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Mukhachitram

2026-05-08T01:37:01Z

RickieDumas3: made post

{{Short description|Telugu language movie}}
{{For|the 1991 Malayalam film|Mukha Chithram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mukhachitram
| image = Mukhachitram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Gangadhar
| writer = [[Sandeep Raj]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|*Vikas Vasista
*[[Priya Vadlamani]]
*[[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]]
*[[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sreenivas Bejugam
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan
| music = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| studio = Pocket Money Pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|12|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mukhachitram''''' ({{Translation|Face portrait}}) is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language [[legal drama]] film directed by Gangadhar and written by Sandeep Raj. The film stars Vikas Vasista, [[Priya Vadlamani]], [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]], and [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]] with [[Vishwak Sen]] in an extended cameo. The film released on 9 December 2022.

== Plot ==
Raj Kumar (Vikas Vasista) is a renowned plastic surgeon based in [[Hyderabad]]. He later marries [[Mahathi]] ([[Priya Vadlamani]]), a village girl whom he got to know via a marriage broker. However, his longtime friend Maya ([[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]]) is not happy with this news. A flashback shows that Maya and Raj were in love during their school days. Later, Raj moved to the US with his parents, leaving Maya behind. Raj eventually forgot about the relationship and moved on, but Maya did not. Heartbroken, Maya still accepts reality.

One year after Raj and Mahathi's marriage, Mahathi becomes pregnant. Maya meets with an accident, which completely deforms her face. Her condition also desperately requires a blood donation, but she has a rare blood group that the hospital does not have in stock. Mahathi happens to have the same blood group, so she offers to donate blood. Before the donation, a nurse asks Mahathi if she is pregnant, as donating blood during pregnancy is harmful to her health and could weaken her. To save Maya, Mahathi lies, saying she is not pregnant, and donates her blood.

A few days later, Mahathi, while alone at home, faints and falls down the stairs, injuring her head. Raj rushes her to the hospital but cannot save her life. Heartbroken, Raj makes a bold decision—to transplant Mahathi's face onto Maya. After the surgery is completed, Raj tells Maya about the incident and requests that she act as Mahathi in front of Mahathi's family, so they would not learn about her death and be devastated. Maya fully takes over Mahathi's identity and begins living with Raj as his wife.

One day, when Raj is away, Maya finds Mahathi's phone. Out of curiosity, she unlocks it and checks its contents. She discovers several voice diaries recorded by Mahathi, which shockingly reveal that she had been abused and [[Rape|raped]] by Raj throughout their marriage. Outraged, Maya invites Raj's friend Satya ([[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]]) over, traps him, and threatens him with violence to uncover the truth about what happened between Mahathi and Raj. Satya reveals another shocking detail: when Mahathi once fought back against Raj's abuse, Raj's ego was hurt, and he decided to get rid of her. After Mahathi donated blood to Maya, Raj spiked her drink, causing her to faint and fall down the stairs.

Maya decides to seek justice for Mahathi. She installs a CCTV camera in the house and tells Raj that she wants to role-play, in which she says no to him but he would force himself on her. Raj agrees. During the role-play, Raj attempts to rape Maya, but she resists. The situation escalates into a fight, and Maya calls the police. Using the CCTV footage as evidence, Maya—who is pretending to be Mahathi—accuses Raj of months-long abuse and rape.

The case is soon brought to court but faces significant challenges, as [[marital rape]] is not recognized as [[rape in India]]. Maya's lawyer delivers an emotional and powerful speech in court, leading the judge to set a precedent by effectively criminalizing marital rape and sentencing Raj to 10 years in prison.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Vikas Vasista as Dr. Raj Kumar
*[[Priya Vadlamani]] as Mahathi
*[[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]] as Maya Fernandez
*[[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]] as Dr. Satya
*[[Vishwak Sen]] as Lawyer Viswamitra (extended cameo appearance)
*[[P. Ravishankar]] as Lawyer Vashishta
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Dr. Varma
*Sruthi Singampalli as Durgamattha, Mahathi's aunt and Viswamitra's mother
*Meer S as Raghuramaiah, Mahathi's father
*Bindu Chandramouli as Vashishta's wife
*Divya Narni as Sruthi, Maya's friend
*Rocket Raghava as Marriage broker
*Bramarambika Tutika as Viswamitra's assistant lawyer
*Harsh Roshan as young Raj Kumar
*Baby Divya as young Maya
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Mukhachitram'' makes a point about marital assault and the need to give the victim an empathetic hearing. If only it had been written, narrated and enacted better".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mukhachitram-telugu-movie-review-far-from-perfect-but-makes-a-point/article66238430.ece|title='Mukhachitram' movie review: Far from perfect, but makes a point|date=9 December 2022|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103214902/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mukhachitram-telugu-movie-review-far-from-perfect-but-makes-a-point/article66238430.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Nelki Naresh Kumar for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "Ayesha Khan impresses with glamour. Vishvaksen guest-starred as a lawyer in the climax."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Mukhachitram Movie Review: ముఖ‌చిత్రం మూవీ రివ్యూ - విశ్వ‌క్‌సేన్ గెస్ట్ రోల్‌లో న‌టించిన సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mukhachitram-movie-telugu-review-121670546457372.html |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Telugu]] |date=9 December 2022 |language=te |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304120435/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mukhachitram-movie-telugu-review-121670546457372.html |url-status=dead }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Satya Pulagam for ''[[ABP News|ABP News Telegu]]'' rated 2 stars of 5 stars and wrote "Chaitanya Rao's acting and dialogue delivery are good. His timing is laughable at times. Ayesha Khan stopped at the basics in acting. She still needs a lot of improvement. Ravi Shankar's voice helped with the role of a fire lawyer in acting."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |title='ముఖచిత్రం' రివ్యూ : సినిమా చూశాక ప్రేక్షకుల ముఖచిత్రాలు ఎలా ఉంటాయంటే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/mukhachitram-review-priya-vadlamani-vikas-vasistha-chaitanya-rao-sandeep-raj-s-mukhachitram-review-rating-in-telugu-66787 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[ABP News|ABP Telegu]] |date=9 December 2022 |language=te |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304121040/https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/mukhachitram-review-priya-vadlamani-vikas-vasistha-chaitanya-rao-sandeep-raj-s-mukhachitram-review-rating-in-telugu-66787 |url-status=live }}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Stream Mukhachitram on Aha |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/mukhachitram |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429071029/https://www.aha.video/movie/mukhachitram |url-status=live }}</ref> where the film premiered on 3 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=Mukhachitram OTT Streaming Details |url=https://filmyfocus.com/mukhachitram-ott-streaming-details |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Filmy Focus |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429071032/https://filmyfocus.com/mukhachitram-ott-streaming-details |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Mukhachitram OTT Release Date: Telugu film 'Mukhachitram' streaming now on Aha Video |url=https://pricebaba.com/blog/mukhachitram-ott-release-date-aha-video-february-3 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Pricebaba.com Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429071027/https://pricebaba.com/blog/mukhachitram-ott-release-date-aha-video-february-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt23875342}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kaala Bhairava]]

Lok Bhavan, Nainital

2026-05-07T06:58:28Z

RickieDumas3:

{{short description|Government building in Nainital, Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan, Nainital
|image = Governor’s House, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.jpg
|caption = Lok Bhavan, Nainital
|building_type = Summer residence
|coordinates = {{Coord|29.374|79.457|display=title,inline}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date = 1897
|number_of_rooms = 113
|elevator_count =
|current_tenants = Gurmit Singh
|floor_area = 205 acre
|architect = Stevens
|engineer = F. O. W. Ortel
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
|operator =
|references = [http://www.governoruk.gov.in/ Website] [http://www.governoruk.gov.in/pages/show/76-rajbhawan-nainital Rajbhavan Nainital]
}}
[[File:Governor-House-Nainital-Golf-Course-Maneesh-Bisht.jpg|thumb|left|The Golf Course]]
The '''Lok Bhavan''' (formerly '''Raj Bhavan''') or '''Governor's House''' of [[Uttarakhand]] is located in [[Nainital]]. It is the summer retreat of the [[governor of Uttarakhand]]. In the [[British Raj|pre-Independence era]], Nainital served as the summer capital of [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] and this building, built like a Scottish castle, was christened as the "Government House". Raj Bhavan was built by the British as the residence of the governor of the [[North-Western Provinces]].<ref name="rajc">{{cite web|url =https://nainital.nic.in/tourist-place/governors-house-raj-bhavan/|title = Governor’s House (Raj Bhavan)| accessdate = 15 February 2015| publisher = Nainital.nic.in}}</ref> The beginning of construction of Raj Bhavan started in April 1897 and took two years to complete. It is built on European pattern and based on [[Gothic architecture]]. The designers of Raj Bhavan at Nainital were Architect Stevens and the Executive Engineer F. O. W. Ortel. After independence it was renamed as Raj Bhavan.<ref name="rajc" />
[[File:Governor_House,_Nainital,_Uttarakhand,_India.jpg|thumb|Governor House, [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]], it is the summer retreat of the [[Governor of Uttarakhand]].]]
The Raj Bhavan estate is spread over 220 acre of area with a golf course in 45 acre of land. The golf course of Raj Bhavan, built in 1936, is one of the vintage golf courses in India, and is affiliated to the Indian Golf Union. In the post-independence period, [[Sarojini Naidu]], the first governor of [[Uttar Pradesh]], was the first occupant of this historic monument.<ref name=rajb>{{cite web|url =http://www.governoruk.gov.in/pages/display/62|title = An Introduction| accessdate = 15 February 2015| publisher = governoruk.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Raj Bhavan, Dehradun]]
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://governoruk.gov.in/ Official website of Raj Bhavan, Uttarakhand]
* [http://www.governoruk.gov.in/pages/show/76-rajbhawan-nainital Rajbhavan Nainital]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061027143752/http://www.sarkaritel.com/states/governors_state.htm Lt. Governor's and Governor's of States & Union Territories (India)]
{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1899]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Raver Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:23:45Z

RickieDumas3: creating a post w/ sources...

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raver
| constituency_no = 11
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 11-Raver.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]
| district = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Amol Haribhau Jawale]]
| party = {{Party index link|BJP}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = NDA
| electors =309,790
}}
'''Raver Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India. This constituency is located in [[Jalgaon district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra |access-date=8 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref>

==Overview==
Raver is part of [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely [[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]], [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]], [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]] and [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]] in Jalgaon district and [[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]] in adjoining [[Buldhana district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bonde Dhanji Maharu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Wankhede Keshavrao Raghoo
|-
| rowspan="5" | Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Ramkrishan Raghunath Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Gunwantrao Rambhau Sarode|Dr. Gunwantrao Rambhau Sarode]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Arun Pandurang Patil || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Mahajan Rajaram Ganu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Arun Pandurang Patil || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Shirish Madhukarrao Chaudhari]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Haribhau Jawale]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Shirish Madhukarrao Chaudhari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Amol Haribhau Jawale]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Raver">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Raver |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1311.htm |access-date=27 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127065138/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1311.htm |archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Amol Haribhau Jawale]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 113,676 |percentage = 49.61% |change = {{increase}}18.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Dhananjay Shirish |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,114 |percentage = 30.60% |change = {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Chhabildas Chaudhari |party = Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 25,170 |percentage = 10.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dara Mohammad Jafar Mohammad |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,814 |percentage = 4.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shameebha Bhanudas Patil |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,453 |percentage = 3.69% |change = {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,477 |percentage = 0.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,562 |percentage = 19.01% |change = {{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 230,600 |percentage = 74.44% |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 229,123}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 309,790 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shirish Madhukarrao Chaudhari]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,941 |percentage = 38.69% |change = {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haribhau Madhav Jawale |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,332 |percentage = 30.94% |change = {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Chabildas Chawadari |party = Independent politician |votes = 44,841 |percentage = 22.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haji Sayad Mushtak Sayad Kamaruddin |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,707 |percentage = 3.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vivek Devidas Thakare (Bapu Dhobi) |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 3,545 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gayasoddin Sadaroddin Kazi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,693 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,946 |percentage = 0.97% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. D. Wani (Photographer) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,333 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,609 |percentage = 7.75% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 203,428 |percentage = 69.34% |change = {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 201,450}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 293,382 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Haribhau Jawale]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,962 |percentage = 36.23% |change = {{increase}}15.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Shirish Madhukarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,962 |percentage = 30.74% |change = {{increase}}12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Gaffar Malik |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 31,271 |percentage = 17.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Pralhad Ramdas |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 14,928 |percentage = 8.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwar Pundlik Tayde |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,019 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sapkale Pradip Bhimrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,828 |percentage = 1.55% |change = {{decrease}}8.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Rauf Hafij |party = Welfare Party of India |votes = 1,970 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,722 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,000 |percentage = 5.49% |change = {{decrease}}8.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 183,856 |percentage = 66.82% |change = {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,043}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,136 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shirish Madhukarrao Chaudhari]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 54,115 |percentage = 35.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shobhatai Vilas Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,579 |percentage = 21.20% |change = {{decrease}}26.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Ramesh Viththal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,638 |percentage = 18.63% |change = {{decrease}}20.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramesh Nagaraj |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 16,085 |percentage = 10.46% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharat Totaram Mahajan |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,953 |percentage = 4.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sopan Baburao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,107 |percentage = 3.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wani D. D. (Photographer) (Dhyaneshwar Diwakar Wani) |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,551 |percentage = 2.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kachhi Karim Kasam |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,419 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,536 |percentage = 14.01% |change = {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,712 |percentage = 62.74% |change = {{decrease}}7.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,708}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,991 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Pandurang Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,111 |percentage = 47.62% |change = {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. K. Mahajan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,180 |percentage = 39.10% |change = {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Allauddin Shaikh Rashid |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,884 |percentage = 6.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wani Rajendra Motlilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,644 |percentage = 3.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. D. Wani (Photographer) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,711 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,931 |percentage = 8.52% |change = {{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,369 |percentage = 70.71% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,343}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,532 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Rajaram Ganu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,719 |percentage = 43.38% |change = {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Pandurang Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,251 |percentage = 37.50% |change = {{decrease}}7.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirish Madhukarrao Chaudhary |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 20,588 |percentage = 18.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,468 |percentage = 5.88% |change = {{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,732 |percentage = 72.12% |change = {{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,001}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,865 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Pandurang Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,897 |percentage = 44.99% |change = {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,714 |percentage = 40.82% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ad. Tadvi Yakub Sayabu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 12,039 |percentage = 9.69% |change = {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sk. Nisar Sk. Rajjak |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,485 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kambale Dilip Tanbaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,295 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sandhya Pritamsing |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 909 |percentage = 0.73% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,183 |percentage = 4.17% |change = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,843 |percentage = 79.77% |change = {{increase}}7.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,235}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,522 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,116 |percentage = 39.79% |change = {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunwant Rambhan Sarode |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,837 |percentage = 34.80% |change = {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil. L. K |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 25,225 |percentage = 23.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,279 |percentage = 4.99% |change = {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,628 |percentage = 72.73% |change = {{increase}}15.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,845}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,977 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gunwantrao Rambhau Sarode|Dr. Gunwantrao Rambhau Sarode]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,074 |percentage = 40.56% |change = {{increase}}16.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirabai Dagekhan Tadavi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,463 |percentage = 33.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suman Chudaman Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,946 |percentage = 14.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Konghe Chudaman Dalpat |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,999 |percentage = 7.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Sharwan Phalak |party = Independent politician |votes = 774 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Yadavrao Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 417 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulabrao Chudamn Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 402 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,611 |percentage = 6.91% |change = {{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,206 |percentage = 57.57% |change = {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,748}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,479 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramkrishan Raghunath Patil |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,545 |percentage = 43.78% |change = {{increase}}25.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramkrishna Sitaram |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 18,932 |percentage = 31.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunvant Rambhan Sarode |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,699 |percentage = 24.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,613 |percentage = 12.56% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,311 |percentage = 56.76% |change = {{decrease}}19.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,626}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,783 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,961 |percentage = 36.19% |change = {{decrease}}56.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarode Gunwant Rambhau |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,287 |percentage = 23.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sk. Abdul Nabi Sk. Hamid |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 13,419 |percentage = 18.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Vasant Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,929 |percentage = 17.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Pandurng Eknath |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,626 |percentage = 4.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,674 |percentage = 12.99% |change = {{decrease}}73.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,140 |percentage = 76.14% |change = {{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,497}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,318 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}56.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,967 |percentage = 93.02% |change = {{increase}}19.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhika Nathu Patil |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,748 |percentage = 6.98% |change = {{decrease}}6.67 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,219 |percentage = 86.04% |change = {{increase}}26.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,566 |percentage = 63.22% |change = {{decrease}}11.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,715}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,890 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}19.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,335 |percentage = 73.29% |change = {{increase}}13.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Patil |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,325 |percentage = 13.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Patil |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 5,529 |percentage = 10.30% |change = {{decrease}}27.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. K. Chaudhari |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,481 |percentage = 2.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,010 |percentage = 59.64% |change = {{increase}}37.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,076 |percentage = 74.88% |change = {{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,670}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,559 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,848 |percentage = 59.72% |change = {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajananrao Raghunathrao Garud |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 18,169 |percentage = 37.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadav Mukund Tavde |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,289 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,679 |percentage = 22.11% |change = {{increase}}19.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,567 |percentage = 78.19% |change = {{decrease}}45.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,306}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,948 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}47.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}32.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wankhede Keshavrao Raghoo |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,406 |percentage = 26.75% |change = {{decrease}}13.30 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,131 |percentage = 26.57% |change = {{decrease}}13.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandit Sonoo Ananda |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 37,255 |percentage = 24.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalerao Trimbak Senu |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 34,995 |percentage = 22.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,151 |percentage = 2.68% |change = {{decrease}}19.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,787 |percentage = 123.96% |change = {{increase}}56.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,787}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,864 |ref = |change = {{increase}}113.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Raver <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bonde Dhanji Maharu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,755 |percentage = 40.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Tukaram Dattu |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 7,066 |percentage = 17.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fegade Lodhu Ichharam |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,983 |percentage = 17.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vithal Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,719 |percentage = 12.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishnu Hari |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,752 |percentage = 9.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhangale Chudaman Bhikaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,059 |percentage = 2.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,689 |percentage = 22.09% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,334 |percentage = 67.22% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,334}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,515 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.24|76.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

History of Buddhism

2026-05-05T17:40:12Z

RickieDumas3: started first stub v1...

{{Short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=September 2023}}
{{Buddhism}}

The '''history of Buddhism''' can be traced back to the 5th century BCE. [[Buddhism]] originated in Ancient India, in and around the ancient Kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], and is based on the teachings of the renunciate [[Siddhartha Gautama|Siddhārtha Gautama]]. The religion evolved as it spread from the northeastern region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] throughout [[Central Asia|Central]], [[East Asia|East]], and [[Southeast Asia]]. At one time or another, it influenced most of [[Asia]].

The history of Buddhism is also characterized by the development of numerous movements, [[Schism|schisms]], and philosophical schools. Among them were the [[Theravada|Theravāda]], [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] traditions, with contrasting periods of expansion and retreat.

==Shakyamuni Buddha (5th cent. BCE)==
[[File:Buddhist Expansion.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.15 |Buddhist expansion, from Buddhist heartland in northern India (dark orange) starting 5th century BCE, to Buddhist majority realm (orange), and historical extent of Buddhism influences (yellow). Mahayana (red arrow), Theravada (green arrow), and Tantric-Vajrayana (blue arrow).]]
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|upright=1.15 |The [[Mahajanapadas]] were the sixteen most powerful and vast kingdoms and republics around the lifetime of [[Gautama Buddha]] (563–483 BCE), located mainly across the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic plains]], there were also a number of smaller kingdoms stretching the length and breadth of [[Ancient India]].]]

[[Siddhārtha Gautama]] (5th cent. BCE) was the historical founder of [[Buddhism]]. The early sources state he was born in the small [[Shakya]] (Pali: Sakya) Republic, which was part of the [[Kosala]] realm of [[Janapada|ancient India]], now in modern-day [[Nepal]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=14}} He is thus also known as the ''Shakyamuni'' (literally: "The sage of the Shakya clan").

The [[Early Buddhist Texts]] contain no continuous life of the buddha, only later after 200 BCE were various "biographies" with much [[mythological]] embellishment written.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|pp=14–15}} All texts agree however that Gautama [[renounce]]d the householder life and lived as a [[Śramaṇa|sramana]] [[Asceticism|ascetic]] for some time studying under various teachers, before attaining [[nirvana]] (extinguishment) and [[bodhi]] (awakening) through [[meditation]].

For the remaining 45 years of his life, he travelled the [[Ganges Basin|Gangetic Plains]] of eastern-central [[India]] (the region of the [[Ganges River]] and its tributaries), teaching his [[doctrine]] to a diverse range of people from different [[Caste system in India|castes]] and initiating [[monks]] into his order. The Buddha sent his disciples to spread the teaching across India. He also initiated an order of [[nun]]s.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=24}} He urged his disciples to teach in the local language or [[dialect]]s.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=25}} He spent a lot of his time near the cities of [[Shravasti|Sāvatthī]], [[Rajgir|Rājagaha]] and [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]] (Skt. Śrāvastī, Rājagrha, Vāiśalī).{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=24}} By the time of his death at 80, he had thousands of followers.

==Early Buddhism==
{{Further|Pre-sectarian Buddhism}}

After the death of the Buddha, the Buddhist [[sangha]] ([[monastic]] community) remained centered on the Ganges valley, spreading gradually from its ancient heartland. The [[canonical]] sources record various councils, where the monastic [[Sangha]] recited and organised the orally transmitted collections of the Buddha's teachings and settled certain [[disciplinary]] problems within the community. Modern scholarship has questioned the accuracy and [[historicity]] of these traditional accounts.<ref>Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 43.</ref>

The [[first Buddhist council]] is traditionally said to have been held just after Buddha's [[Parinirvana]], and presided over by [[Mahākāśyapa]], one of his most senior disciples, at Rājagṛha (today's [[Rajgir]]) with the support of king [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]]. According to Charles Prebish, almost all scholars have questioned the historicity of this first council.{{sfn|Prebish|1975}}{{page needed|date=September 2023}}

==Mauryan empire (322–180 BCE)==
{{Further|Ashoka the Great|Maurya Empire}}
{{See also|Edicts of Ashoka|Ashokavadana}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 440
| align = center
| image1 = Buddha Sakyamuni on the Rummindei pillar of Ashoka.jpg
| caption1 = The words "[[Buddha|Bu-dhe]]" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the [[Buddha]]) and "[[Shakyas|Sa-kya]]-[[Muni (Saint)|mu-nī]]" ( [[wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻|𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻]], "Sage of the [[Shakyas]]") in [[Brahmi script]], on [[Ashoka]]'s [[Lumbini pillar inscription]] (circa 250 BCE)
| image2 = 6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG
| caption2 = Fragment of the 6th Pillar [[Edicts of Ashoka|Edict of Aśoka]] (238 BCE), in [[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]], sandstone. [[British Museum]].
}}
[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE.png|thumb|right |upright=1.15|The [[Maurya Empire]] under [[Ashoka|Emperor Aśoka]] was the world's first major Buddhist state. It established free hospitals and free education and promoted human rights. Territories of the Maurya Empire conceptualized as core areas or linear networks separated by large autonomous regions in the works of scholars such as: historians [[Hermann Kulke]] and [[Dietmar Rothermund]];{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|2004|p=69-70}} [[Burton Stein]];<ref name="Stein2010">{{citation|last=Stein|first=Burton|title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=GBS.PA74 |year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|page=74 |quote=In the past it was not uncommon for historians to conflate the vast space thus outlined with the oppressive realm described in the Arthashastra and to posit one of the earliest and certainly one of the largest totalitarian regimes in all of history. Such a picture is no longer considered believable; at present what is taken to be the realm of Ashoka is a discontinuous set of several core regions separated by very large areas occupied by relatively autonomous peoples.}}</ref> David Ludden;<ref>
{{citation |last=Ludden |first=David|title=India and South Asia: A Short History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbFHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=28–30}}
</ref> and [[Romila Thapar]];{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015 |pp=451–466}} anthropologists [[Monica L. Smith]]{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015 |p=453}} and [[Stanley Tambiah]];{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015 |pp=451–466}} archaeologist [[Robin Coningham]];{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015 |pp=451–466}} and historical demographer [[Tim Dyson]].<ref>{{citation|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |pages=16–17|quote=Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south.}}</ref>]]

===Second Buddhist council and first schism===
[[File:War over the Buddha's Relics, South Gate, Stupa no. 1, Sanchi.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|{{center|1=[[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s defending the city of [[Kusinagara]], as depicted at [[Sanchi]]. The leader of the Mallakas, under siege, by the seven gods, during the ''War of the Relics'', which were objects associated with the Buddha. The Mallakas were an [[Republic#Indian subcontinent|ancient Indian republic]] ([[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]]) that constituted one of the ''solasa'' (sixteen) [[Mahajanapadas]] (great realms) of [[ancient India]] as mentioned in the ''[[Anguttara Nikaya]]''.<ref>''Asiatic Mythology'' by J. Hackin [https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZrFhvqnTkC&pg=PA83 pp. 83ff]</ref>}}]]

After an initial period of unity, divisions in the sangha or monastic community led to the first schism of the sangha into two groups: the [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthavira]] (Elders) and [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasamghika]] (Great Sangha). Most scholars agree that the schism was caused by disagreements over points of [[vinaya]] (monastic discipline).{{sfn|Harvey|2012|pp=88–90}} Over time, these two monastic fraternities would further divide into various [[Early Buddhist schools|Early Buddhist Schools]].

Lamotte and Hirakawa both maintain that the first schism in the Buddhist sangha occurred during the reign of Ashoka.<ref>Lamotte, Étienne (1988) History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era, translated from the French by Sara Boin-Webb, Louvain: Peeters Press</ref><ref>Hirakawa, Akira (1990), [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/23030 A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahāyāna], tr. Paul Groner, University of Hawaii Press</ref> According to scholar Collett Cox "most scholars would agree that even though the roots of the earliest recognized groups predate [[Ashoka|Aśoka]], their actual separation did not occur until after his death."{{sfnp|Cox|1995|p=23}} According to the Theravada tradition, the split took place at the [[Second Buddhist council]], which took place at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], approximately one hundred years after Gautama Buddha's [[parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]]. While the second council probably was a historical event,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=((The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica)) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhist-council |title=Buddhist Council |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=19 Dec 2017 |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref> traditions regarding the Second Council are confusing and ambiguous. According to the Theravada tradition the overall result was the first schism in the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]], between the Sthavira nikāya and the Mahāsāṃghikas, although it is not agreed upon by all what the cause of this split was.{{sfn|Skilton|2004|p=47}}

The Sthaviras gave birth to a large number of influential schools including the [[Sarvāstivāda]], the [[Pudgalavāda]] (also known as ''Vatsīputrīya''), the [[Dharmaguptaka]]s and the [[Vibhajyavāda]] (the [[Theravada|Theravādins]] being descended from these). The [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasamghikas]] meanwhile also developed their own schools and doctrines early on, which can be seen in texts like the [[Mahavastu]], associated with the [[Lokottaravāda]], or ‘Transcendentalist’ school, who might be the same as the [[Ekavyāvahārika]]s or "One-utterancers".{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=98}} This school has been seen as foreshadowing certain [[Mahayana]] ideas, especially due to their view that all of Gautama Buddha's acts were "transcendental" or "supramundane", even those performed before his Buddhahood.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=98}}

In the third century BCE, some Buddhists began introducing new systematized teachings called [[Abhidharma]], based on previous lists or tables (''Matrka'') of main doctrinal topics.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=90}} Unlike the [[Nikāya|Nikayas]], which were prose [[Sutta Pitaka|sutras]] or discourses, the Abhidharma literature consisted of systematic doctrinal exposition and often differed across the Buddhist schools who disagreed on points of doctrine.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=90}} Abhidharma sought to analyze all experience into its ultimate constituents, phenomenal events or processes called ''dharmas''. These texts further contributed to the development of sectarian identities.{{sfnp|Cox|1995|p=23}} The various splits within the monastic organization went together with the introduction and emphasis on [[Abhidhamma|Abhidhammic literature]] by some schools. This literature was specific to each school, and arguments and disputes between the schools were often based on these Abhidhammic writings. However, actual splits were originally based on disagreements on [[vinaya]] (monastic discipline), though later on, by about 100 [[Common Era|CE]] or earlier, they could be based on doctrinal disagreement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Peter |title=Introduction to Buddhism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |page=74}}</ref> Pre-sectarian Buddhism, however, did not have Abhidhammic scriptures, except perhaps for a basic framework, and not all of the early schools developed an Abhidhamma literature.

===Ashokan missions===
[[File:Asoka̠ Buddhist Missions.png|thumb|right|Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of [[Ashoka]]]]

During the reign of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]] (268–232 BCE), Buddhism gained royal support and began to spread more widely, reaching most of the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=100}} After his [[Kalinga War|invasion of Kalinga]], [[Ashoka]] seems to have experienced remorse and began working to improve the lives of his subjects. [[Ashoka]] also built wells, rest-houses and hospitals for humans and animals. He also abolished torture, royal hunting trips and perhaps even the death penalty.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=101}} [[Ashoka]] also supported non-Buddhist faiths like [[Jainism]] and [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=102}} [[Ashoka]] propagated religion by building [[stupa]]s and pillars urging, among other things, respect of all animal life and enjoining people to follow the [[Dharma]]. He has been hailed by Buddhist sources as the model for the compassionate [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|chakravartin]] (wheel turning monarch).{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=100}}

Another feature of Mauryan Buddhism was the worship and veneration of [[stupa]]s, large mounds which contained relics ([[Pali]]: [[Śarīra|''sarīra'']]) of the Buddha or other saints within.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=103}} It was believed that the practice of devotion to these relics and stupas could bring blessings.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=103}} Perhaps the best-preserved example of a Mauryan Buddhist site is the [[Great Stupa of Sanchi]] (dating from the 3rd century BCE).{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=103}}

According to the plates and pillars left by Aśoka (known as the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]), emissaries were sent to various countries in order to spread Buddhism, as far south as [[Sri Lanka]] and as far west as the Greek kingdoms, in particular the neighboring [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], and possibly even farther to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].

===Third council===
[[Theravada|Theravadin]] sources state that [[Ashoka]] convened the [[third Buddhist council]] around 250 BCE at Pataliputra (today's [[Patna, India|Patna]]) with the elder [[Moggaliputtatissa]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=102}} The objective of the council was to purify the Saṅgha, particularly from non-Buddhist ascetics who had been attracted by the royal patronage.<ref>Centāraśśēri, Ṭi Ecc Pi (1998). ''History of the Indigenous Indians'', p. 64. APH Publishing. {{ISBN|978-81-7024-959-7}}.</ref> Following the council, Buddhist missionaries were dispatched throughout the known world, as is recorded in some of the edicts of Ashoka.

=== Proselytism in the Hellenistic world ===
{{Main|Greco-Buddhism}}
{{See also|Buddhism in the West}}

Some of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] describe the efforts made by him to propagate the Buddhist faith throughout the Hellenistic world, which at that time formed an uninterrupted cultural continuum from the borders of India to Greece. The edicts indicate a clear understanding of the political organization in Hellenistic territories: the names and locations of the main Greek monarchs of the time are identified, and they are claimed as recipients of Buddhist [[proselytism]]: [[Antiochus II Theos]] of the [[Seleucid Kingdom]] (261–246 BCE), [[Ptolemy II of Egypt|Ptolemy II Philadelphos]] of Egypt (285–247 BCE), [[Antigonus Gonatas]] of Macedonia (276–239 BCE), [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] (288–258 BCE) in [[Cyrenaica]] (modern [[Libya]]), and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander II]] (272–255 BCE) in [[Epirus]] (modern Northwestern [[Greece]]). One of the edicts states:

:"The conquest by [[Dharma]] has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred [[yojana]]s (5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the [[Chola]]s, the [[Pandya]]s, and as far as [[Tamraparni]] ([[Sri Lanka]])." ([[Edicts of Ashoka|Edicts of Aśoka]], 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika).

Furthermore, according to the [[Mahavamsa]] (XII), some of Ashoka's emissaries were Greek ([[Yona]]), particularly one named [[Dharmaraksita|Dhammarakkhita]]. He also issued edicts in the Greek language as well as in Aramaic. One of them, found in Kandahar, advocates the adoption of "piety" (using the Greek term ''[[eusebeia]]'' for [[Dharma]]) to the Greek community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan History – Mauryans & Graeco-Bactrians (c. 305 B.C. - 48 B.C.) |website=Afghanan Dot Net |url=http://www.afghanan.net/afghanistan/mauryans.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2012-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201030234/http://www.afghanan.net/afghanistan/mauryans.htm}}</ref>

It is not clear how much these interactions may have been influential, but authors like [[Robert Linssen]] have commented that Buddhism may have influenced Western thought and religion at that time. Linssen points to the presence of Buddhist communities in the Hellenistic world around that period, in particular in [[Alexandria]] (mentioned by [[Clement of Alexandria]]), and to the pre-Christian monastic order of the [[Therapeutae]] (possibly a deformation of the Pāli word "[[Theravada|Theravāda]]"<ref name=Thundy>{{cite book| last = Thundy| first = Zacharias P.| title = Buddha and Christ: Nativity Stories & Indian Traditions | publisher = [[Brill Publishers]] | date = 1993| pages = 244–249| isbn = 9004097414}}</ref>), who may have "almost entirely drawn (its) inspiration from the teaching and practices of Buddhist asceticism"<ref>"Zen living", [[Robert Linssen]]</ref> and may even have been descendants of Aśoka's emissaries to the West.<ref>"The Original Jesus" (Element Books, Shaftesbury, 1995), Elmar R Gruber, Holger Kersten</ref> Philosophers like [[Hegesias of Cyrene]] and [[Pyrrho]] are sometimes thought to have been influenced by Buddhist teachings.<ref>{{cite magazine |quote=The philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene (nicknamed ''Peisithanatos'', 'The advocate of death') was a contemporary of Magas and was probably influenced by the teachings of the Buddhist missionaries to Cyrene and Alexandria. His influence was such that he was ultimately prohibited from teaching. |first=Jean-Marie |last=Lafont |title=[[Inalco]] |magazine=Les Dossiers d'Archéologie |number=254 |page=78}}</ref><ref>Adrian Kuzminski, Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism (Studies in Comparative Philosophy and Religion) 2008</ref>

Buddhist gravestones from the [[Ptolemaic period]] have also been found in Alexandria, decorated with depictions of the Dharma wheel.<ref>Tarn, ''The Greeks in Bactria and India''</ref> The presence of Buddhists in Alexandria has even drawn the conclusion that they influenced monastic Christianity.<ref>[[Robert Linssen]], ''Zen living''</ref> In the 2nd century CE, the Christian dogmatist, [[Clement of Alexandria]] recognized Bactrian ''[[Sramana|śramanas]]'' and Indian ''[[gymnosophist]]s'' for their influence on Greek thought.<ref>{{cite web |author=Clement of Alexandria |title=The Stromata, or Miscellanies |at=Book I, Chapter XV |via=Early Christian Writings |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book1.html |access-date=2010-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510193118/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book1.html |archive-date=2010-05-10 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Establishment of Sri Lanka Buddhism===
{{Further|Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Buddhism in Burma}}
[[File:Jetavanaramaya Stupa.jpg|thumb|[[Jetavanaramaya]] in [[Anuradhapura]], [[Sri Lanka]], is the biggest brick structure in the world.<ref name="IESL">{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130707/education/national-engineering-technological-heritage-gallery-ceremonially-opened-51290.html | title=National Engineering Technological Heritage Gallery ceremonially opened | publisher=The Sunday Times | access-date=30 September 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112203956/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130707/education/national-engineering-technological-heritage-gallery-ceremonially-opened-51290.html | archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref>]]
Sri Lankan chronicles like the ''[[Dipavamsa]]'' state that Ashoka's son [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] brought Buddhism to the island during the 2nd century BCE. In addition, Ashoka's daughter, [[Sanghamitta|Saṅghamitta]] also established the [[bhikkhunī]] (order for nuns) in Sri Lanka, also bringing with her a sapling of the sacred [[Bodhi Tree|bodhi tree]] that was subsequently planted in [[Anuradhapura]]. These two figures are seen as the mythical founders of the Sri Lankan [[Theravada]].<ref>Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity'', Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1–3, {{ISBN|978-1-4051-8907-1}}</ref> They are said to have converted the King [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|Devanampiya Tissa]] (307–267 BCE) and many of the nobility.

The first architectural records of Buddha images, however, actually come from the reign of King [[Vasabha of Anuradhapura|Vasabha]] (65–109 CE).<ref>Bandaranayake, S.D. Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viháras of Anurádhapura, p. 22</ref> The major Buddhist monasteries and schools in Ancient Sri Lanka were [[Mahavihara|Mahāvihāra]], [[Abhayagiri vihāra|Abhayagiri]] and [[Jetavana]].{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=280}} The [[Pali Canon|Pāli canon]] was written down during the 1st century BCE to preserve the teaching in a time of war and famine.<ref>Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, a social history from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge; 2 edition (July 26, 2006), p. 152</ref> It is the only complete collection of [[Buddhist texts]] to survive in a [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan language]].<ref>Bhikkhu Bodhi, In the Buddha's words, p. 13</ref> It reflects the tradition of the [[Mahavihara]] school. Later [[Pali]] [[Mahavihara]] commentators of the [[Theravada]] such as [[Buddhaghosa|Buddhaghoṣa]] (4th–5th century) and [[Dhammapala|Dhammapāla]] (5th–6th century), systematized the traditional Sri Lankan commentary literature ([[Atthakatha]]).

Although [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna Buddhism]] gained some influence in Sri Lanka as it was studied in [[Abhayagiri vihāra|Abhayagiri]] and [[Jetavana]], the [[Mahavihara]] (“Great Monastery”) school became dominant in Sri Lanka following the reign of [[Parakramabahu I]] (1153–1186), who abolished the Abhayagiri and Jetavanin traditions.<ref>Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC ''A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna'']. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 126. {{ISBN|978-81-208-0955-0}}.</ref>

==Mahāyāna Buddhism==
{{Further|Mahayana}}
[[File:Amaravati Stupa relief at Museum.jpg|thumb|A relief depicting the [[Amarāvatī Stupa]], a major site in [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]]]
The Buddhist movement that became known as Mahayana (Great Vehicle) and also the Bodhisattvayana, began sometime between 150 BCE and 100 CE, drawing on both [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasamghika]] and [[Sarvastivada]] trends.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|pp=108, 110}} The earliest inscription which is recognizably Mahayana dates from 180 CE and is found in [[Mathura]].<ref>Neelis, Jason. ''Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks.''2010. p. 141</ref>

The Mahayana emphasized the [[Bodhisattva]] path to full [[Buddhahood]] (in contrast to the spiritual goal of [[arhat]]ship). It emerged as a set of loose groups associated with new texts named the [[Mahayana sutras]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=108}} The Mahayana sutras promoted new doctrines, such as the idea that "there exist other Buddhas who are simultaneously preaching in countless other world-systems".{{sfn|Snellgrove|2004|p=56}} In time Mahayana Bodhisattvas and also multiple Buddhas came to be seen as transcendental beneficent beings who were subjects of devotion.{{sfn|Snellgrove|2004|p=58}}

Mahayana remained a minority among Indian Buddhists for some time, growing slowly until about half of all monks encountered by [[Xuanzang]] in 7th-century India were Mahayanists.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=109}} Early Mahayana schools of thought included the [[Madhyamaka|Mādhyamaka]], [[Yogacara|Yogācāra]], and [[Buddha-nature]] (''Tathāgatagarbha'') teachings. Mahayana is today the dominant form of [[East Asian Buddhism|Buddhism in East Asia]] and Tibet.

Several scholars have suggested that the [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā sūtras]], which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras,<ref>Williams, Paul. ''Buddhist Thought.'' Routledge, 2000, p. 131.</ref><ref>Williams, Paul. ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.'' Routledge, 2009, p. 47.</ref> developed among the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] along the [[Krishna River|Kṛṣṇa River]] in the [[Andhra Pradesh#Early history|Āndhra]] region of [[South India]].<ref>Guang Xing. ''The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.'' 2004. pp. 65–66 "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krsna River."</ref> The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the [[Prajñāpāramitā]] genre, along with texts concerning [[Aksobhya|Akṣobhya Buddha]], which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.<ref name="Hirakawa Akira 1993, p. 263">Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993). ''A History of Indian Buddhism''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 253, 263, 268</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Warder|2000|p=335}}: "The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras".</ref><ref>Guang Xing. ''The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.'' 2004. pp. 65–66</ref><ref>Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993). ''A History of Indian Buddhism''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 252, 253</ref> [[A.K. Warder]] believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country."{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=313}} Anthony Barber and Sree Padma also trace Mahayana Buddhism to ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including [[Amaravati Stupa]], [[Nagarjunakonda|Nāgārjunakoṇḍā]] and [[Jaggaiahpet|Jaggayyapeṭa]].<ref>Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.'' SUNY Press 2008, p. 2.</ref>

==Shunga dynasty (2nd–1st century BCE)==
{{Further|Shunga Empire}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500
| image1 = Sanchi Great Stupa Mauryan configuration.jpg
| caption1 = Approximate reconstitution of the Great Stupa with [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashoka Pillar]], [[Sanchi]], India
| image2 = Sanchi Great Stupa under the Sungas.jpg
| caption2 = During 2nd century BCE the [[Sanchi]] stupa was nearly doubled in diameter, was encased in stone, and a [[balustrade]] and railing was built around it.<ref>''Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD'', Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 pp. 88ff]</ref>
}}

The [[Shunga dynasty]] (185–73 BCE) was established about 50 years after Ashoka's death. After assassinating King [[Brhadrata]] (last of the [[Mauryan]] rulers), military commander-in-chief [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] took the throne. Buddhist religious scriptures such as the [[Ashokavadana|Aśokāvadāna]] allege that Pushyamitra (an orthodox [[Brahmin]]) was hostile towards Buddhists and persecuted the Buddhist faith. Buddhists wrote that he "destroyed hundreds of monasteries and killed hundreds of thousands of innocent Monks":<ref>''[[Divyavadana|Divyāvadāna]]'', pp. 429–434</ref> 840,000 Buddhist [[stupa]]s which had been built by Ashoka were destroyed, and 100 gold coins were offered for the head of each Buddhist monk.<ref>Indian Historical Quarterly Vol. XXII, pp. 81 ff cited in Hars, p. 407.{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}{{better source needed|date=March 2018}}</ref>

Modern historians, however, dispute this view in the light of literary and archaeological evidence. They opine that following Ashoka's sponsorship of Buddhism, it is possible that Buddhist institutions fell on harder times under the Shungas, but no evidence of active persecution has been noted. [[Etienne Lamotte]] observes: "To judge from the documents, Pushyamitra must be acquitted through lack of proof."<ref>{{Cite web |website=The Koneraad Elst Site |url=http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/books/acat/ch2.htm |title=2. Ashoka and Pushyamitra, iconoclasts? |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2017-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401171759/http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/books/acat/ch2.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another eminent historian, [[Romila Thapar]] points to archaeological evidence that "suggests the contrary" to the claim that "Pushyamitra was a fanatical anti-Buddhist" and that he "never actually destroyed 840,000 stupas as claimed by Buddhist works, if any". Thapar stresses that Buddhist accounts are probably hyperbolic renditions of Pushyamitra's attack of the Mauryas, and merely reflect the desperate frustration of the Buddhist religious figures in the face of the possibly irreversible decline in the importance of their religion under the Shungas.<ref>Ashoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press, 1960 p. 200</ref>

During the period, Buddhist monks deserted the [[Ganges]] valley, following either the northern road (''[[uttarapatha]]'') or the southern road (''dakṣinapatha'').<ref>{{harvnb|Tissot|1970|p=128}}: "The monks, expelled from the Ganges valley, maybe by sectarian disputes, followed the northern road (Uttarapatha) or the northern road (Daksinapatha), which conducted them to the Northwest for some, and to the Occidental ocean for the others, with multiple artistic creations marking their respective roads"</ref> Conversely, Buddhist artistic creation stopped in the old [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] area, to reposition itself either in the northwest area of [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]] and [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] or in the southeast around [[Amaravati Stupa]]. Some artistic activity also occurred in central India, as in [[Bharhut|Bhārhut]], to which the Shungas may or may not have contributed.

==Greco-Buddhism==
{{Main|Greco-Buddhism}}
{{See also|Greco-Buddhist art|Buddhism and the Roman world}}
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|A [[Greco-Buddhist]] statue, one of the first representations of the Buddha, 1st–2nd century CE, [[Gandhara]]]]

The [[Greco-Bactrian]] king [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] (reigned c. 200–180 BCE) invaded the Indian Subcontinent, establishing an [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek kingdom]] that was to last in parts of Northwest South Asia until the end of the 1st century CE.

Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek and Greco-Bactrian kings. One of the most famous Indo-Greek kings is [[Menander I|Menander]] (reigned c. 160–135 BCE). He may have converted to Buddhism<ref>Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 124</ref> and is presented in the Mahāyāna tradition as one of the great benefactors of the faith, on a par with king Aśoka or the later Kushan king [[Kanishka|Kaniśka]]. Menander's coins bear designs of the eight-spoked [[Dharmachakra|dharma wheel]], a classic Buddhist symbol.

Direct cultural exchange is also suggested by a dialogue called the Debate of King Milinda ([[Milinda Panha|''Milinda Pañha'']]) which recounts a discussion between [[Menander I|Menander]] and the Buddhist monk [[Nagasena|Nāgasena]], who was himself a student of the Greek Buddhist monk [[Mahadharmaraksita]]. Upon Menander's death, the honor of sharing his remains was claimed by the cities under his rule, and they were enshrined in [[stupa]]s, in a parallel with the historic Buddha.<ref>[[Plutarch]], Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6</ref> Several of Menander's [[Indo-Greek]] successors inscribed "Follower of the Dharma," in the [[Kharoshthi|Kharoṣṭhī]] script, on their coins.<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture (c. 326 B.C. to c. 300 A.D.) |author=Satyendra Nath Naskar |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1996 |page=69 |isbn=978-81-7017-298-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuEBGgRHHuIC&pg=PA69}}</ref>

During the first century BCE the first [[anthropomorphic]] representations of the Buddha are found in the lands ruled by the Indo-Greeks, in a realistic style known as [[Greco-Buddhist]].<ref>Marshall, "The Buddhist art of Gandhara", p. 101</ref> Many of the stylistic elements in the representations of the Buddha point to Greek influence: the [[Greco-Roman]] [[toga]]-like wavy robe covering both shoulders (more exactly, its lighter version, the Greek ''[[himation]]''), the [[contrapposto]] stance of the upright figures (see: 1st–2nd century Gandhara standing Buddhas<ref>Standing Buddhas: [http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Oct21/Gandhara%20Buddha.jpg Image 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616041314/http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Oct21/Gandhara%20Buddha.jpg |date=2013-06-16 }}, [http://www.kimbellart.org/database/images/jpg/AP1967_01.jpg Image 2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021055258/http://www.kimbellart.org/database/images/jpg/AP1967_01.jpg |date=2006-10-21 }}</ref>), the stylicized [[Mediterranean]] curly hair and topknot ([[ushnisha]]) apparently derived from the style of the [[Apollo Belvedere|Belvedere Apollo]] (330 BCE),<ref>The Belvedere Apollo: [http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/h/images/hellenis_apolbelve.det.lg.JPG Image] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603203546/http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/h/images/hellenis_apolbelve.det.lg.JPG |date=2014-06-03 }}</ref> and the measured quality of the faces, all rendered with strong artistic [[Realism (visual arts)|realism]] (See: [[Greek art]]). A large quantity of [[sculpture]]s combining Buddhist and purely Hellenistic styles and [[iconography]] were excavated at the [[Gandhara]]n site of [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]].

Several influential Greek Buddhist monks are recorded. [[Mahadharmaraksita]] (literally translated as 'Great Teacher/Preserver of the Dharma'), was "a Greek ("[[Yona]]") Buddhist head monk", according to the [[Mahavamsa]] (Chap. XXIX),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Chapter XXIX – The Beginning of the Great Thupa |title=Mahavamsa |url=http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html |chapter-url=https://lakdiva.org.lk/mahavamsa/chap029.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905050433/http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html |archive-date=2006-09-05}}</ref> who led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alasandra" ([[Alexandria of the Caucasus]], around 150 km north of today's [[Kabul]] in [[Afghanistan]]), to Sri Lanka for the dedication of the [[Ruwanwelisaya|Great Stupa]] in [[Anuradhapura]] during the rule (165–135 BCE) of King [[Menander I]]. [[Dharmaraksita|Dhammarakkhita]] (meaning: ''Protected by the [[Dharma]]''), was one of the [[missionary|missionaries]] sent by the [[Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]] to proselytize the [[Buddhist]] faith. He is described as being a Greek ([[Pāli|Pali]]: "Yona", lit. "[[Ionia]]n") in the Sri Lankan ''[[Mahavamsa]].''

==Kushan empire and Gandharan Buddhism==
{{See also|Gandharan Buddhism}}
[[File:Map of the Kushan Empire.png|thumb|right|Kushan territories (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under [[Kanishka the Great]] (dotted line), which saw the height of Gandhāran Buddhist expansion]]
The [[Kushan Empire|Kushan empire]] (30–375 CE) was formed by the invading [[Yuezhi]] nomads in the 1st century BCE. It eventually encompassed much of northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Kushans adopted elements of the Hellenistic culture of Bactria and the Indo-Greeks.<ref>Xinru Liu, ''The Silk Road in World History'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 42.</ref> During Kushan rule, [[Gandharan Buddhism]] was at the height of its influence and a significant number of Buddhist centers were built or renovated.{{sfn|Behrendt|2004|p=13}}

The Buddhist art of Kushan [[Gandhara]] was a synthesis of Greco-Roman, Iranian and Indian elements.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kurt Behrendt |author2=Pia Brancaccio |year=2006 |title=Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts |page=10}}</ref> The [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]] also date from this period. Written in [[Gāndhārī language|Gāndhārī Prakrit]], they are the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered (c. 1st century CE).{{sfn|Salomon|1999|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}} According to Richard Salomon, most of them belong to the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school.{{sfn|Salomon|1999|p=181}}

Emperor [[Kanishka]] (128–151 CE) is particularly known for his support of Buddhism. During his reign, stupas and monasteries were built in the Gandhāran city of [[Peshawar]] (Skt. ''Purusapura''), which he used as a capital.<ref name="Heirman, Ann p. 57">{{cite book |editor-last1=Heirman |editor-first1=Ann |editor-last2=Bumbacher |editor-first2=Stephan Peter |title=The Spread of Buddhism |publisher=Brill |page=57}}</ref> Kushan royal support and the opening of trade routes allowed Gandharan Buddhism to spread along the [[Silk Road]] to [[Central Asia]], the [[Tarim Basin]] and thus to China.<ref name="Heirman, Ann p. 57"/>

Kanishka is also said to have convened a major Buddhist council for the [[Sarvastivada]] tradition, either in [[Gandhara]] or [[Kashmir]].{{sfn|Prebish|1975|p=47}} Kanishka gathered 500 learned monks partly to compile extensive commentaries on the [[Abhidharma]], although it is possible that some editorial work was carried out upon the existing [[Sarvastivada]] canon itself. Allegedly during the council there were altogether three hundred thousand verses and over nine million statements compiled, and it took twelve years to complete. The main fruit of this council was the compilation of the vast commentary known as the [[Mahavibhasa|Mahā-Vibhāshā]] ("Great Exegesis"), an extensive compendium and reference work on a portion of the Sarvāstivādin Abhidharma.{{sfn|Prebish|1975|p=42}} Modern scholars such as [[Etienne Lamotte]] and [[David Snellgrove]] have questioned the veracity of this traditional account.{{sfn|Snellgrove|2003|p=46}}<ref>''Teaching of Vimalakirti'', Pali Text Society, p. 93</ref>

Scholars believe that it was also around this time that a significant change was made in the language of the Sarvāstivādin canon, by converting an earlier [[Prakrit]] version into [[Sanskrit]]. Although this change was probably effected without significant loss of integrity to the canon, this event was of particular significance since Sanskrit was the sacred language of [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanism]] in India, and was also being used by other thinkers, regardless of their specific religious or philosophical allegiance, thus enabling a far wider audience to gain access to Buddhist ideas and practices.

[[File:SectarianBuddhistschools.png|thumb|right|Map of the major geographical centers of major Buddhist schools in South Asia, at around the time of [[Xuanzang]]'s visit in the seventh century. * Red: non-Pudgalavāda [[Sarvāstivāda]] school * Orange: non-Dharmaguptaka [[Vibhajyavāda]] schools * Yellow: [[Mahāsāṃghika]] * Green: [[Pudgalavāda]] (Green) * Gray: [[Dharmaguptaka]]]]

After the fall of the Kushans, small kingdoms ruled the Gandharan region, and later the [[Hephthalite|Hephthalite White Huns]] conquered the area (circa 440s–670). Under the Hephthalites, Gandharan Buddhism continued to thrive in cities like [[Balkh]] ([[Bactria]]), as remarked by [[Xuanzang]] who visited the region in the 7th century.<ref>''Buddhism in Central Asia'' by [[Baij Nath Puri]], Motilal Banarsi Dass Publishers, p. 130</ref> Xuanzang notes that there were over a hundred Buddhist monasteries in the city, including the [[Nava Vihara]] as well many stupas and monks.<ref>van Bladel, Kevin (2011). "The Bactrian Background of the Barmakids". In Anna Akasoy and Charles Burnett and Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim. ''Islam and Tibet Interactions along the Musk Routes''. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. pp. 43–88. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-6956-2}}</ref> After the end of the Hephthalite empire, Gandharan Buddhism declined in Gandhara proper (in the Peshawar basin).{{sfn|Behrendt|2004|p=10}} However it continued to thrive in adjacent areas like the [[Swat District|Swat Valley]] of Pakistan, [[Gilgit]], [[Kashmir]] and in [[Afghanistan]] (in sites such as [[Bamyan|Bamiyan]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Behrent |first=Kurt |date=April 2012 |chapter-url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gand/hd_gand.htm |chapter=Gandhara |title=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |place=New York |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url-status=live |archive-date=2018-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234652/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gand/hd_gand.htm}}</ref>

==Spread to Central Asia==
{{Further|Silk Road transmission of Buddhism}}
[[File:ExtentOfBuddhismAndTrade.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Extent of Buddhism and trade routes in the 1st century CE]]
[[Central Asia]] was home to the international trade route known as the [[Silk Road]], which carried goods between [[China]], [[India]], the [[Middle East]] and the [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean world]]. Buddhism was present in this region from about the second century BCE.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=195}} Initially, the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school was the most successful in their efforts to spread Buddhism in Central Asia.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=278}} The [[Kingdom of Khotan]] was one of the earliest Buddhist kingdoms in the area and helped transmit Buddhism from India to China.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9040640 "Khotan – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"]. Britannica.com.{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>

The [[Kushan Empire]]'s unification of most of this area and their support of Buddhism allowed it to easily spread along the trade routes of the region throughout Central Asia.<ref name="Heirman, Ann p. 57"/> During the first century CE under the Kushans, the Sarvastivada school flourished in this region, some of the monks also bringing Mahayana teachings with them.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=195}} Buddhism would eventually reach modern-day [[Pakistan]], [[Kashmir]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]. As Buddhism reached many of these lands, Buddhists began to translate and produce texts in the local languages, such as [[Khotanese language|Khotanese]] (a [[Iranian languages|Middle Iranian language]]), [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] (also Iranian), [[Uyghur language|Uighur]] ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]), [[Tangut language|Tangut]], [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], and Chinese.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Silk |first=Jonathan |title=The spread of Buddhism in Central Asia. |journal=International Institute for Asian Studies, Newsletter |issue=68 |date=2014 |url=https://iias.asia/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL68_41.pdf |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-date=2018-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155530/https://iias.asia/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL68_41.pdf}}</ref>
[[File:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|upright |right|Blue-eyed [[Central Asia]]n and East-Asian Buddhist monks, [[Bezeklik]], 9th–10th centuries]]
Central Asians played a key role in the transmission of Buddhism to China The first translators of Buddhists scriptures into Chinese were Iranians, including the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] [[An Shigao]] (c. 148 CE), the [[Yuezhi]] [[Zhi Qian]] and Kang Sengkai (from Samarkand).<ref name=Kudara2002>{{cite journal|last1=Kudara |first1=Kogi|title=A Rough Sketch of Central Asian Buddhism |journal=Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies|date=2002|volume=3|issue=4|pages=93–107 |url=http://www.shin-ibs.edu/publications/pacific-world/third-series-number-4-fall-2002/|access-date=2018-04-05|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102117/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/publications/pacific-world/third-series-number-4-fall-2002/|archive-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> Thirty-seven early translators of Buddhist texts are known, and the majority of them have been identified as hailing from the Iranian cultural sphere.<ref name=Kudara2002/> The [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian empire]] (226–651 CE) would eventually rule over many of these regions (such as [[Parthia]] and [[Sogdia]]), but they tolerated the Buddhist religion.<ref name=Kudara2002/>

However, during the mid-seventh century, the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab conquest]] of the [[Iranian Plateau]] followed by the [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan]] and the later establishment of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid kingdom]] in Central Asia (c. 977–1186) led to the decline and eventual disappearance of Buddhism from most of these regions.<ref name=Kudara2002/>

Buddhism also flourished in the eastern part of central Asia, like the [[Tarim Basin]]. Indians and Iranians lived in major cities of this region like [[Kashgar]] and [[Khotan]].<ref name=Kudara2002/> The region has revealed extremely rich Buddhist works of art as well as Buddhist texts such as [[Dunhuang manuscripts|those found in Dunhuang]]. [[Serindian art]] is highly reminiscent of the Gandhāran style, and scriptures in the Gandhāri script [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]] have been found. The [[Uyghurs]] conquered the area in the 8th century and blended with the local Iranian peoples, absorbing the Buddhist culture of the region.<ref name=Kudara2002/> They were later absorbed by the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]].

Many printed Buddhist texts from the region date to the Yuan, and they were printed in the Uyghur, Xixia and Sanskrit languages.<ref name=Kudara2002/> The Uyghurs also restored cave temples and repainted Buddhist wall paintings such as at [[Bezeklik Caves|Bezeklik]].<ref name=Kudara2002/> Uyghur Buddhism was the last major Buddhist culture in Xinjiang and it lasted until the mid 14th century.<ref name=Kudara2002/> After the [[Islamicisation of Xinjiang]], Buddhism ceased to be a major religion there.

== Gupta and Pāla eras ==
{{Further|History of Buddhism in India|Decline of Buddhism in India}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Nalanda Buddhist University Ruins, which flourished from 427 to 1197 CE, Nalanda, Bihar.jpg|Ruins of the Buddhist [[Nalanda|Nālandā]] complex, a major center of learning in India from the 5th century CE to c. 1200 CE
Mahabodhitemple.jpg|The current structure of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodh Gaya]] dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE.
King Harsha pays homage to Buddha.jpg|"King [[Harsha]] pays homage to Buddha", a 20th-century artist's imagination
VikramshilaRuins.jpg|Landscape of [[Vikramashila]] university ruins, the seating, and meditation area. It was one of the most important centers of learning, during the Pala Empire, established by Emperor [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]]. [[Atiśa]], the renowned [[pandita (Buddhism)|pandita]], is sometimes listed as a notable [[abbot]].{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|p=89}}
</gallery>
Buddhism continued to flourish in India during the [[Gupta Empire]] (4th–6th centuries) which brought order to much of north India. Gupta rulers such as [[Kumaragupta I]] (c. 414–455 CE) supported Buddhism. He enlarged [[Nālandā]] university, which became the largest and most influential Buddhist university in India for many centuries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Gupta Empire |author=Radhakumud Mookerji |year=1989 |entry=Buddhism |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0089-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133 |page=133}}{{failed verification|date=September 2023}}</ref> Great Buddhist philosophers like [[Dignāga|Dignaga]], and [[Dharmakirti]] taught philosophy there. Nalanda remained a central place for the study of [[epistemology]] ([[pramana]]).{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=442}}

Another major Buddhist university was [[Valabhi University|Valabhi]], in western India, which was second only to Nalanda in the 5th century.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=442}} This influential university was founded and supported by the [[Maitraka dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Apte|first=D. G. |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924005633130 |title=Universities in ancient India |publisher=Faculty of Education and Psychology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|year=1950|location=Raopura, Vadodara |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924005633130/page/n51 44]–47|via=Cornell University Library}}</ref> It was mainly a center of [[Śrāvakayāna|sravakayana]] Buddhism (that is, non-Mahayana), but was also a place for the study of numerous subjects including secular topics of higher education (such as medicine, logic and grammar).<ref>Bose, Manilal (1998). ''Social and Cultural History of Ancient India,'' pp. 64-65. Concept Publishing Company.</ref>

The influence of the Gupta style of [[Buddhist]] art spread along with the faith from south-east Asia to China. During this period, Chinese pilgrims also visited India to study Buddhism.

One of these pilgrims was [[Faxian]], who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor [[Chandragupta II]] in 405, and commented on the prosperity and mild administration of the Gupta empire. Another Chinese traveler who reached India after the end of the Guptas in the 7th century was [[Xuanzang]]. He reported in his travels across India that Buddhism was popular in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20070324220145/http://www.upf.es/materials/huma/central/historia/xinamon/docums/budxidoc/miyaki.htm ''Personality of Xuanzang Sanzang'']</ref> While reporting many deserted stupas in the area around modern day [[Nepal]] and the persecution of Buddhists by [[Shashanka]] in the Kingdom of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] in modern-day West Bengal, [[Xuanzang]] complimented the patronage of emperor [[Harsha|Harṣavardana]] (c. 590–647 CE). [[Xuanzang]] also noted that in various regions [[Buddhism]] was giving way to [[Jainism]] and [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/religion-culture/buddhisminandhra.htm |title=Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh, story of Buddhism |access-date=2006-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314205301/http://www.indiaprofile.com/religion-culture/buddhisminandhra.htm}}</ref>

After the fall of [[Empire of Harsha|Harsha's empire]], the Gangetic plain saw the rise of many small feuding kingdoms. This was to last until the rise of the [[Pala Empire|Pāla Empire]] (8th–12th centuries) in the [[Bengal]] region. The Pālas were stanch supporters of Buddhism, and built several important Buddhist centers, such as [[Vikramashila]], [[Somapura Mahavihara|Somapura]] and [[Odantapuri]].<ref>''Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms'' by Elizabeth English. Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-329-X}} p. 15</ref> They also supported older centers like Nalanda and [[Bodh Gaya]]. It was at these great Buddhist centers that scholars developed the philosophies of [[Vajrayana]], Abhidharma, Madhyamaka, Yogacara and Pramana, as well as the study of linguistics, medicine, astronomy, music, painting, and sculpture.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=443}} Great Buddhist scholars such as [[Atisha]] and [[Santaraksita]] date from this period. Under the [[Pala Empire|Pālas]], Vajrayana Buddhism thus flourished and spread to [[Tibet]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Sikkim]].

A milestone in the decline of Indian Buddhism in the North occurred in 1193 when [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Islamic raiders under [[Muhammad Khilji]] burnt [[Nalanda|Nālandā]]. By the end of the 12th century, following the Islamic conquest of the Buddhist strongholds in [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]] by [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], and the loss of political support coupled with social pressures, the practice of Buddhism retreated to the Himalayan foothills in the North and [[Sri Lanka]] in the south. Additionally, the influence of Buddhism also waned due to Hinduism's revival movements such as [[Advaita]], and the rise of the [[bhakti movement]].

===Vajrayāna===
{{Main|Vajrayana}}
[[File:Tibet, mahakala, guardiano della dottrina sotto l'aspetto gur-gyi mgon-go, 1292.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.8 |A Tantric Buddhist statue of [[Mahakala]], holding a [[Kartika (knife)|flaying knife]] (''kartika'') and [[kapala|skullcup]] (''kapala'').]]
Under the Gupta and Pala empires, a Tantric Buddhist movement arose, variously named Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism. It promoted new practices such as the use of [[mantras]], [[dharani]]s, [[mudras]], [[mandalas]] and the visualization of deities and Buddhas and developed a new class of literature, the [[Buddhist Tantras]]. The movement can be traced back to groups of wandering yogis called [[mahasiddha]]s.<ref>Ray, Reginald A.; Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism, 2000</ref>

Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and [[Shaivism|Saivism]], especially the Buddhist Yogini tantras.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|p=124}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Sanderson |first=Alexis |title=Vajrayana: Origin and Function |year=1994}}</ref> The [[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Mañjusrimulakalpa]], which later came to classified under [[Outer Tantras#Kriyatantra|Kriyatantra]], states that mantras taught in the Shaiva, Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by [[Manjushri]].{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=129–131}} The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja tradition]], prescribes acting as a Shaiva guru and initiating members into [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Saiva Siddhanta]] scriptures and mandalas.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=144–145}} The [[Cakrasaṃvara Tantra|Samvara tantra]] texts adopted the [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|pitha]] list from the Shaiva text ''Tantrasadbhava'', introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Huber |first1=Toni |title=The holy land reborn: pilgrimage & the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India|date=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-35648-8|pages=94–95}}</ref>

===Tibetan Buddhism===
{{See also|Tibetan Buddhist History|Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan art}}
Buddhism arrived late in Tibet, during the 7th century. The form that predominated, via the south of Tibet, was a blend of ''mahāyāna'' and ''vajrayāna'' from the universities of the [[Pala Empire|Pāla empire]] of the Bengal region in eastern India.{{sfn|Conze|1993|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}} [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādin]] influence came from the south west (Kashmir){{sfn|Conze|1993|p=106}} and the north west ([[Khotan]]).<ref name="Berzin, Alexander">{{cite web |last=Berzin |first=Alexander |date=2000 |url=http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-tibet/how-did-tibetan-buddhism-develop |title=How Did Tibetan Buddhism Develop? |access-date=2016-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617125627/http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-tibet/how-did-tibetan-buddhism-develop |archive-date=2016-06-17}}; {{*}}{{cite web |last=Berzin |first=Alexander |date=1996 |title=Spread of Buddhism in Asia |url=http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/about-buddhism/the-world-of-buddhism/spread-of-buddhism-in-asia |access-date=2016-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521071404/http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/about-buddhism/the-world-of-buddhism/spread-of-buddhism-in-asia |archive-date=2016-05-21}}</ref> Their texts found their way into the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon]], providing the Tibetans with almost all of their primary sources about the [[Hinayana|Foundation Vehicle]]. A subsect of this school, [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]] was the source of the Tibetan [[Vinaya]].<ref name="Berzin, Alexander"/> Chan Buddhism was introduced via east Tibet from China and left its impression, but was rendered of lesser importance by early political events.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berzin |first=Alexander |title=Study Buddhism |url=http://studybuddhism.com/ |website=Study Buddhism |access-date=2016-05-28 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529030529/http://studybuddhism.com/ |archive-date=2016-05-29 }}{{failed verification|date=July 2016}}</ref>

From the outset, Buddhism was opposed by the native shamanistic [[Bon]] religion, which had the support of the aristocracy, but with royal patronage, it thrived to a peak under King [[Ralpacan|Rälpachän]](817–836). Terminology in translation was standardised around 825, enabling a translation methodology that was highly literal. Despite a reversal in Buddhist influence which began under King [[Langdarma]] (836–842), the following centuries saw a colossal effort in collecting available Indian sources, many of which are now extant only in Tibetan translation. Tibetan Buddhism was favored above other religions by the rulers of imperial Chinese and Mongol [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368).

