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R. N. Ravi

2026-05-08T16:28:17Z

RickWoods111:

{{Short description|Governor of West Bengal since 2026}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Indian name|Ravi|Ravindra Narayana}}
{{confuse|R. N. Kao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. N. Ravi
| image = R.N. Ravi.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2021
| office = Governor of West Bengal
| order = 22nd
| term_start = 12 March 2026
| predecessor = [[C. V. Ananda Bose]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]] [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| office1 = Governor of Tamil Nadu
| order1 = 15th
| term_start1 = 18 September 2021
| term_end1 = 11 March 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
| successor1 = [[Rajendra Arlekar]] {{small|''(additional charge)''}}
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| office2 = [[Governor of Nagaland]]
| term_start2 = 1 August 2019
| term_end2 = 17 September 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Padmanabha Acharya]]
| successor2 = [[Jagdish Mukhi]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| office3 = [[Governor of Meghalaya]]
| term_start3 = 18 December 2019
| term_end3 = 26 January 2020
| predecessor3 = [[Tathagata Roy]]
| successor3 = Tathagata Roy
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| office4 = [[Deputy National Security Advisor of India]]
| term_start4 = 5 October 2018
| term_end4 = 31 July 2019
| 1blankname4 = National Security Advisor
| 1namedata4 = [[Ajit Doval]]
| predecessor4 = [[Arvind Gupta (administrator)|Arvind Gupta]]
| successor4 = [[Dattatray Padsalgikar]]
| office5 = Interlocutor of [[Naga Peace Accord]]
| term_start5 = September 2014
| term_end5 = March 2022
| predecessor5 = ''Office established''
| successor5 = A. K. Mishra
| office6 = Special Director of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
| term_start6 = 2010
| term_end6 = 2012
| birth_name = Ravindra Narayana Ravi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|4|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| spouse =
| party =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[bureaucrat]]|[[spymaster]]}}
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ravindra Narayana Ravi''' (born 3 April 1952) is an Indian politician serving as [[governor of West Bengal]] since 2026. Earlier, he served as the [[Governor of Nagaland]], [[Governor of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]], and [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]. He was a former bureaucrat and a [[List of spymasters|spymaster]], who held various positions with the [[Government of India]].

Born in [[Patna]] in [[Bihar]], Ravi joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1976 after a brief stint as a journalist. He served in the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]. He was appointed as the chairman of the [[Joint Intelligence Committee (India)|Joint Intelligence Committee]] in 2014. In October 2018, he became the deputy [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]].

After retiring from his bureaucrat career, Ravi was appointed as the governor of Nagaland in August 2019 and served till September 2021. He also held additional responsibility as the governor of Meghalaya from December 2019 to January 2020 when then governor [[Tathagata Roy]] went on a leave. On 18 September 2021, Ravi took charge as the governor of Tamil Nadu. In March 2026, he was transferred as the governor of West Bengal.

Ravi's tenure as the governor of Tamil Nadu has seen repeated face-offs with the elected government headed by [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] [[M. K. Stalin]]. He was criticised as being dictatorial by Stalin, due to his reluctance and delay in giving assent to various bills passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state assembly]]. The assembly later passed a resolution urging the [[Government of India|union government]] to set time limits for governors to give assent to bills. In April 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] mandated time limits for governors in a [[Landmark decision|landmark judgement]] in the case brought by the state against the governor. However, in August 2025, a [[constitutional bench]] of the court, in a reply to the questions raised by the [[President of India|president]], affirmed that no time limit is mandated for the president or governor in the [[Constitution of India]].

==Early life and career==
[[File:RN Ravi.jpg|thumb|Ravi in 2019]]
Ravindra Narayana Ravi was born in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] on 3 April 1952.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Honorable Governor |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/profile_form_governor.php?id=MjY=&back_type=bWVudV9iYWNr |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref> He completed his [[Master of Science|masters degree]] in physics in 1974.<ref name="Assembly">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Shri. R. N. Ravi Governor of Tamil Nadu |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/governor.php |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110150322/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/governor.php |url-status=live }}</ref> After a brief stint in [[journalism]], he joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1976 and was allotted to Kerala cadre, where he served for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor |work=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/governor.php |access-date=1 June 2025 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604190848/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/governor.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ravi was later appointed to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], and led anti-corruption cases against organised criminal gangs, including mining mafias. He later served in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], where he was involved in theatres of insurgency in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the [[Northeast India]], and [[red corridor|Naxal-affected regions]].<ref name="Assembly"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Kalita |first=Prabin |title=IB Special Director and spymaster R N Ravi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/meet-your-governor-r-n-ravi-an-officer-and-tough-gentleman/articleshow/86135573.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> He also served as the special director of the Intelligence Bureau from 2010 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile: R. N. Ravi |url=https://policeuniversity.ac.in/univ_uploads/Intro_rn_ravi.pdf |work=Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> After retiring from government service in 2012, he wrote opinion columns in newspapers.<ref name="Assembly"/>

== Political career ==
In 2014, Ravi was appointed as the chairman of the [[Joint Intelligence Committee (India)|Joint Intelligence Committee]]. He was appointed as the deputy [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]] on 5 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalita |first1=Prabin |title=Meet your governor: R N Ravi, an officer, and tough gentleman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/meet-your-governor-r-n-ravi-an-officer-and-tough-gentleman/articleshow/86135573.cms |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913040029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/meet-your-governor-r-n-ravi-an-officer-and-tough-gentleman/articleshow/86135573.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He also served as the interlocutor for the talks between the [[Government of India]] and [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) from 2014 to 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=RN Ravi resigns as Modi govt's interlocutor for Naga peace talks |url=https://theprint.in/india/rn-ravi-resigns-as-modi-govts-interlocutor-for-naga-peace-talks/738197/ |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[The Print]] |date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327012348/https://theprint.in/india/rn-ravi-resigns-as-modi-govts-interlocutor-for-naga-peace-talks/738197/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parashar |first1=Utpal |title=NSCN-IM wants Nagaland Governor removed as interlocutor for peace talks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nscn-im-wants-nagaland-governor-removed-as-interlocutor-for-peace-talks/story-DNT3uPGzv5bIEJkAX1a4TO.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=11 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327012348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nscn-im-wants-nagaland-governor-removed-as-interlocutor-for-peace-talks/story-DNT3uPGzv5bIEJkAX1a4TO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Neeta |title=Finally, Centre's Naga Talks Interlocutor Makes Way For Replacement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-ravi-centres-naga-talks-interlocutor-makes-way-for-replacement-2549911 |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327012348/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-ravi-centres-naga-talks-interlocutor-makes-way-for-replacement-2549911 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Governor of Nagaland (2019- 2021)===
Ravi was appointed as the [[Governor of Nagaland]] on 20 July 2019 by the [[President of India|president]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-ravi-sworn-in-as-nagaland-governor-2078810|title=RN Ravi Sworn In As Nagaland Governor|date=1 August 2019|work=[[NDTV]]|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811225949/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rn-ravi-sworn-in-as-nagaland-governor-2078810|url-status=live}}</ref> During his tenure, the [[Nagaland Peace Accord]] was signed between the Indian government and NSCN in August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=15 July 2017|title=Meet R.N. Ravi, who is mediating peace with the Nagas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/meet-rn-ravi-who-is-mediating-peace-with/article19285361.ece|access-date=17 October 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017142227/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/meet-rn-ravi-who-is-mediating-peace-with/article19285361.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nagas will never join Indian Union nor accept India s constitution : NSCN (I-M) Chief|url=https://thewire.in/politics/exclusive-nagas-indian-constitution-thuingaleng-muivah-nscn-im|access-date=17 October 2020|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020185733/https://thewire.in/politics/exclusive-nagas-indian-constitution-thuingaleng-muivah-nscn-im|url-status=live}}</ref> He had a fallout with NSCN in 2020 after an alleged misunderstanding and subsequent manipulation of the agreement by him. Later, the NSCN asked for his removal as an interlocutor.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 September 2021|title=Uncertainty regarding Naga peace process prevails as guv RN Ravi shifts to TN|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/uncertainty-regarding-naga-peace-process-prevails-as-guv-rn-ravi-shifts-to-tn-101631279220828.html|access-date=15 September 2021|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915130535/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/uncertainty-regarding-naga-peace-process-prevails-as-guv-rn-ravi-shifts-to-tn-101631279220828.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to media reports, Ravi was perceived to be targeting the NSCN while being soft on its rival [[Naga people|Naga]] political outfit, consisting of seven [[extremism|extremist]] groups.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|date=10 September 2021|title=Relief in Nagaland after R.N. Ravi's transfer|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/relief-in-nagaland-after-rn-ravis-transfer/article36396565.ece|access-date=15 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913040029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/relief-in-nagaland-after-rn-ravis-transfer/article36396565.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

After his proposed appointment as the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] in 2021, the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] president [[Chingwang Konyak]] said the Nagaland government was not happy with the way Ravi functioned and said he interfered in the affairs of a popular government.<ref name="Hindu"/> The Kohima Press Club boycotted the state farewell organised for Ravi to show resentment since Ravi had refused to interact with the media several times.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ambrocia|first=Medolenuo|date=14 September 2021|title=Nagaland journalists boycott Guv RN Ravi's state farewell ceremony|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/top-news/2021/09/14/nagaland-journalists-boycott-guv-rn-ravis-state-farewell-ceremony/|access-date=15 September 2021|work=East Mojo|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915043618/https://www.eastmojo.com/top-news/2021/09/14/nagaland-journalists-boycott-guv-rn-ravis-state-farewell-ceremony/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Governor of Meghalaya (2019- 2020)===
Ravi was given additional charge as the [[Governor of Meghalaya]], after the incumbent governor [[Tathagata Roy]] went on a temporary leave.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-to-hold-additional-charge-of-meghalaya/article30319105.ece|title=Nagaland Governor R.N. Ravi to hold additional charge of Meghalaya|date=16 December 2019|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He was in charge for 39 days from 18 December 2019 to 26 January 2020, and handed the reigns back to Roy, who came back and took charge on 27 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/tathagata-roy-resumes-charge-as-meghalaya-governor-after-long-leave.html|title=Tathagata Roy resumes charge as Meghalaya governor after long leave|date=27 January 2020|access-date=1 March 2026|work=Northeast Now}}</ref>

===Governor of Tamil Nadu (2021- 2026)===
On 9 September 2021, Ravi was appointed as the governor of Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagaland Governor R.N. Ravi shifted to Tamil Nadu; Banwarilal Purohit moved to Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-shifted-to-tamil-nadu-banwarilal-purohit-moved-to-punjab/article36391293.ece |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913040742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-shifted-to-tamil-nadu-banwarilal-purohit-moved-to-punjab/article36391293.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Nagaland Governor RN Ravi transferred to Tamil Nadu|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1005054/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-transferred-to-tamil-nadu|access-date=15 September 2021|work=[[Scroll.in]]|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915070954/https://scroll.in/latest/1005054/nagaland-governor-rn-ravi-transferred-to-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> and he took charge on 18 September 2021.<ref name="Stalin">{{cite news|title=Stalin greets RN Ravi, says TN welcomes him|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/stalin-greets-rn-ravi-says-tn-welcomes-him/2157243|access-date=15 September 2021|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915065104/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/stalin-greets-rn-ravi-says-tn-welcomes-him/2157243|url-status=live}}</ref> While he was welcomed by [[Chief minister of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu chief minister]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) chief [[M. K. Stalin]],<ref name="Stalin" /> his appointment was questioned by allies of the DMK such as the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]], who claimed an ulterior motive in his appointment.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2021|title=TN political leaders question former IB officer RN Ravi's appointment as Governor|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-political-leaders-question-former-ib-officer-rn-ravis-appointment-governor-155169|access-date=15 September 2021|work=News Minute|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915064634/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-political-leaders-question-former-ib-officer-rn-ravis-appointment-governor-155169|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DMK allies oppose R N Ravi's appointment as Tamil Nadu Governor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-allies-oppose-r-n-ravi-s-appointment-as-tamil-nadu-governor-1029648.html |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=12 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912155727/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-allies-oppose-r-n-ravi-s-appointment-as-tamil-nadu-governor-1029648.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his tenure, Ravi had multiple face-offs with the Tamil Nadu government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=D. Suresh |date=8 April 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/five-big-controversial-actions-of-tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi/article69426378.ece |title=Five big controversial actions of Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408110447/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/five-big-controversial-actions-of-tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi/article69426378.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2022, he had kept 21 bills passed in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu assembly]] on hold.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-two-bills-to-take-away-governors-powers-to-pick-vcs/cid/1862428| title=Tamil Nadu government seeks right to pick vice-chancellors| access-date=8 September 2022| work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172653/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-two-bills-to-take-away-governors-powers-to-pick-vcs/cid/1862428 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/there-are-21-bills-pending-tn-governor-what-experts-think-164645 |title=There are 21 Bills pending before the TN Governor: What experts think |date=3 June 2022 |work=News Minute |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He was criticised by politicians in Tamil Nadu for his delay in approving the bills and interference in the functioning of the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/04/27/why-scs-observation-on-governors-role-is-significant-in-tamil-nadu.html |title=Why SC's observation on governor's role is significant in Tamil Nadu |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172654/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/04/27/why-scs-observation-on-governors-role-is-significant-in-tamil-nadu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 4 February 2022, he returned the bill seeking exemption from [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] to the speaker of the Tamil Nadu assembly, 142 days after it was passed in the assembly.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu Governor returns Bill against NEET |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-returns-bill-against-neet/article38370726.ece |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The assembly subsequently re-adopted the bill, and forwarded it to the governor, who then reserved it for the consideration of the president.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu's anti-NEET Bill to be sent to President: Governor RN Ravi tells CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadus-anti-neet-bill-be-sent-president-governor-rn-ravi-tells-cm-161949 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=The News Minute }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jesudasan |first=Dennis S. |date=8 February 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly re-adopts Bill against NEET |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-re-adopts-bill-against-neet/article38395952.ece |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1= Sreedevi Jayarajan |author2=Azeefa Fathima |date=8 February 2022 |title=TN Assembly re-adopts NEET Bill returned by Guv, all eyes now on President |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-re-adopts-neet-bill-returned-guv-all-eyes-now-president-160737 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 2022 |title=NEET row: Tamil Nadu assembly re-adopts bill returned by Governor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-assembly-neet-bill-governor-7762544/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The president later declined assent to the bill.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu knocks SC door against President's refusal to approve NEET exemption bill |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-knocks-sc-door-against-presidents-refusal-to-approve-neet-exemption-bill/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=The South First}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2025 |title=Anti-NEET bill: President withholds assent; T.N. CM Stalin to hold all-party meeting on April 9 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/president-withholds-assent-for-tn-neet-exemption-bill-cm-stalin-to-hold-all-party-meeting-on-april-9/article69411915.ece |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In April 2022, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] questioned Ravi's action to refer the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] convict [[A. G. Perarivalan]]'s remission plea to the president as threatening the federal structure of government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/law/dangerous-precedent-for-federalism-sc-on-tn-governor-referring-perarivalan-plea-to-president |title='Dangerous Precedent for Federalism': SC on TN Governor Referring Perarivalan Plea to President |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908174605/https://thewire.in/law/dangerous-precedent-for-federalism-sc-on-tn-governor-referring-perarivalan-plea-to-president |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/supreme-court-glare-on-tn-governor-move-to-bypass-govt-740224 |title=Supreme Court glare on TN Governor move to bypass govt |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908174553/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/supreme-court-glare-on-tn-governor-move-to-bypass-govt-740224 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2023, Ravi suggested that [[Tamilakam]] would be a more suitable name for the state of Tamil Nadu and criticised that the ruling political parties in the state have been regressive in the past fifty years.<ref>{{cite news|author=Varsha Sriram|title=Tamil Nadu vs 'Tamizhagam': Why Governor RN Ravi's latest remarks have sparked a row with DMK|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/tamil-nadu-vs-tamilagam-governor-rn-ravi-row-dmk-8368892/|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109163203/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/tamil-nadu-vs-tamilagam-governor-rn-ravi-row-dmk-8368892/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title="Thamizhagam More Appropriate Than Tamil Nadu": Row Over Governor RN Ravi's Remark|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/thamizhagam-more-appropriate-than-tamil-nadu-row-over-governor-rn-ravis-remark-3667864|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109190911/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/thamizhagam-more-appropriate-than-tamil-nadu-row-over-governor-rn-ravis-remark-3667864|url-status=live}}</ref> His remarks were condemned by leaders of various political parties including the ruling DMK, the opposition [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], and other regional parties,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nadu-tamizhagam-governor-dmk-tussle-8369036/ |title=Tamizhagam or Tamil Nadu? Lost in translation in Governor-DMK tussle |date=8 January 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080854/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nadu-tamizhagam-governor-dmk-tussle-8369036/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/political-leaders-disapprove-of-governors-tamizhagam-remark/article66346735.ece |title=Political leaders disapprove of Governor's 'Tamizhagam' remark |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080847/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/political-leaders-disapprove-of-governors-tamizhagam-remark/article66346735.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> while being welcomed by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/politics/tamil-nadu-vs-tamizhagam-governor-ravi-stirs-up-political-storm-in-dmk-ruled-state/1306151/ |title=Tamil Nadu vs Tamizhagam — Governor Ravi stirs up political storm in DMK-ruled state |work=[[The Print]] |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080846/https://theprint.in/politics/tamil-nadu-vs-tamizhagam-governor-ravi-stirs-up-political-storm-in-dmk-ruled-state/1306151/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Protests were organised by some college students against his remarks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malaimurasu.com/posts/tamilnadu/College-students-protested-against-the-governor |title=ஆளுநருக்கு எதிராக போராட்டத்தில் குதித்த கல்லூரி மாணவர்கள்...பதாகைகளில் குறிப்பிட்டிருந்த வார்த்தைகள் என்னென்ன? |trans-title=College student protest against the governor |work=[[Malai Murasu]] |lang=ta |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119074350/https://www.malaimurasu.com/posts/tamilnadu/College-students-protested-against-the-governor |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the governor's speech in the assembly on 9 January 2023, the state government claimed that Ravi omitted select words such as [[women empowerment]], [[secularism]], [[self-respect]], and portions on [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and Dravidian leaders from the speech submitted by the state government to the governor's office.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Divya|title=உரையில் தவிர்த்த வார்த்தைகள், கொதித்த திமுகவினர், வெளியேறிய ஆளுநர்|trans-title=Governor avoided words during his speech, DMK members object|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/tamilnadu/the-governor-who-left-the-assembly-in-half-131673246449356.html|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|language=ta|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109110722/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/tamilnadu/the-governor-who-left-the-assembly-in-half-131673246449356.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fathima |first1=Azeefa |last2=Ahmed |first2=Shabbir |date=9 January 2023 |title=TN Governor skips portions on Dravidian leaders and Ambedkar in speech, CM objects |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-governor-skips-portions-dravidian-leaders-and-ambedkar-speech-cm-objects-171717 |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=News Minute |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109110719/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-governor-skips-portions-dravidian-leaders-and-ambedkar-speech-cm-objects-171717 |url-status=live }}</ref> As per convention, the governor was to read the speech prepared by the state government. Chief minister Stalin moved a resolution requesting that the [[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|speaker]] to relax the state assembly rules to record only the speech prepared by the state administration and strike out any passages that the governor inserted or omitted. The motion was passed by the assembly, and the original speech prepared by the state government was documented.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=TamilNadu: What does rule 17 of the TNLA say? |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/01/09/what-does-rule-17-of-the-tnla-say |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=[[DT Next]] |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126163155/https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/01/09/what-does-rule-17-of-the-tnla-say |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=வாசிக்கப்படாத 'வார்த்தைகள்' முதல் ஆர்.என்.ரவி வெளிநடப்பு வரை - ஆளுநர் உரை நிகழ்வின் 'சம்பவங்கள்'|trans-title=Unstated words to Ravi's exit|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/926871-top-20-events-of-tamil-nadu-legislative-assembly-session.html|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 January 2023|lang=ta|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109145120/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/926871-top-20-events-of-tamil-nadu-legislative-assembly-session.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ravi walked off from the assembly in the middle of the chief minister's speech on the resolution, before the assembly proceedings were closed.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 January 2023|title=முதல்வர் பேசிக்கொண்டிருக்கும்போதே விறுவிறுவென வெளியேறிய ஆளுநர் ஆர்.என். ரவி|trans-title=Governor Ravi exits when chief minister was speaking|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/politics/tamil-nadu-chief-ministers-speech-governor-r-n-ravi-left-hurry|access-date=10 January 2023|work=Nakkheeran|lang=ta|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109110759/https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/politics/tamil-nadu-chief-ministers-speech-governor-r-n-ravi-left-hurry/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stalin |first1=J Sam Daniel |last2=Kumar |first2=Akhil |title=Tamil Nadu Governor Walks Out Amid Row With MK Stalin Over His Speech |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi-walks-out-of-assembly-in-row-with-chief-minister-mk-stalin-over-his-speech-3675640 |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109214859/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi-walks-out-of-assembly-in-row-with-chief-minister-mk-stalin-over-his-speech-3675640 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 February 2024, Ravi again declined to read the entire customary address provided by the state government, except for the introductory parts, and walked off from the assembly as the speaker recited the Tamil rendition of the prepared address.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muruganandham |first=T. |date=12 February 2024 |title=TN Governor Ravi refuses to read customary address in assembly, walks out before session ends |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Feb/12/tn-governor-ravi-refuses-to-read-customary-address-in-assembly-walks-out-before-session-ends |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506152803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Feb/12/tn-governor-ravi-refuses-to-read-customary-address-in-assembly-walks-out-before-session-ends |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in the day, a press release from the governor state that he cannot abide by the speech provided by the state government since he did not agree with many of its excerpts on "moral and factual reasons", and stated it would be "constitutional travesty" if he accepted and orated the speech.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi refuses to read Governor's address at T.N. Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/r-n-ravi-refuses-to-read-governors-address-at-tn-legislative-assembly-says-it-would-be-constitutional-travesty/article67837317.ece |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212055303/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/r-n-ravi-refuses-to-read-governors-address-at-tn-legislative-assembly-says-it-would-be-constitutional-travesty/article67837317.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=TN Guv RN Ravi refuses to read customary speech in Assembly on 'moral grounds' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-guv-rn-ravi-refuses-to-read-customary-speech-in-assembly-on-moral-grounds |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=The News Minute |date=12 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506152803/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-guv-rn-ravi-refuses-to-read-customary-speech-in-assembly-on-moral-grounds |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2023, Ravi issued a communique that dismissed [[V. Senthil Balaji]] from the state's [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], after Balaji's arrest by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] in a [[money laundering]] case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Governor Ravi dismisses Senthilbalaji from Council of Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-backtracks-on-dismissal-of-senthilbalaji-from-cabinet/article67023986.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630040833/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-backtracks-on-dismissal-of-senthilbalaji-from-cabinet/article67023986.ece |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> His announcement was criticised by several political parties, and chief minister Stalin responded that the governor does not have the authority to dismiss a minister without the recommendation of the elected government and indicated that the decision would be challenged legally.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 June 2023 |title=After dismissing minister Senthil Balaji, Tamil Nadu governor R N Ravi hits pause following outrage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-dismissing-minister-tamil-nadu-governor-hits-pause-following-outrage/articleshow/101376841.cms |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the governor withdrew the order on the same day, and stated that he was advised by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|union home ministry]] to seek the opinion of the [[Attorney General of India|attorney general]] and acted accordingly.<ref>{{cite news |title=TN Governor R N Ravi 'dismisses' jailed minister Senthil Balaji; puts decision on hold within hours |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tn-governor-r-n-ravi-dismisses-jailed-minister-senthil-balaji-puts-decision-on-hold-within-hours-1232431.html |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=30 June 2023}}</ref> In April 2025, Balaji resigned from the cabinet after an ultimatum by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/senthilbalaji-ponmudy-resign-as-tamil-nadu-ministers-after-strong-remarks-from-courts/article69498381.ece|title=Tamil Nadu Ministers Senthilbalaji, Ponmudy quit after strong court remarks|date=28 April 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Ravi has been criticised as being dictatorial by Stalin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/governor-should-not-think-he-is-a-great-dictator-says-chief-minister-stalin/article66707666.ece |title=The Governor should not think he is a great dictator, says Chief Minister |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 April 2023 |access-date=24 November 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522181850/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/governor-should-not-think-he-is-a-great-dictator-says-chief-minister-stalin/article66707666.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to his reluctance and delay in giving assent to various bills passed by the state assembly, the assembly passed a resolution urging the union government to set time limits for governors to give assent to bills.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/politics/hours-after-tn-assembly-resolution-criticising-governor-r-n-ravi-passes-long-pending-bill |title=Hours After TN Assembly Resolution Criticising Governor, R.N.Ravi Passes Long-Pending Bill |work=The Wire |date=11 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629063336/https://thewire.in/politics/hours-after-tn-assembly-resolution-criticising-governor-r-n-ravi-passes-long-pending-bill |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 April 2025, Ravi stated that if the governor does not approve a bill, it indicates that the "bill is dead".<ref>{{cite news |title=If Governor withholds nod, it means Bill is dead: Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-governor-withholds-assent-to-bill-it-is-dead-says-rn-ravi/article66708016.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413225020/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-governor-withholds-assent-to-bill-it-is-dead-says-rn-ravi/article66708016.ece |archive-date=13 April 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2023 |title='When you say withhold, it means the Bill is dead,' says Tamil Nadu governor RN Ravi |url=https://theprint.in/politics/withholding-means-bill-is-dead-a-decent-language-for-rejected-says-tamil-nadu-guv-cm-stalin-slams-remark/1503362/ |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=The Print}}</ref> The statement drew criticism from Stalin and [[P. Chidambaram]].<ref>{{cite news |title="Parliamentary Democracy Is Dead": P Chidambaram Slams Governor's Remark |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parliamentary-democracy-is-dead-p-chidambaram-slams-governors-remark-3928655 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241009101754/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parliamentary-democracy-is-dead-p-chidambaram-slams-governors-remark-3928655 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Muruganandham |first=T. |date=8 April 2023 |title=TN CM Stalin calls governor Ravi 'dictator' for 'kill bill' comment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Apr/07/tn-cm-stalin-calls-governor-ravidictatorfor-kill-billcomment-2563458.html |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In April 2025, in the case of ''The State of Tamil Nadu v. The Governor of Tamil Nadu,'' the Supreme Court delivered a [[Lists of landmark court decisions|landmark judgement]] mandating time limits for governors to act on bills passed by state legislatures. The court ruled that the prolonged inaction on the ten bills by governor Ravi before referring them to the president, after their re-passage by the legislature, was unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=8 April 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-finds-tamil-nadu-governors-conduct-arbitrary-puts-governors-on-the-clock/article69426799.ece |title=Supreme Court finds Tamil Nadu Governor's conduct on 10 re-passed Bills was 'unconstitutional', puts Governors on the clock |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408213144/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-finds-tamil-nadu-governors-conduct-arbitrary-puts-governors-on-the-clock/article69426799.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/article-200-governor-cant-reserve-bill-for-presidents-assent-after-it-was-re-enacted-by-assembly-supreme-court-288851 |title=Governor Can't Reserve Bill For President's Assent After It Was Re-Enacted By Assembly : Supreme Court |work=Live Law |author=Gursimran Kaur Bakshi |archive-date=9 April 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409141218/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/article-200-governor-cant-reserve-bill-for-presidents-assent-after-it-was-re-enacted-by-assembly-supreme-court-288851 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=G |first=Ananthakrishnan |date=8 April 2025 |title='Must act with due deference to conventions of parliamentary democracy': Supreme Court sets aside TN Governor's reservation of 10 Bills |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-tamil-nadu-governor-bills-assent-president-reservation-9931457/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409175153/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-tamil-nadu-governor-bills-assent-president-reservation-9931457/ |archive-date=9 April 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> The court also cleared the pending bills under the provisions of Article 142.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vats |first=Aparna |date=8 April 2025 |title=How Supreme Court cleared 10 Bills using extraordinary powers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/supreme-court-cleared-bills-using-extraordinary-powers-article-142-tamil-nadu-rn-ravi-governors-judicial-overreach-2706035-2025-04-08 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> However, on 20 November 2025, a five-judge [[constitutional bench]] of the Supreme Court issued an advisory on the April 2025 case. The advisory was based on the 14 constitutional questions raised by the president to the court.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=20 November 2025 |title=Presidential Reference hearings saw SC repeat it is not expected to 'overrule' T.N. Governor case verdict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/presidential-reference-hearings-saw-sc-repeat-it-is-not-expected-to-overrule-tn-governor-case-verdict/article70301754.ece |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bench confirmed that no timeline is stipulated in the [[Constitution of India]] for the president or governors to take action on the bills. It further opined that the governors cannot sit on the bills indefinitely, and the governor has three options: to grant assent, to reserve it for the consideration of the president, or to withhold assent and return the bill to the assembly for reconsideration.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2025 |title=No timeline, but Governors can't sit on Bills indefinitely, says Supreme Court |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/no-timeline-but-governors-cant-sit-on-bills-indefinitely-says-supreme-court |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=The News Minute }}</ref>

