current-affairs/article/chennai-metro-one-stop-short-dream-run|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/conditional-clearance-for-metro-rail/article7155672.ece|title=Conditional clearance for Metro Rail|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 April 2015|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/conditional-clearance-for-metro-rail/article7155672.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CMRL-l-Newsletter-l-Aug-2015-l-Final-PDF.pdf|title=Chennai Metro Newsletter - August 2015|publisher=Chennai Metro|date=29 June 2015|access-date=7 June 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020114202/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CMRL-l-Newsletter-l-Aug-2015-l-Final-PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 September 2016, commercial operations commenced between [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Airport]] and [[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]] on the blue line.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-underground-stretch-inauguration/article18451008.ece|title=Naidu, Palaniswami flag off underground stretch of Chennai Metro|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=14 May 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 January 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226060701/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-underground-stretch-inauguration/article18451008.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2018, the blue line was extended between [[Saidapet metro station|Saidapet]] and [[AG-DMS metro station|AG-DMS]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-opens-two-underground-stretches/article23989294.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail opens two underground stretches|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=25 May 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 January 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227214038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-opens-two-underground-stretches/article23989294.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 February 2019, the underground stretch from AG-DMS to [[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]] of blue line was opened, completing the first phase of the metro.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece|title=PM Modi inaugurates Chennai Metro Rail's final leg|last=Simhan|first=TE Raja|work=The Hindu Businessline|date=10 February 2019|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014616/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!Line Name
!colspan="2"|Terminals
!Stations
!Opened
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}};|Blue Line
|[[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai Airport]]
|[[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]]
|style="text-align:center"|6
|21 September 2016
|-
|[[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]]
|[[AG – DMS metro station|AG–DMS]]
|style="text-align:center"|4
|25 May 2018
|-
|[[AG – DMS metro station|AG–DMS]]
|[[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]]
|style="text-align:center"|7
|10 February 2019
|}

=== Phase 1 Extension ===
A {{convert|9|km|mi|2}} northern extension of the blue line running from Washermanpet to [[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]] consisting of nine stations.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 December 2018|title=Track work in Metro phase 1 extension to begin soon|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/track-work-in-metro-phase-1-extension-to-begin-soon/article25675477.ece/|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226001622/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/track-work-in-metro-phase-1-extension-to-begin-soon/article25675477.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=19 October 2019|title=First set of trains for Chennai metro phase 1 extension flagged-off|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/first-set-of-trains-for-chennai-metro-phase-1-extension-flagged-off/article29745129.ece/|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105190355/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/first-set-of-trains-for-chennai-metro-phase-1-extension-flagged-off/article29745129.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction started in July 2016 with trial runs in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Opening of phase-1 Chennai metro extension stretch to be delayed?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/jan/09/opening-of-phase-1-chennai-metro-extension-stretch-to-be-delayed-2247523.html|access-date=9 January 2021|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109074440/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/jan/09/opening-of-phase-1-chennai-metro-extension-stretch-to-be-delayed-2247523.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 December 2020|title=Chennai: Trial run between Washermanpet and Wimco Nagar Metro stations successful, says CMRL|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-trial-run-between-washermanpet-and-wimco-nagar-metro-stations-successful-says-cmrl-7121217/|access-date=26 December 2020|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226141406/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-trial-run-between-washermanpet-and-wimco-nagar-metro-stations-successful-says-cmrl-7121217/|url-status=live}}</ref> The line opened for passenger traffic on 14 February 2021, increasing the length of the operational metro system to {{cvt|54.1|km|abbr=on|2}}.<ref name="Proj">{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|title=Project status of Chennai Metro|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926171710/http://chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!Line Name
!colspan="2"|Terminals
!Stations
!Opened
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}};|Blue Line
|[[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]]
|[[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]]
|style="text-align:center"|8
|14 February 2021
|-
|[[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]]
|[[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar Depot]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|13 March 2022
|}