==East Asian Buddhism==
===China===
{{Main|Buddhism in China}}
{{See also|Tang Dynasty art|Chinese Buddhist cuisine}}
[[File:Han Dynasty map 2CE.png|thumb|Extent of the [[Han Empire]]]]
Buddhism was introduced in China during the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE{{Spaced en dash}}220 CE) and was present by around 50 CE.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=210}} Although the archaeological record confirms that Buddhism was introduced sometime during the Han dynasty, it did not flourish in China until the Six Dynasties period (220–589 CE).<ref name="Saylor">{{cite web |title=Buddhism in China: A Historical Overview |publisher=Saylor.org |url=http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ARTH406-Historical-Overview-of-Chinese-Buddhism-FINAL.pdf |access-date=7 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727135546/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ARTH406-Historical-Overview-of-Chinese-Buddhism-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian [[An Shigao]] (148–180 CE).<ref>Zürcher, Erik. 2007 (1959). The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. 3rd ed. Leiden: Brill. pp. 32–34</ref> The first known [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokakṣema]] in [[Luoyang]], between 178 and 189 CE.<ref>Williams, Paul. ''Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations''. 2008. p. 30</ref> Early translators faced the difficulty of communicating foreign Buddhist concepts to the Chinese, and often used [[Taoism|Taoist]] terminology to explain them. This has been called "[[Geyi|concept-matching]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Oh |first=Kang-nam |date=2000 |title=The Taoist Influence on Hua-yen Buddhism: A Case of the Sinicization of Buddhism in China |journal=Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal |issue=13 |url= http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbj/13/chbj1338.htm |access-date=January 28, 2008 |page=286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000712/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbj/13/chbj1338.htm |archive-date=March 23, 2010}}</ref> Later translators such as [[Kumārajīva]] (334–413 CE) improved the translation methods of Chinese Buddhism considerably.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nattier |first=Jan |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8800/2707|title=The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160211215405/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8800/2707|archive-date=2016-02-11 |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=153–223 |date=1992}}</ref>

Some of the earliest known Buddhist artifacts found in China are small statues on "money trees", dated c. 200 CE, in typical Gandhāran drawing style.{{sfn|Errington|1992|p=209}} In the period between 460 and 525 CE during the [[Northern Wei dynasty]], the Chinese-constructed [[Yungang Grottoes]], and the [[Longmen Grottoes]], which include some impressive monumental sculptures. In the fifth century, Chinese Buddhists also developed new schools and traditions, such as the [[Tiantai]] school, the [[Huayan|Huayen]] school, the [[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land]] school and [[Chan Buddhism]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|pp=215–217}}

Buddhism continued to grow during the early [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907). It was during this dynasty that the Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] traveled to India, bringing back 657 Buddhist texts along with relics and statues.{{sfn|Bentley|1993|p=81}} He established a famed translation school in the Tang capital of [[Chang'an]] (today's [[Xi'an]]), focusing on [[Yogachara|Yogacara]] school texts. Also during the Tang, [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism]] was introduced from India.<ref>Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Brill. p. 4</ref> The Tang dynasty also saw the growth of [[Chan Buddhism]] (Zen), with the great Zen masters such as [[Mazu Daoyi]] and [[Linji Yixuan]].{{sfn|McRae|2003|pp=13, 18}} In the later Tang, Chinese Buddhism suffered a setback during the [[Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution]] of 845.

Buddhism recovered during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), which is known as the "golden age" of Chan.{{sfn|McRae|2003|pp=13, 19–21}} During this period Chinese Chan influenced Korean and Japanese Buddhism. [[Pure Land]] Buddhism also became popular during this period and was often practiced together with Chan.<ref>Heng-Ching Shih (1987). Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117</ref> It was also during the Song that the entire [[Chinese Buddhist canon]] was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=223}}

During the [[Yuan dynasty]], [[Tibetan Buddhism]] became the state religion.<ref>Nan Huai-Chin. ''Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.''York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1997. p. 99.</ref> During the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] (1368–1644), the Chan school became the dominant tradition in China and all monks were affiliated with Chan.<ref>Stanley Weinstein, "The Schools of Chinese Buddhism," in Kitagawa & Cummings (eds.), ''Buddhism and Asian History'' (New York: Macmillan 1987) pp. 257–265, 264.</ref> In the 17th century, Buddhism was spread to [[Taiwan]] by Chinese immigrants.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=224}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
2016-05-21 Luoyang Longmen Grottoes anagoria 10.JPG|Massive statues at [[Longmen Grottoes]], [[Henan]] province, [[China]]
Manjusri Debates Vimalakirti Dunhuang Mogao Caves.jpeg|Manjusri Bodhisattva debates Vimalakirti. Scene from the Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra. [[Dunhuang]], Mogao Caves, China, Tang Dynasty.
ChinaTrip2005-110.jpg|[[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]] in [[Xi'an]], 704 CE
</gallery>

===Vietnam===
{{Main|Buddhism in Vietnam}}
[[File:Lascar One Pillar Pagoda (4550966464).jpg|thumb |right|The [[One Pillar Pagoda]] is a historic Mahayana Buddhist temple in [[Hanoi]], the capital of Vietnam.]]
There is disagreement on when exactly Buddhism arrived in [[Vietnam]]. Buddhism may have arrived as early as the 3rd or 2nd century BCE via India, or alternatively during the 1st or 2nd century from China.<ref>Nguyen Tai Thu. ''The History of Buddhism in Vietnam''. 2008.</ref> Whatever the case, [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]] had been established by the second century CE in Vietnam. By the 9th century, both [[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land]] and [[Vietnamese Thiền|Thien]] (Zen) were major Vietnamese Buddhist schools.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=224}} In the southern [[Champa|Kingdom of Champa]], Hinduism, Theravada, and Mahayana were all practiced until the 15th century, when an invasion from the north led to the dominance of Chinese-based forms of Buddhism. However Theravada Buddhism continues to exist in the south of Vietnam.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=224}} Vietnamese Buddhism is thus very similar to Chinese Buddhism and to some extent reflects the structure of Chinese Buddhism after the Song dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prebish |first1=Charles |last2=Tanaka |first2=Kenneth |title=The Faces of Buddhism in America |year=1998 |pages=134 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> Vietnamese Buddhism also has a symbiotic relationship with Taoism, Chinese spirituality and the native Vietnamese religion.

===Korea===
{{Main|Buddhism in Korea}}
[[File:Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Tripiṭaka Koreana]] in storage at [[Haeinsa]], [[South Korea]]]]
Buddhism was introduced to the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] beginning around 372 CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=300 to 600 CE: Korea |website=Asia for Educators |publisher=Columbia University |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/tps/300ce_ko.htm#buddhism |access-date=2012-03-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222025814/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/tps/300ce_ko.htm#buddhism|archive-date=2012-02-22}}</ref> During the 6th century, many Korean monks traveled to China and India to study Buddhism and various Korean Buddhist schools developed. Buddhism prospered in Korea during the [[North–South States Period]] (688–926) when it became a dominant force in society.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=224}} Buddhism continued to be popular in the [[Goryeo]] period (918–1392), in particular Seon ([[Zen]]) Buddhism.<ref>Vermeersch, Sem. (2008). ''The Power of the Buddhas: the Politics of Buddhism during the Koryŏ Dynasty (918–1392),'' p. 3.</ref> However, during the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] Yi dynasty of the [[Joseon Dynasty|Joseon period]], Buddhism faced a reversal of fortunes beginning with the confiscation of monastery lands, the closing of monasteries and the ban on ordination by aristocrats in the 15th century.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=225}}

===Japan===
{{Main|Buddhism in Japan}}
[[File:Kamakura Budda Daibutsu front 1885.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Daibutsu]] (Great Buddha), [[Kamakura]]]]
Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 6th century by Korean monks bearing sutras and an image of the Buddha.<ref>Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001). ''Sources of Japanese tradition''. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 100. {{ISBN|0-231-12138-5}}.</ref> During the [[Nara period|Nara Period]] (710–794), emperor [[Emperor Shōmu|Shōmu]] ordered the building of temples throughout his realm.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=226}} Numerous temples and monasteries were built in the capital city of [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], such as the five-story [[pagoda]] and Golden Hall of the [[Hōryū-ji]], or the [[Kōfuku-ji]] temple. There was also a proliferation of Buddhist sects in the capital city of Nara, known as the ''Nanto Rokushū'' (''the Six Nara Sects'').<ref>Powers, John (2000). "Japanese Buddhism". ''A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism''. '''1'''. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 103–107.</ref> The most influential of these being the [[Kegon]] school (from the Chinese [[Huayan]]).{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=226}}

During the late Nara, the key figures of [[Kūkai]] (774–835) and [[Saichō]] (767–822) founded the influential Japanese schools of [[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon]] and [[Tendai]], respectively.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=227}} An important doctrine for these schools was ''[[hongaku]]'' (innate awakening or original enlightenment), a doctrine which was influential for all subsequent Japanese Buddhism.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=228}} Buddhism also influenced the Japanese religion of [[Shinto]], which incorporated Buddhist elements.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=228}}

During the later [[Kamakura period]] (1185–1333), there were six new Buddhist schools founded which competed with the older Nara schools and are known as "New Buddhism" (''Shin Bukkyō'') or ''Kamakura Buddhism.'' They include the influential [[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land]] schools of [[Hōnen]] (1133–1212) and [[Shinran]] (1173–1263), the [[Rinzai school|Rinzai]] and [[Sōtō|Soto]] schools of Zen founded by [[Eisai]] (1141–1215) and [[Dōgen]] (1200–1253) as well as the [[Nichiren Buddhism|Lotus Sutra school]] of [[Nichiren]] (1222–1282).<ref>Dobbins, James C. (1998). "Envisioning Kamakura Buddhism". In Payne, Richard K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w5nJT5NYvn4C&dq=dobbins+kamakura&pg=PA24 ''Re-visioning Kamakura Buddhism'']. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-2078-9}}.</ref>

[[Buddhist art in Japan|Japanese Buddhist art]] was especially productive between the 8th and 13th centuries during [[Nara period]] (710–794), [[Heian period]] (794–1185) and Kamakura period (1185–1333). Buddhism, especially Zen, remained culturally influential during the [[Ashikaga period]] (1333–1573) and the [[Edo period|Tokugawa era]] (1603–1867).

===Mongolia===
{{Main|Buddhism in Mongolia}}

The rulers of the nomadic empires such as the [[Xiongnu]] (209 BCE{{Spaced en dash}}93 CE), [[Xianbei]] (93–234), [[Rouran Khaganate]] (late 4th c.{{Spaced en dash}}middle 6th c.) and the [[Göktürks]] (middle first mill. AD) received missionaries and built temples for them. Buddhism prevailed among aristocrats and was patronised by the monarchs of the [[Xianbei]]-led [[Northern Wei|Northern Wei dynasty]] (386–535) and of the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]-led [[Liao dynasty]] (916–1125). The Khitans aristocracy regarded Buddhism as the culture of the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] that dominated the Mongolian steppes before the rise of the Liao dynasty. The monarchs of the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-led [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] (1115–1234) also regarded Buddhism as part of their culture.

[[Genghis Khan]] (c. 1162{{Spaced en dash}}1227) and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and [[European Russia]] and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast Asia. The emperors of the [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368) in the 13th and 14th century converted to [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. The founder of the Yuan dynasty, [[Kublai Khan]], invited [[lama]] [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa]] of the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] school of Tibetan Buddhism to spread Buddhism throughout his realm (the second introduction of Buddhism among the Mongols). Buddhism became the ''de facto'' [[state religion]] of the Yuan dynasty. In 1269, Kublai Khan commissioned Phagpa lama to design a new writing system to unify the writing systems of the multilingual empire. The [['Phags-pa script]], also known as the "Square script", was based on the [[Tibetan script]] and written vertically from top was designed to write in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Uighur language|Uighur]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages and served as the official script of the empire. The activities of the Mongols were conducive to the prominency of the Sakya school and then the Gelug, and to the further development of Tibeto-Mongolian culture.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.savetibet.ru/2010/03/10/tibet_book.html |title=Кузьмин С.Л. 2010. Скрытый Тибет. История независимости и оккупации. С.Петербург: изд. А. Терентьева |access-date=2022-07-27 |archive-date=2012-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920055737/http://savetibet.ru/2010/03/10/tibet_book.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Mongols]] returned to [[Shamanism|shamanic]] traditions after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and during the Northern Yuan dynasty.

In 1578 [[Altan Khan]], a Mongol military leader with ambitions to unite the Mongols and to emulate the career of [[Genghis Khan]], invited the [[3rd Dalai Lama]], the head of the rising Gelug lineage to a summit. They formed an alliance that gave Altan Khan legitimacy and religious sanction for his imperial pretensions and that provided the Buddhist school with protection and patronage. Altan Khan recognized Sonam Gyatso lama as a reincarnation of [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa|Phagpa]] lama, gave the Tibetan leader the title of [[Dalai Lama]] ("Ocean [[Lama]]"), which his successors still hold. Sonam Gyatso, in turn, recognized Altan as a reincarnation of Kublai Khan.<ref>Lobzangdanzan, Altan Tobchi.{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}</ref> Thus, Altan added legitimacy to the title "khan" that he had assumed, while Sonam Gyatso received support for the supremacy he sought over the Tibetan sangha. Since this meeting, the heads of the Gelugpa school became known as Dalai Lamas. Altan Khan also bestowed the title Ochirdara (Очирдар, from Sanskr. Vajradhara) to Sonam Gyatso.

Altan Khan died soon after, but in the next century Gelug Buddhism spread throughout Mongolia.

==Southeast Asian Buddhism==
{{Further|Greater India}}
Since around 500 BCE, the culture of India has exerted influence on [[Southeast Asia]]n countries. Land and maritime trade routes linked India with the region and both Hindu and Buddhist beliefs became influential there during the period of the [[Indianization of Southeast Asia]].<ref>Kenneth R. Hal (1985). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings ''Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia'']. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-0843-3}}.</ref> For more than a thousand years, Indian influence was, therefore, the major factor that brought a certain level of cultural unity to the various countries of the region. The [[Pāli]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages and Indian scripts, together with Theravāda and Mahāyāna Buddhism, [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanism]], and [[Hinduism]], were transmitted from direct contact and through sacred texts and Indian literature such as the [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]] and the [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Elizabeth Fuller Collins |date=28 May 2013 |url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0112.xml |access-date=2018-04-04 |title=Hinduism in Southeast Asia |website=Oxford Bibliographies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221234559/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0112.xml |archive-date=2016-12-21 |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780195399318-0112}}</ref>

From the 5th to the 13th centuries, South-East Asia saw a series of powerful states which were extremely active in the promotion of Buddhism and Buddhist art alongside Hinduism. The main Buddhist influence now came directly by sea from the Indian subcontinent, so that these empires essentially followed the Mahāyāna faith. Examples include mainland kingdoms like [[Funan]], the [[Khmer Empire]] and the Thai [[Sukhothai Kingdom|kingdom of Sukhothai]] as well as Island kingdoms like the [[Kalingga Kingdom]], the [[Sri Vijaya|Srivijaya]] Empire, [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]] and [[Majapahit]].

Buddhist monks traveled to China from the kingdom of [[Funan]] in the 5th century CE, bringing Mahayana texts, a sign that the religion was already established in the region by this point.<ref>''T'oung Pao: International Journal of Chinese Studies.'' 1958. p. 185</ref> Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were the main religions of the [[Khmer Empire]] (802–1431), a state that dominated most of the South-East Asian peninsula during its time. Under the Khmer, numerous temples, both Hindu and Buddhist, were built in Cambodia and in neighboring Thailand. One of the greatest Khmer kings, [[Jayavarman VII]] (1181–1219), built large Mahāyāna Buddhist structures at [[Bayon]] and [[Angkor Thom]].<ref>Higham, C. (2014). ''Early Mainland Southeast Asia''. Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|978-616-7339-44-3}}.</ref>

In the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Java]], Indianized kingdoms like the [[Kalingga Kingdom]] (6–7th centuries) were destinations for Chinese monks seeking out Buddhist texts.<ref>Drs. R. Soekmono, (1988) [First published in 1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed''. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37.</ref> The Malay [[Srivijaya]] (650–1377), a maritime empire centered on the island of [[Sumatra]], adopted Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna Buddhism and spread Buddhism to Java, Malaya and other regions they conquered.{{sfn|Bentley|1993|p=72}}

The Chinese Buddhist [[Yijing]] described their capital at [[Palembang]] as a great center of Buddhist learning where the emperor supported over a thousand monks at his court.<ref>W., T. (1897). "Review of A Record of the Buddhist Religion, as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671–695), I-Tsing". ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'': 358–364. {{JSTOR|25207848}}</ref> [[Yijing]] also testified to the importance of Buddhism as early as the year 671 and advised future Chinese pilgrims to spend a year or two in [[Palembang]].{{sfn|Bentley|1993|p=72}} [[Atisha|Atiśa]] studied there before travelling to [[Tibet]] as a missionary. As Srivijaya expanded, Buddhism thrived and also became part of a local [[syncretism]] that incorporated several different religions such as Hinduism and other indigenous traditions.{{sfn|Bentley|1993|p=73}}

In the island of Java, another kingdom also promoted Mahayana Buddhist culture, the [[Mataram kingdom]] (732–1006), a major rival of Srivijaya. They are known for their monumental [[Candi of Indonesia|temple construction]], especially the massive [[Borobudur]], as well as [[Kalasan]], [[Sewu]], and [[Prambanan]].<ref>Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). ''Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula''. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. {{ISBN|981-4155-67-5}}.</ref> [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Indonesian Buddhism]], alongside Hinduism, continued to thrive under the [[Majapahit]] Empire (1293–1527), but was [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|completely replaced by Islam afterward]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
An artists representation of Angkor Thom Cambodia at musée Guimet.jpg|Reconstruction of the Prasat [[Bayon]] Temple, at the center of [[Angkor Thom]].
Borobudur as Pilgrimage Site Painting by Hooijer c1910s.jpg|A painting by G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) reconstructing the scene of [[Borobudur]], during its heyday.
Templo Wat Arun, Bangkok, Tailandia, 2013-08-22, DD 37.jpg|Buddhist temple of [[Wat Arun]] in Bangkok, Thailand.
Ayutthaya Thailand 2004.jpg|[[Wat Chaiwatthanaram]], one of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]]'s best-known temples, Thailand.
</gallery>

===Theravāda Renaissance===
{{Further|Theravada}}
The lands of the [[Mon people|Mon]] and [[Pyu]] peoples in Myanmar show extensive evidence of Theravada presence in the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] and [[Chao Phraya]] basins from the 5th century CE onwards.<ref name="Skilling">{{cite journal |last=Skilling |first=Peter |date=Summer 1997 |title=The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=93–107 |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8854/2761}}</ref> Theravada Buddhism in Burma initially coexisted with other forms of Buddhism and other religions.<ref name="Skilling"/> After the decline of Buddhism in the Indian mainland, Theravada Buddhist monks from Sri Lanka mounted missionary efforts in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos, and they were successful in converting all these regions to [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]].<ref>Gombrich, Richard Francis. ''Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History''. 1988. p. 3</ref>

King [[Anawrahta]] (1044–1078); the founder of the [[Pagan Empire]], adopted the Theravādin Buddhist faith from Sri Lanka, building numerous Buddhist temples at his capital of [[Bagan|Pagan]].<ref>Lieberman, Victor B (2003). ''Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, C. 800–1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–116. {{ISBN|978-0-521-80496-7}}.</ref> Invasions from the Burmese and the Mongols weakened Theravada in this region and it had to be reintroduced from Sri Lanka. During the Mon [[Hanthawaddy kingdom]] (1287–1552), Theravada Buddhism was the dominant religion in Burma, with strong ties to Sri Lankan Buddhism.<ref>Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. {{ISBN|978-0-374-16342-6}}. pp. 64–65</ref> One of their kings, [[Dhammazedi]], is particularly known for his reformation of [[Burmese Buddhism]] from the Sri Lankan [[Mahavihara|Mahavihara tradition]] between 1476 and 1479.<ref>Taw, Sein Ko (1892). [http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs09/Kalyani_Inscriptions.pdf The Kalyani Inscriptions Erected by King Dhammaceti at Pegu: Text and Translation (PDF)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022105759/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs09/Kalyani_Inscriptions.pdf |date=2012-10-22 }}. Rangoon: The Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma. iv–v</ref> Theravada remained the official religion of the subsequent Burmese [[Taungoo Dynasty]] (1510–1752).

During the reign of the [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] King [[Jayavarman VII]] (r. c. 1181–1218), Theravada Buddhism was promoted by the royal family and Sri Lankan monks, including his son Tamalinda who himself had traveled to Sri Lanka. During the 13th and 14th centuries, Theravada became the dominant religion of [[Cambodia]], and monasteries replaced the local priestly classes.<ref>Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</ref> The Theravāda faith was also adopted by the [[Thailand|Thai]] kingdom of [[Sukhothai kingdom|Sukhothai]] as the state religion during the reign of [[Ram Khamhaeng]] (1237/1247–1298).<ref>[[George Cœdès|Cœdès, George]] (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. ''The Indianized States of Southeast Asia''. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-0368-1}}.</ref> Theravāda Buddhism was further reinforced during the [[Ayutthaya kingdom|Ayutthaya]] period (14th–18th century), becoming an integral part of Thai society.

==Modern period==
{{Further|Buddhist modernism}}

The [[Modern history|modern era]] brought new challenges to the Buddhist religion such as the [[Western imperialism in Asia|colonization of traditionally Buddhist Asian countries by Western states]], which weakened the traditional political structures which supported the religion, as well as criticism and competition from [[Christianity]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=376}} Modern wars, [[Marxist–Leninist atheism|communist anti-religious pressure]], the growth of [[capitalism]], modern science and regional political instability are also influential pressures on modern Buddhism.

=== South and Southeast Asia ===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Olcott and Buddhists.jpg|Henry Olcott and Buddhists (Colombo, 1883)
Deekshabhoomi - panoramio.jpg|[[Deekshabhoomi]] monument, located in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]] where [[B. R. Ambedkar]] converted to Buddhism in 1956, is the largest [[stupa]] in Asia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhagwat|first=Ramu |title=Ambedkar memorial set up at Deekshabhoomi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ambedkar-memorial-set-up-at-Deekshabhoomi/articleshow/189472379.cms |access-date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-19/mumbai/27228796_1_dr-ambedkar-narayanan-smarak-samiti |url-status=live|archive-date=16 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2001}}</ref>
</gallery>
In [[British Ceylon]], [[Christian mission]]aries ran all the state-approved schools and commonly criticized Buddhist beliefs.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=377}} By 1865, Buddhist monks began a counter movement against Christian attacks, printing pamphlets and debating Christians in public, such as at the famous Panadura debate in 1873, which saw the monk [[Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera|Gunananda]] win a debate in front of a crowd of 10,000.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=378}}

During this period a new form of Buddhism began to take shape, termed [[Buddhist modernism]] (or sometimes "Protestant Buddhism"), which tended to see the Buddha from a humanist point of view and claimed that Buddhism was a rational and scientific religion.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=378}} Important figures in this new movement include the American convert [[Henry Steel Olcott|Henry Olcott]] (1832–1907) and [[Anagarika Dharmapala]] (1864–1933), who promoted Buddhist schools, lay organizations and the printing of newspapers.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=378}} Dharmapala also founded the [[Maha Bodhi Society|Mahā Bodhi Society]] to restore the dilapidated Indian site of Bodh Gaya.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=379}} Dharmapala also traveled to the UK and the US to teach Buddhism.

This society helped usher in a [[History of Buddhism in India#Revival of Buddhism in India|revival of Buddhism in India]], where Buddhism became popular among some Indian intellectuals.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=398}} One of these was the lawyer [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956), leader of the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]], who urged low caste Indian [[Dalit]]s to convert to Buddhism. Other Indian figures include [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] (1893–1963), [[Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi|Dharmanand Kosambi]] (1876–1941) and [[Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan]].<ref>Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 42, 50</ref>

In [[Myanmar|Burma]], a central modern figure is [[King Mindon]] (r. 1853–1878), who convened the [[Fifth Buddhist council|5th Buddhist council]] (1868–71), where different editions of the [[Pāli Canon|Pali Canon]] were cross-checked and a final version was inscribed on [[Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda|729 stone slabs, currently still the world's largest book]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=394}} A new meditation movement arose in Burma, called the [[Vipassana movement]], beginning with figures such as [[Medawi]] (1728–1816), who was instrumental in the promotion of Buddhist meditation practices.<ref>Pranke, Patrick. On saints and wizards, Ideals of human perfection and power in contemporary Burmese Buddhism</ref> In 1956, Burmese politician [[U Nu]] presided over a [[Sixth Buddhist council|sixth council]], which saw monks from various Theravada countries produce another new edition of the [[Pāli Canon|Pali Canon]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=395}} Recently, Buddhist monks have become involved in political protest movements such as the [[Saffron Revolution]] of 2007.

Thailand, which was the only country to avoid colonization, had two important Buddhist kings, who pushed for modernization and reformation of the Buddhist sangha. They were [[Mongkut|King Mongkut]] (r. 1851–68), and his son [[Chulalongkorn|King Chulalongkorn]] (r. 1868–1910), who were responsible for several key modern reforms of [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thai Buddhism]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=385}} Two recent Thai modernist movements are the monastic revival of the [[Thai Forest Tradition|Thai forest tradition]] and the [[Wat Phra Dhammakaya|Wat Phra Dhammakāya]] movement.

From 1893, [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]] were all French colonies. The Communists came to power in Laos in 1975. There was no widespread repression of the Buddhist sangha, but the communist government has sought to control the Sangha and use it as a tool to spread its ideology.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=397}} In Cambodia however, the communist terror of the [[Khmer Rouge]] during 1975–1979 caused much damage to the Buddhist sangha.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=397}}

=== East Asia ===
The [[Perry Expedition|opening of Japan in 1853]] by [[Matthew Calbraith Perry|Admiral Perry]] and the [[Meiji Restoration]] of 1868 led to the end of feudal Japan and rapid modernization.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=403}} A new form of [[State Shinto]] arose as a strong competitor to Buddhism when it was adopted by the Japanese government. In 1872, the Japanese government decreed that Buddhist clerics could marry. These changes led to modernization efforts by [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]] which saw the setting up of publishing houses and the study of Western philosophy and scholarship.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=403}} In the post-war period, [[Japanese new religions]] arose, many of them influenced by Buddhism.

Chinese Buddhism meanwhile, suffered much destruction during the Christian-inspired [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebellion]] (1850–64), but saw a modest revival during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican period]] (1912–49).{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=409}} A key figure was [[Taixu]] (T’ai-hsü, 1899–1947), who is associated with the modernist [[Humanistic Buddhism]] trend of Chinese Buddhism. The Communist [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–76) led to the closing of all Buddhist monasteries and widespread destruction of Buddhist institutions. However, since 1977, there has been a general shift in the policy of the communist government, and Buddhist activity, both monastic and lay, has once again been renewed.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|pp=409–410}}

[[Korean Buddhism]] suffered a series of setbacks during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)|Japanese invasions]], occupation, and also during the [[Korean War|Korean war]]. [[North Korea]]'s harsh government nevertheless offers some limited support to the sangha, but it closely controls all activity. In [[South Korea]], Buddhism underwent a revival, with youth groups being influential and temples being rebuilt with government aid.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=412}}<ref>Clark, Donald N. (2000). ''Culture and customs of Korea''. Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30456-9}}.</ref> An example of a recent modern form of Korean Buddhism is [[Won Buddhism]].

=== Central Asia ===
[[File:President Barack Obama greets His Holiness the Dalai Lama (27591124962).jpg|thumb|right|The Dalai Lama meeting with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in 2016.]]
[[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] (which had been a client state of the Qing dynasty) remained a traditional theocratic state (the [[Ganden Phodrang]] polity) with the [[Dalai Lama]]s as heads of state, from 1912 until the Chinese [[Battle of Chamdo|communist invasion in 1950]]. The [[14th Dalai Lama]] fled the country in 1959.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=414}} A [[Tibetan diaspora|Tibetan exile community]] was established in India, with its center at [[Dharamshala|Dharamsala]], which today contains various Buddhist monasteries and is a center for the study of Tibetan Buddhism. The 14th Dalai Lama has become one of the most popular Buddhist leaders in the world today.

During the [[Red Guards|Red Guard period]] (1966–67), Chinese communists destroyed around 6,000 monasteries in Tibet along with their art and books, an attempt to wipe out the Tibetan Buddhist culture.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=414}} After 1980, Chinese repression of Tibetan Buddhism has decreased and the situation has improved with the reprinting of the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon|Tibetan Canon]] and some artistic restoration.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=414}} In the nearby countries of [[Bhutan]], and [[Nepal]], [[Tibetan Buddhism|Vajrayana Buddhism]] continues to flourish as a major religion.

In [[Mongolia]], which also has Tibetan Buddhism as its main religion, [[Mongolian People's Republic|communist rule (between 1924 and 1990)]] saw much repression of Buddhism. However, Buddhism is now undergoing a revival in post-communist Mongolia, with more ordained monks and nuns, and with 284 monasteries since 2009.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=417}} More recent liberal attitudes towards religion has also benefited the Buddhists of [[Tuva]] and [[Buryatia]], as well as the Chinese region of [[Inner Mongolia]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=417}}

Another modern development was the founding of the [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk Khanate]] in the 17th century with [[Tibetan Buddhism]] as its main religion. During the course of the 18th century, they were absorbed by the [[Russian Empire]] as [[Kalmykia]], which remains a federal subject of Russia with a majority Buddhist religion.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060202154501/http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Kalmykian ''NUPI – Centre for Russian Studies'']</ref>

=== Western world ===
{{Further|Western Buddhism}}
[[File:Lightmatter Hsi Lai Temple 4.jpg|thumb|right|Main Hall of [[Hsi Lai Temple|Hsi Lai]], a Chinese-American temple in [[Los Angeles County, California]]. Completed in 1988, it is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the [[Western Hemisphere]].]]
[[File:Das.Buddhistische.Haus3.JPG|thumb|[[Das Buddhistische Haus]], a Theravada Buddhist vihara in [[Berlin]], Germany. It is considered the oldest Theravada Buddhist center in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=80th anniversary of Das Buddhistische Haus in Berlin – Frohnau, Germany |work=Daily News |location=Sri Lanka |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2004/04/24/fea09.html |date=April 24, 2004}}</ref>]]
During the 19th century, Western intellectuals became more aware of Buddhism through various contacts such as colonial servants, administrators, and Christian missionaries. Sir Edwin Arnold's book-length poem ''[[The Light of Asia]]'' (1879), a life of the Buddha, was a successful early publication on Buddhism that led to much interest among English speaking middle classes.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=420}} The work of western [[Buddhist studies|Buddhist scholars]] like [[Hermann Oldenberg]] (1854–1920), [[Thomas Rhys Davids|T. W. Rhys Davids]] (1843–1922) and [[Max Müller|F. Max Müller]] was also influential in introducing Buddhism to western audiences.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=422}}

The late 19th century also saw the first-known modern western conversions to Buddhism, including leading Theosophists [[Henry Steel Olcott]] and [[Helena Blavatsky]] in 1880 in Sri Lanka. The Theosophical Society was very influential in popularizing Indian religions in the west.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=421}} The 19th century also saw the first western monastics such as [[U Dhammaloka]], [[Charles Henry Allan Bennett|Ananda Metteyya]] and the German [[Nyanatiloka|Nyānatiloka Thera]] (1878–1956).

Another important element leading to the growth of Buddhism in the west was the large scale immigration of Chinese and Japanese to the United States and Canada in the late 19th century.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=424}} Refugees from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia have also immigrated to west, beginning in 1975.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=426}} Asian Buddhists such as [[D. T. Suzuki|DT Suzuki]], [[Hsuan Hua|Hsüan Hua]], [[Hakuun Yasutani]] and [[Thích Nhất Hạnh]] were influential in teaching [[Zen|Zen Buddhism]] in the West in the 20th century. [[Shunryū Suzuki|Shunryu Suzuki]] opened the [[Sōtō|Soto]] [[San Francisco Zen Center]] (1961) and the [[Tassajara Zen Mountain Center|Tassajara Monastery]] (1967).{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=432}}

The [[Tibetan diaspora]] has also been active in promoting Tibetan Buddhism in the West. All of the four major Tibetan Buddhist schools have a presence in the West and have attracted Western converts.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=437}} The number of its adherents is estimated to be between ten and twenty million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Major Branches of Religions Ranked by Number of Adherents |quote=Lamaism (Vajrayana/Tibetan/Tantric) — 20,000,000 |url=http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Buddhism |url-status=usurped |website=Adherents.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803172321/http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Buddhism |archive-date=2017-08-03}}</ref>

The Theravada tradition has established various temples in the West, especially among immigrant communities in the US. Theravada [[Vipassanā|vipassana]] meditation was also established in the West, through the founding of institutions like the [[Insight Meditation Society]] in 1975 and the vipassana centers of [[S. N. Goenka]].<ref>{{cite book |contributor-link=Gil Fronsdal |contributor-last=Fronsdal |contributor-first=Gil |contribution-url=http://www.insightmeditationcenter.org/articles/InsightinUS.pdf |contribution=Insight Meditation in the United States: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness |first1=C.S. |last1=Prebish |first2=K.K. |last2=Tanaka |year=1998 |title=The Faces of Buddhism in America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327142556/http://www.insightmeditationcenter.org/articles/InsightinUS.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-27 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> The [[Thai Forest Tradition|Thai forest tradition]] has also established communities in the US and in the UK. In the UK, the [[Triratna Buddhist Community]] arose as a new modern Buddhist movement.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=449}}

In [[Buddhism in Europe|Continental Europe]], interest in Buddhism also increased during the late 20th century, with an exponential increase in [[Buddhism in Germany|Buddhist groups in countries like Germany]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=451}} In [[Buddhism in France|France]] and Spain, Tibetan Buddhism has the largest following.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|pp=454, 456}} Tibetan, East Asian and Theravada traditions are now also present and active in [[Buddhism in Australia|Australia]] and [[Buddhism in New Zealand|New Zealand]].{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=456}} Tibetan and Zen Buddhism also have established a small presence in [[Buddhism in Argentina|Argentina]], [[Buddhism in Brazil|Brazil]], Chile, Colombia and Venezuela.{{sfn|Harvey|2012|p=457}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[Greater India]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Yoga]]
* [[Indian religions]]
* [[Indosphere]]
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Timeline of Buddhism]]
* [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Ordination of women in Buddhism]]
* [[Secular Buddhism]]
* [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]
* [[List of Buddhist Kingdoms and Empires]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* Beal, Samuel (1884). ''Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang''. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. [https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistr01bealgoog Volume 1] [https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre02hsuoft Volume2]
* {{cite book |last=Behrendt |first=Kurt A. |year=2004 |title=The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik |publisher=Brill}}
* {{cite book |first=Jerry |last=Bentley |year=1993 |title=Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* Boardman, John, ''The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity'', Princeton University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-691-03680-2}}

* {{cite book |last= Conze |first= Edward |year=1993 |author-link= Edward Conze |title= A Short History of Buddhism |edition=2nd |publisher= Oneworld |isbn=978-1-85168-066-5}}
* [[Edward Byles Cowell|Cowell, E.B.]] (transl.) Ashvaghosa (author) (1894), [https://archive.org/details/buddhistmahy01asvauoft ''The Buddha Carita or the Life of the Buddha''], reprint, New Delhi, 1977.
* {{Citation | last =Cox | first =Collett | year =1995 |title =Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist Theories on Existence | publisher =The Institute for Buddhist Studies | place =Tokyo | isbn =4-906267-36-X}}
* {{citation |last1=Coningham |first1=Robin |last2=Young |first2=Ruth |year=2015 |title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE – 200 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-41898-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaJrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA451 |pages=451–466}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=yaJrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA453 p. 453].

* Eliot, Charles, ''Japanese Buddhism'', Routledge 1964. {{ISBN|0-7103-0967-8}}
* Eliot, Charles, ''Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch'' (vol. 1–3), Routledge, London 1921, {{ISBN|81-215-1093-7}} [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Charles%20Eliot%20hinduism%20and%20buddhism Internet Archive]
* {{cite book |last=Errington |first=Elizabeth |title=The Crossroads of Asia. Transformation in Image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |publisher=[[Ancient India and Iran Trust]] |year=1992 |isbn=0-9518399-1-8}}

* {{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |year=2010 |author-link=Richard Foltz|title=Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-62125-1}}

* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Peter |year=2012 |title=An Introduction to Buddhism, Teachings, History and Practices |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}

* Keown, Damien, ''Dictionary of Buddhism'', Oxford University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-860560-9}}
* {{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |edition=4th |year=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=0-415-15481-2 |ref={{harvid|Hermann Kulke|2004}}}}

* Linssen, Robert, ''Living Zen'', Grove Press, New York, 1958. {{ISBN|0-8021-3136-0}}

* {{cite book |last=McRae |first=John |year=2003 |title=Seeing Through Zen |publisher=The University Press Group}}
* McEvilley, Thomas, ''The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies'', Allworth Press, New York, 2002. {{ISBN|1-58115-203-5}}

* "National Museum Arts asiatiques- Guimet" (Editions de la Reunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris, 2001) {{ISBN|2-7118-3897-8}}.

* {{cite book|editor-last=Prebish|editor-first=Charles S.|title=Buddhism: A Modern Perspective|year=1975|isbn=0-271-01185-8|publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}

* {{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |year=1999 |title=Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments |series=Gandharan Buddhist Texts |publisher=Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: The British Library |isbn=978-0-29597769-0 |url=http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html |access-date=2008-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927053229/http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html |archive-date=2013-09-27}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanderson |first=Alexis |author-link=Alexis Sanderson |date=2009 |editor1-last=Einoo |editor1-first=Shingo |title=Genesis and Development of Tantrism |series=Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series |volume=23 |publisher=Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo |location=Tokyo |chapter=The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period}}
* {{cite book |last=Skilton |first=Andrew |title=A Concise History of Buddhism |year=2004 |publisher=Windhorse Publications |isbn=978-0904766929}}
* {{cite book |last=Snellgrove |first=David L. |year=2003 |title=Indo-Tibetan Buddhism |publisher=Shambhala |place=Boston}}
* {{cite book |last=Snellgrove |first=David L. |year=2004 |title=Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors}}

* ''The Times Atlas of Archeology'', Times Books Limited, London, 1991. {{ISBN|0-7230-0306-8}}
* Takakusu, J., I-Tsing, [https://archive.org/details/recordofbuddhist00ichi ''A Record of the Buddhist Religion : As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671–695)''], Clarendon press 1896. Reprint. New Delhi, AES, 2005, lxiv, 240 p., {{ISBN|81-206-1622-7}}.
* {{cite book |last=Tissot |first=Francine |title=Gandhara |publisher=Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient |place=Paris |year=1970 |isbn=2-7200-1031-6}}

* {{cite book |last=Warder |first=A.K. |year=2000 |title=Indian Buddhism}}
* Willemen, Charles, trans. (2009), [https://web.archive.org/web/20140827205858/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dbet_t0192_buddhacarita_2009.pdf Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts], Berkeley, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. {{ISBN|978-1-886439-42-9}}
{{refend}}

{{Commons category|History of Buddhism}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{History of religions|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Buddhism}}
[[Category:History of Buddhism| ]]
[[Category:History of religion by religion]]

1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-05T15:14:35Z

RickieDumas3: adding

{{Short description|Election in British India}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| country = Bengal Presidency
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| next_year = [[1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1946]]
| election_date = 1937
| seats_for_election = All 250 seats in the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1_size = 120x120px
| image1 = Sarat Chandra Bose.jpg
| leader1 = [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 =
| seats1 = 54
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| party2 = All-India Muslim League
| image2_size = 120x120px
| image2 = Khawaja Nazimuddin.jpg
| leader2 = [[Khwaja Nazimuddin]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 =
| seats2 = 43
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| party3 = Krishak Praja Party
| image3_size = 120x120px
| image3 = A k fazlul hoque.jpg
| leader3 = [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 =
| seats3 = 36
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =

| title = [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime Minister]]
| before_election =
| before_party =
| after_election = [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
| after_party = Krishak Praja Party
| majority_seats = 125
}}

'''The 1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly''' '''election''' was held in January 1937 as part of the broader 1937 Indian provincial elections introduced under the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. It marked the establishment of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]] with expanded powers and provincial autonomy. The election resulted in a hung assembly, with the [[Krishak Sramik Party|Krishak Praja Party]], led by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], forming a coalition government.

== Background ==
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced significant constitutional reforms, aiming to grant greater self-governance to Indians under British colonial rule. Among its most notable provisions was the establishment of provincial autonomy, replacing the dyarchy introduced by the [[Government of India Act 1919|1919 Act]]. Under the 1935 Act, Indian ministers were given full control over provincial portfolios, with the exception of defense, external affairs, and certain matters related to the Governor’s discretionary powers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coupland |first=Sir Reginald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxY4twEACAAJ |title=The Indian Problem: Report on the Constitutional Problem in India |date=1944 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref>

In the Province of Bengal, the Act established a bicameral legislature, comprising the Legislative Assembly (lower house) and the Legislative Council (upper house). The Legislative Assembly consisted of 250 members, elected through a system of separate electorates that reflected the communal and socio-economic divisions in colonial Bengal. The electorate was limited and based largely on property, income, and education qualifications, which disproportionately favored landowners, urban elites, and business interests.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/bengal-divided/9B7D8CFAD7BCB416739BF9B5553E02EE |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52328-8 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511563256}}</ref>

The 250 seats in the Bengal Legislative Assembly were categorized into various communal and functional constituencies. These included seats reserved for Muslims, Hindus, Scheduled Castes (Depressed Classes), Europeans, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, landlords, commerce and industry, and universities. Of these, 117 seats were reserved for Muslims, 78 for Hindus, and 30 for Scheduled Castes, while the remaining were distributed among other interest-based categories.<ref name=":0" />

The Act allowed Indian ministers to form cabinets and manage internal provincial affairs, provided they commanded the confidence of the majority in the Assembly. However, the Governor retained overriding authority in certain matters, including the power to dismiss ministries and veto legislation. This tension between Indian autonomy and colonial control remained a key political issue throughout the tenure of the provincial governments formed under the 1935 Act.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |title=Modern India, 1885 - 1947 |date=1992 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-43806-0 |edition=Reprint. [der 2. ed. 1989] |series=Cambridge Commonwealth series |location=Basingstoke}}</ref>

==Seats==
The allocation of 250 seats in the assembly was based on the communal award. It is illustrated in the following.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite book |author=Sirajul Islam |year=2012 |chapter=Bengal Legislative Assembly |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Legislative_Assembly |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* General elected seats- 78
* [[Muslim]] electorate seats- 117
** Urban seats- 6
** Rural seats- 111
* [[Anglo-Indian]] electorate seats- 3
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] electorate seats- 11
* [[Indian Christian]] electorate seats- 2
* [[Zamindar]] seats- 5
* Labour representatives- 8
* Education seats- 2
** [[University of Calcutta]]- 1
** [[University of Dacca]]- 1
* Women seats- 5
** General electorate- 2
** Muslim electorate- 2
** Anglo-Indian electorate- 1
* Commerce, Industries and Planting seats- 19
** [[Port of Calcutta]]
** [[Port of Chittagong]]
** [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce]]
** [[Jute]] Interest
** Tea Interest
** Railways
** Traders Associations
** Others
{{div col end}}

==Results==
{{Further|1937 Indian provincial elections}}The Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party overall with 54 seats, but it fell far short of a majority. The Krishak Praja Party (KPP) and Muslim League, both primarily Muslim-based parties, gained significant influence in the Muslim-majority constituencies. The Muslim League notably gained strength in urban Muslim areas, while the KPP, representing rural Muslim peasants, had success in rural constituencies. Despite the League winning fewer total seats than Congress, it secured a stronger presence in the reserved Muslim seats due to communal electorate divisions.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ali |first=Tariq Omar |title=6. Peasant Populism |date=2018-05-15 |work=A Local History of Global Capital |pages=137–167 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.23943/9781400889280-009/html |access-date=2025-07-03 |publisher=Princeton University Press |language=en |doi=10.23943/9781400889280-009 |isbn=978-1-4008-8928-0}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Party
!Hindu urban
!Hindu rural
!Hindu women
!Muslim urban
!Muslim rural
!Muslim women
!Indian Christian
!Anglo-Indian
!Anglo-Indian women
!European
!Landholders
!Commerce
!Labour
!Universities
!Total
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|11
|37 (inclusive of 7 seats reserved for Dalits)
|2
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|4
| -
|54
|-
|[[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]]
| -
| -
| -
|6
|30
|2
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|1
| -
|1
|40
|-
|[[Krishak Sramik Party|Krishak Praja Party]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
|36
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|36
|-
|[[Tippera Krishak Samiti|Tripura Krishak Samiti]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
|5
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|5
|-
|[[Hindu Mahasabha|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
|1
|2 (both reserved for Dalits)
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|1
| -
| -
| -
|4
|-
|[[Congress Nationalist Party]]
| -
|1
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|1
|-
|Independent Hindus
| -
|26 (inclusive of 21 seats reserved for Dalits)
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|4
|4
|2
|1
|37
|-
|Independent Muslims
| -
| -
| -
| -
|40
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|2
| -
|42
|-
|Unaligned
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|2
|3
|1
|11
| -
|14
| -
| -
|31
|-
|'''Total'''
|12
|66 (inclusive of 30 seats reserved for Dalits)
|2
|6
|111
|2
|2
|3
|1
|11
|5
|19
|8
|2
|250
|}

=== MLAs elected ===
<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40330 |title=The Bengal Civil List (1937) No.267 |date=1937}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Reservation
!Constituency
!Member
|-
| rowspan="80" |Hindu
|Calcutta North
|Jatindranath Basu
|-
|Calcutta East
|Santoshkumar Basu
|-
|Calcutta West
|[[Prabhu Dayal Himatsingka|Prabhudayal Himmatsinghka]]
|-
|Calcutta Central
|J. M. Dasgupta
|-
|Calcutta South Central
|Jogeshchandra Gupta
|-
|Calcutta South
|[[Sarat Chandra Bose|Saratchandra Basu]]
|-
|24 Parganas North West
|P. Banerjee
|-
|24 Parganas North West (Depressed Classes)
|Anukulchandra Das
|-
|24 Parganas South East
|Ray Bahadur Jogeshchandra Sen
|-
|24 Parganas South East (Depressed Classes)
|Hemchandra Naskar
|-
|24 Parganas Municipal
|Rai Harendranath Choudhury
|-
|Nadiya
|[[Haripada Chattopadhyay]]
|-
|Nadiya (Depressed Classes)
|Lakshminarayan Biswas
|-
|Murshidabad
|Sasankasekhar Sanyal
|-
|Murshidabad (Depressed Classes)
|Kiritbhushan Das
|-
|Jessore
|Atulkrishna Ghosh
|-
|Jessore (Depressed Classes)
|Rasiklal Biswas
|-
|Khulna
|Nagendranath Sen
|-
| rowspan="2" |Khulna (Depressed Classes)
|Patiram Ray
|-
|[[Mukunda Behari Mullick|Mukundabihari Mullick]]
|-
|Presidency Division Municipal
|Dr. [[Nalinaksha Sanyal]]
|-
|Hooghly North East
|Dhirendranarayan Mukherjee
|-
|Hooghly North East (Depressed Classes)
|Radhanath Das
|-
|Hooghly South West
|Sukumar Dutta
|-
|Howrah
|Manmathanath Ray
|-
|Howrah (Depressed Classes)
|Pulinbihari Mullick
|-
|Hooghly-cum-Howrah Municipal
|Baradaprasanna Pyne
|-
|Burdwan Central
|Maharaja Kumar [[Uday Chand Mahtab|Udaychand Mahtab]] of [[Bardhaman Raj|Bardhaman]]
|-
|Burdwan Central (Depressed Classes)
|Advaitakumar Majhi
|-
|Burdwan North West
|[[Pramathanath Banerjee]]
|-
|Burdwan North West (Depressed Classes)
|Bankubihari Mandal
|-
|Birbhum
|Saratchandra Mukherjee
|-
|Birbhum (Depressed Classes)
|Debendranath Das
|-
|Bankura West
|Manindrabhushan Singha
|-
|Bankura West (Depressed Classes)
|Ashutosh Mullick
|-
|Bankura East
|Kamalkrishna Ray
|-
|Midnapore Central
|Debendralal Khan
|-
|Midnapore Central (Depressed Classes)
|Krishnaprasad Mandal
|-
|Midnapore East
|Dr. Gobindachandra Bhaumik
|-
|Midnapore South West
|Ishwarchandra Mal
|-
|Midnapore South East
|[[Nikunja Behari Maiti|Nikunjabihari Maiti]]
|-
|Jhargram-cum-Ghatal
|Kishoripati Ray
|-
|Jhargram-cum-Ghatal (Depressed Classes)
|Harendra Dolui
|-
|Burdwan Division North Municipal
|Tulshichandra Goswami
|-
|Rajshahi
|Satyapriya Banerjee
|-
|Malda
|Atulchandra Kumar
|-
|Malda (Depressed Classes)
|Tarinicharan Pramanik
|-
|Dinajpur
|Nisithanath Kundu
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dinajpur (Depressed Classes)
|[[Prem Hari Barma|Premhari Barma]]
|-
|Shyamaprasad Barman
|-
|Jalpaiguri-cum-Siliguri
|[[Khagendra Nath Dasgupta|Khagendranath Dasgupta]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Jalpaiguri-cum-Siliguri (Depressed Classes)
|[[Upendranath Barman]]
|-
|[[Prasanna Deb Raikut|Prasannadeb Raikut]]
|-
|Darjeeling
|[[Damber Singh Gurung]]
|-
|Rangpur
|Jatindranath Chakraborty
|-
| rowspan="2" |Rangpur (Depressed Classes)
|Pushpajit Barma
|-
|Kshetranath Singha
|-
|Bogra-cum-Pabna
|Narendranarayan Chakraborty
|-
|Bogra-cum-Pabna (Depressed Classes)
|Madhusudan Sarkar
|-
|North Bengal Municipal
|Surendramohan Maitra
|-
|Dacca East
|Manoranjan Banerjee
|-
|Dacca East (Depressed Classes)
|[[Dhananjoy Roy|Dhananjay Ray]]
|-
|Dacca West
|[[Kiran Shankar Roy|Kiranshankar Ray]]
|-
|Mymensingh West
|Charuchandra Ray
|-
|Mymensingh West (Depressed Classes)
|Amritalal Mandal
|-
|Mymensingh East
|Birendrakishore Roychoudhuri
|-
|Mymensingh East (Depressed Classes)
|[[Mono Mohan Das|Monomohan Das]]
|-
|Faridpur
|Surendranath Biswas
|-
| rowspan="2" |Faridpur (Depressed Classes)
|[[Birat Chandra Mandal|Biratchandra Mandal]]
|-
|[[Pramatha Ranjan Thakur|Pramatharanjan Thakur]]
|-
|Bakharganj South West
|Narendranath Dasgupta
|-
|Bakharganj South West (Depressed Classes)
|Upendranath Edbar
|-
|Bakharganj North East (Depressed Classes)
|[[Jogendra Nath Mandal|Jogendranath Mandal]]
|-
|Tipperah
|[[Dhirendranath Datta|Dhirendranath Dutta]]
|-
|Tipperah (Depressed Classes)
|Jagatchandra Mandal
|-
|Noakhali
|[[Harendra Kumar Sur|Harendrakumar Sur]]
|-
|Chittagong
|Mahimchandra Das
|-
|East Bengal Municipal
|Birendranath Majumdar
|-
|Calcutta women
|Miss [[Mira Datta Gupta|Mira Dutta Gupta]]
|-
|Dacca women
|Mrs Hemaprabha Majumdar
|-
| rowspan="118" |Muslim
|Calcutta North
|Sir [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
|-
|Calcutta South
|[[Abul Hassan Ispahani|M. A. H. Ispahani]]
|-
|Barrackpore Municipal
|Md. Solaiman
|-
|Bongaon
|Serajul Islam
|-
|24 Parganas North East
|Khan Bahadur A. F. M. Abdur Rahman
|-
|24 Parganas Central
|Quara Yousuf Mirza
|-
|24 Parganas South
|Jashimuddin Ahmed
|-
|24 Parganas Municipal
|[[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]]
|-
|Nadiya East
|Aftab Hossain Joardar
|-
|Nadiya West
|Khan Bahadur [[Azizul Haque (educator)|Azizul Huq]]
|-
|Kusthia
|M. [[Shamsuddin Ahmed (Pakistani politician)|Shamsuddin Ahmed]]
|-
|Meherpur
|Muhammad Mohsin Ali
|-
|Berhampore
|Abdul Bari
|-
|Murshidabad South West
|Sahibzada [[Nawabs of Murshidabad|Kawan Jah]] Syed Kazem Ali Mirza (son of [[Wasif Ali Mirza]])
|-
|Jangipur
|M. Farhad Raza Choudhury
|-
|Jessore Sadar
|[[Syed Nausher Ali]]
|-
|Jessore East
|Waliur Rahman
|-
|Jhenaidah
|Khan Sahib Maulana [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]]
|-
|Khulna
|Abdul Hakim
|-
|Satkhira
|[[Syed Jalaluddin Hashmey|Syed Jalaluddin Hashemi]]
|-
|Bagerhat
|Syed Mustagaswal Haq
|-
|Burdwan
|[[Abul Hashim]]
|-
|Birbhum
|Muhammad Abdul Rashid
|-
|Bankura
|Dr. [[Syed Muhammed Siddique|Syed Muhammad Siddiq]]
|-
|Midnapore
|Khan Bahadur [[Alfazuddin Ahmed]]
|-
|Hooghly
|Abul Qasem
|-
|Howrah
|Khan Sahib Syed Abdur Rouf
|-
|Hooghly-cum-Howrah Municipal
|K. Nooruddin
|-
|Rajshahi North
|Maniruddin Akhund
|-
|Rajshahi Central
|[[Moslem Ali Mollah]]
|-
|Rajshahi South
|Muhammad Amir Ali Mia
|-
|Natore
|[[Ashraf Ali Khan Chowdhury|Muhammad Ashraf Ali]]
|-
|Balurghat
|Mafizuddin Choudhury
|-
|Thakurgaon
|Hafizuddin Choudhury
|-
|Dinajpur Central East
|Abdul Jabbar
|-
|Dinajpur Central West
|Khan Bahadur [[Mahtab Uddin Ahmad|Mehtabuddin Ahmed]]
|-
|Nilphamari
|Khan Bahadur A. M. L. Rahman
|-
|Rangpur North
|Haji Safiruddin Ahmed
|-
|Rangpur South
|[[Shah Abdur Rauf|Shah Abdur Rouf]]
|-
|Kurigram North
|Kazi Emdadul Huq
|-
|Kurigram South
|Abdul Hafiz
|-
|Gaibandha North
|[[Abu Hussain Sarkar|Abu Hossain Sarkar]]
|-
|Gaibandha South
|Ahmed Hossain
|-
|Bogra East
|Rajibuddin Tarafdar
|-
|Bogra South
|Muhammad Ishaq
|-
|Bogra North
|Dr. [[Mafizuddin Ahmed]]
|-
|Pabna East
|Azhar Ali
|-
|Pabna West
|A. M. Abdul Hamid
|-
|Serajganj South
|[[Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish|Abdur Rashid]]
|-
|Serajganj North
|[[Abdullah al Mahmood|Abdullah al-Mahmud]]
|-
|Serajganj Central
|Muhammad Barat Ali
|-
|Malda North
|Zahur Ahmed Choudhury
|-
|Malda South
|[[Idris Ahmed Mia]]
|-
|Jalpaiguri-cum-Darjeeling
|Khan Bahadur Nawab [[Kazi Musharraf Hussain|Musharraf Hossain]]
|-
|Dacca Central
|Khan Bahadur Syed Abdul Hafiz
|-
|Dacca North Central
|Muhammad Abdus Shahid
|-
|Dacca South Central
|Razaur Rahman Khan
|-
|Dacca Municipal
|Khan Bahadur Nawab [[Khwaja Habibullah]] of [[Nawab of Dhaka|Dhaka]]
|-
|Narayanganj North
|S. A. Salim
|-
|Narayanganj East
|Muhammad Abdul Aziz
|-
|Narayanganj South
|[[Khawaja Shahabuddin]]
|-
|Munshiganj
|[[Abdul Hakim Bikrampuri|Muhammad Abdul Hakim Bikrampuri]]
|-
|Manikganj East
|Aulad Hossain Khan
|-
|Manikganj West
|[[Abdul Latif Biswas (Pakistani politician)|Abdul Latif Biswas]]
|-
|Jamalpur East
|Fazlur Rahman
|-
|Jamalpur North
|Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Palowan
|-
|Jamalpur West
|Ghiyasuddin Ahmed
|-
|Jamalpur-cum-Muktagacha
|[[Khan Bahadur Abdul Karim|Abdul Karim]]
|-
|Mymensingh North
|Abdul Majid
|-
|Mymensingh East
|[[Abdul Wahed Bokainagari|Abdul Wahed]]
|-
|Mymensingh South
|[[Shamsul Huda Panchbagi|Shamsul Huda]]
|-
|Mymensingh West
|Abdul Hakim
|-
|Tangail North
|[[Syed Hasan Ali Chowdhury|Syed Hasan Ali Choudhury]]
|-
|Tangail West
|Mirza Abdul Hafiz
|-
|Tangail South
|Masud Ali Khan Panni
|-
|Netrakona North
|Abul Hossain Ahmed
|-
|Netrakona South
|Khan Sahib Kabiruddin Khan
|-
|Kishoreganj North
|Abdul Hamid Shah
|-
|Kishoreganj East
|Khan Sahib Hamiduddin Ahmed
|-
|Kishoreganj South
|Muhammad Israil
|-
|Gopalganj
|Shamsuddin Ahmed Khondkar
|-
|Goalundo
|Ahmed Ali Mridha
|-
|Faridpur East
|[[Yusuf Ali Chowdhury|Yusuf Ali Choudhury]]
|-
|Faridpur West
|[[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan|Tamizuddin Khan]]
|-
|Madaripur East
|Ghiyasuddin Ahmed Choudhury
|-
|Madaripur West
|Muhammad Abul Fazal
|-
|Patuakhali North
|[[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
|-
|Patuakhali South
|[[Abdul Kader Mia|Abdul Kader]]
|-
|Pirojpur North
|Khan Sahib [[Syed Muhammad Afzal]]
|-
|Pirojpur South
|Khan Sahib [[Hatem Ali Jamadar]]
|-
|Bakharganj North
|Khan Bahadur [[Hasem Ali Khan|Hashem Ali Khan]]
|-
|Bakharganj West
|[[Abdul Wahab Khan (politician)|Abdul Wahab Khan]]
|-
|Bakharganj South
|Sadaruddin Ahmed
|-
|Bhola North
|[[Mohammad Mozammel Haq]]
|-
|Bhola South
|Haji Tofel Ahmed Choudhury
|-
|Brahmanbaria North
|Dewan Mustafa Ali
|-
|Brahmanbaria South
|Nawabzada Khwaja Nasarullah
|-
|Tipperah North
|Nawab Sir [[Kazi Golam Mohiuddin Faroqui|Mohiuddin Faruqi]] of Ratanpur (in [[Nabinagar Upazila|Nabinagar]])
|-
|Tipperah North East
|Maqbul Hossain
|-
|Tipperah South
|[[Muhammad Hasanuzzaman|Muhammad Hassanuzzaam]]
|-
|Tipperah West
|[[Ramizuddin Ahmed]]
|-
|Tipperah Central
|Asimuddin Ahmed
|-
|Chandpur East
|[[Janab Ali Majumdar]]
|-
|Chandpur West
|Khan Bahadur [[Abidur Reza Chowdhury|Abidur Reza Choudhury]]
|-
|Matiabazar
|[[Shahed Ali Patwary|Shahed Ali]]
|-
|Ramganj-cum-Raipur
|[[Gholam Sarwar Husseini|Shah Syed Golam Sarwar Hossaini]]
|-
|Noakhali North
|[[Muhammad Ibrahim (scholar)|Muhammad Ibrahim]]
|-
|Noakhali West
|Syed Ahmed Khan
|-
|Noakhali South
|[[Syed Abdul Majid (politician)|Syed Abdul Majid]]
|-
|Noakhali Central
|Aminullah
|-
|Feni
|Abdur Razzak
|-
|Cox's Bazar
|Khan Bahadur [[Jalaluddin Ahmad|Jalaluddin Ahmed]]
|-
|Chittagong North East
|[[Sana Ullah|Al-Haj Maulana Dr. Sanaullah]]
|-
|Chittagong North West
|Khan Bahadur Fazlul Qudir
|-
|Chittagong South
|Ahmed Kabir Choudhury
|-
|Chittagong South Central
|[[Maniruzzaman Islamabadi|Muhammad Maniruzzaman Islamabadi]]
|-
|Calcutta women
|Mrs [[Hasina Murshed]]
|-
|Dacca women
|[[Farhat Banu|Begum Farhat Bano Khanam]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Indian Christian
|[[Kolkata|Calcutta]]-cum-[[Presidency division|Presidency Division]]
|Dr. [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee|H. C. Mukherjee]]
|-
|[[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]]
|S. A. Gomes
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Anglo-Indian
|J. W. Chippendale
|-
|L. T. Maguire
|-
|C. Griffiths
|-
| colspan="2" |Anglo-Indian women
|Miss P. B. Bell Hart
|-
| rowspan="11" |European
| rowspan="4" |[[Kolkata metropolitan region|Calcutta and suburbs]]
|F. C. Brasher
|-
|C. Miller
|-
|A. O. Brown
|-
|R. J. Hawkings
|-
|[[Presidency division|Presidency Division]]
|G. Morgan
|-
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]-cum-[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|[[Birkmyre baronets|Baronet]] Sir Henry Birkmyre
|-
|[[Burdwan division|Burdwan Division]]
|I. A. Clark
|-
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|W. C. Patton
|-
|[[Rajshahi Division]]
|H. Brabant Smith
|-
|[[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]]
|J. W. R. Steven
|-
|[[Chittagong Division]]
|F. J. Marindin
|-
| rowspan="5" |Landholders
|[[Presidency division|Presidency Division]]
|Maharaja [[Srish Chandra Nandy|Srishchandra Nandi]] of [[Cossimbazar|Kashimbazar]]
|-
|[[Burdwan division|Burdwan Division]]
|Sir [[Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy]]
|-
|[[Rajshahi Division]]
|Kumar Shibshekhareshwar Roy of [[Bagmara Upazila|Tahirpur]]
|-
|[[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]]
|Maharaja Shashikanta Acharya Choudhury of [[Muktagacha Upazila|Muktagacha]]
|-
|[[Chittagong Division]]
|Ray Bahadur Khirod Chandra Roy
|-
| rowspan="19" |Commerce
| rowspan="7" |[[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry|Bengal Chamber of Commerce]]
|P. F. S. Warren
|-
|L. M. Blomenstock
|-
|M. A. F. Hirtzel
|-
|F. H. French
|-
|R. M. Sassoon
|-
|David Hendry
|-
|W. C. Wordsworth
|-
| rowspan="2" |Calcutta Trades Association
|K. A. Hamilton
|-
|H. R. Norton
|-
| rowspan="2" |Indian [[Jute mill|Jute Mills]] Association
|W. A. M. Walker
|-
|I. G. Kennedy
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Tea Association]]
|G. G. MacGregor
|-
|C. W. Miles
|-
|Indian Mining Association
|E. A. Paterson
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bengal National Chamber of Commerce & Industry|Bengal National Chamber of Commerce]]
|[[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar|Naliniranjan Sarkar]]
|-
|Sir Harishankar Pal
|-
|[[Indian Chamber of Commerce]]
|[[Debi Prasad Khaitan|Debiprasad Khaitan]]
|-
|[[Marwari people|Marwari]] Association
|Rai Bahadur Mantulal Tapuria
|-
|Muslim Chamber of Commerce
|[[Abdur Rahman Siddiqui|Abdur Rahman Siddiqi]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |Labour
|Railway Trade Union
|J. N. Gupta
|-
|Water Transport Trade Union
|[[Aftab Ali]]
|-
|Registered factories - Calcutta and suburbs
|Sureshchandra Banerjee
|-
|Registered factories - Barrackpore
|[[Bolshevik Party of India|Niharendu Dutta Majumdar]]
|-
|Registered factories - Howrah
|[[Sibnath Banerjee|Shibnath Banerjee]]
|-
|Registered factories - Hooghly-cum-Serampore
|[[A.M.A. Zaman|A. M. A. Zaman]]
|-
|[[:Category:Coal mining in West Bengal|Coalmines]]
|B. Mukherjee
|-
|[[North Bengal Tea Industry|Tea gardens]]
|Litta Munda Sirdar
|-
| rowspan="2" |Universities
|[[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]
|[[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee|Shyamaprasad Mukherjee]]
|-
|[[University of Dhaka|Dacca University]]
|[[Fazlur Rahman (politician, born 1905)|Fazlur Rahman]]
|}

== Aftermath ==

=== Government Formation ===
[[File:AK Fazlul Huq Cabinet 1937.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Fazlul Huq's first cabinet in 1937]]
Following the 1937 elections, no single party secured an outright majority in the 250-member Bengal Legislative Assembly. The Indian National Congress, although the largest single party with 52 seats, chose not to form a government in Bengal, partly due to its national policy of avoiding coalition governments in provinces where it lacked a clear majority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sole-spokesman/53629540A69011A6E2719E347AA80E91 |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511558856}}</ref>

Instead, A.K. Fazlul Huq, leader of the Krishak Praja Party (KPP), succeeded in forming a coalition ministry. The KPP had won 36 seats, mostly in rural Muslim constituencies. To secure a working majority, Huq entered into an alliance with the All-India Muslim League, which had won 39 seats, particularly from urban Muslim areas and elite Muslim voters. The coalition also included support from independent Muslim legislators, some Scheduled Caste leaders, and Hindu Mahasabha members. On April 1, 1937, Fazlul Huq was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Bengal, under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1935<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Coalition Tensions ===
Despite initially cooperating with the Muslim League, Huq maintained a degree of independence from its central leadership, which led to increasing tension.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |title=Self and sovereignty: individual and community in South Asian Islam since 1850 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-22078-1 |edition=Digital print |location=London}}</ref> Huq prioritized regional and economic issues over communal ones, advocating land reforms and peasant welfare, often in opposition to the elite Muslim landlords who supported the League.<ref name=":0" />

By 1941, the tensions had grown severe, and Huq broke away from the Muslim League. He later joined hands with the Hindu Mahasabha in a controversial move that further alienated both Muslim and Hindu hardliners.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |title=History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar, Volume 2 |publisher=[[Government of Bihar]] |year=1957 |edition= |location=Bihar, India |publication-date=1957}}</ref>

=== Dismissal of the Government ===
The collapse of trust among coalition partners, widespread food shortages, inflation caused by [[World War II]], and mounting communal tensions gradually eroded the legitimacy of Huq’s government. In March 1943, the Governor of Bengal, exercising his authority under the Government of India Act 1935, dismissed Huq’s ministry on grounds of political instability and loss of Assembly support. Huq’s dismissal marked the end of Bengal’s first elected provincial government.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520377370 |title=Congress and Indian Nationalism |date=2024-05-29 |publisher=University of California Press |doi=10.1525/9780520377370 |isbn=978-0-520-37737-0 |editor-last=Sisson |editor-first=Richard |editor-last2=Wolpert |editor-first2=Stanley}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further sources==
* Jahanara Begum: ''The Bengal Legislature of 1937 and Its Characteristics''. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 36 (1975), pp. 485–492 ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138871 online version at JSTOR])
* David Denis Taylor: ''Indian Politics and the Elections of 1937''. D.Phil. thesis, University of London 1971. ProQuest Number: 11010433 ([https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33670/1/11010433.pdf online version)]
* Shila Sen: ''Muslim Politics in Bengal 1937-47''. Impex India: New Delhi, 1976 ([https://www.1947partitionarchive.org/node/344 online summary])

[[Category:1937 elections in India]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in the Bengal Presidency]]

Mask (2025 film)

2026-04-27T19:15:05Z

RickieDumas3:

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film by Vikarnan Ashok}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{For other uses|Mask (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox film
| image = Mask (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vikarnan Ashok
| writer = Vikarnan Ashok
| producer = [[Vetrimaaran]] (presenter) [[Andrea Jeremiah]] SP Chokkalingam
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]]
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
}}
| narrator = [[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = R. Ramar
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = [[Grass Root Film Company]] (presents) Black Madras Films The Show Must Go On
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|21}}
| runtime = 127 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Mask (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mask-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdm0mji2 |access-date=18 November 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = ₹20 crore
| gross = ₹12 crore
}}

'''''Mask''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by debutant Vikarnan Ashok. Produced jointly by The Show Must Go On and Black Madras Films, the film stars [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] and [[Andrea Jeremiah]] in the lead roles.