On 12 April 2025, Ravi reportedly asked students to chant ''Jai Shri Ram'' during an event held at [[Thiagarajar College of Engineering]] in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 2025|title='Say Jai Shri Ram': Tamil Nadu governor Ravi sparks row; Congress terms his 'BJP, RSS's propaganda master' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/say-jai-shri-ram-tamil-nadu-governor-ravi-sparks-row-congress-terms-his-bjp-rsss-propaganda-master/articleshow/120254629.cms |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 2025 |title=TN Governor RN Ravi triggers controversy by urging students to chant 'Jai Shri Ram' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-governor-r-n-ravi-controversy-students-chant-e937fc3e |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> The State Platform for Common School System, an association of educationists and activists,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/spcss-tn-launches-website-outlining-reasons-for-rejecting-nep-2020/article69313699.ece |title=SPCSS-TN launches website outlining reasons for rejecting NEP 2020 |date=11 March 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025| work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> wrote to the president [[Droupadi Murmu]] demanding Ravi's removal from office based on the allegation that his actions violated Article 159 of the Indian Constitution, which pertains to the oath of office taken by governors.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 2025 |title=TN Governor asks college students to chant 'Jai Shri Ram' during event, educationists demand his removal from office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Apr/13/tn-governor-asks-college-students-to-chant-jai-shri-ram-during-event-educationists-demand-his-removal-from-office |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=14 April 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu educationists demand Governor RN Ravi's removal over 'Jai Shri Ram' row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-educationists-body-demand-governor-rn-ravi-sack-president-murmu-jai-shri-ram-chant-students-2708600-2025-04-14 |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Leaders from the ruling DMK and its allies also condemned the incident, stating that it was inappropriate for a constitutional authority to make religious exhortations at an educational institution.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2025 |title='Jai Shri Ram' slogan row: 'Governor RN Ravi flexing majoritarian muscle, not acceptable in Tamil Nadu, says DMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/this-is-flexing-majoritarian-muscle-not-acceptable-in-tamil-nadu-dmk-hits-back-at-governor-rn-ravi/articleshow/120271477.cms#:~:text=This%20story%20is%20from%20April,Silver%20Rates%20Today%20in%20Chennai |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=T.N. Governor Ravi's Jai Sri Ram chant: Educational forums condemn, seek his removal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-ravi-jai-sri-ram-chant-educational-forums-condemn-seek-his-removal/article69446661.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720095946/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-ravi-jai-sri-ram-chant-educational-forums-condemn-seek-his-removal/article69446661.ece |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Governor R N Ravi Under Fire For Urging Students To Chant 'Jai Shri Ram' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/tamil-nadu-governor-r-n-ravi-under-fire-for-urging-students-to-chant-jai-shri-ram-2885812.html |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

On 20 January 2026, Ravi declined to deliver the customary address provided by the state government and walked out of the assembly. The governor's office later released a statement citing that not being allowed to speak, not playing the National Anthem at the beginning of the session, and falsified claims in the address prepared by the state government as the reasons for the governor's walkout. Chief minister Stalin condemned the governor's move and said that it violates the house protocol and is a disrespect to the assembly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/drama-in-tn-assembly-guv-ravi-walks-out-over-insult-to-national-anthem-lok-bhavan-says-mic-was-switched-off-11768886216111.html|title=Drama in TN Assembly: Guv Ravi walks out over 'insult' to national anthem; Lok Bhavan says 'mic was switched off'|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=20 January 2026|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-governor-rn-ravi-walks-out-of-assembly-without-reading-customary-address/article70528041.ece|title=Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi again declines to read out customary address to Assembly, walks out|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 January 2026|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Governor of West Bengal (2026– present) ===
On 6 March 2026, Ravi was appointed as the [[Governor of West Bengal]] succeeding [[C. V. Ananda Bose]], while [[Rajendra Arlekar]], the [[Governor of Kerala]], was given additional charge of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-governors-in-states-ut-tns-ravi-replaces-bose-in-bengal-ahead-of-polls-hasnain-for-bihar-sandhu-gets-delhi-10566960/|title=New Governors in states, UT: TN's Ravi replaces Bose in Bengal ahead of polls, Hasnain for Bihar, Sandhu gets Delhi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
{{Commons category}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Tathagata Roy]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]]|years= 12 March 2026}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, R. N.}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
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[[Category:Governors of Nagaland]]
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{{Authority control}}

Paglu 2

2026-05-07T17:23:00Z

RickWoods111: Added Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paglu 2
| image = Paglu 2 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sujit Mondal]]
| based_on = ''[[Kandireega]]''
| screenplay = [[N. K. Salil]]
| story = [[Anil Ravipudi]]
| producer = [[Nispal Singh]]
| studio = [[Surinder Films]]
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] [[Rajatava Dutta]] [[Rimjhim Mitra]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cinematography = Kumud Verma
| editing = Rabiranjan Mitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2012|08|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| gross = 
}}

'''''Paglu 2''''' (translation: Crazy 2) is a 2012 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Sujit Mondal]] starring [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] in lead roles. This is the sequel to the ''Paglu'' series but storywise not a sequel of ''[[Paglu]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Now a sequel to Paglu? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/now-a-sequel-to-paglu/articleshow/8812501.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=11 June 2011}}</ref> A major portion of this movie has been shot in [[Dubai]]. This film is a remake of 2011 [[Telugu film]] ''[[Kandireega]]'', directed by Santosh Srinivas and starring [[Ram Pothineni|Ram]] and [[Hansika Motwani]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I am the hyper guy in my family: Santosh Srinivas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/i-am-the-hyper-guy-in-my-family-santosh-srinivas/articleshow/54546880.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=28 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='দেব ওর ছবিতে ভাল চরিত্র দিলেই করব', 'পাগলু ২'-এর ১২ বছর পূর্তিতে টোটা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tota-roy-choudhury-shares-paglu-2-movie-shoot-memories-dgtl/cid/1542771 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=2 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The film grossed financially well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sujit Mandal has given us moderate commercial hits like 'Paglu 2' and 'Bolo Na Tumi Amar' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sujit-mandal-ropes-in-bonny-koushani-for-his-next/articleshow/68665309.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=October 2022}}
Dev is a high school dropout and a worthless village lad. He is hell-bent on getting married but the girl he wants to marry rejects him, stating he doesn't have a college education. Dev, who is clever and street-smart decides to go to [[Kolkata]] for further education. While traveling on the train, he bashes up a bunch of rowdies teasing college girls. At the college in Kolkata, he meets Riya and falls in love with her. A city gangster, Rudra, is in love with her and blackmails her to marry him. He beats anyone moving closely with Riya. Meanwhile, henchmen of the dreaded chieftain Dubai Keshto, from [[Dubai]], are looking for Dev in the city. Dev then tries to take Riya but later comes to know that Dubai Keshto's daughter, Kavita, loves him after noticing his fight on the train. Then he pretends to leave Riya and marry Kavita, hatching a plan to take Riya and elope with her. Dev explains to Kavita about her attraction towards Dev, stating that it's not love, it's infatuation. Dev also tells her that what love is and how it happens, thus she gets his point correctly. When Dev explains to Riya why he shunned her in front of Dubai Keshto, Riya gets to understand the plan and co-operates with him. But it goes awry at the first attempt because of Rudra and Dubai Keshto's interference (as Rudra had told him earlier that Dev can't be a loyal son-in-law for him, saying not to trust him.). Dev tries to explain to her that he can't be her love anymore, he loves Kavita and no one is as special as her, thus fooling Keshto and proving Rudra wrong. How Dev make things clear and explains Dubai Keshto about his love for Riya after a lot of fun and confusion forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Dev (Paglu)
* [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] as Riya
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as Rudra
* Md Abdul Gony Rafid as Rafid
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Krishno Ghoshal aka Dubai Keshto, the most wanted person in [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]
* [[Rimjhim Mitra]] as Kabita Ghoshal, Dubai Keshto's daughter
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Dev's father
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Dev's friend<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Bishwanath Basu is also a popular singer? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/did-you-know-bishwanath-basu-is-also-a-popular-singer/articleshow/81065555.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=17 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sayak Chakraborty]] as Dev's friend
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Voice-over of Lord Shiva
* Pradip Dhar
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Badshah Khan, Dubai Keshto's biggest enemy
* [[Mousumi Saha]] as Dev's mother
* Kunal Padhi as Riya's father

==Production==
The filming was started from 19 January 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paglu 2 is ready |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/paglu-2-is-ready/articleshow/11386168.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=6 January 2012}}</ref> It has been filmed mostly across [[Kolkata]] and the deserts of [[Dubai]] in [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Paglu 2' to shoot abroad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/paglu-2-to-shoot-abroad/articleshow/12066980.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=28 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First look of 'Paglu 2' |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/bengali/paglu-2/morphshow/15118384.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Parts of the film has been also shot in [[Malaysia]]. The song sequences has been filmed in [[New Zealand]] and different parts of [[Europe]], including [[Italy]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev and Koel shoot in Italy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-and-koel-shoot-in-italy/articleshow/7791829.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=26 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Dev is a a[sic] full-on paglu: Koel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-is-a-a-full-on-paglu-koel/articleshow/15117617.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paglu 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2012|8|}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:11
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Surinder Films]]
| producer = [[Surinder Films]]
| prev_title = [[Awara (2012 film)|Awara]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Ekla Akash]]
| next_year = 2012
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Paglu 2
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Paglu 2 Title Song
| single1date = 31 May 2018
| single2 = Khuda Jaane
| single2date = 4 Jun 2018
| single3 = Habudubu Habudubu
| single3date = 7 Jun 2018
| single4 = Ekta Premer Gaan Likhechi
| single4date = 11 Jun 2018
}}
}}

The soundtrack of the film has been composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]]. The lyrics have been penned by Prasen and Priyo Chattopadhyay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paglu-2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/paglu-2-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1752670750 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=Apple Music |date=24 October 2017}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 19:11
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ekta Premer Gaan Likhechi
| length1 = 3:54
| lyrics1 = Prasen
| extra1 = Jeet Gannguli
| title2 = Khuda Jaane
| length2 = 4:14
| lyrics2 = Prasen
| extra2 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Shyam Bhatt, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Paglu 2 Title Track
| length3 = 3:52
| lyrics3 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]], Shreya Ghoshal
| title4 = Habudubu Habudubu
| length4 = 3:23
| lyrics4 = Prasen
| extra4 = Zubeen Garg, [[Akriti Kakkar]]
| title5 = Paglu 2 Title Track Remix
| length5 = 3:48
| lyrics5 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra5 = Mika Singh, Shreya Ghoshal
}}

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
A critic from the ''[[Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Paglu 2 is a typical commercial Bengali film. Want to enjoy a mad ride over the weekend? Paglu 2 s too tempting to say no." He praised the chemistry between the lead pair, situational comedy, Tota and Rajatava's prolific acting, Jeet Ganguli's music and the costume designer but bemoaned Dev's poor diction and the over excessive number of songs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paglu 2 Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/paglu-2/movie-review/16190868.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 May 2016}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Anandalok Award 2012 for Best Actor (Male) - Nominated
*Anandalok Puraskar 2012 for Best Bengali film - Nominated

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4736026}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paglu 2}}
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic action comedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by N. K. Salil]]

Love Mocktail 3

2026-05-07T13:40:54Z

RickWoods111:

{{short description|2026 Indian film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Mocktail 3
| image = Love Mocktail 3.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]]
| writer = Darling Krishna [[Milana Nagaraj]] Yadunandan
| producer = Darling Krishna Milana Nagaraj
| starring = {{ubl|Darling Krishna|Milana Nagaraj|Samvrutha|[[Rachel David]]|[[Amrutha Iyengar]]}}
| cinematography = Sri Crazy Mindz
| editing = Sri Crazy Mindz
| music = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| studio = KrissMi Films
| distributor = [[KVN Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|03|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 134 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2026 |title=''Love Mocktail 3'' (PG) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/love-mocktail-3-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmteznda3 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Love Mocktail 3''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Kannada]]‑language drama film directed by [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] and written by Darling Krishna, Milana Nagraj and Yadunandan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/love-mocktail-3-is-made-for-families-says-krishna/amp_articleshow/129628803.cms|title=Love Mocktail 3 is made for families, says Krishna|work=The Times of India|date=18 March 2026}}</ref> It serves as the third and final installment in the ''Love Mocktail'' film series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/08/love-mocktail-3-trailer-out-the-final-chapter-adis-journey|title=Love Mocktail 3 trailer out, the final chapter Adi's journey|work=Cinema Express|date=8 March 2026}}</ref> The film stars Darling Krishna, [[Milana Nagaraj]], Samvrutha, [[Amrutha Iyengar]], [[Dileep Raj]], Amrutha Iyengar, Shwetha Prasad, and others. It is produced by Darling Krishna and Milana Nagaraj.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Mar/14/kannadainterviews2026mar13behind-the-frames-and-notes-of-love-mocktail-3|title=Behind the frames and notes of Love Mocktail 3|work=The New Indian Express|date=14 March 2026}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Nakul Abhyankar]].

The film was theatrically released on 19 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/toxic-yash-postponed-kvn-productions-love-mocktail-3-darling-krishna-milana-nagaraj-release-date/article70703008.ece|title=Kannada film 'Love Mocktail 3' preponed after 'Toxic' delay|work=The Hindu|date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set several years after the events of ''Love Mocktail 2'', the film follows Adi, who is now a single father to Nidhi, the girl he adopted at the end of the previous film. Their life is built around simple routines, bedtime stories, school incidents, and the warmth of domestic stability, supported by their caretaker “Jagga Mummy” and frequent visits from Adi’s close friend Viju.

As the story unfolds, an unexpected claim emerges when an elderly woman, Dr. Shanta, asserts that Nidhi is her biological granddaughter. This sparks an emotionally intense custody battle, pushing Adi to confront unresolved parts of his past while trying to keep the daughter he deeply loves. Legal and emotional challenges follow, testing the limits of Adi’s resilience and the strength of their father‑daughter bond. The film continues the franchise’s themes of healing, responsibility, and emotional connection.

== Cast ==
* [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] as Aditya "Adi"
* [[Milana Nagaraj]] as Nidhima "Nidhi"
* Samvrutha as Nidhi
* [[Rachel David]] as Sihi
* [[Amrutha Iyengar]] as Joshitha "Jo"
* Abhilash Dalapathi as Viju
* [[Dileep Raj]]
* Rekha Kudligi as Dr. Shanta
* Rajani Bharadwaj
* Shwetha Prasad as Renu
* Vaishali Deepak
* Jagadish
* Giri Shivanna as Police Inspector

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Following the success of ''Love Mocktail'' (2020) and ''Love Mocktail 2'' (2022), Darling Krishna conceived the third chapter as an exploration of fatherhood, family, and emotional evolution rather than conventional romance. The story was co‑written by Darling Krishna, Milana Nagaraj, and Yadunandan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Dec/11/kannadainterviews2025dec10krishna-love-mocktail-franchise-explores-love-in-all-its-forms|title=Krishna: Love Mocktail franchise explores love in all its forms|work=The New Indian Express|date=11 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Most of the key cast from the second film returned, including Darling Krishna and Milana Nagaraj. Child actor Samvrutha joined as Nidhi. The supporting cast includes frequent collaborators like [[Amrutha Iyengar]], [[Dileep Raj]], and Shwetha Prasad.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Music ==
The soundtrack album consists of four singles composed by [[Nakul Abhyankar]] with lyrics written by Raghavendra Kamath, Arun Naik and [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Love Mocktail 3 by Nakul Abhyankar|url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2LXNBvkpYytWtLtTRAyHwb|website=[[Spotify]]|date=14 February 2026}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| length4 = 3:28
| lyrics4 = Arun Naik
| extra4 = Vijay Prakash
| title4 = Muddu Magale
| length3 = 3:26
| lyrics3 = Raghavendra Kamath
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title3 = Beladingalu
| length2 = 4:48
| extra2 = Nakul Abhayankar, Keerthan Holla
| title2 = Obbantiyaade Naa
| lyrics2 = Raghavendra Kamath
| length1 = 3:37
| extra1 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]]
| title1 = Neene Neenene Nannella Aase
| headline = Love Mocktail 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
}}

== Controversies ==
In March 2026, ''Love Mocktail 3'' became embroiled in a plagiarism dispute after filmmaker [[Guru Deshpande]] and writer Raghavendra M. Naik publicly alleged that the film’s post‑intermission portions particularly, the custody battle and courtroom proceedings involving an adopted child, were lifted from a script they had previously narrated to Darling Krishna. They claimed that Krishna had heard their story during a narration meeting in August 2023 and later incorporated its core elements into ''Love Mocktail 3'' without credit. Deshpande asserted that while the film was presented as a continuation of the franchise, its second half mirrored the central conflict and narrative turn of their script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/love-mocktail-3-row-pits-writer-against-filmmaker/articleshow/129749773.cms|title=Love Mocktail 3 row pits writer against filmmaker|work=The Times of India|date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

Darling Krishna denied the allegations, stating that ''Love Mocktail 3'' had been developed over several years as a direct continuation of Love Mocktail 2, whose climax already established the adoption arc. He argued that the similarities cited were generic to stories about adoption and custody disputes and maintained that the opposing script was based on a separate, real‑life incident. Calling the accusations defamatory, Krishna announced his intention to file a defamation case against Guru Deshpande and Raghavendra Naik, asserting that the claims harmed his reputation and the film’s standing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/love-mocktail-three-story-theft-controversy-darling-krishna-milana-nagaraj-3857547|title=ಲವ್‌ ಮಾಕ್ಟೇಲ್‌ ಕದ್ದಕಥೆ ಎಂದ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರಗೆ ಕೃಷ್ಣ–ಮಿಲನಾ ...|work=Prajavani|date=25 March 2026|lang=kn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29470608}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2026 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]

J. Sai Deepak

2026-05-06T22:54:24Z

RickWoods111: done

{{short description|Indian Hindutva activist and litigator (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayakumar Sai Deepak
| image = J Sai Deepak,2017 (On RSTV) (cropped) even smaller.png
| alt = J Sai Deepak in 2017 on RSTV
| caption = Deepak in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| birth_name =
| nationality =
| occupation = Lawyer, writer, columnist
| education = [[Mechanical engineering]] [[law]]
| alma_mater = [[Anna University]] [[IIT Kharagpur]]
| notable_works = ''India that is Bharat'' (2021) ''India, Bharat and Pakistan'' (2022)
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''Jayakumar Sai Deepak''' (born 23 November 1985) is an Indian [[Hindutva]]<ref name=":1">Sources about Hindutva:
*{{cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-27843-6 |editor-last=Chopra |editor-first=Rohit |publication-place=Abingdon, Oxon New York, NY |page=222 |chapter=International Networks Supporting Hindutva |doi=10.4324/9781003278436 |quote=Hindutva ideologues, like J. Sai Deepak, have also found mainstream English-language publishers like Bloomsbury India and Penguin Books India much more amenable to publishing their work, which more often than not substitutes crudely nationalist historical and social perspectives for scholarly quality |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003278436-16/international-networks-supporting-hindutva-rohit-chopra}}
*{{cite journal |last=Hew |first=Wai Weng |last2=Chan |first2=Nicholas |date=2024 |title=Idealized Past, Exclusivist Present: Right-wing Appropriation of the Decolonial Rhetoric in Malaysia |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=625–651 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2024.2400219 |issn=1467-2715 |quote=Walter Mignolo, had to apologize on Facebook after he endorsed a book written by Sai Deepak, a Hindu supremacist who used decolonial frameworks to legitimize problematic Hindutva ideas.}}
*{{cite journal |last=Hull |first=George |date=4 May 2023 |title=Varieties of intellectual decolonisation: an introduction |journal=Social Dynamics |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=185–195 |doi=10.1080/02533952.2023.2243077 |issn=0253-3952 |quote=Sai Deepak – who is, like Ram Swarup, a prominent voice in the Hindutva current of thought and political activism}}</ref> proponent, lawyer, columnist and author.<ref name="Kunnummal 2023">{{cite journal | last=Kunnummal | first=Ashraf | title=Islamic Liberation Theology and Decolonial Studies: The Case of Hindutva Extractivism | journal=Religions | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=14 | issue=9 | date=2023-08-22 | issn=2077-1444 | doi=10.3390/rel14091080 | doi-access=free | page=1080|quote= Of the Hindutva propagandists who deploy decolonial studies, J. Sai Deepak is the only one who has written substantively on it.}}</ref> As a [[counsel]], he practices before the [[Supreme Court of India]] and the [[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|2076261680}} |title=Lord Ayyappa at Sabarimala too has rights under Article 21, SC told |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=26 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|2076507987}} |title=Sabarimala case: Deity living person, has right to privacy, women devotees to SC |newspaper=Indian Express |location=Mumbai |date=27 July 2018 }}</ref> In 2024, along with 70 other advocates, he was designated as [[Senior Advocate]] by [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=J. Sai Deepak Among 71 Advocates Designated Senior Advocate By Delhi High Court, Supreme Court Conferrs Designation On Newly Appointed ASG|url=https://www.verdictum.in/news/j-sai-deepak-delhi-high-court-senior-advocate-designation-1559572 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Verdictum |language=en}}</ref>

He writes columns for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and [[Open (Indian magazine)|''The Open Magazine'']]. He has authored two books about [[decoloniality]] in relation to [[India]]: ''India That Is Bharat'' (2021) and ''India, Bharat and Pakistan'' (2022).