=== Future plans ===
In 2021, CMRL proposed an extension to the first phase to connect the Airport with [[Kilambakkam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Work on 15-km Metro line from airport to Kilambakkam in Chennai suburbs may begin this year|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/23/work-on-15-km-metro-line-from-airport-to-kilambakkam-in-chennai-suburbs-may-begin-this-year-2267952.html|access-date=25 April 2021|date=23 February 2021|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425185916/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/23/work-on-15-km-metro-line-from-airport-to-kilambakkam-in-chennai-suburbs-may-begin-this-year-2267952.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Detailed project report for the project was submitted by CMRL in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-airport-kilambakkam-metro-project-set-to-take-off/article65662849.ece|title=Chennai Airport-Kilambakkam Metro project set to take off|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2022|access-date=21 July 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721010737/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-airport-kilambakkam-metro-project-set-to-take-off/article65662849.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The As of October 2023, the project is awaiting funds.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/with-no-support-from-centre-cmrl-puts-on-hold-its-plan-for-airport-kilambakkam-stretch/article67375933.ece|title=With no funds from Centre for phase II of Metro, Airport-Kilambakkam project unlikely to be taken up now|date=3 October 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010100916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/with-no-support-from-centre-cmrl-puts-on-hold-its-plan-for-airport-kilambakkam-stretch/article67375933.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Line
! colspan="2"|Terminals
! Length
! Stations
! Status
|-
|style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}};|Blue Line
|[[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai Airport]]
|[[Kilambakkam]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|15.46|km|abbr=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|13
|{{tooltip|DPR|Detailed Project Report}} approved
|}