Presented by [[Vetrimaaran|Vetrimaaran's]] [[Grass Root Film Company]], the film was tentatively titled ''Kavin 07'', as it is the actor's seventh film as a lead actor, prior to its official announcement in May 2024. The official title was revealed along with the project announcement. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month and was shot predominantly in [[Chennai]]. The film has entered its final stages of production. The music is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], with cinematography by [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and editing by R. Ramar.

''Mask'' was released in theatres on 21 November 2025 and became an [[box-office bomb]].

== Plot ==

Velu is a money-minded private detective who solves his clients' problems but, unbeknownst to them, scams their accounts and cheats them due to his greed for money.

Meanwhile, Bhumi runs an NGO that provides free education and other essential facilities for children. However, she is later revealed to be involved in several illegal activities, including sex trafficking, under the guise of her charity.

A corrupt politician, Manivannan, is introduced, who wants to hide a huge sum of black money. He chooses Bhumi as the safest option and hands over the money to her, which she accepts in return for a share of the amount.

Soon, a mysterious masked gang is shown stealing the money from Bhumi. When the heist comes to her knowledge, she conceals the incident from the politician. She then orders Velu to find the robbers and forces him to recover the money at any cost. Velu, himself corrupt yet a skilled detective, risks his life while tracking down the masked gang.

How Velu finds the gang, what their true intentions are, and who Bhumi really is—later revealed to be Varaprabhalakshmi—form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] as Velu
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Bhumi / Varaprabhalakshi<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=கவின், ஆண்ட்ரியா நடிக்கும் 'மாஸ்க்'.. ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர்கள் ரிலீஸ்..! |url=https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/kavin-s-mask-movie-first-look-posters-go-viral-125022600026_1.html |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Ruhani Sharma]] as Radhi, Velu's love interest
* [[Komal Sharma]] as Kayal, Velu's wife
* [[Pawan Krishna]] as MLA Manivannan
* [[Charle]] as Sargunam "Guna", Velu's father-in-law
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Attack Arun
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as an advocate
* [[Kalloori Vinoth]] as Sub-Inspector Arul
* [[George Maryan]] as George, the president of a housing society
* [[Subramaniam Siva]] as Mathi
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Ramesh, Velu's father
* Venkat Senguttuvan as Battery
* Phathmen as Chandru
* [[Archana Chandhoke]] as Thaen, Chandru's wife
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as an Advocate (uncredited cameo)
* [[Aruldoss]] as an Advocate (uncredited cameo)
* Sathyajith as an Advocate (uncredited cameo)
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Raathi's husband (uncredited)
* [[Nelson Dilipkumar]] as the narrator (voice-over)
* Vikarnan Ashok as a film director, one of Velu's clients (uncredited cameo)
* Sembuli Jagan
* Karthikeyan P
* Chandran

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In April 2024, [[Andrea Jeremiah]] was reported to had been chosen to play the lead antagonist in [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]]'s seventh film as a lead actor, tentatively titled ''Kavin 7''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-02-26 |title=துப்பாக்கியுடன் சிரிக்கும் 'வில்லி' ஆண்ட்ரியா.. மாஸ் காட்டும் கவின் - 'மாஸ்க்' பர்ஸ்ட் லுக்! {{!}} Andrea smiling with a gun.. kavin showing off - 'Mask' first look! |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/andrea-smiling-with-a-gun-kavin-showing-off-mask-first-look-762198 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313182052/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/andrea-smiling-with-a-gun-kavin-showing-off-mask-first-look-762198 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reports further claimed that Vikarnan Ashok, a former assistant director to [[Vetrimaaran]], would make his directorial debut with the project, while Vetrimaaran would produce it under his home banner, [[Grass Root Film Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Has Andrea Jeremiah been roped in for Kavin 07? This is an update you don't want to miss out on.. |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/has-andrea-jeremiah-been-roped-in-for-kavin-07-this-is-an-update-you-dont-want-to-miss-out-on/fe57ce48b9848 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518134548/https://www.ottplay.com/news/has-andrea-jeremiah-been-roped-in-for-kavin-07-this-is-an-update-you-dont-want-to-miss-out-on/fe57ce48b9848 |url-status=live }}</ref> The production house made an official announcement on 17 May 2024, confirming the project and revealing the title ''Mask''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=Kavin-Andrea Jeremiah To Star In Vetrimaaran's Production Titled Mask |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/kavin-andrea-jeremiah-to-star-in-vetrimaarans-production-titled-mask-article-110214690 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517154726/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/kavin-andrea-jeremiah-to-star-in-vetrimaarans-production-titled-mask-article-110214690 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film marks the maiden production ventures of S. P. Chokkalingam and Andrea Jeremiah under the Black Madras Films banner and The Show Must Go On (TSMGO) banner respectively, and is presented by Vetrimaaran's Grass Root Film Company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Kavin Raj And Andrea Jeremiah's Tamil Film Mask Goes On Floors |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kavin-raj-and-andrea-jeremiahs-tamil-film-mask-goes-on-floors-8895285.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518134547/https://www.news18.com/movies/kavin-raj-and-andrea-jeremiahs-tamil-film-mask-goes-on-floors-8895285.html |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mask first look: Kavin and Andrea Jeremiah face each other with a mystery at play |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mask-first-look-kavin-and-andrea-jeremiah-face-each-other-with-a-mystery-at-play/e06dfc1db8571 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226052713/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mask-first-look-kavin-and-andrea-jeremiah-face-each-other-with-a-mystery-at-play/e06dfc1db8571 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-02-26 |title=Andrea Jeremiah turns producer with Kavin-starrer Mask; First look posters of film released! {{!}} The makers of the film released the first look posters of Mask. Interestingly, this film will have Andrea, not just producing it, but also reportedly playing the antagonist in it. |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/the-makers-of-the-film-released-the-first-look-posters-of-mask-interestingly-this-film-will-have-andrea-not-just-producing-it-but-also-reportedly-playing-the-antagonist-in-it-824404 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710140516/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/the-makers-of-the-film-released-the-first-look-posters-of-mask-interestingly-this-film-will-have-andrea-not-just-producing-it-but-also-reportedly-playing-the-antagonist-in-it-824404 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film also stars [[Ruhani Sharma]], [[Charle]], [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Archana Chandhoke]] and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-26 |title=Kavin and Andrea Jeremiah's 'Mask' first-look poster revealed! Promises a gripping heist thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavin-and-andrea-jeremiahs-mask-first-look-poster-revealed-promises-a-gripping-heist-thriller/articleshow/118573675.cms |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227095526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavin-and-andrea-jeremiahs-mask-first-look-poster-revealed-promises-a-gripping-heist-thriller/articleshow/118573675.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruhani would make her Tamil sophomore with this film and was cast opposite Kavin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கவினுக்கு ஜோடியாக நடிக்கும் பாலிவுட் நடிகை.. யார் தெரியுமா? |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/ruhani-sharma-join-in-kavin-movie-1719744659# |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Cineulagam |language=ta}}</ref> Vetrimaaran was reported to have made a cameo appearance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கவினின் 'மாஸ்க்' படத்தில் நடிக்கிறாரா வெற்றிமாறன்?... இணையத்தில் பரவும் தகவல்! |url=https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/is-vetrimaaran-doing-a-cameo-in-kavin-mask-125022800008_1.html |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}</ref> The technical crew includes music composer [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], cinematographer [[R. D. Rajasekhar]], art director [[Jacki (art director)|Jacki]], editor R. Ramar and costume designers Poorthi-Vipin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2024 |title=Kavin - Andrea Jeremiah team up for 'Mask'; Vetrimaaran to produce the film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavin-andrea-jeremiah-team-up-for-mask-vetrimaaran-to-produce-the-film/article68189621.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518134546/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavin-andrea-jeremiah-team-up-for-mask-vetrimaaran-to-produce-the-film/article68189621.ece |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began with an inaugural [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony held on 17 May 2024 at a film city in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Vetrimaaran's next starring Kavin- Andrea Jeremiah launched with pooja |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/vetrimaarans-next-starring-kavin-andrea-jeremiah-launched-with-pooja-785562 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718200823/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/vetrimaarans-next-starring-kavin-andrea-jeremiah-launched-with-pooja-785562 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the first shooting schedule commenced the last week of that month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2024 |title=Kavin and Andrea's film 'Mask' begins with a pooja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavin-and-andreas-film-mask-begins-with-a-pooja/articleshow/110214918.cms |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn= |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518134548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavin-and-andreas-film-mask-begins-with-a-pooja/articleshow/110214918.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The following month, Ruhani, through her social media accounts, posted a picture of the set. The image featured herself, Kavin and Vetrimaaran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |title=Ruhani Sharma makes tamil debut in Vetrimaaran's 'Mask' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/ruhani-sharma-makes-tamil-debut-in-vetrimaarans-mask-886866 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=The Hans India |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126055441/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/ruhani-sharma-makes-tamil-debut-in-vetrimaarans-mask-886866 |url-status=live }}</ref> A picture of the set was once again posted on Kavin's birthday, 22 June.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-03 |title=Makers of Kavin's next wish the actor on his birthday |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/22/makers-of-kavins-next-wish-the-actor-on-his-birthday |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719075908/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/22/makers-of-kavins-next-wish-the-actor-on-his-birthday |url-status=live }}</ref> The second schedule began on 11 July in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=கவின் படத்தில் நயன்தாரா! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/nayanthara-kavin-movie?amp |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref> In late February 2025, the makers announced that the filming entered its final stage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=கவினின் 'மாஸ்க்' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1352291-actor-kavin-mask-movie-first-look-released.html |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=இந்து தமிழ் திசை |language=ta |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226120541/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1352291-actor-kavin-mask-movie-first-look-released.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mask
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| prev_title = [[Idli Kadai]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]
| next_year = 2026
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Mask
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Kannumuzhi
|single1date = 6 October 2025
|single2 = Idhudhan Engal Ulagam
|single2date = 12 November 2025
|single3 = Cash Cash
|single3date = 15 November 2025
|single4 = Vetri Veerane
|single4date = 20 November 2025
}}
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], in his first collaboration with Kavin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-05 |title=GV Prakash shares updates on Thangalaan, Amaran and Nilavuku Enmel Ennadi Kobam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/11/gv-prakash-shares-updates-on-thangalaan-amaran-and-nilavuku-enmel-ennadi-kobam |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623114519/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/11/gv-prakash-shares-updates-on-thangalaan-amaran-and-nilavuku-enmel-ennadi-kobam |url-status=live }}</ref> The first single "Kannumuzhi" was released on 6 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title='Kannumuzhi' from Kavin-starrer Mask is a groovy number by GV Prakash Kumar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/06/kannumuzhi-from-kavin-starrer-mask-is-a-groovy-number-by-gv-prakash-kumar |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The second video single "Idhudhan Engal Ulagam" was released on 12 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-12 |title='Idhudhan Engal Ulagam' from Mask is a party number featuring Andrea Jeremiah's vocals |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/12/idhudhan-engal-ulagam-from-mask-is-a-party-number-featuring-andrea-jeremiahs-vocals |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The third video single "Cash Cash" was released on 15 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Cash Cash from Kavin's Mask marks Chikku Bukku Raile fame Suresh Peters' Tamil comeback |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/15/cash-cash-from-kavins-mask-marks-chikku-bukku-raile-fame-suresh-peters-tamil-comeback |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannumuzhi
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Sublahshini]]
| lyrics1 = Karumathur Manimaran
| length1 = 3:45
| title2 = Idhudhan Engal Ulagam
| lyrics2 = [[Kaber Vasuki]]
| extra2 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]], Smith Asher, Arulparan Vaaheesan Rasaiya
| length2 = 3:44
| title3 = Cash Cash
| lyrics3 = Kaber Vasuki
| extra3 = [[Suresh Peters]], [[Karunas]], [[Kaber Vasuki]]
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Vetri Veerane
| extra4 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Arulparan Vaaheesan Rasaiya
| lyrics4 = Arulparan Vaaheesan Rasaiya
| length4 = 2:49
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Mask'' was released in theatres on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Kavin-Andrea Jeremiah's Mask to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/24/kavin-andrea-jeremiahs-mask-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Earlier it was initially scheduled to be released in May 2025, but was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-02-26 |title=First look of Andrea and Kavin's Mask released {{!}} ஆண்ட்ரியா, கவின் நடிக்கும் 'மாஸ்க்' படத்தின் பர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/first-look-of-andrea-and-kavins-mask-released-1145705 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2025-02-03 |title=கவினின் மாஸ்க் வெளியீடு எப்போது? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Feb/05/kavin-mask-movie-update |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Dinamani |language=ta |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217164257/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Feb/05/kavin-mask-movie-update |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical streaming rights were acquired by [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-20 |title=Kavin-Andrea Jeremiah's Mask's digital rights acquired by Zee 5 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/20/kavin-andrea-jeremiahs-masks-digital-rights-acquired-by-zee-5 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Director Vikarnan Ashok establishes their starting properties with clarity. [...] The dark comedy emerges naturally from watching bad people handle worse situations.There's amusement in watching these figures scheme against each other while hiding their own secrets. [...] Watching Mask feels like ordering a dish that looks great but tastes fine. You finish it without too many complaints and move on."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mask Movie Review: Kavin and Andrea anchor fleeting entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mask/movie-review/125518027.cms |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The film guises a story of right, wrong, and everything in between, under the garb of a money heist that is too much style, and unfortunately, not enough substance."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2025-11-21 |title=Mask Movie Review: Ungainly detours hide a delectable dark comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Nov/21/mask-movie-review-ungainly-detours-hide-a-delectable-dark-comedy |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Mask’ is a watchable thriller with neat performances. While there are enough moments to keep you hooked, there are also shortcomings that hold it back from being a well-rounded film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-11-21 |title=Mask review: Kavin, Andrea star in intriguing heist drama that doesn't fully deliver |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kavin-mask-film-review-dark-comedy-political-heist-thriller-2823777-2025-11-21 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The many streaks of ingenuity that keep this dark crime-comedy afloat make you wish for a more confident film from debutant Vikarnan Ashok."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-11-21 |title=‘Mask’ movie review: Kavin, Andrea anchor a sleek but self-conscious effort |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mask-movie-review-kavin-andrea-jeremiah-vikarnan-ashok-vetri-maaran-nelson/article70307788.ece |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy thriller films]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express

2026-04-27T15:02:48Z

RickieDumas3:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai LTT–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|12|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]]
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}} (KYQ)
| distance = {{convert|2952|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 50 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved (Deen Dayalu)
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22511 / 22512
| speed = {{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Karmabhoomi Express (Kamakhya - Mumbai LTT) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22511 / 22512 '''Mumbai LTT–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] Express train belonging to the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] ([[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]) and {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}} ([[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]) via [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]], [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/METRO-DIGEST/articleshow/41549491.cms], ''indiatimes.com'', 3 September 2014</ref>

It operates as train number 22511 from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to Kamakhya Junction and as train number 22512 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] & [[Assam]].

==Change of train numbers==
# 15611 -> 22511
# 15612 -> 22512

==Coaches==
The 22511 / 12 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Junction Karmabhoomi Express has two AC 2-tier, four AC 3-tier, 8 sleeper class, six general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[pantry car]].<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-JAMS-OMC-MAT-latest-jamshedpur-news-024002-2441060-NOR.html], ''bhaskar.com'', 21 April 2017</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 22511 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Junction Karmabhoomi Express covers the distance of {{convert|2946|km|0|abbr=on}} in 54 hours 55 mins (54 km/h) and in 53 hours 15 mins as the 22512 Kamakhya Junction–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express (55 km/h).<ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2598&id=0,4,268], ''Central Railway'', 30 March 2015</ref>

As the average speed of the train is equal to {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 22511 / 12 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Junction Karmabhoomi Express runs from

'''MAHARASHTRA'''
#'''[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]''' (Starts)
#{{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
#{{stnlnk|Manmad}}
#{{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
#{{stnlnk|Akola Junction}}
#'''{{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}'''
#{{stnlnk|Gondia Junction}}

'''CHHATISGARH'''
#'''[[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur Junction]]'''
#{{stnlnk|Bilaspur Junction}}
#[[Raigarh railway station]]

'''ODISHA'''
#[[Jharsuguda Junction railway station|Jharsuguda Junction]]
#'''{{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction}}'''

'''JHARKHAND'''
#[[Chakradharpur railway station|Chakradharpur]]
#'''{{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction}}'''
#[[Pakur railway station]]

'''WEST BENGAL'''
#'''{{stnlnk|Kharagpur}}'''
#'''{{stnlnk|Dankuni Junction}}'''
#[[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Barddhaman Junction]]
#{{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}
#[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|'''Rampurhat Junction''']]
#'''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}}'''
#'''{{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri}}'''
#'''{{stnlnk|Siliguri Junction}}'''
#{{rws|New Mal Junction}}
#[[Hasimara Railway Station]]
#'''{{stnlnk|Alipurduar Junction}}'''

'''ASSAM'''
#'''{{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon}}'''
#'''[[ Kamakhya Junction]]''' (Ends).<ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/katihar/story/930899.html], ''prabhatkhabar.com'', 14 January 2017</ref>

==Traction==
[[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Loco Shed]] - based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive or [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive hauls the train from [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] to {{rws|Kamakhya}} and vice versa.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-kamakhya-karmabhoomi-express-22511/8614/466/547 22511 Karmabhoomi Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kamakhya-mumbai-ltt-karmabhoomi-express-22512/8615/547/466 22512 Karmabhoomi Express] at India Rail Info

{{Karmabhoomi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Kannadoid languages

2026-04-26T05:36:32Z

RickieDumas3: started new pg v1

{{Short description|Dravidian languages spoken in South India}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox language family
|name = Kannadoid
|altname = Kannada–Badaga
|region = [[South India]]
|familycolor = Dravidian
|fam2 = Southern
|fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
|fam4 = Tamil–Kannada
|child1 = [[Kannada]]
|child2 = [[Holiya language|Holiya]]
|child3 = [[Badaga language|Badaga]]
|child4 = [[Sholaga language|Sholaga]]
|child5 = [[Alu Kurumba language|Alu Kurumba]]
|child6 = [[Betta Kurumba language|Betta Kurumba]]
|child7 = [[Jenu Kurumba language|Jenu Kurumba]]
|child8 = [[Maundadan Chetti language|Maundadan Chetti]]
|glotto = bada1263
|glottorefname=Badaga–Kannada
|map = File:Kannada Dialects.png
|mapcaption = Map of Kannada dialects in the state of Karnataka.
}}
'''Kannadoid languages''', in the broad sense incorporating the '''Kannada–Badaga languages''', are spoken in and around [[Karnataka]]. Apart from literary Kannada, used in television, news and literature, there are many spoken dialects.

== Kannada Dialects ==
Dialects of Kannada language fall into four groups:<ref>Michail Andronov, 2003. ''A comparative grammar of the Dravidian languages''</ref>
;Coastal
:* [[Mangalore Kannada|Mangaluru]]
:* [[Halakki Vokkaliga|Halakki Achchagannada]]
:* Barkur
:* [[Havigannada dialect|Havyaka]]
:* [[Kundagannada dialect|Kundagannada]]
:* Sirsi Kannada
:* Malenadu
:* [[Nador (caste)|Nador Kannada]]

;Northern
:* Vijayapura
:* Kalaburagi
:* Dharwad

;South-Western
:* [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]]
:* Tiptur
:* Rabakavi
:* [[Nanjangud|Nanjangudu Kannada]]

;Southern
:* Aruvu
:* [[Bangalore Kannada|Bengaluru Kannada]]
:* Chamarajanagar
:* Mandya
:* [[Banakal#Language|Banakal Kannada]]

== Kannadoid languages ==
[[Badaga language|Badaga]] is a kannada-related language spoken by the Badaga community in the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri region]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title = Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

[[Betta Kurumba language|Betta Kurumba]], [[Holiya language|Holiya]] and [[Sholaga language|Sholaga]] are also close to Kannada.

==Scholars of Kannada==
* [[Aluru Venkata Rao]]
* [[Shamba Joshi]]
* [[Kuvempu]] ([[K.V. Puttappa]])
* [[D. L. Narasimhachar]]
* [[M. Chidananda Murthy]]
* [[T. V. Venkatachala Shastri]]
* [[M. M. Kalburgi]]
* [[Hampa Nagarajaiah]]
* [[Kamala Hampana]]
* [[D. N. Shankar Bhat]]
* [[A. K. Ramanujan]]
* [[H. Tipperudraswamy]]

==See also==
* [[Dialect#Dialect or language|Dialect or language]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |title=A descriptive study of Aadikarnataka dialect of Kannada spoken in Mandya disatrict |last=Mallikarjuna Swamy |first=S. |publisher=[[University of Mysore]] |date=1990 |type=PhD |hdl=10603/92262 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/92262}}
* {{cite thesis |title=Harijan dialect of Kannada in Belgaum district a linguistic analysis |last=Talawar |first=Maruti R. |publisher=[[Karnatak University]] |date=1993 |type=PhD |hdl=10603/95020 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/95020}}

{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Kannada language}}

[[Category:Kannada language]]
[[Category:Languages of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]

Githa Jayasurya

2026-04-25T00:24:44Z

RickieDumas3: Creating a post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Githa Jayasurya
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Thoguru Arthur]]
| constituency = [[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Githa Jayasurya''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Nandyal district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with BJP and JSP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandikotkur Assembly Election Results 2024: Nandikotkur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/nandikotkur-constituency-result-1136 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=G Jayasurya, TDP Candidate from Nandikotkur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/g-jayasurya-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a136e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.news18.com |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622191323/https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/g-jayasurya-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a136e2024c002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jayasurya is from Nandikotkur, Nandyal district. His father Githa Gandhi is a farmer. His wife is an anganwadi teacher. He passed Class 12 in 2022 through [[National Open School]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G Jayasurya(TDP):Constituency- NANDIKOTKUR (SC)(KURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=358 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.myneta.info |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622191327/https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=358 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political career ==
Jayasurya won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 92,004 votes and defeated Dara Sudheer of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 9,792 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANDHRA PRADESH ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULT 2024 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/assembly-election/andhra-pradesh/results/ |website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Assembly Constituency 136 - Nandikotkur (SC) (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01136.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611080637/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01136.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayasurya, Githa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Small and medium enterprises

2026-04-21T15:16:46Z

RickieDumas3:

{{Short description|Type of business with small personnel numbers}}
'''Small and medium enterprises''' ('''SMEs''') or '''small and medium businesses''' ('''SMBs''') are [[business]]es whose [[personnel]] and revenue numbers fall below certain limits. The abbreviation "SME" is used by many national agencies and international organizations such as the [[World Bank]], the [[OECD]], [[European Union]], the [[United Nations]], and the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO).

In any given national economy, SMEs outnumber large companies by a wide margin and also employ many more people.<ref>
Compare:
{{cite book
| last1 = Fischer
| first1 = Eileen
| last2 = Reuber
| first2 = Rebecca
| title = Industrial Clusters and SME Promotion in Developing Countries
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sGliMcf3KPcC
| series = Issue 3 of Commonwealth trade and enterprise paper, ISSN 2310-1369
| year = 2000
| location = London
| publisher = Commonwealth Secretariat
| publication-date = 2000
| page = 1
| isbn = 9780850926484
| access-date = 18 November 2020
| quote = In most countries, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make up the majority of businesses and account for the highest proportion of employment.
}}
</ref><ref name="doi.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Olorunshola |first1=Damilola Temitope |last2=Odeyemi |first2=Temitayo Isaac |date=2022-01-01 |title=Virtue or vice? Public policies and Nigerian entrepreneurial venture performance |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-07-2021-0279 |journal=Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development |volume=30 |pages=100–119 |issue= |doi=10.1108/JSBED-07-2021-0279 |s2cid=249721896 |issn=1462-6004|url-access=subscription }}</ref> On a global scale, SMEs make up 90% of all companies and more than 50% of all employment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Gómez |first1=Katia Fach |last2=Titi |first2=Catharine |author-link2=Catharine Titi |date=2023-12-01 |title=Facilitating Access to Investor-State Dispute Settlement for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Tracing the Path Forward |url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Business+Law+Review/34.7/EULR2023049 |journal=European Business Law Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=1040–1041 |doi=10.54648/EULR2023049 |issn=0959-6941}}</ref> For example, in the EU, 99% of all businesses are SMEs.<ref name=":5" /> [[Australia]]n SMEs makeup 98% of all Australian businesses, produce one-third of the total [[GDP]] (gross domestic product) and employ 4.7 million people. In [[Chile]], in the commercial year 2014, 98.5% of the firms were classified as SMEs.<ref>{{Citation|date= 2016-04-14|chapter-url= https://www.oecd-library.org/industry-and-services/financing-smes-and-entrepreneurs-2016/chile_fin_sme_ent-2016-11-en|pages= 155–173|publisher= OECD Publishing |doi= 10.1787/fin_sme_ent-2016-11-en|isbn= 9789264249462|access-date= 2018-10-01 |title = Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2016 |chapter = Chile}}</ref> In [[Tunisia]], the self-employed workers alone account for about 28% of the total non-farm employment, and firms with fewer than 100 employees account for about 62% of total employment.<ref name=rijkers>Rijkers et al (2014): "Which firms create the most jobs in developing countries?", ''Labour Economics'', Volume 31, December 2014, pp.84–102</ref> United States' SMEs generate half of all U.S. jobs, but only 40% of GDP.<ref>
{{cite book
| author1 = United States. Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
| author-link1 = Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
| title = Report to the President
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L9NIAQAAIAAJ
| series = Department of State publication, volume 11164
| others = Colin L. Powell
| year = 2004
| publisher = U.S. Department of State
| publication-date = 2004
| page = 233
| access-date = 18 November 2020
| quote = In the United States, small business accounts for 50 percent of jobs, 40 percent of GDP, 30 percent of exports, and one-half of technological innovations.
}}
</ref>

Developing countries tend to have a higher proportion of small and medium-sized enterprises.<ref>
Compare:
{{cite book
| last1 = Antoldi
| first1 = Fabio
| last2 = Cerrato
| first2 = Daniele
| last3 = Depperu
| first3 = Donatella
| title = Export Consortia in Developing Countries: Successful Management of Cooperation Among SMEs
| date = 5 January 2012
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9IUrrfRR7SoC
| location = Berlin
| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media
| publication-date = 2012
| page = v
| isbn = 9783642248788
| access-date = 18 November 2020
| quote = Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are highly significant in both developed and developing countries as a proportion of the totl number of firms, for the contribution they make to employment, and for their ability to develop innovation.
}}
</ref><ref name="doi.org"/> SMEs are also responsible for driving [[innovation]] and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] in many [[economic sector]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Cueto|first1=L. J.|last2=Frisnedi|first2=A. F. D.|last3=Collera|first3=R. B.|last4=Batac|first4=K. I. T.|last5=Agaton|first5=C. B.|year=2022|title=Digital Innovations in MSMEs during Economic Disruptions: Experiences and Challenges of Young Entrepreneurs|journal=Administrative Sciences|volume=12|issue=1|pages=8|doi=10.3390/admsci12010008|issn=2076-3387|doi-access=free |hdl=10419/275280|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Although they create more new jobs than large firms, SMEs also suffer the majority of job destruction/contraction.<ref>Aga et al. (2015): [https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/~/media/GIAWB/EnterpriseSurveys/Documents/ResearchPapers/SMEs-age-and-jobs.pdf SMEs, Age, and Jobs: A Review of the Literature, Metrics, and Evidence], World Bank Group, November 2015.</ref>

According to the [[World Bank Group]]'s 2021 FINDEX database, there is a $1.7 trillion funding gap for formal, women-owned '''micro, small, and medium enterprises''' ('''MSMEs'''). Additionally, over 68% of small women-owned firms lack access to finance.'''<ref>{{Cite journal |author=European Investment Bank|date=2024-03-07 |title=EIB Gender equality and women's economic empowerment - Overview 2024 |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230386-gender-overview-2024 |language=EN}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Findex Database 2021: Women and Financial Inclusion |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/45619be5de8592403df8558559627234-0050062022/original/Findex-GenderBrief.pdf}}</ref>

== Overview ==
SMEs are important for economic and social reasons, given the sector's role in employment. Due to their size, SMEs are heavily influenced by their [[chief executive officers]] (CEOs) or managing directors. The CEOs of SMEs are often the founders, owners, and managers of the SMEs. The duties of the CEO in an SME mirror those of the CEO of a large company: the CEO needs to strategically allocate their time, energy, and assets to direct the SMEs. Typically, the CEO is the strategist, champion and leader for developing the SME or the prime reason for the business failing.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

The European Union sees SMEs as playing a crucial role in powering economic growth, innovation and transition to more [[Knowledge-based economy|knowledge-based economic structures]].<ref name=first />{{rp|Section 1}} At the employee level, Petrakis and Kostis (2012) explore the role of [[trust (social science)|interpersonal trust]] and knowledge in the number of small and medium enterprises. They conclude that knowledge positively affects the number of SMEs, which in turn positively affects interpersonal trust. The empirical results indicate that interpersonal trust does not affect the number of SMEs. Therefore, although knowledge development can reinforce SMEs, trust becomes widespread in a society when the number of SMEs is greater.<ref>P.E. Petrakis, P.C. Kostis (2012), "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13132-012-0115-6 The Role of Knowledge and Trust in SMEs]", Journal of the Knowledge Economy, DOI: 10.1007/s13132-012-0115-6.</ref>

Medium- or mid-sized enterprises which have grown beyond the scale of a "small business" may have different support needs from those of small businesses, and their contribution to the local and national economy where they operate may also be quite distinct from the contribution of a smaller business.<ref>Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (UK), [https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/msb-evidence-from-case-studies Mid-Sized Business (MSB) Growth - Evidence from Case Studies], published on 29 November 2011, accessed on 25 November 2024</ref>

== By country ==
Multilateral organizations have been criticized for using one measure for all.<ref>Kushnir (2010) [http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/a-universal-definition-of-small-enterprise-a-procrustean-bed-for-smes A Universal Definition of Small Enterprise: A Procrustean bed for SMEs?], World Bank</ref><ref>Gibson, T.; van der Vaart, H.J. (2008): [http://seaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Defining-SMEs-September-20081.pdf Defining SMEs: A Less Imperfect Way of Defining Small and Medium Enterprises in Developing Countries"], [[Brookings Institution]] website, September 2008</ref> The legal boundary of SMEs around the world vary, and below is a list of the upper limits of SMEs in some countries.

=== Africa ===
[[File:Expected_change_in_credit_demand_from_small_and_medium-sized_enterprises_in_2021_(%25_respondents),_Southern_Africa.png|thumb|326x326px|Results from the [[European Investment Bank]]'s Banking in Africa survey, 2021. Expected change in credit demand from small and medium-sized enterprises in 2021 in [[Southern Africa]].<ref name="Bank">{{Cite book|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/economic-report-finance-in-africa-green-smart-inclusive-private-sector-development|title=Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development|date=2021-11-18|publisher=European Investment Bank|doi=10.2867/38529 |isbn=978-92-861-5063-0|language=EN |author1=European Investment Bank. }}</ref>]][[Africa]]n small businesses frequently struggle to get the cash they require to thrive. According to the SME Finance Forum, the formal financing gap for African SMEs averaged 17% of GDP across the [[African countries|43 countries]] assessed in 2017.<ref name="eib.org">{{Cite web|title=Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development|url=https://www.eib.org/en/videos/finance-in-africa-for-green-smart-and-inclusive-private-sector|access-date=2021-12-06|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MSME Finance Gap|url=https://www.smefinanceforum.org/data-sites/msme-finance-gap|access-date=2021-12-20|website=SME Finance Forum|language=en}}</ref>

According to the World Bank, women own 58% of all MSMEs in Africa.<ref name="eib.org"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eliminating Gender Disparities in Business Performance in Africa: Supporting Women-Owned Firms|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/eliminating-gender-disparities-in-business-performance-in-africa-supporting-women-owned-firms|access-date=2021-12-20|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank SME Finance: Development news, research, data|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/smefinance|access-date=2021-12-20|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref>

The [[European Investment Bank]]'s [[Banking in Africa]] survey, 2021 suggests that most of the responding banks had a [[non-performing loan]] (NPL) ratio of at least 5%. NPLs account for at least 10% of the SME portfolio in approximately one-third of African banks. Furthermore, 50% of the banks had at least 5% of their SME portfolio under the [[moratorium (law)|moratorium]], and 40% had at least 5% of SME loans under some type of restructuring.<ref name="eib.org"/>

==== Egypt ====
Most of [[Egypt]]'s businesses are small-sized, with 97% employing fewer than 10 workers, according to census data released by state-run statistics body [[Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (Egypt)|CAPMAS]] (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics).<ref name=Ahram>{{cite web |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/113642.aspx |title=Egypt lacks medium-sized businesses, as analysts blame regulation |author=Marwa Hussein |website=[[Ahram Online]] |date=2014-10-22 |accessdate=2025-03-15}}</ref>

Medium-sized enterprises with 10 to 50 employees account for around 2.7% of total businesses. However, big businesses with over 50 employees account for 0.4% of all enterprises nationwide.<ref name=Ahram/>

The data is part of Egypt's 2012/13 economic census on establishments ranging from small stalls to big enterprises. Economic activity outside the establishments – like [[street vendors]] and farmers, for example – were excluded from the census.<ref name=Ahram/>
[[File:Expected_change_in_credit_demand_from_small_and_medium-sized_enterprises_over_next_year_(%25)_respondents_in_East_Africa.png|thumb|325x325px|Results from the [[European Investment Bank]]'s Banking in Africa survey, 2021, for the expected change in credit demand from SMEs in [[East Africa]]<ref name="Bank"/>]]
The results show that Egypt is greatly lacking in medium-sized businesses.<ref name=Ahram/>

70% of the country's 24 million businesses have only one or two employees. But less than 0.1% – only 784 businesses – employ between 45 and 49 people.<ref name=Ahram/>

If we look specifically at the formally registered enterprises, the SMEs constitute over 90% of all firms in Egypt's private sector and contribute to approximately 43% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Owing to their smaller scale, limited financial resources, and more restricted access to development support programmes, these enterprises are considered to be more vulnerable to external economic shocks than both larger firms and the informal sector. The same pattern is true not only for Egypt but for most African economies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nai.uu.se/stories-and-events/news/2025-09-22-insights-from-the-ground-key-to-tackle-economic-risks.html |title=Insights from the ground key to tackle economic risks |author=Assem Abu Hatab and Carl-Johan Lagerkvist |website=[[NAI Policy Notes]] |date=2025-09-22 |accessdate=2025-09-25}}</ref>

==== Kenya ====
In [[Kenya]], the term changed to MSME, which stands for "micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises".{{when|date=April 2025}}

For [[Micro-enterprise|micro-enterprises]], the minimum number of employees is up to 10 employees. For small enterprises, it is from 10 to 50. For medium enterprises, it is from 50 to 100.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==== Nigeria ====
The [[Central Bank of Nigeria]] defines small and medium enterprises in [[Nigeria]] according to asset base and a number of staff employed. The criteria are an asset base that is between [[Naira|₦5]] million ($15,400) to [[Naira|₦500]] million ($1,538,000), and a staff strength that is between 11 and 100 employees.<ref name="doi.org"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Out/2010/publications/guidelines/dfd/GUIDELINES%20ON%20N200%20BILLION%20SME%20CREDIT%20GUARANTEE.pdf|title=N200 BILLION SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES CREDIT GUARANTEE SCHEME(SMECGS)|last=Central Bank Of Nigeria|date=March 30, 2010|publisher=Central Bank of Nigeria|access-date=December 9, 2017}}</ref>

==== Somalia ====
In [[Somalia]], the term is SME (for "small, medium, and micro enterprises"); elsewhere in Africa, MSME stands for "micro, small, and medium enterprises". An SME is defined as a small business that has more than 30 employees but less than 250 employees.

==== South Africa ====
In the National Small Business Amendment Act 2004,<ref>{{cite web|title=Republic of South Africa, National Small Business Amendment Act|url=http://www.thedti.gov.za/business_regulation/acts/small_business_amendment_act.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725112718/http://www.thedti.gov.za/business_regulation/acts/small_business_amendment_act.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 25, 2015|publisher=www.thedti.gov.za|access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> '''micro-businesses''' in the different sectors, varying from the manufacturing to the retail sectors, are defined as businesses with five or fewer employees and a turnover of up to R100,000 [[South African Rand|ZAR]] ($6,900). '''Very small businesses''' employ between 6 and 20 employees, while '''small businesses''' employ between 21 and 50 employees. The upper limit for turnover in a small business varies from R1 million ($69,200) in the [[Agriculture in South Africa|agricultural sector]] to R13 million ($899,800) in the catering, accommodations and other [[Economy of South Africa#Trade and investment|trade sectors]] as well as in the [[Economy of South Africa#Manufacturing|manufacturing]] sector, with a maximum of R32 million ($2,214,800) in the [[Wholesaling|wholesale trade]] sector.

'''Medium-sized businesses''' usually employ up to 200 people (100 in the agricultural sector), and the maximum turnover varies from R5 million ($346,100) in the agricultural sector to R51 ($3,529,800) million in the manufacturing sector and R64 ($4,429,600) million in the wholesale trade, [[commercial agent]]s and allied services {{Clarify|reason=What are allied services?|date=July 2022}} sector.

A comprehensive definition of an SME in South Africa is, therefore, an enterprise with one or more of the following characteristics:
* Fewer than 200 employees,
* Annual turnover of less than R64 million,
* Capital assets of less than R10 million,
* Direct managerial involvement by owners<ref>Du Toit, Erasmus and Strydom "Definition of small business" ''Introduction to business management, 7th Edition'' Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 49</ref>

====Tunisia====
In [[Tunisia]], self-employed workers alone account for about 28% of the total non-farm employment, and firms with fewer than 100 employees account for about 62% of total employment.<ref name=rijkers />

=== Asia ===
SMEs account for nearly 90% of all company entities in developing Asian countries and are the principal private sector employers, supplying 50-80% of all jobs.<ref name="SME credit constraints in Asia’s ri">{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Lan Thanh |last2=Su |first2=Jen-Je |last3=Sharma |first3=Parmendra |title=SME credit constraints in Asia's rising economic star: fresh empirical evidence from Vietnam |journal=Applied Economics |date=21 June 2019 |volume=51 |issue=29 |pages=3170–3183 |doi=10.1080/00036846.2019.1569196 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1569196 |issn=0003-6846|hdl=10072/384003 |s2cid=159158687 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

SMEs account for 97-99% of all firms in [[South-east Asia]], contributing considerably to each country's GDP—for example, 46% in Singapore, 57% in Indonesia, and over 40% in other nations.<ref name="SME credit constraints in Asia’s ri"/>

==== Bangladesh ====

In [[Bangladesh]], [[Bangladesh Bank]] defines small and medium enterprises based on [[fixed asset]]s, employed manpower and yearly turn over, and they are definitely not Public Limited Co.{{Clarify|date=July 2022}} and requires these characteristics:

Key: SE = Small enterprises; ME = Medium enterprises; N/A = Not Applicable; Tk lakhs= × 100,000 Bangladeshi takas
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Serial No
!rowspan=2|Sector
!colspan=2|Fixed assets other than land and buildings (Tk lakhs)
!colspan=2|Employed manpower
!colspan=2|Yearly Turnover (Tk lakhs)
|-
!SE!!ME!!SE!!ME!!SE!!ME
|-
|01
|Services
|10 – 200||200 – 3000
|16–50 ||51–120
|colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|N/A
|-
|02
|Business
|10 – 200 ||
|16–50 ||
|100–1200
|-
|03
|Industrial
|75 – 1500||1500 – 5000
|31–120||121–300
|colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|N/A
|}

====Hong Kong====
[[Hong Kong]] defines Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as any manufacturing business that employs less than 100 people or any non-manufacturing business that employs less than 50 people.<ref name="hkSUCCESS">{{cite web|url=https://www.success.tid.gov.hk/english/aboutus/sme/service_detail_6863.html|title=Small and medium enterprises (SME)|publisher=Support and Consultation Centre for SMEs, [[Trade and Industry Department|Trade and Industry Department (Hong Kong)]]|date=2022-07-20|access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref>

98% of business establishments in Hong Kong are defined as SMEs and employed 45% of the work force.<ref name="hkSUCCESS" /><ref name="SMEs">{{cite web|url=https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/smes_industry/smes/smes_content.html|title=Support to Small and Medium Enterprises|date=2022-08-02|access-date=2022-08-27|publisher=[[Trade and Industry Department|Trade and Industry Department (Hong Kong)]]}}</ref>

==== India ====
[[India]] defines Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises based on dual criteria of investment and turnover.
This definition is provided in Section 7 of [[Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006|Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006]] (MSMED Act) and was notified in September 2006. The Act provides for the classification of enterprises based on their investment size and the nature of the activity undertaken by that enterprise. As per MSMED Act, enterprises are classified into two categories - manufacturing enterprises and service enterprises. For each of these categories, a definition is given to explain what constitutes a micro-enterprise or a small enterprise or a medium enterprise. If an enterprise does not fall under the above categories, it would be considered a large-scale enterprise.

April 1, 2025, India updated the definition as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=REVISION IN ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR INDUSTRIAL ENTREPRENEURS MEMORANDUM (IEM) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118292 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403141346/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118292 |archive-date=2025-04-03 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sr No
!Classification
!Criteria (in '''[[Indian rupee|₹]])'''
|-
|1
|Micro Enterprises
|Investment <= 2.5 CR and Turnover <= 10 CR
|-
|2
|Small Enterprises
|Investment <= 25 CR and Turnover <= 100 CR
|-
|3
|Medium Enterprises
|Investment <= 125 CR and Turnover <= 500 CR
|}

Businesses that are declared as MSMEs and within specific sectors and criteria can then apply for "priority sector" lending for help with business expenses; banks have annual targets set by the Prime Minister's Task Force on MSMEs for year-on-year increases of lending to various categories of MSMEs.<ref name="MSMED-RBI">{{cite web|title=Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/scripts/FAQs.aspx?Id=966|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> MSME is considered a key contributor to India's growth and contributes 48% to [[Foreign trade of India|India's total export]].

In India, businesses need to apply for Udyam Registration with the government to avail the benefits of MSME.

==== Indonesia ====
In [[Indonesia]], the government defines micro, small, and medium enterprises ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''usaha mikro kecil menengah'', UMKM) based on their assets and revenues according to Law No. 20/2008:<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesian Government Law No. 20 of 2008|url=http://eng.kppu.go.id/newkppu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/LAW-OF-THE-REPUBLIC-OF-INDONESIA-20-OF-2008.pdf|publisher=Commission for the Supervision of Business Competition|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Type !! Maximum assets [[Indonesian Rupiah|Rp]] millions!! Gross Revenue Rp millions!!Number of Employees [[Statistics Indonesia]]
|-
| Micro || <50 || <300 || 1-4
|-
| Small || 50-500 || 300-2,500 || 5-9
|-
| Medium || 500-10,000 || 2,500-50,000 || 20-99
|-
| Large || >10,000 || >50,000 || >99
|}

An annual revenue of Rp 50 billion is approximately equal to US$3.1 million as of April 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=1 USD To IDR Convert United States Dollar To Indonesian Rupiah |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/money-transfer/currency-converter/usd-idr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414163427/https://www.forbes.com/advisor/money-transfer/currency-converter/usd-idr/ |archive-date=2024-04-14 |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jiao |first1=Claire |last2=Kim |first2=Hooyeon |last3=Makol |first3=Malavika Kaur |date=2024-04-01 |title=Rupiah at Four-Year Low Triggers Intervention, Rate Hike Talk |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-02/rupiah-dips-to-four-year-low-on-bond-outflows-dollar-strength |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=2024-04-14 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Despite their significant contribution to GDP and job creation, Indonesian MSMEs confront a number of obstacles. One of the most significant is capital access: 60-70% of MSMEs lack access to financial institutions and their funding options. Other restrictions include inadequate infrastructure, difficulties acquiring company licences and permissions, high tax rates, political insecurity, and improving their brand image in the digital era.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torm |first1=Nina |title=To what extent is social security spending associated with enhanced firm-level performance? A case study of SMEs in Indonesia |journal=International Labour Review |date=September 2020 |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=339–366 |doi=10.1111/ilr.12155 |s2cid=214429710 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/ilr.12155 |language=en |issn=0020-7780|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

21st-century businesses strategically use both their [[website]]s and [[social media]] in order to advertise their products and control their [[brand]]ing. Quality content on both information streams will positively affect branding and attract customers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suryani |first1=Tatik |last2=Fauzi |first2=Abu Amar |last3=Nurhadi |first3=Mochamad |title=Enhancing Brand Image in the Digital Era: Evidence from Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia |journal=Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |date=14 August 2021 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=314–340 |doi=10.22146/gamaijb.51886 |language=en |eissn=2338-7238 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The People's Business Credit (Kredit Usaha Rakyat, or KUR [[:id:Kredit Usaha Rakyat|[''id'']]]) was established in 2007 by [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono|President Yudhoyono]] to extend credit to businesses that were considered "feasible but not bankable". [[Bank Rakyat Indonesia]] conducts more than half of KUR lending nationwide.<ref>{{Cite report |title=The World's Best-Kept Financial Inclusion Secret Revealed: The Untold Success Story of BRI Microbanking Since 1895 |date=2022-11-18 |url=https://ash.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/bri_microbanking_paper.pdf |last=Rosengard |first=Jay K. |access-date=2024-04-14 |publisher=Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation |page=21}}</ref> In [[Jakarta]], the capital city of Indonesia, 529 MSMEs with the potential to be funded have been identified by [[Bank Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Database UMKM |url=https://www.bi.go.id/id/umkm/database/umkm-layak-dibiayai.aspx |website=www.bi.go.id}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Economy Sector !! Number of Companies
|-
| Processing Industry || 151
|-
| Health Services and Social Activities || 1
|-
| Rental leasing services without option rights, employment, travel agents and other business support ||9
|-
| Professional, Scientific And Technical Services || 11
|-
| Other Service Activities || 21
|-
| Arts, Entertainment And Recreation || 1
|-
| Construction || 2
|-
| Water Procurement, Waste Management And Recycling, Waste And Garbage Disposal And Cleaning || 1
|-
| Provision of Accommodation and Provision of Food and Drink || 80
|-
| Wholesale and retail trade of car and motorcycle repair and maintenance || 236
|-
| Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries || 16
|}

==== Philippines ====

According to the [[Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Department of Trade and Industry]]'s 2020 List of Establishments report, there are 957,620 registered business enterprises operating in the country, composed of 99.51% MSMEs and 0.49% large firms. The MSMEs consist of 88.77% microenterprises, 10.25% small enterprises, and 0.49% medium enterprises. Among the top industry sectors include (1) wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (445,386); (2) accommodation and food service activities (134,046); (3) manufacturing (110,916); (4) other service activities (62,376); and (5) financial and insurance activities (45,558) which accounted for about 83.77% of the total number of MSME establishments. Prior to the pandemic, MSMEs generated more than 5.38 million jobs or 62.66% of the country's total employment with a 29.38% share from micro-enterprises followed by 25.78% and 7.50% for small and medium enterprises.<ref name=":1" />

==== Singapore ====
With effect from 1 April 2011, the definition of SMEs is businesses with annual sales turnover of not more than $100 million or employing no more than 200 staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet on New SME Definition|url=https://www.spring.gov.sg/NewsEvents/PR/Documents/Fact_Sheet_on_New_SME_Definition.pdf}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
==== European Union ====
[[File:Small_and_medium_enterprises_that_invested_in_becoming_more_digital_as_a_response_to_COVID-19_and_received_public_financial_support_over_the_past_three_years.png|thumb|Small and medium enterprises that invested in becoming more digital as a response to COVID-19 and received public financial support over the past three years]]
Small companies are important to the [[European economy]] as they account for 99.8% of non-financial enterprises in the European Union (EU) and [[European Economic Area]] (EEA), and employ two-thirds of the workforce in the EU.<ref name=":364">{{Cite web|title=Digital innovation hubs to the rescue|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/digital-innovation-hubs|access-date=2021-07-15|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonymous|date=2016-07-05|title=Entrepreneurship and Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)|url=https://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes_en|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs - European Commission|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The majority of European firms are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), employing over 100 million people.{{efn|The European Commission estimated that there were 20 million micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in the EEA in 2003.<ref>European Commission, [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2003:118:0005:0015:EN:PDF Commission communication: Model declaration on the information relating to the qualification of an enterprise as an SME (2003/C 118/03)], published on 20 May 2003, accessed on 1 December 2025</ref>}} Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], a large majority of SMEs saw a decline in revenue during 2020-2021.<ref name=":30">{{Cite book |author1=European Investment Bank. |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/activity-report-2021 |title=EIB Activity Report 2021 |date=2022-01-27 |publisher=European Investment Bank |doi=10.2867/978447 |isbn=978-92-861-5108-8 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Small and medium-sized enterprises {{!}} Fact Sheets on the European Union {{!}} European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/63/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two companies empower small businesses and grow together |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/pandemic-recovery-small-business |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe's Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Start-ups… |url=https://www.reneweuropegroup.eu/campaigns/2021-07-01/europes-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises-start-ups-and-entrepreneurs-are-a-renew-europe-priority |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Renew Europe |language=en}}</ref>

Medium-sized businesses (or mid-caps) play an important role in the European economy, accounting for a considerable part of employment and wealth production. According to a recent European Commission analysis, mid-cap companies (250-3000 people) make up about 17% of total employment and 21% of turnover in the EU27 business sector.<ref name=":188"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2873/546623 |title=Study to map, measure and portray the EU mid-cap landscape: final report |last2=Directorate-General for Internal Market |first2=Industry |last3=Integral Research (United Kingdom) |last4=The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI Ireland) |last5=Dachs |first5=Bernhard |last6=Siedschlag |first6=Iulia |last7=Yan |first7=Weijie |last8=Yoveska |first8=Maria |last9=Boeira |first9=Fernanda |date=2022 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-54830-0 |location=LU|doi=10.2873/546623 }}</ref>

Micro firms (with fewer than nine employees) employ 38% of the total workforce, while SMEs with fewer than 250 employees account for 34.4%. Larger (XL) firms with 3,000 or more employees account for 10.1% of overall employment in EU business sectors. According to [[Eurostat|Eurostat SBS]] statistics, in 2021, tiny enterprises (0-9 workers) and SMEs (excluding micro firms) employed around 30% and 34.5% of the entire workforce in EU27 business sectors, while bigger firms (250+ employees) contributed for 36.4% of overall employment.<ref name=":188"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU small and medium-sized enterprises: an overview |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20220627-1 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The pandemic has had a greater impact on SMEs than on large businesses, with an average sales loss of 26% versus 23% for large businesses.<ref name=":504">{{Cite book |author1=European Investment Bank. |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/business-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond |title=Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia |date=2022-05-18 |publisher=European Investment Bank |doi=10.2867/832329 |isbn=978-92-861-5086-9 |language=EN}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/6039c015-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/6039c015-en |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=www.oecd-ilibrary.org |language=en}}</ref> Government assistance appears to have benefited SMEs more than large corporations among the companies that do have overdraft facilities, indicating a successful application of policies to ease financial limitations for SMEs even when they receive help from the banking sector.<ref name=":504"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-06 |title=Financing the economy - SMEs, banks and capital markets |url=https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/press/speeches/date/2018/html/ssm.sp180706.en.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=European Central Bank - Banking supervision |language=en}}</ref> The EIB Group contributed more than €16.35 billion to small and medium-sized firms in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovak high tech metallurgy business booms with EU financing |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/slovak-high-tech |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref>

SMEs were more responsive in altering output during the pandemic, despite the intensity of the shock. In reaction to the crisis, one-third of major enterprises altered their output or services, compared to 37% of SMEs.<ref name=":504"/><ref name=":53" />

Large businesses, on the other hand, embraced [[digitization]] to a greater extent than small businesses, with 26% boosting their online distribution of products and services, compared to 22% for SMEs. The most significant difference in adaption measures was shown in the chance of expanding remote work, which increased by 25% among SMEs but 50% among large businesses.<ref name=":504"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Productivity gains from teleworking in the post COVID-19 era: How can public policies make it happen? |url=https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/productivity-gains-from-teleworking-in-the-post-covid-19-era-how-can-public-policies-make-it-happen-a5d52e99/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=OECD |language=en}}</ref>

The criteria for defining the size of a business differ from country to country, with many countries having programs of [[business rate]] reduction and [[Subsidy|financial subsidy]] for SMEs. According to the [[European Commission]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is an SME? - Small and medium sized enterprises (SME) - Enterprise and Industry |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/sme-definition/index_en.htm |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=2015-06-12 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208090338/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/sme-definition/index_en.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2015 }}</ref> SMEs are enterprises which meet the following definition of staff headcount and either the turnover or balance sheet total definitions:

{| class="wikitable"
! Company category
! Staff headcount
! Turnover
! Balance sheet total
|-
| Medium-sized
| < 250
| ≤ €50 million
| ≤ €43 million
|-
| Small
| < 50
| ≤ €10 million
| ≤ €10 million
|-
| [[Micro-enterprise|Micro]]
| < 10
| ≤ €2 million
| ≤ €2 million
|}

In July 2011, the European Commission said it would open a consultation on the definition of SMEs in 2012. A consultation document was issued on 6 February 2018 and the consultation period closed on 6 May 2018. {{as of|November 2019}}, no conclusions or responses have yet emerged.<ref>European Commission, [https://ec.europa.eu/info/consultations/public-consultation-review-sme-definition_en Public consultation on the review of the SME definition], accessed 22 November 2019</ref>

In [[Europe]], there are three broad parameters that define SMEs:
* [[Micro-enterprise]]s have up to 10 employees
* Small enterprises have up to 50 employees
* Medium-sized enterprises have up to 250 employees.<ref>{{cite web | last = European Commission | author-link = European Commission | title = Recommendation 2003/361/EC: SME Definition | date = 2003-05-06 | url = http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/sme-definition/index_en.htm | access-date = 2012-09-28 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208090338/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/sme-definition/index_en.htm | archive-date = 2015-02-08 }}</ref>
The European definition of SME follows: "The category of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is made up of enterprises which employ fewer than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not exceeding 50 million euro, and/or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding 43 million euro."<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme_definition/sme_user_guide_en.pdf Enterprise and Industry Publications: The new SME definition, user guide and model declaration], Extract of Article 2 of the Annex of Recommendation 2003/361/EC</ref> In order to prepare for an evaluation and revision of some features of the small and medium-sized enterprises definition European Union established public consultation period from 6 February 2018 to 6 May 2018. Public consultation is available for all EU member country citizens and organizations. Especially, national and regional authorities, enterprises, business associations or organizations, venture capital providers, research and academic institutions, and individual citizens are expected as the main contributors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/consultations/public-consultation-review-sme-|title=Consultations|website=European Commission - European Commission|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>

EU member states have had individual definitions of what constitutes an SME. For example, the definition in [[Germany]] had a limit of 255 [[employee]]s, while in [[Belgium]] it could have been 100. The result is that while a Belgian business of 249 employees would be taxed at full rate in Belgium, it would nevertheless be eligible for SME subsidy under a European-labelled programme.

SMEs are a crucial element in the supplier network of large enterprises which are already on their way towards [[Industry 4.0]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sommer|first1=Lutz|title=Industrial revolution - industry 4.0: Are German manufacturing SMEs the first victims of this revolution?|journal=Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management|date=28 November 2015|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.3926/jiem.1470|doi-access=free|hdl=2117/84671|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
According to German economist Hans-Heinrich Bass, "empirical research on SME as well as policies to promote SME have a long tradition in [[West Germany|[West] Germany]], dating back into the 19th century. Until the mid-20th century, most researchers considered SME as an impediment to further economic development and SME policies were thus designed in the framework of social policies. Only the [[Ordoliberalism]] school, the founding fathers of Germany's [[social market economy]], discovered their strengths, considered SME as a solution to mid-20th century economic problems (mass unemployment, abuse of economic power), and laid the foundations for non-selective (functional) industrial policies to promote SMEs."<ref>[http://www.iwim.uni-bremen.de/publikationen/pdf/b101.pdf Hans-Heinrich Bass: KMU in der deutschen Volkswirtschaft: Vergangenheit, Gegenwart, Zukunft, ''Berichte aus dem Weltwirtschaftlichen Colloquium der Universität Bremen'' Nr. 101, Bremen 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215101921/http://www.iwim.uni-bremen.de/publikationen/pdf/b101.pdf |date=2017-12-15 }} (PDF; 96 kB)</ref> Only around 20% of European SMEs are substantially [[Digitization|digitalized]], compared to almost 50% of major businesses.<ref name=":364"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Small and medium-sized enterprises: an overview|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20200514-1|access-date=2021-07-15|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en-GB}}</ref> Small and medium-sized companies make up 56.2% of the non-financial sector.
[[File:Major_obstacles_small_and_medium_enterprises_face_when_investing_in_digital_technologies.png|thumb|Obstacles faced by small and medium enterprises when investing in digital technologies]]
Smaller companies account for more than 60% of the value contributed to the non-financial sector in [[Belgium]], [[Italy]], and [[Spain]], three of the nations worst hit by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":364"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Small and medium-sized enterprises: an overview|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20191125-1|access-date=2021-07-15|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en-GB}}</ref> An estimated 50% of Europe's small firms may fail because they lack the substantial financial reserves required to weather the crisis.<ref name=":364"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19): SME policy responses|url=https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/coronavirus-covid-19-sme-policy-responses-04440101/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=OECD|language=en}}</ref>

With around 338,000 functioning in [[Bulgaria]] in 2022, SMEs and mid-caps are major contributors in the Bulgarian economy. They also employ over 75% of the workforce and create 65% of the economy's added value.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More than 75% of employees in Bulgaria work in small and medium-sized enterprises ● Ministry of Economy and Industry |url=https://www.mi.government.bg/en/news/more-than-75-of-employees-in-bulgaria-work-in-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.mi.government.bg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PricewaterhouseCoopers |title=Supporting SMEs in Bulgaria |url=https://www.pwc.com/c1/en/future-of-government-cee/entrepreneurship-and-smes-in-CEE/supporting-smes-in-bulgaria.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=PwC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EBRD financing to support Bulgarian firms affected by war on Ukraine |url=https://www.ebrd.com/news/2022/ebrd-financing-to-support-bulgarian-firms-affected-by-war-on-ukraine.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.ebrd.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seeds of growth |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/guarantees-bulgarian-businesses-employment-economy |website=eib.org}}</ref>

The results of an EU survey conducted in 2021 suggest that during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]], in countries with larger fiscal packages, SMEs were on average more likely to experience [[bankruptcy]] even after controlling for the size of the shock, the use of [[Loan|bank financing]], and country and sector fixed effects. When policy assistance rises by 1% of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], the probabilities of bankruptcy for an SME are 2.7 times higher than for a non-SME.<ref name=":504"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dörr |first1=Julian Oliver |last2=Licht |first2=Georg |last3=Murmann |first3=Simona |date=2022-02-01 |title=Small firms and the COVID-19 insolvency gap |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00514-4 |journal=Small Business Economics |language=en |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=887–917 |doi=10.1007/s11187-021-00514-4 |pmid=38624681 |issn=1573-0913 |pmc=8258278}}</ref> Credit limitations are especially difficult for SMEs and new businesses to overcome. Credit constraints affect 24% of SMEs and 27% of young businesses.<ref name=":504"/>

Medium-sized firms are ahead of SMEs in terms of digital technology adoption, with performance comparable to that of larger enterprises. Over 84% of XL businesses invested in at least one digital technology, compared to approximately 75% for mid-caps.<ref name=":188">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230277-hidden-champions-missed-opportunities-mid-caps-crucial-role-in-europe-s-economic-transition |title=Hidden champions, missed opportunities: Mid-caps' crucial role in Europe's economic transition |date=2024-01-10 |publisher=European Investment Bank |doi=10.2867/575876 |isbn=978-92-861-5731-8 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Digital Transformation of SMEs |url=https://www.oecd.org/industry/smes/PH-SME-Digitalisation-final.pdf}}</ref>

Since the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] began in early 2020, SMEs in Europe have suffered unprecedented economic instability and turbulence. In 2023, they faced further challenges, including higher input costs, higher borrowing costs and uncertainty.<ref name=":208">{{Cite book |author=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240079-eib-group-activity-in-eu-cohesion-regions-2023 |title=EIB Group activities in EU cohesion regions 2023 |date=2024-07-15 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5761-5 |language=EN}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=SME Performance Review - European Commission |url=https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/smes/sme-strategy-and-sme-friendly-business-conditions/sme-performance-review_en |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

As a result, the SME value added in the European Union, adjusted for inflation, remains below the pre-crisis level of 2019, and is anticipated to fall further in 2024.<ref name=":208" /><ref name=":3" />

Inflation’s impact is more pronounced for small and medium-sized enterprises, with the probability of increased investment rising by 4.3 percentage points compared to a smaller 1.7 percentage point increase for larger firms, as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240244-economics-working-paper-2024-03 |title=EIB Working Paper 2024/03 - Investment decisions in a high-inflation environment |date=2024-08-26 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5802-5 |language=EN}}</ref> Rising energy costs led to a 5.6 percentage point increase in planned investments in energy efficiency, largely driven by SMEs, increasing from 52.3% to 57.9% in 2022.'''<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240244-economics-working-paper-2024-03 |title=EIB Working Paper 2024/03 - Investment decisions in a high-inflation environment |date=2024-08-26 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5802-5 |language=EN}}</ref>'''

In the European Union, SMEs have played a significant role in advancing the goals of the [[European Green Deal|Green Deal]]. Many SMEs increased their planned investments in energy efficiency by 5.6% in 2022, from 52.3% to 57.9%. The European Green Deal's emphasis on energy efficiency aligned with this trend, helping to drive investments aimed at reducing emissions and energy consumption. '''<ref name=":4" />'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2287 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Energy and the Green Deal |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/energy-and-green-deal_en |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=commission.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
The SME sector in [[Poland]] generates almost 50% of the [[GDP]], and out of that, for instance, in 2011, micro companies generated 29.6%, small companies 7.7%, and medium companies 10.4% (big companies 24.0%; other entities 16.5%, and revenues from customs duties and taxes generated 11.9%). In 2011, out of the total of 1,784,603 entities operating in Poland, merely 3,189 were classified as "large", so 1,781,414 were micro, small, or medium. SMEs employed 6.3 million people out of the total of 9.0 million of labour employed in the private sector. In Poland in 2011 there were 36.2 SMEs per 1,000 inhabitants.<ref>[http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/1144/1173 D. Walczak, G. Voss, New Possibilities of Supporting Polish SMEs within the Jeremie Initiative Managed by BGK, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 4, No 9, p. 760-761].</ref>

Nearly seven million people are employed by small businesses in Poland, which accounts for around half of the country's GDP, yet smaller businesses are less likely than larger ones to invest in strategies to combat climate change or boost energy efficiency. In October 2021, the [[Bank Ochrony Środowiska]], a Polish bank that specializes in funding environmental protection initiatives received €75 million from the European Investment Bank (EIB) for these small enterprises.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=EIB Group Activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021 |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/online/eib-group-activities-in-eu-cohesion-regions-2021 |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=www.eib.org}}</ref>

The Polish bank wants to use at least 50% of the loan for initiatives with a clear emphasis on tackling climate change, such improving building energy efficiency or turning to renewable energy sources like solar power. The money is set to be distributed across Poland, with around 80% of it projected to go to [[Regional policy of the European Union|cohesive]] regions.<ref name=":2" />

====Slovenia====
Slovenia's one-stop-shops for SMEs were recognised by the European Commission in 2008 as a good practice example in making [[public administration]] responsive to SME need.<ref name=first>Commission of the European Communities, [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0394 "Think Small First: A "Small Business Act for Europe"], COM(2008)394 final, published on 25 June 2008, accessed on 14 July 2024</ref>{{rp|19}}

===Outside the EU===
==== Norway ====

In Norway it is normal to describe small and medium-sized businesses as businesses with fewer than 100 employees. Businesses with 1–20 employees are defined as small, while businesses with 21–100 employees are considered medium-sized. A business with more than 100 employees would be considered a large business. "Micro-sized businesses" is a little-used expression in Norway.[https://www.nho.no/tema/sma-og-mellomstore-bedrifter/artikler/sma-og-mellomstore-bedrifter-smb/ NHO]

Small and medium-sized businesses make up more than 99% of all businesses in Norway, and together they employ 47% of all employees in the private sector. Together, SMEs account for 44% of the economic value added each year: almost 700 billion Norwegian Kroner (NOK).[https://www.nho.no/tema/sma-og-mellomstore-bedrifter/artikler/sma-og-mellomstore-bedrifter-smb/ Fakta om små og mellomstore bedrifter (SMB)]

==== Switzerland ====

In [[Switzerland]], the [[Federal Statistical Office (Switzerland)|Federal Statistical Office]] defines small and medium-sized enterprises as companies with less than 250 employees.<ref name=BFS>{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/industrie-services/entreprises-emplois/structure-economie-entreprises/taille-forme-juridique-secteurs-repartition-regionale.html Taille, forme juridique, secteurs, répartition régionale], [[Federal Statistical Office (Switzerland)|Swiss Federal Statistical Office]] (page visited on 24 October 2017).</ref> The categories are the following:<ref name=BFS/>
* Microentreprises: 1 to 9 employees
* Small enterprises: 10 to 49 employees
* Medium-sized enterprises: 50 to 249 employees
* Large enterprises: 250 employees or more

==== United Kingdom ====
In the [[United Kingdom]] (UK), a company is defined as being an SME if it meets two out of three criteria: it has a turnover of less than £25m, it has fewer than 250 employees, it has gross assets of less than £12.5m.<ref name="BIS SME definition">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/mid-sized-businesses|website=gov.uk|publisher=Department of Business, Innovation and Skills|title=Mid-sized businesses|date=20 November 2014 |access-date=11 June 2015|ref=bis_sme_definition}}</ref> Very small companies are called in the UK micro-entities, which have simpler financial reporting requirements. Such micro-enterprises must meet any two of the following criteria: balance sheet £316,000 or less; turnover £632,000 or less; employees 10 or less.<ref>{{cite web |title=Micro-entities, small and dormant companies |url=https://www.gov.uk/annual-accounts/microentities-small-and-dormant-companies |publisher=GOV.UK}}</ref>

Many small and medium-sized businesses form part of the UK's currently growing {{lang|de|[[Mittelstand]]}}, or ''Brittelstand'' as it is also sometimes named.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7bbbf9e8-1f35-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/7bbbf9e8-1f35-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Brittelstand stymied by lack of growth and skills |first=Brian |last=Groom |date=1 October 2015 |work=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=11 September 2020 }}</ref> These are businesses in Britain that are not only small or medium but also have a much broader set of values and more elastic definition.