==Early life and education==

Deepak was born in [[Hyderabad]] in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOlxkJvqTFs |title=J Sai Deepak On Hindutva, Free temple movement, Muslims in India & more{{!}}The Raunac Podcast{{!}} Rj Raunac |date=2024-05-22 |last=RJ Raunac |access-date=2025-06-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He studied at St. Anthony's High School in Hyderabad. He then graduated in mechanical engineering from [[Anna University]] and completed law from [[IIT Kharagpur]]'s [[Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law]].<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|2083283397}} |last1=Iyer |first1=Lakshmi |title=Small talk: The Deity's Advocate |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=6 August 2018 }}</ref>

==Career==

Deepak has been part of [[Basmati]] [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] litigation, as the [[Special counsel|Special Counsel]] for the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], seeking inclusion of the state as part of the Basmati Geographical Indication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State Government Of Madhya Pradesh vs Union Of India & Ors on 25 April, 2019 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/73658577/ }}</ref>

Deepak argued the case against the [[Entry of women to Sabarimala|entry of women]] to [[Sabarimala Temple]] and had supported '[[Ready To Wait campaign|ready to wait]]' campaign. He argued against the entry, stating that the Hindu deity [[Lord Ayyappa|Ayyappan]] observes ''naishtika [[brahmacharya]]'' ("lifelong celibacy").<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2019 |title=Written Submissions to the Supreme Court of India in the Sabarimala Temple Entry Case |url=https://peoplefordharma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Sabarimala-Written-Submissions-1.pdf}}</ref> He was also a counsel in a petition to allow priests of any [[Caste system in Kerala|caste]] to be priests at Sabarimala, the priesthood at the temple has historically been open to only [[Malayali Brahmin]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Written Submissions in the Vishnunarayan vs State of Kerala case |url=https://www.peoplefordharma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/14484_Written_Submission-3.pdf}}</ref> The [[Kerala High Court]] ruled in favor of the traditional practices.

Deepak represented the [[Travancore royal family]] for their right to manage the estates of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=Written Submissions to the Supreme Court of India in the Padmanabhaswamy Temple Administration Case |url=https://peoplefordharma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Padmanabhaswamy-Written-Submissions.pdf}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India ruled in favor of the family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishwanath |first=Apurva |date=2020-07-13 |title=Explained: Padmanabhaswamy temple case, and what the verdict means for the Travancore royal family |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-padmanabhaswamy-temple-case-and-what-verdict-means-for-travancore-royal-family-6503543/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Sri Marthanda Varma vs State of Kerala |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2011/10179/10179_2011_32_1501_22898_Judgement_13-Jul-2020.pdf |website=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>

Deepak was the counsel for [[Anand Rangnathan|Anand Ranganathan]] in the [[Contempt of court in India|contempt of court]] case against the latter for endorsing the criticism of Justice [[S. Muralidhar]] by [[Swaminathan Gurumurthy|S. Gurumurthy]] and [[Vivek Agnihotri]].<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|2817965951}} |title='Am a free speech absolutist': Author Anand Ranganathan in contempt case |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=24 May 2023 }}</ref> The Delhi High Court closed the proceedings against Ranganathan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2024-01-03 |title=Delhi High Court Closes Proceedings Against Anand Ranganathan In Criminal Contempt Case For Tweets Against Justice S Muralidhar |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-anand-ranganathan-criminal-contempt-case-tweets-justice-s-muralidhar-245737 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Views==
{{Conservatism in India|Intellectuals}}
Deepak writes two blogs, one named ''Yukti'' on [[constitutional theory]] and [[Philosophy of law|legal philosophy]]; and one named ''The Demanding Mistress'' on [[Civil law (common law)|civil]], [[Commercial law|commercial]] and [[Intellectual property|intellectual property law]]. An article in the latter blog was cited by the [[Madras High Court]] in its decision on the [[TVS Motor Company]] vs. [[Bajaj Auto]] Limited intellectual property dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madras High Court |date=18 May 2009 |title=M/S TVS Motor Company Limited vs M/S Bajaj Auto Limited on 18 May, 2009 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1721105/ |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

Deepak is a [[Hindutva]] activist.<ref name=":1" /> He believes that the several good qualities of the [[Vedanga|knowledge systems]] of [[Vedic civilisation|ancient Hindu civilization]], mixed with the good qualities of [[Prussian education system|modern education]] systems, can be a template for [[Education in India|modern Indian education]] systems, which he considers to have multiple drawbacks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/j-sai-deepak-is-wrong-indian-democracy-is-not-hindu-will-8690455/ |last=Sijoria |first=Siddharth |title=J Sai Deepak is wrong: Indian democracy is not Hindu will|date=28 June 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/07/24/isolation-conservatism-and-buzzwords-what-drives-the-lucrative-market-for-right-wing-influencers|last=Sen |first=Raj Shekhar |title=Isolation, conservatism and buzzwords: What drives the lucrative market for right-wing influencers|date=24 July 2023 |website=[[newslaundry]]}}</ref> He opposes the [[Dravidian movement]] and [[Periyar]]ite thought, and claims they are Western interventions in [[South India|Southern Indian]] societal fault lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T. Mayura Priyan |date=2023-10-08 |title=Sanatana Dharma and the Dravidian Movement: A response to J. Sai Deepak — 2 – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/sanatana-dharma-and-the-dravidian-movement-a-response-to-j-sai-deepak-2/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He has written an article, where he discussed limitations imposed by the Indian Constitution against Hindu majoritarian expression. He had criticized the provisions for Hindu majority authority being subject to judicial review and being overruled if it conflicts with constitutional morality.<ref name=":0" />

Deepak's talk on the [[Uniform Civil Code]] in [[Bengaluru]] at a Karnataka Bar Association event was faced with opposition from a group of lawyers who wanted the event to be cancelled in an attempted case of deplatforming, but it wasn't.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Suchita |date=2023-09-01 |title=Karnataka Bar Council Ignores Demand By Lawyers' Organisation To Cancel Sai Deepak's Talk On UCC, Event Witnesses Huge Crowd |url=https://www.verdictum.in/news/uniform-civil-code-all-india-lawyers-association-for-justice-1492654 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.verdictum.in |language=en}}</ref>

Deepak has participated in multiple debates, the prominent ones being with [[Saurabh Kirpal]] on same sex marriage;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vandana |date=2023-07-20 |title=Can Parliament be trusted with LGBTQ rights? Star lawyers Sai Deepak, Saurabh Kirpal debate |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/can-parliament-be-trusted-with-lgbtq-rights-star-lawyers-sai-deepak-saurabh-kirpal-debate/1676638/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> with [[S. Y. Quraishi]] and [[Manish Tewari]] on the Uniform Civil Code;<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-06 |title=Debate without draft Uniform Civil Code is a non-issue, says ex-CEC S.Y. Quraishi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/debate-without-draft-uniform-civil-code-is-a-non-issue-says-ex-cec-sy-quraishi/article67164351.ece |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with [[Shashi Tharoor]] on decoloniality;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabilan |first=Kannalmozhi |date=2021-09-11 |title=The reality of the nationalism debate |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/Sep/11/the-reality-of-thenationalism-debate-2357071.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and with AG Krishna Menon and [[Sanjay Nirupam]] on nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decolonising India: Is Bharat trying to reinvent itself? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/decolonising-india-bharat-attempts-to-reinvent-debate-authors-mumbai-conclave-2293403-2022-11-04 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, during the launch of [[Shashi Tharoor|Shashi Tharoor's]] book <nowiki>''The Battle of Belonging'', Deepak participated in a public discussion with Tharoor, distinguishing between nationalism and patriotism. Rebutting Tharoor'</nowiki>s critiques, Deepak also argued that the common understanding of "[[Hindu nationalism]]" offers a "truncated view" of the identity. So instead, he advocated for the broader framework of 'Hindu ([[Dharma|Dharmic]]) civilisationalism.' To emphasize that the Hindu civilizational identity transcends modern political boundaries and 20th-century politics, Deepak stated that he was prepared to completely discard [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|V.D. Savarkar]] as its sole defining figurehead, even arguing that it is a grave injustice to the society to reduce an ancient civilization to a single individual used as a straw man.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2021-09-10 |title=‘Patriot dies for the country, nationalist kills for the State’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/patriot-dies-for-the-country-nationalist-kills-for-the-state/article36392956.ece |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Deepak is also a frequent orator, having spoken at multiple universities, as well as at literature and cultural festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-18 |title=Those in power must be held accountable |url=https://starofmysore.com/those-in-power-must-be-held-accountable/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Publications==
===Books===
* ''India That Is Bharat: Coloniality, Civilisation, Constitution''. [[New Delhi]]: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]. 2021. {{ISBN|978-93-5435-249-2}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Anandaroop |date=2023-05-04 |title=J Sai Deepak's India that is Bharat: Coloniality, Civilisation, Constitution . Bloomsbury 2021 |journal=Social Dynamics |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=376–385 |doi=10.1080/02533952.2023.2236899 |issn=0253-3952|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valluvan |first1=Sivamohan |last2=Kapoor |first2=Nisha |date=June 2023 |title=Sociology after the postcolonial: Response to Julian Go's 'thinking against empire' |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-4446.12995 |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=310–323 |doi=10.1111/1468-4446.12995 |issn=0007-1315|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dann |first=Philipp |date=2023-12-22 |title=Southern turn, Northern implications: rethinking the meaning of colonial legacies for Comparative Constitutional Studies |url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/journals/ccs/1/2/article-p174.xml |journal=Comparative Constitutional Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=174–196 |doi=10.4337/ccs.2023.0016 |issn=2752-9665|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |date=2022-05-06 |title=India needs to challenge colonialism in its own language. But solution isn't Hindu worldview |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/india-needs-to-challenge-colonialism-in-its-own-language-but-solution-isnt-hindu-worldview/944406/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''India, Bharat and Pakistan: The Constitutional Journey of a Sandwiched Civilisation''. New Delhi: Bloomsbury. 2022. {{ISBN|978-93-5435-301-7}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Utpal |date=2022-09-06 |title=How India, a victim of conflicting colonialities, is coming out of slumber to reboot its tampered mind |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion-news-expert-views-news-analysis-firstpost-viewpoint/how-india-a-victim-of-conflicting-colonialities-is-coming-out-of-slumber-to-reboot-its-tampered-mind-11191361.html |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |date=2022-05-06 |title=India needs to challenge colonialism in its own language. But solution isn't Hindu worldview |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/india-needs-to-challenge-colonialism-in-its-own-language-but-solution-isnt-hindu-worldview/944406/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|2754825320}} |title=Re-Discovering Bharat |newspaper=Star of Mysore |date=16 December 2022 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Swapan Dasgupta]]
* [[Rajiv Malhotra]]
* [[Sanjeev Sanyal]]
* [[Bibek Debroy]]
* [[Vikram Sampath]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last= Sen| first= Anandaroop | title=Intellectual Decolonisation: Critical Perspectives | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=London | date=1 August 2024 | isbn=978-1-003-51784-9 | doi=10.4324/9781003517849 | page=|chapter=Decoloniality and right-wing nationalism in India: the case of J Sai Deepak|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003517849-13/decoloniality-right-wing-nationalism-india-case-sai-deepak-anandaroop-sen|editor-first=George|editor-last= Hull}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|J. Sai Deepak}}

* [https://spicyip.com/author/j-sai-deepak Deepak's articles at SpicyIP]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deepak, J. Sai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Anna University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian male bloggers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Intellectual property lawyers]]

Litsea wightiana

2026-05-06T15:31:04Z

RickWoods111: Done

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Litsea wightiana 05.JPG
|status = NT
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=de Kok, R. |author2=Geethakumary, M.P. |year=2020 |title=''Litsea wightiana'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T153267201A153622983 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T153267201A153622983.en |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref>
|genus = Litsea
|species = wightiana
|authority = ([[Nees]]) [[Wall.]] ex [[Hook.f.]]
|synonyms =
* ''Cylicodaphne wightiana'' {{small|Nees (1831)}}
* ''Cylicodaphne wightiana'' var. ''glabrescens'' {{small|Meisn. (1864)}}
* ''Malapoenna wightiana'' {{small|(Nees) Kuntze (1891)}}
* ''Tetranthera wightiana'' {{small|Wall. (1830)}}, nom. nud.
* ''Tetranthera wightii'' {{small|Nees (1836)}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60468620-2 ''Litsea wightiana'' (Nees) Wall. ex Hook.f.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 4 May 2023.</ref>
}}

'''''Litsea wightiana''''' is a species of [[plant]] in the family [[Lauraceae]]. It is a tree which grows 10 to 20 metres tall. It is [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Western Ghats]] of India, in the states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Karnataka. It grows in evergreen and semi-evergreen montane forests from 1,000 to 2,400 metres elevation.<ref name = iucn/>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from= Q13113057}}

[[Category:Litsea|wightiana]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Near threatened flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1831]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck]]

{{Laurales-stub}}

Rahul Tiwari

2026-05-01T13:37:21Z

RickWoods111: Added New Data

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rahul Tiwari
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2025
| constituency = [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| father = [[Shivanand Tiwari]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| relations = [[Ramanand Tiwary]] (Grandfather)
}}

'''Rahul Tiwari''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He has served as MLA from [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur District]] from 2015 to 2025. He had won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Shahpur Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Shahpur Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-shahpur-assembly-election-result-2020-198.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tiwari is from [[Shahpur, Bihar|Shahpur]], Bhojpur District, Bihar. He is the son of [[Shivanand Tiwari]] and grandson of [[Ramanand Tiwary]]. He completed his intermediate in 1992 at College of Commerce, Patna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Tiwari(RJD):Constituency- SHAHPUR(BHOJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9629 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tiwari won from Shahpur Assembly constituency representing Rashtriya Janata Dal in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 64,393 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Shobha Devi, an independent candidate, by a margin of 22,883 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Shahpur Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Rahul Tiwari of RJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shahpur-election-result-2020-live-updates-shahpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3060860.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from the same seat. In 2015, he polled 69,315 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Visheshwar Ojha of Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 14,570 votes.<ref name=":0" />

He lost to Bjp's [[Rakesh Ojha]] in 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Shahpur">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Shahpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04198.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207140501/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04198.htm |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Shahpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Shahpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/shahpur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207140608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/shahpur |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahul, Tiwari}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Bhojpur district, India]]

{{RJD-politician-stub}}

Queen (TV series)

2026-05-01T12:32:32Z

RickWoods111: Added Article

{{short description|2019 Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Queen web series poster.jpg
| genre = Historical drama
| creator = Reshma Ghatala
| director = {{plainlist|
*[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
*Prasath Murugesan
}}
| based_on = ''Queen'' by Anita Sivakumaran
| writer = Reshma Ghatala
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ramya Krishnan]]
* [[Anjana Jayaprakash]]
* [[Anikha|Anikha Surendran]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 11
| editor = Praveen Antony
| cinematography = [[S. R. Kathir]]
| runtime =
| network = [[MX Player]]
| music =
| company = [[MX Player|MX Originals]] Ondraga Digital
| composer = [[Darbuka Siva]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|16}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Queen''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Period film|period]] [[Biographical-drama|biographical drama]] [[streaming television]] series created by Reshma Ghatala. An adaptation of Anita Sivakumaran's novel of the same name, which is loosely based on the life of the late [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]], the script was written by Ghatala, with [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and Prasath Murugesan, jointly directing the series.

The series stars [[Ramya Krishnan]], essaying the lead role as Shakthi Sheshadri, a fictional character resembling the former politician, while [[Anjana Jayaprakash]] and [[Anikha Surendran]] portraying the younger versions of Sheshadri. [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Vamsi Krishna]], [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] / [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Lillete Dubey]] amongst others appear in prominent roles. The series chronicles the life and evolution of Sheshadri, and her journey from cinema industry to the politics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/queen-ramya-krishnan-biopic-mx-player-gautham-vasudev-menon-jayalalitha|title=Queen: Ramya Krishnan Resurrects Jayalalithaa, And How!|date=17 December 2019|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref>

[[MX Player]] announced the plans for a streaming series based on the life of Jayalalithaa and hired Gautham Menon to direct the series. Menon who eventually planned to make her biopic as [[feature film]], eventually reinstated his decision to direct it as a streaming series, due to restrictions in censor board.<ref name="indianexpress"/> Menon also produced the film under [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Ondraga Digital]] along with [[The Times Group|Times Studio Originals]]. The shooting of the film took place from December 2018 and wrapped up in March 2019.<ref name="indiaglitz"/> The series features cinematography and editing handled by [[S. R. Kathir]] and Praveen Anthony, with background score composed by [[Darbuka Siva]].

The first season of Queen which consists of 11 episodes, was released through the streaming service [[MX Player]] on 14 December 2019. The series eventually received positive reviews praising Ramya Krishnan's performance, among other cast members and also the major technical aspects of production.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/queen-review-ramya-krishnan-is-a-majestic-political-leader-in-new-web-series-1628671-2019-12-16|title=Queen Review: Ramya Krishnan is a majestic political leader in new web series|author=Janani K. |date=18 December 2019 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> Apart from its digital premiere, the series also broadcast through [[Zee Tamil]] in July 2020.<ref name="indiatimes"/> ''Queen'' won the award for Best Series at the Singapore Asian Academy Creative Awards in December 2020. In April 2020, Menon announced that the series was renewed for a second season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gautham Menon's Queen to get a second season|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/apr/05/gautham-menons-queen-to-get-a-second-season-17887.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=5 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
This first season has eleven episodes which depicts the life and evolution of Shakthi Sheshadri. This starts from the childhood days of her and the reason behind her entry into the cinema industry, The way she learned everything in the cinema, The relationship between Shakthi and GMR and finally her political entry.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Shakthi Seshadri (Based on [[J. Jayalalithaa]])
** [[Anjana Jayaprakash]] as the vicenarian Shakthi Seshadri
** [[Anikha|Anikha Surendran]] as the young Shakthi Seshadri
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as G. M. Ravichandran (Based on [[M. G. Ramachandran]])
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Chaitanya Reddy (Based on [[Sobhan Babu]])
* [[Nandha Durairaj]] as Dinesh Arulselvan
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi Shivamani]] as Ranganayaki, Shakthi Sheshadri's mother (Based on [[Sandhya (actress, born 1924)|Sandhya]], Jayalalitha's mother)
** [[Sonia Agarwal]] as young Ranganayaki, Shakthi Sheshadri's mother
* [[Lilette Dubey]] as an interviewer (Based on [[Simi Garewal]])

===Supporting===
* [[R. Parthiban]] as Ravichandran
* Karuppu Nambiar as Syed
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Sridhar (Based on [[C. V. Sridhar]])
* [[Vivek Rajgopal]] as Pradeepan
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Mariappan
* [[Munna (actor)|Munna Simon]] as Srikanth, Shakthi Sheshadri's brother
** Munaf Rahman as young Srikanth
* Janaki Suresh as Alamelu – Shakthi's best friend
** Deepa Ramanathan as vicenarian Alamelu
** Yukta Bhardwaj as young Alamelu
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Janani Devi (Based on [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]])
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Suriyakala (Based on [[V. K. Sasikala]])
* [[Mari Muthu]] As Dhanaraj (Based On [[M. Natarajan]])
* Rajie Vijay Sarathy as Sister Flavia
* [[Sarjano Khalid]] as young Co-star Vinith (Based on [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Actor Srikanth]])
* MS Harini as young Co-star Viji (Based on [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]])
* Hans Kaushik as Maya Rangaswamy
* [[Charmila]] as Shakthi Sheshadri's grandmother
* Subhashree as vicenarian Pinky – Shakthi and Alamelu's best friend
** Kushi R Jain as young Pinky
* [[Sruthy Jayan]] as Malar – Shakthi's neighbor
* Elavarasan Devarajan as Photographer Subramanium – Alamelu's father
* Narendran Subramaniam as Telugu hero along with Anjana Jayaprakash
* Aditya Anbu as Deepak – Pinky's brother