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:CHENNAI METRO IMG 20171106 154642.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Chennai metro coaches are manufactured by [[Alstom]]]]
The trains are operated on {{Railgauge|standard|allk=on}} double-tracked lines.<ref>{{cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|title=Countdown to Chennai Metro begins|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/countdown-to-chennai-metro-begins/article4373153.ece|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-date=5 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205052657/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/countdown-to-chennai-metro-begins/article4373153.ece?|url-status=live}}</ref> The average speed of operation is {{convert|85|km/h}} and maximum speed is {{convert|120|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-train-zips-over-city-roads/article5690361.ece|title=Metro rail train zips over city roads|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=6 June 2016|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026221155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-train-zips-over-city-roads/article5690361.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Alstom supplies the rolling stock for the trains operated on the line.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/5/alstom-completes-in-lapa-plant-the-first-train-for-chennai-metro-in-india/|title=Alstom completes in Lapa plant the first train for Chennai metro, in India|publisher=Alstom|date=May 2013|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421015113/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/5/alstom-completes-in-lapa-plant-the-first-train-for-chennai-metro-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The trains are air-conditioned with electrically operated automatic sliding doors and have a first-class compartment with a dedicated section reserved for women.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/all-aboard-chennai-metro/article6222070.ece|title=All aboard, Chennai Metro|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 July 2014|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/all-aboard-chennai-metro/article6222070.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The trains operate on [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] [[Railway electric traction|traction]] [[Overhead line|catenary]] system.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909|title=Alstom to provide 168 cars for Chennai's metro for 243 million|publisher=Alstom|date=1 September 2010|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415155738/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909|url-status=live}}</ref> The trains are connected to the grid via overhead electric cables and are equipped with regenerative braking with a capacity to recover 30–35% of the energy during braking.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-ride-in-a-chennai-metro-train/article5693933.ece?homepage=true|title=First ride in a Chennai Metro train|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-ride-in-a-chennai-metro-train/article5693933.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref> The electricity is supplied by [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro rail sets up units to power trains, stations to meet year-end deadline to start services|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 April 2014|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/Metro-rail-sets-up-units-to-power-trains-stations-to-meet-year-end-deadline-to-start-services/articleshow/33757188.cms|access-date=18 April 2014|archive-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418044333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/Metro-rail-sets-up-units-to-power-trains-stations-to-meet-year-end-deadline-to-start-services/articleshow/33757188.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Network ==
[[File:Chennai Underground metrostation with India's first Platform Screen Doors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Platform screen doors]] installed in underground [[List of Chennai metro stations|stations]]]]
{{See also|List of Chennai metro stations}}
A total of 26 stations are operational along the blue line with 13 underground stations. In the underground sections, a walkway runs along the length with cross passages every {{convert|250|m|ftin}} for the maintenance and emergency evacuation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=First underground Metro network by December 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 August 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-underground-metro-network-by-dec-2015/article6299711.ece|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-underground-metro-network-by-dec-2015/article6299711.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The underground stations have an average width of {{convert|200|m|ftin}} and average depth of {{convert|20|ft}} from the ground level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/TimesofIndia20-09-2013.pdf|title=Metro's underground frame|publisher=Chennai Metro|date=20 September 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226092603/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/TimesofIndia20-09-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The length of the stations in Phase 1 extension is {{convert|180|m|ftin}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Phase 1 extension tunneling nears completion|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2017|date=25 September 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-phase-1-extension-tunnelling-nears-completion/article19748619.ece|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226060704/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-phase-1-extension-tunnelling-nears-completion/article19748619.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CMRL's compact stations have their own fan club|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|date=29 June 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrls-compact-stations-have-their-own-fan-club/article24283329.ece|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130025132/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrls-compact-stations-have-their-own-fan-club/article24283329.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The elevated stations have three levels with the concourse level at a minimum height of {{convert|5.5|m|ftin}} above the ground level and platform level above the concourse while the underground stations have two levels with [[platform screen doors]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Chennai Metro Investment Project|work=Asian Development Bank|access-date=30 August 2023|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52234/52234-001-eia-en_5.pdf|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604155819/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52234/52234-001-eia-en_5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The stations are air-conditioned and are equipped to be disabled and elderly friendly, with automatic fare collection system, announcement system, electronic display boards, escalators and lifts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=No clarity on access at Chennai Metro stations yet, say disabled|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 June 2016|date=20 January 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/no-clarity-on-access-at-chennai-metro-stations-yet-say-disabled/article5594316.ece?ref=sliderNews|archive-date=4 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204020014/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/no-clarity-on-access-at-chennai-metro-stations-yet-say-disabled/article5594316.ece?ref=sliderNews|url-status=live}}</ref> Paid parking facilities are available for two wheelers in most stations and four wheelers in select stations.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Parking_Facilities_Availability_2018.pdf|title=Parking Facilities Availability 2018|publisher=chennaimetrorail.org|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150016/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Parking_Facilities_Availability_2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The line connects the northeast and the southwest ends of the city. The stations include:

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
|-
!align="center" colspan="7" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}};"| '''Blue Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|S.No
! colspan="2"|Station name<ref name="Proj"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Line-Map.pdf|title=Chennai Metro, line map|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208073455/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Line-Map.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Opened
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2"|Station layout
! rowspan="2"|[[Railway platform|Platform Level Type]]
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|1
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Wimco Nagar Depot}}
|விம்கோ நகர் பணிமனை
|13 March 2022<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Rail plans a station at Wimco Nagar depot|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 January 2022|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-plans-a-station-at-wimco-nagar-depot/article38129620.ece|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|2
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Wimco Nagar}}
|விம்கோ நகர்
|14 February 2021
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Wimco Nagar railway station|Wimco Nagar]] ([[North Line, Chennai Suburban|North Line]])
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|3
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Tiruvottriyur}}
|திருவொற்றியூர்
|14 February 2021
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|4
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Tiruvottriyur Theradi}}
|திருவொற்றியூர் தேரடி
|13 March 2022<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cmrl-likely-to-handle-up-to-3-5l-daily-commuters-soon/articleshow/80904823.cms|title=CMRL likely to handle up to 3.5L daily commuters soon|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|5
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Kaladipet}}
|காலடிப்பேட்டை
|14 February 2021
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|6
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Tollgate}}
|சுங்கச்சாவடி
|14 February 2021
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|7
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|New Washermanpet}}
|புது வண்ணாரப்பேட்டை
|14 February 2021
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|8
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Tondiarpet}}
|தண்டையார்பேட்டை
|14 February 2021
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|9
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Sir Theagaraya College}}
|தியாகராயா கல்லூரி
|14 February 2021
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|10
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Washermanpet}}
|வண்ணாரப்பேட்டை
|10 February 2019
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Washermanpet railway station|Washermanpet]] ([[North Line, Chennai Suburban|North Line]])
|Underground
|Island
|-
|11
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Mannadi}}
|மண்ணடி
|10 February 2019
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|12
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|High Court}}
|உயர் நீதிமன்றம்
|10 February 2019
|{{rint|bus}} [[Broadway bus terminus]]
|Underground
|Island
|-
|13
|[[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central metro station|Central]]
|சென்ட்ரல்
|10 February 2019
|{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Chennai Central Railway Station|Chennai Central]] [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Chennai Park railway station|Chennai Park]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]]) [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Moore Market]] ([[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West Line]]) [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Chennai Park Town railway station|Park Town]] ([[Chennai MRTS]])
|Underground
|Island
|-
|14
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Government Estate}}
|அரசினர் தோட்டம்
|10 February 2019
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Chintadripet railway station|Chintadripet]] ([[Chennai MRTS]])
|Underground
|Island
|-
|15
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|LIC}}
|எல்.ஐ.சி
|10 February 2019
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|16
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Thousand Lights}}
|ஆயிரம் விளக்கு
|10 February 2019
|{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Purple|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Underground
|Island
|-
|17
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|AG – DMS}}
|ஏ.ஜி.–டி.எம்.எஸ்.
|25 May 2018
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|18
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Teynampet}}
|தேனாம்பேட்டை
|25 May 2018
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|19
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Nandanam}}
|நந்தனம்
|25 May 2018
|{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Underground
|Island
|-
|20
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Saidapet}}
|சைதாப்பேட்டை
|25 May 2018
|
|Underground
|Island
|-
|21
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Little Mount}}
|சின்னமலை
|21 September 2016
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|22
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Guindy}}
|கிண்டி
|21 September 2016
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Guindy railway station|Guindy]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|23
|[[Arignar Anna Alandur metro station|Alandur]]
|ஆலந்தூர்
|21 September 2016
|{{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Red|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|24
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Nanganallur Road}}
|நங்கநல்லூர் சாலை
|21 September 2016
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|25
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Meenambakkam}}
|மீனம்பாக்கம்
|21 September 2016
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Meenambakkam railway station|Meenambakkam]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|26
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Chennai Airport}}
|சென்னை விமான நிலையம்
|21 September 2016
|{{rint|air}} [[Chennai International Airport]] [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Tirusulam railway station|Tirusulam]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|''27''
|''Pallavaram*''
|''பல்லாவரம்''
| rowspan="11" |''TBA''
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Pallavaram railway station|Pallavaram]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
| rowspan="11" |''TBA''
| rowspan="11" |''TBA''
|-
|''28''
|''Kothandam Nagar*''
|''கோதண்டம் நகர்''
|
|-
|''29''
|''Chromepet*''
|''குரோம்பேட்டை''
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Chromepet railway station|Chromepet]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
|-
|''30''
|''MEPZ*''
|''மெட்ராஸ் எக்ஸ்போர்ட் பிராசஸிங் ஜோன்''
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Tambaram Sanatorium railway station|Tambaram Sanatorium]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
|-
|''31''
|''Tambaram*''
|''தாம்பரம்''
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
|-
|''32''
|''Irumbuliyur*''
|''இரும்புலியூர்''
|
|-
|''33''
|''Peerkankaranai*''
|''பீர்க்கன்கரனை''
|
|-
|''34''
|''Perungalathur*''
|''பெருங்களத்தூர்''
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Perungalathur railway station|Perungalathur]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
|-
|''35''
|''Vandalur*''
|''வண்டலூர்''
|[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Vandalur railway station|Vandalur]] ([[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]])
|-
|''36''
|''[[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]]'' *
|''அரிக்னார் அண்ணா உயிரியல் பூங்கா''
|
|-
|''37''
|[[Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai|''Kilambakkam Bus Terminus'']] *
|''கிளாம்பாக்கம் பேருந்து நிலையம்''
|{{rint|bus}} [[Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai|Kilambakkam Bus Terminus]]
|}
{{note label|§|§|§}} under construction