The [[Department for Business Innovation and Skills]] estimated that at the start of 2014, 99.3% of UK [[private sector]] businesses were SMEs, with their £1.6 trillion annual [[revenue|turnover]] accounting for 47% of private sector turnover.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bridging loans UK can be used for many purposes|url=http://konnectfinancial.co.uk/loan-products/bridging-loans/|website=www.konnectfinancial.co.uk|publisher=Konnect Financial|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011052641/http://konnectfinancial.co.uk/loan-products/bridging-loans/|archive-date=11 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ukbis-">{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/377934/bpe_2014_statistical_release.pdf | title=Statistical Release: Business Population Estimates for the UK and Regions 2014 | publisher=Department for Business Innovation and Skills | date=26 November 2014 | access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref>

In order to support SMEs, the UK government set a target in 2010 "that 25% of government’s spend, either directly or in supply chains, goes to SMEs by 2015"; it achieved this by 2013.<ref name="ukgov-SMEspend">{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-government-buying/2010-to-2015-government-policy-government-buying#appendix-1-making-sure-government-gets-full-value-from-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises | title=2010 to 2015 government policy: government buying | date=20 February 2013 | access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref>

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
[[Industry Canada]] defines a small business as one with fewer than 100 paid employees, and a medium-sized business as one with at least 100 and fewer than 500 employees. As of December 2012, there were 1,107,540 employer businesses in Canada of the rally.{{Clarify|date=July 2022}} Canadian controlled private corporations receive a 17% reduction in the tax rate on taxable income from active businesses up to $500,000. This small business deduction is reduced for corporations whose taxable capital exceeds $10M and is eliminated for corporations whose taxable capital exceeds $15M.<ref>{{cite web|title=T2 Corporation - Income Tax Guide - Chapter 4: Page 4 of the T2 return|url=http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pub/tg/t4012/t4012-06-e.html|publisher=Canada Revenue Agency|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> It has been estimated that almost $2 trillion of Canadian SMEs will be coming up for sale over the next decade, which is twice as large as the assets of the top 1,000 Canadian pension plans and approximately the same size as Canadian annual GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.equicapita.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Equicapita_May_050214.pdf|title=Equicapita May 2014 - Who Will Buy Baby Boomer Businesses?}}</ref>

==== Mexico ====
The small and medium-sized companies in [[Mexico]] are called [[Small and medium enterprises in Mexico|PYMEs]], which is a direct translation of SMEs. There is also another categorization in the country called MiPyMEs. The MiPyMEs are micro, small and medium-sized businesses, with an emphasis on micro which are one man companies or a type of freelance.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Number of workers<ref>Ley para el Desarrollo de la Competitividad de la Micro, Pequeña y Mediana Empresa</ref>
|-
! Sector/Size !! Industrial !! Commerce !! Services
|-
| Micro|| 0-10|| 0-10|| 0-10
|-
| Small|| 11-50|| 11-30|| 11-50
|-
| Medium|| 51-250|| 31-100|| 51-100
|}

==== United States ====
In the [[United States]], the [[Small Business Administration]] sets [[small business]] criteria based on industry, ownership structure, revenue and number of employees (which in some circumstances may be as high as 1500, although the cap is typically 500).<ref>{{cite web|last=United States Small Business Administration|title=Size Standards|access-date=2023-09-21|url=https://www.sba.gov/federal-contracting/contracting-guide/size-standards}}</ref>
Both the US and the EU generally use the same threshold of fewer than 10 employees for [[small office]]s (SOHO).{{Citation needed|reason=A citation is needed for the claim that the European Union and Small Business Administration have a size-standard classification for the term small office or SOHO|date=February 2014}}

=== Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
In Australia, an SME has 200 or fewer employees. Micro Businesses have 1–4 employees, small businesses 5–19, medium businesses 20–199, and large businesses 200+.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/1321.0|title = 1321.0 - Small Business in Australia, 2001|date = 23 October 2002|access-date = 30 September 2015}}</ref> Australian SMEs make up 98% of all Australian businesses, produce one-third of total GDP, and employ 4.7 million people. SMEs represent 90 percent of all goods exporters and over 60% of services exporters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smallbusinessassociation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/INTRODUCTION-TO-FTRA.pdf|title=AN INTRODUCTION TO FTAs (FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS)|publisher=Small Business Association of Australia, 2015|access-date=29 March 2016}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== New Zealand ====
In [[New Zealand]], 99% of businesses employ 50 or less staff, and the official definition of a small business is one with 19 or fewer employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/business/business-growth-agenda/pdf-and-image-library/2014/The%20Small%20Business%20Sector%20Report%202014%20-PDF%208.8%20MB-1.pdf|title=The Small Business Sector Report 2014|last=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|date=2014|website=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|publisher=MBIE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312071614/http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/business/business-growth-agenda/pdf-and-image-library/2014/The%20Small%20Business%20Sector%20Report%202014%20-PDF%208.8%20MB-1.pdf|archive-date=2017-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">[http://www.med.govt.nz/business/business-growth-internationalisation/pdf-docs-library/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises/structure-and-dynamics-2011.pdf "SMEs in New Zealand: Structure and Dynamics 2011"], Page 10-11, Ministry of Economic Development</ref> It is estimated that approximately 28% of New Zealand's gross domestic product is produced by companies with fewer than 20 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/sectors-reports-series/pdf-image-library/the-small-business-sector-report-and-factsheet/small-business-factsheet-2017.pdf|website=www.mbie.govt.nz|access-date=2018-12-09|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210063501/https://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/sectors-reports-series/pdf-image-library/the-small-business-sector-report-and-factsheet/small-business-factsheet-2017.pdf|archive-date=2018-12-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Big business]]
* Environmental regulation of small and medium enterprises
* [[Hidden champions]]
* [[Micro-enterprise]]
* [[Mittelstand]]
* [[Small and medium enterprises in Mexico]]
* [[Small business]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes SMEs and Entrepreneurship at the OECD]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150208090338/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/sme-definition/index_en.htm SME definition by European Commission]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215426/http://www.thesmallbusinessexpo.com/exhibit.php Small Business Expo Events Schedule USA]

* [https://enterprise.trangotech.com/blog/business-central-vs-custom-erp-for-smes-in-the-usa/ Business Central vs Custom ERP for SMEs in the USA]
* [https://mmcgbl.com/products/microsoft-dynamics-365/ Microsft SME Suite]

{{Portal bar|Companies|Business and economics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Small And Medium Enterprises}}
[[Category:Small and medium-sized enterprises| ]]
[[Category:Companies by type]]

Shutrana Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:31Z

RickieDumas3: made a details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shutrana
| map_image = 117-Shutrana.svg
| constituency_no = 117
| type= SLA
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Kulwant Singh Bazigar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:182335}}{{update after|20272|02}}
}}
'''Shutrana''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Patiala district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Kulwant Singh Bazigar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Shutrana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Kulwant Singh Bazigar]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|votes={{formatnum:81751}}
|percentage=59.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Vaninder Kaur Loomba]]|votes={{formatnum:30197}}|percentage=21.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Darbara Singh<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes={{formatnum:11353}}|percentage=8.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:1536}}|percentage=1.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:51554}}|percentage=37.43|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:137739}}|percentage=75.54|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:182335}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Shutrana<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 58008
|percentage = 42.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vaninder Kaur Loomba]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 39488
|percentage = 28.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Palwinder Kaur
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 32037
|percentage = 23.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 877
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,520
|percentage = 13.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,762
|percentage = 83.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 165,967}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }} {{Election box end}}

===Previous results===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Category||Winner|| Party|| Votes|| Runner Up|| Party|| Votes
|-
|1977||74||(SC)||Baldev Singh||[[Communist Party of India]]||22481||Gurdev Singh||[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]||22346
|-
|1980||74||(SC)||Baldev Singh||[[Communist Party of India]]||26110||Bhajan Lal||[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]]||18948
|-
|1985||74||(SC)||Satwant Singh Mohi||[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]||26951||Manu Ram||[[Indian National Congress]]||15964
|-
|1992||74||(SC)||Hamir Singh||[[Indian National Congress]]||7025||[[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]||[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]||3968
|-
|1997||74||(SC)||Gurdev Singh Sidhu||[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]||45592||Ram Chand||[[Communist Party of India]]||29419
|-
|2002|| 74||(SC)||[[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]||[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]||34123||Hamir Singh||[[Indian National Congress]]||18567
|-
|2007|| 73||(SC)||[[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]||[[Indian National Congress]]||53888||Hamir Singh Ghagga||[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]||51293
|-
|2012||117||(SC)||[[Vaninder Kaur Loomba]]||[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]||47764||[[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]||[[Indian National Congress]]||46992
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patiala district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|29.91|76.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Patiala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Erode Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:00Z

RickieDumas3: Creating a entry - done

{{Short description|Former legislative Assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{coord|11|21|N|77|44|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Erode district|Erode]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| name = Erode
| electors= 3,03,864
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Erode''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. After the delimitation in 2008, the constituency ceased to exist and was replaced by two constituencies, namely [[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode East]] and [[Erode West Assembly constituency|Erode West]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[V. S. Manickasundaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[A. S. Dakshinamurthy Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. Chinnaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. Subramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[S. Muthusamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| S. Muthusamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| S. Muthusamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Subbulakshmi Jegatheesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[C. Manickam (Erode MLA)|C. Manickam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[N. K. K. Periasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. S. Thennarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[N. K. K. P. Raajah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|40.88}}
}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. K. K. P. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,938 |percentage=44.17% |change=5.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivakumar. E. R |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,107 |percentage=39.13% |change=-13.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. C. Chandhirakumar]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=29,011 |percentage=13.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chairman. Pon |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,588 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,585 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthukumar. R |party=Independent politician |votes=1,320 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selladurai. K |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=581 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sekaran. R |party=Independent politician |votes=398 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sukumaran. Pon |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balan. R |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=253 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tamilrasu. M |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,831 |percentage=5.04% |change=-8.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,14,918 |percentage=70.73% |change= 13.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,03,864 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Thennarasu]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,450 |percentage=52.40% |change=19.92% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. K. K. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,010 |percentage=38.98% |change=-20.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Ganeshamurthi]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,846 |percentage=5.41% |change=1.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vengai Rajendran P. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,233 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vinaya Kamoorthi. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,524 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthilkumar N. |party=TDK |votes=658 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramu V. |party=Independent politician |votes=339 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallasivam A. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chokkalingam A. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy R. |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan S. |party=Independent politician |votes=135 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,440 |percentage=13.42% |change=-13.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,82,154 |percentage=56.74% |change= -6.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,21,070 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. K. K. Periasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,04,726 |percentage=59.80% |change=25.34% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,889 |percentage=32.48% |change=-30.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Ganeshamurthy]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,047 |percentage=4.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ravi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,433 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Jambu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,359 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Devakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=297 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. J. Narayanaram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=247 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiruvenkatachala Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=201 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Nataraj |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,837 |percentage=27.32% |change=-1.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,75,129 |percentage=63.27% |change= 5.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,83,064 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam C. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,226 |percentage=63.11% |change=35.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Ganeshamurthy]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,538 |percentage=34.46% |change=-6.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendran P. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,175 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Karuppusamy P. |party=AMI |votes=248 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Neelakandan S. |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=184 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan C. |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhoopathi K. |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijayakumar P. |party=Independent politician |votes=110 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyasamy K. |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekaran P. |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugasundaram R. |party=Independent politician |votes=103 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,688 |percentage=28.66% |change=15.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,52,462 |percentage=58.02% |change= -12.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,67,353 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 21.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,128 |percentage=41.40% |change=-3.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthusamy]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,930 |percentage=27.91% |change=-25.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam. C. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,391 |percentage=20.29% |change=-33.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gunasekaran. T. M |party=Independent politician |votes=10,687 |percentage=6.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthusamy. K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=2,234 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elangandhi. E. K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=936 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnusamy. P. K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=256 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. M. K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramaniam. K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=186 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani P. M |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvam. R. M |party=Independent politician |votes=148 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,198 |percentage=13.49% |change=4.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,64,552 |percentage=70.02% |change= -3.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,37,642 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,722 |percentage=53.50% |change=-3.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,075 |percentage=44.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nallasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=332 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannammal |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=272 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=228 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amrose |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karuppusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=217 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=185 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ayyavoo |party=Independent politician |votes=162 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Shanmugasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,647 |percentage=8.69% |change=-8.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,060 |percentage=73.04% |change= 9.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,89,520 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,342 |percentage=56.62% |change=13.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sainathan. R. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,839 |percentage=39.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Varadharasan. K. V. V. |party=Janata Party |votes=2,423 |percentage=2.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppanan. M. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=451 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balakrishnan. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=268 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karunakaran. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=257 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyavoo. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=179 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramaniam. G. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=159 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chakharapani. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugasundaram. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,503 |percentage=16.81% |change=-3.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,104 |percentage=63.50% |change= 5.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,563 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,968 |percentage=43.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subramanian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,389 |percentage=23.14% |change=-38.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.R. Nallasivam |party=Janata Party |votes=15,401 |percentage=17.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thirumalairajan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=12,995 |percentage=14.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kesavalal Kalidas Sait |party=Independent politician |votes=935 |percentage=1.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gurunatha Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=277 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,579 |percentage=19.95% |change=-2.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,118 |percentage=58.29% |change= -10.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,823 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,809 |percentage=61.16% |change=2.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Muthusamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,358 |percentage=38.84% |change=5.27% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,451 |percentage=22.33% |change=-3.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,167 |percentage=69.24% |change= -9.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,588 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chinnaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,471 |percentage=59.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arjunan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,808 |percentage=33.57% |change=-6.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. C. Palaniappan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,687 |percentage=6.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gurusamy |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=920 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,663 |percentage=25.57% |change=16.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,886 |percentage=78.57% |change= 2.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,217 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Erode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Dhakshinamoorthy Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,895 |percentage=39.61% |change=2.33% }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=M. Chinnasami Gounder |party=WT |votes=25,392 |percentage=30.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Palamisami |party=Independent politician |votes=24,769 |percentage=29.82% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,503 |percentage=9.03% |change=2.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,056 |percentage=75.62% |change= 22.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,826 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Erode<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Manickasundaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,012 |percentage=37.28% |change=2.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. T. Raju |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,870 |percentage=31.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chinnusami |party=Independent politician |votes=14,531 |percentage=28.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sidhla Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,584 |percentage=3.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,142 |percentage=6.16% |change=0.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,997 |percentage=53.17% |change= -7.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,917 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -3.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Erode<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Raju |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,251 |percentage=40.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Deivasingamani Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,160 |percentage=34.93% |change=34.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chenniappa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=6,805 |percentage=13.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kandaswami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=4,334 |percentage=8.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnaswami |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,439 |percentage=2.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,091 |percentage=5.95% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,989 |percentage=61.05% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,159 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Erode]]
[[Category:Erode district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]

M. Mallesh Babu

2026-04-10T13:54:37Z

RickieDumas3: made a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Mallesh Babu
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|6|30}}
| birth_place = Kumbarahalli village, Kolar, [[Kolar District]], [[Karnataka]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency2 = [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]]
| predecessor = [[S. Muniswamy]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| spouse = Manjula (m.14 February 2005)
| children = 1 Son
| parents = C. Muniswamy, G. Mangamma
| =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Muniswamy Mallesh Babu''' is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kolar (SC) election results 2024 live updates: JDS' M Mallesh Babu wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kolar-sc-election-results-2024-karnataka-kolar-sc-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-m-mallesh-babu-jds-k-v-gowtham-cong/articleshow/110678008.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has been elected to Lok Sabha from [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kolar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kolar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916914.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kolar, Karnataka Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: M. Mallesh Babu Wins by a Margin of 71388 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/kolar-karnataka-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547751-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, M. Mallesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

{{Karnataka-JDS-politician-stub}}

I Don't Love You Anymore: Moving On and Living Your Best Life

2026-04-09T18:06:52Z

RickieDumas3: started some data more to come

''I Don't Love You Anymore: Moving On and Living Your Best Life'' is a 2024 poetry and self-help book by Indian author Rithvik Singh. Published by Penguin Random House India under its Ebury Press imprint, the book explores themes of heartbreak, emotional healing, and personal growth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Heartbreak and healing: 6 books to help you move on after a breakup |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/6-books-breakup-heatbreak-books-10101505/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox book
| author = Rithvik Singh
| publisher = Penguin Random House India
| pub_date = May 2024
| pub_place = India
}}

== Background ==
The book was released in May 2024 and consists of approximately 184 pages. It is part of Singh's body of work focused on contemporary poetry and emotional storytelling, often aimed at young readers navigating relationships and self-identity.

== Reception ==
The ''[[Kashmir Reader]]'' wrote a favorable review for the work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Zeeshan Rasool |date=2024-10-30 |title=Book Review: ‘I Don’t Love You Anymore’ |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2024/10/30/book-review-i-dont-love-you-anymore/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref>

Krishika Dinesh Rathod wrote for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' "This book is all about choosing yourself. Rithvik Singh explores the emotional weight of heartbreak and the importance of moving forward—not for anyone else, but for your own well-being."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rathod |first1=Krishika Dinesh |title=Heartbreak and healing: 6 books to help you move on after a breakup |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/6-books-breakup-heatbreak-books-10101505/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 April 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]

Chaitanya Rao Madadi

2026-04-08T14:14:40Z

RickieDumas3: Creating a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chaitanya Rao Madadi
| image = Chaitanya Rao Madadi In a Audio Function.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|07|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Karimnagar]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), [[India]]
| education = 
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2015-present
| parents =
}}
'''Chaitanya Rao Madadi''' (born 13 July 1989) is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his debut with ''Bhandook'' (2015) and then appeared in films such as ''[[Valentines Night]]'', ''[[Annapurna Photo Studio]]'' and ''[[Keedaa Cola]]''.<ref name="I took three days to prep for my role in 'Keedaa Cola'">{{cite news |work=The South First |first1= |title=I took three days to prep for my role in 'Keedaa Cola': Chaitanya Rao |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/keeda-cola-is-a-wacky-take-on-people-we-see-in-real-life-chaitanya-rao/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305104639/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/keeda-cola-is-a-wacky-take-on-people-we-see-in-real-life-chaitanya-rao/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Chaitanya returned to Hyderabad to pursue a career in acting and was then trained at Ramanand acting School. He started his acting career with ''Bandook'' (2015). He appeared in minor roles in a few films like ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' (2016) and ''[[Shamantakamani]]'' (2017). Chaitanya acted in the lead role as Charlie in ''Hawaa'' (2019), which is the first Telugu movie to be shot entirely in Australia.<ref name="Hawaa to hit screens on November 23" />

Chaitanya then acted in a web series ''30 Weds 21'' (2021) on [[YouTube]], which gave him recognition.<ref name="web series 30 Weds 21"/> He played a character that suffered from [[Tourette syndrome]] in ''[[Keedaa Cola]]'' (2023) and took three days to prepare for the role.<ref name="I took three days to prep for my role in 'Keedaa Cola'"/>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2015
|''Bhandook''
|Chaitanya
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]''
|style="text-align: center;"|
|Uncredited
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Shamantakamani]]''
|Ravi
|
|
|-
|2019
|''Hawaa''
|Charlie
|
|<ref name="Hawaa to hit screens on November 23">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Hawaa to hit screens on November 23 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hawaa-trailer-launch-5432944/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305115239/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hawaa-trailer-launch-5432944/ |archive-date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Guvva Gorinka]]''
|Aarya
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
|style="text-align: center;"|
|Uncredited
|
|-
|''[[Thimmarusu]]''
|Aravind
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Mukhachitram]]''
|Dr. Satya
|
|
|-
|''Jagamemaya''
|Ajay
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''A Journey to Kasi''
|
|
|<ref name="'A Journey To Kashi' is slated to hit the screens on January 6">{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title='A Journey To Kashi' is slated to hit the screens on January 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/a-journey-to-kashi-is-slated-to-hit-the-screens-on-january-6/articleshow/96736377.cms |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305111038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/a-journey-to-kashi-is-slated-to-hit-the-screens-on-january-6/articleshow/96736377.cms |archive-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Valentines Night]]''
|Ajay
|
|
|-
|''[[Annapurna Photo Studio]]''
|Chanti
|
|<ref name="Annapurna Photo Studio passes through censor formalities">{{cite news |work=Cinema Express |first1= |title=Annapurna Photo Studio passes through censor formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Jul/17/annapurna-photo-studio-passes-through-censor-formalities-45722.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305114438/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Jul/17/annapurna-photo-studio-passes-through-censor-formalities-45722.html |archive-date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Keedaa Cola]]''
|Vaasthu
|
|<ref name="‘Keeda Cola’ is an out and out entertainer: Chaitanya Rao Madadi">{{cite news |work=The Hans India |first1= |title='Keeda Cola' is an out and out entertainer: Chaitanya Rao Madadi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/keeda-cola-is-an-out-and-out-entertainer-chaitanya-rao-madadi-832853 |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305112641/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/keeda-cola-is-an-out-and-out-entertainer-chaitanya-rao-madadi-832853 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="‘Keedaa Cola’: Chaitanya Rao Madadi, Rag Mayur, Vishnu Oi, Jeevan Kumar and Ravindra Vijay hold forth on director Tharun Bhascker’s Telugu comic caper">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |first1= |title='Keedaa Cola': Chaitanya Rao Madadi, Rag Mayur, Vishnu Oi, Jeevan Kumar and Ravindra Vijay hold forth on director Tharun Bhascker's Telugu comic caper |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-the-gang-of-director-tharun-bhasckers-telugu-crime-comedy-keedaa-cola/article67483734.ece |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305112805/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-the-gang-of-director-tharun-bhasckers-telugu-crime-comedy-keedaa-cola/article67483734.ece |archive-date=5 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|''[[Sharathulu Varthisthai]]''
|Chiranjeevi
|
|
|-
|''[[Paarijatha Parvam]]''
|Chaitanya
|
|<ref name="‘Rang Rang Rangila’ adds anticipation to ‘Parijatha Parvam’">{{cite news |work=The Hans India |first1= |title='Rang Rang Rangila' adds anticipation to 'Parijatha Parvam' |url=https://thehansindia.com/cinema/rang-rang-rangila-adds-anticipation-to-parijatha-parvam-862554 |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305114213/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rang-rang-rangila-adds-anticipation-to-parijatha-parvam-862554 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/paarijatha-parvam-telugu-movie-review.html | title=Paarijatha Parvam Telugu Movie Review | date=19 April 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dear Nanna]]''
|Surya
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/dear-nanna-review-the-chaitanya-rao-starrer-is-old-school-and-predictable-to-the-core/c6505944b2241|title=Dear Nanna Review - Chaitanya Rao-starrer is old school and predictable|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
|''[[ Honeymoon Express (2024 film)|Honeymoon Express]]''
|Eshan
|
|<ref name="Chaitanya Rao to star next in Honeymoon Express">{{cite news |work=Cinema Express |first1= |title=Chaitanya Rao to star next in Honeymoon Express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/16/chaitanya-rao-to-star-next-in-honeymoon-express-50447.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305113405/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/16/chaitanya-rao-to-star-next-in-honeymoon-express-50447.html |archive-date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Theppa Samudram]]''
|Ganesh
|
|
|-
|2025
| [[Ghaati]]
| Kundhul Naidu
|
|<ref name="Krish on casting Chaitanya Rao in Ghaati: Mayasabha proved he can stun as a villain">{{cite news |title=Krish on casting Chaitanya Rao in Ghaati: Mayasabha proved he can stun as a villain |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/krish-on-casting-chaitanya-rao-in-ghaati-mayasabha-proved-he-can-stun-as-a-villain/4433e13002882 |access-date=2 September 2025 |publisher=OTTPlay |date=1 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902075806/https://www.ottplay.com/news/krish-on-casting-chaitanya-rao-in-ghaati-mayasabha-proved-he-can-stun-as-a-villain/4433e13002882 |archive-date=2 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| Repu Udayam 10 Gantalaku
| Raghu
|
|<ref name="4 South Movies Releasing in Theaters This Week: Abarnathi’s Vengeance to Abhinav Gomatam’s Repu Udayam 10 Gantalaku">{{cite news |title=4 South Movies Releasing in Theaters This Week: Abarnathi’s Vengeance to Abhinav Gomatam’s Repu Udayam 10 Gantalaku |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/4-south-movies-releasing-in-theaters-this-week-abarnathis-vengeance-to-abhinav-gomatams-repu-udayam-10-gantalaku-1401354 |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=PINKVILLA |date=9 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408141210/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/4-south-movies-releasing-in-theaters-this-week-abarnathis-vengeance-to-abhinav-gomatams-repu-udayam-10-gantalaku-1401354 |archive-date=8 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2021{{Ndash}}2022
|''30 Weds 21''
|Prudhvi
|[[YouTube]]
|Web debut
|<ref name="web series 30 Weds 21">{{cite news |work=Telangana Today |first1= |date=18 June 2021 |title=Actor Chaitanya Rao speaks on his web series '30 Weds 21' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/actor-chaitanya-rao-speaks-on-his-web-series-30-weds-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305105201/https://telanganatoday.com/actor-chaitanya-rao-speaks-on-his-web-series-30-weds-21 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2025
|[[AIR: All India Rankers|''AIR: All India Rankers'']]
|Surya
|[[ETV Win]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Mayasabha (TV series)|Mayasabha]]''
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|M. S. Rami Reddy]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10301427}}
* {{Twitter|iamchaitanyarao}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madad, Chaitanya Raoi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar]]

2014 Chhattisgarh sterilisation deaths

2026-04-07T18:21:23Z

RickieDumas3: stub

In November 2014, 15 women died after undergoing mishandled sterilization operations performed in the [[India]]n state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. In addition to the 15 deaths, 70 women were hospitalized in critical condition,<ref name=bloomberg/> 20 of whom were put on mechanical ventilation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29999874 | title=Indian botched sterilisations kill nine women in Chhattisgarh | work=BBC News | date=11 November 2014 | accessdate=11 November 2014}}</ref>

==Background==
Each of the women was paid to undergo the procedure. Reports have differed on how much, with some saying the amount was 1,400 [[rupee]]s,<ref name=cnn>{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/11/world/asia/india-sterilization-deaths/ | title=India: 11 women die, 62 more hospitalized after being paid to be sterilized | work=CNN | date=11 November 2014 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | author=Pokharel, Sugam}}</ref> while others said it was 600.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/12/world/asia/botched-government-sterilizations-india.html | title=11 Women Die After Botched Government Sterilizations in India | work=New York Times | date=12 November 2014 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | author=Barry, Ellen}}</ref> The government of India sometimes pays women to be sterilized in order to curb [[population growth]] in the country.<ref name=nytimes/>

==Sterilisations==
On November 8, 2014, Dr. R. K. Gupta and an unnamed assistant carried out [[tubectomy|tubectomies]] on around 140 women in two different camps<ref name="bbc"/> in Pendari, [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] district.<ref name="sian"/> He was then honored by the Chhattisgarh government for carrying out the record number of sterilizations.<ref name="bbc"/>

However, the women fell ill on November 10, 2014, two days after the surgery.<ref name=reuters>{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-health-sterilization-idUSKCN0IV0MP20141111 | title=Ten women die after botched surgery at sterilization 'camp' in India | work=Reuters | date=11 November 2014 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | author=Dash, Jatindra}}</ref> By that night, eight of them had died,<ref name=usatoday/> and their deaths were announced the following day.<ref name=nytimes/> By November 13, 2014, 13 deaths were reported with seventy hospitalized and some admitted in [[AIIMS]].<ref name="sian">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/sterilisation-death-toll-climbs-13-026|title=Sterilisation death toll climbs to 13|work=The Asian Age|access-date=2014-11-13|archive-date=2014-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124094901/http://www.asianage.com/india/sterilisation-death-toll-climbs-13-026|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Investigation==
S.K. Mandal, the chief medical officer in Chhattisgarh, suggested that the doctor who performed the operations was under pressure to meet government-set targets for a number of sterilizations that had to be performed.<ref name=abc>{{cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/sterilization-deaths-show-indias-health-care-ills-26854655?singlePage=true | title=Sterilization Deaths Show India's Health Care Ills | work=ABC News | date=12 November 2014 | accessdate=12 November 2014 | agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

According to an unnamed medical official, by performing 83 sterilizations in six hours, the doctor had breached guidelines requiring surgeons to perform no more than 30 sterilizations per day.<ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-11/eight-women-dead-after-india-mass-sterilization-goes-awry.html | title=Doctor Used Infected Tools on Indian Women as 10 Dead | work=Bloomberg | date=11 November 2011 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | author=Krishnan, Unni}}</ref> The unnamed doctor reacted by saying that the women were well when they left the hospital. In a telephone interview, he attributed their vomiting and abdominal pain to antibiotics they had been given.<ref name=nytimes/> Mandal described the doctor in question as a "very senior and respected surgeon".<ref name=abc/>

The exact cause of the deaths remains unclear.<ref name=reuters/> According to Amar Singh, the deputy health director of Chhattisgarh, the women appeared to have died from either [[blood poisoning]] or [[hemorrhagic shock]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/indian-women-die-27-ill-sterilization-26824394 | title=At Least 11 Women Die After Sterilization in India | work=ABC News | date=11 November 2014 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | author=Daigle, Katy}}</ref>

The leader of the investigation, police inspector S.N. Shukla, said that preliminary investigations suggested that the deaths were caused by either contaminated equipment or adulterated medicines.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-health-sterilisation-system-idUSKCN0IW1YO20141112 | title=Women face hasty surgery, dirty clinics in Indian sterilization drive | work=Reuters | date=12 November 2014 | accessdate=12 November 2014 | author=Kalra, Aditya}}</ref> According to district medical officer M.A. Jeemani, results of autopsies performed on some of the women who died suggested that the administration of tainted medicines might have caused the women's deaths.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/14/world/asia/tainted-drugs-suspected-in-india-sterilization-deaths.html | title=Tainted Drugs Suspected in India Sterilization Deaths | work=New York Times | date=14 November 2014 | accessdate=13 November 2014 | author=Raj, Suhasini}}</ref> On November 15, two senior Chhattisgarh officials stated that tablets of [[ciprocin]] that had been linked to the deaths contained [[zinc phosphide]], a chemical often used in [[rat poison]]. This conclusion arose from a preliminary report, and samples of the tablets have been sent to other laboratories for verification.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-health-sterilisation-idUSKCN0IZ06520141115 | title=Rat poison chemical found in pills linked to India sterilization deaths | work=Reuters | date=15 November 2014 | accessdate=15 November 2014 | author=Kalra, Aditya}}</ref> The company responded to this finding by releasing a statement which said that information about the incident had been exaggerated, denying that the pills they produced were contaminated.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/company-denies-rat-poison-in-pills-linked-to-india-sterilization-deaths/ | title=Company denies rat poison in pills linked to India sterilization deaths | work=Fox News Channel | date=17 November 2014 | access-date=17 November 2014 | agency=Reuters}}</ref>

===Arrests===
After being condemned by Chief Minister [[Raman Singh]],<ref name=bw>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-11-11/sterilization-horror-shows-indian-women-at-risk-for-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114034339/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-11-11/sterilization-horror-shows-indian-women-at-risk-for-10 | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 14, 2014 | title=Sterilization Horror Shows Indian Mothers at Risk for $10 | work=Businessweek | date=11 November 2014 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | author=Pradhan, Bibhudatta}}</ref> on 12 November, Dr. Gupta was arrested and subsequently suspended. He said, "''It was not my fault - the administration pressured me to meet targets. The surgeries went well but the problem was with the medicines given to the women.''"<ref name="bbc"/> The case was presided over by [[Mahadev Katulkar]].

On November 14, 2014, the Director of Mahawar Pharma, the company that supplied medicines used in the sterilizations, was arrested and charged with fraud,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/14/364089920/drug-maker-in-indias-sterilization-deaths-arrested | title=Drugmaker In India's Sterilization Deaths Arrested | work=NPR | date=14 November 2014 | accessdate=15 November 2014 | author=Calamur, Krishnadev}}</ref> and the company's drugs were banned from consumption.

==Response==
Chief Minister [[Raman Singh]] blamed negligence for the incident, and as a result, four health officials were suspended by the state, including the district's chief medical officer.<ref name=usatoday>{{cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/11/11/India-women-sterilization/18840319/ | title=Eight women die in India sterilization drive | work=[[USA Today]] | date=11 November 2014 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | author=Onyanga-Omara, Jane}}</ref> The government promised to pay the equivalent of about $6,600 to each of the affected families.<ref name=abc/>

Unnamed local health officials denied any responsibility for the deaths, with some suggesting added pressure from the government to perform many operations in a short space of time. Chhattisgarh Health Minister [[Amar Agarwal]] said that the government has banned six unnamed medicines for such operations pending the investigation.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30032878|title=India sterilisations: Doctor arrested over operation deaths|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 November 2014}}</ref>

A team of doctors from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] reached Bilaspur to probe the incident. Few other surgeons from the neighboring state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] were called on to assist in this crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/national/rahul-gandhi-meets-families-of-bilaspur-sterilisation-victims-alleges-cover-up-185969|title=కు.ని. ఆపరేషన్లపై తప్పు కప్పిపుచ్చే యత్నం: రాహుల్ గాంధీ|date=16 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2014}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhattisgarh sterilisation deaths, 2014}}
[[Category:Sterilization (medicine)]]
[[Category:2014 in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Chhattisgarh|2014 sterilisation deaths]]
[[Category:Medical error]]
[[Category:November 2014 in India]]

Etawah Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-02T02:50:21Z

RickieDumas3:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Etawah {{Small|UP-41}}
|established = 1957
|reservation =SC
|mp = Jitendra Dohre
|party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Etawah.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Etawah Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Etawah Assembly constituency|Etawah]] [[Bharthana Assembly constituency|Bharthana]] [[Dibiyapur Assembly constituency|Dibiyapur]] [[Auraiya Assembly constituency|Auraiya]] [[Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sikandra]]
}}
'''Etawah Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|200
|[[Etawah Assembly constituency|Etawah]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|[[Sarita Bhadauria]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|201
|[[Bharthana Assembly constituency|Bharthana]] (SC)
|Raghavendra Gautam
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|203
|[[Dibiyapur Assembly constituency|Dibiyapur]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|Pradeep Kumar Yadav
|-
|204
|[[Auraiya Assembly constituency|Auraiya]] (SC)
|Gudiya Katheria
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|207
|[[Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sikandra]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
|[[Ajit Singh Pal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Arjun Singh Bhadoria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|G.N. Dixit
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Arjun Singh Bhadoria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Sri Shanker Tewari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Arjun Singh Bhadoria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Ram Singh Shakya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Raghuraj Singh Chaudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Ram Singh Shakya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Kanshi Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Ram Singh Shakya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Sukhda Misra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Raghuraj Singh Shakya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Premdas Katheria]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Doharey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Ram Shankar Katheria]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Jitendra Kumar Dohare]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Etawah]]<ref name="Etawah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Etawah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/etawah |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308182334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/etawah |archive-date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Etawah">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Etawah |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2441.htm |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308182402/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2441.htm |archive-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jitendra Kumar Dohare]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=4,90,747|percentage=47.47|change={{up}}2.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ram Shankar Katheria]]|votes=4,32,328|percentage=41.82|change={{down}}8.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sarika Singh Baghel|votes=96,541|percentage=9.34|change={{up}}9.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=6,266|percentage=0.61|change={{up}}0.06}}
{{Election box majority|votes=58,419|percentage=5.65|change={{down}}0.62}}{{Election box turnout|votes= 10,33,784 |percentage=56.54|change={{down}}1.98}}{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Etawah]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ram Shankar Katheria]]|votes=5,22,119|percentage=50.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kamlesh Katheria|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=4,57,682|percentage=44.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ashok Kumar Doharey]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,570|percentage=1.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)|candidate=Shambhu Dayal Dohare|votes=8,675|percentage=0.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=5,610|percentage=0.55|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=64,437|percentage=6.27|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=10,28,811|percentage=58.52|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Etawah]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Doharey]]
|votes = 4,31,646
|percentage = 46.71
|change = +30.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Premdas Katheria|Prem Das Katheria]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,66,700
|percentage = 28.38
|change = -15.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ajay Pal Singh Jatav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,92,804
|percentage = 20.51
|change = -15.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hans Mukhi Kori]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 13,397
|percentage = 1.43
|change = +1.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ujiyare Lal Dohare
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 5,923
|percentage = 0.63
|change = +0.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 6,165
|percentage = 0.66
|change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,72,946
|percentage = 18.40
|change = +11.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,39,893
|percentage = 55.05
|change = +10.03
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +30.22
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Etawah district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{Coord|26.78|79.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Etawah district]]

Singh vs Kaur 2

2026-04-01T01:32:20Z

RickieDumas3: made a biography

{{short description|Indian Punjabi-language romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Singh vs Kaur 2
| image = Singh vs Kaur 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Navaniat Singh]]
| producer = [[Gippy Grewal]] Shrikant Mohta Mahendra Soni
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gippy Grewal]]
|[[Shehnaaz Gill]]}}
| studio = [[SVF Entertainment]] Humble Motion Pictures
| distributor = Omjee Cine World
| released =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
}}

'''''Singh vs Kaur 2''''' is an upcoming Indian Punjabi-language romantic comedy film directed by Navaniat Singh and produced by [[Gippy Grewal]]'s Humble Motion Pictures and [[SVF Entertainment]]. Serving as a standalone sequel to the 2013 film ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]'', it stars Gippy Grewal and [[Shehnaaz Gill]].<ref name="Lalluram">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Singh vs Kaur 2 Release Date Announced |url=https://lalluram.com/singh-vs-kaur-2-release-date-announced-know-when-gippy-grewal-and-shehnaaz-gills-film-will-release/ |website=Lalluram}}</ref><ref name="Janta">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Shehnaaz Gill-Gippy Grewal's Singh vs Kaur 2 Release Date Announced |url=https://jantaserishta.com/entertainment/shehnaaz-gill-gippy-grewals-singh-vs-kaur-2-release-date-announced-4128081 |website=Janta Serishta}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Gippy Grewal]] as a Punjabi protagonist
* [[Shehnaaz Gill]] as a Bengali woman<ref name="PunjabKesari">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Shehnaaz Gill in Kolkata, actress take blessings from Maa Kali |url=https://m.bollywood.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/shehnaaz-gill-in-kolkata-actress-take-blessings-from-maa-kali-2175343 |website=Punjab Kesari}}</ref>
* [[Alivia Sarkar]]<ref name="ETVAlivia">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=অলিভিয়ার কাছে বাংলা শিখছেন শেহনাজ ! কেমন জমেছে শিক্ষিকা-ছাত্রীর জুটি ? - ALIVIA SARKAR ON SHEHNAAZ GILL |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/alivia-sarkar-reacts-to-punjabi-actress-shehnaaz-gill-learning-bengali-for-singh-vs-kaur-2-west-bengal-news-wbs25070202829 |website=ETV Bharat}}</ref>
*Prince Kanwaljit Singh
*Raghveer Boli
* Gulzar Inder Chahal<ref name="ETVCanada">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=ਗਿੱਪੀ ਗਰੇਵਾਲ ਦੀ ਸੀਕਵਲ ਫਿਲਮ 'ਸਿੰਘ ਵਰਸਿਸ ਕੌਰ 2' ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਬਣਨ ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਪਹੁੰਚੇ ਇਹ ਦੋ ਚਰਚਿਤ ਚਿਹਰੇ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/entertainment/gulzar-inder-chahal-and-honey-mattu-arrive-in-canada-to-be-a-part-of-gippy-grewals-sequel-film-singh-vs-kaur-2-punjab-news-pbs25120402890 |website=ETV Bharat}}</ref>
*Honey Mattoo

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Gippy Grewal announced the project in 2025 as a collaboration between Humble Motion Pictures and SVF Entertainment, marking SVF Entertainment's entry into Punjabi cinema. The motion poster, unveiled in July 2025, featured dynamic action sequences.<ref name="PTC">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Gippy Grewal announced his next movie Singh vs Kaur 2 |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/gippy-grewal-announced-his-next-movie-singh-vs-kaur-2 |website=PTC Punjabi}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Motion poster of Gippy Grewal and Shehnaaz Gill-starrer film unveiled |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/motion-poster-of-gippy-grewal-and-shehnaaz-gill-starrer-film-unveiled-ahead-of-october-release/cid/2111596 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> In an interview with [[The Telegraph (India)|T2Online]] Director [[Navaniat Singh]] described the film as "a romantic con comedy" with a narrative journey spanning Punjab, Kolkata, Canada, and back to Punjab. He emphasized Kolkata's pivotal role, stating it hosts "a massive turning point in the story" and that the team aimed to capture a distinct cultural and linguistic experience, drawing subtle inspiration from Bengali cinema legends like [[Satyajit Ray]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak]], and films such as ''[[Charulata]]''. Singh highlighted the fresh pairing of Grewal and Gill, noting their complementary energy perfectly suited the film's scale.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Director Navaniat Singh on Singh vs Kaur 2 |work=Director's Statement |publisher=Integrated Press Material}}</ref> Gippy Grewal explained the long gap for the sequel, stressing the desire for a "truly fresh" script intrinsically linked to Kolkata, which forms the "foundation of the story" and contains an unrevealed twist central to the plot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Gippy Grewal on Kolkata Connection |work=Producer/Actor Statement |publisher=Integrated Press Material}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began in Punjab in June 2025, followed by extensive schedules in [[West Bengal]]. Key scenes were shot at the historic [[Burdwan Rajbari]] palace, deliberately incorporating Bengali cultural elements. Location shoots in [[Kolkata]] included a visit by Shehnaaz Gill to [[Kalighat Temple]] for blessings.<ref name="ETVPunjab">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=ਸੈੱਟ ਉਤੇ ਪੁੱਜੀ ਗਿੱਪੀ ਗਰੇਵਾਲ ਦੀ ਨਵੀਂ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫਿਲਮ, ਨਵਨੀਅਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਰਨਗੇ ਨਿਰਦੇਸ਼ਨ - SINGH VS KAUR 2 SHOOTING|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/!entertainment/gippy-grewal-new-film-singh-vs-kaur-2-begins-shooting-punjab-news-pbs25061301127 |website=ETV Bharat}}</ref><ref name="ETVBurdwan">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=খেতে চান ফুচকা-রোল, যেতে চান কালীঘাটও; সত্যজিৎ-ঋত্বিকের শহরকে ভালোবেসে কী বলছেন শেহনাজ-গিপ্পি ? - GIPPY GREWAL AND SHEHNAAZ GILL|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/shehnaaz-gill-gippy-grewal-start-shooting-of-new-punjabi-cinema-singh-vs-kaur-in-burdwan-rajbari-west-bengal-news-wbs25070202431 |website=ETV Bharat}}</ref><ref name="Jagbani">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Shehnaaz Gill in Kolkata, actress take blessings Maa Kali |url=https://jagbani.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/shehnaaz-gill-in-kolkata-actress-take-blessings-maa-kali-1575760 |website=Jagbani}}</ref> Behind-the-scenes documentation showed Gill actively learning Bengali language and mannerisms with local cast members like Alivia Sarkar, essential for her portrayal of a Bengali character.<ref name="ETVAlivia"/><ref name="ETVInfluence">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Shehnaaz Gill became an influential part of Gippy Grewal film |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/!entertainment/shehnaaz-gill-became-an-influential-part-of-gippy-grewal-film-singh-vs-kaur-2-punjab-news-pbs25061600885 |website=ETV Bharat}}</ref> Gippy Grewal, on his second visit to Kolkata (having performed there around 2010–2011), expressed eagerness to explore the city's famous sweets and cuisine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Gippy Grewal on Kolkata Visits & Food |work=Actor Statement |publisher=Integrated Press Material}}</ref> Shehnaaz Gill shared her excitement about immersing in Kolkata's culture, stating her desire to visit Kalighat, savor local delicacies like biryani, panipuri, and rolls, and connect with the city's people, emphasizing her commitment to roles that "put women at the center."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Shehnaaz Gill on Kolkata Experience |work=Actress Statement |publisher=Integrated Press Material}}</ref> The third and final schedule of the film commenced in [[British Columbia]], Canada, with shooting taking place in [[Vancouver]] and [[Surrey]]. Actors Gulzar Inder Chahal and Honey Mattoo joined the cast during this schedule, marking Chahal's return to Punjabi cinema after a long gap. The Canada schedule follows the completion of earlier shooting phases in [[Mohali]] and [[Kolkata]]<ref name="ETVCanada"/>

== Release ==
The film was initially supposed to release worldwide on 2 October 2025.<ref name="NeHerald">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Motion poster of Singh vs Kaur 2 unveiled |url=https://neherald.com/showbiz/motion-poster-of-gippy-grewal-and-shehnaaz-gill-starrer-singh-vs-kaur-2-unveiled |website=Ne Herald}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt16899022}}

[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]

Ammuguda

2026-03-26T07:52:52Z

RickieDumas3: brief expand layout for consistency also and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ammuguda Malkajgiri
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4974380|N|78.5334850|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
|subdivision_type4 =

[[City]]

[[Metropolitan area|Metropolitan]]

| subdivision_type5 = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Police Station]]

| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malkajgiri mandal|Malkajgiri Mandal]]

| subdivision_name4=[[Secunderabad]]

[[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]

| subdivision_name5 = 8th Ward SCB

| subdivision_name6= Neredmet Police station
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| governing_body = [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 6.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1536
| population_total = 57,557
| population_as_of=Census 2009
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 500056
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority|HMDA]]
}}

'''Ammuguda''' is a revenue village in [[Malkajgiri]] Mandal and also a part of [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|8th ward, Secunderabad Cantonment Board]], '''Urban sprawling''' of [[[Secunderabad]] City in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is located in [[Malkajgiri mandal|Malkajgiri Mandal]] in [[Medchal district]] of the state. It is located in the North-East Part of Malkajgiri Mandal, Earlier it was a part Kapra Circle, then after districts reformed it added into Malkajgiri Mandal & Circle in 2017.
It is a part of the [[Greater Hyderabad]] and also [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]].

==Transportation==
Ammuguda is well connected with rail and roads.
* [[Ammuguda railway station]] is in between [[Secunderabad Railway station|Secunderabad JN - [[Bolarum railway station]] Route]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

Safdar Hashmi

2026-03-19T16:22:54Z

RickieDumas3: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian political playwright and director (1954–1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Safdar Hashmi
| image = SafdarHashmi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1954|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|01|02|1954|04|12}}
| death_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Author, Street theatre, Activist
| spouse = Moloyshree Hashmi
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Sohail Hashmi]] (brother)|[[Shabnam Hashmi]] (sister)|[[Saba Azad]] (niece)}}
| period = 1973–1989
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Safdar Hashmi''' (12 April 1954 – 2 January 1989) was an Indian [[communist]] playwright and director, best known for his work with [[street theatre]] in India. He was also an actor, lyricist, and theorist, and he is still considered an important voice in Indian political theatre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2202/stories/20050128002109100.htm |title=Plays for the people |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630210110/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2202/stories/20050128002109100.htm |archive-date=30 June 2006 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> He was an activist of the [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Fearless and Ahead of His Time, Safdar Hashmi Lives on |url=https://thewire.in/rights/watch-fearless-and-ahead-of-his-time-safdar-hashmi-lives-on |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

He was a founding member of ''[[Jana Natya Manch]]'' (People's Theatre Front; JANAM for short) in 1973, which grew out of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA). He was murdered in 1989 in [[Jhandapur]], while performing a street play, ''Halla Bol''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pd.cpim.org/2014/0112_pd/01122014_culture1.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140303205038/http://pd.cpim.org/2014/0112_pd/01122014_culture1.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 March 2014 | title=Safdar's Red-Hot Life | publisher=Pd.cpim.org | date=12 January 2014 | accessdate=3 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Safdar Hashmi was born on 12 April 1954 in [[Delhi]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-08 |title=March of memories |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/article30195772.ece |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Frontline}}</ref> to Haneef and Qamar Azad Hashmi. He spent the early part of his life in Delhi and [[Aligarh]], where he grew up in a liberal environment, and went on to complete his schooling in Delhi. He was the brother of activists [[Shabnam Hashmi]] and [[Sohail Hashmi]], and actress [[Saba Azad]] is his niece.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handa |first=Ekta |date=2020-01-02 |title=Safdar Hashmi – the firebrand Communist playwright who redefined art of resistance in India |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/safdar-hashmi-the-firebrand-communist-playwright-who-redefined-art-of-resistance-in-india/343494/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=ThePrint}}</ref>

Hashmi graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] with a degree in English Literature, and went on to complete his M.A. in English from [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":1">https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/living-and-dying-for-liberation-of-thoughts-69961{{Dead link | date=January 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> During this period, he became associated with the cultural unit of the [[Students' Federation of India]], the student wing of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), and eventually with the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA). In the years before and after his graduation, he worked on several plays with IPTA, such as ''Kimlesh'', and ''Dekhte Lena''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Qamara Āzāda Hāśamī |title=The Fifth Flame The Story of Safdar Hashmi |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780670875962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciFlAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==Career and activism==
{{Rquote|right|The issue is not where the play is performed (and street theatre is only a mode of ensuring that art is available to the people), but the principal issue  is the 'definite and unresolvable contradiction between the bourgeois individualist view of art and the people's collectivist view of art'. - Safdar Hashmi, ''The Enchanted Arch, Or the Individual and Collective Views of Art (April 1983),'' The Right to Perform, pp. 28–29<ref name=CultureActivism/>}}

Hashmi co-founded the ''Jana Natya Manch'' (People's Theatre Front), with the acronym JANAM ("birth" in Hindi), in 1973. JANAM grew out of the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2316/stories/20060825000608000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205235424/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2316/stories/20060825000608000.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2006-12-05 |title=A theatre story |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2006-08-14 |access-date=2015-02-25 }}</ref> and was associated with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], with which he was actively involved in the 1970s.<ref name=CultureActivism/> When [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] was accused of rigging the elections, he produced a street play, ''Kursi, Kursi, Kursi'' (''Chair, Chair, Chair''), as a reaction to the controversy.<ref name=SafdarAlive>{{cite web|url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/society/safdar-hashmi-satyendra-dubey.asp|title=Safdar Hashmi: Dying to keep ideals alive|publisher=Dancewithshadows.com|access-date=9 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002025629/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/society/safdar-hashmi-satyendra-dubey.asp|archive-date=2 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The play narrates the story of a king whose throne moves with him when he attempts to give it up in favour of an elected representative. The play was performed every day for a week, at the Boat Club Lawns in New Delhi, then a hub of political activity. It proved to be a turning point for JANAM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Rosamma |date=2020-03-22 |title=Safdar Hashmi springs to life in 'Halla Bol' |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/reviews-recommendations/safdar-hashmi-springs-to-life-in-halla-bol |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Until 1975, JANAM performed open-air proscenium and street plays for mass audiences. When Indira Gandhi [[The Emergency (India)|imposed a state of emergency]] and made political theatre difficult, Hashmi began to work as a lecturer in English literature in universities in Garhwal, Kashmir, and Delhi.<ref name=":1" />

When the Emergency ended in 1977, he returned to political activism, and in 1978, JANAM took to street theatre in a big way with ''Machine'', which was performed for a trade union meeting of over 200,000 workers on 20 November 1978.<ref name=CultureActivism>{{cite web|url=http://www.proxsa.org/culture/safdar.html|title=Safdar Hashmi Amar Rahe|publisher=Proxsa.org|accessdate=9 September 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235455/http://www.proxsa.org/culture/safdar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was followed by plays on the distress of small peasants (''Gaon Se Shahar Tak''), on [[clerical fascism]] (''Hatyare & Apharan Bhaichare Ke''), on unemployment (''Teen Crore''), on violence against women (''Aurat'') and on inflation (''DTC ki Dhandhli''). Hashmi also produced several documentaries and a TV serial for [[Doordarshan]], including ''Khilti Kaliyan'' (''Flowers in Bloom''), which examined rural empowerment. He also wrote books for children and criticism of the Indian stage.<ref name=CultureActivism/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childplanet.com/hindipoems/safdar.html |title=A Poem by Safdar Hashmi |publisher=Childplanet.com |date=2005-03-28 |access-date=2015-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081832/http://www.childplanet.com/hindipoems/safdar.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

Hashmi was the de facto director of JANAM, and prior to his death, it gave about 4,000 performances of 24 street plays, mostly in working-class neighbourhoods, factories and workshops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/aug/soc-hashmi.htm|title=Remembering Safdar|date=31 August 2006 |publisher=Indiatogether.org|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref> Hashmi was a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the largest communist party in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/05khan.htm|title=5 November 2003, Fighting for Justice till the end|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref>

In 1979, he married his comrade and theatre actress, Moloyshree. Later, he worked for the [[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) and ''The Economic Times'' as a journalist, and then became Press Information Officer of the [[Government of West Bengal]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.jananatyamanch.org/safdar_hashmi.htm | title=Safdar Hashmi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103000456/http://www.jananatyamanch.org/safdar_hashmi.htm| archive-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> In 1984, he gave up his job and devoted himself full-time to political activism.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.jananatyamanch.org/whats_janam.htm | title=What's JaNaM | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103081053/http://www.jananatyamanch.org/whats_janam.htm| archive-date=3 January 2008}}</ref>

Hashmi’s output includes two proscenium plays – an adaptation of [[Maxim Gorky]]'s ''Enemies'' (1983) and ''Moteram ka Satyagraha'' (with [[Habib Tanvir]], 1988) – many songs, a television series script, poems and plays for children, and documentary films. While committed to radical, popular, and left-wing art, Hashmi refrained from clichéd portrayals, and was not afraid of formal experimentation.

==Murder==
On 1 January 1989, the JANAM troupe began a performance of the street play ''Halla Bol'' (''Raise Your Voice!''), during the Ghaziabad municipal elections in [[Sahibabad]]'s Jhandapur village (near Delhi). During the performance, the troupe was allegedly attacked by [[Indian National Congress]] workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zmag.org:80/sustainers/content/2003-11/26deshpande.cfm/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20040215104250/http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2003-11/26deshpande.cfm | title=Magical Death |archivedate=2004-02-15 |website=www.zmag.org}}</ref> Hashmi was fatally injured following the scuffle and died the following day. On 4 January 1989, two days after his death, his wife Moloyshree Hashmi went to the same spot again with the JANAM troupe, and defiantly completed the play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=archiveSearch&aid=20031205002710400&ais=24&avol=20|title=Delayed justice|publisher = Frontline|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref>

Fourteen years after the incident, a Ghaziabad local court convicted ten people, including [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] member Mukesh Sharma, for the murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telegraphindia.com/1031106/asp/nation/story_2540958.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031107051006/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031106/asp/nation/story_2540958.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2003|title=Judgement Details, The Telegraph, 6 November 2003|publisher=Flonnet.com|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Vidya Shah Musician sahmat delhi ist january 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Classical Singer Vidya Shah is Performing for Sahmat. 1 January 2011, New-Delhi.]]
Hashmi has become a symbol of cultural resistance against [[authoritarianism]] for the Indian Left. JANAM continues its theatre work, and on 12 April 2012, Hashmi's birthday, the group inaugurated Studio Safdar, a performance and workshop space located in Shadi Khampur, near Patel Nagar in Central Delhi. The space is next door to a left-wing cafe and bookstore, May Day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-house-for-mr-hashmi/936062/0 |title=A House for Mr Hashmi |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=13 April 2012 |accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref> The writer [[Bhisham Sahni]], along with many other artists, founded the Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust (SAHMAT) in February 1989,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sahmat.org/aboutus.html | title=SAHMAT is a platform of artists and scholars from diverse fields which holds the conviction that all creative endeavour in India, both traditional and contemporary, upholds the values of cultural pluralism and secularism. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231050028/http://www.sahmat.org/aboutus.html| archive-date=31 December 2007}}</ref> as an open platform for politically and socially conscious artists. Hashmi's writings were later collected in ''The Right to Perform: Selected Writings of Safdar Hashmi'' (New Delhi, 1989).

Each year on 1 January, the Safdar Hashmi Memorial Day is observed as a "Day of Resolve" by SAHMAT, and a daylong cultural congregation, "Jashn-e-Daura", is organised in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/02/stories/2008010260511700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104041610/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/02/stories/2008010260511700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=The Hindi (National), 1 January 2008|date=2008-01-02|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref> The day is also commemorated by JANAM, which organises street plays at Jhandapur village, in Sahibabad, where he was killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pd.cpim.org/2003/0112/01122003_safdar2.htm|title=People's Democracy, 2003|publisher=Pd.cpim/org|accessdate=9 September 2014|archive-date=5 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205224348/http://pd.cpim.org/2003/0112/01122003_safdar2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpim.org/pd/2005/0109/01092005_safdar-sahmat.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050504025638/http://www.cpim.org/pd/2005/0109/01092005_safdar-sahmat.htm| title=REMEMBERING SAFDAR HASHMI|archivedate=4 May 2005|website=www.cpim.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpim.org/pd/2007/0107/01072007_janam.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805030850/http://www.cpim.org/pd/2007/0107/01072007_janam.htm| title=Safdar Hashmi Martyrdom Day Celebrated|archivedate=5 August 2010|website=www.cpim.org}}</ref>

In 1998, Safdar Hashmi Natyasangham was formed in [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, which provides free training to economically backward students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/01/stories/2008010150990200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105110602/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/01/stories/2008010150990200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=The Hindi, 1 January 2008|date=2008-01-01|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref>

The 2003 film ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'', made by [[Sundar C]], and the 2008 film ''[[Halla Bol]]'', made by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], were inspired by his life. The latter also depicts a scene where a street theatre activist is beaten by men hired by a political party, an incident which turns into a catalyst for a public uprising.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.monstersandcritics.com/indiancinema/features/article_1329137.php/Halla_Bol_based_on_Safdar_Hashmi_Santoshi__Interview_ |access-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415173050/http://movies.monstersandcritics.com/indiancinema/features/article_1329137.php/Halla_Bol_based_on_Safdar_Hashmi_Santoshi__Interview_ |archive-date=15 April 2009 |title='Halla Bol' based on Safdar Hashmi: Santoshi (Interview) – Monsters and Critics }}</ref>

In 1989, the painter [[M.F. Husain]] had a painting "Tribute to Hashmi" sold at auction for over $1 million,<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=The king of canvas |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/king-canvas-2423451 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> the first time a painting by an Indian artist reached this valuation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-02-26 |title=Husain work sold for Rs 4.4 crore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/husain-work-sold-for-rs-4-4-crore/articleshow/2814296.cms |access-date=2023-10-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The 2020 book ''Halla Bol: The Death and Life of Safdar Hashmi'' by Sudhanva Deshpande recounts the events leading up to the attack on Jana Natya Manch's performance of the play ''Halla Bol'' in Jhandapur on 1 January 1989, in which Safdar sustained fatal injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article30327856.ece|title = Safdar, a life extraordinary| date=18 December 2019 }}</ref> It also discusses Safdar's work.

The Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS), a non-governmental organisation from [[Lucknow]], has been awarding the Safdar Hashmi Award for Human Rights in reverence to his contributions to the cause of human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/feb/feb150.php |title=News Headlines : Two media persons among IRDS awardees|publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=15 February 2012 |accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref> A street in Mandi House, New Delhi was named after Safdar Hashmi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-26|title=Safdar Hashmi Marg|url=https://roadsofdelhi.com/portfolio/safdar-hashmi-marg/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Roads of Delhi|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418214642/https://roadsofdelhi.com/portfolio/safdar-hashmi-marg/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Halla Bol: The Death and Life of Safdar Hashmi'', by Sudhanva Deshpande, Delhi, LeftWord Books, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-24 |title=Interviews and archives are combined in this portrait of the artist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-halla-bol-the-death-and-life-of-safdar-hashmi-by-sudhanva-deshpande/story-Ok1wrVB0YciaFhEdPAVFaI.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* ''The Right to Perform: Selected Writings of Safdar Hashmi'', Delhi, SAHMAT, 1989.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hashmi |first=Safdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4sLAQAAMAAJ |title=The Right to Perform: Selected Writings of Safdar Hashmi |date=1989 |publisher=SAHMAT}}</ref>
* ''Paanchwa Chiraag, Qamar Azad Hashmi'', (Hindi). 1995.
* Qamar Azad Hashmi, ''The Fifth Flame: The Story of Safdar Hashmi''. (Translation) Penguin Books, 1997. {{ISBN|0-670-87596-1}}.
*''Theatre of the Streets: The Jana Natya Manch Experience'', edited by Sudhanva Deshpande, Delhi: Janam, 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Arjun |date=2010 |title=Performing Change/Changing Performance: An Exploration of the Life of a Street Play by the Jana Natya Manch |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40982906 |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=76–99 |doi=10.1353/atj.2010.0004 |jstor=40982906 |s2cid=144172351 |issn=0742-5457|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{cite magazine |last1=Deshpande |first1=Sudhanva |title=Voice of the streets |url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2509/stories/20080509250909300.htm |date=26 April – 9 May 2008 |magazine=Frontline |volume=25 |issue=9}}
* Vijay Prashad, ''Safdar Hashmi Amar Rahe''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pragoti.org/hi/node/2907 |title=Safdar Hashmi Amar Rahe | PRAGOTI |access-date=2008-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415160258/http://www.pragoti.org/hi/node/2907 |archive-date=15 April 2013 }}</ref>
* Eugene van Erven, ''Plays, Applause and Bullets: Safdar Hashmi's Street Theatre''<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.pragoti.org/hi/node/2911 | title=Pragoti Editorial Team Tweets | website=pragoti.org | access-date=15 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080838/http://www.pragoti.org/hi/node/2911 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Vellikkeel Raghavan, ''Cross-Continental Subversive Strategies: Thematic and Methodological Affinities in the Plays of Dario Fo and Safdar Hashmi''. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Calicut. 2007.
* Vellikkeel Raghavan. ''Halla Bol''. Translation of Safdar Hashmi's Hindi play ''Halla Bol'' (1989) into English. ''Indian Literature''. Sahitya Academy, New Delhi, India. Vol. LV No. I, Issue No. 263 May/June 2011, pp. 115–137.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sayantan |date=2020-03-22 |title='Halla Bol': Safdar Hashmi's biography reminds us what it means to be a citizen of a democracy |url=https://scroll.in/article/956828/halla-bol-safdar-hashmis-biography-reminds-us-what-it-means-to-be-a-citizen-of-a-democracy |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
* Vellikkeel Raghavan. ''Machine''. Translation of Safdar Hashmi's Hindi play ''Macheen'' (1978) into English. ''Indian Literature''. Sahitya Academy, New Delhi, India. Vol. LV No. I, Issue No. 261 Jan/Feb 2011, pp. 165–173.<ref name=":0" />
* Vellikkeel Raghavan. "Safdar Hashmi's ''Machine'':A Metaphor of Post-Independence Indian Industriabist Apparatus." ''Indian Literature''. Sahitya Academy, New Delhi, India. Vol. LVI, Iuuse No. 271 Sept/Oct 2012, pp. 219–232.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Sudhanva |date=2017-01-03 |title=Remembering Safdar Hashmi and the play that changed Indian street theatre forever |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/825686/remembering-safdar-hashmi-and-the-play-that-changed-indian-street-theatre-forever |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sahmat.in/ Official website of SAHMAT]
* [http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/ndtv-special-ndtv-24x7/janam-halla-bol-for-artspace/182760 Documentary on Jana Natya Manch, Safdar & Its Theatre Festival in Mumbai 'SARKASH' by NDTV]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090528171309/http://www.jananatyamanch.org/node/25 Official website of Jan Natya Manch, 'JANAM']
* {{IMDb name|2519900}}
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE5D7133FF937A15752C0A96F948260 Interview with Safdar Hashmi, New York Times]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasmi, Safdar}}
[[Category:Indian buskers|Hashmi, Safdar]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists|Hashmi, Safdar]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers|Hashmi]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:1954 births|Hashmi, Safdar]]
[[Category:1989 deaths|Hashmi, Safdar]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Delhi]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:People murdered in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Activists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Musicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People murdered in 1989]]

Economy of Karnataka

2026-03-17T15:19:12Z

RickieDumas3:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}

{{Infobox economy
| country = Karnataka
| image = File:Ubcity2.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Bengaluru]], The capital city of Karnataka
| currency = [[Indian rupee]] (INR, ₹)
| year = 1 April – 31 March
| population = {{increase}} 68,362,000<ref name="CEIC_Karnataka_Pop_2025">CEIC Data. "Population: Karnataka." Retrieved May 2025 from [https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/population/population-karnataka https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/population/population-karnataka].</ref>
| group =
| gdp = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|33.05|t|lk=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Budget Analysis 2026-27 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/karnataka-budget-analysis-2026-27 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2026 est.){{increase}} $1.60 trillion<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Budget Analysis 2026-27 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/karnataka-budget-analysis-2026-27 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Implied PPP Conversion rate |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO/IND?zoom=IND&highlight=IND |access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref>([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2026 est.)
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|5th]]
| growth = 8% (2025-2026)<ref>https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/karnataka-budget-analysis-2026-27</ref>
| per capita = {{increase}} $5,646<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Budget Analysis 2026-27 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/karnataka-budget-analysis-2026-27 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2026 est.) {{increase}} $23,161<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Budget Analysis 2026-27 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/karnataka-budget-analysis-2026-27 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2026 est.)
| per capita rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|4th (2023-24 est.)]]
| sectors = Agriculture 15% Industry 19% Services 66% (2021–22)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| components =
| inflation =
| bankrate =
| poverty = {{decreasepositive}} [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|5.67%]] in poverty (2024-25)<ref>{{cite web | title=SDGs India Index | url=https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/ranking |work=[[NITI Aayog]] | date=31 December 2019}}</ref>
| gini =
| hdi = {{increase}} 0.758 {{color|green|high}} (2025) ([[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|21st]])
| labor =
| occupations =
| unemployment = {{decreasePositive}} 10.65% (March 2024)<ref>{{cite web|title=Unemployment Rate in India |url=https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/ |publisher=Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy |page=1 |access-date=3 March 2024}}</ref>
| average gross salary =
| gross median =
| average net salary =
| net median =
| industries =
| exports =
| export-goods =
| export-partners = {{flag|United States}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-18 |title=Bengaluru is the United States’ most important trading partner in India, says U.S Consul General |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-is-the-united-states-most-important-trading-partner-in-india-says-us-consul-general/article67206624.ece |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| imports =
| import-goods =
| import-partners =
| FDI =
| current account =
| gross external debt =
| debt = 27.49% of GSDP (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| balance = {{INRConvert|-61564|c}} 3.26% of GSDP (2022–23 est.)
| revenue = {{INRConvert|3.53|lc|nolink=yes}} (2025–26 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| expenses = {{INRConvert|4.04|lc|nolink=yes}} (2025–26 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis">{{cite web|title=Karnataka Budget Analysis 2023-24|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/karnataka-budget-analysis-2023-24|website=PRS Legislative Research|date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
| aid =
| credit =
| spelling = Oxford
| presentUS$asdefault = no
}}
[[File:Gross State Domestic Product of Karnataka (chart of yearly growth).jpg|right|300px]]
[[Karnataka]] is one of the highest economic growth states in [[India]] with an expected [[Gross domestic product|GSDP]] (Gross State Domestic Product) growth of 9.5% in the 2021–22 fiscal year. It has a [[Economic development|developed economy]]<ref name="gsdp">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/24/stories/2011022462350600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303211914/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/24/stories/2011022462350600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2011|title= State's economic growth poised at 8.2 per cent|access-date=2011-04-06|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="ibef">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/download/Karnataka_190111.pdf|work=Online webpage of the India Brand Equity Foundation|publisher=Ministry of Commerce with the Confederation of Indian Industry|title=Karnataka|access-date=2011-04-06}}</ref> The total expected GSDP of Karnataka in 2022–2023 is about $240 billion.<ref name="ibef"/> Karnataka recorded one of the highest growth rates in terms of GDP and per capita GDP in the last decade compared to other Indian states. In 2008–09, the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary]] sector contributed the most to GSDP (US$31.6 billion─55 percent), followed by the [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary]] sector ($17 billion─29 percent), and the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary]] sector (US$9.5 billion─16 percent).<ref name="contrib">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/download/Karnataka_171109.pdf|title=State Economy and Socio-Economic Profile – Karnataka|work=Department of Commerce & Industry|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation|access-date=2009-09-30}}</ref>

With an overall GDP growth of 56.2% and a [[per capita GDP]] growth of 43.9% in the last decade, Karnataka surpassed many other states in India, pushing Karnataka's per capita income in Indian Rupee terms to sixth place.<ref name="percapita">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/09/stories/2005060900951700.htm|title= In terms of per capita GDP – Karnataka, Bengal fastest growing States|work=The Hindu |date=2005-06-09 |access-date=2007-06-11}}</ref> Karnataka received US$2,026.4 million worth of [[Foreign Direct Investment]] for the fiscal year 2008–09, placing it at the third spot among states in India.<ref name="fdi_08">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/43090/karnataka-stands-3rd-fdi-inflows.html|title= Karnataka stands 3rd for FDI inflows in India after Maharashtra, Gujarat|work=Deccan Herald |access-date=2011-04-06|location=Bangalore, India|date=24 December 2010}}</ref> At the end of 2004, the unemployment rate of Karnataka was 4.57% compared to a national rate of 5.99%.<ref name="unemployment">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2003-04/chapt2004/chap104.pdf|title=Employment and Unemployment|author=Government of India|work=Online webpage of Indian budget|access-date=2007-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224155012/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2003-04/chapt2004/chap104.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the fiscal year 2006–07 the inflation rate of Karnataka was 4.4%, which was less than the national average.<ref name="inflation">{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2006/budhig06.htm |title=Budget 2006–2007 |work=Online webpage of the Finance Department |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=2007-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822072325/http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2006/budhig06.htm |archive-date=22 August 2006 }}</ref>

Between 2011-12 and [https://www.ibef.org/states/karnataka-presentation 2017-18], the GSDP of the state grew at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.11 per cent to reach {{INR}} 12.69 trillion (US$196.88 billion) and the net state domestic product (NSDP) grew at a CAGR of 12.83 per cent to reach {{INR}} 11.45 trillion (US$177.68 billion).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/states/karnataka-presentation|title=GSDP of Karnataka, Manufacturing Industries in Karnataka|website=ibef.org|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref>

A [[fiscal year]] in Karnataka begins on 1 April of the previous calendar year and ends on 31 March of the year with which it is numbered.