== Episodes ==
{{Expand section|episode summaries|date=December 2019}}{{Episode table |background=#515357 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = The Breach
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = As a brilliant, academically driven 15 year old who has no-one in her family to guide her, she tops the state in her tenth standard board exams.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = The Wall
| DirectedBy = Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = A wall separates 12 year old Shakti from her best friend Pinky. But the wall isn't just a physical divide. Shakti slowly begins to understand the real distance between them.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Circle of Light
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = A reluctant debutante actress, Shakti Seshadri and ace director Shridhar Vasudevan, form an unlikely alliance.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = HIM
| DirectedBy = Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = Meeting superstar GMR changes Shakti's life irreversibly and thus begins Shakti's journey to super stardom.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Tipping Point
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = A headstrong Shakti starts to find herself backed into a corner with GMR, as cracks begin to appear in their relationship.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Home & Away
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = As Shakti's home life spirals out of control, a romance sparks off during her Telugu film with director Chaitanya Reddy.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = The Dream
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = Living a dream, with hope for marriage and a family still being a possibility, Shakthi dives headlong into her relationship with Chaitanya Reddy.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = The Nightmare
| DirectedBy = Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = Shakthi and her mother begin to heal their fractured relationship, while bonding over shared misery.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = The Prophecy
| DirectedBy = Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = Meeting GMR changes Shakthi's life yet again. This time plunging her into the world of Tamil Nadu politics.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = The Fall
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = The death of GMR, leaves Shakthi with a decision to make. Will she choose greatness or happiness?
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = The Rise
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = At the funeral, a life altering incident sets Shakthi off on a trajectory that will have her replacing GMR as the face of the party. The Queen replaces the King.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Origin ===
Indian online [[Over-the-top media services|OTT]] platform, [[MX Player]] announced plans of making a [[streaming television]] series about the life of former actress and politician [[J. Jayalalithaa]], and hired director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] to direct the project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/filmmaker-gautham-menon-to-helm-a-web-series-on-jayalalithaa/19753196 |title=Filmmaker Gautham Menon to helm a web series on Jayalalithaa – entertainment |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=30 August 2018 |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> It was touted to be a fourth biopic made in Tamil,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yet another biopic announced on the life of Jayalalithaa|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/aug/19/yet-another-biopic-announced-on-the-life-of-jayalalithaa-7496.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=19 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> which is based on the life of the former politician after [[A. L. Vijay]], Priyadharshini and [[Bharathiraja]] were hired to direct the films.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web|date=20 August 2018|title=Three biopics on J Jayalalithaa announced|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/three-biopics-on-j-jayalalithaa-announced-5315606/|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The script for the series was written by Reshma Ghatala, who worked as an executive producer in Menon's production house [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Ondraga Entertainment]], while one of Menon's protege Prasath Murugesan was also signed to direct a few episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gautham-menon-vetrimaaran-vignesh-shivn-sudha-kongara-direct-series-netflix-108226 |title=Gautham Menon, Vetrimaaran, Vignesh Shivn, Sudha Kongara to direct series for Netflix? |publisher=The News Minute |date=2 September 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> It was produced by [[The Times Group|Times Studio Originals]], a subsidiary production house of [[The Times Group]] for web content, along with Gautham Menon's [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Ondraga Originals]].<ref name="firstpost">{{Cite web|date=24 December 2018|title=Gautham Menon starts shooting web series based on the life of Jayalalithaa, with Ramya Krishnan playing lead role |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gautham-menon-starts-shooting-web-series-based-on-the-life-of-jayalalithaa-with-ramya-krishnan-playing-lead-role-5782291.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
A source close to the director stated that "Menon has planned to direct three seasons of the biopic, which covers the life story of Jayalalithaa through thirty episodes. The first season is based on Jayalalithaa's entry to politics, which chronicles her life from 12 to 44 years. Based on the reception of the first season, the consecutive seasons will be planned. So far, many Tamil {{Sic|web series}} were criticized for the below par production values but Gautham clearly told his producers that he will not compromise with the quality. Gautham also got several unknown stories on Jayalalithaa through her close friends and associates."<ref name="firstpost"/>

In an interview with ''[[India Today]]'', Menon stated that the series is a fictional story based on Anita Sivakumaran's novel ''Queen'', which is based on the life of the politician and does not have any resemblance to her life, but instead Menon inspired the characters from the novel. Initially he planned to direct the biopic as a [[feature film]], but due to the restrictions in [[Censor Board|censor board]], Menon preferred to direct it as series.<ref name="cinemaexpress">{{Cite web|title=Gautham Menon to direct a web series about Jayalalithaa|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/24/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-web-series-about-jayalalithaa-9339.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=24 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> One of the production executives stated about Menon's interest in his foray through digital space, which is one of the reason as Menon, preferred to do a series about the politician.<ref name="cinemaexpress"/> It is touted to be the second expensive streaming series produced in India, followed by the [[Netflix original series]] ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''.<ref name="cinemaexpress"/> [[File:Ramya Krishnan.jpg|thumb|[[Ramya Krishnan]] plays the lead character Shakthi Sheshadri|230x230px]]

=== Casting ===
[[Ramya Krishnan]] was cast in the leading role of Shakthi Sheshadri, a fictional character resembling [[Jayalalithaa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Archana|title=Is the web series 'Queen' about Jayalalithaa? Here's what Ramya Krishnan has to say|url=https://scroll.in/reel/946529/is-the-web-series-queen-about-jayalalithaa-heres-what-ramya-krishnan-has-to-say|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=11 December 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> whereas Malayalam actor [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] was being roped to reprise the fictional character of former actor and politician [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as G. M. Ravichandran (GMR),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indrajith Sukumaran to play MGR in Gautham Menon's Jayalalithaa web series|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/indrajith-sukumaran-to-play-mgr-in-gautham-menons-jayalalithaa-web-series-10596.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=18 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Vamsi Krishna]] being cast as Telugu actor [[Shobhan Babu]]'s fictional character as Chaitanya Reddy.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Gautham Menon silently directing Jayalalithaa biopic!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222115424/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html|archive-date=22 December 2018|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Actors [[Vineeth]] and [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] were also reported to be a part of the cast, which claimed to be false.<ref>{{cite web|last=Manikandan |first=Rajeshwari |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030317/https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2018 |title=Gautham Menon To Direct A TV Series On J Jayalalithaa – |publisher=Silverscreen.in |date=22 December 2018 |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> It was further reported that [[Anikha Surendran]] and [[Anjana Jayaprakash]] were hired to reprise the younger versions of Shakthi Sheshadri. [[Sonia Agarwal]] was reported to play the younger version of Shakthi's mother Ranganayaki (fictional character of Jayalalithaa's mother Sandhya), with the older version of the character played by [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]. [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] played the role of GMR's wife, Janani Devi, which is a fictional character of [[Janaki Ramachandran]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}And [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] played the role of Sakthi's Friend Suryakala, which is a fictional character of [[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]].

=== Filming ===

==== Season 1 ====
The shooting of the first season took place on 24 December 2018 where a huge set is being erected at [[AVM Studios]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name="firstpost"/> The sequences involving the popular interview between [[Simi Garewal]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]] are being canned, and [[Lillete Dubey]] essayed the fictional version of the interviewer's role,<ref name="cinemaexpress"/> as Simi Garewal turned down the offer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2019|title=Simi Garewal on why she refused to feature in Ramya Krishnan's J Jayalalithaa web series: 'Have moral reasons to turn it down'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/simi-garewal-on-why-she-refused-to-feature-in-ramya-krishnan-s-j-jayalalithaa-web-series-have-moral-reasons-to-turn-it-down/story-jOfqzg67sLEB7W1PPKcl2M.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> A significant portion of the film was completed before January 2019.<ref name="sify"/> On 29 March 2019, Menon announced that the shooting of the series had been wrapped.<ref name="indiaglitz">{{Cite web|date=29 March 2019|title=Gautham Menon finishes his next! – Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gautham-menon-ramya-krishnan-queen-webseries-tamil-news-232702|access-date=9 February 2021|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
In June 2020, Menon had stated that the pre-production works of the second season, with Reshma completed writing the script, however, the launch of the film got delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Queen' season 2 to have more action, thrilling content, says Ramya Krishnan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/queen-season-2-to-have-more-action-thrilling-content-says-ramya-krishnan/articleshow/76232689.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=6 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 June 2020|title=Ramya Krishnan is excited for Queen season 2, says 'people can expect more action, more interesting content'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramya-krishnan-is-excited-for-queen-season-2-says-people-can-expect-more-action-more-interesting-content/story-alpPcnmceeMiVXpKaGzg5M.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, it was reported that the second season of the series will go on floors from early 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramya Krishnan eager to start shooting for 'Queen' season 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramya-krishnan-eager-to-start-shooting-for-queen-season-2/articleshow/79621628.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=8 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
On 7 September 2019, the makers revealed the first look of Queen,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gautham Menon's biopic of Jayalalithaa officially titled Queen, first look is here|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/07/gautham-menons-biopic-of-jayalalithaa-officially-titled-queen-first-look-is-here-14130.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=7 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> depicting Ramya Krishnan's character addressing cadres at a political rally.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Queen, the first look of JJ series out!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/queen-the-first-look-of-jj-series-out-news-tamil-tjhl5Shdjagga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908090409/https://www.sify.com/movies/queen-the-first-look-of-jj-series-out-news-tamil-tjhl5Shdjagga.html|archive-date=8 September 2019|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A teaser trailer for the series was released on 1 December 2019 on [[YouTube]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Teaser of 'Queen' released: Web series on Jayalalithaa starring Ramya Krishnan|date=December 2019 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/teaser-queen-released-web-series-jayalalithaa-starring-ramya-krishnan-113262|access-date=1 December 2019|publisher=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2019|title=Queen teaser: Ramya Krishnan to play Jayalalithaa in Gautham Menon's MX Player series; trailer will release on 5 December |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-teaser-ramya-krishnan-to-play-jayalalithaa-in-gautham-menons-mx-player-series-trailer-will-release-on-5-december-7725641.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref> and the official trailer released on 5 December 2019, which coincides the death anniversary of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Queen' trailer: Ramya Krishnan is all set to deliver strong performance as Jayalalithaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/queen-trailer-ramya-krishnan-is-all-set-to-deliver-strong-performance-as-jayalalithaa/articleshow/72392315.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=6 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 December 2019|title=Queen trailer: Ramya Krishnan promises a strong performance as Jayalalithaa|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/queen-trailer-ramya-krishnan-jayalalithaa-6152569/|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The first season which consists of eleven episodes was released in its entirety exclusively via the streaming service [[MX Player]] on 14 December 2019 in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite news |author=((Legal Correspondent)) |date=10 December 2019 |title='Queen' ready for release on Saturday, director Gowtham Vasudeva Menon tells High Court |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/queen-ready-for-release-on-saturday-director-gowtham-vasudeva-menon-tells-high-court/article30263905.ece |access-date=9 February 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In May 2020, [[MX Player]] announced their collaboration with [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]], for the premiere of their streaming series, as shooting of the television series were affected due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 April 2020|title=Dish TV partners with MX Player to offer video-on-demand content|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/news-dish-tv-partners-with-mx-player-to-offer-video-on-demand-content-125290|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Zee Business}}</ref> The series premiered on the television channel [[Zee Tamil]] starting from 26 July 2020 at the 6:30 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] slot,<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=13 September 2020|title='Queen' to premiere on July 26|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/queen-to-premiere-on-september-13/articleshow/78091332.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and its Telugu version was premiered on [[Zee Telugu]] from 16 August.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Murthy|first=Neeraja|date=12 August 2020|title=Ramya Krishnan's 'Queen' comes to the Telugu small screen|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-queen-gets-ready-to-be-telecast-on-zee-telugu-actress-ramya-krishnan-on-playing-shakti-in-the-series-and-how-she-has-been-spending-time-in-the-lockdown/article31599918.ece|access-date=9 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was also reported that the second season will be also premiered on the television channel, with [[Zee TV]] procuring the rights for the second and third season of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Queen-season2 to be aired on Zee TV soon!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/queen-season2-to-be-aired-on-zee-tv-soon-news-tamil-ugieF9fjjiefj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608165144/https://www.sify.com/movies/queen-season2-to-be-aired-on-zee-tv-soon-news-tamil-ugieF9fjjiefj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=9 February 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
V. Lakshmi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave four out of five stars to the series and stated "There is a beautiful romance, some amazingly showcased tension between principle characters, but there are also those long pauses and overtly philosophical dialogues which would have been okay if we had more flesh to bite into. Some of the characters could have been given more perspective. Each episode is almost an hour-long, and that's clearly enough time to develop some of these characters and situations that are known to all."<ref>{{Citation|title=Queen Season 1 Review: This story of a resilient woman strikes a chord|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/queen/seasonreview/76198025.cms|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> S. Subhakeerthana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave three-and-a-half out of five and added "''Queen'' works well as a {{Sic|web series}}. The suspense at the end of each episode keeps you invested in the characters. The actors are superb, the detailing is layered and great, and the chemistry so natural that it doesn't hinder the proceedings. The {{Sic|web series}} is largely riveting, and the craft is as unobtrusive as possible."<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2019|title=Queen review: A fascinating watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/queen-review-web-series-mx-player-6168432/|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated "If you can look past the biased hero-ing of a controversial figure, Queen is exceptional craft. Over eleven episodes, about 50 minutes each, Queen holds the attention of the viewer, in spite of its slow and lingering style."<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2019|title=Queen review: Slow and brooding, Ramya Krishnan stars in a craftily made, J Jayalalithaa-inspired hagiography |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-review-slow-and-brooding-ramya-krishnan-stars-in-a-craftily-made-j-jayalalithaa-inspired-hagiography-7791821.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Manasa Rao of ''[[The News Minute]]'' reviewed "Rather than a factual retelling, much of the show is based on the anecdotal tales that have done the rounds of Tamil Nadu's political and film circles for decades and are now the overpowering ghosts in the biographical narratives about these leaders."<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2019|title='Queen' review: Ramya Krishnan shines in this story let down by its glacial pace|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/queen-review-ramya-krishnan-shines-story-let-down-its-glacial-pace-114131|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated "Queen is a rare-good Tamil {{Sic|web series}}, but it would have helped us stop worrying about making inevitable comparisons with Jayalalithaa's life, about viewing the series with knowledge of the highlights of her life."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Queen' review: A rare, good tamil web series|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/17/queen-review-a-rare-good-tamil-web-series-2077016.html|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "Queen is a must-watch {{Sic|web series}} that is a hit because of its strong writing, brilliant performances and exceptional technicality."<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/queen-review-ramya-krishnan-is-a-majestic-political-leader-in-new-web-series-1628671-2019-12-16|title=Queen Review: Ramya Krishnan is a majestic political leader in new web series – Binge Watch News|website=India Today|date=18 December 2019|author=Janani K.|accessdate=10 February 2021}}</ref> Prathyush Parasuraman of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' reviewed "MX Players’ 11 episode {{Sic|web series}} could have been a dramatic demand for justice. It ends up being reflective, sometimes, agonizingly so."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parasuraman|first=Prathyush|date=16 December 2019|title=Queen Review: Ramya Krishnan's Hard Nod To The Life of Jayalalithaa Is Calm, Quiet, and Listless|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/queen-review-ramya-krishnans-hard-nod-to-the-life-of-jayalalithaa-is-calm-quiet-and-listless/|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) / nominee(s)
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|8 December 2020
|Singapore's Asian Academy Creative Awards
|Best Series
|''Queen''
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2020|title=Gautham Menon's 'Queen' web series bags a prestigious award|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gautham-menons-queen-web-series-bags-prestigious-award-139243|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Controversies ===
On 13 September 2019, Jayalaithaa's nephew Deepak Jayakumar raised objection to the series, as the makers did not approve their consent of the family members to shoot the personal life of the politician.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2019|title=Jayalalithaa's nephew asks makers of Queen for clarification|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jayalalithaa-nephew-asks-makers-of-queen-for-clarification-5989471/|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Deepak planned to send a legal notice against the makers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} In November 2019, [[Deepa Jayakumar]], the niece of Jayalalithaa, filed a suit to restrain the makers from promoting and releasing the series.<ref name="indiatoday2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/queen-trouble-for-web-series-on-jayalalithaa-1626672-2019-12-09|title=Queen: Trouble for web series on Jayalalithaa – Binge Watch News|website=India Today|date=9 December 2019|author=Shalini Lobo|accessdate=10 February 2021}}</ref> She claimed that Jayalalithaa's family were not consulted about the project and that the series would affect the family's privacy. The [[Madras High Court]] subsequently called on the makers to respond to the allegations, and a notice was sent to Menon and [[A. L. Vijay]], who planned to direct a biopic based on Jayalalithaa titled ''[[Thalaivi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-biopic-row-madras-hc-sends-notices-directors-al-vijay-gautham-menon-111757 |title=Jayalalithaa biopic row: Madras HC sends notices to directors AL Vijay, Gautham Menon |publisher=The News Minute |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> On 3 January 2020, the court dismissed the plea to stall the release of the series, stating that the name of the main character is Sakthi Seshadri and, in the light of disclaimer that it is purely fictional and that any resemblance to real persons is coincidental and not intentional.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=4 January 2020|title=Madras HC rejects plea to stall web series 'Queen' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-rejects-plea-to-stall-web-series-queen/articleshow/73094625.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
* [[Jayalalithaa filmography]]
* ''[[Thalaivi]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt11393148}}
{{Gautham Menon}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Shrivalli Bhamidipaty

2026-04-27T20:15:29Z

RickWoods111: creating new details

{{Short description|Indian tennis player (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name = Shrivalli Bhamidipaty
|image =
|caption =
|fullname = Shrivalli Bhamidipaty
|country = {{IND}}
|residence =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|12|12}}
|birth_place = [[Telangana]], India
|height =
|turnedpro =
|plays = Right (double-handed backhand)
|college =
|coach =
|careerprizemoney = $69,470
|singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=112|lost=88}}
|singlestitles = 2 ITF
|highestsinglesranking = No. 300 (28 October 2024)
|currentsinglesranking = No. 396 (26 May 2025)
|doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=86|lost=61}}
|doublestitles = 6 ITF
|highestdoublesranking = No. 266 (9 June 2025)
|currentdoublesranking = No. 281 (26 May 2025)
|Team = yes
|FedCupresult = 7–1
| updated = 26 May 2025
| medaltemplates-expand = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[tennis]]}} [[File:Tennis pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
}}
'''Shrivalli Rashmikaa Bhamidipaty''' (born 12 December 2001)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrivalli Bhamidipaty {{!}} Player Stats & More – WTA Official |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/328071/shrivalli-bhamidipaty |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian professional tennis player who plays for the [[India Billie Jean King Cup team|national team]]. She is ranked 330 in the [[WTA rankings|WTA]] singles ranking as of 26 May 2025 and is the third highest ranked women's player in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=From Hyderabad, emerges another promising Indian Tennis Star: The Shrivalli Bhamidipaty story - Indian Tennis Daily |url=https://indiantennisdaily.com/2023/12/03/from-hyderabad-emerges-another-promising-indian-tennis-star-the-shrivalli-bhamidipaty-story/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=indiantennisdaily.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Shrivalli is from [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]. She was born to BRN Prasad, a chartered accountant, and B Rajshri. She did her schooling from Delhi Public School, Nacharam, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-24 |title=City tennis player wins her first-ever ITF singles title |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/city-tennis-player-wins-her-first-ever-itf-singles-title/article19337318.ece |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She finished her graduation in commerce and plans to do a course in chartered accountancy in London. She started tennis at the age of 11, attracted by the glamorous tennis outfits.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=Accidental tennis star Shrivalli on a winning streak |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/accidental-tennis-star-shrivalli-bhamidipaty-on-a-winning-streak-billie-jean-king-cup-9939492/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She trains under coach Anand Kumar in Hyderabad and has also roped in the services of former Davis Cupper Vishal Uppal from Delhi to fine tune her game.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2023-10-14 |title=Rashmika focused on the present, wants to keep things simple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/tennis/article67420659.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is sponsored by Phoenix group and Lakshya Sports Edelgive Foundation.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
In April 2025, Shrivalli she made her debut for the senior India women’s team in the [[Billie Jean King Cup]] Asia Oceania Group 1 at the [[Balewadi Sports Complex]] in Pune and won all her five singles matches including three against higher ranked players.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Aditi |date=2025-04-13 |title=Billie Jean King Cup: Shrivalli emerges as India's hero in Pune |url=https://thebridge.in/tennis/billie-jean-king-cup-shrivalli-bhamidipaty-india-hero-52880?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> India made it to the play offs of the Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=Inspired Shrivalli Helps India Pip South Korea 2-1, Qualify For Billie Jean King Cup Playoffs |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/tennis/inspired-shrivalli-bhamidipaty-helps-india-pip-south-korea-qualify-for-billie-jean-king-cup-playoffs-match-report |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> She first defeated Aishi Das of [[New Zealand]] 6-1, 6-1 on Day 1, and then beat Lanlana Tararudee of Thailand 6-2, 6-4 in second singles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Shrivalli Bhamidipaty – 3 wins from 3 matches in Billie Jean King Cup matches at Pune |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/shrivalli-bhamidipaty-billie-jean-tennis-3-wins-9938381/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She also won her matches against Hong Kong.<ref name=":0" /> On 11 April 2025, she defeated 207 ranked [[Joanna Garland]] of [[Chinese Taipei]] 6-2, 7-6 (7-3) in 2 hours and 38 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-04-12 |title=Shrivalli and Vaidehi lead India to a 2-1 victory against Chinese Taipei in Billie Jean King Cup |url=https://telanganatoday.com/shrivalli-and-vaidehi-lead-india-to-a-2-1-victory-against-chinese-taipei-in-billie-jean-king-cup |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-04-12 |title=BJK Cup 2025: Vaidehi, Shrivalli help India down Chinese Taipei; close in on a playoff spot |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/bjk-cup-2025-vaidehi-shrivalli-help-india-down-chinese-taipei-close-in-on-a-playoff-spot-1503419259.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> In her fifth and final match, she defeated 248 ranked Sohyun Park of [[South Korea]] 5-7, 6-3, 7-6 (7-5) in 2 hours and 52 minutes on 12 April.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrivalli Rashmikaa Bhamidipaty live scores, results, fixtures {{!}} Flashscore.in / Tennis |url=https://www.flashscore.in/player/bhamidipaty-shrivalli-rashmikaa/CAwJMCz3/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.flashscore.in |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billie Jean Cup 2025: Team India Seal Historic Playoffs Berth With Win Over Korea As Shrivalli Bhamidipaty Shines {{!}} Sports News |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/billie-jean-cup-2025-team-india-seal-historic-playoffs-berth-with-win-over-korea-as-shrivalli-bhamidipaty-shines-9296994.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=2025-04-12 |title=Billie Jean King Cup: Indian team qualifies for Playoffs for the first time since 2020-21 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/india-qualifies-for-billie-jean-king-cup-asia-oceania-playoffs-first-time-korea-record-shrivalli-bhamidipaty-tennis-news/article69444056.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2024, she took part in the WTA Mumbai Open and in March 2024, she played the Indore ITF event final, hours after she was discharged from a hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Shrivalli Bhamidipaty jumps from hospital bed to tennis court in ITF Indore final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/shrivalli-bhamidipaty-jumps-from-hospital-bed-to-tennis-court-in-itf-indore-final-101710696707884.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206140753/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/shrivalli-bhamidipaty-jumps-from-hospital-bed-to-tennis-court-in-itf-indore-final-101710696707884.html |archive-date=2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> In December 2024, she won the Oasis Solapur Open women's ITF tennis tournament at Solapur, [[Maharashtra]], where she beat Thamchaiwat B of [[Thailand]] 7-5, 6-3 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis: ITF W35 Solapur Women live score, results, fixtures {{!}} Flashscore.in |url=https://www.flashscore.in/tennis/itf-women-singles/w35-solapur/#/8zvzaheo/draw |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.flashscore.in |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-15 |title=Rashmikaa wins Oasis Solapur Open Women's ITF $25K Tennis Tournament |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rashmikaa-wins-oasis-solapur-open-womens-itf-25k-tennis-tournament |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Shrivalli wins singles title at Oasis Solapur Open MSLTA – SDLTA $ 25K ITF Womens Tennis |url=https://mslta.org/news/details/574 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=mslta.org}}</ref> In 2023, she won her first senior National title, the Fenesta Open National Tennis Championship 2023.<ref name=":1" /> In November 2023, she won her maiden ITF title winning the Bowring Institute ITF Women’s World Tennis Tour finals in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title=Rashmikaa wins maiden ITF title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/105522647.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{WTA|name=Shrivalli Bhamidipaty}}
* {{ITF|name=Shrivalli Rashmikaa Bhamidipaty}}
* {{BJK Cup player|new_id=ca5afd26-1aff-4e50-96f4-ee41441cf8be|name=Shrivalli Rashmikaa Bhamidipaty}}
* {{Instagram|name=Shrivalli Rashmikaa}}

{{Top Indian female tennis players}}
{{Top Indian female doubles tennis players}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhamidipaty, Shrivalli}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Kalu Singh Thakur

2026-04-19T22:17:47Z

RickWoods111: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalu Singh Thakur
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| successor1 = Panchilal Meda
| constituency = [[Dharampuri Assembly constituency|Dharampuri]]
| predecessor = Panchilal Meda
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalu Singh Thakur''' is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He won two times as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]] from Dharampuri, as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KALUSINGH THAKUR (Winner) DHARAMPURI (ST) (DHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1158|access-date=2025-06-10|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dharampuri Assembly Election Results 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/dharampuri|access-date=2025-06-10|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dharampuri Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Kalusingh Thakur of BJP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dharampuri-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687684.html|date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2025-06-10|publisher=News18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Kalu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kadiri Babu Rao

2026-04-19T22:14:17Z

RickWoods111: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Kadiri|lang=Telugu}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kadiri Babu Rao
| image = KADIRI-BABU-RAO.jpg
| caption = Rao in 2016
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959
|08|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Prakasam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Nizam College]]
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| constituency = [[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
| predecessor = [[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| successor = [[Burra Madhusudan Yadav]]
}}

'''Kadiri Babu Rao''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was the former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Kanigiri Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP). He began his political career in the TDP in mid 1980s and later shifted to [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP) in 2020.