<nowiki>'''</nowiki>*<nowiki>'''</nowiki> - To Be Confirmed

== Operations ==
{{As of|2022}}, the metro operates trains from 5 AM to 11 PM with an average frequency of one train every 5 minutes in peak hours and every 8 minutes in lean hours in the blue line.<ref>{{cite news|title=Single train trip to equal 160 buses, 3000 cars and 6000 bikes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 August 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3832896.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830014100/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3832896.ece|archive-date=2012-08-30|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Timings of Chennai Metro Rail As of January 2022|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/first-and-last-train-timings_terminal_NP10_P5_2300_WK2-NP10_SUN_2200-NP10_2300_FEST.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125040226/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/first-and-last-train-timings_terminal_NP10_P5_2300_WK2-NP10_SUN_2200-NP10_2300_FEST.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2022|website=Chennai Metro Rail}}</ref> The main operational control center (OCC) is located in Koyambedu where the movement of trains and real-time CCTV footage obtained is monitored.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan|first=K.|date=26 July 2014|title=High tech control room for Chennai metro|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140726/nation-current-affairs/article/high-tech-control-room-chennai-metro|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004225518/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140726/nation-current-affairs/article/high-tech-control-room-chennai-metro|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, an elevated depot at Wimco Nagar covering an area of {{cvt|3.5|ha|abbr=on}} commenced operations with facilities for inspection, emergency repair and a washing plant.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=5 May 2018|title=Metro Rail extension gathers pace|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/metro-rail-extension-gathers-pace/article23778585.ece|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226061426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/metro-rail-extension-gathers-pace/article23778585.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=16 July 2014|title=Chennai Metro to get a second depot|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-metro-to-get-a-second-depot/article6215042.ece|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-metro-to-get-a-second-depot/article6215042.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The minimum fare is {{INR}}10 and the maximum fare is {{INR}}50.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/now-ride-from-washermanpet-to-airport-takes-just-40-minutes/article26232236.ece|title=Chennai Metro: Now, ride from Washermanpet to airport takes just 40 minutes|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=11 February 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/now-ride-from-washermanpet-to-airport-takes-just-40-minutes/article26232236.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Fare-chart-for-all-stns.pdf|title=Chennai Metro fare table|publisher=Chennai Metro|access-date=6 November 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216132211/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Fare-chart-for-all-stns.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are six types of tickets issued by CMRL for travel in Chennai Metro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tickets.chennaimetrorail.org/WEB/F03?2|title=Tickets issued by CMRL|publisher=Chennai Metro|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906163936/http://tickets.chennaimetrorail.org/WEB/F03?2|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Metro|blue line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Metro - Line 1}}
[[Category:Chennai Metro lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2016]]
[[Category:Airport rail links in India|C]]

Moti Nagar, Hyderabad

2026-01-18T16:43:24Z

RicoSturdivant: fix page and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Moti Nagar
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_alt = The location of Moti Nagar as shown within the map of Telangana, India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{coord|17.446|78.420|region:IN-TS|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Medchal Malkajgiri district, India|Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = Hyderabad
| unit_pref = Metric
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500114
| blank2_name = [[Official languages]]
| blank2_info = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
}}
'''Moti Nagar''' is a neighborhood of Hyderabad the capital of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Brigade Group expands footprint in Hyderabad with 'Citadel'| work = mint| accessdate = 2021-06-16| date = 2021-01-19| url = https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/brigade-group-expands-footprint-in-hyderabad-with-citadel-11611047493081.html}}</ref> It is {{convert|12|km|mi}} away from both the centre of the city and [[Secunderabad]]. It is near to many locations with Ameerpet being the main suburb. It houses many television artists and business personalities as it has many film studios in the vicinity.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=telangana}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