After [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]], [[Dakshina Kannada|Dakshina Kannada (Mangaluru)]] Hubli-Dharwad and [[Belgaum district|Belagavi]] districts contribute the highest revenue to the state respectively.

[[File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (572).jpg|thumb|right|Invest Karnataka (Global Investors Meet 2025) at [[EXCON]] 2025, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]] ]]

==Agriculture and Livestock{{anchor|Agriculture}}==
[[File:UKanaraHaystack.jpg|thumb|300px|Haystack on stilts in paddy fields of [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]]]]
Agriculture is the primary occupation of most of Karnataka's rural people. A total of 123,100 km2 of land is cultivated in Karnataka, constituting 64.60% of the total geographical area of the state.<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Agri%20Policy%20Eng.pdf|title=Karnataka Agricultural Policy 2006|work=Online webpage of Department of Agriculturesankalp|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=2007-06-04|archive-date=15 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Agri%20Policy%20Eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the 2001 census, farmers and agricultural labourers formed 56% of the workforce of Karnataka.<ref name="excel">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_kar05.pdf|title=Karnataka Human Development Report 2005|work=Online webpage of the Planning Commission|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2007-06-04|archive-date=15 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001643/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_kar05.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Agriculture in Karnataka is heavily dependent on the southwest [[monsoon]] since the extent of arid land in the state is second only to Rajasthan.<ref name="excel"/> Only 26.5% of sown area (30,900 km2) is subjected to [[irrigation]].<ref name="stats"/> The state has three agricultural seasons – [[Kharif]] (April to September), [[Rabi crop|Rabi]] (October to December) and Summer (January to March).<ref name="stats"/>

Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Karnataka based on 2011 prices<ref>[http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Final1Brochure_30july2018.pdf 2015 agricultural output of Karnataka based on 2011 prices]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Segment || National Share %
|-
| Mulberry || 98.7
|-
| Coffee || 92.7
|-
| Safflower || 62.1
|-
| Ragi || 59.2
|-
| Arecanut || 58.6
|-
| Sunflower || 55.2
|-
| Tamarind || 32.4
|-
| Sericulture and Apiculture || 28.9
|-
| Jowar || 26.9
|-
| Horsegram || 25.6
|-
| Sapota || 24.6
|-
| Capsicum || 19.9
|-
| Pomegranate || 19.8
|-
| Water melon || 19.7
|-
| Coconut || 17.3
|-
| Grape || 17.3
|-
| Floriculture || 16.8
|-
| Narcotics || 15.9
|-
| Wool and hair || 14.8
|-
| Maize || 14.5
|-
| Pepper || 14.2
|-
| Cucumber || 13.9
|-
| Condiments and spices || 13.5
|-
| Sugarcane || 10.7
|-
| Cashew nut || 9.6
|-
| Arhar || 9.4
|-
| Tobacco leaf || 9.2
|-
| Tobacco stem || 9.2
|-
| Fuel wood || 8.4
|-
| Carrot || 7.9
|-
| Tomato || 7.2
|-
| Pineapple || 7.1
|-
| Egg || 6.7
|-
| Bean || 6.6
|-
| Lemon || 6.6
|-
| Pulse || 6.5
|-
| Jackfruit || 6.4
|-
| Turmeric || 5.8
|-
| Cocoa || 5.6
|-
| Groundnut || 5.6
|-
| Marine fish || 5.5
|-
| Ginger || 5.4
|-
| Mango || 5.4
|-
| Grass || 5.2
|-
| Papaya || 5.2
|-
| Rubber || 5.1
|-
| Kitchen garden || 5.0
|}

=== Primary Crops grown in Karnataka ===
The main crops grown are rice, ragi, jowar (sorghum), maize, and pulses (tur and gram) in addition to oilseeds and a number of other cash crops.<ref name="stats" /> [[Cashew]]s, coconut, [[arecanut]], [[cardamom]], [[Chili pepper|chillies]], cotton, sugarcane and tobacco are also produced. Karnataka is the largest producer of coarse cereals,<ref name="coarse">{{cite web|url=http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/4.8(b)Area,Production%20and%20Yield%20of%20Coarse%20Cereals%20during2004-05%20and%202005-06%20in%20respect%20of%20major.xls|title=Area, Production and Yield of Coarse Cereals during 2004–05 and 2005–06 in respect of major Coarse Cereals Producing States along with coverage under Irrigation|work=Online webpage of DACNET|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2007-06-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115604/http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/4.8%28b%29Area%2CProduction%20and%20Yield%20of%20Coarse%20Cereals%20during2004-05%20and%202005-06%20in%20respect%20of%20major.xls|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> coffee,<ref name="coff">{{cite web|url=http://indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/default.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070509021450/http://indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-05-09|title=Coffee data|work=Online webpage of Coffee Board of India|access-date=2007-06-04 }}</ref> raw silk<ref name="silk">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/sd/Teca/search/tech_dett_en.asp?lang=en&tech_id=1195|title=Bamboo in Sericulture|work=Online webpage: TECA – Technology for Agriculture|publisher=FAO, United Nations|access-date=2007-06-04}}</ref> and tomatoes among the states in India. Horticultural crops are grown in an area of 16,300 km2 and the annual production is about 9.58 million tons.<ref name="stats" /> The income generated from horticulture constitutes over 40% of income generated from agriculture and it is about 17% of the state's GDP.<ref name="stats" /> In floriculture, Karnataka occupies the second position in India in terms of production and 700 tons of flowers (worth {{INR}} 500 million) were produced in 2004–05.<ref name="stats" />
[[File:Traditional ploughing - Karnataka.jpg|thumb|Traditional farming methods are still in use]]
A majority of the thirty-five billion rupee silk industry in India is headquartered in Karnataka State, primarily in [[Mysore]] and North Bengaluru regions of [[Doddaballapura]], the site of a planned 700 million "Silk City".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html|title=Silk city to come up near B'lore|date=17 October 2009|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jg1rkmebjfi&title=Karnataka_silk_weavers_fret_over_falling_profits_due_to_globalisation&tag=Karnataka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418235819/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jg1rkmebjfi&title=Karnataka_silk_weavers_fret_over_falling_profits_due_to_globalisation&tag=Karnataka|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-18|title=Karnataka silk weavers fret over falling profits due to globalisation|website=Sify}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:IISc.jpg|thumb|Main building of IISc, Bengaluru]]
Karnataka has one of the largest concentrations of higher education including medical and engineering colleges. Apart from Bengaluru, places like [[Mangalore]], [[Hubli–Dharwad]], [[Mysore]], [[Belagavi]], [[Udupi]], [[Tumakuru]] and [[Davanagere]] have been producing professionals for the Information Technology industry. [[Muddenahalli]], in North Bengaluru, is the site of the upcoming Sri Sathya Sai Baba University and College of Medicine and a branch of the [[Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/09/stories/2009070954310500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713122731/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/09/stories/2009070954310500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 July 2009 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=International sports village location to be finalised soon | date=9 July 2009}}</ref> [[Devanahalli]] is set to be the location of a 95 billion Devanahalli Business Parks, which will contain Aerospace Education Special Economic Zones, near the Bengaluru International Airport. The North Bengaluru region is set to be a premier educational hub of Karnataka. There are many prestigious educational and research institutions in [[Bengaluru]] such as [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[National Law School of India University]], [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]], [[Ramaiah Institute of Technology]], [[R.V. College of Engineering]], [[PES University]], [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology]], [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management]], [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore|International Institution of Information Technology]], [[Jain University]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/09/05/stories/2009090551001700.htm|title=Business Financial, Economy, Market, Stock – News & Updates}}</ref>

Dharwad in the northern part of the state is another hub for education with several engineering colleges With institutions of national importance like AIIMS, IIT Dharwad, IIIT Dharwad, Dakshina Hindi Prachara Sabha, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS) and Universities like Karnataka University, University of Agricultural sciences Dharwad, Karnataka State Law University, KLE University, SDM University are present in Dharwad & Hubballi City, hence called Education Hub and a central university is present in Kalaburgi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuk.ac.in/aboutcuk.html |title=About Central University of Karnataka |access-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150326/http://www.cuk.ac.in/aboutcuk.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> These developments are set to contribute significantly to Karnataka's economy by creating jobs, expanding educational opportunities, and spurring infrastructure development. [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] is one of the best universities present in [[Manipal]], [[Udupi]] city. With many great and prestigious Institutions [[Karnataka]] has been the Educational Hub of India.

==Industry==
[[File:District-wise industries of Karnataka in 2024.svg|thumb|District-wise industries of Karnataka in 2024.]]
Karnataka evolved as the manufacturing hub for some of the largest [[public sector]] industries of India after India's independence. [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], which is dedicated to [[research and development]] activities for indigenous [[fighter aircraft]] for the [[Indian Air Force]], employs over 9,500 employees making it one of the largest public sector employers in Karnataka.

Other heavy industries such as [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], [[Indian Telephone Industries]], [[BEML|Bharat Earth Movers Limited]], [[Bharat Electronics Limited]], Hindustan Machine Tools and Indian subsidiaries of [[Volvo]] and [[Toyota]] are also headquartered in Bengaluru. India's national space agency, the Indian Space Research Organization, is headquartered in Bengaluru and employs approximately 20,000 people.

TVS Motors has a motorcycle manufacturing plant at Mysore and Tata Motors at [[Dharwad]]. Karnataka state has many companies engaged in the manufacturing of electrical equipment and machinery like [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]], [[ABB]], Kavika, [[Larsen and Toubro]] etc. This may be due to the location of the [[Central Power Research Institute]] at Bengaluru. Many multinational companies have set up their manufacturing units in Karnataka such as [[BASF]] and [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]].

The state owns sugar factories in the northern region, edible oil processing factories, pharmaceutical factories, textile processing centers, and steel producing facilities. Vishwesharaiya steel plant at [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravati]] is run by SAIL.

===Minerals===
Lithium has been discovered in Karnataka's Mandya district which is 100 km from Bengaluru, becoming the Nation's first-ever Lithium reserves so far confirmed at 1,600 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Preliminary survey shows deposits of Lithium in Mandya district of Karnataka|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1694796|access-date=2021-07-20|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

Gold, iron ore, quartz, limestone, manganese, [[kyanite]] and bauxite are some of the minerals that are found in Karnataka.<ref name="mines">{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/mines/Mining%20Leases.doc |work=Online Webpage of the Department of the Mines and Geology |title=List of Mining Leases in Karnataka |publisher=Govt. of Karnataka |access-date=2007-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411183957/http://www.kar.nic.in/mines/Mining%20Leases.doc |archive-date=11 April 2006 }}</ref> After the closure of the [[Kolar Gold Fields]] mine, the only company in India that produces gold by mining and extracting it from the ore is [[Hutti Gold Mines Limited]] that has plants at [[Hatti, Raichur|Hutti]] and [[Chitradurga]] in Karnataka.<ref name="gold">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092601000500.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=2004-09-26 |title=Global mining houses on 'gold rush' to India|author=Amit Mitra |access-date=2007-06-05}}</ref> The major mines of manganese and iron ore are located at [[Sandur, India|Sandur]] in [[Bellary district]].<ref name="sandur">{{cite web|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2004/04/10/stories/2004041001510200.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=2004-04-10|title=Sandur Manganese set to clear dues|author=Madhumathi D.S. |access-date=2007-06-05}}</ref> Visweswaraiah Iron and Steel Ltd. at [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] and Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Ltd. at [[Toranagallu]] are engaged in the production of iron and steel. Indian Aluminium Company Ltd. (Hindalco) has an aluminum plant near Belgaum.<ref name="minind">{{cite web|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2001/inmyb01.pdf|work=Online Webpage of the U.S. Geological Survey|title=The Mineral Industry of India|author=Chin S Kuo|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|access-date=2007-06-05}}</ref> Mysore Minerals Limited is in the mining and production of chromite industry in [[Hassan district]].<ref name="minind"/> Rajashree Cements at Adityanagar, Vasavadatta Cements at [[Sedam]] and The Associated Cement Company Ltd. at [[Wadi]] are engaged in the production of cement.<ref name="minind"/> Uranium deposits have been found in Deshnur, a small village near Belgaum.

==Information and biotechnology==
{{further|Software industry in Karnataka}}

[[File:Infosys (4911287704).jpg|thumb|Infosys, Bengaluru]]

Karnataka is the leader in the information technology sector in India and its capital, Bengaluru, is known as the [[Silicon Valley of India]]. In the IT sector, Karnataka generated a total revenue of {{INR}} 516.5 billion in the financial year 2006–07 which included {{INR}} 487 billion from software exports and {{INR}} 29.5 billion from hardware exports.<ref name="it">{{cite web|date=2007-05-22|title=IT exports from Karnataka cross Rs 50k cr|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=164868|access-date=2007-06-05|work=The Financial Express}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> A total of 1973 companies in the state are involved in Information Technology-related business.<ref name="it" /> While the bulk of the IT related companies are located in Bengaluru, some companies are located in Mysore and Mangalore as well. Bengaluru is also the headquarters of [[Wipro]] and [[Infosys]] which are among the top three IT companies in India in regards to [[market capitalization]].<ref name="capital">{{cite news|date=14 July 2006|title=TCS topples Infosys as m-cap leader in IT space|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1753981.cms|access-date=2007-06-05}}</ref> The [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] area in [[Devanahalli]] outskirts is the site of the upcoming $22 Billion, 50 square kilometre [[BIAL IT Investment Region]], one of the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 January 2010|title=State Cabinet approves IT park near Devanahalli airport|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953620400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201235839/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953620400.htm|archive-date=1 February 2010}}</ref>

As of June 2006, Karnataka housed 55% of [[biotechnology]] related companies in India.<ref name="biotech">{{cite web|date=2006-06-08|title=Bangalore tops biocluster list with Rs 1,400-cr revenue|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2006/06/08/stories/2006060804710300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121144/http://www.blonnet.com/2006/06/08/stories/2006060804710300.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007|access-date=2007-06-05|work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> Bengaluru is also the home of the largest biocluster in India with total revenues of {{INR}} 14 billion and having 158 of the 320 companies working on biotechnology in India.<ref name="biotech" /> Karnataka has a headcount of over 6,800 scientists involved in biotech research and out of twenty eight biotech companies that were registered in India in the year 2005–06, 27 were located in Karnataka.<ref name="biotech" />

==Banking==
{{further|Banking in Karnataka}}

Karnataka, particularly the coastal districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district|Udupi]], is sometimes called the "cradle of banking" in [[India]].<ref name="cradle">{{cite web|author=Ravi Sharma|date=8–21 October 2005|title=Building on a strong base|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021002509200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007155202/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021002509200.htm|archive-date=7 October 2007|access-date=2007-06-21|work=The Frontline}}</ref> This is because seven of the country's leading banks, [[Canara Bank]], [[Syndicate Bank]], [[Corporation Bank]], [[Vijaya Bank]], [[Karnataka Bank]], [[Vysya Bank]] and the [[State Bank of Mysore]] originated in this state.<ref name="cradle" /> The first five in the above list of banks were established in the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. These districts have among the best distribution of banks in India—a branch for every 500 persons.<ref name="fl">{{cite web|author=Ravi Sharmga|date=19 July – 1 August 2003|title=A pioneer's progress|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2015/stories/20030801002810400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327073036/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2015/stories/20030801002810400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 March 2005|access-date=2007-06-21|work=Frontline|volume=20|issue=15}}</ref> Between 1880 and 1935, twenty two banks were established in coastal Karnataka, nine of them in the city of Mangalore.

As of March 2009, Karnataka had 5,759 branches of different banks servicing the people of the state.<ref name="rbi">{{cite web|title=State/Union Territory-Wise Number of Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Average Population Per Bank Branch – March 2009|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/3T_BBS300810.pdf|access-date=2014-09-22|work=Online webpage of the Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> The number of people served by each branch was 10,000 which was lesser than the national average of 15,000, thereby indicating better penetration of banking in the state.<ref name="rbi" />

==Infrastructure==

===Roads===

The state is well connected to its six neighboring states and other parts of India through 14 National Highways (NH); it accounts for about six percent of the total NH network in India.

Its district centers are linked through 114 State Highways (SH)

The total road network of NH, SH, and district roads is about 2,07,379 km, of which 1,27,541 km is surfaced (61.5 percent)

Road Type Road length (km)

National highways: 4,396

State highways: 28,311

District roads: 19,801

===Ports===

[[New Mangalore Port]] '''(2010–11).'''

Total traffic handled: 67.30 MTA.

Total imports handled: 23.6 MTA.

Total exports handled: 32.9 MTA.

Number of vessels: 1,186

Cruise vessels: 26

Revenue: US$65 million

'''Karwar Port (2007–08)'''

Total cargo handled: 2.7 MTA

Total imports and exports: 6 MTA

Revenue: US$2.7 million

25 Private liquid cargo tanks: 75,000 MT

===Airports===
====Domestic airports====
[[File:BLRT2 IntlDep.jpg|thumb|Terminal 2 - Kempegowda International Airport]]
[[File:Hubballi Airport new Terminal.jpg|thumb|'''Hubballi Airport New Terminal''']]
*[[Belgaum Airport]] (Upcoming as International Airport)
*[[Bidar Airport]]
*[[Gulbarga Airport]]
*[[Hubli Airport|Hubballi Airport]]
*[[Mysore Airport]]
*[[Shivamogga Airport]]
*[[Jindal Vijaynagar Airport|Ballari Airport at Toranagallu]]

====International airports====
*[[Kempegowda International Airport]], Devanahalli – formerly Bengaluru International Airport
*[[Mangalore International Airport]], Bajpe

===Railways===

Karnataka has a railway network of 3,836 km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka railway news: Over 90% of railway network in Karnataka is now electrified |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/over-90-of-railway-network-in-karnataka-is-now-electrified-2960976 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> [[South Western Railway]] covers almost the whole of Karnataka and its headquarter is in [[Hubli|Hubballi]].

[[Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji Hubballi Junction railway station|SSS Hubballi Junction]]'s Platform 1 holds the guinness world record for being the longest railway platform.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Longest railway platform |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-railway-platform |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518012806/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-railway-platform |archive-date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[South Western Railway]] is divided into three divisions:
* [[Hubballi railway division|Hubballi Railway Division]]
* [[Bangalore railway division|Bengaluru Railway Division]]
* [[Mysore railway division|Mysore Railway Division]]

There are two Railway Heritage Museums in Karnataka:
* [[Railway Museum, Mysore]]
* Hubballi Railway Heritage Museum

'''Urban transport'''

Metro rail and suburban-rail projects are underway in Bengaluru. The first phase of the Namma Metro is complete and covers a total of 76.95 km. Second phase is under construction.

====Ongoing projects====

Hassan–Sakhleshpura–Mangalore line gauge conversion is completed. Both freight and passenger trains run on this route on a daily basis connecting the seaport city of Mangaluru to the state capital of Bengaluru and Mysuru.

Key connectivity projects, doubling of Mysore–Bengaluru railway line, Gadag–Bagalkot, Bengaluru–Hassan to be taken up in the near future.

===Power===

Generation: [[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited]] and IPPs (GMR/Jindal/ Bhoruka)

KPCL has an installed capacity of over 9315 MW.

Number of consumers: 16.3 million

Independent power producers have installed capacity of 2,005 MW.

* KPCL -Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd.
* IPPs is Independent Power Producers

Transmission: Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited ([[KPTCL]]).

Area covered: 192,000 km2

Sub stations: 1,205

Transmission lines: 28,000 km, 33 kV, 130,000 km of 11 kV.

LT lines: 451855 km

Distribution transformers: 1,50,000

'''Physical infrastructure – power'''

Distribution / supply: Electricity Supply Companies (ESCOMs)

Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM)

Mangalore Electricity Supply Company ([[MESCOM]])

Hubli Electricity Supply Company ([https://hescom.karnataka.gov.in/english HESCOM])

Gulbarga Electric Supply Company (GESCOM)

Chamundeshwari Electric Supply Corporation (CESC)

Source: Power sector at a glance as in July 2009‖, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited website, accessed 23 September 2009.

===Telecommunications===

Leading telecom companies in the sectors of telecommunication network, basic telephony services (both wire line and wireless) and networking services for telecommunication equipment are operating in the state.

The entire State is networked via Optic FibreCables (OFC) by the state-run [[BSNL]] (formerly DOT) as well as private companies like Bharti, Reliance, [[Tata Communications]] and [[Tata Teleservices]].

Last Mile Access is provided by BSNL as well as TATA Tele Services in various parts of the state. Bharti and Reliance Communications provide the Last Mile Access directly to the customer in all major cities in Karnataka.

Telecom service providers in Karnataka: [[BSNL]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Jio|Reliance Jio]], [[Vodafone Idea]]

Key statistics (2007–08)

Cellular subscribers: about 10 million

Internet/broadband

Subscribers: about 0.8 million

Telecom towers: about 14,000

Post offices: 9,826

Telephone connections provided: 2,610

Telephone exchanges: 2,727

===Industrial infrastructure===

Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board (KIADB) and Karnataka State Industrial Investment Development Corporation (KSIIDC) are jointly responsible for the development of industrial infrastructure in the state.

Directorate of Commerce and Industries has set up a district and [[Tehsil|taluk]] industrial centres across the state to facilitate investment

The Government of Karnataka is promoting the development of several SEZs across Karnataka such as pharma and biotech SEZ, food processing and agro-based industries and textiles SEZ at Hassan and IT and Coastal SEZs at Mangalore.

Key industrial clusters

IT/ITES cluster in electronic city and Whitefield (Bengaluru).

Food Parks – 4 old State sponsored and 2 new MoFPI sponsored Food Parks in 6 Districts of Karnataka

Biotech park/cluster in electronic city, Bengaluru.

Integrated Food Parks in Hiriyur, Bagalkote, Jewargi & Malur for pay-n-use common facilities & MSME Food Processing Manufacturers

Machine tool cluster at Peenyaindustrial estate

Textile cluster at Doddaballapur

Foundry cluster at Belgaum

Industrial valve cluster at Hubli–Dharwad

Coir clusters at Hassan.

Handicrafts cluster at Channapatna.

Coffee production and processing cluster in Madekeri

SEZs in Karnataka

Notified: 27

Formal approvals: 52

In-principle approvals: 9

Source: StatewiseSEZs in India, www.sezindia.nic.in. accessed 23 September 2009

<ref name="contrib"/>

===Water supply===
The water supply is provided by the local authorities like municipalities and [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]]. The first hydroelectric plant in the state was built at [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] on the [[Kaveri River]] in 1902.<ref name="mysore">{{cite web
|url=http://www.mysore.net/travel/otherplace3.htm
|title=Places of interest – Sivasamudram
|work=mysore.net
|access-date=2006-11-09
|archive-date=28 September 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094125/http://www.mysore.net/travel/otherplace3.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Electrical supply===
Karnataka has an installed capacity of 27 gigawatts (GW) of electricity, of which 12 GW comes from renewable energy sources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/how-karnataka-could-become-self-reliant-in-electricity-in-just-10-years-with-investments-in-clean-energy-4865731.html|title=How Karnataka could become self-reliant in electricity in just 10 years with investments in clean energy|last=Tripathi|first=Bhasker|date=1 August 2018|website=Firstpost|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> The state is India's top producer of solar energy, with an installed capacity of 5.16 GW.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/solar-energy-karnataka-earns-686315.html|title=Solar energy: Karnataka earns top position|last=Athrady|first=Ajith|date=2018-08-08|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/energy/karnataka-is-the-top-solar-state-in-india-mercom-capital/story/274820.html|title=Karnataka is the top solar state in India: Mercom Capital|last=Kiran|first=Niti|date=13 April 2018|website=Business Today|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is the sole provider of electricity for the state. The Linganamakki reservoir will supply around 35 percent of power to the state. Electric power from KPTCL is distributed through distribution companies like Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM), Mangalore Electricity Supply Company ([[MESCOM]]), Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company (GESCOM), Hubli Electricity Supply Company (HESCOM) and Chamundesvary Electricity Supply Company (CESCOM) for different parts of the state. A good number of [[windmills]] were present. The [[Raichur Thermal Power Station]] and [[Bellary Thermal Power station]] Near Bellary (Kuduthini). Karnataka is also the location of companies like [[SELCO (India)]], which is promoting the use of [[Solar thermal energy|solar electricity]] among the rural areas of the state and is also a twice winner of the [[Ashden Award]]s.

== Data ==
=== Annual growth of Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan=2 | year
! colspan = 2 | GSDP<ref name="2022_23_es">{{Cite web |title=Economic Survey 2022-23 |url=https://des.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Economic%20Survey%202022-23%20English.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608091530/https://des.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Economic%20Survey%202022-23%20English.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-08 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=des.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="2023_24_es">{{cite web|url=https://des.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/ARC/Economic_Survey_2023-24_FINALENGLISH.pdf|title=Economic Survey 2023-24|date=2025-01-14 |website=des.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="2025_26_es">{{cite web | url=https://des.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/Economic_Survey_2025-26_English_FinalMpdf_1772796504.pdf | title= Economic survey 2025-26 | access-date=11 March 2026 | website = des.karnataka.gov.in }}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | Growth rate
|-
! in ₹ Crore
! in US$ Billion
|-
| 2011-12
| ₹6,06,010 crore
| US$71 billion
| —
|-
| 2012-13
| ₹6,95,413 crore
| US$81 billion
| {{increase}} 14.8%
|-
| 2013-14
| ₹8,16,666 crore
| US$96 billion
| {{increase}} 17.4%
|-
| 2014-15
| ₹9,13,923 crore
| US$110 billion
| {{increase}} 11.9%
|-
| 2015-16
| ₹10,45,168 crore
| US$120 billion
| {{increase}} 14.4%
|-
| 2016-17
| ₹12,07,608 crore
| US$140 billion
| {{increase}} 15.5%
|-
| 2017-18
| ₹13,33,240 crore
| US$160 billion
| {{increase}} 10.4%
|-
| 2018-19
| ₹14,79,391 crore
| US$170 billion
| {{increase}} 11.0%
|-
| 2019-20
| ₹16,15,827 crore
| US$190 billion
| {{increase}} 8.9%
|-
| 2020-21
| ₹16,40,811 crore
| US$190 billion
| {{increase}} 0.9%
|-
| 2021-22
| ₹19,92,029 crore
| US$230 billion
| {{increase}} 20.8%
|-
| 2022-23
| ₹24,26,071 crore
| US$260 billion
| {{increase}} 14.2%
|-
| 2023-24
| ₹25,93,567 crore
| US$290 billion
| {{increase}} 10.2%
|-
| 2024-25
| ₹29,06,063 crore
| US$330 billion
| {{increase}} 13.79%
|-
| 2025-26†
| ₹32,81,065 crore
| US$357 billion
| {{increase}} 8.19%
|-
|}
:† As per First Advance Estimates

=== District wise statistics ===
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|+ Gross District Domestic Product and Per Capita Income Year : 2024-25<ref name="2024_25_es"/><ref name="2025_26_es"/>
! rowspan = 2 | District
! colspan = 3 | Share of sectors
! colspan = 2 | GDDP
! colspan = 2 | PCI
! rowspan = 2 | #
|-
! data-sort-type:number | Agriculture
! data-sort-type:number | Industry
! data-sort-type:number | Services
! in ₹ Crore
! US$ Billion
! in ₹
! US$
|-
| [[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| 1.5% ({{decrease}} 0.2%)
| 13.9% ({{decrease}} 1.9%)
| 84.5% ({{increase}} 2.1%)
| data-sort-value = "1173574" | ₹11,73,574 crore
| US$128 billion
| ₹8,55,960
| US$9,313
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| 6.8% ({{decrease}} 2.8%)
| 37.4% ({{decrease}} 1.5%)
| 55.8% ({{increase}} 4.3%)
| data-sort-value = "154509" | ₹1,54,509 crore
| US$16.8 billion
| ₹6,26,279
| US$6,814
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
| 13.7% ({{decrease}} 1.4%)
| 26.3% ({{decrease}} 1.6%)
| 60.0% ({{increase}} 3.0%)
| data-sort-value = "75198" | ₹75,198 crore
| US$8.18 billion
| ₹6,00,683
| US$6,536
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru]]
| 14.7% ({{decrease}} 9.1%)
| 30.5% ({{increase}} 1.6%)
| 54.7% ({{increase}} 7.4%)
| data-sort-value = "59955" | ₹59,955 crore
| US$6.52 billion
| ₹4,94,787
| US$5,385
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]]
| 20.0% ({{decrease}} 3.3%)
| 23.1% ({{increase}} 0.2%)
| 56.9% ({{increase}} 3.2%)
| data-sort-value = "78037 " | ₹78,037 crore
| US$8.49 billion
| ₹3,89,743
| US$4,241
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
| 41.0% ({{decrease}} 4.2%)
| 13.2% ({{increase}} 0.1%)
| 45.8% ({{increase}} 4.1%)
| data-sort-value = "21510" | ₹21,510 crore
| US$2.34 billion
| ₹3,53,701
| US$3,849
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| [[Bengaluru Rural district|Bengaluru Rural]]
| 15.5% ({{decrease}} 2.6%)
| 27.6% ({{decrease}} 2.3%)
| 56.9% ({{increase}} 4.9%)
| data-sort-value = "43485" | ₹43,485 crore
| US$4.73 billion
| ₹3,49,559
| US$3,804
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| 14.7% ({{decrease}} 1.2%)
| 21.9% ({{decrease}} 0.7%)
| 63.4% ({{increase}} 1.9%)
| data-sort-value = "66775" | ₹66,775 crore
| US$7.27 billion
| ₹3,06,448
| US$3,712
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| [[Hassan district|Hasana]]
| 19.7% ({{decrease}} 1.6%)
| 16.2% ({{decrease}} 0.1%)
| 64.1% ({{increase}} 1.7%)
| data-sort-value = "66247" | ₹66,247 crore
| US$7.21 billion
| ₹3,38,877
| US$3,688
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]
| 16.6% ({{decrease}} 3.0%)
| 30.1% ({{unchanged}} 0.0%)
| 53.4% ({{increase}} 3.1%)
| data-sort-value = "100988" | ₹1,00,988 crore
| US$11 billion
| ₹3,34,980
| US$3,645
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| 11.5% ({{decrease}} 1.1%)
| 28.2% ({{decrease}} 1.1%)
| 60.3% ({{increase}} 2.2%)
| data-sort-value = "59928" | ₹59,928 crore
| US$6.52 billion
| ₹3,24,111
| US$3,527
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Bengaluru South district|Bengaluru South]]
| 17.9% ({{increase}} 1.7%)
| 29.7% ({{decrease}} 2.3%)
| 52.5% ({{increase}} 0.7%)
| data-sort-value = "44055" | ₹44,055 crore
| US$4.18 billion
| ₹3,19,088
| US$3,472
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara]]
| 28.7% ({{increase}} 5.5%)
| 17.9% ({{decrease}} 2.2%)
| 53.3% ({{decrease}} 3.4%)
| data-sort-value = "35351" | ₹35,351 crore
| US$3.85 billion
| ₹3,04,040
| US$3,309
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| [[Dharwad district|Dharawada]]
| 8.1% ({{decrease}} 0.2%)
| 23.5% ({{decrease}} 1.5%)
| 68.4% ({{increase}} 1.7%)
| data-sort-value = "68591" | ₹68,591 crore
| US$7.46 billion
| ₹3,00,627
| US$3,271
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Uttara Kannada]]
| 16.6% ({{decrease}} 4.4%)
| 20.5% ({{increase}} 0.1%)
| 62.9% ({{increase}} 4.2%)
| data-sort-value = "48509" | ₹48,509 crore
| US$5.28 billion
| ₹2,95,116
| US$3,211
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| [[Bagalkot district|Bagalakote]]
| 16.2% ({{decrease}} 3.0%)
| 27.7% ({{unchanged}} 0.0%)
| 56.2% ({{increase}} 3.1%)
| data-sort-value = "65909" | ₹65,909 crore
| US$7.17 billion
| ₹2,79,919
| US$3,046
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Mysore district|Mysuru]]
| 16.2% ({{decrease}} 4.0%)
| 16.5% ({{decrease}} 0.4%)
| 67.3% ({{increase}} 4.4%)
| data-sort-value = "99527" | ₹99,527 crore
| US$10.83 billion
| ₹2,69,333
| US$2,931
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
| 21.7% ({{decrease}} 4.5%)
| 21.0% ({{unchanged}} 0.0%)
| 57.3% ({{increase}} 4.5%)
| data-sort-value = "37935" | ₹37,935 crore
| US$4.13 billion
| ₹2,52,588
| US$2,749
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| 20.4% ({{increase}} 0.8%)
| 24.0% ({{decrease}} 1.6%)
| 55.6% ({{increase}} 0.8%)
| data-sort-value = "46568" | ₹46,568 crore
| US$5.07 billion
| ₹2,49,201
| US$2,712
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| 26.3% ({{decrease}} 5.6%)
| 21.6% ({{increase}} 1.1%)
| 52.1% ({{increase}} 4.5%)
| data-sort-value = "47801" | ₹47,801 crore
| US$5.2 billion
| ₹2,42,159
| US$2,635
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| 28.2% ({{decrease}} 3.9%)
| 15.7% ({{increase}} 0.3%)
| 56.1% ({{increase}} 3.6%)
| data-sort-value = "45577" | ₹45,577 crore
| US$4.96 billion
| ₹2,27,554
| US$2,476
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Gadag district|Gadaga]]
| 13.9% ({{decrease}} 1.8%)
| 19.3% ({{decrease}} 0.7%)
| 66.8% ({{increase}} 2.6%)
| data-sort-value = "28603" | ₹28,603 crore
| US$3.11 billion
| ₹2,24,073
| US$2,438
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
| 18.0% ({{decrease}} 3.2%)
| 17.5% ({{increase}} 0.1%)
| 64.4% ({{increase}} 3.0%)
| data-sort-value = "39571" | ₹39,571 crore
| US$4.31 billion
| ₹2,03,257
| US$2,212
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Vijayanagar district|Vijayanagara]]
| 18.0% ({{decrease}} 3.1%)
| 25.5% ({{increase}} 0.2%)
| 56.5% ({{increase}} 2.9%)
| data-sort-value = "37,307" | ₹37,307 crore
| US$4.05 billion
| ₹1,93,230
| US$2,100
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura]]
| 28.8% ({{decrease}} 6.2%)
| 19.0% ({{increase}} 2.5%)
| 52.2% ({{increase}} 3.7%)
| data-sort-value = "54785" | ₹54,785 crore
| US$5.95 billion
| ₹1,87,429
| US$2,037
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
| 17.2% ({{decrease}} 4.3%)
| 16.5% ({{increase}} 0.3%)
| 66.3% ({{increase}} 4.6%)
| data-sort-value = "39798" | ₹39,798 crore
| US$4.33 billion
| ₹1,85,079
| US$2,011
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| 19.5% ({{decrease}} 3.1%)
| 22.8% ({{decrease}} 0.5%)
| 57.7% ({{increase}} 3.6%)
| data-sort-value = "111225" | ₹1,11,225 crore
| US$12.10 billion
| ₹1,83,217
| US$1,993
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| [[Koppal district|Koppal]]
| 27.7% ({{decrease}} 2.5%)
| 18.4% ({{decrease}} 0.3%)
| 53.9% ({{increase}} 2.9%)
| data-sort-value = "33020" | ₹33,020 crore
| US$3.59 billion
| ₹1,81,152
| US$1,969
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| [[Raichur district|Raichuru]]
| 20.8% ({{decrease}} 9.9%)
| 18.4% ({{increase}} 1.9%)
| 60.8% ({{increase}} 8.0%)
| data-sort-value = "45167" | ₹45,167 crore
| US$4.91 billion
| ₹1,78,888
| US$1,944
| {{decrease}} 5
|-
| [[Yadgir district|Yadagiri]]
| 24.0% ({{decrease}} 5.9%)
| 17.6% ({{increase}} 0.8%)
| 58.4% ({{increase}} 5.2%)
| data-sort-value = "26517" | ₹26,517 crore
| US$2.88 billion
| ₹1,64,388
| US$1,786
| {{unchanged}}
|-
| [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| 13.1% ({{decrease}} 12.8%)
| 21.8% ({{increase}} 2.7%)
| 65.1% ({{increase}} 10.1%)
| data-sort-value = "50039" | ₹50,039 crore
| US$5.44 billion
| ₹1,44,449
| US$1,570
| {{unchanged}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Economy of Bengaluru]]
*[[Economy of Mangalore]]
*[[Mysore]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Economy of India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka| ]]

Wazir (film)

2026-03-16T20:45:00Z

RickieDumas3: revised

{{short description|2016 action-thriller film directed by Bejoy Nambiar}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Wazir
| image = Wazir poster.jpg
| alt = Poster of Wazir
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] [[Abhijat Joshi]] {{Infobox | decat=yes | child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by | data1=Abhijit Deshpande Gazal Dhaliwal}}
| story = Vidhu Vinod Chopra
| producer = Vidhu Vinod Chopra
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
*[[Farhan Akhtar]]
*[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
*[[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]
*[[Manav Kaul]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Sanu Varghese]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
*Vidhu Vinod Chopra
*Abhijat Joshi
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Shantanu Moitra]] [[Ankit Tiwari]] [[Advaita (band)|Advaita]] [[Prashant Pillai]] [[Rochak Kohli]] Gaurav Godkhindi '''Score:''' Rohit Kulkarni
| production_companies = [[Vinod Chopra Films]]
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|01|08}}
| runtime = 104 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/wazir-film |title=Wazir |date=4 January 2016 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126224323/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/wazir-film |archive-date=26 January 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|35 [[crore]]}}<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/check-mate-amitabh-bachchan-s-wazir-makes-21-crore-opening-weekend/story-DStjkgstPLZQG5ChpfX3mI.html |title=Checkmate: Wazir crumbles with just Rs 21 crore opening weekend |date=11 January 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111155703/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/check-mate-amitabh-bachchan-s-wazir-makes-21-crore-opening-weekend/story-DStjkgstPLZQG5ChpfX3mI.html |archive-date=11 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|78.69 crore}}<ref name="totalbo">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-wazir/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections of Wazir |date=11 January 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312074442/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-wazir/ |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Wazir''''' ({{translation|[[Vizier]]}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]] and produced by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]. Written and edited by [[Abhijat Joshi]] and Chopra, the film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Farhan Akhtar]] alongside [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Manav Kaul]] and [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] (as the title character). [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] makes a special appearance. The film's dialogues and additional dialogues were written by Abhijeet Deshpande and [[Gazal Dhaliwal]], respectively. The music was composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Advaita (band)|Advaita]], [[Prashant Pillai]], [[Rochak Kohli]] and Gaurav Godkhindi, with the background score composed by Rohit Kulkarni. [[Sanu Varghese]] served as the film's cinematographer.

Based on an original story by Chopra, ''Wazir'' follows the story of a suspended [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] officer who befriends a chess player who is a wheelchair user. The idea of the film came to Chopra in the 1990s and he started writing it in English with Joshi over a period of four years starting in 2000. It was supposed to be Chopra's first Hollywood film, with [[Dustin Hoffman]] playing the protagonist. However, its producer died and the film was shelved for nearly eight years. Chopra and Joshi later re-wrote the script so it could be produced as a Hindi film. Principal photography began on 28 September 2014.

''Wazir'' was released on 8 January 2016 and mixed-to-positive reviews from critics who particularly praised the action sequences and performances of both Bachchan and Akhtar, but criticised the predictable nature of the film. The film performed well at the box-office, with approximate worldwide revenues of ₹78.69 crore (US$12 million).

''Wazir – Official Action Game'', an [[Action video game|action]] [[mobile video game]] [[tie-in]] was released by [[Zapak]] along with the release of the film.

== Plot ==
Danish Ali, an [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] (ATS) officer, lives with his wife Ruhana and their young daughter Noorie. While pursuing terrorist Farooq Rameez, Danish becomes involved in a shootout during which Noorie is killed and Rameez escapes. Traumatised by the incident, Ruhana blames Danish for their daughter’s death. When Danish later kills Rameez in a police operation—despite orders to capture him alive—he is suspended from duty.

Grieving and contemplating suicide at Noorie’s grave, Danish encounters Pandit Omkar Nath Dhar, a disabled chess master who had been Noorie’s teacher. Pandit befriends Danish and tells him that his own daughter, Nina, died after falling down the stairs at the residence of government minister Yazaad Qureshi, whose daughter Ruhi Nina had been tutoring. Convinced that Nina was murdered, Pandit urges Danish to investigate, but the authorities close the case and Pandit is threatened by a mysterious hitman called Wazir.

When Pandit is apparently killed in an explosion orchestrated by Wazir, Danish travels to Kashmir to confront Qureshi. With the help of Superintendent Vijay Malik, he disrupts Qureshi’s public appearance and tracks him down. Ruhi reveals that Qureshi is not her real father but a militant who massacred her village and assumed her guardian’s identity. Nina had discovered the truth and was murdered by Qureshi. Danish kills Qureshi, after which the authorities expose him as a terrorist.

Later, Danish discovers a video left by Pandit revealing that Wazir never existed and was a persona he created. Unable to confront Qureshi himself due to his disability, Pandit had manipulated events—befriending Danish and staging his own death—to ensure Qureshi’s downfall. Urging Danish and Ruhana to move on from their grief, Pandit’s final message leads the couple to reconcile.

== Cast ==
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Pandit Omkar Nath Dhar, a paralyzed chess instructor and Nina's father
* [[Farhan Akhtar]] as Daanish Ali, Ruhana's husband
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as Ruhana Ali, Daanish's wife
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Yazaad Qureshi
* [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] as Wazir
* Saachi Tiwari as Noorie Ali, Daanish & Ruhana's daughter
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Vijay Mallik (special appearance)
* Nasir Khan as Rameez
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Deputy commissioner of police]]
* [[Vaidehi Parashurami]] as Nina Dhar, Daughter of Pandit Omkar Nath Dhar
* [[Anjum Sharma]] as Sartaj Singh, Daanish's colleague
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Mahesh
* [[Nishigandha Wad]] as Ruhana's mother
* [[Seema Bhargava]] as Pammi, the Pandit's housekeeper
* [[Avtar Gill]] as G.B. Singh, police commissioner
* [[Mazel Vyas]] as Ruhi
* Gargi Patel as Ruhi's minder
* [[Reem Shaikh]] (special appearance)

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[File:Chess-king.JPG|thumb|250px|right|alt=A chess board.|The film uses the game of [[chess]] as a metaphor.<ref name="metaphor">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/wazir-review-the-first-film-of-2016-is-an-emotional-intelligent-and-fast-paced-roller-coaster-ride-2573858.html |title=Wazir review: Hop on board Farhan, Amitabh's emotional, intelligent roller coaster ride |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |publisher=Firstpost |date=7 January 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011191644/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/wazir-review-the-first-film-of-2016-is-an-emotional-intelligent-and-fast-paced-roller-coaster-ride-2573858.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The idea of ''Wazir'' came to [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] after [[badminton]] player [[Syed Modi]] was murdered on 28 July 1988 in [[Lucknow]]. However, Chopra has said that the film is completely different from the incident.<ref name="idea">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/thriller-they-wrote/ |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Abhijat Joshi on writing and editing Wazir |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |work=The Indian Express |date=22 December 2015 |access-date=25 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225004409/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/thriller-they-wrote/ |archive-date=25 December 2015}}</ref> When Chopra met his eventual co-writer Abhijat Joshi in 1994, he told him about the idea of setting a thriller around two chess players.<ref name="dna">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-when-you-re-not-intellectually-strong-strength-comes-from-your-bank-balance-vidhu-vinod-chopra-and-abhijat-joshi-2154214 |title=When you're not intellectually strong, strength comes from your bank balance: Vidhu Vinod Chopra and Abhijat Joshi |last=Rege |first=Harshada |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=11 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214224400/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-when-you-re-not-intellectually-strong-strength-comes-from-your-bank-balance-vidhu-vinod-chopra-and-abhijat-joshi-2154214 |archive-date=14 December 2015}}</ref> Chopra described the two characters as "[[Rakesh Maria]] and [[Viswanathan Anand]] playing chess".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/%E2%80%98While-you-are-entertaining-you-can%E2%80%99t-sell-your-soul%E2%80%99/article13975252.ece |title='While you are entertaining, you can't sell your soul' |last=Ghosh |first=Sankhayan |work=The Hindu |date=2 January 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013144533/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/%E2%80%98While-you-are-entertaining-you-can%E2%80%99t-sell-your-soul%E2%80%99/article13975252.ece |archive-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> The script was later written by them in four years, between 2000 and 2004. It was supposed to be Chopra's first Hollywood film, with [[Dustin Hoffman]] playing the protagonist. In 2005, their producer [[Robert Newmyer]] suddenly died and the script was shelved.<ref name="dna" />

Chopra saw [[Bejoy Nambiar]]'s 2013 film, ''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]''; he was particularly impressed by the black-and-white portions of it. Chopra subsequently called Nambiar and expressed a desire to work with the director; Chopra had a cache of unfilmed scripts, and Nambiar selected the chess one. Chopra and Joshi then spent two years writing a Hindi version of it.<ref name="dna" />

Both Chopra and Joshi consulted chess experts from America for the film.<ref name="idea" /> The cinematography of the film was done by [[Sanu Varghese]], who had previously worked with Nambiar on ''David''.<ref name="idea" /> The film's story was tweaked constantly during its seven-month editing period; both writers also served as editors.<ref name="idea" /> This was the first time since his 1989 picture ''[[Parinda]]'' that Chopra had edited a film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vinodchoprafilms.com/team |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra |publisher=[[Vinod Chopra Films]] |access-date=26 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227085218/http://www.vinodchoprafilms.com/team |archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> Joshi, who edited for the first time on ''Wazir'', believes that "a film is rewritten on the editing table".<ref name="idea" /> Visual effects were used to hide Bachchan's legs, to make them look as if they ended below the knees.<ref name="wheel">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wazir-wheelchair-stint-physically-challenging-amitabh-bachchan/ |title='Wazir' wheelchair stint physically challenging: Amitabh Bachchan |work=The Indian Express |date=27 December 2015 |access-date=27 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228034722/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wazir-wheelchair-stint-physically-challenging-amitabh-bachchan/ |archive-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> The makers of the film went through 40 to 50 wheelchairs to find one that would be comfortable for Bachchan over the long shoot.<ref name="wheel" /> The working titles of the film were ''Do'' and ''Ek Aur Ek Do'', and it received its final title, ''Wazir'', in October 2014,<ref name="ibt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar-starrer-do-renamed-wazir-612464 |title=Amitabh Bachchan and Farhan Akhtar Starrer 'Do' Renamed as 'Wazir' |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |work=International Business Times |date=28 October 2014 |access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115724/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar-starrer-do-renamed-wazir-612464 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> based on the character of that name in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/neil-nitin-mukesh-says-wazir-was-renamed-because-of-his-performance-1260490 |title=Neil Nitin Mukesh Says Wazir Was Renamed Because of His Performance |publisher=NDTV |date=30 December 2015 |access-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231232452/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/neil-nitin-mukesh-says-wazir-was-renamed-because-of-his-performance-1260490 |archive-date=31 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
At the screening of ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), Chopra informed Farhan Akhtar about the script of ''Wazir'', and wanted his feedback on it. Ten years later, in 2014, they met again, and Akhtar agreed to do the film because, as he later said, the revised script "moved me to my core".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-farhan-akhtar-was-blown-away-by-wazir-script-1245118 |title=Why Farhan Akhtar Was 'Blown Away' by Wazir Script |publisher=NDTV |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224021016/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-farhan-akhtar-was-blown-away-by-wazir-script-1245118 |archive-date=24 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He went through intense training and put on eight kilograms of weight to play the role of an Anti Terrorist Squad officer.<ref name="ibt" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/farhan-akhtar-undergoes-vigorous-training-for-wazir/15782169 |title=Farhan Akhtar undergoes vigorous training for 'Wazir' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094304/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/farhan-akhtar-undergoes-vigorous-training-for-wazir/15782169 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Wazir-is-a-complete-film-for-me-Farhan-Akhtar/articleshow/45823334.cms |title='Wazir' is a complete film for me: Farhan Akhtar |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113041851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Wazir-is-a-complete-film-for-me-Farhan-Akhtar/articleshow/45823334.cms |archive-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> He also changed his diet and met some of his friends who were ATS officers for the preparation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsnation.in/article/59408-it-easy-work-amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar.html |title=It is easy to work with Amitabh Bachchan: Farhan Akhtar |publisher=[[News Nation]] |date=30 October 2014 |access-date=25 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225204416/http://www.newsnation.in/article/59408-it-easy-work-amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar.html |archive-date=25 December 2015}}</ref> He modeled his character in the film on [[Vishwas Nangare Patil]], an [[Inspector-general of police]] from [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtars-wazir-avatar-impresses-ips-officer/ |title=Farhan Akhtar's 'Wazir' avatar impresses IPS officer |work=The Indian Express |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430093933/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtars-wazir-avatar-impresses-ips-officer/ |archive-date=30 April 2017}}</ref> Akhtar agreeing for the role puzzled Chopra, who recalls: "At that time, [[Javed Akhtar]] (Farhan's father) and I were engaged in a public verbal duel. When I asked Farhan what made him agree to take up the role, he said, 'The script is so good that I will bear with you{{' "}}.<ref name="idea" /> Chopra noted that while re-writing the film in Hindi, he and Joshi "realised the protagonist can't be American. We had to bring in our own sensibilities. Our cinema is more flamboyant. So the protagonist needed to be flamboyant too. We thought of making the chess master an Indian and approached [Amitabh] Bachchan for it". Bachchan had read the original script, and remembered it when Chopra came to him.<ref name="idea" /> Aditi Rao Hydari was cast after Nambiar saw her pictures when she had walked the ramp for a designer and Chopra saw her dancing. After this, she went through three set of auditions: dance, acting and a [[screen test]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditi-Rao-Hydari-I-was-overwhelmed-by-Amitabh-Bachchans-presence/articleshow/50478466.cms |title=Aditi Rao Hydari: I was overwhelmed by Amitabh Bachchan's presence |last=Bhagat |first=Priyanka |work=The Times of India |date=7 January 2016 |access-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111001739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditi-Rao-Hydari-I-was-overwhelmed-by-Amitabh-Bachchans-presence/articleshow/50478466.cms |archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> John Abraham and Neil Nitin Mukesh make extended cameo appearances in the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-and-neil-nitin-mukesh-to-do-cameos-in-wazir/ |title=John Abraham and Neil Nitin Mukesh to do cameos in Wazir |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 May 2015 |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014182819/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-and-neil-nitin-mukesh-to-do-cameos-in-wazir/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 28 September 2014 in Mumbai. Parts of the film were also shot in Delhi.<ref name="left">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/amitabh-bachchan-wazir-film-bejoy-nambiar-farhan-akhtar-shooting-250363-2015-04-27 |title=Wazir: It's the 'last minute leftover' shots for Amitabh Bachchan now |work=India Today |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103218/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amitabh-bachchan-wazir-film-bejoy-nambiar-farhan-akhtar-shooting/1/432330.html |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Chopra stated, "Some of the best lines in ''Wazir'' were improvised" on set, including a joke about Russian vodka and Russian girls between Bachchan and Akhtar.<ref name="dna" /> Akhtar did his own stunts in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-did-his-own-stunts-for-the-first-time-ten-fascinating-facts-about-wazir-2570906.html |title=Farhan Akhtar did his own stunts for the first time: Ten fascinating facts about Wazir |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |publisher=Firstpost |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014060122/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-did-his-own-stunts-for-the-first-time-ten-fascinating-facts-about-wazir-2570906.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He completed his schedule in March 2015 at [[Srinagar]], while Bachchan filmed his remaining scenes the following month.<ref name="left" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-heads-to-kashmir-for-wazir-shoot/ |title=Farhan Akhtar heads to Srinagar for 'Wazir' shoot |work=The Indian Express |date=1 March 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124609/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-heads-to-kashmir-for-wazir-shoot/ |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-wraps-up-wazir-shoot-744321 |title=Farhan Akhtar Wraps up Wazir Shoot |publisher=NDTV |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214013958/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-wraps-up-wazir-shoot-744321 |archive-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Visual effects ===
Amitabh Bachchan's legs were removed below the knee in the film with the use of [[visual effects]] to show him handicapped. He wore black socks with marks on them during filming to aid in the eventual creation of the effects.<ref name="wheel" /> Chopra was not happy with the initial effects work on the legs, so he had changes made to improve the results.<ref name="limp">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151118/entertainment-bollywood/article/wazir-limps-due-bachchan%E2%80%99s-legs |title=Wazir limps due to Bachchan's legs |last=Tarannum |first=Asira |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=23 February 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512063935/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151118/entertainment-bollywood/article/wazir-limps-due-bachchan%E2%80%99s-legs |archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Wazir (soundtrack)}}
The film's [[soundtrack album]] was composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Advaita (band)|Advaita]], [[Prashant Pillai]], [[Rochak Kohli]] and Gaurav Godkhindi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/wazir-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1110848380 |title=Wazir (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=13 October 2016 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013144533/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/wazir-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/id1110848380 |archive-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> The background score was composed by Rohit Kulkarni while the lyrics were written by Vidhu Vinod Chopra, [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[A. M. Turaz]], [[Manoj Muntashir]] and Abhijeet Deshpande.<ref name="BH">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/wazir/songs/music-critic-review/ |title=Music review of ''Wazir'' by Joginder Tuteja |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 December 2015 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805151003/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/wazir/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> The album rights of the film were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], and it was released on 18 December 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Wazir-2015/v0AVt4dyYxA_ |title=Wazir |date=18 December 2015 |publisher=[[Saavn]] |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033208/https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Wazir-2015/v0AVt4dyYxA_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
''Wazir'' was initially scheduled to be released in mid-2015, with the first teaser of the film attached with ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014). Its scheduled release date was postponed to 2 October and 4 December 2015,<ref name="limp" /> but it was ultimately released in India and worldwide on 8 January 2016.<ref name="Wazir release" /> The film was given a "UA" certificate with no cuts by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-wazir-gets-censor-nod-director-delighted-2161656 |title=''Wazir'' gets censor nod, director delighted |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=3 January 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100111/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-wazir-gets-censor-nod-director-delighted-2161656 |archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> The first poster of the film was released on 15 November 2015 via Bachchan's and Akhtar's [[Twitter]] accounts, each unveiling the other's look from the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/check-out-amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtars-look-wazir-posters-photos-654992 |title=Check out Amitabh Bachchan, Farhan Akhtar's look in ''Wazir'' posters [photos] |work=International Business Times |date=16 November 2015 |access-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101162803/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/check-out-amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtars-look-wazir-posters-photos-654992 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The official trailer of the film was released on 18 November.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Wazir-trailer-Farhan-Akhtar-and-Amitabh-Bachchan-steal-the-show/articleshow/49831404.cms |title=''Wazir'' trailer: Farhan Akhtar and Amitabh Bachchan steal the show |work=The Times of India |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121064914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Wazir-trailer-Farhan-Akhtar-and-Amitabh-Bachchan-steal-the-show/articleshow/49831404.cms |archive-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> Chopra showed the complete film to as many as 70 Indian film programmers and distributors.<ref name="Wazir release">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtars-wazir-releases-today/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Farhan Akhtar's ''Wazir'' releases today |work=The Indian Express |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621155708/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtars-wazir-releases-today/ |archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>

In pre-release publicity, Nambiar said, "Casting Mr. Bachchan, who has got such a strong persona, and limiting him in a wheelchair, was a big task for us to get used to". This remark was condemned as "disparaging and extremely condescending" by [[Javed Abidi]], the founder of the Disability Rights Group.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/wazir-disability-rights-group-is-unhappy-with-director-s-views/story-ERi6T5A8gRBPQ2qwoHH6BI.html |title=''Wazir'': Disability Rights Group is unhappy with director's views |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416071524/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/wazir-disability-rights-group-is-unhappy-with-director-s-views/story-ERi6T5A8gRBPQ2qwoHH6BI.html |archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> Bejoy subsequently apologised for hurting anyone's feelings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/wazir-disability-rights-group-unhappy-bejoy-nambiar-apologises/story-e05offAnHIAIbuERLQFqKI.html |title=''Wazir'': Disability rights group unhappy, Bejoy Nambiar apologises |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 January 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612130848/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/wazir-disability-rights-group-unhappy-bejoy-nambiar-apologises/story-e05offAnHIAIbuERLQFqKI.html |archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> The film was released on DVD on 25 March 2016 and is also available on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.in/Wazir-Amitabh-Bachchan/dp/B01BVA9YZO/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1460028552&sr=8-1&keywords=wazir+dvd |title=''Wazir'' |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |access-date=4 November 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421202422/https://www.amazon.in/Wazir-Amitabh-Bachchan/dp/B01BVA9YZO/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1460028552&sr=8-1&keywords=wazir+dvd |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/80094096 |title=Wazir |publisher=Netflix |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421202448/https://www.netflix.com/title/80094096 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics who particularly praised the action sequences and the performances of both Bachchan and Akhtar, but criticised the predictable nature of the film. Subhash K. Jha gave it 4/5 stars, highlighted its "deviously clever script" and added, "In its 1 hour and 40 minutes of playing-time Wazir gives us no time to stop and ruminate."''.<ref name="metaphor" /> S''rijana Mitra Das of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3.5/5 stars and opened with, "So, ''Wazir'' is a smart movie – which could have been way smarter".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/wazir/movie-review/50451127.cms |title=''Wazir'' Movie Review |last=Das |first=Srijana Mitra |work=The Times of India |date=21 January 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912000839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Wazir/movie-review/50451127.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', in a 3/5 review, wrote that "apart from the smart storyline, powerful performances are the backbone of ''Wazir''", and commended both the lead and supporting actors.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/wazir-review-a-revenge-saga-that-is-not-angry-but-devious/story-ZsKd1IQBRluKxwxFan8INK.html |title=''Wazir'' movie review: A revenge saga that is not angry but devious |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 January 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125213414/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/wazir-review-a-revenge-saga-that-is-not-angry-but-devious/story-ZsKd1IQBRluKxwxFan8INK.html |archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'', in a 3/5 star review, was also unhappy with the film's predictability: "If you pay enough attention to the first half, you'll instantly guess how the end will pan out. So you're sitting in a thriller knowing what's coming up."<ref name="Gupta">{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |date=7 January 2016 |title=Movie Review: ''Wazir'' |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-wazir-11769.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512214637/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-wazir-11769.html |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017 |publisher=Filmfare}}</ref> Gupta added that the climax was convenient and "inane".<ref name="Gupta" /> Ananya Bhattacharya of [[India Today]] gave it 3/5 stars and felt that the film had a "taut, gripping narrative" until the interval but "stumble[d]" in its second half.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ananya |date=8 January 2016 |title=''Wazir'' movie review: Farhan Akhtar and Amitabh Bachchan's chemistry steals the show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/wazir-movie-review-302821-2016-01-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320021330/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/wazir-movie-review/1/565582.html |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=11 October 2017 |work=India Today}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote: "watching Farhan Akhtar and Amitabh Bachchan joust and manoeuver around each other is this film's high point".<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2016 |title=''Wazir'' movie review |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/wazir-movie-review-two-and-half-stars-amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar-high-point/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109010840/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/wazir-movie-review-two-and-half-stars-amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar-high-point/ |archive-date=9 January 2016 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> According to [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[News18]] in a 2.5/5 star review, the film was "a consistently watchable but frankly far-fetched thriller that just isn't as smart as it ought to have been".<ref>{{cite news |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=9 January 2016 |title=''Wazir'' review: The film is weighed down by a sloppy script |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/wazir-review-the-film-is-weighed-down-by-a-sloppy-script-1187072.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024901/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/wazir-review-the-film-is-weighed-down-by-a-sloppy-script-1187072.html |archive-date=16 March 2017 |access-date=11 October 2017 |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] characterized the film as "a decent relationship drama, a silly thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/01/09/wazir-a-decent-relationship-drama-a-silly-thriller/ |title=''Wazir''… A decent relationship drama, a silly thriller |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=9 January 2016 |access-date=13 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503035735/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/01/09/wazir-a-decent-relationship-drama-a-silly-thriller/ |archive-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> Shubhra Shetty Saha of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' praised Bachchan's "amazing emotional precision" and said his performance was "the best thing about this film". However, he also decried the film's "lack of subtlety" and ended with "''Wazir'' is a good, one-time watch."<ref name="Saha">{{cite news |last=Saha |first=Shubhra Shetty |date=8 January 2016 |title=''Wazir'' – Movie Review |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/wazir---movie-review/16841154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425223853/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/wazir---movie-review/16841154 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=11 October 2017 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

[[Raja Sen]] of Rediff.com gave the film 2/5 stars and characterized it as "obvious"; he said that "none of the character motives in this film actually add up".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-wazir-is-a-childish-game-of-chess/20160108.htm |title=Review: Wazir is a childish game of chess |last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102081551/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-wazir-is-a-childish-game-of-chess/20160108.htm |archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee from [[NDTV]] wrote that "''Wazir'' puts all its crucial cards on the table far too quickly, robbing itself of the shock factor that would have made all the difference between edge-of-the-seat suspense and tame by-the-numbers thrills."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/wazir-movie-review-1218 |title=''Wazir'' Movie Review |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |publisher=NDTV |date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419070606/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/wazir-movie-review-1218 |archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the film "lacklustre": "Despite starting off promisingly with slick production values and good performances to boot ''Wazir'' unravels badly, especially in the second half as it heads towards the climax."<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=8 January 2016 |title=Wazir: Starts promisingly, unravels badly |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Wazir-Starts-promisingly-unravels-badly/article13990706.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020151810/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Wazir-Starts-promisingly-unravels-badly/article13990706.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Among overseas reviewers, ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s Mike McCahill gave the film 3/5 stars, and described it as "a finely poised Bollywood policier".<ref>{{cite news |last=McCahill |first=Mike |date=15 January 2016 |title=''Wazir'' review – a finely poised Bollywood policier |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/15/wazir-review-a-finely-poised-bollywood-policier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010081436/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/15/wazir-review-a-finely-poised-bollywood-policier |archive-date=10 October 2016 |access-date=11 October 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Abhinav Purohit of ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]'' in Abu Dhabi also gave it 3/5 stars, and wrote that "overall, ''Wazir'' is sure to resonate well with the viewers".<ref>{{cite news |last=Purohit |first=Abhinav |date=9 January 2016 |title=Film review: ''Wazir'' builds tension like a grandmaster |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-review-wazir-builds-tension-like-a-grandmaster-1.196614 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013144534/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film-review-wazir-builds-tension-like-a-grandmaster-1.196614 |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=11 October 2017 |work=The National}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Wazir'' was the first Hindi film of the year. It earned a total of {{INRConvert|55.7|m}} on 8 January 2016, the opening day of its release at the domestic box office, much of it from the [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] circuits.<ref name="bo">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/wazir-box-office-collection-farhan-amitabh-starrer-gets-average-opening-day-1-662609 |title=Wazir box office collection: Farhan-Amitabh starrer gets average opening on day 1 |work=International Business Times |date=9 January 2016 |access-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151435/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/wazir-box-office-collection-farhan-amitabh-starrer-gets-average-opening-day-1-662609 |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> The film had a moderate opening at the overseas box office on its first day, and collected {{INRConvert|40|m}}.<ref name="bo" />

Domestic revenues increased for each of the next two days of the film's opening weekend. On its second day the film earned {{INRConvert|70|m}},<ref name="2day">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wazir-box-office-collections-big-b-farhan-starrer-film-earns-rs-5-57-cr-on-opening-day/ |title=Amitabh's Wazir fumbles at box office, earns Rs 13 crore in 2 days |work=The Indian Express |date=10 January 2016 |access-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621180543/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wazir-box-office-collections-big-b-farhan-starrer-film-earns-rs-5-57-cr-on-opening-day/ |archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> and collected {{INRConvert|82.4|m}} on its third, for an opening weekend total of {{INRConvert|210|m}}.<ref name="3day">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wazir-box-office-collections-amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar-film-earns-rs-21-01-in-opening-weekend/ |title=Wazir box office collections: Amitabh Bachchan, Farhan Akhtar film earns Rs. 21.01 in opening weekend |last=Gaikwad |first=Pramod |work=The Indian Express |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604004649/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wazir-box-office-collections-amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar-film-earns-rs-21-01-in-opening-weekend/ |archive-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> Daily international revenues declined as the weekend progressed, with total overseas collections rising to Rs {{INRConvert|73.6|m}} after two days,<ref name="2day" /> and {{INRConvert|105|m}} after three.<ref name="3day" />

''Wazir'' earned {{INRConvert|301|m}} at the domestic box office in its opening week, and {{INRConvert|142|m}} in the overseas market, for a one-week total of {{INRConvert|443|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/wazir-mints-rs-44-crore-in-first-week_1845966.html |title='Wazir' mints Rs 44 crore in first week |publisher=Zee News |date=16 January 2016 |access-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221110105/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/wazir-mints-rs-44-crore-in-first-week_1845966.html |archive-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> The film recovered its production budget of {{INRConvert|350|m}} in that first week. ''Wazir'' collected {{INRConvert|62.9|m}} in domestic revenues in its second weekend, eventually becoming the first hit of 2016 at the Hindi film box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Box office Update: Wazir is the first hit of 2016 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-box-office-update-with-rs-4427-crore-wazir-becomes-the-first-hit-of-2016-2167382 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=18 January 2016 |access-date=22 June 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811173856/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-box-office-update-with-rs-4427-crore-wazir-becomes-the-first-hit-of-2016-2167382 |archive-date=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="budget" /> By the end of its five-week theatrical run, the film had grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|586|m}} domestically and {{INRConvert|201|m}} internationally, for an approximate worldwide total of {{INRConvert|787|m}}.<ref name="totalbo" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|wazir}}

{{Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}
{{Bejoy Nambiar}}
{{Vinod Chopra Films}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shantanu Moitra]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bejoy Nambiar]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films about chess]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]

Chiranjeeva

2026-03-03T09:10:17Z

RickieDumas3: Creating a entry - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Abhinaya Krishna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chiranjeeva.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Abhinaya Krishna]]
| screenplay = MS
| story = Abhinaya Krishna
| producer = {{plain list|
* Rahul Avudoddi
* Suhasini Rahul
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Raj Tarun]]
* Kushitha Kallapu
}}
| cinematography = Rakesh S Narayan
| editing = Sai Murali
| music = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| studio = Streamline Productions
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chiranjeeva''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[comedy drama]] film directed and co-written by [[Abhinaya Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-11-07 |title=Chiranjeeva OTT: డైరెక్టు ఓటీటీకి వ‌చ్చేసిన.. మైథ‌లాజిక‌ల్ కామెడీ {{!}} Raj Tarun Starrer Chiranjeeva Movie Now Streaming In That OTT srk |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/ott/raj-tarun-starrer-chiranjeeva-movie-now-streaming-in-that-ott-srk-67619.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> It features [[Raj Tarun]] and Kushitha Kallapu in lead roles.