== Early life ==
Rao was born in [[Seelamvaripalli]] village, [[Prakasam district]], Andhra Pradesh, to Kadiri Venkata Narasaiah,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kadiri Babu Rao(TDP):Constituency- DARSI(PRAKASAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=6786 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> a diamond merchant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckm4BfO3MmM |title=Darsi TDP MLA Candidate Kadiri Babu Rao Interview {{!}} Nayakudu {{!}} hmtv |date=29 March 2019 |type=Videotape |language=te |publisher=[[HMTV]]}}</ref> He was educated near Seelamavaripalli before his family migrated to [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0" /> He graduated with a BA degree from [[Nizam College|Nizam college]], [[Hyderabad]] in 1981.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Rao entered politics in 1980s and joined TDP, and developed a close association with [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=11 March 2020 |title=Senior Andhra Pradesh leaders quit TDP for Jagan's party before civic polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/senior-andhra-pradesh-leaders-quit-tdp-for-jagan-s-party-before-civic-polls/story-1PMghIKuw6cHJuyhOagToM.html |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He aspired to contest the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Kanigiri constituency, however TDP fielded him from [[Darsi Assembly constituency]], but he lost to Buchepalli Subba Reddy, [[Indian National Congress]]-backed independent contestant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2009 |title=Kanigiri TDP candidate's nomination rejected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kanigiri-tdp-candidates-nomination-rejected/articleshow/4367725.cms |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Samdani MN |date=11 March 2020 |title=TDP suffers jolt as Satish Reddy, Kadiri quit party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/tdp-suffers-jolt-as-satish-reddy-kadiri-quit-party/articleshow/74567272.cms |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

He later filed nomination to contest the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Kanigiri on behalf of TDP. Upon objections raised by [[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]], Congress candidate to Kanigiri, of a missing signature of Rao on his filed [[affidavit]], the nomination was rejected by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name=":2" />

He then contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and won as the MLA from Kanigiri.<ref name=":3" /> He later strived to contest the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] again from Kanigiri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Talari |first=Yadedya |date=19 March 2019 |title=TDP candidate Kadiri Baburao may contest as independent from Kanigiri |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tdp-candidate-kadiri-baburao-may-contest-as-independent-from-kanigiri-513423 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> However, [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], TDP's president, did not facilitate it and fielded him from Darsi constituency.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=10 March 2020 |title=TDP, Jana Sena leaders join YSRCP |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-jana-sena-leaders-join-ysrcp/article31034086.ece |access-date=7 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Despite rumours that Rao was upset over Naidu's decision and that he might contest from Kanigiri as an independent,<ref name=":4" /> he moved forward with Darsi constituency but lost the election to Maddisetty Venugopal of YSRCP.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2021 |title=TDP winning Darsi Nagar Panchayat surprises YSRCP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tdp-winning-darsi-nagar-panchayat-surprises-ysrcp-715831 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

After his 2019 defeat, Rao, dissatisfied over Naidu's decision, took a break from politics and TDP. Following reports of his plans to change his political alliance, he left TDP and joined YSR Congress Party in March 2020.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavan |date=10 March 2020 |title=Buzz: Balakrishna's aide likely to join YSRCP ahead of Local Body elections |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/buzz-balakrishnas-aide-likely-to-join-ysrcp-ahead-of-local-body-elections-610864 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Other work ==
Rao established Kadiri Babu Rao Educational Society which is used to run Kadiri Baburao College of Agriculture & Horticulture in [[Prakasam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadiri Baburao College of Agriculture |url=https://kbragri.in/founder/ |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadiri Baburao College of Horticulture |url=https://kbrhorti.com/founders-message/ |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadiri, Babu Rao}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:17Z

RickWoods111: Added Entry

{{For|the constituency in Madhya Pradesh|Rajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 202-Rajpur, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|202]]
|established = 1977
| electors = 336,695
|abolished = 
}}
'''Rajpur Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/buxar.html | title=Rajpur Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

==Overview==
Rajpur comprises [[Community development block in India|community blocks]] of Rajpur & Itarhi; [[Gram Panchayat]]s Ataon, Kanjharua, Mathila, Mugaon, Kasian & Koransarai of Dumraon CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2017-12-30 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Rajpur Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/rajpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Nand Kishore Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Chaturi Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan="2" |Ram Narain Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=2|
|rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Arjun Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Chhedi Lal Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan="2" |Shyam Payari Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Vishwanath Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Rajpur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Rajpur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Rajpur|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04202.htm |accessdate=29 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206084938/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04202.htm|archivedate=6 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:80701}}
|percentage = 38.19
|change = +12.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vishvanatn Ram
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:71565}}
|percentage = 33.86
|change = -2.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lal Jee Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:20498}}
|percentage = 9.7
|change = -14.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhananjay Paswan
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:12491}}
|percentage = 5.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:6749}}
|percentage = 3.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Anil Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:4557}}
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sanyukt Kisan Vikas Party
|candidate = Suraj Prakash Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2753}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sarthak Party
|candidate = Subhash Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2517}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2778}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9136}}
|percentage = 4.33
|change = -7.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:211325}}
|percentage = 62.76
|change = +5.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Rajpur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vishwanath Ram]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:67871}}
|percentage = 36.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:46667}}
|percentage = 25.28
|change = -22.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:43836}}
|percentage = 23.74
|change = +14.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Nirbhaya Kumar Nirala
|votes = {{formatnum:7449}}
|percentage = 4.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajad Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4276}}
|percentage = 2.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Chhedi Lal Ram]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2365}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Neelkamal Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1873}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2841}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21204}}
|percentage = 11.48
|change = -7.2
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184616}}
|percentage = 56.97
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajpur<ref name="Rajpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Rajpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/rajpur|accessdate=29 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206084946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/rajpur|archivedate=6 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84184}}
|percentage = 47.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bishawnath Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:51396}}
|percentage = 29.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lalji Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:17031}}
|percentage = 9.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajad Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:5540}}
|percentage = 3.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Bali Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3495}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surendra Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2940}}
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Ramashanker Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2143}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2941}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32788}}
|percentage = 18.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175536}}
|percentage = 57.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Buxar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Cheranmadevi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:19Z

RickWoods111: Starting A Bio and Citations

{{Short description|Former legislative assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cheranmadevi
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruchendur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| electors= 1,58,911
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Cheranmadevi''' was an assembly constituency located in [[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. After the realignment of Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha segments in 2008, both this assembly segment and its parent parliament seat ceased to exist.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[S. Chellapan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[D. S. Adhimoolam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[D. S. A. Sivaprakasam]]
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="4"|[[P. H. Pandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| {{party name with color|V. N. Janaki|shortname=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JA)|color=olive}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[R. Puthunainar Adithan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[P. Veldurai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[P. H. Manoj Pandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| P. Veldurai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|39.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|27.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|50.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|53.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.94}}
}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Veldurai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,527 |percentage=43.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. H. Manoj Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,495 |percentage=38.29% |change=-15.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajendra Nathan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,122 |percentage=7.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Paramasivan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=5,966 |percentage=5.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Udayakumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,920 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arumuganainar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,626 |percentage=1.46% |change=-40.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Achuthan |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=1,055 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Paulrathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=805 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,032 |percentage=5.43% |change= -6.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,996 |percentage=69.85% |change= 9.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,911 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. H. Manoj Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,873 |percentage=53.51% |change=+35.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chockalingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,898 |percentage=41.74% |change=+39.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Achuthan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,885 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Charles |party=Independent politician |votes=1,147 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=615 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ganesaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=483 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,975 |percentage=11.78% |change= -0.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,200 |percentage=60.32% |change= -11.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,502 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 14.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Veldurai]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=39,004 |percentage=39.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. H. Pandian]] |party=Independent politician |votes=26,897 |percentage=27.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Janarthanan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,002 |percentage=18.19% |change=-47.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Palanichamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,296 |percentage=6.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mariyasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,405 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Susindran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,179 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthappa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,985 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=629 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,107 |percentage=12.23% |change= -25.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,977 |percentage=71.69% |change= 4.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,196 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Puthunainar Adithan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,358 |percentage=65.44% |change=+38.38 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. H. Pandian]] |party=Independent politician |votes=24,890 |percentage=27.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Nadarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,912 |percentage=5.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,468 |percentage=38.00% |change= 37.27% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,705 |percentage=67.06% |change= -11.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,906 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 38.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. H. Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,113 |percentage=27.06% |change=-40.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Avudaiappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,413 |percentage=26.34% |change=-5.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Veldurai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,270 |percentage=24.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. S. H. Amarnath Prapahar Ram Sait |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,409 |percentage=21.15% |change=-46.3 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=700 |percentage=0.73% |change= -35.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,494 |percentage=78.60% |change= 0.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,735 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -40.39% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. H. Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,898 |percentage=67.45% |change=+9.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Pandian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,225 |percentage=31.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,673 |percentage=35.80% |change= 19.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,874 |percentage=77.68% |change= 6.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,131 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. H. Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,793 |percentage=57.62% |change=+22.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ratnasabhapathy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,683 |percentage=41.31% |change=+9.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. James |party=Independent politician |votes=407 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,110 |percentage=16.30% |change= 12.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,274 |percentage=71.25% |change= 3.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,348 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 22.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. H. Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,256 |percentage=35.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ratnasabapathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,964 |percentage=32.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Subramaniam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,469 |percentage=16.71% |change=-33.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvaraj |party=Janata Party |votes=10,946 |percentage=15.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,292 |percentage=3.34% |change= 3.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,635 |percentage=67.75% |change= -9.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,377 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -14.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. S. A. Sivaprakasam]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=34,739 |percentage=50.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ratnavelpandian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,546 |percentage=49.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=193 |percentage=0.28% |change= -9.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,285 |percentage=77.20% |change= -3.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,676 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -3.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. S. Adhimoolam]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=36,206 |percentage=53.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Chellapandian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,831 |percentage=44.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Hariharan |party=Independent politician |votes=840 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Annamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=445 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,375 |percentage=9.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,322 |percentage=80.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,484 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Swatantra Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheranmadevi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Chellapandi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,625 |percentage=45.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Dasaratharam |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=12,720 |percentage=31.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=6,874 |percentage=16.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Madaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,326 |percentage=5.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,905 |percentage=14.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,545 |percentage=56.89% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,265 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|8.68|N|77.57|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:1951 disestablishments in India]]

Jay Jay Garvi Gujarāt

2026-04-14T06:45:22Z

RickWoods111: info

{{Short description|State song of Gujarat, India}}
{{For|the 2010 A. R. Rahman version of the poem|Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat (album)}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = {{lang|gu|જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત}}
|transcription = {{translit|gu|italic=no|Jay Jay Garvi Gujarāt}}
|english_title = Victory to Proud Gujarat
|type = song
|alt_title =
|en_alt_title =
|alt_title_2 =
|en_alt_title_2=
|image = Government Of Gujarat Seal In All Languages.svg
|image_size = 100px
|caption = Emblem of Gujarat
|prefix = State
|country = Gujarat, India
|author = [[Narmadashankar Dave]]
|lyrics_date = 1873
|composer =
|music_date =
|adopted = 2011
|sound =
|sound_title =}}

"'''{{translit|gu|italic=no|Jay Jay Garvi Gujarāt}}'''"{{efn|{{IPA|gu|dʒəj dʒəj ˈgəɾʋi ˈgudʒɾat}}; {{lit|Victory to Proud Gujarat}}}} is a poem written by Gujarati poet [[Narmadashankar Dave]] in 1873. It is used as a state anthem during ceremonies of the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref name="DeshGujarat2011">{{cite web | title=Newest version of Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat song launched(Video) | website=DeshGujarat | date=2011-05-07 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ | access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=Farhana|date=2012|title=The Region and Its Margins: Re-Appropriations of the Border from 'Mahagujarat' to 'Swarnim Gujarat'|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23251801|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=47|issue=32|pages=66–72|jstor=23251801 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==Composition==
Narmad is considered the first modern Gujarati writer. He wrote the poem in 1873 as the foreword of his first Gujarati dictionary, ''[[Narmakosh]]''.<ref name="toi2010">{{cite web|author1=Bharat Yagnik |author2=Ashish Vashi|title=No Gujarati dept in Veer Narmad, Hemchandracharya varsities |website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 July 2010 | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F07%2F02&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00503&AppName=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113123441/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F07%2F02&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00503&AppName=1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 13, 2016 | access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Tevani2003">{{cite book|last=Tevani|first=Shailesh|title=C.C. Mehta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbLPU10RFUYC&pg=PA67|access-date=13 November 2016|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1676-1|page=67}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In this poem, Narmad epitomises the sense of pride in the region by identifying the region of [[Gujarati people]]. He delineates the boundary within which the Gujarati-speaking population live: [[Ambaji]] in the north; [[Pavagadh]] in the east; Kunteshwar Mahadev near [[Vapi]] in the south; and [[Somnath]], [[Dwarka]] in the west. This region mentioned by him now forms modern-day [[Gujarat]], the western state of India.<ref name="toi2010"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Desai|first=Rakesh|date=2014|title=Scripting a Region: Narmad's Idea of Gujarat|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44753748|journal=Indian Literature|volume=58|issue=3 (281)|pages=175–187|jstor=44753748 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> At the end of the poem, Narmad gives hope to the people of Gujarat that the dark clouds is lifting, and a new dawn is about to emerge.<ref name="TridipSuhrud">{{cite book |last=Suhrud|first=Tridip|author-link=Tridip Suhrud|title=Narrations of a Nation: Explorations Through Intellectual Biographies|chapter=Narmadashankar Lalshankar: Towards History and Self Knowing|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/46631/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|publisher=School of Social Sciences, [[Gujarat University]]|location=Ahmedabad|type=Ph.D|pages=33|hdl=10603/46631}}</ref>

In 2011, the composition sung by various Gujarati singers was released by the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref name="DeshGujarat2011"/>

==Lyrics==
===Gujarati original===
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|class="wikitable"
![[Gujarati script]]
![[Latin script]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[Phonetic transcription|transcription]]{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Gujarati]] and [[Gujarati phonology]].}}
!English translation
|- style="white-space:nowrap;valign:top;"
|<poem lang="gu">{{lang|gu|જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત!
જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત,
દીપે અરુણું પરભાત,
જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત!

ધ્વજ પ્રકાશશે
ઝળળ કસુંબી,
પ્રેમ શૌર્ય અંકિત;
તું ભણવ ભણવ
નિજ સંતતિ સઉને,
પ્રેમ ભક્તિની રીત
ઊંચી તુજ સુંદર જાત,
જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત!

ઉત્તરમાં અંબા માત,
પૂરવમાં કાળી માત,
છે દક્ષિણ દિશમાં કરંત રક્ષા,
કુંતેશ્વર મહાદેવ;
ને સોમનાથ ને દ્વારકેશ એ,
પશ્ચિમ કેરા દેવ
છે સહાયમાં સાક્ષાત,
જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત!

નદી તાપી નર્મદા જોય,
મહી ને બીજી પણ જોય.
વળી જોય સુભટના
જુદ્ધ રમણને,
રત્નાકર સાગર;
પર્વત ઉપરથી વીર પૂર્વજો,
દે આશિષ જયકર
સંપે સોયે સઉ જાત,
જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત!

તે અણહિલવાડના રંગ,
તે સિદ્ધરાજ જયસિંગ.
તે રંગ થકી પણ અધિક સરસ રંગ,
થશે સત્વરે માત!
શુભ શકુન દીસે
મધ્યાહ્ન શોભશે,
વીતી ગઈ છે રાત.
જન ઘૂમે નર્મદા સાથ,
જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત!}}</poem>
|<poem>{{transliteration|gu|italic=no|Jay jay garvi Gujrāt,
Jay jay garvi Gujrāt!
Dipe aruṇuṁ parbhāt,
Jay jay garvi Gujrāt!

Dhvaj prakāśaśe
Jhaḷaḷ kasumbi,
Prem śaurya ankit;
Tuṁ bhaṇav bhaṇav
Nij santati saune,
Prem bhaktini rit
Uṁci tuj sundar jāt,
Jay jay garvi Gujrāt!

Uttarmaṁ amba māt,
Purvamaṁ kāḷi māt,
Che dakṣiṇ diśmaṁ karant rakṣa,
Kunteśvar mahādev;
Ne somnāth ne dvārkeś e,
Paścim kera dev
Che sahāymaṁ sākṣāt,
Jay jay garvi Gujrāt!

Nadi tāpi narmada joy,
Mahi ne biji paṇ joy.
Vaḷi joy subhaṭna
Juddh ramaṇne,
Ratnākar sāgar;
Parvat uparthi vir purvajo,
De āśiṣ jaykar
Sampe soye sau jāt,
Jay jay garvi Gujrāt!

Te aṇhilvāḍnā rang,
Te siddharāj jaysing.
Te rang thaki paṇ adhik saras rang,
Thaśe satvare māt!
Śubh śakun dise
Madhyāhn śobhaśe,
Viti gai che rāt.
Jan ghume narmada sāth,
Jay jay garvi Gujrāt!}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|[dʒəj dʒəj gəɾ.ʋi gudʒ.ɾat̪ {{!}}]
[dʒəj dʒəj gəɾ.ʋi gudʒ.ɾat̪ ‖]
[d̪i.pe(‿)ə.ɾu.ɳũː pəɾ.bʱat̪ {{!}}]
[dʒəj dʒəj gəɾ.ʋi gudʒ.ɾat̪ ‖]

[d̪ʱʋədʒ pɾə.ka.ʃə.ʃe]
[dʒʱə.ɭəɭ kə.sum.bi {{!}}]
[pɾem ʃəʋɾj(‿)əŋ.kit̪ {{!}}]
[t̪ũː bʱə.ɳəʋ bʱə.ɳəʋ]
[nidʒ sən̪.t̪ə.t̪i sə(.)u.ne {{!}}]
[pɾem bʱək.t̪i.ni ɾit̪]
[ũː.tʃi t̪udʒ sun̪.d̪əɾ dʒat̪ {{!}}]
[dʒəj dʒəj gəɾ.ʋi gudʒ.ɾat̪ ‖]

[ut̪.t̪əɾ.mãː əm.ba mat̪ {{!}}]
[puɾ.ʋə.mãː ka.ɭi mat̪ {{!}}]
[tʃʰe d̪ək.ʃiɳ d̪iʃ.mãː kə.ɾən̪t̪ ɾək.ʃa {{!}}]
[kun̪.t̪eʃ.ʋəɾ mə.ɦa.d̪eʋ {{!}}]
[ne som.nat̪ʰ ne(‿d̪.)ʋaɾ.keʃ(‿)e {{!}}]
[pəʃ.tʃim ke.ɾa d̪eʋ]
[tʃʰe.sə.ɦaj.mãː sak.ʃat̪ {{!}}]
[dʒəj dʒəj gəɾ.ʋi gudʒ.ɾat̪ ‖]

[nə.d̪i t̪a.pi nəɾ.mə.d̪a dʒoj {{!}}]
[mə.ɦi ne bi.dʒi pəɳ dʒoj ‖]
[ʋə.ɭi dʒoj su.bʱəʈ.na]
[dʒu(d̪)d̪ʱ ɾə.məɳ.ne {{!}}]
[ɾət̪.na.kəɾ sa.ɡəɾ {{!}}]
[pəɾ.ʋət̪(‿)u.pəɾ.t̪ʰi ʋiɾ puɾ.ʋə.dʒo {{!}}]
[d̪e(‿)a.ʃiʃ dʒəj.kəɾ]
[səm.pe so.je sə(.)u dʒat̪ {{!}}]
[dʒəj dʒəj gəɾ.ʋi gudʒ.ɾat̪ ‖]

[t̪e(‿)əɳ.ɦil.ʋaɖ.na ɾəŋ(g) {{!}}]
[t̪e si(d̪)d̪ʱ.ɾadʒ dʒəj.siŋ(g) ‖]
[t̪e ɾəŋg tʰə.ki pəɳ(‿)ə.d̪ʱik sə.ɾəs ɾəŋ(g) {{!}}]
[tʰa.ʃe sat̪.ʋə.ɾe mat̪ ‖]
[ʃubʱ ʃə.kun d̪i.se]
[məd̪ʱ.ja.ɦə ʃo.bʱə.ʃe {{!}}]
[ʋi.t̪i gə(.)i tʃʰe ɾat̪ ‖]
[dʒən gʱu.me nəɾ.mə.d̪a sat̪ʰ {{!}}]
[dʒəj dʒəj gəɾ.ʋi gudʒ.ɾat̪ ‖]}}</poem>

|<poem>Victory to proud Gujarat,
Victory to proud Gujarat!
Where glorious dawn shineth,
Victory to proud Gujarat!

Thy scarlet flag,
marked with love
and valour, shall shine.
Teach and teach
thy children daily,
the way of love and devotion.
High and beautiful is thy kind,
Victory to proud Gujarat!

In the north houseth Goddess [[Ambaji|Amba]],
in the east houseth Goddess [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kali]],
in the south guarded by
[[Koteshwar, Kutch|Kunteshwer Mahadev]];
[[Somnath]] and lord of [[Dwarka]],
the Gods of the west
are all on guard.
Victory to proud Gujarat!

The rivers of [[Narmada]], [[Tapti River|Tapi]],
[[Mahi River|Mahi]] and others flow.
Look at the battles
fought by our gallant warriors,
and [[Arabian Sea|the sea]] of abundant resources.
From the tops of hills,
our gallant fathers bless for victory
and unite all castes.
Victory to proud Gujarat!

The olden glory of [[Anhilwad Patan|Anhilwad]]
and the mighty king [[Siddharaj Jaisinh]]
through aeons shall be surpassed,
O Mother!
The night hath passed,
the omen are blessed,
daytime shall rise;
Folks dance with [[Narmada]].
Victory to proud Gujarat!
</poem>

|}</div>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian state songs]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbjhLI5TW_U Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4T0dXdFpO08&pp=ygUWamFpIGphaSBnYXJ2aSBndWphcmF0IA%3D%3D STD 6 | GUJARATI | JAY JAY GARVI GUJARAT!]