{{Hyderabad-geo-stub}}

INS Chatak

2026-01-18T07:45:46Z

RicoSturdivant: created new entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Chatak''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 9 February 1977
|decommissioned= 5 May 2005
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status=Preserved at [[INS Venduruthy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/chatak-memorial-inaugurated/453295|title='Chatak Memorial' inaugurated|website=Outlook India|date=23 February 2007|accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref>
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= [[Chamak class missile boat]]
|type=
|displacement= 245 tons (full load)<ref name=in-chamak>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082432/http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |archivedate=2009-06-19 }}</ref>
|length= 38.6 meters
|beam= 7.6 meters
|draught=
|draft=
|propulsion=
|speed= 37+ knots
|range=
|complement= 30
|sensors=
|armament=*4 × [[SS-N-2]]A Styx AShM
*1 × [[SA-N-5]] SAM
*2 × AK-230 30mm guns
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Chatak'' (K96)''' was a [[Chamak class missile boat]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-chamak/><ref name=br-osa-II>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |title=Bharat-Rakshak.com :: NAVY - Osa II Class |accessdate=2009-08-10 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209025043/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |archivedate=2010-02-09 }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Chamak-class missile boat}}
{{coord|9.953810|76.280873|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatak (K96)}}
[[Category:Chamak-class missile boats]]
[[Category:Fast attack craft of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1977 ships]]
[[Category:Museum ships in India]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1957

2026-01-14T10:12:29Z

RicoSturdivant: starting some bio from scratch - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{nofootnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the year '''1957'''.

==A-Z of films==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes
|-
|''Abhoyer Biye''||Sukumar Dasgupta||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Sova Sen]], Aparna Devi||Drama||
|-
|''[[Adarsha Hindu Hotel (film)|Adarsha Hindu Hotel]]''||Ardhendu Sen||[[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]||Drama||
|-
|''Baksiddha''||Bireshwar Basu||[[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Jahar Ganguly]], [[Tulsi Lahiri]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Bardidi]]''||[[Ajoy Kar]]||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Chhaya Devi]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Harano Sur]]''||Ajoy Kar||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Suchitra Sen]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''[[Harjeet]]''||Manu Sen||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Anita Guha]], [[Basanta Choudhury]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Harischandra''||Phani Burma||[[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]||Drama||
|-
|''Jatra Holo Shuru''||Santosh Ganguly||Dhiresh Bannerjee, Sabita Chatterjee, Uttam Kumar|| ||
|-
|''[[Jiban Trishna]]''||[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Bikash Roy]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Kabuliwala (1957 film)|Kabuliwala]]'' || [[Tapan Sinha]] || [[Chhabi Biswas]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Nilachaley Mahaprabhu]]''||Kartik Chattopadhyay ||Ahindra Choudhury, Bhanu Bandyopadhyay, Nripati Chattopadhyay, Asim Kumar ||Biographical drama||
|-
|''[[Pathey Holo Deri]]''||[[Agradoot]]||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]|| ||
|-
|''Prithvi Amarey Chai''||Niren Lahiri||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]], Sandhya Rani||Drama||
|-
|''Punar Milan''||Manu Sen||Kanu Bannerjee, Sabitri Chatterjee, Jahar Ganguly|| ||
|-
|''Surer Parashey''||Chitta Bose||Master Babua, Kali Bannerjee, Chhabi Biswas|| ||
|-
|''Tasher Ghar''||Mangal Chakravarty||Uttam Kumar, Sabitri Chatterjee, Sabita Bose|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?languages=bn&release_date=1957-01-01%2C1957-12-31&sort=moviemeter%2Casc Tollywood films of 1957] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1957 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1957}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1957]]
[[Category:Lists of 1957 films by language]]
[[Category:1957 in Indian cinema|Films, Bengali]]