The film was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-02 |title=Raj Tarun’s Chiranjeeva gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/02/raj-taruns-chiranjeeva-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Shiva (Raj Tarun) is a middle-class ambulance driver leading an ordinary life. After a strange accident, he suddenly gains a supernatural ability to see the lifespan of anyone he meets. At first, he tries to use this power to earn money and improve his situation. But when he loses someone very close to him, his perspective changes completely. What he decides to do with this unique ability and how he chooses to move forward form the rest of the story.
{{No plot|date=November 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Raj Tarun]] as Siva
* Kushitha Kallapu as Divya
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Rajayya
* [[Subbaraya Sarma]]
* Rahul Avudoddi
* Prabhavathi Varma
* Divya
* Jaya Naidu
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Rao
* Balagam Sanjay Krishna
* Nalla Sreedhar Reddy
* Sathanna
* Ramachandra
* Racha Ravi
* Jabardasth Emmanuel
* Jabardasth Apparao
* Gaddam Naveen
* Tasty Teja
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Chiranjeeva'' was announced as a television series on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2024-11-04 |title=Aha OTT Announces New Mythological Series: 'Chiranjeeva' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/aha-ott-announces-new-mythological-series-chiranjeeva-919099 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> which ultimately [[Direct-to-video|released directly]] as a feature film on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-30 |title=Raj Tarun's Chiranjeeva OTT release date locked: When and where to watch Telugu movie |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/raj-taruns-chiranjeeva-ott-release-date-locked-when-and-where-to-watch-telugu-movie/articleshow/124929538.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "''Chiranjeeva'' is a comedy caper that is predictable and flat for the most part".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiranjeeva Review: Raj Tarun's OTT comedy caper is strictly for a few laughs |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/chiranjeeva-review-raj-taruns-ott-comedy-caper-is-strictly-for-a-few-laughs/b9b0e858a496 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> [[NTV (India)|NTV]] also gave the same rating.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-11-07 |title=Chiranjeeva Movie Review: రాజ్ తరుణ్ ‘చిరంజీవ’ రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/chiranjeeva-movie-review-raj-taruns-ott-comeback-with-kushita-kallapu-on-aha-891298.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|38589147|Chiranjeeva}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:2025 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]

National Institute of Homoeopathy

2026-03-01T17:25:46Z

RickieDumas3:

{{short description|Homoeopathy Institute in Salt Lake, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Homeopathy
| image = National_Institute_of_Homoeopathy_Logo.png
| image_upright = .7
| caption =
| motto = {{lang|sa|शरीरमाद्यं खलु धर्मसाधनम्}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| mottoeng = Physical body is the medium for the righteous action
| academic_affiliation = {{hlist|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]]|[[National Commission for Homoeopathy|NCH]]}}
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=y|br=y|1975|12|10}}
| type = [[Homeopathy]] [[medical school]]
| president = [[Ministry of Ayush|Union Minister of State for AYUSH]]
| chairman =
| director = Pralay Sharma
| students = '''Total Seats:'''
* BHMS - 126
* MD(Hom) - 47
* PhD(Hom) - 15
| faculty =
| staff =
| budget = {{INRConvert|93.96|c}} (2025{{ndash}}26)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 4, Demands for Grants, 2025-2026, MINISTRY OF AYUSH |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe4.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| members =
| city = [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]], [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|22.5764451|N|88.4201847|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| website = {{official URL}}
| footnotes =
|}}
[[File:National Institute of Homoeopathy - India.jpg|thumb|National Institute of Homoeopathy Building|upright]]
'''National Institute of Homeopathy''' ('''NIH''') is an autonomous organisation under the [[Ministry of Ayush]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State-wise list of AYUSH Colleges in the Country as on 01.04.2008|url=https://cdn.ayush.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/File157-State-wise-Institutes-.pdf|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124054936/https://cdn.ayush.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/File157-State-wise-Institutes-.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It conducts the BHMS, MD (Homeopathy) and PhD (Homeopathy) courses in [[Homeopathy]]. The institute has a 250-bed hospital, with 10 for surgery and 10 for maternity cases. Consists of 25 halls for examination in total. Guarded by CCTV or police service.

==History==
National Institute of Homeopathy was established on 10 December 1975 as an autonomous organisation under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]. It was located at Amherst Street, Kolkata and later shifted to the present location.<ref>[http://nih.nic.in/about.htm About us] NIH website.</ref> It started awarding [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery]] (B.H.M.S.) degrees in 1987. In July 2023 Minister of AYUSH [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] announced that Institute to get additional 150 number of beds, previously institute has 100 number of beds would soon have 250 beds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2023 |title=National Institute of Homeopathy, Kolkata, to get 150 additional beds: Sonowal |work=[[United News of India]] Jul 17 2023 6:04PM |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/national-institute-of-homeopathy-kolkata-to-get-150-additional-beds-sonowal/3012021.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052644/http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/national-institute-of-homeopathy-kolkata-to-get-150-additional-beds-sonowal/3012021.html |archive-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Commission for Homoeopathy]]
*[[List of hospitals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://nih.nic.in/ NIH official website]

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Homeopathic organizations]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1975]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ministry of Ayush]]
[[Category:Homoeopathic Medical Colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Homeopathic colleges]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

People for Animals

2026-02-26T12:40:16Z

RickieDumas3: update layout further and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian animal welfare organization}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{context|date=June 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
|founder=[[Maneka Gandhi]]
|formation=1992
|type=Non-governmental organisation, non-profit
|logo=File:People for Animals Official Logo.png
|headquarters=New Delhi
|website= {{URL|https://www.peopleforanimalsindia.org/}}
|purpose=Animal welfare
|key_people=[[Mahesh Chandra Mehta|M.C Mehta]], Raj Punjwani, [[Pritish Nandy]], [[Manu Parekh]], Ambika Shukla and [[Gauri Maulekhi]]
}}
'''People For Animals''' is one of India's largest [[animal welfare]] organisations, originally founded by Maneka Gandhi in 1992. Currently, the headquarters of this organisation is located in New Delhi, with over 100 regional units located around India.

As both a non-governmental and non-profitable association, People For Animals core purpose is for the maintenance of animal welfare in India, with an aim to establish various animal welfare centres across India's 600 districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} PFA |url=https://www.peopleforanimalsindia.org/aboutus |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.peopleforanimalsindia.org}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Maneka Gandhi is the founder of People For Animals and is currently the chairperson of this organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team – People For Animals |url=https://pfappf.com/meet-our-team-2/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=pfappf.com}}</ref> Whilst serving India as a political member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]], Gandhi founded India's largest organisation for animal welfare, People For Animals. Following the foundation of this organisation, Gandhi was similarly appointed chairperson of the Committee for the Purpose and Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) in 1995. Throughout her time as an animal welfare activist, Gandhi has been involved in investigating laboratories where animal testing was being carried out, has filed for Animal Birth Control programs (ABCs) in order to limit the amount of homeless dogs that were killed as a result of overpopulation <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sachbharat.in/maneka-sanjay-gandhi |title=Maneka Sanjay Gandhi |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064338/http://www.sachbharat.in/maneka-sanjay-gandhi |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> and has also been involved in initiatives planned by the organisation [[International Animal Rescue]].

== Trustees ==
The current trustees of this organisation include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team – People For Animals |url=https://pfappf.com/meet-our-team-2/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=pfappf.com}}</ref>
* [[Mahesh Chandra Mehta]]
* Priyanka Bangari
* Jayasimha Nuggehalli
* Raj Punjwani
* [[Pritish Nandy]]
* [[Manu Parekh]]
* Ambika Shukla
* [[Gauri Maulekhi]]
* Alpana Bhartia

Of these trustees, Alpana Bhartia is one of the founding members of People For Animals and has been "working in the field of animal welfare and wildlife conservation for the past 25 years. As a member of the Institutional Ethics Committee of the National Centre for Biological Studies (NCBS), Bhartia's ethical work has been predominantly centred on the concept of empathy towards animals. Bhartia later co-founded People For Animals in 1992 in order to provide veterinary care to injured animals.

Gauri Maulekhi joined People For Animals in 1995 as a volunteer, establishing animal shelters within India that coordinated the rehabilitation of abandoned dogs via ambulance services for animals in distress. Maulekhi has also worked with other animal welfare associations such as the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) and Raahat. Through her work, Maulekhi has established the Uttarakhand unit of People For Animals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120219/dplus.htm#7|title=Welfare of animals her priority|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160218/people-for-animals-unit-to-move-court-over-threat.html|title=People for Animals unit to move court over threat|date=2018-02-16|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-03-11|language=en}}</ref>

Alongside the Chairperson and trustees, the overall structure of the People For Animals consists of members who are required to be Indian residents. Members need to buy their membership in order to become part of the People For Animals organisation. As it is a non-governmental and non-profitable organisation, donations by individuals often contribute to the funding of this animal welfare organisation, alongside sponsorships.

== Initiatives ==

Since its inception, People For Animals has provided treatment to more than 25,000 animals across more than 250 species. This organisation often works with various animal welfare and rights organisations such as [[Humane Society International|Humane Society International (HSI)]] and [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)]] in order to provide such treatment to wildlife.

Through partnership, People For Animals has been engaged with several different events and campaigns to provide assistance to wildlife, and advocate for the education of animal welfare in India.

=== Animal Birth Control ===
As the founder of the organisation, Gandhi filed litigations in order to bring awareness to the killing of homeless dogs, advocating for the introduction of Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs in various regions of India. The Animal Birth Control program was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in an attempt to provide a solution to the overpopulation of street dogs and the increased dispersal of the rabies virus among such wildlife.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prevention|work= World Health Organization|date= 18 September 2018|url=https://www.who.int/rabies/about/home_prevention/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821053742/http://www.who.int/rabies/about/home_prevention/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Rehabilitation of Laboratory Animals ===
Alongside the Committee for the Purpose and Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), People For Animals has established shelters for animal refugees across India in order to rehabilitate laboratory animals. Of these animals that have been used in laboratories, those that are dogs have been predominantly rehabilitated into individual homes.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Pereira, S.|author2= M. Tettamanti|title=Ahimsa and Alternatives - the Concept of the 4th R. The CPCSEA in India|work= ALTEX – Alternatives to Animal Experimentation|volume= 22|number=1|date=February 2005|pages= 3–6 |url=https://www.altex.org/index.php/altex/article/view/921.}}</ref> These shelters, over the past few years, have received small amounts of financial support from CPCSEA, but due to the work of People For Animals, CPCSEA have declared the rehabilitation of animals as a "moral and legal need"<ref>{{cite news|author1=Pereira, S.|author2= M. Tettamanti|title=Ahimsa and Alternatives - the Concept of the 4th R. The CPCSEA in India|work= ALTEX - Alternatives to Animal Experimentation|volume= 22|number= 1|date= February 2005|pages= 3–6 |url=https://www.altex.org/index.php/altex/article/view/921.}}</ref> and hence will use such funds to establish independent laboratory animal rehabilitation centres.

== Future ==

As of April 2021, People For Animals is still continuing to provide means of animal welfare throughout different regions of India. Despite the criticism and challenges the organisation has faced, particularly in relation to the founder Maneka Gandhi, People For Animals continues to run various initiatives alongside instigating changes to their policies.

In accordance with the Indian philosophy of Ahimsa, belief in the sacredness of life, People For Animals continues to recognise the concept of the 4 'R's – Rescue, Rehabilitation, Release, and Research,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pyke|first=Graham|date=March 2017|title=Conservation and the four Rs, which are rescue, rehabilitation, release, and research|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315546878|access-date=11 December 2021|website=Researchgate}}</ref> and has continued working alongside the Committee for the Purpose and Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) to formulate guidelines for animal testing. Since 2004, "over 665 laboratories are registered with the CPCSEA,"<ref>{{cite news|author1=Pereira, Shiranee|author2= Prema Veeraraghavan|author3= Sonya Ghosh|author4= Maneka Gandhi|title=Animal Experimentation and Ethics in India: The CPCSEA Makes a Difference.|work= Alternatives to Laboratory Animals|volume= 32|number=1|year= 2004|pages= 411–15 |doi= 10.1177/026119290403201s67|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026119290403201s67}}</ref> ensuring that animal testing on rats, mice, guinea-pigs or rabbits can be only be conducted if approved prior by a panel of scientists in the field or domain being studied.

Such policies regarding rehabilitation and relocation have also further been investigated in relation to leopards in India. In association with the Gujarat Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (GSPCA), People For Animals aims to relocate leopards inhabiting public parks in order to "decrease conflicting interests of wildlife conservation and the local people"<ref>{{cite news|author=Athreya, Vidya|title=Is Relocation a Viable Management Option for Unwanted Animals? – The Case of the Leopard in India|work=Conservation and Society|volume= 4|number= 3|year=2006|pages= 419–423|jstor=26396618|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26396618}}</ref> as opposed to inhumanely removing such wildlife via the means of death.

This organisation has also established several hospitals throughout different regions of India, with all hospital treatments being covered for stray animals. People For Animals also has a program enabling individuals to sponsor animals of their choice to contribute to the cost of services and care required for animals relocated into hospitals or shelters. Other programs such as People For Animals' "PFA News of the day" have also been established to allow information to be more accessible across India.

The Founder of PFA, Maneka Gandhi, has made several statements regarding the future direction of People For Animals, with plans to establish over 600 shelters and provide more ambulance services in every district of India. Gandhi also plans to ensure that there is an increase in the amount of government-funded cow shelters, monitor the transportation of animals to ensure it is conducted in a humane way and to extend laws regarding animal sacrifice to all states of India. Further movements of this organisation in the future also include training farmers in organic farming, instigating alternatives to animal testing and introducing animal welfare lessons in schools across India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.peopleforanimalsindia.org/}}

{{Animal welfare}}

[[Category:Animal charities based in India]]
[[Category:Animal rescue groups]]
[[Category:Animal welfare and rights in India]]
[[Category:Animal welfare organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Dog welfare organizations]]

Agra Airport

2026-02-25T13:18:45Z

RickieDumas3: small improved page for consistency also

{{Short description|Domestic airport in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Agra Airport
| IATA = AGR
| ICAO = VIAG
| type = Military/Public
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Agra]]
| location = Kheria, Agra, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1947|08|15|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Kheria Airport (Agra Airport)|url=https://cityseeker.com/agra/723657-kheria-airport-agra-airport|website=www.cityseeker.com}}</ref>
| elevation-f = 551
| elevation-m = 167.94
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1618309|77.9707261|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/agra Agra Airport]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_label = '''AGR'''
| pushpin_mark = Airplane_silhouette.svg
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Uttar Pradesh
| r1-number = 05/23
| r1-length-f = 9,000
| r1-length-m = 2,743
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| metric-rwy =
| r2-number = 12/30
| r2-length-f = 5,964
| r2-length-m = 1,818
| r2-surface = Concrete
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 168,362 ({{decrease}} 8%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 1,848 ({{decrease}} 29.8%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 54 ({{increase}} 15.7%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
| image = File:Agra Airport image.png
}}

'''Agra Airport'''<ref name="name">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-airports-and-the-name-game-1351357-2018-09-27|title=Indian airports and the name game|work=[[India Today]]|date=27 September 2018|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/indigo-announces-new-flight-between-agra-and-bangalore-check-schedule-fare-and-other-details/1814844/lite/| title=IndiGo announces new flight between Agra and Bangalore!| work=Financial Express| date=8 January 2020}}</ref> {{airport codes|AGR|VIAG}}, also known as '''Kheria Airport,'''<ref name="auto"/> is a [[Joint-use airport|dual use]] airport with [[Indian Air Force]] base and a [[domestic airport]] civil enclave serving the [[Agra]] city in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=upd1>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/yogi-adityanath-agra-gorakhpur-airport-renamed|title=Yogi Govt Renames Gorakhpur and Agra Airports|newspaper=[[The Quint]]|quote=The Agra Airport will be renamed after RSS ideologue Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay airport.}}</ref>

To meet the growing demands and traffic, the airport will get a new terminal building that will be much larger than the existing terminal, leading to enhanced connectivity and socio-economic growth in Agra and the rest of the state. Its [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in October 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Agraites hope for smooth air travel as PM lays stone for civil terminal project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/agraites-hope-for-smooth-air-travel-as-pm-lays-stone-for-civil-terminal-project-101729452417532.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=21 October 2024|access-date=28 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> Construction is set to begin by the second half of 2025, and is slated to be completed by the end of 2027 or by the first half of 2028.<ref>{{cite news|title=KSM Wins Agra Airport's New Terminal's Construction Contract|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/02/26/ksm-wins-agra-airports-new-terminals-construction-contract/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=26 February 2024|access-date=28 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==Background==

===Etymology===
The airportis named after the eponymous city Agra. The airport has been proposed to be renamed after [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya]], a renowned independence activist, social reformer and leader.<ref name=upd1/>

===History===

The station was opened during the [[World War II]] as Royal Air Forces Station Agra and had a number of flying units located there. During World War II, the [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[Air Technical Service Command]] established a major maintenance and supply facility at Agra, named "Agra Air Depot". The 3rd Air Depot Group serviced a wide variety of fighter, bomber and transport aircraft being used by [[Tenth Air Force]] and the Allied ground forces in [[Burma]] and [[Fourteenth Air Force]] in [[China]]. The depot stockpiled large amounts of material for shipment over the [[Himalayan Mountains]] ("The Hump") by [[Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)|Air Transport Command]] cargo aircraft flying to [[forward airfield]]s in China. It also was a major stopover point on the ATC [[Karachi]]-[[Kunming]] air transport route.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://airforcehistoryindex.org/search.php?q=Agra&c=u&h=100&F=1/1/1940&L=1/1/1950|title=Air Force History Index -- Search|website=airforcehistoryindex.org}}</ref> The airport is mentioned in a chapter in [[Ernest Gann]]'s [[Fate Is the Hunter]], wherein he relays a story of coming within feet of destroying the Taj Mahal in a severely overloaded C-87 after takeoff.<ref>Fate is the Hunter, Ernest K Gann, Simon & Schuster, 1961</ref>

It was closed after the World War II and transferred to the [[Royal Indian Air Force]]. The prefix Royal was later dropped and the station was later renamed as the Air Force Station Agra on 15 August 1947 and placed under the command of Wing Commander Shivdev Singh, who was the incumbent commander of the No. 12 Sqn. Based on the then-present system of Commands, the airfield fell under the responsibility of the [[Western Air Command]] (WAC). The base remained under this Theatre Command for the next two decades. In July 1971 it was transferred to the [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]] (CAC), where it remains today.

== Runway ==
The airport is served by runway 05/23, which is {{Convert|2743.2|meters||abbr=}} long and {{Convert|45|meters||abbr=}} wide and runway 12/30, which is {{Convert|1817.83|meters||abbr=}} long and {{Convert|45|meters||abbr=}} wide. The airport has [[Instrument landing system|ILS CAT-II]] compliant for landing during the bad weather and foggy conditions.<ref name="agraairport">{{cite web|title=Agra Airport|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/2901|publisher=Airports Authority of India}}</ref>

==Agra Air Force Station==

The Agra air force station is one of the largest airbases of the Indian Air Force.<ref name=upd1/> During its history with the IAF, it has seen the likes of [[C-47 Dakota]]s, [[C-119|C-119 Packets]], [[HS 748|HS 748 'Avros']], [[AN-12]]s, [[AN-32]]s, [[IL-76]]s, Canberras, [[Ilyushin Il-78#Variants|IL-78 MKI]], and now the [[Beriev A-50|Airborne Early Warning and Control/AWACS]]. The station also has the honor of holding the first [[inflight refueling]] aircraft Squadron in IAF service, with No. 78 ‘Mid Air Refuelling Squadron’ (MARS) Squadron flying the IL-78MKIs.

List of squadrons operating from Agra Air Force Station (under the aegis of the [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]) includes:

# [[No. 12 Squadron IAF|No. 12 Squadron]] ([[An-32]])
# [[No. 50 Squadron IAF|No. 50 Squadron]] ([[Beriev A-50|Beriev A-50EI]])
# [[No. 78 Squadron IAF|No. 78 Squadron]] ([[Ilyushin Il-78|Il-78MKI]])
# Unnamed flying squadron (C-295; inducted on 30 January 2025)<ref name=":92">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-01 |title=Agra Air Force welcomes C-295 aircraft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/agra-air-force-welcomes-c-295-aircraft/articleshow/117802327.cms |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Civil enclave==

===Terminal===

The airport has one operational domestic terminal for the civil aviation and one planned. The current civil terminal has an area of {{cvt|4870|sqm}} with a capacity of 250 Arrivals and 250 Departures.<ref name="agraairport"/> Air Force Arjun Nagar Gate is dedicated to civil aviation passenger entry to the civil enclave of the airport.

===Airlines and destinations===

{{Airport-dest-list

|[[IndiGo]]| [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-the-wait-is-going-to-end-agra-lucknow-flight-will-start-from-october1-22022579.html|title = Agra Lucknow flight: खत्म होने जा रहा है इंतजार, एक अक्टूबर से शुरू होगी आगरा-लखनऊ फ्लाइट}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]

}}

=== Statistics ===
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=AGR}}The Airport had handled 1,19,868 arrivals and 1,19,890 departures in 2025, taking the total passenger traffic to 2,39,758 for the year 2024-25.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Ashok |date=2026-02-23 |title=6 of 7 UP airports shut months after takeoff: RTI reveals faltering aviation push |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/six-new-up-airports-shut-months-after-launch-rti-reveals-faltering-aviation-push-2873225-2026-02-23 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Future expansion===

On 12 September 2023, the [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|Uttar Pradesh cabinet]] cleared a 123 crore (US$15 million) proposal for land acquisition to expand the civil enclave of Agra Airport and upgrade the airport to [[International airport|international category]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/agra-tourism-gets-a-boost-as-up-promotes-present-airport-project-to-international-category/1761624/|title=Agra tourism gets a boost as UP promotes present airport project to international category|work=The Print|date=14 September 2023 |accessdate=14 September 2023}}</ref> The proposed expansion plan will involve acquisition of 92.50 acres of land from [[Abhaypura]], Balhera, and [[Dhanauli]]. The plan also includes building a 30,000 sqm new terminal equipped with nine bays to accommodate nine [[Airbus A321]] aircraft, the extension of the present runways, and other airport facilities. The new terminal is expected to be built in the 36 months once all the approvals and funding have been granted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/agra-airport-set-to-be-expanded-123cr-cleared-for-land-acquisition/articleshow/103623117.cms|title=Agra Airport Set To Be Expanded; ₹123cr Cleared For Land Acquisition|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Noida_International_Airport#Airports|Airports in Delhi NCR with scheduled commercial flights]]
* [[National_Capital_Region_(India)#Transport|Delhi NCR Transport Plan]]
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]]
* [[Hisar Airport]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in India]]

==References==
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080927013138/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Special/AirfieldVisits/ "Airfield Visits"]. ''Bharat-Rakshak.com''. 2008.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090922005117/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200809221552.htm "Indo-US air force transport exercise at Agra next year"]. ''The Hindu''. 22 September 2008.
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centres-vested-interests-preventing-airport-in-agra-says-akhilesh-yadav-322212-2016-05-07 "Centre's vested interests preventing airport in Agra, says Akhilesh Yadav"]. ''India Today''. 7 May 2016.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805061947/http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/agra_generalinfo.jsp Agra Airport] at the [[Airports Authority of India]]
* {{NWS-current|VIAG}}
* {{ASN|AGR|Agra-Kheria Airport, India (AGR / VIAG)}}

{{portalbar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Airports in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]
[[Category:Transport in Agra]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in the 1940s]]
[[Category:1940 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Jhujhar Singh

2026-02-23T19:02:37Z

RickieDumas3: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Raja of Orchha from 1627 to 1635}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{about|the raja|the son of Guru Gobind Singh|Jujhar Singh}}
{{Infobox Royalty
| name = Raja Jhujhar Singh Ju Deo
| succession = Raja of Orchha
| image = MET DP156144.jpg
| caption = ''Jhujhar Singh on Horseback'', {{circa|1720–30}}
| reign = 1627–1635
| coronation = 1627
| predecessor = Raja [[Vir Singh Deo]]
| house = [[Bundela|Bundela Rajput]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Raja Jhujhar Singh Ju Deo''' was a [[Bundela]] ruler of [[Orchha State|Orchha Kingdom]] in the 17th century, reining from 1627 to 1635 in the cultural [[Bundelkhand]] region of modern [[Madhya Pradesh]].

Jhujhar Singh was the first-born son of Raja [[Vir Singh Deo]] and the senior of his three queens.{{sfnp|Jain|2002|p=84|ps=}} In 1626,{{sfnp|Michael|2009|p=728|ps=}} he succeeded his father as ruler and determined not to remain a vassal of the [[Mughal Empire]] as his father had been. His attempt to assert independence from [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] led to his downfall. The Mughal army, which was led by the teenager [[Aurangzeb|Prince Aurangzeb]], conquered his kingdom in 1635 and forced him to retreat to [[Gondwana, India|Chauragarh]].

==Death==
Jujhar Singh had written a letter to Kok Shah, the [[Gonds of Deogarh|Gond king of Deogarh]], to let him pass through his territory unharmed and was waiting for an answer at [[Gondwana, India|Chauragarh]]. He heard rumors that the king of Deogarh was dead and hence he travelled through his territory toward [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]]. However, he and his son were killed by Gonds in the [[Kingdom of Chanda]]. Due to Jujhar Singh's attempts at independence, Shah Jahan wrote a farman ordering [[Khwaja Sabir|Khan-i Dauran]], Khan-i-Jahan Barha and Firoz Jung to kill Jujhar Singh. Khan-i-Jahan Barha played a crucial role in the suppression of his rebellion.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148212?seq=1 |page=26 |title=Jujhar Singh's Rebellion : A Reappraisal |author=Abha Singh |date=1990 }}</ref> Their heads were cut by [[Khwaja Sabir|Khan-i-Dauran]] and sent to Firoz Jung to be presented to the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="emperor">{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=The Emperors' Album: Images of Mughal India |date=1987 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-499-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDIyr9LRJ0MC&dq=Khwaja+Sabir&pg=PA225 |language=en}}</ref><ref name= "taj">{{cite book |last1=al-Dīn (Akbarābādī.) |first1=Muḣammad Muʻīn |title=The History of the Taj and the Buildings in Its Vicinity |date=1905 |publisher=Moon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMxAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Khwaja+Sabir&pg=PA102 |language=en}}</ref> The Mughal army recovered treasures worth one crore which Jujhar Singh had hidden in various wells in Deogarh territory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sane |first1=Hemant |title=DEOGARH-NAGPUR GOND DYNASTY.docx |url=https://www.academia.edu/38055455 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711021539/https://www.academia.edu/38055455 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand |first=Ravindra K. |last=Jain |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-12502-194-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC }}
*{{citation |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-93270-554-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC }}
*{{citation |title=Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1801-1900 |first=Thomas |last=Michael |editor-first=George S. |editor-last=Cuhaj |edition=6th |publisher=Krause Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-44022-801-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ur2magic_dAC&pg=PA728 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Orchha]]

Dakshineswar Nath Mahadev Mandir

2026-02-23T18:55:48Z

RickieDumas3: Creating new details - done

{{Short description|Lord Shiva temple in Mithila from Satya Yuga}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Dakshineswar Nath Mahadev Mandir|tradition=[[Hinduism]]|festival=Jalabhishek|location=Uttra, Madhwapur Block, [[Mithila region]]|district=Madhubani|state=Bihar|country=India|architect=Hinduism|established=Satya Yuga|founded_by=Daksh Prajapati|deity=[[Shiva]]|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]], [[Sanatana Dharma]]|festivals=Mahashivratri, Narak Niwaran Chaturdashi, Sombari|image=}}

'''Dakshineswar Nath Mahadev Mandir ''' is a historical and an ancient Hindu temple in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of the Indian state of [[Bihar]], in [[Madhubani district]] at [[Uttra]] village in [[Madhwapur]] block. It is believed that the ancient [[Vedic period|Vedic]] King [[Daksha|Daksha Prajapati]] in [[Satya Yuga]] came here to worship the god. This temple is also known as Daksheshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir. The upbhransh word of Daksheshwar is now a day is Dakshineswar. So present time this temple is known as Dakshineswar Nath Mahadev Mandir.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahashivratri today: The Shivalayas in the block area including the headquarters is ready, Jalabhishek will be done today |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झूमते-गाते शिवालयों को पहुंचे कांवरिए |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-11474441.html |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==

At this [[Shiva]] temple, there is a special tradition that after Jalabhishek, it is customary to offer heads of paddy bushes and rice flour roti on the [[Lingam|Shivling]]. According to the sanyashi Bakhat Giri, this tradition is practiced from his 8th generation clans before him. Some of them are Kishori Giri, Ramchandra Giri, Shambhu Giri, Biltu Giri, Saroj Giri, Sanjay Giri and more. It is believed that the devotees who offer rice and rice flour roti with devotion to the [[Lingam|Shivling]] of the temple, his descendants never lack money, food, happiness and prosperity. Rather, it maintains happiness and prosperity throughout the region. Every year local people of the area fill holy water from [[Dhouns River|Dhouns river]] near Pehwada and do [[Jalabhisheka|Jalabhishek]] on the Shivling of the temple. This temple is very famous for [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]] festival celebrated on the occasion of the anniversary of the marriage of the Lord [[Shiva]] and the Goddess [[Parvati]]. It is also very famous for Narak Niwaran Chaturdashi festival of Lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दक्षिणेश्वर नाथ महादेव उतरा में श्रद्धालुओं की भीड़ |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-news-21356650.html |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

There is a sacred pond known as ''Gangjali Pokhair'' on the south side adjacent to the temple. Its water is also used as [[Achhinjal]] by devotees to offer Jalabhisheka on the Shivalinga of the ''Baba Dakshineshwar Nath Mahadev''. In the campus of the temple, a cultural fair is organised twice a year with great pomp and show on the occasion of [[Naraka Chaturdashi|Narak Nivaran Chaturdashi]] in the month of Magh and on Mahashivratri in the month of Phalgun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-10 |title=बेनीपट्‌टी के गंगजली तालाब से जल भर दक्षणेश्वर नाथ महादेव पर जलाभिषेक की तैयारी के साथ महाशिवरात्रि पर दिखेगी विशेष सजावट, तैयारी ते: Madhubani Me 55 |url=https://deshajtimes.com/news/bihar/madhubani-me-55/38614/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

2026-02-22T23:05:26Z

RickieDumas3: revise

{{short description|National professional accounting body in India}}
{{Redirect|ICAI}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
| logo = ICAI logo.png
| logo_caption = [[Emblem]] of ICAI
| abbreviation = ICAI
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1949|07|01}}
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type =
| vat_id =
| registration_id = 
| status = Established under the [[Chartered Accountants Act, 1949]] enacted by the [[Parliament of India]]
| purpose = Accounting and Auditing Regulatory Body
| headquarters = ICAI Bhawan, Post Box No. 7100, Indraprastha Marg, New Delhi 110002, India
| location =
| coords = {{Coord|28.627815|77.242135|display=inline}}
| region = India
| service =
| products =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership = 4,00,000+(2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics – Members |url=https://resource.cdn.icai.org/30987key-statistics.pdf |publisher=ICAI |access-date=16 January 2021 |date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005163811/https://resource.cdn.icai.org/30987key-statistics.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| membership_year =
| language = English, Hindi
| owner = 
| sec_gen = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = CA. Charanjot Singh Nanda<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id=188&c_id=199 |title=President |publisher=The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = CA. Prasanna Kumar D.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.icai.org/post/vice-president |title=Vice President |publisher=The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| leader_name3 = Jai Kumar Batra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icai.org/post/secretary |title=Secretary |publisher=The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]], [[Government of India]]
| subsidiaries =
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| website = {{URL|https://www.icai.org/}}
| remarks =
| formerly =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:New CA India Logo.png|alt=New Logo of CA India|thumb|'''New Logo of CA India''']]
The '''Institute of Chartered Accountants of India''', [[Abbreviation|abbreviated as]] '''ICAI''', is India's largest [[professional accounting body]] under the [[administrative control]] of [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]], [[Government of India]]. It was established on 1 July 1949 as a [[statutory body]] under the [[Chartered Accountants Act, 1949]] enacted by the [[Parliament]] for promotion, development and regulation of the [[profession]] of [[Chartered Accountancy]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smile Foundation receives first ICAI CSR Award {{!}} Smile Foundation|url=https://www.smilefoundationindia.org/icai-csr-award.html|access-date=2021-09-30|website=smilefoundationindia.org|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930053832/https://www.smilefoundationindia.org/icai-csr-award.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

"The Institute of Chartered Accountants ([https://www.icai.org/ ICAI]) of India plays a significant role in maintaining [[accounting]], auditing, and ethical standards in India, contributing to the stability and transparency of the country’s financial system.”

Members of the institute are known as ''ICAI Chartered Accountants'' or ''Indian CAs'' (either [[Fellow]] member - FCA, or Associate member - ACA). However, the word chartered does not refer to or flow from any [[Royal Charter]]. ICAI Chartered Accountants are subject to a published [[Code of Ethics]] and professional standards, violation of which is subject to disciplinary action. Only a member of ICAI with valid certificate of practice can be appointed as statutory auditor of a company under the [[Companies Act, 2013]] and tax auditor under [[Income-tax Act, 1961]]. The management of the institute is vested with its council with the president acting as its chief executive authority. A person can become a member of ICAI and become a financial (i.e. statutory) auditor of Indian Companies. The professional membership organization is known for its non-profit service. ICAI has entered into [[mutual recognition agreement]]s with other professional accounting bodies worldwide for reciprocal membership recognition. ICAI is one of the founder members of the [[International Federation of Accountants]] (IFAC), [[South Asian Federation of Accountants]] (SAFA), and [[Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants]] (CAPA). ICAI was formerly the provisional jurisdiction for [[XBRL International]] in India. In 2010, it promoted eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) India as a section 8 Company to take over this responsibility from it. Now, eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) India is an established jurisdiction of XBRL International Inc.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India was established under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 passed by the Parliament of India with the objective of regulating the accountancy profession in India.<ref name="act">Act No. XXXVIII of 1949. See [http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/The_Chartered_Accountants_Act_2006.pdf "Chartered Accountants Act 1949 as amended in 2006"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701040609/http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/The_Chartered_Accountants_Act_2006.pdf |date=1 July 2013 }}</ref> ICAI is the second largest professional accounting body in the world in terms of number of membership and number of students after the [[AICPA]].<ref>Ranking of Accountancy bodies as per [http://worldranking.blogspot.com/2009/08/top-professional-accountancy-bodies.html World Ranking Guide Blog]</ref> It prescribes the qualifications for a Chartered Accountant, conducts the requisite examinations and grants [[Professional certification|Certificate of Practice]]. In India, [[accounting standards]] and auditing standards are recommended by the [[National Financial Reporting Authority]] (NFRA) since its foundation in 2018 ( previously it was ICAI's role) to the Government of India which sets the Standards on Auditing (SAs) to be followed in the [[financial audit|audit]] of [[financial statements]] in India.

== History ==
[[File:Chartered Accountants of India 2018 stamp.jpg|thumb|A 2018 stamp dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]
[[File:GDA Certificate.png|thumb|Government Diploma in Accountancy Certificate]]
The Indian Companies Act, 1913 passed in [[British Raj|pre-independent India]] prescribed various books which had to be maintained by a Company registered under that Act. It also required the appointment of a formal [[Auditor]] with prescribed qualifications to audit such records. In order to act as an auditor, a person had to acquire a restricted certificate from the local government upon such conditions as may be prescribed. The holder of a restricted certificate was allowed to practice only within the province of an issue and in the language specified in the restricted certificate. In 1918 a course called Government Diploma in Accountancy was launched in [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] of Bombay (now known as [[Mumbai]]). On passing this diploma and completion of three years of articled training under an approved accountant, a person was held eligible for grant of an unrestricted certificate. This certificate entitling the holder to practice as an auditor throughout India. Later on, the issue of restricted certificates was discontinued in the year 1920.

In 1930, it was decided that the [[Government of India]] should maintain a register called the Register of Accountants. Any person whose name was entered in such register was called a ''Registered Accountant''.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Accountancy Profession in India|year=1973|isbn=978-0-439-41111-0|author=Kapadia, G.P.}}</ref> Later on a board called the Indian Accountancy Board was established to advise the [[Governor General of India]] on accountancy and the qualifications for auditors. However, it was felt that the accountancy profession was largely unregulated, and this caused much confusion as regards the qualifications of auditors. Hence in the year 1948, just after [[Partition of India|independence in 1947]], an expert committee was created to look into the matter.<ref>Government of India Notification No.22-A(8)47 dated 1 May 1948. Copy of the notification available in page 28, July 2010 edition of The Chartered Accountant journal</ref> This expert committee recommended that a separate [[autonomous]] association of accountants should be formed to regulate the profession. The Government of India accepted the recommendation and passed the Chartered Accountants Act in 1949 even before India became a republic. Under section 3 of the said Act, ICAI is established as a [[body corporate]] with [[perpetual succession]] and a [[Company seal|common seal]].

Unlike most other [[Commonwealth of Nations|commonwealth countries]], the word chartered does not refer to a [[royal charter]], since India is a [[republic]]. At the time of passing the Chartered Accountants Act, various titles used for similar professionals in other countries were considered, such as [[Certified Public Accountant]]. This designation inherited a general public impression that Chartered Accountants had better qualifications than Registered Accountants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Against Discrimination: Struggle for the Designation of Chartered|journal=The Chartered Accountant|date=July 2010|volume=59|issue=1|pages=23–24}}</ref> Hence the accountants were very stern in their stand that, the Indian accountancy professionals should be designated only as Chartered Accountants. After much debate in the [[Indian Constituent Assembly]], the controversial term, chartered was accepted. When the [[Chartered Accountants Act, 1949]] came into force on 1 July 1949, the term [[Chartered Accountant]] superseded the title of Registered Accountant. This day is celebrated as Chartered Accountants Day every year.<ref>{{cite web|title=CA Day: Chartered Accountants Day India Celebrations July 1|url=https://caportal.saginfotech.com/blog/ca-day-celebrated-and-origin-history/|publisher=caportal.saginfotech.com|access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

On 23 September 2019 chartered accountancy students organized protests under leadership of teacher CA Praveen Sharma, named "''Dear ICAI please change''" at over 200 institute branches across India and on social media demanding among other things right to re-checking of CA exam answer sheets. At present as per CA regulations, re-checking of answer sheets are not allowed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/icai-protest-day-2-ca-aspirants-protest-at-200-branches-demand-right-to-revaluation-of-papers-watch/story-NqN3k42b8Nxerke6NHBygM.html|title=ICAI CA Protest Day 2: CA aspirants protest at 200 branches, demand right to revaluation of papers{{!}} WATCH|date=2019-09-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> Students were demanding this right since 2018. A protest was also called in December, 2018 but after assurance by the council and formation of a committee to review the examination process the protest was called off.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhargava |first=Kshitij |date=2019-09-25 |title=ET Explains: Why CA students are up in arms |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/et-explains-why-ca-students-are-up-in-arms/articleshow/71292881.cms |access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> Students were able to gather support of many public figures which includes Congress leader Rahul Gandhi, Past President of ICAI Mr. [[N. D. Gupta]], renowned accountant Mr. [[Motilal Oswal]], Mr. Mohandas Pai, Mr. [[Raghav Chadha]], etc. on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rahul-gandhi-rallies-support-for-ca-students-protesting-for-re-evaluation-of-answer-sheets-2321749.html|title=Rahul Gandhi Rallies Support for CA Students Protesting for Re-evaluation of Answer Sheets|website=News18|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>

== Motto ==
The [[motto]] of the ICAI is ''Ya Aeshu Suptaeshu Jagruti'' (Sanskrit),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id=163&c_id=192|title= The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|access-date= 25 December 2018|archive-date= 25 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175603/https://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id=163&c_id=192|url-status= dead}}</ref> which literally means "a person who is awake in those that sleep". It is a [[quotation]] from the [[Katha Upanishad]]. It was given to the ICAI at the time of its formation in 1949 by [[Sri Aurobindo]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=ICAI Logo was conceptualised by Sri Aurobindo|journal=The Chartered Accountant|date=July 2006|volume=55|issue=1|page=112}}</ref> as a part of its emblem. CA. C. S. Shastri, a Chartered Accountant from [[Chennai]] went to Sri Aurobindo and requested him through a letter to give an emblem to the newly formed Institute of which he was an elected member from the [[Southern India]]. In reply to this request, Sri Aurobindo gave him the emblem with a [[Garuda]], the [[Hindu Mythology|mythical]] eagle in the center and a quotation from the Upanishad: Ya Aeshu Suptaeshu Jagruti. The emblem along with the motto was placed at the first meeting of the Council of the Institute and was accepted amongst many other emblems placed by other members of the council.

Apart from its emblem, ICAI also has a separate logo for its members. As a part of a brand building exercise, ICAI introduced this separate new CA logo for the use of its members in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=New logo for Indian CAs – an initiative in brand building|date=6 July 2007 |url=http://www.labnol.org/india/knowledge/new-logo-for-indian-cas-an-initiative-in-brand-building/771/|publisher=Digital Inspiration|access-date=9 February 2011}}</ref> The logo is free for use by all members of ICAI subject to certain conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guidelines to use CA Logo |url=https://resource.cdn.icai.org/9061announ1040.pdf |access-date=9 February 2011 |publisher=ICAI}}</ref> The logo was launched by the then Minister of Corporate Affairs, [[Prem Chand Gupta]] at the occasion of the Chartered Accountant Day (1 July) in the presence of the then President of ICAI Sunil Talati. Members of ICAI cannot use the ICAI emblem, but they are encouraged to use the CA logo instead on their official stationery.

ICAI is a founder member of the [[International Federation of Accountants]] (IFAC),<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Founding Members of IFAC|url=http://www.ifac.org/History/founding_member_bodies.php|publisher=International Federation of Accountants|access-date=14 February 2011|archive-date=13 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064314/http://www.ifac.org/History/founding_member_bodies.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[South Asian Federation of Accountants]] (SAFA),<ref>{{cite web|title=List of SAFA Member Institutions |url=http://www.esafa.org/About/MemberMain.aspx |publisher=South Asian Federation of Accountants |access-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124135616/http://www.esafa.org/About/MemberMain.aspx |archive-date=24 January 2011 }}</ref> and [[Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants]] (CAPA)<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of CAPA from India|url=http://www.capa.com.my/section.cfm?id=24|publisher=Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants|access-date=14 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915140531/http://www.capa.com.my/section.cfm?id=24|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> and [[International Innovation Network (IIN)]]. ICAI is an Associate member of the Chartered Accountants Worldwide, and a member of [[International Valuation Standards Council]] (IVSC).

== Membership ==
Members of the Institute are known as Chartered Accountants. Becoming a member requires passing the prescribed examinations, 24 months of practical training and meeting other requirements under the Act and Regulations. The institute has 4,00,000 members currently.

=== Associates and fellows ===
Generally, associates are members of the institute with less than five years of membership after which they become eligible to apply for fellowship. Some associate members, particularly those not in practice, often voluntarily chose not to apply to be a fellow due to a variety of reasons.

An associate member who has been in continuous practice in India or has worked for a commercial or government organization for at least five years and meets other conditions as prescribed can apply to the institute to get designated as a "Fellow". Responsibilities and voting rights of both types of members remain the same but only fellows can be elected to the council and regional councils of ICAI. Fellows are perceived as enjoying a higher status due to their long professional experience.

=== Practicing Chartered Accountants ===
Any member wanting to engage in public practice has to first apply for and obtain a ''Certificate of Practice (COP)'' from the Council of ICAI.<ref>Section 6 of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 provides, "No member of the Institute shall be entitled to practice (whether in India or elsewhere) unless he has obtained from the Council a certificate of practice".</ref> Only members holding a Practicing Certificate may act as statutory auditors of Indian companies. Under section 288(2) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, a chartered accountant who holds a current certificate of practice (CoP), is considered an "accountant" and is therefore qualified to practice in tax audits required under section 44AB of the IT act.

Companies in India cannot practice profession of accountancy.

== Role of Chartered Accountants ==
Chartered accountants '''work in all fields of business and finance, including auditing, taxation, financial and general management'''. Some are engaged in public practice work, others work in the private sector and some are employed by government bodies.

== Council of the institute ==
[[File:ICAI Regional Councils.png|thumb|[[Map]] of India showing the [[jurisdiction]]s of the five Regional Councils of ICAI]]
The management of the affairs of the institute is undertaken by a council constituted under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.<ref name="act" /> The council consists of 32 elected fellow members and up to 8 members nominated by the [[Government of India]]. The elected members of the council are elected under the [[single transferable vote]] system by the members of the institute. The council is re-elected every three years. The council elects two of its members to be president and vice-president who hold office for one year. The president is the chief executive authority of the council.<ref>Section 12(2) of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 provides, "The President shall be the chief executive Authority of the Council".</ref>

=== Regions and branches ===
ICAI has five regions : Eastern, Western, Northern, Southern and Central. As on 15 July 2019, ICAI have 164 Branches so far. Out of total 164 Branches, 99 branches are having their own premises which include 14 Branches (presently functioning from Rented Premises) who have procured land on which construction is either commenced or construction is under-way. 16 Branches (functioning from own premises) have procured land where either construction has started or construction is under-way. 51 Branches do not own either land or building.

=== Presidents ===
ICAI's first president was Mr. G.P. Kapadia (1949 to 1952) And He is the frist Chartered Accountant too and the person who received the very first membership certificate on June 9, 1950 . CA. Charanjot Singh Nanda is the current president(Taken charge on February 12,2025).<ref name="icai.org">{{Cite web |title=ICAI - The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India |url=https://www.icai.org/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=ICAI |language=en}}</ref>

== Code of ethics ==
The institute has a detailed code of ethics and actions in contravention of such code results in disciplinary action against the erring members. The institute publishes a members' handbook containing the Chartered Accountants Act 1949, Chartered Accountants Regulations 1988, Professional Opportunities for Members – an Appraisal, Code of Ethics and Manual for members. These together form the basis of regulation of the profession. The council also has a Peer Review Board that ensures that in carrying out their professional attestation services assignments, the members of the institute (a) comply with the Technical Standards laid down by the institute and (b) have in place proper systems (including documentation systems) for maintaining the quality of the attestation services work they perform.<ref>{{cite book|title=Code of Ethics|date=January 2009|publisher=The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|isbn=978-81-8441-180-5|page=365|url=http://www.icai.org/resource_file/20238code_of_ethics-2009.pdf|edition=11th|access-date=16 March 2011|archive-date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170224/http://www.icai.org/resource_file/20238code_of_ethics-2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Disciplinary process ==
The Disciplinary Directorate, the Board of [[Discipline]], and the Disciplinary [[Committee]] form the foundation of the disciplinary process of the institute. These entities are [[quasi-judicial]] and have substantial powers like that of a [[Civil law (common law)|Civil Court]] to [[summon]] and enforce attendance or require discovery and production of documents on [[affidavit]] or otherwise.<ref>Section 21C of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949</ref> The Disciplinary Directorate is headed by an officer designated as Director (Discipline). On receipt of any information or [[complaint]] that a member has allegedly engaged in any [[misconduct]], the Director (Discipline) shall arrive at a [[prima facie]] [[opinion]] whether or not there is any misconduct. If the Director (Discipline) is of the opinion that the misconduct is covered by the items listed in the first schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949, he/she shall refer the case to the Board of Discipline. If he/she is of the Opinion that the case is covered by the Second Schedule or both schedules of the CA Act, he/she will refer the case to the Disciplinary Committee. If the Board of Discipline finds a member guilty of professional or other misconduct, it may at its discretion reprimand the member, remove the name of the member from the register of members for up to three months or impose a fine up to {{INR}} 1,00,000/-. If the Disciplinary Committee finds a member guilty of professional or other misconduct, it may at its discretion reprimand the member, remove the name of the member from the register of members permanently or impose a fine up to {{INR}} 5,000/-. Any member aggrieved by any order may approach the [[Appeal|Appellate]] Authority.

It should be borne in mind that this disciplinary proceeding is not in lieu of or an alternative for criminal proceedings in a court. Criminal proceedings against a Chartered Accountant and disciplinary action by ICAI are two separate issues and one need not wait for another to be completed first.<ref>As decided in case of law: Talluri Srinivas Vs. The institute of Chartered Accountants of India 2010 (174) DLT 537 by the Delhi High Court with reference to the [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam Computer Services Limited]] scam</ref>

=== Actions ===
One of the public actions of The ICAI Disciplinary Committee in the 2009–2010 time period was proceedings for professional misconduct against two auditors from the firm [[Price Waterhouse]] partners for wrongly auditing and inflating the financial statements of [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam Computer Services Limited]]. The [[Supreme Court of India]] (November 2010) rejected a plea by the two charged auditors to stay the proceedings by the ICAI Disciplinary committee. The court's order came in response to the pleas of the charged auditors seeking a stay on the disciplinary proceedings against them on the ground that it violated their [[Fundamental rights|fundamental right]] against self-incrimination under Article 20 (3) of the [[Constitution of India]].

Other publicized actions included, the [[SEBI]] referred case of a brokerage firm, [[Karvy]], in which the internal auditors, Haribhakti & Co (an associate of [[BDO Global]]). were held guilty of negligence for failing to detect thousands of demat accounts being opened with the same address. The committee has also taken action against members for alleged irregularities in the books of [[Maytas]] Properties and Maytas Infra and the role played by their auditors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maytas fraud to be probed |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/city/maytas-fraud-be-probed-981 |access-date=14 February 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204025607/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/city/maytas-fraud-be-probed-981 |archive-date=4 February 2011 }}</ref>
The names of the members found guilty of misconduct are published on ICAI's website. The ICAI website lists 35 as the number of cases in which inquiry was completed by the Disciplinary Committee in the past one year since February 2010. The list of members held guilty of professional or other misconduct is published periodically.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Persons/Members found guilty under First & Second Schedule.|url=http://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id=6400|publisher=The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref>

=== Request for more power ===
Many of the recent{{clarify timeframe|date=September 2019}} financial frauds and scams related to organizations that had multinational accounting firms as their auditors. These multinational firms cannot legally practice in India but they are practicing in India by surrogate means, operating through tie-ups with local firms, though the partners involved are from India, since only a member of the institute can be an auditor of an Indian entity. The example for this is an elaborate list, Price Waterhouse in case of Global Trust Bank Scam, again Price Waterhouse in Satyam Computer Services Limited scam, Ernst and Young in the Maytas case. ICAI lacks jurisdictional powers to punish these or for that matter any firm, as under its current regulations it only has the power to proceed against individual members. The institute has asked the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India to grant additional powers so that it may proceed against firms whose partners or employees are frequent offenders.<ref>{{cite news|title=ICAI to seek power to punish audit firms with govt nod|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/icai-to-seek-power-to-punish-audit-firmsgovt-nod/405728/|access-date=14 February 2011|work=Business Standard|date=25 August 2010}}</ref> ICAI also has sent a proposal to the Government of India to amend the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 in order to enable to it to impose a fine of {{INR}} 1,00,00,000/- on audit firms if they are found guilty of colluding with companies to commit a fraud.<ref>{{cite news|title=ICAI wants Rs 1 crore fine on erring audit firms|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/consultancy-/-audit/icai-wants-rs-1-crore-fine-on-erring-audit-firms/articleshow/7483893.cms|access-date=14 February 2011|work=The Economic Times|date=12 February 2011}}</ref>

== Qualification ==
A person is eligible to apply for membership either by passing all three levels of examinations (Foundation, Intermediate and Final) prescribed by ICAI and completing 24 months of practical training before Final ( 12 months of additional practical training post qualification is mandatory for Certification of Practice ( CoP)) or by availing themselves of exemptions under [[mutual recognition agreement]] (MRAs).

ICAI has MRAs and MOUs with the [[CPA Canada]], [[ICAEW]], [[CPA Australia]], [[CPA Ireland]].<ref name=regulations>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229200342/http://www.icai.org/resource_file/7697announ1209b.pdf |title=The Chartered Accountants Regulations|year= 1988|website=icai.org|archive-date=2009-12-29|url=http://www.icai.org/resource_file/7697announ1209b.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Examination ==
Entry to the profession can be made by taking the [[CA Foundation Course]] after completion of schooling (12th grade). Alternatively, graduates may train as an articled assistant for three years in a chartered firm before final exam or after completion of Intermediate of Cost Management Accountant or Company Secretary. A comprehensive 100 hours of information technology training and an orientation programme for soft skills development have to be completed before being articled. ICAI will soon introduce a "New Scheme for Education and Training", wherein emphasis would be more on development of higher order skills of application, analysis and interpretation. A special feature of the new scheme would be the mandatory multi-disciplinary case study at the Final level, which would help students integrate professional knowledge in different subject areas, analyse and apply such knowledge in problem solving. The scheme also intends to focus more on practical training and will also offer self-paced online modules, where in working students can learn and qualify at their own pace.<ref name="icai.org"/>

ICAI has entered into an agreement with [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU), to help CA students acquire a [[Bachelor of Commerce|Bachelor's degree]] and master's degree by writing six papers / five papers respectively. For example, a bachelor's degree in Commerce can be obtained from IGNOU with a major in accounting and finance provided the student is able to provide the grades received in Foundation and Intermediate and pass the term end examination conducted by IGNOU. Similarly based on the grades in Final would be taken for Masters. This initiative has helped a lot of students attain both the degrees without any duplication of subjects and credits.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=10259|title=ICAI – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|website=ICAI|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://resource.cdn.icai.org/45785bos35964.pdf Prospectus]. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India</ref>

ICAI offers study materials and describes the syllabus in great detail via a prospectus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://students.icai.org/?page_id=8826|title=ICAI Student Portal}}</ref> While ICAI claims that this study material on the website is sufficient for motivated students to study, most students opt to attend [[Education in India#Coaching|oral coaching classes]] or learn from [[Educational technology|e-learning]] portals.

== Membership through MRA ==
The second method of obtaining membership is through [[mutual recognition agreement]]s or MRAs. ICAI has entered into MRAs with several institutes globally, of equivalent standing, to enable members of those institutes to acquire membership of ICAI and to enable the members of ICAI to gain membership of its counterpart in other countries. This is done by granting some exemptions in the regular scheme of examination and training.

ICAI currently has MRAs with following professional accounting bodies:
* [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAI - The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|url=https://www.icai.org/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=ICAI|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales]] (since 20 November 2008)<ref>[http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=3699 ICAI Signed MoU with ICAEW], ICAI website</ref>
* [[CPA Australia]] (originally signed in February 2009 and re-signed in September 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPA program: how to apply |url=https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/become-a-cpa/starting-the-cpa-program/how-to-apply |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=CPA Australia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=4289&c_id=219|title=ICAI – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|website=ICAI|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[CPA Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAI MRA With CPA Canada|url=https://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=15255|website=ICAI Announcement}}</ref>
* [[CPA Ireland]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAI MRA with CPA Ireland|url=https://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id=15148|website=ICAI Announcement}}</ref>
* [[South African Institute of Chartered Accountants|The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAI MRA With SAICA|url=https://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=14858|website=ICAI Announcement}}</ref>
* [[CPA Australia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAI MRA with Australia|url=https://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=4289|website=ICAI Announcement}}</ref>
* [[Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand]] (CA ANZ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAI Mou with New Zealand| work=The Economic Times | date=8 May 2018 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/consultancy-/-audit/icai-members-can-have-chartered-accountants-australia-new-zealand-membership/articleshow/64082205.cms?from=mdr|publisher=In News}}</ref>
* National Board of Accountants & Auditors, Tanzania<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAI MRA with Tanzania|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-mou-between-the-icai-and-national-board-of-accountants-and-auditors-tanzania/|website=Govt Website}}</ref>
* [[Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAI MRA With Kenya|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cabinet-approves-mou-between-indian-kenyan-accounting-bodies-118092601344_1.html|website=News Website}}</ref>
ICAI is also in the process of negotiating MRAs with [[Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants]] and [[Certified General Accountants Association of Canada]].

=== Technical co-operation agreements ===
The ICAI has signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MOU) with [[Professional accounting body|professional accounting bodies]] of various countries. These MOUs aim at establishing mutual co-operation between the two institutions for the advancement of accounting knowledge, professional and intellectual development, advancing the interests of their respective members and positively contributing to the development of the accounting profession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id=5617|title=ICAI – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|website=ICAI|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>

Currently ICAI has MOUs with following professional accounting bodies:
* Accounting and Auditing Standards Board of Bhutan, [[Bhutan]] (signed on 22 November 2013)<ref name=":1" />
* The Vietnam Association of Certified Public Accountants, [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=10260|title=ICAI – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|website=ICAI|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Higher Colleges of Technology]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] (signed on 4 January 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=7064|title=ICAI – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|website=ICAI|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
* College of Banking and Financial Studies, [[Oman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=9283|title=ICAI – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|website=ICAI|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
* Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal
The MoUs with CPA Afghanistan and Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants (SOCPA) are in pipeline.

== Placement ==
The institute maintains a placement portal on its website for qualified members and partially qualified students.
cmib.in. The Average Package in ICAI Campus is ₹13Lakhs, placing 20-25% CA Freshers after Every Attempt. Highest Package usually goes to ₹30+Lakhs CTC & min. CTC offered is ₹9Lakhs CTC.
There are total of 29 Campus Centres across India.

== Technical standards ==
ICAI formulates and issues [[Auditing, Review and Other Standards|technical standards]] to be followed by Chartered Accountants and others. Non-compliance of these standards by the members will lead to disciplinary action against them. The technical standards issued by ICAI include Accounting Standards, Engagement, and Quality Control Standards, Standards on Internal Audit, Corporate Affairs Standard, Accounting Standards for Local Bodies, etc.

=== Accounting Standards {{anchor|Accounting Standards}} ===
{{As of|2010}}, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has issued 32 Accounting Standards. These are numbered AS-1 to AS-7 and AS-9 to AS-32 (AS-8 & AS-6 is no longer in force since it was merged with AS-26 and AS-10).<ref>{{cite web|title=Accounting Standards issued by the ICAI|url=http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=474|publisher=Accounting Standards Board|access-date=12 March 2011}}</ref> Compliance with accounting standards issued by ICAI has become a statutory requirement with the notification of Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006 by the Government of India.<ref>[http://mca.gov.in/Ministry/notification/notification_comp_Acct.html Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006]. Mca.gov.in (27 March 2008). Retrieved on 2018-12-25.</ref> Before the constitution of the [[National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards]] ([[NACAS]]), the institute was the sole accounting standard setter in India. However [[NACAS]] is not an independent body; It can only consider accounting standards recommended by ICAI and advise the Government of India to notify them under the [[Companies Act 2013]]. Further, the Accounting Standards so notified are applicable only to companies registered under the companies act, 2013. For all other entities, the accounting standards issued by the ICAI continue to apply.

==== Convergence with IFRS ====
{{Main|Indian Accounting Standards}}

The inception of the idea of [[Convergence of accounting standards|convergence]] of Indian [[Generally accepted accounting principles|GAAP]] with [[IFRS]] was made by the Prime Minister of India [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]] by committing in [[G20]] to align Indian accounting standards with IFRS. As per the original roadmap for implementation of IFRS-converged Ind AS issued by the Government of India, initially, Ind AS were expected to be implemented from the year 2011. However, keeping in view the fact that certain issues including tax issues were still to be addressed, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs decided to postpone the date of implementation of Ind AS. For a smooth transition to IFRS, ICAI has taken up the matter of convergence with the [[National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards]] and various regulators such as the [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]], [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] and [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|IRDA]], [[Central Board of Direct Taxes|CBDT]]. [[IASB]], the issuer of IFRS, has also been supporting the ICAI in its endeavors towards convergence. ICAI has revised/formulated Ind AS on the basis of the amendments and new IFRS issued by the IASB subsequent to February 2011. IFRS-converged Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) has been implemented in India in a phased manner from 1 April 2015 being the voluntary date of adoption of Ind AS. The mandatory application of Ind AS has been restricted to listed and unlisted companies with a net worth of Rs. 500 crore and above from the accounting year beginning on or after 1 April 2016. With effect on 1 April 2017, all listed companies and unlisted companies having a net worth of Rs. 250 crore and above would be required to prepare their financial statements in accordance with the applicable Ind AS. Banks and NBFCs are also required to implement Ind AS on 1 April 2018 onwards based on the criteria of net worth.

In order to ensure that these standards are implemented in the same spirit in which these have been formulated, ICAI has been providing guidance to members through its various initiatives such as the issuance of Educational Materials on Ind AS containing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). For addressing transition and implementation related queries clarifications on a timely basis are also being issued by the ICAI. Queries raised are also addressed through Support-desk for implementation of Ind AS. Apart from this, Certificate Course on Ind AS, In-house training programmes on Ind AS for corporate and regulatory bodies are also being organized to educate and train the members on these standards.

=== Engagement and Quality Control Standards {{anchor|Engagement and Quality Control Standards}} ===
Engagement and Quality Control Standards comprises the following Standards:
1 Standards on Auditing (SAs), to be applied in the audit of historical financial information.
2 Standards on Review Engagements (SREs), to be applied in the review of historical financial information.
3 Standards on Assurance Engagements (SAEs), to be applied in assurance engagements, other than audits and reviews of historical financial information.
4 Standards on Related Services (SRSs), to be applied to engagements involving the application of agreed-upon procedures to information, compilation engagements, and other related services engagements, as may be specified by the ICAI.
The aforesaid Standards are collectively known as Engagement Standards.
5. Standards on Quality Control (SQCs) – These Standards are to be applied for all services covered by the Engagement Standards as described above.
{{As of|October 2017}} ICAI has issued 46 Engagement and Quality Control Standards (formerly known as Auditing and Assurance Standards) covering various topics relating to [[financial audit|auditing]] and other engagements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Auditing, Review and Other Standards (formerly known as AAS) – Complete Text|url=http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=450&c_id=141|publisher=Auditing and Assurance Standards Board of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|access-date=12 March 2011}}</ref> These standards have been harmonized with the [[International Standards]] issued by the [[International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board|IAASB]] of the [[International Federation of Accountants|IFAC]] except for two standards i.e. ISA 600 and ISAE 3000.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rawat, D.S.|title=Students' Guide to Auditing Standards|year=2011|publisher=Taxmann|location=Preface to Fourteenth Edition|isbn=978-81-7194-826-0|pages=I-7}}</ref>

=== Forensic Accounting and Investigation Standards (FAIS) ===
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ('''ICAI''') has constituted a committee to deliberate on FAIS, which are expected to be framed by the end of this year 2020.{{update needed|date=July 2025}} The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India will be the first body in the accounting world to develop a full set of FAIS standards for forensic professionals and stakeholders, The proposed standards would help Forensic Accounting and Investigation professionals to conduct their examinations in a highly professional manner and collect evidences which may be subject to high level of scrutiny in a court of law.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ICAI Forensic Standards|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/ca-institute-plans-to-come-out-with-forensic-accounting-investigation-standards/article32496967.ece|access-date=2020-09-02}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Auditing in India]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] (PAC)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Institute of Chartered Accountants of India}}
* {{Official website|http://www.icai.org}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1949]]
[[Category:Professional accounting bodies|India]]
[[Category:Professional associations based in India]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Accounting in India]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in the 1940s]]

Indian Union Muslim League

2026-02-21T12:51:55Z

RickieDumas3: rework references per standard format

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Indian Union Muslim League
|abbreviation = IUML
|party_flag = Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg
|colorcode = {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|president= [[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
|chairman= [[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal]]
|secretary = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|loksabha_leader = [[E. T. Muhammed Basheer]]
|rajyasabha_leader = [[P. V. Abdul Wahab]]
|predecessor = [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]]
|foundation =
* {{Start date|df=yes|1948|03|10}} (First Council)
* {{Start date|df=yes|1951|09|01}} (Constitution)
|founder = [[M. Muhammad Ismail]]
|headquarters = Quaid-e-Millath Manzil, No. 36, Maraikayar Lebbai Street, [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124034729/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|eci=
|alliance =
[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (Kerala) [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (Tamil Nadu) [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (national level)
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|543|hex={{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|245|hex={{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|ideology = [[Islamic democracy]]<ref name="Atheist Fundamentalists">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/atheist-fundamentalists/articleshow/6014430.cms |title=Atheist Fundamentalists |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Liberal conservatism]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-the-leaderless-face-of-anti-caa-agitation-is-it-political-orphanhood-of-muslims/302752 | title=Leaderless Anti-CAA Protests Underscore Muslim Political Orphanhood | date=4 February 2022 }}</ref>
|youth = [[Muslim Youth League|Muslim Youth League (Youth League)]]
|students = [[Muslim Students Federation (I. U. M. L.)|Muslim Students Federation (msf)]]
|women = [[Muslim Women's League]]
|labour = [[Swatantra Thozhilali Union|Swatantra Thozhilali Union (STU)]]
|peasants = Swathanthra Karshaka Sangam (SKS)
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|IUML Election Symbol|100px]]
| state_seats_name = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|website = {{URL|https://iumlkerala.org}}
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|15|140|hex={{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|Political position=[[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref name="Atheist Fundamentalists">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/atheist-fundamentalists/articleshow/6014430.cms |title=Atheist Fundamentalists |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> to {{nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=A coloured scheme of things|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-a-coloured-scheme-of-things/301479}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee|last2=Saxena|last3=Mitra|first1=Pampa|first2=Rekha|first3=Subrata|author-link=|date=16 June 2022|title=The 2019 Parliamentary Elections in India Democracy at the Crossroads?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTZwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bharatiya+Lok+Dal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT78|location=|publisher=Taylor and Francis |page=|isbn=9781000591057|quote="... the Indian Union Muslim League(IUML) in Kerala,... are all, by and large, centre-right political formations"}}</ref>|party_logo=Indian Union Muslim Leage logo.jpg}}

'''Indian Union Muslim League''' (abbreviated as the '''IUML''' or '''Muslim League''') is a Muslim political party based in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is recognised as a [[List of political parties in India|State Party]] in Kerala by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name="ECI23092021">{{cite web|date=31 December 2021|title=List of Political Parties & Symbol MAIN Notification|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13711-list-of-political-parties-symbol-main-notification-dated23092021/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India]], the first Council of the Indian segment of the [[All-India Muslim League]] was held on 10 March 1948 at the south Indian city of Madras (now [[Chennai]]).<ref name=":42">Wright, T. (1966). The Muslim League in South India since Independence: A Study in Minority Group Political Strategies. ''The American Political Science Review,'' ''60''(3), 579–599. {{JSTOR|1952972}}</ref> The party renamed itself as the 'Indian Union Muslim League' and adopted a new constitution on 1 September 1951.<ref name=":42" />

IUML is a major member of the opposition [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]], the [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-led pre-poll state level alliance in Kerala.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-06 |title=Explained: History of Muslim League in Kerala and India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-history-of-muslim-league-in-kerala-and-india-5660839/ |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":52">James Chiriyankandath (1996) Changing Muslim politics in Kerala: identity, interests and political strategies, ''Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs'', 16:2, 257-271.</ref> Whenever the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] rules in Kerala, the party leaders are chosen as important Cabinet Ministers. The party has always had a constant, albeit small, presence in the Indian Parliament.<ref name=":12" /> The party is a part of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] in national level.<ref name=":12" /> The League first gained a ministry (Minister of State for External Affairs) in [[Indian Government]] in 2004.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Press Trust of India |date=2004-06-19 |title=E. Ahamed: Minister of State for External Affairs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/e-ahamed-minister-of-state-for-external-affairs/story-iGMKx2dOdWfDPocowq9ltI.html |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200607160300/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/e-ahamed-minister-of-state-for-external-affairs/story-iGMKx2dOdWfDPocowq9ltI.html|archive-date= 7 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-07 |website=Hindustan Times |publication-place=}}</ref>

The party currently has five members in Parliament – [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]], [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]] and [[Kani K. Navas]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[P. V. Abdul Wahab]] and Adv. Haris Beeran<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/18/rajya-sabha-mps-kerala-jose-k-mani-pp-suneer-haris-beeran.html | title=Jose K Mani, P P Suneer, Haris Beeran elected to Rajya Sabha unopposed }}</ref> in the [[Rajya Sabha]] – and fifteen members in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala State Legislative Assembly]].