{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}

[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:1873 poems]]
[[Category:Poems in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Songs in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Indian state anthems]]
[[Category:Symbols of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Regional songs]]

{{poem-stub}}

Hela Khayal Dangal

2026-04-07T10:27:51Z

RickWoods111:

{{Short description|Folk theatre from Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}

'''Hela Khayal Dangal''' is a distinct form of [[Folklore|folk]] [[theatre]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It consists of competing performances of musical sarcasm by different troupes. The tradition started almost three hundred years ago in Rajasthan. Many places used to organize Hela Khayal Competitions, but [[Lalsot]] became its most important center.<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web |title=लालसोट में 272 वर्षों से चली आ रही हेला ख्याल संगीत दंगल की अनूठी परंपरा, जानें पूरी कहानी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/dausa/the-unique-tradition-of-hela-khayal-sangeet-dangal-which-has-been-going-on-for-272-years-in-lalsot/1142785 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> Every year folk artists gather at Lalsot, [[Dausa]] around the festival of [[Gangaur]]. The live performances showcase creative content, folk singing, folk instruments. The performances are organized over three days continuously with only brief breaks in front of the entire population as audience. Entry for the audience is unrestricted. It originated as a form of entertainment by the peasants and gained fame for brilliant satires on issues of contemporary concerns.

== History and heritage ==
The history of Hela Khayal has not been properly documented as it was a folk art. It is certain that the tradition goes back almost three centuries in various places of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Lalsot Hela Khayal Dangal: 273 वर्षो पुराना हेला ख्याल दंगल शुरू, लालसोट में जुटे राज्यों भर के गायक |url=https://hindi.news18.com/videos/lalsot-hela-khayal-dangal-273-years-old-hela-khayal-dangal-begins-singers-from-all-over-the-states-gathered-in-lalsot-5677803.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Dausa, [[Karauli]], [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Alwar]], [[Dholpur|Dhaulpur]], the [[Tonk district|Tonk]] region and [[Jaipur]] have had a history of Hela Khayal.<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/> The most famous center was Lalsot in Dausa which organised the biggest competition of Hela Khayal, where the performers considered participation to be prestigious.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-08 |title=लोकानुरंजन की पहचान बना लालसोट का हेला ख्याल संगीत दंगल |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/dausa/news/rajasthan-news-lalosot39s-heelah-khayyal-music-dangle-popularly-known-as-lokanuranjan-093043-4295639.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

The Hela Khayal Dangals were generally planned to take place over two to three days. They were organized by villages at the community level. After harvesting, the peasants would have some money after selling the crops. All the families of villages would contribute in cash or kind for the event. The artists were sent out invitations. With collected funds, the organizing team of the village would arrange for the food and other necessities of the artists of the invited troupes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-06 |title=कलाकारों के दम पर जिंदा है हेेला ख्याल गायकी व संगीत दंगल {{!}} Artists are alive on the side of Heela Khyal singing and music disturb |url=https://www.patrika.com/dausa-news/artists-are-alive-on-the-side-of-heela-khyal-singing-and-music-disturb-4385763/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

Most villages in Rajasthan have an open community area where people can sit and socialize. In the night, the artists would practice for their performances in this area. The practice sessions are called ''Raggi''. Hela Khayal is not only considered a cultural heritage but also a confluence of [[Hadoti|Hadauti]] and [[Dhundhar|Dhundhadi]] culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Madan Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjVNAQAAIAAJ |title=Kuchamaṇi Khyal: An Endangered Folk Theatre Style of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Madan Mohan Mathur |language=en}}</ref>

== Performance ==
Hela Khayal is a medium through which a singer presents any religious, mythological, social or political subject in versified form for the audience. It starts with ''Bhawani Pujan''{{Dash}}invoking the blessings of gods and goddesses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=हेला संगीत दंगल का आगाज: वाद्य यंत्रों की धुनों व गीतों के साथ मां भवानी की आराधना |url=https://www.patrika.com/dausa-news/hela-khyal-sangeet-dangal-begins-worship-of-maa-bhavani-with-songs-8124287/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Then couplets called ''doha'' are sung. The artists of every troupe range from 20 to 40. They are usually divided into two groups. One group is stands near the [[Nagara (drum)|Nagada]] which is a drum-like folk instrument that gives beat. The other group stands between the audience and sings. One khayal is one unified lyrical composition that may be performed in two parts, taking a short break in between.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=हेला ख्याल- Hela Khayal {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/hela-khayal-uae776/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>

Folk instruments used for Hela Khayal are [[Dholak]], Nagada, [[Taal (instrument)|Manjira]], [[Pump organ|Harmonium]], Jhanjh, Khanjari, [[Chimta]] etc. Before beginning the singing performance, sometimes the artists play the instruments and perform a folk dance. This is called ''Baja Milana''.<ref name=":0" /> Only male artists perform in Hela Khayal. At the end of a performance by a troupe, a challenging question is posed to the next troupe. It is expected to reply in the style of Hela Khayal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miśra |first=Dayānidhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Cy6DQAAQBAJ |title=Lok Aur Shastra: Anwaya Aur Samanwaya |date=2015 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5072-996-0 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Content and style ==
The singing of Hela Khayal is divided based on style such as Doha, Barahmasi, Filmy etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramanarayan |first=Meena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7CwvQEACAAJ |title=Khyāla Theatre of Rajasthan |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp Print Us |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-7237-7283-2 |language=en}}</ref> It has both regional variations as well as variations according to the style of singers.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pUQYlepONwC |title=उपेक्षित समुदायों का आत्म इतिहास |date=2006 |publisher=Vāṇī Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-8143-593-4 |language=hi}}</ref> Typically, every composition also has the name of its composer at the end. Lyricists like late Gopilal Joshi, Pyarelal Joshi, Srinarayan, Gaindalal Karigar, Mathuresh Joshi, Kalyan Prasad Mishra, Roshan Teli, Matadin Joshi, Kalicharan, Pt. Devkinandan, Hukamchand, Radharaman, Rampratap, Devisingh Chowdhary, Rambilas have earned fame in the field.<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/> A book has been compiled with the compositions of Lalaram.<ref name=":0" />

Hela compositions have critiqued social evils like [[Dowry system in India|dowry]], [[Child marriage in India|child marriages]], [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]], illiteracy, and comment on political events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=लालसोट का ऐतिहासिक गणगौर हेला ख्याल संगीत दंंगल, कई दशकों से पहचान बनाए रखने में सफल |url=https://www.patrika.com/dausa-news/lalsot-s-historical-gangaur-hela-khayal-sangeet-dangal-story-8124315/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> The political satires were called ''Turra'' and ''Kalangi''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYQJAAAAIAAJ |title=Braja loka vaibhava |date=1997 |publisher=Rājasthāna Brajabhāshā Akādamī |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Karan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7ADwAAQBAJ |title=Folk Theatres of North India: Contestation, Amalgamation and Transference |date=2019-11-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-76972-2 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in Dangal, discussions of mythology and religion dominated the content although songs of ''Turra'' and ''Kalangi'' were also popular.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Dr Hukam Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPibEAAAQBAJ |title=Rajasthan Ka Aitihasik Evam Sanskritik Digdarshan |last2=Mali |first2=Dr Narayan Lal |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5488-456-6 |language=hi}}</ref> In more recent times, commentaries on political and social subjects dominate the Dangal performances. Singers present musical compositions about patriotism, decline in the political field of the country, degradation of moral values including corruption, terrorism, and other social and political issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=hela khayal dangal lalsot हेला ख्याल: रुस-यूक्रेन युद्ध, कोरोना व घटनाओं पर चले व्यंग्यबाण |url=https://www.patrika.com/dausa-news/hela-khayal-satire-on-russia-ukraine-war-corona-and-incidents-7448013/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> There is no special stage and the audience sit on all three sides of the performers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meena |first=Dr R. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwQrzwEACAAJ |title=Folk Theater of Rajasthan: A Special Emphasis on Folk Theatre of Eastern Rajasthan |date=2018-10-12 |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp |isbn=978-1-7287-1790-6 |language=en}}</ref> The folk theatre form of Hela Khayal Dangal is an opportunity for the artists to express the sentiments of the public in an entertaining manner regarding various pertinent issues while also appealing to the people to be progressive and stand against social evils.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Rajasthani music]]
[[Category:Rajasthani folklore]]

Manisha Caleb

2026-04-05T22:33:05Z

RickWoods111: Stub

{{Short description|Indian-Australian astrophysicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=June 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=June 2024}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
'''Manisha Pranati Caleb''' is an Indian and Australian astrophysicist whose research has used [[interferometry]] to detect [[fast radio burst]]s,{{r|sm}} studied the local context of fast radio bursts, used their signals as probes into the distribution of matter in the universe,{{r|sifa}} and discovered repeating signals from what may be very slowly-rotating [[neutron star]]s.{{r|graveyard|rules|telegraph}} She is a lecturer at the [[University of Sydney]], in the Sydney Institute for Astronomy.{{r|sifa}}

==Education and career==
Caleb was a student at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]] in India from 2007 to 2010. She went to [[University College London]] in England for a master's degree involving spacecraft and satellite communications. Next, she became a doctoral student at the [[Australian National University]], where she began her work on fast radio bursts.{{r|sm|telegraph}} Her 2017 doctoral dissertation, ''A pursuit of fast radio transients with the UTMOST and Parkes radio telescopes'', was jointly supervised by Frank Briggs, [[Brian Schmidt]], [[Matthew Bailes]], and Chris Flynn.{{r|ag}}

She became a postdoctoral researcher at the [[University of Manchester]] in England{{r|sm}} before returning to Australia for her present position as a lecturer in the Sydney Institute for Astronomy of the University of Sydney.{{r|sifa}}

==Research==
Some of Caleb's major results include the first use of interferometry to detect fast radio bursts, in 2017,{{r|sm}}{{ran|B}} confirmation of the extra-galactic origin of these bursts,{{r|xt}}{{ran|A}} and the discoveries of ultra-long-period pulsars [[PSR J0901–4046]] in 2020, the former slowest known pulsar at roughly 76 seconds per pulse,{{r|graveyard}}{{ran|C}} and [[ASKAP J1935+2148]] in 2024, with roughly 54 minutes per pulse.{{r|rules|telegraph}}{{ran|D}}

==Selected publications==
{{rma|A|{{citation
| last1 = Caleb | first1 = M.
| last2 = Flynn | first2 = C.
| last3 = Bailes | first3 = M.
| last4 = Barr | first4 = E. D.
| last5 = Hunstead | first5 = R. W.
| last6 = Keane | first6 = E. F.
| last7 = Ravi | first7 = V.
| last8 = van Straten | first8 = W.
| date = March 2016
| doi = 10.1093/mnras/stw175
| issue = 1
| journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| pages = 708–717
| title = Are the distributions of fast radio burst properties consistent with a cosmological population?
| volume = 458| doi-access = free
| arxiv = 1512.02738
}}}}

{{rma|B|{{citation
| last1 = Caleb | first1 = M.
| last2 = Flynn | first2 = C.
| last3 = Bailes | first3 = M.
| last4 = Barr | first4 = E. D.
| last5 = Bateman | first5 = T.
| last6 = Bhandari | first6 = S.
| last7 = Campbell-Wilson | first7 = D.
| last8 = Farah | first8 = W.
| last9 = Green | first9 = A. J.
| last10 = Hunstead | first10 = R. W.
| last11 = Jameson | first11 = A.
| last12 = Jankowski | first12 = F.
| last13 = Keane | first13 = E. F.
| last14 = Parthasarathy | first14 = A.
| last15 = Ravi | first15 = V.
| last16 = Rosado | first16 = P. A.
| last17 = van Straten | first17 = W.
| last18 = Venkatraman Krishnan | first18 = V.
| date = March 2017
| doi = 10.1093/mnras/stx638
| issue = 3
| journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| pages = 3746–3756
| title = The first interferometric detections of fast radio bursts
| volume = 468| doi-access = free
| arxiv = 1703.10173
}}}}

{{rma|C|{{citation
| last1 = Caleb | first1 = Manisha
| last2 = Heywood | first2 = Ian
| last3 = Rajwade | first3 = Kaustubh
| last4 = Malenta | first4 = Mateusz
| last5 = Willem Stappers | first5 = Benjamin
| last6 = Barr | first6 = Ewan
| last7 = Chen | first7 = Weiwei
| last8 = Morello | first8 = Vincent
| last9 = Sanidas | first9 = Sotiris
| last10 = van den Eijnden | first10 = Jakob
| last11 = Kramer | first11 = Michael
| last12 = Buckley | first12 = David
| last13 = Brink | first13 = Jaco
| last14 = Motta | first14 = Sara Elisa
| last15 = Woudt | first15 = Patrick
| last16 = Weltevrede | first16 = Patrick
| last17 = Jankowski | first17 = Fabian
| last18 = Surnis | first18 = Mayuresh
| last19 = Buchner | first19 = Sarah
| last20 = Bezuidenhout | first20 = Mechiel Christiaan
| last21 = Driessen | first21 = Laura Nicole
| last22 = Fender | first22 = Rob
| date = May 2022
| doi = 10.1038/s41550-022-01688-x
| issue = 7
| journal = Nature Astronomy
| pages = 828–836
| title = Discovery of a radio-emitting neutron star with an ultra-long spin period of {{nowrap|76 s}}
| volume = 6| pmid = 35880202
| pmc = 7613111
| arxiv = 2206.01346
| bibcode = 2022NatAs...6..828C
}}}}

{{rma|D|{{citation
| last1 = Caleb | first1 = M.
| last2 = Lenc | first2 = E.
| last3 = Kaplan | first3 = D. L.
| last4 = Murphy | first4 = T.
| last5 = Men | first5 = Y. P.
| last6 = Shannon | first6 = R. M.
| last7 = Ferrario | first7 = L. | author7-link=Lilia Ferrario
| last8 = Rajwade | first8 = K. M.
| last9 = Clarke | first9 = T. E.
| last10 = Giacintucci | first10 = S.
| last11 = Hurley-Walker | first11 = N.
| last12 = Hyman | first12 = S. D.
| last13 = Lower | first13 = M. E.
| last14 = McSweeney | first14 = Sam
| last15 = Ravi | first15 = V.
| last16 = Barr | first16 = E. D.
| last17 = Buchner | first17 = S.
| last18 = Flynn | first18 = C. M. L.
| last19 = Hessels | first19 = J. W. T.
| last20 = Kramer | first20 = M.
| last21 = Pritchard | first21 = J.
| last22 = Stappers | first22 = B. W.
| date = June 2024
| doi = 10.1038/s41550-024-02277-w
| journal = Nature Astronomy
| title = An emission-state-switching radio transient with a 54-minute period| volume = 8
| issue = 9
| pages = 1159–1168
| doi-access = free
| arxiv = 2407.12266
| bibcode = 2024NatAs...8.1159C
}}}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=ag>{{citation|url=https://astrogen.aas.org/front/searchdetails.php?agnumber=28563|title=Manisha Pranati Caleb|work=AstroGen|publisher=American Astronomical Society|access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

<ref name=graveyard>{{citation|url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2022/05/31/unusual-neutron-star-discovered-in-stellar-graveyard.html|title=Unusual neutron star discovered in stellar graveyard|date=31 May 2022|publisher=University of Sydney|access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

<ref name=rules>{{citation|url=https://www.space.com/neutron-star-radio-blasting-white-dwarf|title=Scientists find slowest spinning 'radio neutron star' — it breaks all the dead-star rules|work=Space.com|first=Robert|last=Lea|date=7 June 2024|access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

<ref name=sifa>{{citation|url=https://sifa.sydney.edu.au/people/|title=Academic Staff|work=Sydney Institute for Astronomy|date=8 December 2019 |publisher=University of Sydney|access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

<ref name=sm>{{citation|url=https://stellamariscollege.edu.in/assets/documents/Radio%20Astronomy%20and%20Fast%20Radio%20Bursts.pdf|title=Stella Maris College organised a Popular Lecture on Radio Astronomy and Fast Radio Bursts|publisher=Stella Maris College|date=8 January 2020|access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

<ref name=telegraph>{{citation|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/astronomers-announce-their-discovery-of-a-dead-star-spinning-at-bafflingly-slow-rate/cid/2024915|title=Astronomers announce their discovery of a dead star spinning at bafflingly slow rate; Indian astronomer in Australia leads discovery team|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|first=G. S.|last=Mudur|date=6 June 2024|access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

<ref name=xt>{{citation|url=https://www.universetoday.com/134875/extraterrestrial-origin-fast-radio-burst-phenomenon-confirmed/|title=Extraterrestrial Origin Of Fast Radio Burst Phenomenon Confirmed|date=4 April 2017|first=Nancy|last=Atkinson|work=Universe Today|access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TVHhOFT2ac YouTube video of Caleb giving an elevator pitch for her research]
*{{Google Scholar id|1L7cLvAAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caleb, Manisha}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Indian women physicists]]
[[Category:Australian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Australian women physicists]]
[[Category:Australian women astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Stella Maris College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Australian National University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Sydney]]
[[Category:Australian lecturers]]

Pranav Chaganty

2026-04-04T10:21:00Z

RickWoods111: Added A Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pranav Chaganty
| occupation = Rapper, lyricist, playback singer
| genre = Telugu rap
| years_active = 2016–present
}}

'''Pranav Chaganty''' (aka '''AbhinavaKavi''') is an Indian [[Rapping|rapper]], [[lyricist]], and [[playback singer]] known for his contributions to [[Telugu language|Telugu]] rap music. He is recognized for pioneering the fusion of traditional Telugu cultural elements with contemporary [[Hip hop music|rap music]].<ref>{{cite web |title=On a mission to make Telugu rap global |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/on-a-mission-to-make-telugu-rap-global-576106 |website=The Hans India |date=27 October 2019 }}</ref> His work often addresses social issues and promotes cultural awareness through music.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title=Pranav Chaganty interview: Rapping for change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/pranav-chaganty-interview-rapping-for-change/article19676494.ece |website=The Hindu |date=13 September 2017 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
AbhinavaKavi was born into a middle-class Indian family where academic success was highly emphasized. He completed his engineering degree from [[Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology|Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology (VBIT)]]. Following his education, he served as an electrical engineer in the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telugu wave: Pranav Chaganty is turning heads with his raps |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/2017/Jun/09/telugu-wave-pranav-chaganty-is-turning-heads-with-his-raps-2134.html |website=Indulge Express |date=9 June 2017 }}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Career transition ===
During his service in the Navy, AbhinavaKavi discovered his passion for music while at sea. This experience led him to leave his engineering career to pursue music full-time. He subsequently enrolled in a music production course in [[Chennai]] and began teaching [[Classical music|Western classical music]], which served as a stepping stone to his eventual career in rap.<ref>{{cite web |title=More than just attitude |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/music/020617/more-than-just-attitude.html |website=The Asian Age |date=2 June 2017 }}</ref>

=== Musical style and themes ===
AbhinavaKavis musical style is characterized by a deep respect for the Telugu language, which he uses to craft intricate lyrics that resonate with listeners. His work notably incorporates ''Dvyakshari'', a traditional [[Telugu poetry|Telugu poetic]] form that utilizes two-letter syllables to convey complex thoughts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview: Pranav Chaganty talks about composing rap song with two syllables |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2019/Oct/18/interview-pranav-chaganty-talks-about-composing-rap-song-with-two-syllables-18989.html |website=Indulge Express |date=18 October 2019 }}</ref>

His thematic focus includes:
* [[Social justice]] and reform initiatives
* Cultural pride and Telugu heritage preservation
* Personal narratives and emotional experiences

AbhinavaKavi views rap as a powerful medium for social commentary, using it to initiate discussions about important societal issues while promoting Telugu cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pranav Chaganty: The Voice of Change |url=https://www.voxspace.in/2017/07/03/pranav-chaganty-rap/ |website=VoxSpace |date=3 July 2017 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Lyrics !! Vocals !! Music director !! Reference
|-
| Yama Greatu || [[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]] || ✅ || ✅ || [[Santhosh Narayanan|Santosh Narayanan]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rolling-stone-india-rolling-with-the-punches/article24110160.ece |title='Rolling Stone India: Rolling with the punches' |work=The Hindu |date=2018-06-07 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Poradathaam || [[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]] || ✅ || ✅ || [[Santhosh Narayanan|Santosh Narayanan]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaala-music-review-rajinikanth-pa-ranjith-santhosh-narayanan-5183443/ |title=Kaala music review: A rousing album that celebrates the spirit of resistance |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2018-05-31 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Maa Veedhula || [[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]] || ✅ || ✅ || [[Santhosh Narayanan|Santosh Narayanan]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kaala-telugu-jukebox-out-now/articleshow/64400235.cms |title=Kaala Telugu jukebox out now |work=The Times of India |date=2018-06-02 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Padmavyuham || [[Yuddham Sharanam|Yuddham Saranam]] || ✅ || ✅ || [[Vivek Sagar]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/yuddham-sharanam-music-review.html |title=Yuddham Sharanam Music Review |publisher=123Telugu |date=2017-08-25 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Love all the Haters || [[Bomma Blockbuster]] || ✅ || ✅ || [[Prashanth R Vihari|Prashanth Vihari]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telugu360.com/bomma-blockbuster-movie-review/ |title=Bomma Blockbuster Movie Review |publisher=Telugu360 |date=2022-12-23 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Seatu Siragadha || [[A1 Express]] || ✅ (rap) || ✅ (rap) || [[Hiphop Tamizha|HipHop Tamizha]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a1-express-movie-review-a-predictable-sports-drama/article33991777.ece |title=A1 Express movie review: A predictable sports drama |work=The Hindu |date=2021-03-05 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Enduku Ra || [[Krishna and His Leela|Krishna & His Leela]] || ✅ (rap) || ✅ (rap) || [[Sricharan Pakala]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/krishna-and-his-leela-movie-review-rana-daggubatis-production-is-a-contemporary-take-on-modern-relationships-8538531.html |title=Krishna and His Leela movie review |publisher=Firstpost |date=2020-06-29 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Maha Theme || [[Aakasam Nee Haddu Raa|Aakasam Nee Haddura]] || ✅ || ❌ || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G.V. Prakash Kumar]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aakasam-nee-haddhu-ra-songs-review-telugu-news-276632 |title=Aakasam Nee Haddhu Ra Songs Review |work=IndiaGlitz |date=2020-03-08 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| College Age lona || [[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi|Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi]] || ✅ (rap) || ✅ (rap) || [[Vivek Sagar]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ee-nagaraniki-emaindi-review-a-toast-to-friendship/article24304497.ece |title=Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi review: A toast to friendship |work=The Hindu |date=2018-06-29 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| One Life || [[Sir (Film)|SIR]] || ✅ || ✅ || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G.V. Prakash Kumar]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sir-vaathi-songs-review-dhanush-gv-prakash-telugu-news-332183 |title=SIR Songs Review |work=IndiaGlitz |date=2023-01-27 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Sandhya na Udayiddaam || [[Sir (Film)|SIR]] || ✅ || ❌ || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G.V. Prakash Kumar]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/sir-music-review.html |title=SIR Music Review |publisher=123Telugu |date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Bagundayya Chandram || [[Mental Madhilo]] || ✅ (rap) || ✅ (rap) || [[Prashanth R Vihari|Prashanth Vihari]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mental-madhilo-review-refreshingly-real/article20618511.ece |title=Mental Madhilo review: Refreshingly real |work=The Hindu |date=2017-11-24 |access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| Ee Zindagi || [[Mrithyunjay]] || ✅ (rap) || ✅ (rap) || [[Kaala Bhairava]] || <ref>{{cite web |url= https://indiaglitz.com/mrithyunjay-kicks-off-musical-promotions-with-ee-zindagi-ram-pothineni-launches-first-single#google_vignette |title= Mrithyunjay Kicks Off Musical Promotions with ‘Ee Zindagi’; Ram Pothineni Launches First Single |work=IndiaGlitz |date=2026-02-25 |access-date=2026-04-04}}</ref>
|}

== Independent works ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Album !! Role !! Lyrics !! Performance
|-
| Pani Puri Anthem || Singing || Yes || Yes
|-
| Hyderabadi Chai Anthem || Singing || Yes || Yes
|-
| Telugu Flow || Singing || Yes || Yes
|-
| Kothi Kommacchi || Singing || Yes || Yes
|-
| Modern Dvyakshari || Singing || Yes || Yes
|-
| Drunkard On The Road || Singing || Yes || Yes
|-
| Express Prema || Singing || No || Yes
|}

== Impact and influence ==
AbhinavaKavi is considered a significant figure in the evolution of Telugu rap music. His innovative approach to combining traditional Telugu poetic forms with contemporary rap has created a unique sub-genre that appeals to both traditional and modern audiences. Through his music, he has demonstrated the versatility of Telugu language in modern musical forms while addressing contemporary social issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=On a mission to make Telugu rap global |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/on-a-mission-to-make-telugu-rap-global-576106 |website=The Hans India |date=27 October 2019 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://music.apple.com/in/artist/pranav-chaganty/1276246538 Pranav Chaganty on Apple Music]
* [https://gaana.com/artist/pranav-chaganty/albums Pranav Chaganty on Gaana]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaganty, Pranav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Basilica of St. Mary, Champakulam

2026-04-03T10:23:09Z

RickWoods111:

{{Short description|Christian Church in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
|native_name=Champakulam Kalloorkadu Marth Maryam
|name= St. Mary's Syro Malabar Catholic Basilica Church (Valiya Palli, Kerala)
| image=StMaryChampakulamExt (4).jpg
| image_upright=
| caption=Champakulam St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica Church (Kalloorkkadu Valiya Palli).
|location=[[Champakulam]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| geo={{Coord|9|24|33|N|76|24|40|E|type:landmark_region:VA|display=inline,title}}
|religious_affiliation=[[Syro-Malabar Church]]
|district=[[Alappuzha District]]
|country=[[India]]
|consecration_year=AD 427
|status=[[Minor Basilica]]
|leadership= Bishop: [[Mar Thomas Tharayil]], Archdiocese:  [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery|Changanassery]]
|website=[http://champakulampally.com/ http://champakulampally.com/]
}}

'''Champakulam Kalloorkadu St. Mary's Syro Malabar Catholic Basilica Church''' ([[Malayalam]]: ചമ്പക്കുളം വലിയ പള്ളി) is an ancient Christian Church in [[Kerala]]. It belongs to the Syro-Malabar Church under the Archeparchy of Changanacherry. It is a Forane church, with several parishes under it.