==History ==
[[File:Muhammad Ismail 1996 stamp of India.jpg|thumb| [[M. Muhammad Ismail|Muhammad Ismail Sahib]] on a 1996 stamp of India]]
[[File:Panakkad_Shihab_Thangal_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|A postage stamp released in commemoration of [[Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal|Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal]] (1936-2009). |256x256px]]

The first Muslim political agency in the region was the Kerala Muslim Majlis formed in 1931. It joined the federal setup of All-India Muslim League later.<ref>{{cite news |date=2016-02-14 |title=Indian Union Muslim League looks set now on a conservative course as BJP knocks in Kerala|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-union-muslim-league-looks-set-now-on-a-conservative-course-as-bjp-knocks-in-kerala/articleshow/50976164.cms|access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Economic Times |language=en-IN |last1=Thampi |first1=Praveen S. }}</ref>

After the partition of India in 1947, the [[All-India Muslim League]] was virtually disbanded. It was succeeded by the Indian segment of the Muslim League in the new Dominion of India (first session on 10 March 1948 and constitution passed on 1 September 1951).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=2019-04-06 |title=Explained: History of Muslim League in Kerala and India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-history-of-muslim-league-in-kerala-and-india-5660839/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412001430/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-history-of-muslim-league-in-kerala-and-india-5660839/ |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[M. Muhammad Ismail]], the then President of the Madras unit of the Muslim League was chosen as the Convener of the Indian segment of the party.<ref name=":42"/> The Travancore Muslim League (the States' Muslim League) was merged with the Malabar League in November 1956.<ref name=":42"/>

Indian Union Muslim League contests [[Elections in India|General Elections]] under the Indian Constitution.<ref name=":1" /> The party is normally represented by two members in the Indian Lower House (the [[Lok Sabha]]).<ref name=":1" /> [[B. Pocker]], elected from Malappuram Constituency, was a member of the First Lower House (1952–57) from the Madras Muslim League.<ref name=":1" /> The party currently has four members in Parliament.

Apart from Kerala and West Bengal, the League had Legislative Assembly members in Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Maharastra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Indian Union Muslim League|url=http://indianunionmuslimleague.in/history-indian-union-muslim-league-iuml#selection-199.0-199.37|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217225317/http://indianunionmuslimleague.in/history-indian-union-muslim-league-iuml#selection-199.0-199.37|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-17|website=Indian Union Muslim League (website)}}</ref> In [[West Bengal]], the League had won Assembly seats in the 1970s, and A. K. A. Hassanussaman was a member of the [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ameerudheen|first=T. A.|date=2017-05-21|title=Will the Muslim League's decision to go national affect Asaduddin Owaisi plans for his party?|url=https://scroll.in/article/832220/will-the-muslim-leagues-decision-to-go-national-affect-asaduddin-owaisi-plans-for-his-party|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612061603/https://scroll.in/article/832220/will-the-muslim-leagues-decision-to-go-national-affect-asaduddin-owaisi-plans-for-his-party|archive-date=2020-06-12|website=Scroll}}</ref>

Indian Union Muslim League first gained a ministry in Kerala Government as part of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India Marxist]]-led United Front in 1967. The party switched fronts in 1969 and formed an alliance with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1976.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Girish|date=2016-03-22|title=How the Muslim League is at peace with itself|work=The Hindu|publication-place=Trivandrum|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala2016/kerala-assembly-polls-how-the-muslim-league-is-at-peace-with-itself/article8381995.ece|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054805/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala2016/kerala-assembly-polls-how-the-muslim-league-is-at-peace-with-itself/article8381995.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":52"/> It later became a chief constituent in a succession of [[Indian National Congress]]-led ministries.<ref name=":52"/>

=== Early years ===
*First Council of the Indian segment of the Muslim League was held on 10 March 1948 at the south Indian city of Madras (now [[Chennai]]).<ref name=":42"/>
*On 1 September 1951, the 'Indian Union Muslim League' came into being in Madras (constitution was passed).<ref name=":42"/>
*[[B. Pocker|B. Pocker Sahib]], elected from Malappuram Constituency, was a member of the first Lok Sabha (1952–57).<ref name=":1" />
*[[K. M. Seethi Sahib|K. M Seethi Sahib]] served as the Speaker of the Kerala Assembly from 1960 to 1961.''<ref>{{cite web|year=2007|title=Speakers and Deputy Speakers of Kerala Legislative Assembly|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/Speakers%20&%20Deputy%20Speakers%20Book%20Final.pdf |publisher=Secretariat of the Kerala Legislature|publication-place=Trivandrum|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608071039/http://niyamasabha.org/codes/Speakers%20%26%20Deputy%20Speakers%20Book%20Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>''

=== From the 1960s to the 80s ===
*The League gained a ministry in [[Kerala Government]] in 1967 ([[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] and [[M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal]]).<ref name=":52"/>
*The League oversaw the creation of the [[University of Calicut]], the second university in Kerala, in 1968.<ref name=":52"/>
* Contribution to local government – the League oversaw the creation of [[Malappuram District]] in 1969.<ref name=":52"/>
*Death of [[M. Muhammad Ismail]] (1972) and [[Syed Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal|Bafaqy Thangal]] (1973).<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Wright|date=1948-06-23|title=Muslims and the 1977 Indian Elections: A Watershed?|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/17/12/1207/21233/Muslims-and-the-1977-Indian-Elections-A-Watershed|journal=Asian Survey|language=en|volume=17|issue=12|pages=1207–1220|doi=10.2307/2643422|jstor=2643422|issn=0004-4687|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613063204/https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/17/12/1207/21233/Muslims-and-the-1977-Indian-Elections-A-Watershed|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Syed Ummer Bafaqy Thangal rebels against the leadership.<ref name=":9" />

=== With the Congress Party ===
*Muslim League formed an alliance with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1976.<ref name=":0" />
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] served as the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] from 12 October to 1 December 1979.<ref name=":13">[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219145038/http://www.keralacm.gov.in/mohammed.html Chief Minister of Kerala (Official Website)]</ref>
*Muslim League joined the [[Indira Gandhi|Congress (Indira)]]-lead [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] in 1979/80.
*The 'rebel' Muslim League formed 'All India Muslim League' and joined the Left Front in 1980.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{cite web|last=Radhakrishnan|first=M. G.|date=2019-04-19|title=Revenge of the Dead Horse|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/column/godaykku-pinnil-election-analysis-mg-radhakrishnan-on-muslim-league-ppn7te|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615084904/https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/column/godaykku-pinnil-election-analysis-mg-radhakrishnan-on-muslim-league-ppn7te|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-06-15|website=Asianet News|publication-place=Trivandrum}}</ref>
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] and [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]] served as Deputy Chief Ministers of Kerala in the 1980s.<ref name=":13" />

=== In the 1990s ===
*All India Muslim League (AIML) quit the Left Front and merged with the Muslim League in 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|date=1985-08-31|title=Indian Union Muslim League and All India Muslim League merge in Kerala|work=India Today|location=Kerala|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850831-indian-union-muslim-league-and-all-india-muslim-league-merge-in-kerala-801918-2014-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613062836/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850831-indian-union-muslim-league-and-all-india-muslim-league-merge-in-kerala-801918-2014-01-03|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-06-13}}</ref>
*Demolition of the [[Babri Masjid]] (1992). Panakkad Syed [[Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal|Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal]] made a passionate plea to all the Muslims in Kerala to remain calm.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2009-08-02|title=Kerala mourns passing away of Panakkad Thangal|work=Gulf News|publication-place=Malappuram|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/kerala-mourns-passing-away-of-panakkad-thangal-1.533879|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612131843/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/kerala-mourns-passing-away-of-panakkad-thangal-1.533879|url-status=live}}</ref> Kerala remained peaceful throughout.<ref name=":14">{{cite web|last=Nair|first=Preetha|date=2019-04-19|title=A Coloured Scheme of Things|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-a-coloured-scheme-of-things/301479|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617102953/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-a-coloured-scheme-of-things/301479|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-06-17|website=Outlook}}</ref>
*[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]], then National President, rebelled and formed the [[Indian National League]] (INL) in 1994.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Madampat|first=Shajahan|date=2019-04-11|title=The importance of IUML|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120000/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/|archive-date=2020-06-12}}</ref>
*Minister of Education ([[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E. T. Mohammad Basheer]]) decided to establish the [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|University of Sanskrit]] (1993) in Kerala.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ssus.ac.in/index.php/component/sppagebuilder/306-university-at-a-glance|title = University at a Glance}}</ref>

=== From the 2000s ===
*[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] dispatched [[E. Ahamed]] to the [[United Nations]] ([[United Nations Office at Geneva|Geneva]]) to represent India (2004).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":14" />
*Mid-2000s witnessed the Manjeri (2004) and the [[Kuttippuram (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttippuram]]-[[Mankada (State Assembly constituency)|Mankada]] (2006) defeats.<ref>{{cite web|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=2014-03-25|title=Muslim votes not a monolithic bloc|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/muslim-votes-not-a-monolithic-bloc/article5829659.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606110048/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/muslim-votes-not-a-monolithic-bloc/article5829659.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-06-06|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The Hindu|publication-place=Malappuram}}</ref>
*The League first gained a ministry ([[E. Ahamed]]) in [[Indian Government]] ([[Manmohan Singh]] Ministry) in 2004.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |date=2004-06-19 |title=E. Ahamed: Minister of State for External Affairs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/e-ahamed-minister-of-state-for-external-affairs/story-iGMKx2dOdWfDPocowq9ltI.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607160300/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/e-ahamed-minister-of-state-for-external-affairs/story-iGMKx2dOdWfDPocowq9ltI.html |archive-date=2020-06-07 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=Hindustan Times |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
*Panakkad Syed [[Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal|Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal]] died in 2009.<ref name=":8" />
*The League won a record 20 out of the contested 23 seats in the [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011 Assembly Elections]].
*The League remains in the Opposition for two consecutive terms ([[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]])

=== National President of Indian Union Muslim League===

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | No.
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Name
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Portrait
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Tenure
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Home State
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[Muhammed Ismail|M. Muhammed Ismail]]
| [[File:M. Muhammad Ismail (Postage Stamp, Government of India).jpg|90px]]
| 10 March 1948 — 5 April 1972
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2
|[[Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal|Bafaqy Thangal]]
|
| 1972 — 19 January 1973
| [[Kerala]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 3
| [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|[[File:Sulaimansait_1.jpg|90px]]

| 1973—1994
| [[Karnataka]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 4
| [[G. M. Banatwala]]
|
| 1994— 25 June 2008
| [[Maharashtra]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 5
| [[E. Ahamed]]
| [[File:The portrait of the Minister of State for Railways, Shri E. Ahammed.jpg|90px]]
| 25 June 2008 — 1 February 2017
| [[Kerala]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 6
| [[K.M. Kader Mohideen|K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
| [[File:Prof._K._M._Kader_Mohideen.jpg|90px]]
| 27 February 2017 — present
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|}

== Ideology ==
{{Conservatism in India|Parties}}
{{Blockquote
| title =
| quote = The [Indian Union Muslim League] party...has shown strands of identity politics, but largely remained communitarian; it has at times been conservative, but never communal. It has furthered Muslim aspirations without antagonising any other segment—and hence has retained its centrality in the larger Kerala polity.
| source = ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''<ref>{{cite news |author1=Salik Ahmad |title=The Leaderless Face Of Anti-CAA Agitation -- Is It Political Orphanhood Of Muslims? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-the-leaderless-face-of-anti-caa-agitation-is-it-political-orphanhood-of-muslims/302752 |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207081006/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-the-leaderless-face-of-anti-caa-agitation-is-it-political-orphanhood-of-muslims/302752 |archive-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{Blockquote
| title =
| quote = The distinctive feature of the [Indian Union] Muslim League in Kerala is that it strove to keep the [Muslim] community at the centre of the [Kerala] state's politics, unlike other Muslim political formations elsewhere in India that revelled in confessional isolationism. As a result, the Kerala Muslims emerged as probably the only community of that faith in India that achieved genuine political empowerment on the one hand and, on the other, lived out the promise of equal citizenship enshrined in the [Indian] Constitution.
| source = ''Outlook''<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shajahan Madampat |title=Malappuram Isn't Mini Kashmir |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/malappuram-isnt-mini-kashmir/299195 |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811145245/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/malappuram-isnt-mini-kashmir/299195 |archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>
}}

{{Blockquote
| title =
| quote = If organising a religious community politically on the basis of antagonism to another is communalism, the IUML has never mobilised its cadre nor used its political and often administrative clout to create religious divides. On the contrary, whenever the state faced a communally sensitive situation, the party rose to the occasion and played a stellar role in dousing the flames....By practicing a brand of politics that could be termed communitarian rather than communal, the IUML succeeded in actualising the constitutional guarantee of equal citizenship for the Muslims in the state.
| source = ''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shajahan Madampat |title=The importance of IUML |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411030104/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/ |archive-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>
}}

== Composition ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Designation
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Name
|-
|'''Chairman- Political Advisory Committee (PAC)'''||[[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal|Sadiq Ali Thangal]] (Kerala)
|-
|'''National President'''||[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]] (Tamil Nadu)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/k-m-khader-mohideen-is-iuml-national-president-881941-2017-02-26|title=K M Khader Mohideen is IUML National President|website=India Today|date=26 February 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164353/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/k-m-khader-mohideen-is-iuml-national-president-881941-2017-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Vice Presidents'''
|Iqbal Ahmed (Uttar Pradesh)
|-

|Dastagir Ibrahim Aga (Karnataka)
|-
|'''National General Secretary'''
|[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]] (Kerala)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/p-k-kunhalikutty-is-iuml-national-general-secretary/articleshow/57366495.cms|title=P K Kunhalikutty is IUML national general secretary|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922205442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/p-k-kunhalikutty-is-iuml-national-general-secretary/articleshow/57366495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''National Organising Secretary'''
|[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]] (Kerala)
|-
|'''National Treasurer'''
|[[P. V. Abdul Wahab]] (Kerala)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iuml.com/committees.html|title=Indian Union Muslim League national committee members|website=iuml.com|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125222513/http://iuml.com/committees.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''Secretaries'''
|Khorrum Anis Omer (Delhi)
|-
|[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]] (Kerala)
|-
|Jayanthi Rajan (Kerala)<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/iuml-opens-doors-to-women-in-national-leadership-why-jayanthi-rajan-breaks-many-ceilings-10011474 | title=IUML opens doors to women in national leadership. Why Jayanthi Rajan breaks many ceilings | date=May 2025 }}</ref>

|-
|S. Naim Akthar (Bihar)
|-
|Siraj Ebrahim Sait (Karnataka)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Assistant Secretaries'''
|Abdul Basith (Tamil Nadu)
|-
|Kausar Hayat Khan (Uttar Pradesh)

|}

=== Organizational structure ===
* Youth Wing: [[Muslim Youth League|Muslim Youth League (the Youth League)]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809194832/http://iumyl.in/]
**National President: Asif Ansari (New Delhi)
**National Secretary: [[Najma Thabsheera]] (Kerala) <ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/May/01/kerala-ousted-haritha-leaders-given-top-posts-in-muslim-youth-league | title=Kerala: Ousted Haritha leaders given top posts in Muslim Youth League | date=May 2024 }}</ref>
**National Council Secretary: Faisal Babu (Kerala)<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=Faisal Babu is the All India General Secretary of the Youth League |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/india/faisal-babu-is-the-all-india-general-secretary-of-youth-league-778235 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517170423/https://www.madhyamam.com/india/faisal-babu-is-the-all-india-general-secretary-of-youth-league-778235 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
**National vice President Mufeeda Thesni (Kerala) <ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>
**National Secretary: Ch. Ajrudin Advocate (Haryana)
**Kerala State President: Sayyid Munavvar Ali Shihab Thangal
**Kerala State secretary: Fathima Thahiliya<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>
**Kerala State General Secretary: P. K. Firoz
*Students' Wing: [[Muslim Students Federation (I. U. M. L.)|Muslim Students Federation (M. S. F.)]]
**National President: P.V. Ahamed Saju
**National General Secretary: S. H. Muhammed Arshad
* Scheduled Caste Wing: [[Dalit League|Indian Union Dalit League]]
* Women's Political Wing: [[Haritha (Girl's wing of MSF)|Haritha]] and [[Muslim Women's League]]
* Trade Union Organization (Kerala): [[Swatantra Thozhilali Union]] (S.T.U)
* Peasants' Union (Kerala): Swathanthra Karshaka Sangam (Independent Peasants Union)
* Advocates: Lawyers Forum
* Expatriates: [[Kerala Muslim Cultural Centre|Kerala Muslim Cultural Centre (K. M. C. C.)]]

== Kerala Legislative Assembly ==
''Source: http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111050225/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html |date=11 November 2021 }}

=== Early years (1957–1979/80) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; width:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Election
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Vote%
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Government/Opposition
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Ministers
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" | Sources
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |Won (Contested)
|-
|1957
|8 (19)
As independents
| 4.72
| colspan="2" |Opposition (to [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|Namboodiripad]] Ministry)
1957–59
|<ref name=":10" /><ref name="Jeffrey, Robin 1992">Jeffrey, Robin. "Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became a Model" Palgrave McMillan (1992); 112 and 114.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1960
| rowspan="2" |11 (12)
| rowspan="2" |5.0 {{increase}}
|Government ([[Pattom Thanu Pillai|Pattom]] Ministry)
1960–62

* Formally left the coalition in 1961 as an abstaining Opposition.<ref name=":3">Wright, Theodore P. 'The Muslim League in South India since Independence.' ''American Political Science Review'', vol. 60, no. 3, 1966, pp. 579–599., doi:10.2307/1952972.</ref>
|Excluded from the [[Pattom Thanu Pillai|Pattom]] Ministry<ref name=":3" />
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Malhotra|first=Inder|title=The eternal Kerala pattern|work=The Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-eternal-kerala-pattern/677686/0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624092541/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-eternal-kerala-pattern/677686/0|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-06-24}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |Abstaining Opposition (to [[R. Sankar|Shankar]] Ministry)<ref name=":3" />
1962–64
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|1965
|6 (16)
|3.71 {{decrease}}
| colspan="2" |Inconclusive (no government formed)<ref name=":3" />
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":10" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |1967
| rowspan="2" |14 (15)
| rowspan="2" |6.75 {{increase}}
|Government<ref name=":52"/> ([[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|Namboodiripad]] Ministry)

1967–69
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
*[[M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal]] (succeeded by [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]])
|<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":15" />
|-
|Government ([[C. Achutha Menon|Achutha Menon]] Ministry)
1969–70
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
*[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]]
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Nossiter|first=Thomas Johnson|title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation|publisher=University of California Press|year=1982|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|pages=5–6}}</ref>
|-
|1970
|11 (20)
|7.7 {{increase}}
|Government ([[C. Achutha Menon|Achutha Menon]] Ministry)
1970–77
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] (succeeded by [[Chakkeeri Ahemed Kutty|Chakkeeri Ahamed Kutty]])
*[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]]
|<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|last=Kartha|first=G. S.|date=1977-05-15|title=Kerala seems to be drifting towards instability|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19770515-kerala-seems-to-be-drifting-towards-instability-823683-2014-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615103002/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19770515-kerala-seems-to-be-drifting-towards-instability-823683-2014-08-11|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-06-15}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1977
| rowspan="4" |13 (16)
| rowspan="4" |6.65 {{decrease}}
|Government ([[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] Ministry)
1977
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
*[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]]
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11" />
|-
|Government ([[A. K. Antony|Antony]] Ministry)
1977–78
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] (replaced in-between by [[U. A. Beeran]])
*[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]]
|-
|Government ([[P. K. Vasudevan Nair|PKV]] Ministry)
1978–79
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
*[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]]
|-
|Government ([[C. H. Mohammed Koya|Koya]] Ministry)
1979
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
|}

=== With the United Democratic Front (1979/80–present) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; width:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Election
!Seats
! rowspan="2" |Vote %
! rowspan="2" |Government/Opposition<ref name=":52"/>
! rowspan="2" |Ministers
|-
!Won (Contested)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
| rowspan="2" |14 (21)
| rowspan="2" |7.18 {{increase}}
| colspan="2" |Opposition (to [[E. K. Nayanar|Nayanar]] Ministry)
1980–81
|-
|Government ([[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] Ministry)
1981–82
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
|-
| 1982
| 14 (18)
|6.17 {{decrease}}
|Government ([[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] Ministry)
1982–87
|
*[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] (succeeded by [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]])
*[[U. A. Beeran]]
*[[E. Ahamed]]
|-
| 1987
| 15 (23)
|7.73 {{increase}}
| colspan="2" |Opposition

(to [[E. K. Nayanar|Nayanar]] Ministry)

1987–91
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
| rowspan="2" |19 (22)
| rowspan="2" |7.37 {{decrease}}
|Government

([[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] Ministry)

1991–95
|
*[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
*[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E. T. Mohammad Basheer]]
* P. K. K .Bava
* C.T. Ahammed Ali
|-
|Government
([[A. K. Antony|Antony]] Ministry)

1995–96
|
* C. T. Ahammed Ali
* P. K. K. Bava
*[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
*[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E. T. Mohammad Basheer]]
|-
|1996
|13 (23)
|7.19 {{decrease}}
| colspan="2" |Opposition
(to [[E. K. Nayanar|Nayanar]] Ministry)

1996–2001
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
| rowspan="2" |16 (21)
| rowspan="2" |7.59 {{increase}}
|Government
([[A. K. Antony|Antony]] Ministry)

2001–2004
|
*[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
*[[Nalakath Soopy|Nalakath Sooppy]]
* Cherkalam Abdullah
*[[M. K. Muneer]]
|-
|Government
([[Oommen Chandy|Chandy]] Ministry)

2004–2006
|
*[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]] (replaced by [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju|V. K. Ebrahim Kunju]])
*[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E. T. Mohammad Basheer]]
*[[M. K. Muneer]]
* Kutty Ahammed Kutty
|-
|2006
|7 (21)
|7.30 {{decrease}}
| colspan="2" |Opposition
(to [[V. S. Achuthanandan|Achuthanandan]] Ministry)

2006–11
|-
|2011
|20 (23)
|7.92 {{increase}}
|Government
([[Oommen Chandy|Chandy]] Ministry)

2011–16
|
*[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
*[[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]
*[[M. K. Muneer]]
*[[V. K. Ebrahimkunju|V. K. Ebrahim Kunju]]
*[[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
|-
|2016
|18 (23)
|7.40 {{decrease}}
| colspan="2" |Opposition
(to [[Pinarayi Vijayan|Vijayan]] Ministry)

2016–2021
|-
|2021
|15 (25)
|8.27 {{increase}}
| colspan="2" |Opposition
(to Vijayan Ministry)

[[Incumbent]]
|}

=== Current members ===
[[File:2021 Kerala election result.svg|thumb|526x526px|Map of Kerala showing 2021 Assembly Election Results]]
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! scope="col" | Legislative Constituency
! scope="col" | Member
|-
! colspan="2" |Kerala
|-
| colspan="2" |'''[[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]'''
|-
|[[Manjeshwaram (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwaram]]
|[[A. K. M. Ashraf]]
|-
|[[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]]||[[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]
|-
| colspan="2" |'''[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]'''
|-
|[[Koduvally (State Assembly constituency)|Koduvally]]||[[M. K. Muneer]]
|-
| colspan="2" |'''[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]'''
|-
|[[Kondotty (State Assembly constituency)|Kondotty]]||[[T. V. Ibrahim]]
|-
|[[Eranad (State Assembly constituency)|Eranad]]||[[P. K. Basheer]]
|-
|[[Manjeri (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeri]]||[[U. A. Latheef]]
|-
|[[Perinthalmanna (State Assembly constituency)|Perinthalmanna]]||
[[Najeeb Kanthapuram]]
|-
|[[Mankada (State Assembly constituency)|Mankada]]||[[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
|-
|[[Malappuram (State Assembly constituency)|Malappuram]]||[[P. Ubaidulla]]
|-
|[[Vengara (State Assembly constituency)|Vengara]]||[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|-
|[[Vallikkunnu (State Assembly constituency)|Vallikkunnu]]||[[P. Abdul Hameed]]
|-
|[[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]]||[[K. P. A. Majeed]]
|-
|[[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]]||[[Kurukkoli Moideen]]
|-
|[[Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]]||[[K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal]]
|-
| colspan="2" |'''[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]'''
|-
|[[Mannarkkad (State Assembly constituency)|Mannarkkad]]||[[N. Samsudheen]]
|}

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Loksabha election results in Kerala
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Alliance
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Total Votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | ± Vote
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Kerala|2024]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,199,839
|6.07%
|{{increase}} 0.59%
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|2019]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,111,697
|5.48%
|{{increase}} 0.94%
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election in Kerala|2014]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|816,226
|4.54%
|{{decrease}} 0.54%
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election in Kerala|2009]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|813,741
|5.07%
|{{increase}} 0.21%
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Kerala|2004]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|733,228
|4.86%
|{{decrease}} 0.44%
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election in Kerala|1999]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|810,135
|5.30%
|{{increase}} 0.29%
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election in Kerala|1998]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|745,070
|5.01%
|{{decrease}} 0.07%
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election in Kerala|1996]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|745,070
|5.08%
|{{increase}} 0.06%
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election in Kerala|1991]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|715,222
|5.02%
|{{decrease}} 0.21%
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election in Kerala|1989]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|780,322
|5.23%
|{{decrease}} 0.06%
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election in Kerala|1984]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|575,754
|5.29%
|{{decrease}} 0.27%
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election in Kerala|1980]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|454,235
|5.60%
|{{decrease}} 0.40%
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election in Kerala|1977]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|20|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|533,726
|6.0%
|{{increase}} 0.38%
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election in Kerala|1971]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|19|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|366,702
|5.62%
|{{decrease}} 0.98%
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election in Kerala|1967]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|19|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|413,868
|6.6%
|{{increase}} 2.11%
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election in Kerala|1962]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|2|18|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|248,038
|4.49%
|{{increase}} 2.84%
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election in Kerala|1957]]
|{{steady}}
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|18|{{party color|Independent politician}}}}
|99,777
|1.65%
|''New''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Kerala Legislative Assembly election results
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Alliance
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Total Votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" | ± Vote
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|25
|{{Composition bar|15|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,723,593
|8.27%
|{{increase}} 0.87%
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|23
|{{Composition bar|18|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,496,864
|7.4%
|{{decrease}} 0.52%
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|23
|{{Composition bar|20|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,383,670
|7.92%
|{{increase}} 0.62%
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|21
|{{Composition bar|7|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,135,098
|7.30%
|{{decrease}} 0.70%
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|23
|{{Composition bar|16|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,259,572
|8.00%
|{{increase}} 0.81%
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|22
|{{Composition bar|13|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,025,556
|7.19%
|{{decrease}} 0.18%
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|22
|{{Composition bar|19|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|1,044,582
|7.37%
|{{decrease}} 0.36%
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|23
|{{Composition bar|15|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|985,011
|7.73%
|{{increase}} 1.56%
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|18
|{{Composition bar|14|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|590,255
|6.17%
|{{decrease}} 1.01%
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|21
|{{Composition bar|14|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|684,910
|7.18%
|{{increase}} 0.52%
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|16
|{{Composition bar|13|140|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|584,642
|6.66%
|{{decrease}} 0.90%
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|11|133|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|569,220
|7.56%
|{{increase}} 0.81%
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|15
|{{Composition bar|14|133|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|424,159
|6.75%
|{{increase}} 2.92%
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
|{{steady}}
|16
|{{Composition bar|6|133|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|242,529
|3.83%
|{{decrease}} 1.13%
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|{{steady}}
|12
|{{Composition bar|11|126|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}}
|401,925
|4.96%
|''New''
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|{{steady}}
|19
|{{Composition bar|8|126|{{party color|Independent politician}}}}
|
|4.72%
|{{steady}}
|}

==List of Union Ministers==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|No.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|Photo
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|Portfolio
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|Name (Lifespan)
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|Assumed office
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|Left office
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|Duration
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|Constituency (House)
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!rowspan="4"|1
|rowspan="4"|[[File:The portrait of the Minister of State for Railways, Shri E. Ahammed.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|rowspan="4"|'''[[E. Ahamed]]''' (1938{{ndash}}2017)
|23 May 2004
|22 May 2009
!{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan="4"|'''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|'''[[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|28 May 2009
|19 January 2011
!{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|'''[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|19 January 2011
|26 May 2014
!{{ayd|2011|1|19|2014|5|26}}
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|'''[[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|12 July 2011
|28 October 2012
!{{ayd|2011|7|12|2012|10|28}}
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==

=== Lok Sabha Members ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+''Source: [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/lokprev.aspx Loksabha]''
|-
!Election!!Lok sabha!!Member!!Constituency
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1951]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha]]
|[[B. Pocker]]
|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha]]
|[[B. Pocker]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[3rd Lok Sabha]]
|[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
|[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
|-
|[[M. Muhammad Ismail]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[4th Lok Sabha]]
|[[M. Muhammad Ismail]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
|-
|[[S. M. Muhammed Sheriff]]
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramananthapuram]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="4" |[[5th Lok Sabha]]
|[[M. Muhammad Ismail]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
|-
|[[S. M. Muhammed Sheriff]]
|[[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]]
|-
|[[Chowdhury Abu Taleb|Abu Taleb Chowdhury]]
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[6th Lok Sabha]]
|[[G. M. Banatwala|G. M. Banatwalla]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[7th Lok Sabha]]
|[[G. M. Banatwala|G. M. Banatwalla]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
|[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]]
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" |[[8th Lok Sabha]]
|[[G. M. Banatwala|G. M. Banatwalla]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="3" |[[9th Lok Sabha]]
|[[G. M. Banatwala|G. M. Banatwalla]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
|[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]]
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[10th Lok Sabha]]
||[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[E. Ahamed]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]], [[1998 Indian general election|1998]], [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[11th Lok Sabha|11]], [[12th Lok Sabha|12]], [[13th Lok Sabha]]
|[[G. M. Banatwala|G. M. Banatwalla]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[E. Ahamed]]
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|[[E. Ahamed]]<ref name=":6" />
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[K.M. Kader Mohideen]]
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" |[[15th Lok Sabha]]
|[[E. Ahamed]]<ref name=":6" />
|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
|-
|[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)|Abdul Rahman]]
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|[[E. Ahamed]] and
[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
|-
|[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="3" |[[17th Lok Sabha]]
|[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]] and
[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]
|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
|-
|[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[Navaskani|K. Navas Kani]]
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramananthapuram]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="3" |[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
|-
|[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|-
|[[Navaskani|K. Navas Kani]]
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramananthapuram]]
|-
|}

=== Rajya Sabha Members ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+''Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613053000/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/fellowship/Hilal_Ahmed.pdf Rajyasabha]''
|-
!State!!Member!!Year
|-
|Madras
|[[M. Muhammad Ismail]]
|1952–58
|-
| rowspan="5" |Tamil Nadu
|A. K. A. Abdul Samad
|1964–70
|-
|S. A. Khwaja Mohideen
|1968–74
|-
|A. K. A. Abdul Samad
|1970–76
|-
|A. K. Refaye
|1972–78
|-
|S. A. Khwaja Mohideen
|1974–80
|-
| rowspan="7" |Kerala
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|1960–66
|-
|[[B. V. Abdulla Koya|Abdulla Koya]]
|1967–73
1974–98
|-
|Hamid Ali Schamnad
|1970–79
|-
|[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani|Abdussamad Samadani]]
|1994–2006
|-
|Korambayil Ahammed
|1998–03
|-
|[[P. V. Abdul Wahab]]
|2004–10
2015–present
|-
|Adv.[[Haris Beeran]]
|2024–present
|-
|}

==List of State Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Cabinet Ministers from Indian Union Muslim League in defferent ministries of Kerala<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Info - COUNCIL OF MINISTERS SINCE 1957 - Kerala Legislative Assembly |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Council Of Ministers Since 1957 - Third Kerala Legislative Assembly |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_3.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4th Kerala Legislative Assembly - Council of Ministers |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_4.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5th Kerala Legislative Assembly - Council of Ministers |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_5.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Kerala Legislative Assembly - Council of Ministers |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_6.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7th Kerala Legislative Assembly - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_7.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=9th Kerala Legislative Assembly - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_9.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11th Kerala Legislative Assembly - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_11.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=13th Kerala Legislative Assembly - Council of Ministers |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_13.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>
! Sl. No.
! Name
! Designation
! Tenure
! Cabinet
! Chief Minister
!Notes
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|
|-
| 1
| [[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]
| Minister for Education
| 2011–2016
| rowspan="5" | [[Second Oommen Chandy ministry]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Oommen Chandy]]
|
|-
| 2
| [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
| Minister for Urban Affairs and Minority Welfare
| 2012–2016
|Assumed office on 12th April 2012
|-
| 3
| [[M. K. Muneer]]
| Minister for Social Welfare and Panchayats
| 2011–2016
|
|-
| 4
| [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju]]
| Minister for Public Works
| 2011–2016
|
|-
| 5
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| Minister for Industries, IT, Trade & Commerce, Mining & Geology, Wakf & Haj Affairs
| 2011–2016
|# Minister for Industries and Information Technology (with effect from 12 April 2012 )
Hold the portfolio of urban affairs from 18th May, 2011 to 12 April 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Info - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_13.htm |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 1
| [[Kutty Ahammed Kutty]]
| Minister for Local Self Government
| 2004–2006
| rowspan="5" | [[First Oommen Chandy ministry]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Oommen Chandy]]
|
|-
| 2
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E. T. Muhammed Basheer]]
| Minister for Education
| 2004–2006
|
|-
| 3
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| Minister for Industries and Social Welfare
| 2004–2005
|Assumed office on 31st August, 2004 AN
and resigned on 4th January, 2005
|-
| 4
| [[M. K. Muneer]]
| Minister for Public Works
| 2004–2006
|
|-
|
|[[V. K. Ebrahimkunju]]
|Minister for Industries and Social Welfare
|2005-2006
|Assumed office on 6th January, 2005
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 1
| [[Cherkalam Abdullah|Chekkalam Abdulla]]
| Minister for Local Self Government
| 2001–2004
| rowspan="4" | [[Third Antony ministry|Third A. K. Antony ministry]]
| rowspan="4" | [[A. K. Antony]]
|
|-
| 2
| [[Nalakath Soopy]]
| Minister for Education
| 2001–2004
|
|-
| 3
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| Minister for Industries and Social Welfare
| 2001–2004
|Assumed office on 17th May, 2001
|-
| 4
| [[M. K. Muneer]]
| Minister for Public Works
| 2001–2004
|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 1
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E. T. Muhammed Basheer]]
| Minister for Education
| 1995–1996
| rowspan="4" | [[Second A. K. Antony ministry]]
| rowspan="4" | [[A. K. Antony]]
|
|-
| 2
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| Minister for Industries and Municipalities
| 1995–1996
|
|-
| 3
| P. K. K. Bava
| Minister for Panchayat and Social Welfare
| 1995–1996
|
|-
| 4
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| Minister for Public Works
| 1995–1996
|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 1
| [[E. T. Muhammed Basheer]]
| Minister for Education
| 1991–1995
| rowspan="4" | [[Fourth Karunakaran ministry|Fourth K. Karunakaran ministry]]
| rowspan="4" | [[K. Karunakaran]]
|
|-
| 2
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| Minister for Industries
| 1991–1995
|
|-
| 3
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| Minister for Local Administration
| 1991–1995
|Assumed office on 29th June, 1991
|-
|4
|P.K.K Bava
|Minister for Public Works
|1991-1995
|Assumed office on 29th June, 1991
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 01
| [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha|K. Avukaderkutty Naha]]
| Deputy Chief Minister of Kerala
| 1983–1987
| rowspan="2" | [[Third Karunakaran ministry|Third K. Karunakaran ministry]]
| rowspan="2" | K. Karunakaran
|Assumed office on 24 October 1983
|-
| 02
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| Deputy Chief Minister of Kerala
| 1982–1983
|Expired on 28 September 1983
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 01
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| [[List of deputy chief ministers of Kerala|Deputy Chief Minister of Kerala]]
| 1981–1982
| [[Second K. Karunakaran ministry]]
| K. Karunakaran
|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 01
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
| Oct 1979 –Dec 1979
| [[Koya ministry]]
| —
|The Koya ministry lasted 1 month and 20 days.
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 01
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| Minister for Education
| 1978–1979
| rowspan="2" | [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair ministry]]
| rowspan="2" | [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
|
|-
| 02
| [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]
| Minister for Local Administration
| 1978–1979
|Assumed office on 9 December 1978
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
|01
|[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]
|Minister for Local Administration
|'''1977-78'''
| rowspan="3" |[[First Antony ministry]]
| rowspan="3" |[[A. K. Antony]]
|
|-
|02
|[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
|Minister for Education
|'''1977-78'''
|Resigned w.e.f. 20 December 1977 and again assumed office on 4 October 1978
|-
|
|[[U. A. Beeran]]
|Minister for Education
|'''January 1978 - October 1978'''
|Assumed office on 27 January 1978 and resigned w. e. f. 3 October 1978
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|
|
|-
|01
|[[C.H. Mohammed Koya]]
|Minister for Education
|25 March 1977 - 25 April 1977
| rowspan="2" |[[First Karunakaran ministry]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Karunakaran]]
|
|-
|2
|[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]
|Minister for Local Administration
|25 March 1977 - 25 April 1977
|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 01
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| Minister for Education and Home
| 1970–1977
| rowspan="3" | [[Second C. Achutha Menon ministry]]
| rowspan="3" | [[C. Achutha Menon]]
|Resigned w.e.f. 1st March 1973
|-
| 02
| [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]
| Minister for Food and Local Administration
| 1970–1977
|
|-
|03
|[[Chakkeeri Ahamed Kutty]]
|Minister for Education
|1973-1977
|Assumed office on 2nd March, 1973
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 01
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| Minister for Home and Education
| 1969–1970
| rowspan="2" | [[First C. Achutha Menon ministry]]
| rowspan="2" | C. Achutha Menon
|
|-
| 02
| [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]
| Minister for Local Administration
| 1969–1970
|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;" |
|-
| 01
| [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]]
| Minister for Panchayats
| 1967–1969
| rowspan="3" | [[First Namboodiripad ministry|E. M. S. Namboodiripad ministery]]
| rowspan="3" | [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|** Assumed office on 9th November 1968 and Resigned w. e. f. 21st October 1969
|-
| 02
| [[M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal]]
| Minister for Panchayats
| 1967–1969
|** Expired on 24th October, 1968
|-
| 03
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| Minister for Education
| 1967–1969
|** Resigned w.e.f. 21st October, 1969
|}

==Controversies==

The party when in control of the local self-government department, issued a circular which legalised marriage for Muslim women between ages of 16 and 18 and Muslim men below age 21.The circular was later amended after backlash.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gulf money fueling Muslim extremism in Kerala;IUML grows more militant to take on other radical islamist parties|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gulf-money-fueling-muslim-extremism-in-kerala-iuml-grows-more-militant-to-take-on-other-radical-islamist-parties/articleshow/20885284.cms|date=2013-07-03|access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Economic Times |last1=P |first1=Ullekh N. }}</ref>

The Muslim League has opposed the [[Supreme Court of India]] verdict regarding [[entry of women to Sabarimala|entry of adult women to Sabarimala temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabarimala verdict: Indian Union Muslim League for review petition; urges UDF to back devotees |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/oct/05/sabarimala-verdict-indian-union-muslim-league-for-review-petition-urges-udf-to-back-devotees-1881206.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=5 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Kerala Polls 2021: CPM Indulging In Doublespeak On Love Jihad, CAA & Sabarimala: IUML Leader M K Muneer |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-cpm-indulging-in-doublespeak-on-love-jihad-caa-sabarimala-iuml-leader-m-k-muneer/378904 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It is also at odds with several [[LGBTQ]] rulings from the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Indian Union Muslim League opposes Supreme Court verdict, says it is against Indian culture |website=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/indian-union-muslim-league-opposes-sc-verdict-says-it-is-against-indian-culture/articleshow/65712288.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014050122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/indian-union-muslim-league-opposes-sc-verdict-says-it-is-against-indian-culture/articleshow/65712288.cms |archive-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> The party also supports the primacy of [[Muslim personal law|Muslim Personal Law]] among Indian Muslims.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Circular to legalise earlier marriages |website=New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/jun/23/circular-to-legalise-earlier-marriages-489648.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043155/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/jun/23/Circular-to-legalise-earlier-marriages-489648.html |archive-date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IUML, CPM, CPI against Centre's bid to raise legal age of marriage for women |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/12/18/women-legal-age-for-marriage-india.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

IUML opposes implementing [[gender neutrality]] and [[comprehensive sex education]] in school curriculum saying that it promotes homosexuality, leads to sexual anarchy and is part of an atheist-liberal conspiracy to destroy religious values.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-encouraging-homosexuality-iuml-leader-on-new-school-curriculum-101670944328865.html|title=Govt encouraging homosexuality: IUML leader on new school curriculum|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/muslim-league-slams-kerala-gender-neutral-initiative-1137687.html|title=Muslim league slams Kerala gender-neutral initiative|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/01/14/lgbtq-community-worst-humans-says-iuml-leader-km-shaji.html|title=IUML leader K M Shaji says LGBTQ members are worst humans|website=Manorama online}}</ref>

An article by the current president of the Muslim League, on [[Hagia Sophia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadiq Ali Thangal takes over leadership of Muslim League at the most critical period of its existence |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/03/07/sadiq-ali-shihab-thangal-to-be-new-kerala-state-president-of-ium.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> seemed to support the views of [[political Islam]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sadiqali has his work cut out |website=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sadiqali-has-his-work-cut-out/article65201877.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Analysis {{!}} Growing Christian-Muslim alienation, Kerala civic polls and Kunhalikutty's Christmas cake diplomacy |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/01/01/analysis---growing-christian-muslim-alienation--kerala-civic-pol.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

Muslim League generally presents itself as a conservative political party in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young women lead churn within Muslim League |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2021/sep/17/young-women-lead-churn-within-muslim-league-2359791.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=17 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Haritha' row points to emerging new political outlook within IUML |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/10/07/new-political-outlook-within-indian-union-muslim-league.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> In 2021, ten female leaders from the disbanded Haritha state committee lodged a police complaint against the state president of the Muslim Students Federation (MSF) and the Malappuram district general secretary, accusing them of making sexual remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police probe has lost pace, ex-Haritha leaders tell women's panel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/oct/12/police-probe-has-lost-pace-ex-haritha-leaders-tell-womens-panel-2370524.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=12 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's League rejects former Haritha leaders' gender politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/sep/29/womens-league-rejects-former-haritha-leaders-gender-politics-2365103.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=29 September 2021 }}</ref>

In July 2023, following the [[Manipur violence]] where a woman was paraded naked in public,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=Women Paraded Naked in Manipur Video Move SC Seeking SIT Probe |url=https://www.news18.com/india/manipur-woman-paraded-naked-viral-video-supreme-court-plea-cji-chandrachud-8464717.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> members of the Muslim League raised anti Hindu slogans in [[Kanhangad]], located in the [[Kasaragod]] district of Kerala. The following day, [[Kerala Police]] arrested five of those members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=5 Arrested For 'Provocative' Sloganeering During IUML Youth Rally In Kerala |url=https://news.abplive.com/kerala/5-arrested-for-provocative-sloganeering-during-iuml-youth-rally-in-kerala-1618745 |access-date=2023-07-31 |publisher=ABP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-07-27 |title=5 of IUML youth-wing held in Kerala for provocative slogans |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/5-of-iuml-youth-wing-held-in-kerala-for-provocative-slogans-1503205337.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=Over 300 Muslim League members booked for inflammatory 'anti-Hindu' slogans at Kerala rally |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/over-300-muslim-league-members-booked-for-inflammatory-anti-hindu-slogans-at-kerala-rally-kasaragod/3188133/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Upon criticism over the incident, the State President of IUML Panakkad Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal responded on 28 July, saying no one has the right to hurt the sentiments and faith of others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilveser Assary |first=Deccan Chronicle |date=July 28, 2023 |title=Don't hurt sentiments and faith of others, cautions IUML chief Thangal |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/280723/dont-hurt-sentiments-and-faith-of-others-cautions-iuml-chief-thang.html }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Conservatism}}
* [[List of political parties in India]]
*[[All-India Muslim League]]
*[[Indian Independence Movement]]
* [[List of Islamic political parties]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
{{United Progressive Alliance |state=collapsed}}
{{Indian Union Muslim League}}

[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League| ]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1948]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1951]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in India]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in Kerala]]

Vivek Ohri

2026-02-12T06:18:05Z

RickieDumas3: made entry

{{short description|Indian Punjabi film producer}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek Ohri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vivek Ohri
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|6|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]] [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Film producer|Producer]], [[Financier]] [[Distributor]]
| years_active = 2009 - Present
| known_for = [[Punjabi Film Business]]
| notable_works = Jindua, [[Mukhtiar Chadha]], [[Shareek]] [Dangar Doctor Jelly]
}}
'''Vivek Ohri''' is a Punjabi film producer known for producing films like 'Dangar Doctor Jelly ' , ''Jindua'', ''[[Mukhtiar Chadha]]'', ''[[Shareek]]'', ''[[Viyah 70 KM]]'', ''[[Yaar Anmulle]]'', ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]'', ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]'' via his production company Ohri Productions Pvt Ltd.

Born and brought up in Jalandhar, Ohri apart from running several other business went into film production in 2009 with his first film ''Mel Karade Rabba''. Punjabi cinema actors he has worked with including Jimmy Shergill, Diljit Dosanjh, Neeru Bajwa, Mahie Gill and many more renowned stars.

Ohri also runs the music company Yellow Music, and the theatrical distribution company Globe Moviez Pvt Ltd.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==References==
* http://ohrivivek.blogspot.in
* http://punjabimania.com/tag/vivek-ohri

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm3992608}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohri, Vivek}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi film producers]]

Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games

2026-01-29T15:51:23Z

RickieDumas3: Updated formatting and sections

{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Athletics Championships
|Name = Athletics at the XIX Commonwealth Games
|Logo = Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium1.jpg
|Size = 200 px
|Host city = [[Delhi]], [[India]] {{flagicon|India}}
|Dates = 6–12, 14 October 2010
|Stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|Nations participating = 61
|Athletes participating = 845
|Events = 46 (+6 disabled)
|Records set = -
|Previous = [[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]]
|Next = [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]
|Games = [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]
}}

The '''[[Athletics (sport)|athletics]] competition''' at the '''[[2010 Commonwealth Games]]''' was held in [[New Delhi]], India between 6 and 14 October. The [[track and field]] events took place between 6–12 October at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] while the [[marathon]] contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100927051033/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/sport/athletics 2010 CWG - Athletics]}}. 2010 Commonwealth Games. Retrieved on 5 October 2010.</ref>

A total of 46 [[athletics events]] were contested, which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the [[Aquatics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|aquatics competition]]. The programme was almost identical to that of the [[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 edition]], with the sole exception being the men's 50&nbsp;km [[race walk]], which was dropped. As in 2006, three men's and three women's [[Paralympic athletics|disability athletics]] events were contested alongside the [[Open (sport)|open competition]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100925202221/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/para_sport CWG - Para-sport]}}. 2010 Commonwealth Games. Retrieved on 5 October 2010.</ref>

Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events.<ref>[https://commonwealthdelhi2010.blogspot.com/2010/07/2010-commonwealth-games-athletics.html 2010 Commonwealth Games Athletics events]. ''[[2010 Commonwealth Games]]'' (24 July 2010).</ref> [[Kenya]] topped the medal table, with eleven [[gold medals]] and 29 medals in total. This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat, beating the typically dominant nations [[Australia]] (eleven golds, but 20 overall) and [[England]] (seven golds, 26 medals).<ref>Rowbottom, Mike (14 October 2010) [http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=58516.html Double marathon triumph for Kenya ends athletics programme at Commonwealth Games]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 15 October 2010.</ref> [[Canada]] and [[Jamaica]] rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games, taking home two golds and twelve medals altogether.

Four failed [[doping in athletics|doping tests]] have so far been announced: Nigerian [[Oludamola Osayomi]] was stripped of the women's 100&nbsp;m title, and her compatriot [[Samuel Okon]], a 110&nbsp;m hurdler, was also disqualified. Both athletes tested positive for [[methylhexanamine]]. [[Rani Yadav]], India's representative in the women's 20&nbsp;km walk, was the third athlete to fail a test as [[19-Norandrosterone]] was detected in her sample.<ref>Bull, Andy (13 October 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/oct/13/commonwealth-games-positive-drugs-test Commonwealth Games 2010: Indian athlete tests positive for drugs]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved on 15 October 2010.</ref> Osayomi's 100&nbsp;m stripped gold initially went to [[Sally Pearson]] of Australia but a delay in the appeals process saw Pearson disqualified for a false start some time after the race.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9073167.stm 'Communication blunder' sees Pearson stripped of gold]. [[BBC Sport]] (4 August 2010). Retrieved on 9 October 2010.</ref> [[Folashade Abugan]] of Nigeria tested positive for [[Testosterone (medication)|Testosterone]] [[prohormone]] following the final of the women's 400 metres. She was disqualified from the 400 metres and the Nigerian team, of which she was a member, were disqualified from the women's 4 × 400 metres relay where they had originally placed second.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9095226.stm |title=Third Nigerian fails drugs test |date=15 October 2010}}</ref>

==Preparation==
A test event for the competition was scheduled in late July: the Asian All-Star Athletics Meet featured a number of prominent Asian athletes and demonstrated the stadium's readiness for games usage.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811085854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-21/athletics/28291789_1_discus-thrower-saurabh-vij-renjith-maheswary Tough fight awaits in 29-30 July Asian All-Star Meet]. ''[[Times of India]]'' (21 July 2010). Retrieved on 21 July 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=57860.html Locals provide the highlights as Asian All-Star meeting tests Commonwealth Games track]. [[IAAF]] (31 July 2010). Retrieved on 4 October 2010.</ref>

Many of the most prominent athletes from the Commonwealth were absent from the competition. [[Caster Semenya]], Commonwealth champion [[Christine Ohuruogu]], and Olympic medallist [[Lisa Dobriskey]] were among the athletes missing due to injury, but others including [[Usain Bolt]], [[David Rudisha]] and [[Shelly-Ann Fraser]] opted to miss the competition out of choice – all ten of the year's fastest Commonwealth men's 100&nbsp;m runners (including defending champion [[Asafa Powell]]) were not present.<ref name=IAAF1>Rowbottom, Mike (5 October 2010). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=58449.html Kenya looking to dethrone England and Australia in Delhi – Commonwealth Games preview]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 4 October 2010.</ref> Further to this, two reigning [[World Championships in Athletics|world champions]] (English jumper [[Phillips Idowu]] and Australian thrower [[Dani Samuels]]) declared themselves out of the running on grounds of the security and accommodation conditions in Delhi. The competition's late scheduling within the [[track and field]] season was a primary factor in many athlete withdrawals.<ref name=BBC1>Jones, Phil (2 October 2010). [https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9053998.stm Commonwealth Games 2010: Time for new athletics heroes]. [[BBC Sport]]. Retrieved on 5 October 2010.</ref>

In spite of this, a number of Olympic champions and other prominent names were selected to compete, including Australian Olympic/World champion [[Steve Hooker]] and New Zealand's Olympic/World Champion [[Valerie Adams]], top Kenyan runners [[Nancy Langat]], [[Vivian Cheruiyot]] and [[Ezekiel Kemboi]], Bahamian high jumper [[Donald Thomas (athlete)|Donald Thomas]], and South Africa's Commonwealth champions [[L.J. van Zyl]] and [[Sunette Viljoen]].<ref name=IAAF1/> Former [[list of world records in athletics|world record]] holder [[Steve Cram]] emphasised the Games' role in developing younger athletes: "That's what it was for me, at 17 years old I went to the [[1982 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] because [[Sebastian Coe|Coe]] and [[Steve Ovett|Ovett]] didn't go. Nobody at the time was telling me it was bad that Coe and Ovett weren't there."<ref name=BBC1/>

The stadium's track and field was damaged during the [[2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|opening ceremony]] and major works – including the re-laying of the tarmac on the track and grass on the infield – took place in the 24 hours leading up to the first day of [[List of athletics events|athletics events]] at the stadium.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9063800.stm Commonwealth Games 2010: Stadium in race to be ready ]. [[BBC Sport]] (5 October 2010). Retrieved on 5 October 2010.</ref> Three training venues were allocated for the athletics events: the [[Commonwealth Games Village 2010]], [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]] and the [[Delhi University]] sports complex.

==Medal summary==
===Men===
[[File:Osaka07 D9A Moses Kipsiro.jpg|thumb|[[Moses Ndiema Kipsiro]], men's 5000 metres and 10,000 metres champion]]
[[File:Dylan-armstrong.jpg|thumb|[[Dylan Armstrong]], men's shot put champion]]
[[File:Andy Turner Hengelo 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Andy Turner (athlete)|Andy Turner]] won the men's 110 m hurdles]]
[[File:David Greene Barcelona 2010.jpg|thumb| [[Dai Greene]] won the men's 400 metre hurdles]]
[[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of (Pole Vault Men’s), Steve Hooker of Australia (Gold), Steven Lewis of England (Silver) and Max Eaves of England (Bronze), during the medal ceremony of the event.jpg|thumb|XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of (Pole Vault Men's), Steve Hooker of Australia (Gold), Steven Lewis of England (Silver) and Max Eaves of England (Bronze), during the medal ceremony of the event]]
[[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi (Men’s) Athletics Decathlon, Nelson Adjetey Jami of Canada (Gold), Brent Newdick of New Zealand (Silver) and Martin Brockman of England (Bronze).jpg|thumb|Men's Decathlon winners: Nelson Adjetey Jami of Canada (Gold), Brent Newdick of New Zealand (Silver) and Martin Brockman of England (Bronze)]]
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-
|100 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lerone Clarke]]|JAM|2010}} || 10.12
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Mark Lewis-Francis]]|ENG|2010}} || 10.20
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Aaron Armstrong]]|TRI|2010}} || 10.24
|-
| 200 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Leon Baptiste]]|ENG|2010}} || 20.45
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lansford Spence]]|JAM|2010}} || 20.49
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Christian Malcolm]]|WAL|2010}} || 20.52
|-
|400 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Mark Mutai]]|KEN|2010}} || 45.44
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sean Wroe]]|AUS|2010}} || 45.46
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ramon Miller]]|BAH|2010}} || 45.55
|-
|800 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 800 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Boaz Kiplagat Lalang]]|KEN|2010}} || 1:46.60
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Richard Kiplagat]]|KEN|2010}} || 1:46.95
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Abraham Kiplagat]]|KEN|2010}} || 1:47.37
|-
|1500 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 1500 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Silas Kiplagat]]|KEN|2010}} || 3:41.78
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[James Magut]]|KEN|2010}} || 3:42.27
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nick Willis]]|NZL|2010}} || 3:42.38
|-
|5000 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 5000 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Moses Ndiema Kipsiro]]|UGA|2010}} || 13:31.25
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Eliud Kipchoge]]|KEN|2010}} || 13:31.32
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Mark Kiptoo]]|KEN|2010}} || 13:32.58
|-
|10,000 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10,000 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Moses Ndiema Kipsiro]]|UGA|2010}} || 27:57.39
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Daniel Lemashon Salel]]|KEN|2010}} || 27:57.57
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Joseph Kiptoo Birech]]|KEN|2010}} || 27:58.58
|-
| 110 metres hurdles {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Andy Turner (athlete)|Andy Turner]]|ENG|2010}} || 13.38
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[William Sharman]]|ENG|2010}} || 13.50
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lawrence Clarke (hurdler)|Lawrence Clarke]]|ENG|2010}} || 13.70
|-
| 400 metres hurdles {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metres hurdles}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dai Greene]]|WAL|2010}} || 48.52
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[L. J. van Zyl]]|RSA|2010}} || 48.63
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Rhys Williams (athlete)|Rhys Williams]]|WAL|2010}} || 49.19
|-
| 3000 metres steeplechase {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Richard Mateelong]]|KEN|2010}} || 8:16.39
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ezekiel Kemboi]]|KEN|2010}} || 8:18.47
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Brimin Kipruto]]|KEN|2010}} || 8:19.65
|-
| 4 × 100 metres relay {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay}}
| {{flagteam|ENG}} [[Ryan Scott (athlete)|Ryan Scott]] [[Leon Baptiste]] [[Marlon Devonish]] [[Mark Lewis-Francis]]|| 38.74
| {{flagteam|JAM}} [[Lerone Clarke]] [[Lansford Spence]] [[Rasheed Dwyer]] [[Remaldo Rose]] [[Steve Slowly]]*|| 38.79
| {{flagteam|IND}} [[Rahamatulla Molla]] [[Suresh Sathya]] [[Shameer Naseema Manzile]] [[Abdul Najeeb Qureshi|Md Abdul Najeeb Qureshi]]|| 38.89
|-
| 4 × 400 metres relay {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay}}
| {{flagteam|AUS}} [[Joel Milburn]] [[Kevin Moore (athlete)|Kevin Moore]] [[Brendan Cole (athlete)|Brendan Cole]] [[Sean Wroe]] [[Ben Offereins]]*|| 3:03.30
| {{flagteam|KEN}} [[Vincent Koskei]] [[Vincent Mumo|Vincent Kiilo]] [[Anderson Mutegi]] [[Mark Mutai]]|| 3:03.84
| {{flagteam|ENG}} [[Conrad Williams (athlete)|Conrad Williams]] [[Nick Leavey]] [[Richard Yates (athlete)|Richard Yates]] [[Robert Tobin]] [[David Hughes (hurdler)|David Hughes]]* [[Graham Hedman]]*|| 3:03.97
|-
| Marathon {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's marathon}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[John Kelai]]|KEN|2010}} || 2:14:35
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Michael Shelley (athlete)|Michael Shelley]]|AUS|2010}} || 2:15:28
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Amos Tirop Matui]]|KEN|2010}} || 2:15:58
|-
| 20&nbsp;kilometres walk {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 20 kilometres walk}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jared Tallent]]|AUS|2010}} || 1:22:18
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Luke Adams (racewalker)|Luke Adams]]|AUS|2010}} || 1:22:41
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Harminder Singh]]|IND|2010}} || 1:23:27
|-
| High jump {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's high jump}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Donald Thomas (athlete)|Donald Thomas]]|BAH|2010}} || 2.32 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Trevor Barry]]|BAH|2010}} || 2.29 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kabelo Kgosiemang]]|BOT|2010}} || 2.26 m
|-
| Pole vault {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's pole vault}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Steven Hooker]]|AUS|2010}} || 5.60 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Steven Lewis]]|ENG|2010}} || 5.60 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Max Eaves]]|ENG|2010}} || 5.40 m
|-
| Long jump {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's long jump}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Fabrice Lapierre]]|AUS|2010}} || 8.30 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Greg Rutherford]]|ENG|2010}} || 8.22 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ignisious Gaisah]]|GHA|2010}} || 8.12 m
|-
| Triple jump {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's triple jump}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Tosin Oke]]|NGR|2010}} || 17.16 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Hugo Mamba]]|CMR|2010}} || 17.14 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Renjith Maheswary]]|IND|2010}} || 17.07 m
|-
| Shot put {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's shot put}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dylan Armstrong]]|CAN|2010}} || 21.02 m '''[[List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics|GR]]'''
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dorian Scott]]|JAM|2010}} || 20.19 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dale Stevenson (athlete)|Dale Stevenson]]|AUS|2010}} || 19.99 m
|-
| Discus throw {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's discus throw}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Benn Harradine]]|AUS|2010}} || 65.45 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Vikas Gowda]]|IND|2010}} || 63.69 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Carl Myerscough]]|ENG|2010}} || 60.64 m
|-
| Hammer throw {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's hammer throw}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Chris Harmse]]|RSA|2010}} || 73.12 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Alex Smith (athlete)|Alex Smith]]|ENG|2010}} || 72.95 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Mike Floyd]]|ENG|2010}} || 69.34 m
|-
| Javelin throw {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jarrod Bannister]]|AUS|2010}} || 81.71 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Stuart Farquhar]]|NZL|2010}} || 78.15 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kashinath Naik]]|IND|2010}} || 74.29 m
|-
|Decathlon {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's decathlon}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jamie Adjetey-Nelson]]|CAN|2010}} || 8070
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Brent Newdick]]|NZL|2010}} || 7899
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Martin Brockman]]|ENG|2010}} || 7712
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Athletes who participated in the heats only and received medals.

====Men's para-sport====
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2|width=240|}}
|-
|100 metres (T46) {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metres (T46)}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Simon Patmore]]|AUS|2010}} || 11.14
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Samkelo Radebe]]|RSA|2010}} || 11.25
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ayuba Abdullahi]]|NGR|2010}} || 11.37
|-
|1500 metres (T54) {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 1500 metres (T54)}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kurt Fearnley]]|AUS|2010}} || 3:19.86
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Richard Colman]]|AUS|2010}} || 3:20.90
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Josh Cassidy]]|CAN|2010}} || 3:21.14
|-
|Shot put (F32/34/52) {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's shot put (F32/34/52)}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kyle Pettey]]|CAN|2010}} || 1021 (11.44 m)
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dan West (athlete)|Dan West]]|ENG|2010}} || 969 (10.78 m)
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Hamish MacDonald (athlete)|Hamish MacDonald]]|AUS|2010}} || 889 (9.92 m)
|}

===Women===
[[File:Grace Momanyi.jpg|thumb|[[Grace Momanyi]] of Kenya won the women's 10,000 metres]]
[[File:Osaka07 D5A Donald Thomas celebrating.jpg|thumb| [[Donald Thomas (athlete)|Donald Thomas]] was the victor in the men's highjump]]
[[File:2008 Australian Olympic team Steve Hooker - Sarah Ewart cropped.jpg|thumb| [[Steve Hooker]] of Australia won the men's pole vault]]
[[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of Discus (Women’s) Krishna Poonia of India (Gold), Harwant Kaur of India (Silver) and Seema Antil of India (Bronze) during the medal presentation ceremony of the event.jpg|thumb|Winners of Discus (Women's) Krishna Poonia of India (Gold), Harwant Kaur of India (Silver) and Seema Antil of India (Bronze) during the medal presentation ceremony]][[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi (Women’s) Athletics Long Jump Alice Falaiye of Canada (Gold), Prajusha Maliakkal of India (Silver) and Tabia Charles of Canada (Bronze), during the medal presentation ceremony.jpg|thumb|XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi (Women's) Athletics Long Jump Alice Falaiye of Canada (Gold), Prajusha Maliakkal of India (Silver) and Tabia Charles of Canada (Bronze), during the medal presentation ceremony]]
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-
|100 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Natasha Mayers]]|SVG|2010}} || 11.37
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Katherine Endacott]]|ENG|2010}} || 11.44
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Delphine Atangana]]|CMR|2010}} || 11.48
|-
| 200 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Cydonie Mothersille]]|CAY|2010}} || 22.89
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Abiodun Oyepitan]]|ENG|2010}} || 23.26
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Adrienne Power]]|CAN|2010}} || 23.52
|-
|400 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Amantle Montsho]]|BOT|2010}} || 50.10 '''[[List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics|GR]]'''
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Aliann Pompey]]|GUY|2010}} || 51.65
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Christine Amertil]]|BAH|2010}} || 51.96

|-
|800 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 800 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nancy Langat]]|KEN|2010}} || 2:00.01
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nikki Hamblin]]|NZL|2010}} || 2:00.05
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Diane Cummins]]|CAN|2010}} || 2:00.13
|-
|1500 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 1500 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nancy Langat]]|KEN|2010}} || 4:05.26 '''[[List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics|GR]]'''
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nikki Hamblin]]|NZL|2010}} || 4:05.97
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Stephanie Twell]]|SCO|2010}} || 4:06.15
|-
|5000 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 5000 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Vivian Cheruiyot]]|KEN|2010}} ||15:55.12
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sylvia Kibet]]|KEN|2010}} ||15:55.61
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ines Chenonge]]|KEN|2010}} ||16:02.47
|-
|10,000 metres {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10,000 metres}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Grace Momanyi]]|KEN|2010}} || 32:34.11
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Doris Changeywo]]|KEN|2010}} || 32:36.97
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kavita Raut]]|IND|2010}} || 33:05.28
|-
| 100 metres hurdles {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres hurdles}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sally Pearson]]|AUS|2010}} || 12.67
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Angela Whyte]]|CAN|2010}} || 12.98
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Andrea Miller (athlete)|Andrea Miller]]|NZL|2010}} || 13.25
|-
| 400 metres hurdles {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres hurdles}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Muizat Ajoke Odumosu]]|NGR|2010}} || 55.28
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Eilidh Child]]|SCO|2010}} || 55.62
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nickiesha Wilson]]|JAM|2010}} || 56.06
|-
| 3000 metres steeplechase {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Milcah Chemos Cheywa]]|KEN|2010}} ||9:40.96
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Mercy Wanjiku|Mercy Wanjiru Njoroge]]|KEN|2010}} ||9:41.54
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Gladys Kipkemoi|Gladys Jerotich Kipkemoi]]|KEN|2010}} ||9:52.51
|-
| 4 × 100 metres relay {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay}}
| {{flagteam|ENG}} [[Katherine Endacott]] [[Montell Douglas]] [[Laura Turner (sprinter)|Laura Turner]] [[Abiodun Oyepitan]]|| 44.19
| {{flagteam|GHA}} [[Rosina Amenebede]] [[Elizabeth Amolofo]] [[Beatrice Gyaman]] [[Janet Amponsah]]|| 45.24
| {{flagteam|IND}} [[Geetha Saati]] [[Srabani Nanda]] [[P. K. Priya]] [[H. M. Jyothi]]|| 45.25
|-
| 4 × 400 metres relay {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay}}
| {{flagteam|IND}} [[Manjeet Kaur]] [[Sini Jose]] [[Ashwini Akkunji]] [[Mandeep Kaur (athlete)|Mandeep Kaur]] [[Jauna Murmu]]* [[Chitra Soman]]*|| 3:27.77
| {{flagteam|ENG}} [[Kelly Massey]] [[Vicki Barr (athlete)|Vicki Barr]] [[Meghan Beesley]] [[Nadine Okyere]] [[Joice Maduaka]]*|| 3:29.51
| {{flagteam|CAN}} [[Amonn Nelson]] [[Adrienne Power]] [[Vicki Tolton]] [[Carline Muir]] [[Ruky Abdulai]]*,||3:30.20
|-
| Marathon {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's marathon}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Irene Jerotich]]|KEN|2010}} || 2:34:32
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Irene Mogake]]|KEN|2010}} || 2:34:43
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lisa Weightman]]|AUS|2010}} || 2:35:25
|-
| 20&nbsp;kilometres walk {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 20 kilometres walk}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Johanna Jackson]]|ENG|2010}} || 1:34:22
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Claire Tallent]]|AUS|2010}} || 1:36:55
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Grace Wanjiru|Grace Njue]]|KEN|2010}} || 1:37:49
|-
| High jump {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's high jump}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Nicole Forrester]]|CAN|2010}} || 1.91 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sheree Francis]]|JAM|2010}} || 1.88 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Levern Spencer]]|LCA|2010}} || 1.88 m
|-
| Pole vault {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's pole vault}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Alana Boyd]]|AUS|2010}} || 4.40 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Marianna Zachariadi]]|CYP|2010}} || 4.40 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kate Dennison]]|ENG|2010}} {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Carly Dockendorf]]|CAN|2010}} {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kelsie Hendry]]|CAN|2010}} || 4.25 m
|-
| Long jump {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's long jump}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Alice Falaiye]]|CAN|2010}} || 6.50 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[M. A. Prajusha|Prajusha Maliakkal]]|IND|2010}} || 6.47 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Tabia Charles]]|CAN|2010}} || 6.44 m
|-
| Triple jump {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's triple jump}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Trecia-Kaye Smith]]|JAM|2010}} || 14.19 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ayanna Alexander]]|TRI|2010}} || 13.91 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Tabia Charles]]|CAN|2010}} || 13.84 m
|-
| Shot put {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's shot put}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Valerie Vili|Valerie Adams]]|NZL|2010}} || 20.47 m '''[[List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics|GR]]'''
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Cleopatra Borel|Cleopatra Borel-Brown]]|TRI|2010}} || 19.03 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Margaret Satupai]]|SAM|2010}} || 16.43 m
|-
| Discus throw {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Krishna Poonia]]|IND|2010}} || 61.51 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Harwant Kaur]]|IND|2010}} || 60.16 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Seema Antil]]|IND|2010}} || 58.46 m
|-
| Hammer throw {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's hammer throw}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sultana Frizell]]|CAN|2010}} || 68.57 m '''[[List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics|GR]]'''
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Carys Parry]]|WAL|2010}} || 64.93 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Zoe Derham]]|ENG|2010}} || 64.04 m
|-
| Javelin throw {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's javelin throw}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Sunette Viljoen]]|RSA|2010}} ||62.34 m '''[[List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics|GR]]'''
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Kimberley Mickle|Kim Mickle]]|AUS|2010}} || 60.90 m
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Justine Robbeson]]|RSA|2010}} ||60.03 m
|-
|Heptathlon {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's heptathlon}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Louise Hazel]]|ENG|2010}} || 6156
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jessica Zelinka]]|CAN|2010}} || 6100
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Grace Clements (athlete)|Grace Clements]]|ENG|2010}} || 5819
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Athletes who participated in the heats only and received medals.

====Women's para-sport====
[[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of 100m (Women's T37) Hart Katrina of England (Gold), Mcloughlin Jenny of Wales (Silver) and Benson Johanna of Namibia (Bronze).jpg|thumb|XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of 100 m (Women's T37) Hart Katrina of England (Gold), Mcloughlin Jenny of Wales (Silver) and Benson Johanna of Namibia (Bronze)]]
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2|labelwidth=150|width=250}}
|-
|100 metres (T37) {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres (T37)}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Katrina Hart]]|ENG|2010}} || 14.36
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jenny McLoughlin]]|WAL|2010}} || 14.68
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Johanna Benson]]|NAM|2010}} || 14.81
|-
|1500 metres (T54) {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 1500 metres (T54)}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Diane Roy]]|CAN|2010}} || 3:53.95
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Chineme Obeta]]|NGR|2010}} || 4:09.29
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Anita Fordjour]]|GHA|2010}} || 4:18.83
|-
|Shot put (F32–34/52/53) {{DetailsLink|Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's shot put (F32–34/52/53)}}
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Louise Ellery]]|AUS|2010}} || 1110 (6.17 m)
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jess Hamill]]|NZL|2010}} || 979 (7.17 m)
| {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Gemma Prescott]]|ENG|2010}} || 952 (5.54 m)
|}

==Games statistics==
At the competition [[Amantle Montsho]] (Botswana) and [[Cydonie Mothersill]] (Cayman Islands) all won the first ever Commonwealth gold medals for their respective countries. [[Natasha Mayers]] (St. Vincent and Grenadines), won the first gold medal ever by a female for her country. The number of medal sweeps in the athletics (6) was at an all-time high for the competition: Kenya took all top three spaces in four events, England beat all in the men's hurdles while hosts India completed a 1–2–3 in the women's discus.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101018053931/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/news/statistics_games Statistics of the Games ]}}. 2010 Commonwealth Games. Retrieved on 15 October 2010.</ref>

==Medal table==
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host = IND
| flag_template = flagCGF
| event = 2010
| team =
| gold_KEN = 11 | silver_KEN = 10 | bronze_KEN = 8
| gold_AUS = 11 | silver_AUS = 6 | bronze_AUS = 3
| gold_ENG = 7 | silver_ENG = 9 | bronze_ENG = 10
| gold_CAN = 7 | silver_CAN = 2 | bronze_CAN = 8
| gold_JAM = 2 | silver_JAM = 4 | bronze_JAM = 1
| gold_IND = 2 | silver_IND = 3 | bronze_IND = 7 | host_IND = yes
| gold_NGR = 2 | silver_NGR = 3 | bronze_NGR = 1
| gold_RSA = 2 | silver_RSA = 2 | bronze_RSA = 1
| gold_UGA = 2 | silver_UGA = 0 | bronze_UGA = 0
| gold_NZL = 1 | silver_NZL = 5 | bronze_NZL = 2
| gold_WAL = 1 | silver_WAL = 2 | bronze_WAL = 2
| gold_BAH = 1 | silver_BAH = 1 | bronze_BAH = 1
| gold_BOT = 1 | silver_BOT = 0 | bronze_BOT = 1
| gold_CAY = 1 | silver_CAY = 0 | bronze_CAY = 0
| gold_SVG = 1 | silver_SVG = 0 | bronze_SVG = 0
| gold_TRI = 0 | silver_TRI = 2 | bronze_TRI = 1
| gold_GHA = 0 | silver_GHA = 1 | bronze_GHA = 2
| gold_SCO = 0 | silver_SCO = 1 | bronze_SCO = 1
| gold_CMR = 0 | silver_CMR = 1 | bronze_CMR = 1
| gold_CYP = 0 | silver_CYP = 1 | bronze_CYP = 0
| gold_GUY = 0 | silver_GUY = 0 | bronze_GUY = 1
| gold_NAM = 0 | silver_NAM = 0 | bronze_NAM = 1
| gold_LCA = 0 | silver_LCA = 0 | bronze_LCA = 1
| gold_SAM = 0 | silver_SAM = 0 | bronze_SAM = 1
}}

== Participating nations ==
61 Nations competed leaving 11 that did not.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagCGF|ANG|2010|7}}
* {{flagCGF|ANT|2010|6}}
* {{flagCGF|AUS|2010|61}}
* {{flagCGF|BAH|2010|14}}
* {{flagCGF|BAN|2010|4}}
* {{flagCGF|BAR|2010|2}}
* {{flagCGF|BIZ|2010|3}}
* {{flagCGF|BER|2010|2}}
* {{flagCGF|BOT|2010|11}}
* {{flagCGF|IVB|2010|1}}
* {{flagCGF|BRU|2010|1}}
* {{flagCGF|CMR|2010|10}}
* {{flagCGF|CAN|2010|40}}
* {{flagCGF|CAY|2010|8}}
* {{flagCGF|COK|2010|1}}
* {{flagCGF|CYP|2010|15}}
* {{flagCGF|DMA|2010|4}}
* {{flagCGF|ENG|2010|92}}
* {{flagCGF|GHA|2010|19}}
* {{flagCGF|GRN|2010|6}}
* {{flagCGF|GUE|2010|7}}
* {{flagCGF|GUY|2010|4}}
* {{flagCGF|IND|2010|116}}
* {{flagCGF|JAM|2010|46}}
* {{flagCGF|JER|2010|2}}
* {{flagCGF|KEN|2010|70}}
* {{flagCGF|KIR|2010|3}}
* {{flagCGF|LES|2010|9}}
* {{flagCGF|MAW|2010|6}}
* {{flagCGF|MAS|2010|8}}
* {{flagCGF|MLT|2010|1}}
* {{flagCGF|MRI|2010|12}}
* {{flagCGF|MNT|2010|5}}
* {{flagCGF|MOZ|2010|5}}
* {{flagCGF|NAM|2010|3}}
* {{flagCGF|NZL|2010|13}}
* {{flagCGF|NGR|2010|40}}
* {{flagCGF|NIU|2010|5}}
* {{flagCGF|NIR|2010|9}}
* {{flagCGF|PAK|2010|2}}
* {{flagCGF|PNG|2010|18}}
* {{flagCGF|RWA|2010|14}}
* {{flagCGF|SKN|2010|6}}
* {{flagCGF|LCA|2010|2}}
* {{flagCGF|SVG|2010|2}}
* {{flagCGF|SAM|2010|2}}
* {{flagCGF|SCO|2010|19}}
* {{flagCGF|SEY|2010|5}}
* {{flagCGF|SLE|2010|12}}
* {{flagCGF|SIN|2010|7}}
* {{flagCGF|SOL|2010|4}}
* {{flagCGF|RSA|2010|8}}
* {{flagCGF|SRI|2010|15}}
* {{flagCGF|SWZ|2010|2}}
* {{flagCGF|TAN|2010|9}}
* {{flagCGF|TRI|2010|10}}
* {{flagCGF|TCI|2010|6}}
* {{flagCGF|TUV|2010|6}}
* {{flagCGF|UGA|2010|14}}
* {{flagCGF|WAL|2010|24}}
* {{flagCGF|ZAM|2010|4}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Day reports
*Rowbottom, Mike (2010-10-07). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kipsiro-upsets-kipchoge-commonwealth-games Kipsiro upsets Kipchoge - Commonwealth Games Day One]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-10-10.
*Rowbottom, Mike (2010-10-08). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/clarke-and-oludamola-take-100m-crowns-armstro Clarke and Oludamola take 100m crowns, Armstrong dominates Shot Put in Delhi – Commonwealth Games Day Two]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-10-10.
*Rowbottom, Mike (2010-10-09). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/langat-breaks-games-1500m-record-turner-leads Langat breaks Games 1500m record, Turner leads high hurdles sweep for England in Delhi – Commonwealth Games Day Three]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-10-10.
*Rowbottom, Mike (2010-10-10). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/two-more-gold-for-kenya-adams-dominates-shot Two more gold for Kenya, Adams dominates Shot Put - Commonwealth Games Day Four]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-10-10.
*Rowbottom, Mike (2010-10-11). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kenyan-men-sweep-800m-two-medals-for-india-in Kenyan men sweep 800m, two medals for India in Delhi - Commonwealth Games, Day Five]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-10-14.
*Rowbottom, Mike (2010-10-12). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/india-sweeps-womens-discus-throw-langat-and-k India sweeps women's Discus Throw, Langat and Kipsiro complete doubles – Commonwealth Games Day Six]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-10-14.
*Rowbottom, Mike (2010-10-13). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/womens-relay-team-crowns-indian-glory-commo Women's relay team crowns Indian glory - Commonwealth Games, Day Seven]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-10-14.
*Rowbottom, Mike (2010-10-14) [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/double-marathon-triumph-for-kenya-ends-athlet Double marathon triumph for Kenya ends athletics programme at Commonwealth Games]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-10-15.

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100925200857/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/competition_schedule Competition schedule]}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010131311/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Comp.mvc/DetailedScheduleByEvent?sportCode=AT |date=dmy |title=2010 Commonwealth Games – Athletics}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025231200/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Root.mvc/GetPdf/AT0000000_C32C1_8.0.PDF |date=dmy |title=2010 Commonwealth Games – Athletics: Entry List by Event}}

{{2010 in athletics}}
{{Commonwealth Games Athletics}}
{{Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}

[[Category:Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games| ]]
[[Category:Athletics at the Commonwealth Games|2010]]
[[Category:Events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:2010 in the sport of athletics|Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:International athletics competitions hosted by India|2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletics in New Delhi|2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Parasports at the Commonwealth Games]]

2015–16 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship

2026-01-26T20:26:47Z

RickieDumas3:

{{Notability|Sports|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Motorsport season
|title = [[MRF Challenge]]
|link = MRF Challenge
|year = 2015–16
|previous = 2014–15
|previouslink = 2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship
|next = 2016–17
|nextlink = 2016–17 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship
}}

The '''2015–2016 [[MRF Challenge]] Formula 2000 Championship''' was the fourth running of the MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship. It began on 31 October 2015 at [[Yas Marina Circuit]], [[Abu Dhabi]] and finished on 31 January 2016 at the [[Irungattukottai Race Track|Madras Motor Racing Track]], [[India]]. The series comprised 14 races, spread across four meetings, with the second round in [[Bahrain International Circuit|Sakhir]] being a support event to the [[2015 FIA World Endurance Championship season|FIA World Endurance Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrfracing.in/pdf/MRF-Challenge-2015-Brochure.pdf?v=2|title=MRF Challenge 2015 Brochure|work=[[MRF Limited]]|accessdate=30 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430045328/http://www.mrfracing.in/pdf/MRF-Challenge-2015-Brochure.pdf?v=2|archive-date=30 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Drivers==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
! {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}
! Driver
! Rounds
|-
| 2
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Tatiana Calderón]]<ref name="Drivers">{{cite news|url=http://www.paddockscout.com/matsushita-dennis-and-fittipaldi-for-mrf-opener-in-abu-dhabi/31605|title=Matsushita, Dennis and Fittipaldi for MRF opener in Abu Dhabi|last=Allen|first=Peter|date=27 October 2015|publisher=Paddock Scout|accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref>
| All
|-
| 3
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dylan Young]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| All
|-
| 4
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nikita Troitskiy]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| All
|-
| 5
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Max Fewtrell]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| All
|-
| 6
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sean Walkinshaw]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| 1–3
|-
| 7
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Harrison Newey]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| All
|-
| 8
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Matt Draper<ref name="Drivers"/><ref name="DriversR4Update">{{cite news|url=http://www.motorsport.com/indian-openwheel/news/alesi-misses-mrf-finale-after-visa-problems-670369/?s=1|title=Alesi misses MRF finale after visa problems|last=Chokhani|first=Darsan|date=29 January 2016|publisher=Motorsport.com|accessdate=6 February 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214309/http://www.motorsport.com/indian-openwheel/news/alesi-misses-mrf-finale-after-visa-problems-670369/?s=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1–3
|-
| 9
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Dennis]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| 1
|-
| 10
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| 1
|-
| 11
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Alice Powell]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| 1
|-
| 12
| {{flagicon|IND}} Karthik Tharani<ref name="Drivers"/><ref name="DriversR4Update"/>
| 1–2, 4
|-
| 14
| {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun Narendran<ref name="Drivers"/><ref name="DriversR4Update"/>
| All
|-
| 15
| {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Reddy<ref name="Drivers"/>
| All
|-
| 16
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Laura Tillett<ref name="Drivers"/>
| All
|-
| 17
| {{flagicon|RUS}} Nerses Isaakyan<ref name="Drivers"/>
| All
|-
| 18
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Matheus Leist]]<ref name="DriversR2">{{cite news|url=http://www.motorsport.com/indian-openwheel/news/fittipaldi-calderon-and-reddy-set-to-resume-mrf-challenge-battle/?s=1|title=Fittipaldi, Calderon and Reddy set to resume MRF Challenge battle|last=Chokhani|first=Darsan|date=16 November 2015|publisher=Motorsport.com|accessdate=6 February 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214313/http://www.motorsport.com/indian-openwheel/news/fittipaldi-calderon-and-reddy-set-to-resume-mrf-challenge-battle/?s=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 2
|-
| 19
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Sebastian Balthasar]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| 1
|-
| 20
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jessica Hawkins]]<ref name="DriversR2"/>
| 2
|-
| 21
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]<ref name="Drivers"/>
| All
|-
| 22
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Christophe Mariot<ref name="DriversR2"/>
| 2
|-
| 23
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Sam Dejonghe]]<ref name="DriversR2"/>
| 2
|-
| 24
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]<ref name="DriversR2"/>
| 2–4
|-
| 25
| {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rik Breukers]]<ref name="DriversR3">{{cite news|url=http://www.motorsport.com/indian-openwheel/news/fittipaldi-troitskiy-and-calderon-ready-for-dubai-alesi-to-debut/?s=1|title=Fittipaldi, Troitskiy and Calderon ready for Dubai; Alesi to debut|last=Chokhani|first=Darsan|date=14 December 2015|publisher=Motorsport.com|accessdate=6 February 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220210722/http://www.motorsport.com/indian-openwheel/news/fittipaldi-troitskiy-and-calderon-ready-for-dubai-alesi-to-debut/?s=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 3
|-
| 26
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Luis Abadín]]<ref name="DriversR3"/>
| 3
|-
| 27
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Giuliano Alesi]]<ref name="DriversR4Update"/><ref name="DriversR3"/>
| 3
|-
| 28
| {{flagicon|FIN}} Aleksanteri Huovinen<ref name="DriversR4">{{cite news|url=http://www.motorsport.com/indian-openwheel/news/mick-schumacher-to-race-in-mrf-challenge-title-decider-670022/?s=1|title=Mick Schumacher to race in MRF Challenge title decider|last=Chokhani|first=Darsan|date=27 January 2016|publisher=Motorsport.com|accessdate=6 February 2016}}</ref>
| 4
|-
| 29
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Mick Schumacher]]<ref name="DriversR4"/>
| 4
|-
| 85
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Enzo Bortoleto<ref name="DriversR4"/>
| 4
|}

==Race calendar and results==
The second round in Bahrain was held in support of the [[2015 FIA World Endurance Championship season|FIA World Endurance Championship]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!colspan=2| Round
! Circuit
! Date
! Pole position
! Fastest lap
! Winning driver
|-
!colspan=7| 2015
|-
!rowspan=4| 1
! {{Tooltip|R|Race number}}1
|rowspan=4| {{flagicon|ARE}} [[Yas Marina Circuit]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
|rowspan=2| 30 October
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]
|-
! R2
|
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nikita Troitskiy]]
|-
! R3
|rowspan=2| 31 October
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]
|-
! R4
|
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Dennis]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
|-
!rowspan=2| 2
! R1
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahrain International Circuit]], [[Sakhir]]
|rowspan=2| 20 November
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
|-
! R2
|
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
|-
!rowspan=4| 3
! R1
|rowspan=4| {{flagicon|ARE}} [[Dubai Autodrome]], [[Dubai]]
|rowspan=2| 18 December
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
|-
! R2
|
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Tatiana Calderón]]
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Tatiana Calderón]]
|-
! R3
|rowspan=2| 19 December
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
|-
! R4
|
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
|-
!colspan=7| 2016
|-
!rowspan=4| 4
! R1
|rowspan=4| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Irungattukottai Race Track|Madras Motor Racing Track]], [[Chennai]]
|rowspan=2| 30 January
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
|-
! R2
|
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nikita Troitskiy]]
|-
! R3
|rowspan=2| 31 January
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Harrison Newey]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
|-
! R4
|
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
|}

==Championship standings==

;Scoring system
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align: center;"
|-
! Position
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1st
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2nd
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3rd
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4th
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5th
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6th
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7th
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8th
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9th
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 10th
! {{Tooltip|R1 PP|Pole position for first race of each weekend}}
! {{Tooltip|FL|Fastest lap for each race (not awarded if the scoring driver doesn't complete the race)}}
|-
! Points
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 25
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 18
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 15
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 12
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 10
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 2
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 1
| 2
| 2
|}

;Drivers' standings
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
|- style="background:#f9f9f9" valign="top"
!valign="middle"| {{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
!valign="middle"| Driver
!colspan=4| [[Yas Marina Circuit|ABU]] {{flagicon|ARE}}
!colspan=2| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR]] {{flagicon|BHR}}
!colspan=4| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB]] {{flagicon|ARE}}
!colspan=4| [[Irungattukottai Race Track|CHE]] {{flagicon|IND}}
!valign="middle"| Points
|-
! 1
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pietro Fittipaldi]]
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | ''3''
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''''1'''''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
! 244
|-
! 2
|align="left"| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Tatiana Calderón]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | ''1''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
! 199
|-
! 3
|align="left"| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nikita Troitskiy]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background-color:#000000;color:white"| DSQ
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
! 191
|-
! 4
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alessio Picariello]]
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''''1'''''
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | ''1''
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''''1'''''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | ''2''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | ''Ret''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | ''1''
! 181
|-
! 5
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Harrison Newey]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 16
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background-color:#000000;color:white"| DSQ
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | ''2''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
! 107
|-
! 6
|align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nobuharu Matsushita]]
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''''1'''''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | ''5''
|style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''''1'''''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 80
|-
! 7
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Reddy
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
! 74
|-
! 8
|align="left"| {{flagicon|RUS}} Nerses Isaakyan
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
! 59
|-
! 9
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Dennis]]
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | ''5''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 53
|-
! 10
|align="left"| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Mick Schumacher]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
! 51
|-
! 11
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Max Fewtrell]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
! 51
|-
! 12
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sean Walkinshaw]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|
|
|
|
! 35
|-
! 13
|align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dylan Young]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 15†
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
! 32
|-
! 14
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Matheus Leist]]
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 20
|-
! 15
|align="left"| {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rik Breukers]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 15
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 5
|
|
|
|
! 11
|-
! 16
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} Laura Tillett
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 15
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 16
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
! 11
|-
! 17
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Luis Abadín]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|
|
|
|
! 10
|-
! 18
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Alice Powell]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 9
|-
! 19
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Sam Dejonghe]]
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 8
|-
! 20
|align="left"| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Sebastian Balthasar]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 17
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 6
|-
! 21
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} Enzo Bortoleto
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
! 5
|-
! 22
|align="left"| {{flagicon|FIN}} Aleksanteri Huovinen
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
! 5
|-
! 23
|align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Giuliano Alesi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|
|
|
|
! 3
|-
! 24
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} Matt Draper
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 15
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|
|
|
|
! 2
|-
! 25
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun Narendran
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 16
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 16
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 15
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
! 1
|-
! 26
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Karthik Tharani
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 12
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
! 0
|-
! 27
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jessica Hawkins]]
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 15
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 0
|-
! 28
|align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} Christophe Mariot
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 16
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | 17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 0
|- style="background:#f9f9f9" valign="top"
!valign="middle"| {{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
!valign="middle"| Driver
!colspan=4| [[Yas Marina Circuit|ABU]] {{flagicon|ARE}}
!colspan=2| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR]] {{flagicon|BHR}}
!colspan=4| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB]] {{flagicon|ARE}}
!colspan=4| [[Irungattukottai Race Track|CHE]] {{flagicon|IND}}
!valign="middle"| Points
|}
|valign="top"|
{{Motorsport driver results legend}}
'''Bold''' – Pole ''Italics'' – Fastest Lap
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mrfracing.in/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship}}
[[Category:MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship seasons|2015-2016]]
[[Category:2015 in motorsport|MRF Challenge]]
[[Category:2016 in motorsport|MRF Challenge]]
[[Category:2015 in Emirati motorsport|MRF Challenge]]
[[Category:2015 in Bahraini motorsport|MRF Challenge]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian motorsport|MRF Challenge]]

Tejaswini Lonari

2026-01-12T13:50:19Z

RickieDumas3:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Tejaswini Lonari
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| spouse = {{marriage|Samadhan Sarvankar|2025}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|09|16}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]
| education = Business of Film Making & Television Masters in English Literature
| alma_mater = Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting Institute,[[New Delhi]] [[Pune University]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| known_for = ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
| relatives =
}}

'''Tejaswini Lonari''' is an Indian film and television actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranveer Singh Extends his Support to Bigg Boss Marathi Contestant Tejaswini Lonari |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ranveer-singh-extends-his-support-to-bigg-boss-marathi-contestant-tejaswini-lonari-6468625.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=News18 |date=25 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She made her film debut with ''No Problem''. She made her television debut with ''[[Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur]]'' as [[Rani Padmini|Padmini]]. She has participated in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 1 winner Megha Dhade praises season 4's Tejaswini Lonari for her gameplay, says, "Your balanced personality will take you to the right place" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-1-winner-megha-dhade-praises-season-4s-tejaswini-lonari-for-her-gameplay-says-your-balanced-personality-will-take-you-to-the-right-place/articleshow/94939623.cms |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=The Times of India |date=18 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 27 October 2025, she engaged with [[Shiv Sena|Shivsena]] Youth Leader Samadhan Sarvankar son of [[Sada Sarvankar]].

==Early career==
[[Kedar Shinde]]'s brother, Mandar Shinde, collaborated with her for the first film, "No Problem," when she was just 16 in the 2007-08 period. During a photoshoot with Atul Sidhaye, they suggested she try acting. In her debut film, she played the heroine opposite [[Jitendra Joshi]]. Trained in acting at ''Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting School,'' the initial opportunity was rewarding. However, sustaining success proved challenging. While her first film was well-received, subsequent ones faced difficulties. The movie "''Doghat Tisra Aata Sagla Visara''" brought some success, and even today, people recognize her as a missed gem in the film industry. Despite a good start, the journey ahead appears uncertain, with no promising projects on the horizon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=१४ वर्षांचं अयशस्वी करिअर,७ वर्ष काहीच काम नाही; तेजस्विनी लोणारीला अशी आली स्वामींची प्रचिती |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/tejaswini-lonari-opens-up-about-flop-career-and-how-swami-samartha-helped-her/articleshow/103680433.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2005
|''No Problem''
|Sunanda
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''Madhu Ithe Ani Choughe Tithe''
|Madhu
|
|-
|''Baap Re Baap Dokyala Taap''
|Yuvraj's love interest
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|''Doghat Tisra Ata Sagla Vista''
|Chitra
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Guldasta (2011 film)|Guldasta]]''
|Janhavi
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|2012
|''Chinu''
|Chinu
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=I'm ready to kiss onscreen, says Tejaswini - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/im-ready-to-kiss-onscreen-says-tejaswini/articleshow/47935279.cms |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Wanted Bayko No. 1''
|Neha
|
|-
|''Saam Daam Dand Bhed''
|Daulatrao's daughter-in-law
|
|-
|2016
|''Bernie''
|Bernie
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tejaswini to play a Goan Catholic in Bernie - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/tejaswini-to-play-a-goan-catholic/articleshow/52398214.cms |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Aflatoon (2023 film)|Aflatoon]]''
|Inspector Alia Sawant
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=तेजस्विनी लोणारीचा 'अफलातून' डॅशिंग अंदाज |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/592163/tejaswini-lonari-dashing-role-in-aflatoon-movie/ar |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=पुढारी |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chhapa Kata]]''
|Shanaya
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=मकरंद अनासपुरेचा नवीन चित्रपट ; 'छापा काटा' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/makarand-anaspure-marathi-movie-chhapa-kata-will-release-soon-entertainment-news-amy-95-4066541/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!{{TBA}}
| scope="row" align="left"style="background:#ffc;"|''[[Kalaawati]]''{{dagger|alt=The film has not yet been released}}
|Neha
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=अमृताच्या 'कलावती' मध्ये झळकणार बिग बॉस मराठी 4 फेम 'ही' अभिनेत्री; कोण आहे ती? |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-4-fame-tejaswini-lonari-will-play-important-role-kalavati-amruta-khanvilkar-movie-mhnk-838928.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2009
|''[[Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur]]''
|[[Rani Padmini]]
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='I couldn't have asked for a better launch than Rani Padmini' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-rani-padmini/20090525.htm |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Devmanus 2]]''
|MLA Devyani Gaikwad
| rowspan="3" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |title='देवमाणूस 2' मालिकेत नव्या पात्राची एन्ट्री, 'ही' अभिनेत्री साकारणार 'आमदार बाईं'ची भूमिका! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/actress-tejaswini-lonari-enters-in-devmanus-2-serial-as-a-new-character-aamdar-bai-1059068 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=ABP Marathi |date=13 May 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
|Contestant (Quit on Day 58)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Meet Bigg Boss Marathi 4 contestants: From Yashashri Masurkar, Kiran Mane to Tejaswini Lonari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-marathi-4-contestants-list-yashashri-masurkar-kiran-mane-tejaswini-lonari-mahesh-manjrekar-8187343/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Tuzech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe]]''
| Monica Rajadhyaksha Kamat
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Priya Marathe quits Tujhech Me Geet Gaat Aahe, Tejaswini Lonari to replace her |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/priya-marathe-quits-tujhech-me-geet-gaat-aahe-tejaswini-lonari-to-replace-her/articleshow/101480432.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Shy Mora Saiyyan''
|[[Monali Thakur]] and Piyush Mehroliya
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Shy Mora Saiyaan {{!}} Meet Bros ft. Monali Thakur & Piyush Mehroliyaa {{!}} Manjul Khattar {{!}} Tejaswini | date=October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZNb8Yz5bsA |language=en |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref>
|}

== Controversies ==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm7080094}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lonari, Tejaswini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]

District Court Pune metro station

2025-12-16T04:59:27Z

RickieDumas3: stub!

{{short description|Metro station in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = District Court Pune
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua|line2=Purple|line3=pink}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = WIP of Civil Court metro station campus, Pune.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Civil Court metro station under construction
| address = [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]], [[Pune]], Maharashtra 411001
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.52689|73.85802|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = '''''Operational''''' {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}} '''''Under Construction''''' {{rcb|Pune Metro|Pink|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] Platform-2 → [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]] [[Island platform]] Platform-3 → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]] Platform-4 → [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]] [[Side Platform]] Platform-5 → [[Megapolis Circle metro station|Megapolis Circle]] Platform-6 → ''Terminus''
| tracks = 4
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = Underground, [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 4
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = CVC
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|08|01}}
| closed = 
| former = Civil Court
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line1=Aqua|left1=PMC Bhavan|to-right1=Ramwadi|right1=Mangalwar Peth|line2=Purple|left2=Shivaji Nagar|right2=Kasba Peth|to-right2=Swargate|line3=Pink|right3=Shivaji Nagar|to-right3=Megapolis Circle}}
| other_services =
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}} {{Pune Metro Aqua Line Route}}{{Pune Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''District Court Pune''' (formerly known as "Civil Court Metro Station") is a metro station that facilitates cross-platform interchange{{Citation needed|date=December 2025|reason=How is cross-interchange possible when both the lines are on separate level}} between the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]] and the [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] in [[Pune]], [[India]]. The station was opened on 1 August 2023 as an extension of Pune Metro Phase I.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM to flag off metro trains marking inauguration of completed sections of Pune Metro |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1944115 |date=2023-07-30 |access-date=2023-08-03 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref> This station will also serve as a future interchange for [[Line 3 (Pune Metro)|Line 3]] of the [[Pune Metro]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-08-03 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The platform on the Purple Line is one of the deepest in [[India]] at a depth of 33 m (108 ft.). The architectural design of the station's roof permits natural sunlight to penetrate directly to the underground platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title=Civil Court interchange, where elevated & underground lines meet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/civil-court-interchange-where-elevated-underground-lines-meet/articleshow/102635507.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Station layout==
''{{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}} - Station Layout''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = District Court Pune track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|PMC Bhavan}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Mangalwar Peth}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] '''Next Station:''' [[Mangalwar Peth metro station|Mangalwar Peth]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]] '''Next Station:''' [[PMC Bhavan metro station|PMC Bhavan]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}
''{{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}} - Station Layout''

{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = District Court Pune track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Shivaji Nagar}}
*'''P4'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P3'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Kasba Peth}}
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=510 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 3''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=510|Towards → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kasba Peth metro station|Kasba Peth]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 4''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="510" |Towards ← [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]] '''Next Station:''' [[Shivaji Nagar metro station (Pune)|Shivaji Nagar]]
|}
''{{rcb|Pune Metro|Pink|croute}} - Station Layout''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = District Court Pune track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Shivaji Nagar}}
*'''P6'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P5'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Terminus}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''P'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 5''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Megapolis Circle metro station|Megapolis Circle metro station]] '''Next Station:''' [[Shivaji Nagar metro station (Pune)|Shivaji Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 6''' '''Southbound'''
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}} 
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|''' '''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}
==Entry/Exit==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Automatic doors at the underground section of Civil Court metro station in Pune.jpg|Automatic doors at the underground section.
File:View of Civil Court metro station in Pune.jpg|Escalators in interchange floor.
File:WIP of entry gate of Civil Court metro station, Pune.jpg|WIP of entry gate
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.punemetrorail.org/station/civil-court/}}

{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]

Atya Kapley

2025-12-09T13:26:35Z

RickieDumas3: minor changes

{{short description|Indian environmental geneticist (born 1965)}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Atya Kapley
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Atya Zafar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|1|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Hyderabad, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence =
| fields = Biotechnolgy and Genomics
| workplaces = CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India
| patrons =
| alma_mater = University of Hyderabad
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = R V Thampan
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Vice President of the Organisation for Women In Science for the Developing World
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| spouse =
| children =
| death_cause =
| education =
}}

'''Atya Kapley''' is an Indian environmental [[geneticist]] who is the Asia & Pacific coordinator and vice president for the [[Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World|Organisation for Women In Science for the Developing World.]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://owsd.net/network/asia-pacific|title=Asia & Pacific {{!}} OWSD|website=owsd.net|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> Kapley is senior principal scientist and head of the Director's Research cell of the CSIR [[National Environmental Engineering Research Institute]] in [[Nagpur]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.neeri.res.in/division/environmental-genomics-division/staff/drmrs-atya-kapley|title=Dr.(Mrs). ATYA KAPLEY {{!}} National Environmental Engineering Research Institute|website=www.neeri.res.in|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> In 2000 the Association of Microbiologists of India gave Kapley the Young Scientist Award for her work in the field of environmental microbiology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://amiindia.info/awardees.php|title=Awardees {{!}} AMI {{!}} Association of Microbiologists of India|website=amiindia.info|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> In 2008 Atya Kapley was presented with the Women Scientist Award by the Biotech Research Society of India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brsi.in/awards|title=Awards|website=The Biotech Research Society, India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> As part of her support for the [[Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World|Organisation for Women In Science for the Developing World]] Kapley has organised conferences and workshops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://210.212.165.93/OWSD%20FINAL%20BROCHURE19092018.pdf|title=OSWD conference 2018 poster}}</ref>

== Academic career ==
After studying for a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] at the [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]], Kapley moved to [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|University of Rookee]] to study for an [[Master of Science|MSc]] in biosciences. This was followed by [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] studies at the [[University of Hyderabad]] researching [[Endogeny (biology)|endogenous]] factors that regulate the [[DNA binding site|DNA binding]] of the [[Estrogen receptor|receptor-estrogen]] complex in rat and goat uteri. Having completed her PhD, Kapley took a post at CSIR [[National Environmental Engineering Research Institute]] as a senior project fellow and after a series of promotions is now senior principal scientist and head of the Director's Research Cell.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Staff - Director's Research Cell / The Official Website of CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Government of India | url=https://www.neeri.res.in/divisions/staff/rd-division-directors-research-cell | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319091119/https://www.neeri.res.in/divisions/staff/rd-division-directors-research-cell | access-date=2025-11-16 | archive-date=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Research interests ==
Kapley's early studies investigated estrogen receptors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thampan|first1=R. V.|last2=Zafar|first2=A.|last3=Imam|first3=N. S.|last4=Sreeja|first4=S.|last5=Suma|first5=K.|last6=Vairamani|first6=M.|year=2000|title=Cholesterol inhibits the nuclear entry of estrogen receptor activation factor (E-RAF) and its dimerization with the nonactivated estrogen receptor (naER) in goat uterus|journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry|volume=77|issue=3|pages=382–395|issn=0730-2312|pmid=10760947|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(20000601)77:3<382::AID-JCB4>3.0.CO;2-L|s2cid=22935936 }}</ref> After moving to CSIR [[National Environmental Engineering Research Institute]] Kapley switched to studying the use of [[microorganism]]s to reduce pollution in factory waste.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chandra|first1=Ram|last2=Singh|first2=Shail|last3=Krishna Reddy|first3=M. M.|last4=Patel|first4=D. K.|last5=Purohit|first5=Hemant J.|last6=Kapley|first6=Atya|year=2008|title=Isolation and characterization of bacterial strains Paenibacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. for kraft lignin decolorization from pulp paper mill waste|journal=The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology|volume=54|issue=6|pages=399–407|issn=0022-1260|pmid=19164883|doi=10.2323/jgam.54.399|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qureshi|first1=Asifa|last2=Kapley|first2=Atya|last3=Purohit|first3=Hemant J.|year=2012|title=Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol (TNP) by Arthrobacter sp. HPC1223 Isolated from Effluent Treatment Plant|journal=Indian Journal of Microbiology|volume=52|issue=4|pages=642–647|doi=10.1007/s12088-012-0288-5|issn=0046-8991|pmc=3516639|pmid=24293724}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jadeja|first1=Niti B.|last2=Purohit|first2=Hemant J.|last3=Kapley|first3=Atya|date=2019-05-20|title=Decoding microbial community intelligence through metagenomics for efficient wastewater treatment|journal=Functional & Integrative Genomics|volume=19|issue=6|pages=839–851|doi=10.1007/s10142-019-00681-4|issn=1438-7948|pmid=31111267|s2cid=160013248}}</ref> Recently Kapley has also studied how individual genetics can affect response to treatment of [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia|Chronic Myeloid Leukemia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lakkireddy|first1=Samyuktha|last2=Aula|first2=Sangeetha|last3=AVN|first3=Swamy|last4=Kapley|first4=Atya|last5=Rao Digumarti|first5=Raghunadha|last6=Jamil|first6=Kaiser|date=2015|title=Association of The Common CYP1A1*2C Variant (Ile462Val Polymorphism) with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in Patients Undergoing Imatinib Therapy|journal=Cell Journal (Yakhteh)|volume=17|issue=3|pages=510–519|issn=2228-5806|pmc=4601872|pmid=26464823|doi=10.22074/cellj.2015.11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lakkireddy|first1=Samyuktha|last2=Aula|first2=Sangeetha|last3=Kapley|first3=Atya|last4=Swamy|first4=A. V. N.|last5=Digumarti|first5=Raghunadha Rao|last6=Kutala|first6=Vijay Kumar|last7=Jamil|first7=Kaiser|year=2016|title=Association of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) and its Receptor (VEGFR2) Gene Polymorphisms with Risk of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Influence on Clinical Outcome|journal=Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy|volume=20|issue=1|pages=33–44|doi=10.1007/s40291-015-0173-0|issn=1179-2000|pmid=26476544|s2cid=13535213}}</ref> She has also studied how [[anaerobic digestion]] of kitchen waste is affected by commonly used spices.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sahu|first1=Nidhi|last2=Sharma|first2=Abhinav|last3=Mishra|first3=Priyanka|last4=Chandrashekhar|first4=B.|last5=Sharma|first5=Ganesh|last6=Kapley|first6=Atya|last7=Pandey|first7=R. A.|year=2017|title=Evaluation of biogas production potential of kitchen waste in the presence of spices|journal=Waste Management (New York, N.Y.)|volume=70|pages=236–246|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.045|issn=1879-2456|pmid=28939245|bibcode=2017WaMan..70..236S }}</ref> As part of her role at CSIR [[National Environmental Engineering Research Institute]], Kapley guides PhD students and MSc students who are linked to [[Nagpur University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Insulted-by-varsity-scientists-on-warpath/articleshow/6193778.cms|title=Insulted by varsity, scientists on warpath|date=21 July 2010|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>

== Awards and memberships ==

* In 1997 Kapley became a Life Member of the Association of Microbiologists of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amiindia.info/files/download_file/AMI%20LMs%20upto%20Dec%202010.pdf|title=Membership list|website=List of life members of Association of Microbiologists of India}}</ref>
*In 2000 Kapley won the Young Scientist Award from the Association of Microbiologists of India.<ref name=":0" />
* In 2008 Kapley was presented with the Women Scientist Award by the Biotech Research Society of India.<ref name=":1" />
*In 2016 Atya Kapley became vice president for the [[Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World|Organisation for Women In Science for the Developing World]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapley, Atya}}
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]

Bhadreshwar railway station

2025-11-25T07:43:43Z

RickieDumas3: further updated information after review and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bhadreshwar
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image =Bhadreswar rly station IMG 20200209 114914.jpg
| image_caption = Bhadreswar railway station
| address = Bhadreswar Station Road, [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly]], West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.828126|88.341510|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|14|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| parking = No
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1854
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1958
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BHR
| zone =
| division = Howrah
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Bhadreshwar
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Baidyabati|right=Mankundu|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Bandel Junction|type=[[Howrah–Bardhaman main line|Main line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Bhadreshwar railway station''' is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station on the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]. It is located in [[Hooghly district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway zone. Bhadreshwar railway station is a small railway stations of Howrah railway division. It serves [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]] and surrounding areas. It is 28 km. from [[Howrah Station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bhadreshwar-bhr/7765|title=Bhadreshwar Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref>

==History==
[[East Indian Railway Company]] started construction of a line out of Howrah for the proposed link with Delhi via Rajmahal and Mirzapur in 1851.<ref name=history>{{cite web| url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title = IR History Part I 1832–1869| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 13 April 2013}}</ref>

The first passenger train in eastern India ran from Howrah to Hooghly on 15 August 1854. The track was extended to Raniganj by 1855.<ref name=history/>

==Electrification==
Electrification of Howrah—Burdwan main line was completed with 25 kV AC overhead system in 1958.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html|title =IR History Part IV 1947–1970 | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 13 April 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1854]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Harmohan Singh Yadav

2025-11-20T19:00:57Z

RickieDumas3: started some bio w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
'''Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav''' (or '''Chaudhary Sahab''') (18 October 1921 – 25 July 2012) was an Indian educationist, social worker, [[Indian independence movement|independence activist]],<ref name="advocatesindia">[http://advocatesindia.org/chaudhari-harmohan-singh-yadav-departed-away Chaudhari Harmohan Singh Yadav Departed Away | Advocates In India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065433/http://advocatesindia.org/chaudhari-harmohan-singh-yadav-departed-away |date=7 April 2014 }}</ref> and an active politician from [[Samajwadi Party]]. He received the [[Shaurya Chakra]] award for valour from the president of India in 1991, for protecting [[Sikhs]] from attack during the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] following the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]].
[[File:Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav 2013-09-03 18-33.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav]]

== Early life ==
Yadav was born on 18 October 1921 at a small village of [[Kanpur]] known as Meharban Singh ka Purva. His father was Dhaniram Singh Yadav, a farmer, and his mother Parwati Devi. Brothers Ramgopal Singh and Harmohan Singh were given the nicknames ''Bade Saheb'' ("elder master") and ''Chote Saheb'' ("younger master").{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} Harmohan Singh married Gaya Kumari;{{when|date=August 2013}} he had five sons and one daughter.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

== Political life ==
Yadav took his first step into the political field at the age of 31 under the supervision of his elder brother and in 1952 he was individually selected as village ''[[pradhan]]'' of [[Gujaini]] twice running.<ref name="advocatesindia" /><ref name="Akhilesh"/> For the first time on 16 May 1970 he was elected as M.L.C. (Member Legislative Council, ''Vidhan Parishad'' in Hindi) from [[Farukhabad]]-Kanpur. He remained a member of the Legislative Council until 5 May 1982.<ref name="advocatesindia" /><ref name="Akhilesh"/><ref name="rajyasabha" />

On 6 May 1976 he stood for the post of Legislative Assembly and he won the seat.<ref name="advocatesindia" /> For the third time on 6 May 1982 he got the ticket from Janta Dal and was selected as a member of Legislative Council until 5 May 1990. Working as a senior member of Legislative Council, Singh also remained the chairman of [[Assurance Committee and Co-operative Bank]] also from Kanpur.<ref name="advocatesindia" /> After that he was selected as vice-chairman of Land Development Bank.<ref name="advocatesindia" /> In 1980, Singh got the ticket for [[Lok Dal]] from [[Bilhore]] parliament seat, but did not win.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

In 1991, for the first time he was elected as a member{{which|date=August 2013}} from [[Rajya Sabha]] through the Assembly and became a member of several Parliament Committees.<ref name="advocatesindia" /><ref name="rajyasabha" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mplads.nic.in/rshtml/rsstat24.htm |title=Rajya Sabha MP - Expenditure Statement as on 16/08/2013 |access-date=2013-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005054/http://mplads.nic.in/rshtml/rsstat24.htm |archive-date=2012-01-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was chairman of state Lok Dal and member of [[Janta Dal]] working committees. In the year 1997 for the second time he was nominated as a member of Rajya Sabha by the President of India, [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]. Singh retained this post for six years, but he remained a member of Rajya Sabha for a total of 12 years.<ref name="advocatesindia" />

Harmohan Singh Yadav was elected as a National Chairman of ''Akhil Bhartiya Yadav Mahasabha'' ([[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]]) which took place at Mathura. In 1993 he was elected as a Chairman for the second time.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} In 1994 the meeting of the All-India Yadav Mahasabha took place at Hyderabad, and once again Harmohan Singh Yadav was elected for third time as a Chairman. After the completion of his term [[D. Nagendra]] was elected as a Chairman, but the Committee designated Singh as a "guardian". In November 2005 Nagendra suddenly died, and after the request of National Working Committee Singh took over all the responsibilities of that Mahasabha as Chairman.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}.Chaudhary Sahab with help of his son Sukhram Singh had established many educational institutions in and around kanpur which includes Colleges and schools.

== Shaurya Chakra ==
In 1978, Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav and his family moved from Juhi Colony to the Ratan Lal Nal Colony, where most of the population was Sikh. Yadav and his family were on good terms with the Sikhs, who would come to him with their questions and problems. On 31 October 1984, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, following which mobs sought out Sikhs to persecute. At the time Yadav was at home in Ratan Lal Nagar with his son Sukhram, and had among them a rifle, [[carbine]], and guns; noting the approaching mobs, they moved towards the terrace, firing into the air and driving back the attackers. Locals Sikhs of the village fled to Yadav's house for protection, and the Yadav family protected them from attack until the mob members were dispersed or arrested. For these actions to protect the lives of Sikhs in the village, in 1991 Indian president Ramaswamy Venkataraman awarded Yadav the Shaurya Chakra, a medal awarded to civilians for acts of valour.<ref name="Akhilesh">{{cite news|title=SP leader Harmohan Yadav dead|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/kanpur/32868934_1_akhilesh-yadav-sp-leader-samajwadi-party-leader|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130808200230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/kanpur/32868934_1_akhilesh-yadav-sp-leader-samajwadi-party-leader|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2013|accessdate=16 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="rajyasabha">{{Cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/y.pdf | title=References 1952-2003 starting with Y | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230944/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/y.pdf | archive-date=2017-09-25}}</ref><ref>[http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/speech/SpeechDetails.asp?SpeechId=284 The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130829134714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/shaurya-chakra/featured/3 Featured Articles about Shaurya Chakra – Page 3 – Times Of India]</ref>

== Cake-cutting controversy ==
In 2013, bailable warrants were served to SP politicians [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]] and [[Irfan Solanki]], over video footage of Harmohan Singh Yadav's 2010 birthday party, at which a cake resembling the [[Indian tri-colour]] flag was cut. Complainants alleged that this act violated the [[Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971]], and charges were filed against a number of people. By 2013 charges against Harmohan Singh Yadav and another member were dropped due to their deaths in the intervening time.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Court-to-DM-SSP-Serve-warrant-on-Shivpal-Solanki/articleshow/21421777.cms Court to DM, SSP: Serve warrant on Shivpal, Solanki - TOI Mobile | The Times of India Mobile Site]</ref>

== Death ==
Yadav died on 24 July 2012 at the age of 91 due to cardiac arrest.<ref name="Akhilesh"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://harmohansinghyadav.weebly.com HarmohanSinghYadav.weebly.com]
*[https://archive.today/20130829134744/http://advocatesindia.org/mulayam-inaugurated-statue-of-harmohan-singh-yadav-at-kanpur Mulayam inaugurated statue of Harmohan Singh Yadav at Kanpur]
*[https://archive.today/20130829134808/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=769922 Former MP Chaudhary Harmohan Yadav Dead]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Chaudhary Harmohan Singh}}
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shaurya Chakra]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur Nagar district]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]

Janey Tetary

2025-09-25T23:12:05Z

RickieDumas3: started the stub v1...

{{Short description|British-Indian indentured servant and resistance fighter}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| image = Janey Tetary.jpg
| caption = Statue of Tetary that was erected in 2017
| birth_name = Tetary Begum Janey
| birth_date = c. 1856
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 26 September 1884
| death_place = [[Commewijne District|Commewijne]], [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Suriname]]
}}

'''Janey Tetary''' (c. 1856–26 September 1884) born as '''Tetary Begum Janey'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2016 |title=Tetary, een vergeten Hindoestaanse heldin |url=https://www.nickerie.net/News2015/2015-09-23%20-%20Tetary,%20een%20vergeten%20Hindoestaanse%20heldin.htm |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Nickerie.net}}</ref> was a [[Indo-Surinamese]] [[Indentured servitude|indentured labourer]], rebellion leader and [[Freedom fighter|resistance fighter]] in the [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Dutch colony of Suriname]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-30 |title=Janey Tetary |url=https://counternarratives.nl/2019/01/30/janet-tetary/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Counter/Narratives |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Life ==
Tetary was born in 1856 in Moniar, [[Patna]] (Former [[British Raj|British India]]) and was raised as a [[Muslims|Muslim]]. She was divorced at a young age and was known to defend women who had been badly treated by their husband.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx14EAAAQBAJ&dq=janey+tetary&pg=PA490 |title=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 19. Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America (1800-1914) |date=2022-06-20 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-50038-9 |editor-last=Thomas |editor-first=David |volume=19 |page=490 |language=en |editor-last2=Chesworth |editor-first2=John A.}}</ref>

On 11 September 1880, Tetary and her 10-year-old son Boodhoo signed contracts in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]] to labour overseas. They were indentured to Plantation Zorg en Joop near the [[Commewijne River]] in [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Suriname]], which was under Dutch control as a plantation colony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roopnarine |first=Lomarsh |date=2016-11-15 |title=Who is Janey Tetary? |url=https://guyanatimesgy.com/who-is-janey-tetary/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Guyana Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1884, Tetary lead the collective labour resistance of a group of "Hindustani" indentured servants against exploitation, after planters filed a petition to the colonial administration to change penal ordinances. They also protested about the low wages and difficult tasks they were given on the sugar plantation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Amba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_bHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Janey+Tetary&pg=PA192 |title=Indentured and Post-Indentured Experiences of Women in the Indian Diaspora |date=2020-01-03 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-1177-6 |pages=192 |language=en}}</ref> When the military and police were called in to put down their rebellion, she mobilised women to fight armed with stones and bottles they had collected.<ref name=":0" />

She was murdered by policemen, allegedly on the advice of the colonial official Barnet Lyon,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-01 |title=Tetary is opgestaan |url=https://www.sarnamihuis.nl/tetary-is-opgestaan/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Sarnamihuis |language=nl-NL}}</ref> dying from a shot to the back of her head at close range on 26 September 1884.<ref name=":0" /> Six other indentured labourers were also killed.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Statue Janey Tetary 3.jpg|thumb|252x252px|Plaque on the statue erected in 2017]]
In 2013, the documentary film ''Tetary Over strijd, moed en opoffering'' (Tetary, about courage, battle and sacrifice) was broadcast on Dutch television.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fokken |first=Margriet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JJqDwAAQBAJ&dq=janey+tetary&pg=PA12 |title=Beyond Being Koelies and Kantráki: Constructing Hindostani Identities in Suriname in the Era of Indenture, 1873-1921 |date=2018 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren |isbn=978-90-8704-721-4 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, Tetary's life story was featured in ''The Uprising'' music documentary which told the story of resistance against racism in the Netherlands, UK and France from a [[Decoloniality|decolonial]] perspective.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SG – Movie: 'The Uprising' |url=https://www.wur.nl/nl/activiteit/sg-movie-the-uprising-1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722043607/https://www.wur.nl/nl/activiteit/sg-movie-the-uprising-1.htm |archive-date=2024-07-22 |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=WUR |language=nl-nl |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2017, a statue of Tetary, designed by {{ill|George Ramjiawansingh|nl}}, was placed in [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]] near the President's Palace, replacing a statue of Barnet Lyon.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gounder |first1=Farzana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=janey+tetary&pg=PA88 |title=Women, Gender and the Legacy of Slavery and Indenture |last2=Hiralal |first2=Kalpana |last3=Pande |first3=Amba |last4=Hassankhan |first4=Maurits S. |date=2020-11-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29510-8 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref> The statue was paid for through the ''Tetary Must Rise'' [[crowdfunding]] campaign lead by the artist and activist [[Pravini Baboeram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pravini Baboeram |url=https://filmforward.nl/en/expert/pravini-baboeram/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=FilmForward |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2019, a street in the Netherlands was named in her honour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-04 |title=Amsterdam vernoemt straatnaam naar Tetary |url=https://www.sarnamihuis.nl/amsterdam-vernoemt-straatnaam-naar-tetary/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Sarnamihuis |language=nl-NL}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tetary, Janey}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1884 deaths]]
[[Category:Indentured servants]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Suriname]]
[[Category:Indo-Surinamese people]]
[[Category:Surinamese rebels]]
[[Category:Surinamese Muslims]]

Ibrahim Pur

2025-09-04T01:30:08Z

RickieDumas3: started a data added tags...

{{About|the census town in Delhi||Ibrahimpur (disambiguation){{!}}Ibrahimpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ibrahim Pur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = Delhi
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North West Delhi|North West]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10,604
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/602354-ibrahimpur-karnataka.html|title=Census 2011, Ibrahim Pur town Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ibrahim Pur''' is a [[census town]] in [[North West Delhi|North West district]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|territory]] of Delhi.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Phulpui

2025-08-17T02:09:04Z

RickieDumas3: creating initial article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Village in Pherzawl District, Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phulpui
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.38436|N|93.08493|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 750<ref>{{cite book |title="Village and Town Directory", District Census Handbook, Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |page=86}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Phulpui''' is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] village in [[Pherzawl district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref>[https://pherzawl.nic.in/sub-division-villages/ Pherzawl.nic.in: Villages]</ref> The village stands near the [[Barak]] river. A government record puts them at 72 households and has over 390 active voters. Pastor Thangngur's Prayer Cave<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-31 |title=Pastor Thangngur's Prayer Cave - HMARRAM |url=https://hmarram.com/important-places/pastor-thangngurs-prayer-cave/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> is from this village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pherzawl district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Akacari

2025-07-27T20:31:49Z

RickieDumas3:

{{Short description|Extinct Great Andamanese language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Distinguish||text=the [[Kapriman language]], also called Sare}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Cari
| altname = Sare
| nativename = {{lang|aci|Aka-Cari}}
| pronunciation =
| states = India
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; north coast of North Andaman Island, Landfall Island, other nearby small islands.
| ethnicity = [[Cari people|Cariar]]
| extinct = 4 April 2020, with the death of Licho
| ref = <ref name="gob"/>
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]
| fam2 = Northern Andamanese – Kede
| fam3 = [[Northern Andamanese language|Northern Andamanese]]
| iso3 = aci
| linglist = aci.html
| glotto = akac1240
| glottorefname = Akacari
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| map = Languages_and_dialects_of_the_Andaman_Islands_at_British_contact.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#a449d5|Aka-Cari}}
}}

'''Akachari''', or '''Cari''' (occasionally 'Kari', 'Chariar' or 'Sare'), is an extinct dialect of the [[Northern Andamanese language]] that was spoken by the [[Cari people]], one of the dozen [[Great Andamanese people]]s.<ref name="ethin">{{Cite web |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www3/ethno/Inda.html |title=Ethnologue India |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715202610/http://www.christusrex.org/www3/ethno/Inda.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="weber7">George Weber (~2009), ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter7/text7.htm Numbers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531230544/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter7/text7.htm |date=31 May 2012 }}''. Chapter 7 of [http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm The Andamanese] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204050/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm |date=5 August 2012 }}. Accessed on 12 July 2012.</ref><ref name="Abbi2009">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222414027|title=Is Great Andamanese genealogically and typologically distinct from Onge and Jarawa?|last=Abbi|first=Anvita|journal=Language Sciences|volume=31|issue=6|pages=791–812|year=2009|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2008.02.002}}</ref>

In the 19th century, the Cari lived on the north coast of [[North Andaman]], as well as on [[Landfall Island]] and other nearby small islands. By 1994, the population had been reduced to two women aged over 50, living with the other few surviving Great Andamanese on [[Strait Island]]. Aka-Cari became extinct with the death of Licho in April 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Pandemic Also Threatens Endangered Languages|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/the-pandemic-also-threatens-endangered-languages/|website=scientificamerican.com|publisher=Scientific American|last=Abbi|first=Anvita|date=30 April 2020|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering Licho, the Last Speaker of the Sare Language|url=https://terralingua.org/2020/04/30/remembering-licho-the-last-speaker-of-sare-a-great-andamanese-language/|website=terralingua.org|date=30 April 2020|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="gob">A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA62 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 62. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref>

==History==
The Cari population at the time of first European contacts (in the 1790s) has been estimated at 100 individuals, out of perhaps 3500 Great Andamanese.<ref name="weber7"/>
Like other [[Andamanese people]]s, the Cari were decimated during colonial and post-colonial times, by diseases, [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], colonial warfare and loss of territory. The population was down to 39 individuals in the 1901 census, falling to 36 in 1911, 17 in 1921, and 9 in 1931.<ref name="gob"/>

In 1949 any remaining Cari were relocated, together with all other surviving Great Andamanese, to a reservation on [[Bluff Island (Andaman)|Bluff island]]; and then again in 1969 to a reservation on [[Strait Island]].<ref name="mann">Rann Singh Mann (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FPX6wiuZ3ikC&pg=PA149 Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns], page 149. Mittal Publications. {{ISBN|81-8324-010-0}}</ref>

By 1994, the tribe was reduced to only two women, aged 57 and 59, and therefore was on its way to extinction.<ref name="gob"/> The last speaker, a woman called Licho, died from chronic tuberculosis on 4 April 2020 in Shadipur, [[Port Blair]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=International|first=Survival|date=1 June 2020|title=The last speaker of the Sare language has died|url=https://medium.com/@survivalinternational/the-last-speaker-of-the-sare-language-has-died-767013159e83|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>

They are a designated [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Grammar==
The Great Andamanese languages are [[agglutinative]] languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.<ref name=Templ>Temple, Richard C. (1902). ''A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands''. Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair.</ref> They have a distinctive [[noun class]] system based largely on body parts, in which every [[noun]] and [[adjective]] may take a [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the [[tongue]].<ref name="Templ"/>

Body parts are [[Inalienable possession|inalienably possessed]], requiring a [[possessive adjective]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

'This' and 'that' are distinguished as ''k-'' and ''t-''.

Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]s — [[1 (number)|one]] and [[2 (number)|two]] — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.<ref name="Templ"/>

== See also ==
* [[Great Andamanese language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_aci_swadesh-1/aci.txt Aka-Cari Swadesh List]

{{Andamanese languages}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andamanese, Aka-Cari, Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2020s]]
[[Category:2020 disestablishments in India]]

Jaffrabad, Tamil Nadu

2025-07-23T15:26:37Z

RickieDumas3: corrected citations further for accuracy

{{About|a town in Tamil Nadu||Jafarabad (disambiguation){{!}}Jafarabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaffarabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|42|11|N|78|35|22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6784
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| Current President =
| Current Counselor =
| Number of Masjid =
| Number of street =
| Number of School =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jaffrabad''' is a [[census town]] in [[Vellore district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Jaffarabad had a population of 6784. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Jaffrabad has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 57%. In Jaffrabad, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Vellore district]]

{{Vellore-geo-stub}}

M. Prabhakaran

2025-05-21T13:36:55Z

RickieDumas3: made a data - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Prabhakaran
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[R. Thamizhselvan]]
| successor = [[R. Thamizhselvan]]
}}

'''M. Prabhakaran''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055554/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC147.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC147.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Perambalur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a147|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||51.27% || [[R. Thamizhselvan]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 38.24%|| <ref name=":0" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lost ||42.08% || [[R. Thamizhselvan]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 52.19%
| <ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakaran, M}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Mesra, Ranchi

2025-04-30T05:48:11Z

RickieDumas3: made a pg - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mesra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Bitmesra.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Birla Institute of Technology
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India3
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4294|N|85.4124|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9476
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Kanke block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835215
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 0651
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 80.40%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mesra''' is a town in the [[Kanke block|Kanke]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Mesra (R)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|20|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

=== Location ===
Mesra is located at {{coord|23.4294|N|85.4124|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mesra had a total population of 9,476, of which 5,433 (58%) were males and 4,023 (42%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,115. The total number of literate persons in Mesra was 6,722 (80.40% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi , Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373555, page 148-149|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra|Birla Institute of Technology]], established in 1955 by the industrialist [[Birla family|B.M.Birla]], is a deemed university, it offers degree, post graduate and Ph D programmes. Central facilities include CAD, library and instrumentation. The campus is completely residential with 11 hostels for boys and 3 for girls. It has a guest house, 2 bank branches, 3 ATMs, a post office and an Indian Railway counter in the campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bitmesra.ac.in/Show_Content_Section?cid=1&pid=379| title = Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra | publisher = BITM | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.shiksha.com/university/birla-institute-of-technology-mesra-ranchi-24087 | title = Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra | publisher = Shiksha | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] is an English-medium coeducational institution established at Mesra in 1988. It is a senior secondary school following the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] pattern.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/jawahar-navodaya-vidyalaya-r66ok6 | title = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Ranchi | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

DAV International School is an English-medium coeducational institution established at Mesra in 2005. It follows the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] pattern.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/dav-international-school-mesra-ranchi-r66o16| title = DAV International School Mesra Ranchi | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

Manrakhan Mahto B Ed College was established in 2012 at Kedal, BIT Mor, PO Neori Vikas. It offers diploma, degree and post-graduate courses in education.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.manrakhanmahtobedcollege.com/index.aspx | title = Manrakhan Mahto B Ed College | publisher = MMBBEC | access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a station at Mesra on the [[Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line]]. The Barkakana-Koderma sector is in operation and, as of 2021, the Ranchi-Barkakana sector is partially operable and is nearing completion.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://actiworld.com/2021/05/19/barakkana-ranchi-railway-line-project-to-be-completed-soon-trains-to-pass-through-litigation-and-tunnels/ | title = Barakkana-Ranchi railway line: project to be completed soon, trains to pass through litigation and tunnels| publisher = Actiworld | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

[[National Highway 20 (India)|National Highway 20]] (earlier NH 33) (Ranchi-Ramgarh-Hazaribagh Road), an important roadway in Ranchi district, passes through Mesra.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 15 Transport| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]

Vijayapura City Corporation

2025-03-29T12:48:27Z

RickieDumas3: Added

#REDIRECT [[Bijapur]]

Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)

2025-03-17T01:26:06Z

RickieDumas3: expand structure for clarity for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)
|nativename =
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed = 1996
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|headquarters = [[Chennai]]
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name = E.v velu
|minister1_pfo = Minister for Highways and Minor Ports Department
|chief1_name = Pradeep Yadav [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]
|chief1_position = Additional Chief Secretary to Government
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|child1_agency =
|website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/13 Highways and Minor Ports Department]
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Highways and Minor Ports''' is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==History==
The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] created the highways department in 1946 as sub-department to public works department. A separate highways department was formed in 1996.<ref name="TNGov">{{cite report|url= http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf|title= Highways Department renamed as Highways and Minor Ports Department|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Gov1">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Highways and Minor Ports department, policy note 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Objective and functions==
The objective of the department is to formulate policies, regulations and programmes regarding road transport. The department is responsible for the improvement and maintenance of public roads, highways and bridges and to establish and improve small ports.<ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/13|title=Highways and Minor Ports department|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
;Road
Tamil Nadu has an extensive road network covering about 2.71 lakh km as of 2023 with a road density of {{convert|2084.71|km}} per 1000 km2 which is higher than the national average of {{convert|1926.02|km}} per 1000 km2.<ref name="Gov1"/> The department operates through eleven wings with 120 divisions and maintains {{convert|73187|km}} of highways in the state.<ref name="Wings">{{cite report|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/organization|title=Wings of Highways Department|publisher=Highways Department, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date= 15 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="HW">{{cite web|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/aboutus|title=Tamil Nadu highways, about us|publisher=Highways Department, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref> There are [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|state highways]] of length {{convert|6805|km}} which connect [[district]] headquarters, important towns and [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tnhighwaysengineers.com/upload/phone-directory.pdf|title=Highways Circle of Highways Department, Tamil Nadu|publisher=Highways Department, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="HW"/>

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Road length in TN<ref name="HW"/>
!Type
!{{tooltip|NH|National Highways}}
!{{tooltip|SH|State Highways}}
!{{tooltip|MDR|Major District Roads}}
!{{tooltip|ODR|Other District Roads}}
!{{tooltip|OR|Other Roads}}
!'''Total'''
|-
|Length (km)
|6,805
|12,291
|12,034
|42,057
|197,542
|'''271,000'''
|}

;Water
There is an intermediate sea port at [[Nagapattinam Port|Nagapattinam]] and sixteen other minor ports which are managed by the department.<ref name="Gov1"/>

==Sub-departments==
The following undertakings function under the department:<ref name="Gov1"/>
* Tamil Nadu Highways Department (TNHD)
* Tamil Nadu Maritime Board (TNMB)
* Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project (TNRSP)
* Tamil Nadu Road Development Company (TNRDC)
* Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation (TNRIDC)
* [[Poompuhar Shipping Corporation Limited|Poompuhar Shipping Corporation]] (PSC)

== Ministers ==
* [[E. V. Velu]] (2021–present)
* [[K. Palanisamy|Edappadi. K. Palanisamy]] (2011–21)
* [[M. P. Saminathan]] (2006–11)

==See also==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]
* [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/13 Official website of the highways and minor ports department]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Subnational transport ministries|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in India]]

Ishara TV

2025-02-06T20:15:12Z

RickieDumas3: expand page based on references per sources

#REDIRECT [[IN10 Media Network]]

Usaini

2025-01-01T00:35:10Z

RickieDumas3: made entry

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Usaini
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Usaini.png
| map_caption = Map showing Usaini in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.20338|N|78.31996|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.526
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4161
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Usaini''' ({{IAST|Usāinī}}) is a large village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 4,161, in 664 households.

== Geography ==
Usaini is located northwest of Firozabad, on [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|the old NH 2]]. A small stream called the [[Jhirna Nala]] flows past the village on the west, and the Nagau distributary canal passes by it on the east. To the south are the villages of [[Nagau, Uttar Pradesh|Nagau]] and [[Salempur Nagla Khar]]; to the southeast, on the highway, is [[Alinagar Kenjra]], and to the east, north of the highway, is [[Jarauli Kalan]]. The hamlet of Habibpur is located to the northeast of Usaini. Across the Jhirna Nala to the west are the villages of [[Hazratpur]] and [[Garhi Jafar]].<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Usaini had a population of 4,161, in 664 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 51.9% male (2,160) and 48.1% female (2,001). The 0-6 age group numbered 610 (334 male and 276 female), making up 14.7% of the total population. 1,256 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 30.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Usaini as having a population of 2,253 people (1,213 male and 1,040 female), in 395 households and 393 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190–1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Usaini as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 1,465 people (781 male and 684 female), in 265 households and 196 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,365 acres and it had a post office and medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Usaini had 4 primary schools and 1 community health centre. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office and public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Neoheterophrictus madraspatanus

2024-10-22T13:33:44Z

RickieDumas3: creating the post from scratch

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
|taxon = Neoheterophrictus madraspatanus
|image =
|image_caption =
|authority = ([[Frederic Henry Gravely|Graveley]], 1935)<ref name=WSC_s37700/>
|synonyms =
{{Specieslist
|Plesiophrictus madraspatanus|Graveley, 1935
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=WSC_s37700/>
}}

'''''Neoheterophrictus madraspatanus''''' is a [[species]] of [[spider]] in the family [[Theraphosidae]], found in India.<ref name=WSC_s37700/>

==Description==
Males vary in body length, ranging from 7  to 20 mm; the largest females are about 19 mm long. Both sexes are brownish in colour, lighter in smaller individuals and darker in larger ones. Males have special structures on the distal end of the tibia of their first legs, including on the ventral side a large curved projection (apophysis) whose apex is divided into three.<ref name=Grav35/>

==Taxonomy==
First described by [[Frederic Henry Gravely]] in 1935 in the genus ''[[Plesiophrictus]]'',<ref name=WSC_s37700/><ref name=Grav35/> the species was transferred to the genus ''[[Neoheterophrictus]]'' by Rajesh V. Sanap and Zeeshan A. Mirza in 2013,<ref name=WSC_s37700/> based on the structure of the male tibial spur.<ref name=SanaMirz13/>

==Distribution==
The original specimens were found in the city of [[Chennai|Madras]], India, and surrounding areas.<ref name=Grav35/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Grav35>{{citation |first=F.H. |last=Gravely |year=1935 |title=Notes on Indian mygalomorph spiders. II|journal=Records of the Indian Museum Calcutta |volume=37 |pages=69–84 }}</ref>

<ref name=SanaMirz13>{{Citation |last1=Sanap |first1=R.V. |last2=Mirza |first2=Z.A. |date=2013 |title=First description of female ''Plesiophrictus millardi'' Pocock, 1899 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) |journal=Taprobanica |volume=5 |pages=6–11 |doi=10.4038/tapro.v5i1.5654 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=WSC_s37700>{{citation |title=Taxon details ''Neoheterophrictus madraspatanus'' (Gravely, 1935) |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/37700 |access-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25094950}}

[[Category:Theraphosidae]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1935]]

{{Theraphosidae-stub}}