==History==
[[Champakulam]] Kalloorkadu St. Mary's Basilica (also called Champakulam Valia Palli) is one of the oldest Christian churches in India<ref>{{cite web | title = Champakulam Kalloorkkadu St Mary's Church- The Hidden Pearl in Nasrani History | date=29 January 2010 |url = https://nasrani.net/2010/01/30/champakulam-kalloorkkadu-st-marys-church/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Archdiocese Of Changancherry | url = http://www.archdiocesechanganacherry.org/archdiocesechanganacherry-parishesmore.php?id=26 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120718083445/http://www.archdiocesechanganacherry.org/archdiocesechanganacherry-parishesmore.php?id=26 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Ancient Churches | url = http://nasrani.net/category/heritage/ancient-churches-heritage/ | access-date = 2012-01-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120125100242/http://nasrani.net/category/heritage/ancient-churches-heritage/ | archive-date = 2012-01-25 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
and the mother church of almost all Catholic Syrian churches in Alleppey District. Believed to be established in AD 427,<ref>{{cite web|title = Ancient Churches with traditional dates of foundation & Stone Crosses of Kerala- Saint Thomas Cross, Nazraney Sthambams and other Persian Crosses | date=15 January 2007 |url = https://nasrani.net/2007/01/16/ancient-stone-crosses-of-kerala-saint-thomas-cross-nazraney-sthambams-persian-crosses/}}</ref> the church was rebuilt many times. Champakulam church was once under [[Niranam Church]], which was founded by the Apostle [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] himself. The many rock inscriptions found around the church tell us about the history of the church.

The open air Rock Cross at Champakulam church is one of the most ancient crosses with clear documentation of its antiquity, dating to AD 1151. There are many archaeological artifacts found around the church that tell more about its history. Champakulam Church had very friendly relations with the ''[[Puthenkoor|Puthenkoottukar]]'' and had a pivotal role in many ecumenical efforts in the eighteenth century. Ikkako Kathanar, one of the martyrs (nasranis) of [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Catholics, was born in this parish.<ref>{{Cite web|title=13 February 2021: the 250th Dukhrana of Sahada Mar Ikkako Cathanar of Champakulam|url=https://www.nasrani.net/2021/02/10/13-february-2021-the-250th-dukhrana-of-sahada-mar-ikkako-cathanar-of-champakulam/|last=Martin Thomas|first=Antony|date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

Champakulam church has been recognized by the Universal Church as a Basilica. On 27 November 2016, the church was officially declared as a basilica by [[Pope Francis]] and [[Mar Joseph Perumthottam]], the Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Changanassery|Changanacherry]]. This is the first basilica in the archdiocese of Changanasserry, the fourth in the Syro Malabar Church, the ninth in Kerala and the twenty-third [[List of basilicas in India|basilica in India]].

Over the years, the church has undergone significant updates. Initially, there was a small parish hall with about hundred seats. A few years back, a bigger Parish Hall was constructed.
The latest, inaugurated on 3 January 2011, has 800+ seats. St. Mary's Theological Center was inaugurated in 2011 as well.

==The Church At Glance==

* Parish : Champakulam
* Forane : Champakulam
* Diocese : Changanacherry
* Patron : St. [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]]
* First Church : AD 427
* Priests : 4
* Vicar :Very Rev. Fr. Gregory onamkulam
* Asst.Vicars: Fr. shibin mulavarickal CSsR and Fr.Tony puthiveetikalam
* Catholic Population : 6500
* Catholic Families : 1378
* Phone : 0477-2736252
<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Mary's Church, Kalloorkadu|url=https://www.smcim.smonline.org/kalloorkadu/glance.htm}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===[[Holy Qurbana]] Timings===
* Sundays : 6.00AM, 7.30AM, 9.30AM, 4.00PM
* Other Days : 6.00AM, 7.00AM
* Wednesdays : 6.30AM, 4.00PM
=== Catholic Organizations ===
*C.M.L
*[[Altar server|Altar Boys]]
*Thirubala sakhyam
*Yuva Deepti-S.M.Y.M
*Mathru Jyothis
*Pithru Vedi
*[[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul|St. Vincent De Paul Society]]
*Darsana Smooham
*Choir Group

===Location (Wikimapia)===
* http://wikimapia.org/101750/Champakulam-Kaloorkadu-St-Mary-s-Forane-Church-AD-427

==Famous Parishioners==
There are many famous parishioners in the history of Kalloorkadu church. One of them is the martyr of the church, Ikkako Kathanar.

===Ikkako Kathanar===

Ikkako Kathanar was a priest from this parish who became martyr in the hand of Portuguese for protecting the East Syriac tradition of the indigenous catholic church of India (Nasranis) mainly along the malabar coast. Till the arrival of Europeans Nasranis were belonging to the [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] rites in the Catholic Church. The Europeans under the Padroado and Propaganda tried to forcefully convert the nasranis into western or Latin rite. Ikkako Kathanar is one of the faithful of the church who tried to resist this illegal attempt which extended over more than five centuries. He attained martyrdom under the hands of propaganda carmelites during this.{{sfnp|Martin Thomas|2021}}

==Annual Feasts==
Apart from general Christian Holy celebrations like Christmas, Good Friday & Easter (Holy week) etc., there are two main yearly feasts (മലയാളം: പെരുന്നാള്‍).

===Feast of Mother Mary / Marian apparition(ദര്‍ശനതിരുന്നാള്‍)===

The Feast of the Apparition lasts for 11 days of pious celebrations and concludes on the Sunday following 15 October.

===Commemoration of the Death of St. Joseph (യൌസേപ്പ് പിതാവിന്റെ മരണ തിരുന്നാള്‍)===
This is a 'shradham- Chatham' conducted in commemoration of the death of St. Joseph is held on 19 March every year. It attracts thousands of devotees to Kalloorkadu Church from far of places.<ref>{{cite web | title = Church feast and festivals in Central Kerala-Kottayam | date = April 2007| url = https://nasrani.net/2007/03/31/nasrani-church-festivals-in-central-kerala/}}</ref>

'''Moonnu Noyambu Perunnaal of Champakulam'''

Champakulam Church is one of the ancient churches in which Moonnu Noyambu Perunnaal (Three day fast- Rogation of Ninevites) celebrated regularly which has been discontinued in the recent past. There are clear documentation about the Moonnu noyambu perunaal of champakulam in the records about the financial help and support from the Kings of Chempakasserry for the feast.

===Parishes Under Champakulam Forane===
# Champakulam (Kalloorkad) St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2736252
# Kondackal St. Joseph's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2736216
# Pullangady Holy Family Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2736346
# Thekkekara St. John's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2707031
# Vadakkeamichakari St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2707075
# Vaisyambhagam St. Antony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2736501
# [[St. Joseph's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Chennamkary]] 0477-2724237
# Kandankary St. Joseph's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2737125
# Narbonapuram St. Sebastian's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2762205
# Nazareth St. Jerome's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-2762205
# Sleevapuram Syro-Malabar Catholic Church(Ponga) 0477-2762188
# Chennamkary Lourdes Matha Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 0477-
# Padaharam St.Joseph's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church

==Institutions under the Parish==
===Religious Houses In the Parish===
* St.Martin Chapel
* Gagultha Ashram CMI
* SABS (The Congregation of the sisters of the Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament) Convent.
** SABS was founded on 8 December 1908 at Champakulam in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | title = Sisters of the Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament | url = http://www.smcim.org/cong/sabs/article/49}}</ref> It had its origin in the personal experience of the Eucharistic presence of the servant of God [[Mar Thomas Kurialachery|Thomas Kurialacherry]] (1873-1925) the first bishop of Changanacherry.
* Kurialasserry Bhavan (SABS)
* Clara madhom & Orphanage for young girls, Kondakkal.

===Other institutions under the Parish===
*St. Mary's LP School
*St. Mary's High School<ref>{{cite web| title = St.Mary's High School Champakulam| url = http://corporateschoolschry.org/schoolsystem/stmaryshschampakulam}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*St. Mary's Higher Secondary School Champakulam
*St. Joseph's Mission Hospital
==Gallery==

[[File:Champakulam Valia Palli River Pampa.jpg|thumb|right|Champakulam Valia Palli on the [[Pampa River]] west bank. You can also see the Champakulam bridge under construction which will connect the east and west banks]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamExt (2).jpg|thumb|backwaters]]
[[File:St. Marys Church, Chambakulam.jpg|thumb|exterior]]
[[File:Champakulam St Mary's Church.jpg|thumb|Closer look of Champakulam Valia Palli|alt=Closer look of Champakulam Valia Palli]]
[[File:Champakulam St. Mary's Church (Kalloorkkadu Palli) - Valia Palli.jpg|thumb|North East view]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamExt (10).jpg|thumb|Front]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamExt (5).jpg|thumb|Another view]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamExt (9).jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamInt 04.jpg|thumb|Main entrance]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamInt 01.jpg|thumb|Inside]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamInt 07.jpg|thumb|''Madbaha'']]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamInt 02.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamInt 05.jpg|thumb|Decorated roof]]
[[File:StMaryChampakulamInt 06.jpg|thumb|Coronation of Saint Mary depicted on the roof]]
[[File:Champakulam Valia Palli South East View.jpg|thumb|South East view]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Champakulam}}
* https://archive.today/20110111102440/http://www.smcim.smonline.org/kalloorkadu/
* [https://nasrani.net/2010/01/30/champakulam-kalloorkkadu-st-marys-church/ St. Mary's Church]

{{Basilicas in India}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

[[Category:Churches in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:5th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in India]]

Alka Gurjar

2026-04-03T03:02:33Z

RickWoods111: New new post w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Alka Gurjar
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|2|21}}
| birth_place = Malpura, [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office = National [[General Secretary]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term = Incumbent
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Bandikui Assembly constituency|Bandikui]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| spouse = [[Nathu Singh Gurjar]]
}}
'''Alka Gurjar''' (born 21 February 1961) is an Indian politician currently serving as the National [[General Secretary]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name=guardian>{{cite news |title=Alka Gurjar to lead BJP's outreach blitz across 4 states |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/others/alka-gurjar-to-lead-bjps-outreach-blitz-across-4-states/ |publisher=The Daily Guardian |date=February 9, 2024 |archive-date=May 17, 2025 |access-date=May 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517063257/https://thedailyguardian.com/others/alka-gurjar-to-lead-bjps-outreach-blitz-across-4-states/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is also the Co-incharge of the BJP in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Anup |title=New BJP MLAs meet top party leaders, visit Delhi Lt Governor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Feb/10/new-bjp-mlas-meet-top-party-leaders-visit-delhi-lt-governor |publisher=New Indian Express |date=February 10, 2025}}</ref>

Gurjar was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in 2013 from the [[Bandikui Assembly constituency]] and served as an MLA until 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mrs Alka Gurjar (Winner) |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=1875 |website=myneta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bandikui MLA List |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bandikui-assembly-elections-rj-85/ |work=Oneindia |date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=यूरोप दौरे से लौटीं विधायक डॉ. अलकासिंह |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/raj-oth-mat-latest-bandikui-news-021504-2802140-nor.html |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |date=June 14, 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gurjar was born on 21 February 1961 in Malpura, [[Rajasthan]]. She holds degrees in [[M.A.]], L.L.M., and [[Ph.D]]. She was selected for the [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]] and completed training, but chose not to join government service and instead pursued a political career.<ref name=oneindia>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Purshottam |title=International Women Day: आज भाजपा की राष्ट्रीय सचिव अलका सिंह गुर्जर के संघर्ष की कहानी |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/rajasthan/the-story-of-the-struggle-of-bjp-national-secretary-alka-singh-gurjar-today-on-international-womens-895683.html |publisher=One India |date=March 8, 2024}}</ref> She is married to [[Nathu Singh Gurjar]], a BJP leader and former [[Cabinet Minister]] in the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref name=oneindia/>

== Political career ==
In the 2013 elections, she was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Bandikui Assembly constituency|Bandikui]]. She also served as the Spokesperson and Vice President of the [[BJP]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=oneindia/> She was later appointed as the National General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=guardian/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujar, Alka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Women in Rajasthan politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

The Tiger (2005 film)

2026-03-23T16:40:10Z

RickWoods111: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Tiger
| image = The Tiger 2005.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| writer = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sasi Ayyanchira
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Gopika]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Shamdat]]
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| music = [[Ishaan Dev]]
| studio = Sri Uthruttathi Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2005|12|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Tiger''''' (also known as '''''Tiger''''') is a 2005 Indian Malayalam-language [[police procedural]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]] and written by [[B. Unnikrishnan]]. It stars [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] in the lead roles, while, [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Gopika]], [[Vineeth Kumar]], [[Anand (actor)|Anand]] and [[Rajan P. Dev]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/director-shaji-kailas-famous-mass-action-thriller-movies/articleshow/76982627.cms?story=1|title=ഇടി പടങ്ങളുടെ തമ്പുരാൻ; ഷാജി കൈലാസിന്‍റെ 'തീപ്പൊരി' ചിത്രങ്ങൾ ഇവയാണ്!|last=Babu|first=Bibin|work=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]|language=ml|date=15 July 2020|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612041356/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/director-shaji-kailas-famous-mass-action-thriller-movies/articleshow/76982627.cms?story=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

''The Tiger'' was released on 16 December 2005 and became a commercial success at the box office alongside its Telugu dubbed version ''Police Samrajyam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/28/suresh-gopi-supreme-star-telugu-cinema.html|title=Here is how Suresh Gopi became the 'Supreme Star' of Telugu cinema|work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=28 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612041352/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/28/suresh-gopi-supreme-star-telugu-cinema.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A container packed with [[fake currency]] is stopped at the check post by Thomas Kurien, an honest senior [[customs officer]] along with [[Commissioner of Police (India)|city police commissioner]] Rajath Naidu, but is shocked to learn that Rajath himself is a part of the gang, who shoots down Kurien to save himself. Few months later, Jnanashekhara Varma, who is the [[Director general|DG]] of Vigilance Department makes a controversial [[press conference]], in which he alleges the role of [[hawala]] transactions in the sudden rise in the crimes in the state. The statements were directly pointed at seniors in the state cabinet and police department.

Varma is summoned by the [[Chief minister (India)|CM]] in the presence of [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha MP]] John Varghese, and is warned of serious actions, unless he gives a proper explanation in the next couple of days. Instead of falling in line with the CM, Varma threatens him with further revelations in the coming days. The next morning, Varma is found dead in his bedroom. John Varghese is also involved in several hawala dealings taking place in the state, including terror activities. [[Crime Branch]] [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] "Tiger" Chandrashekhar is appointed to solve the mystery of Varma's death, assisted by Joseph Pothen and Sudev Sachidanand.

In the meantime, Suhara Ahmed is a young journalist who along with her close friend Kishore is found missing. She is believed to have certain sensational information regarding a minister named Vakkachan. Chandrasekhar meets her father Vivekam Ahmed Sahib, who leads him to Suhara's personal computer, which sheds light to certain truths. One day, Suhara is found in midst of a forest, critically wounded. Chandrasekhar admits her to the hospital, but her life is targeted many times. Chandrasekhar finds out shocking information regarding the anti-national activities of Vakachan along with John Varghese from Suhara's video tapes.

Vakkachan is forced to resign from the cabinet and is arrested by Chandrasekhar, who follows John Varghese to the sea port and learns about his plan to escape to [[Turkey]]. However, Varghese is stopped by Chandrasekhar, who also learns that his subordinate Sudev is none other than Musafir, an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent and Varma and Kishore's killer. Sudev tries to shoot Chandrashekhar, but finds that the gun Chandrashekhar gave him had no bullets. Chandrashekhar reveals about his suspicion about the presence of a traitor when they were attacked while transporting Suhara to the hospital.

Since Sudev was the only outsider in the team, Chandrashekhar enquired about his track record and found that Sudev was present every time in the presence of Musafir was detected. In order to get concrete evidence against Sudev, Chandrashekhar secretly entered his house and managed to decrypt Sudev and Varghese's terrorism plans (which was stored in Sudev's [[Hard disk drive]] and [[CD]]'s) with the help of experts, thus foiling all their plans to turn Kerala into a safe haven for terrorism. Chandrasekhar shoots down Musafir and kills John Varghese with a time bomb.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] "Tiger" Chandrasekhar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Branch]]
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Member of parliament|MP]] John Varghese
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]](fake) Sudev Sachidanand [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] / Musafir
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DYSP]] Joseph Pothan
*[[Gopika]] as Suhara Ahmed
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Varkeychan Narimattom, [[Revenue Minister]]
*[[Rajmohan Unnithan]] as [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] Santhosh Kurup<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/16/stories/2005091601360400.htm|title=On the trail of the `Tiger'|first=Prema|last=Manmadhan|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319212929/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/16/stories/2005091601360400.htm|archive-date=19 March 2007}}</ref>
*[[Vineeth Kumar]] as Kishore, close friend of Suhara Ahmed
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Palliserri Kovilakathu Jnanashekhara Varma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau|Vigilance Director]]
*[[Subair]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Rajan Manjooran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Branch]]
*Anil Jitendra as Steven, John Varghese's right hand
*Kiran Raj as Mathew Varghese/Monayi, John Varghese's brother
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Thomas Kurien, Customs Assistant Collector
*[[Kundara Johnny]] as Venugopal, Customs Assistant Collector
*[[Santhosh K. Nayar|Santosh]] as Rajath Naidu [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Commissioner of Police (India)|City Police Commissioner]], Kochi City
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Ahmed Sahib
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Cheriyan Thundiyil, [[Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau|Vigilance]]
*[[V. K. Sreeraman]] as C.R. Menon, Deputy Director of [[Research And Analysis Wing|R&AW]]
*[[Ajith Kollam]] as Nasser [[Inspector of Police#Kerala|CI]] of Police
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Yousef Khan
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Harris Khan, Yousaf khan's grand son
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as [[Deputy commissioner of police|DCP]] Shakthivel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*Kochaniyan as Dr. Ramachandran, Forensic Surgeon
*[[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Dr. Bharathan Kumar
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Gopinathan
*[[Biju Pappan]] as Surendran, a police officer
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Mankunnil Satish
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Appa, a tea shop vendor
*[[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as a tea shop vendor
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "In effect Tiger has the right mood and creates anxiety and dread essential for racy thriller. In sum the reliable Kailas-Gopi combo deliver the goods. Satisfaction guaranteed for audience who love action based investigative thrillers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tiger-review-malayalam-pclvOxicgihbb.html|title=Tiger|date=15 December 2005|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511102646/https://www.sify.com/movies/tiger-review-malayalam-pclvOxicgihbb.html|archive-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> A writer from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that the film was "an investigative police story that left us [the audience] unsatisfied".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/03chinta.htm|title=Chintamani Kola Case: Worth a watch|date=3 April 2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612041351/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/03chinta.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Legacy==
One of the dialogues of [[Suresh Gopi]] gone trending in social media through trolls.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0483184}}

{{Shaji Kailas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger, The}}
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]

Italian

2026-03-18T11:17:15Z

RickWoods111: quick update

{{Wiktionary|Italian|italian}}

'''Italian'''('''s''') may refer to:

==Related to the people of Italy==
* [[Italians]], a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
* [[Italian language]], a Romance language
** [[Regional Italian]], regional variants of the Italian language
* [[Culture of Italy]], cultural features of Italy
* [[Italian cuisine]], traditional foods

==Other uses==
* [[Italian dressing]], a vinaigrette-type salad dressing or marination
* Italian or Italian-A, alternative names for the [[Ping-Pong virus]], an extinct computer virus
* [[John Warwick Smith]] (1749–1831), British landscape painter and illustrator nicknamed "Italian" Smith

==See also==
* {{look from}}
* {{in title}}
* [[Italia (disambiguation)]]
* [[The Italian (disambiguation)]]
* [[Italian people (disambiguation)]]
* [[Italien (magazine)|''Italien'' (magazine)]], a pro-Fascist magazine in Germany between 1927 and 1944

{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

Bihu Dhol

2026-03-18T06:47:37Z

RickWoods111: Starting Some Post V1 - done

{{Short description|Traditional Assamese percussion instrument}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{LLM|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name= Bihu Dhol Pati Dhol
|image= Dhuliya performing in an open stage bihu.jpg
|caption =Dhuliya performing in an open stage bihu performance
|classification= [[Membranophone]]
|range=
|related=[[Dhol]], [[Khol]], [[Madal]]
}}{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Assam Bihu Dhol
| color = Blue
| logo =
| image = Dhol, Pepa and Taal.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Dhol, Pepa and Taal
| alternative names = Bihu Dhol, Pati Dhol
| description =
| type = Musical Instrument
| area = [[Assam]]
| country =[[India]]
| registered =2024
| material =Wood, leather, bamboo
| official website =
}}

'''Assam Bihu Dhol''' commonly known as '''Bihu dhol''' or '''Pati Dhol''' or simply '''Dhol''' is a traditional barrel-shaped double-headed drum that serves as the primary percussion instrument in [[Bihu]], the most significant folk festival of [[Assam]], [[India]]. <ref name="ET">{{Cite web |title= Assam Bihu Dhol, Jaapi and more: All about All about the 19 Assam items that got GI tag |url= https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/assam-bihu-dhol-jaapi-and-more-all-about-all-about-the-19-assam-items-that-got-gi-tag/bihu-dhol/slideshow/108944718.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |website= economictimes.com |language=en}}</ref> It provides the rhythmic foundation for Bihu music and dance and is deeply embedded in Assamese cultural identity. It is widely used in folk dances, rituals, weddings, and religious ceremonies across various ethnic communities of the state. The Bihu Dhol is distinguished by its compact size, loud resonance, and complex rhythmic patterns, setting it apart from similar drums found elsewhere in India.<ref name="SC">{{Cite web |title=Bihu Dhol |url= https://www.swarclassical.com/Instruments/bihudhol/|access-date=2026-01-02 |website= swarclassical.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin and Mythology==

According to Assamese folklore, the dhol originated in [[Mount Kailash]] and was brought to the mortal world by [[Arjuna]], one of the [[Pandava]] brothers of the [[Mahabharata]]. Although drums are common in folk cultures worldwide, the Assamese dhol is considered unique for its sonic power, symbolic associations, and ceremonial centrality.

Historically, the ability to play the dhol was regarded as a symbol of masculinity and vitality among Assamese youth. The instrument is also traditionally associated with fertility, life force, and communal harmony.

==Description==
The Bihu dhol is typically made from a hollowed wooden shell (called the dima or khola) and covered on both ends with animal hide membranes (usually goat or parchment skin). One side (the kobani) produces higher resonant tones when struck with a bamboo stick, while the other side (the tali) yields deeper bass when struck by hand.<ref name="Handicraft"/>

The body is most commonly carved from durable woods such as [[Jackfruit]] (Kathal) or sham wood, with leather rings and straps securing the drumheads. The dhol is worn horizontally with a shoulder strap and played by a dhuliya (drummer) who maintains the rhythmic pulse of the performance.<ref name="Handicraft">{{Cite web |title=Assam Bihu Dhol |url= https://handicrafts.nic.in/crafts/All_Crafts/Craft_Categories/Miscellaneous/Music_Instruments/Assam_Bihu_Dhol/BihuDholWebPage.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website= handicrafts.nic.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Assamese Bihu Dhol.jpg|thumb|Assamese Dhol is a traditional Assamese instrument, which is used in cultural festival like Bihu dance and othe cultural activities.]]

==Historical Patronage==

The popularity of the dhol in Assamese culture is closely linked to the royal patronage of the [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia]] and [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom dynasties]]. <ref name="Handicraft"/>

During the Chutia period, drum lore (dhol malita) frequently refers to Ratanpur, a cultural centre of the Chutia kingdom. Many compositions invoke Shiva and Parvati, worshipped by the Chutias as Gira-Girashi.

During the Ahom rule, numerous drum compositions mention the Swargadeos, indicating sustained royal support. <ref name="Handicraft"/>

Historical records note that royal proclamations and public announcements were traditionally made by beating the dhol. When Ahom officials or da-dangiyas travelled outside the Batsora, dhols were played alongside the dola, using a special rhythm method known as Dolakakhoriya Sew.

==Making and Materials==

Traditional Bihu dhols are hand-crafted by artisans using:

*Wood: The body is carved usually from jackfruit or sham wood for its tonal quality.

*Animal skins: Goat or similar hides are stretched over both ends to form the vibrating heads.

*Leather components: Leather rings, thongs, and straps secure the drumheads and provide suspension.

*Bamboo: Used for sticks (dholar-mari) and tensioning bands.

The entire process, from carving to assembly and tuning, is conducted by craftsmen who specialize in traditional Assamese instrument making. <ref name="Handicraft"/>

==Cultural Significance==

The Bihu dhol occupies a central place in Assamese folk tradition. It is indispensable in [[Bohag Bihu]], where the vigorous beats of the dhol guide dancers and singers in Bihu geet (songs) and [[Bihu dance]] (naach). It plays a central role in:<ref name="Assam">{{Cite web |title=Culture of Assam |url= https://assam.gov.in/about-us/391 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website= assam.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

*[[Bihu dance]]

*Bihu songs

*[[Huchori]]

The Dhuliya (dhol player) carries the primary responsibility in Bihu and Husori performances. Throughout the entire performance, the dhol alone provides continuous rhythm, while other instruments—such as the pepa, gagana, taal (cymbals), toka, and xutuli—are used intermittently.<ref name="asia">{{Cite web |title=Bihu Dhol of Assam |url= https://asiainch.org/craft/bihu-dhol-of-assam/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website= asiainch.org |language=en}}</ref>

In performance contexts, especially Dhuliya Bhaona (drum-accompanied theatrical performances), the dhuliya not only keeps rhythm but also interacts dynamically with dancers and singers, enhancing the energetic atmosphere of Bihu festivities.<ref name="Sentinel">{{Cite web |title= The crisis of ‘Dhuliya’ culture |url= https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/the-crisis-of-dhuliya-culture |access-date=2026-01-02 |website= sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>
The dhol is closely associated with celebration, fertility, community unity, and seasonal renewal. The dhol is considered an auspicious instrument in Assamese society and is traditionally played during Traditional Assamese Weddings.

[[File:Mukuli bihu (10).JPG|thumb|Two Dhuliya (Bihu dhol player) with Dhol]]

==Performance==

During Bihu, the dhol is played continuously throughout the music and dance, unlike other instruments such as the pepa, gogona, or taal which are used more melodically or decoratively. The dhuliya often alternates rhythms to match the tempo of dancers in Bihu naach and participates in folk theatrical forms like Dhuliya where music and narrative combine.

==Geographical Indication==

In 2024, the Assam Bihu Dhol was officially awarded a [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag by the Government of India, recognizing its unique cultural heritage, traditional craftsmanship, and regional specificity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Bihu Dhol, Jaapi and more: All about All about the 19 Assam items that got GI tag - Assamese products get GI tag |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/assam-bihu-dhol-jaapi-and-more-all-about-all-about-the-19-assam-items-that-got-gi-tag/assam-pani-mateka-craft/slideshow/108944714.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Musical instruments of Assam]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Assam]]

Girish A. D.

2026-03-17T16:20:04Z

RickWoods111: Starting A Pg From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Girish A. D.
| birth_place = [[Chalakudy]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{Flat list|
* Film director
* Screenwriter
* Actor
* Film producer
}}
| years_active = 2017{{endash}}present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Chippy Viswan|23 June 2019}}
| parents = {{Plain list|
* Dineshan
* Geetha
}}
}}

'''Girish A. D.'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Girish A.d.: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Girish-A.D. |access-date=2022-03-10 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> is an Indian film director, screenwriter, actor and film producer who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He has directed popular films like ''[[Premalu]]'', ''[[Super Sharanya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title='Super Sharanya' review: Girish A D returns with another charmer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jan/11/super-sharanya-review-girish-a-d-returns-with-another-charmer-2405319.html |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=11 January 2022 }}</ref> and ''[[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2019-07-31 |title=With the release of 'Thanneermathan Dinangal', Girish AD realises a long cherished dream |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/with-the-release-of-thanneermathan-dinangal-girish-ad-realises-a-long-cherished-dream/article28756683.ece |access-date=2022-03-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Girish A.D. was born in [[Chalakudy]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Born |title=My Profile - Girish a D |url=https://fefkadirectorsunion.com/members/my-page/girishad}}</ref>,[[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], to Dineshan and Geetha. He attended his higher secondary in St. Sebastians HSS, Kuttikkad, [[Chalakudy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=School |title=My Profile - Girish a D |url=https://fefkadirectorsunion.com/members/my-page/girishad}}</ref> He did his Bachelor of Technology in [[MET's School of Engineering]], [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]],[[Thrissur]]. Girish is married to Chippy Viswan since 23 June 2019.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Career ==
After graduating, Girish started making short films. Yashpal, Vishuddha Ambrose<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Alphonse Puthren |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/want-to-be-a-filmmaker-learn-from-these-short-films-made-by-renowned-mollywood-directors/photostory/88005520.cms |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and Mookutthi were his early works, all of which got critical acclaim and viewership. He bagged the best Director Award in Adoor short film festival 2017 for Vishuddha Ambrose.<ref name=":0" />

After briefly appearing in Bilahari K Raj's 2017 independent film 'Porattam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porattam (2022) {{!}} Porattam Movie {{!}} Porattam Malayalam Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/porattam.html |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}</ref>', Girish debuted as a writer in Malayalam film industry in 2018 with [[Allu Ramendran]] directed by Bilahari K Raj. The following year, he made his directorial debut with Thanneer Mathan Dinangal (transl. Watermelon Days). The film being a coming-of age romantic comedy co-written by Dinoy Poulose, was jointly produced by Plan J Studios and Shebin Backer Productions. It starred [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Mathew Thomas]], and [[Anaswara Rajan]] in the lead roles. In 2022, Girish's second directorial [[Super Sharanya]] got released and met with mixed reviews from critics but was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Jeemon |title=Why small is beautiful in Mollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-small-is-beautiful-in-mollywood-2317355-2023-01-04 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=India Today |date=4 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Then he directed two films, ''[[Premalu]]'' and ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'' and both got released in 2024. ''[[Premalu]]'' received highly positive response and became [[List of Malayalam films of 2024|one of the highest grossing Malayalam film of 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=ഒടിടിയിലെത്തും മുന്നേ പ്രേമലുവിന് നേടാനാകുക എത്ര?, ആഗോള കണക്കുകളില്‍ ഞെട്ടി ആരാധകര്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/naslen-starrer-premalus-global-collection-report-out-hrk-sbpmuq |language=ml |website=Asianet News |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref> ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'' met with mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=‘I Am Kathalan’ movie review: Fast-paced cyber crime thriller ends up an average fare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-kathalan-movie-review-fast-paced-cyber-crime-thriller-ends-up-an-average-fare/article68840701.ece |language=ml |website=Asianet News |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As film director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-

|-
|2019
| ''[[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal]]'' ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Super Sharanya]]''||<ref name="poovan"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[Premalu]]'' ||<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-01 |title=Naslen-Mamitha Baiju's rom-com titled 'Premalu', first look out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/naslen-mamitha-baijus-rom-com-titled-premalu-first-look-out/articleshow/105647639.cms |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-02 |title=Naslen and Mamitha Baiju's 'Premalu' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/naslen-and-mamitha-baijus-premalu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/107363035.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[I Am Kathalan]]''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of Naslen's I Am Kathalan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/06/first-look-of-naslens-i-am-kathalan-out-48358.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|[[Bethlehem Kudumba Unit]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Nivin Pauly joins Premalu team for new rom-com ‘Bethlehem Kudumba Unit’ with Mamitha Baiju |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/bethlehem-kudumba-unit-nivin-pauly-mamitha-baiju-ok42dq99 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mamitha-baiju-and-nivin-paulys-bethlehem-kudumba-unit-goes-on-floors-under-director-girish-ad/articleshow/126319524.cms]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nivin Pauly and Mamitha Baiju join forces with ‘Premalu’ team for ‘Bethlehem Kudumba Unit’ |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/01/02/nivin-pauly-bethlehem-kudumba-unit-girish-ad-mamitha-baiju.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Other crew positions===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="3" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
!Writer
!Producer
!Actor
|-
| 2017 || ''Porattam'' || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Archana 31 Not Out]]'' || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Poovan]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||<ref name="poovan">{{Cite web |title=Antony Varghese's Poovan set for OTT release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/22/antony-vargheses-poovan-set-for-ott-release-41404.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Short films ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Notes
|-
|''Yashpal''
|Director
|-
|''Vishudda Ambrosse''
|Director
|-
|''Mookuthi''
|Director
|-
|''Edangeru''
|Actor
|-
|''Peru Gayathri''
|Actor
|-
|''Vasheekaranam''
|Actor, writer
|-
|''Anurag Engineering Works''
|Producer
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Assassin's Creed

2026-03-10T21:48:44Z

RickWoods111: adjust structure based on references and fixed typos

{{short description|Video game series}}
{{about|the media franchise|its first game|Assassin's Creed (video game){{!}}''Assassin's Creed'' (video game)|the book series|Assassin's Creed (book series){{!}}''Assassin's Creed'' (book series)|the 2016 film adaptation|Assassin's Creed (film){{!}}''Assassin's Creed'' (film)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Engvar|date=December 2022}}
{{use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox video game series
|title = Assassin's Creed
|image = Assassin's Creed Logo.svg
|image_class = skin-invert
|caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]]
*[[Action role-playing game|Action role-playing]]
* [[Stealth game|Stealth]]
}}
|developer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ubisoft Montreal]]
* [[Ubisoft Sofia]]
* [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]]
* [[Ubisoft Quebec]]
* [[Ubisoft Bordeaux]]
* [[Gameloft]]
* [[Griptonite Games]]
* [[Red Storm Entertainment]]
}}
|publisher = [[Ubisoft]]
|creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Patrice Désilets]]
* [[Jade Raymond]]
* [[Corey May]]
}}
|first release version = ''[[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]''
|first release date = November 13, 2007
|latest release version = ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]''
|latest release date = March 20, 2025
}}
'''''Assassin's Creed''''' is a [[historical fiction|historical]] [[action-adventure video game]] series and [[media franchise]] published by [[Ubisoft]] and developed mainly by its studio [[Ubisoft Montreal]] using the game engine [[Anvil (game engine)|Anvil]] and its more advanced derivatives. Created by [[Patrice Désilets]], [[Jade Raymond]], and [[Corey May]], the ''Assassin's Creed'' [[video game]] series depicts a fictional millennia-old struggle between the [[Order of Assassins]], who fight for peace and free will, and the [[Knights Templar]], who desire peace through order and control. The series features [[historical fiction]], [[science fiction]], and fictional characters intertwined with real-world [[historical events]] and [[historical figures]]. In most games, players control a historical Assassin while also playing as an Assassin Initiate or someone caught in the Assassin–Templar conflict in the present-day [[Frame story|framing story]]. Considered a [[spiritual successor]] to the ''[[Prince of Persia]]'' series, ''Assassin's Creed'' took inspiration from the novel ''[[Alamut (Bartol novel)|Alamut]]'' by the Slovenian writer [[Vladimir Bartol]], based on the historical [[Hashashin]] sect of medieval Iran (Persia).

The first ''[[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]'' game was released in 2007, and the series has featured fourteen main installments in total, the most recent being ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]'' in 2025. Main games in the ''Assassin's Creed'' series are set in an open world and played from the [[third-person view]]. Gameplay revolves around combat, stealth, and exploration, including the use of [[parkour]] to navigate the environment. The games feature both main and side missions, and some titles also include competitive and cooperative multiplayer game modes.

A new story and occasionally new time periods are introduced in each entry, with the gameplay elements also evolving. There are three overarching story arcs in the series. The first five main games follow [[Desmond Miles]], a descendant of several important Assassins throughout history, who uses a machine called the Animus to relive his ancestors' memories and find powerful artifacts called Pieces of Eden in an attempt to prevent a catastrophic event, referencing the [[2012 phenomenon]]. From ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' to ''[[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]'', Assassin initiates and employees of Abstergo Industries (a company used as a front by the modern-day Templars) record genetic memories using the Helix software, helping the Templars and Assassins find new Pieces of Eden in the modern world. The next three games, ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed Odyssey|Odyssey]]'', and ''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla|Valhalla]]'', follow ex-Abstergo employee Layla Hassan on her own quest to save humanity from another disaster.

The main games in the ''Assassin's Creed'' franchise have received generally positive reviews for their ambition in visuals, game design, and narratives, with criticism for the yearly release cycle and frequent bugs, as well as the prioritising of role-playing mechanics in later titles. The series has received multiple awards and nominations, including multiple Game of the Year awards. It is commercially successful, selling over 200 million copies {{as of|2022|9|lc=y}}, becoming Ubisoft's best-selling franchise and one of the [[List of best-selling video game franchises|best-selling video game franchises]] of all time. While main titles are produced for major consoles and desktop platforms, multiple spin-off games have been released for consoles, mobiles, and handheld platforms. A series of art books, encyclopedias, [[Assassin's Creed publications|comics]], and [[Assassin's Creed (book series)|novels]] have also been published. A [[Assassin's Creed (film)|live-action film adaptation]] of the series was released in 2016.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Development history==
While the games in the series have had several narrative arcs, Ubisoft views the series as currently having three periods of development and design philosophy. Until 2015's ''[[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]'', the franchise was structured around single-player content, and while centering on open world spaces and incorporating several role-playing elements, the games were more action-adventure and stealth-oriented. Period two, covering from ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]'' to ''[[Assassin's Creed Mirage]]'', brought in more role-playing elements and live-service features to increase player engagement. Period three launched with ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]'', using lessons from the second period of development to make engrossing single-player games similar to the original titles, but with features to allow players to share achievements and content with others through a new ''Animus Hub'' system.<ref name="GI Future">{{cite web |last=Batchelor |first=James |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Infinity and beyond: The future of Assassin's Creed |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/infinity-and-beyond-the-future-of-assassins-creed |access-date=September 13, 2022 |work=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028124823/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/infinity-and-beyond-the-future-of-assassins-creed |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AnimusHub">{{Cite web | url = https://www.eurogamer.net/animus-hub-revealed-ubisofts-new-assassins-creed-start-screen-and-modern-day-story-wrapper-thats-definitely-not-just-another-launcher | title = Animus Hub revealed: Ubisoft's new Assassin's Creed start screen and modern day story wrapper that's definitely not just another launcher | first = Katharine | last = Castle | date = January 23, 2025 | accessdate = January 23, 2025 | work = [[Eurogamer]] }}</ref>

===Period one===
The first ''[[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]'' game originated out of ideas for a sequel for Ubisoft's video game ''[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time]]'', aiming for the [[seventh generation of video game consoles]]. The [[Ubisoft Montreal]] team decided to take the gameplay from ''The Sands of Time'' into an [[open-world]] approach, taking advantage of the improved processing power to render larger spaces and crowds. Narratively, the team wanted to move away from the [[Prince (Prince of Persia)|Prince]] being someone next in line for the throne and instead have him work for it. Combined with research into secret societies, they ultimately chose to focus on the [[Order of Assassins]], based upon the historical [[Hashashin]] sect of [[Ismaili]], who were followers of [[Shia Islam]]. In developing the narrative, the team took heavy inspiration from the 1938 novel ''[[Alamut (Bartol novel)|Alamut]]'', which focuses on the Assassins under [[Hassan-i Sabbah]] during the [[Crusades]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/148805/interviews/assassins-creed/|title=Interview: Assassin's Creed|publisher=CVG|access-date=September 2, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102806/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/148805/interviews/assassins-creed/|archive-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=[[IGN]]|title=Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot Discusses Company's Past, Present, & Next-Gen Future – IGN Unfiltered #41|date=April 9, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9ewXj4RO5A&t=2109|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/a9ewXj4RO5A|access-date=April 10, 2019|archive-date=December 21, 2021|url-status=live|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They initially developed a story where the player would control an Assassin escorting a non-playable Prince, leading them to call this game ''Prince of Persia: Assassin'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-assassins-creed|title=The Making Of: Assassin's Creed|website=Edge|date=August 27, 2012|access-date=March 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228044009/http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-assassins-creed/|archive-date=December 28, 2013}}</ref> or ''Prince of Persia: Assassins''.<ref name="polygon oral">{{cite web | url = https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/10/3/17924770/assassins-creed-an-oral-history-patrice-desilets | title = Assassin's Creed: An oral history | first = Richard | last = Moss | date = October 3, 2018 | access-date = October 3, 2018 | work = [[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] | archive-date = January 4, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190104154302/https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/10/3/17924770/assassins-creed-an-oral-history-patrice-desilets | url-status = live }}</ref> Ubisoft was apprehensive to a ''[[Prince of Persia]]'' game without the Prince as the playable character, but this led the marketing division to suggest the name ''Assassin's Creed'', playing off the creed of the Assassins in ''Alamut'': "nothing is true; everything is permitted". Ubisoft Montreal ran with this in creating a new [[intellectual property]], eliminating the Prince, and basing it around the Assassins and the [[Knights Templar]] in the [[Holy Land]] during the 12th century. Additionally, in postulating what other assassinations they could account for throughout history, they came onto the idea of [[Genetic memory (psychology)|genetic memory]] and created the Animus device and modern storyline elements. This further allowed them to explain certain facets of gameplay, such as accounting for when the player character is killed, similar to ''The Sands of Time''.<ref name="polygon oral" />

After ''Assassin's Creed'' was released in 2007, the Ubisoft Montreal team felt that they needed to "rework the global structure" in developing the sequel, ''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''. They believed parkour was underutilized in the first game and designed the world in the sequel to feature freerun highways to make it easier to enter into parkour moves; for example, using rooftops to escape pursuits.<ref name="ign history">{{cite web | url = https://www.ign.com/articles/the-evolution-of-assassins-creed | title = The Evolution of Assassin's Creed: From the Holy Land to Valhalla | first = Matt | last = Purslow | date = July 9, 2020 | access-date = July 13, 2020 | work = [[IGN]] | archive-date = July 13, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200713024020/https://www.ign.com/articles/the-evolution-of-assassins-creed | url-status = live }}</ref> The change in setting meant that the game would feature a new cast of characters, including a new protagonist, [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]]. ''Assassin's Creed II'' also brought in more use of crowds to hide in plain sight that the developers had seen used in ''[[Hitman: Blood Money]]'', adding to the concept of social stealth as a gameplay option.<ref name="ign history" /> Finally, Ubisoft Montreal completely reworked the repetitive mission structure from the first game through numerous side activities, collectibles, and secrets. These additions became a central part of the series going forward, as well as of other Ubisoft games like ''[[Watch Dogs]]'', ''[[Far Cry]]'', and ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon]]''.<ref name="ign history" /> ''Assassin's Creed II'' was followed by two direct sequels, ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' and ''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'', which also featured Ezio as the main protagonist and introduced the ability for players to recruit [[NPCs]] as Assassins and manage them in missions.<ref name="ign history" />

''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' originated from both Ubisoft Montreal, who wanted to progress the series' narrative forward in time, and to an unattached project that had been developed at [[Ubisoft Singapore]] and featured naval ship combat. As the main team had settled on the [[American Revolution]] period for the game, they found the ship-to-ship combat system fitted with the story and redesigned the setting to incorporate it further. Another major change in ''Assassin's Creed III'' was transitioning the parkour and freerun systems to work in the natural woodlands of 18th-century [[Massachusetts]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]. This further allowed the addition of trees and other vegetation within the city areas themselves, not just as part of the parkour systems, but to add more varied environments, which would continue as part of the series' ongoing design.<ref name="ign history" />

For ''Assassin's Creed III''{{'}}s sequel, ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'', the Ubisoft team built upon the foundation of its predecessor, particularly with regards to the naval gameplay, merging it seamlessly with the land-based gameplay.<ref name="ign history" /> The team also used the game as a chance to address aspects of the series' storyline unexplored in previous titles. Choosing to focus on an outsider's perspective to the Assassin–Templar conflict, they set the game around the [[Golden Age of Piracy]], with the protagonist, [[Edward Kenway]], starting out as a pirate who initially becomes involved in the conflict with the prospect of wealth. Similarly, after the conclusion of [[Desmond Miles]]' story arc in ''Assassin's Creed III'', the modern-day segments put players in the role of a nameless individual controlled from a [[First-person (video games)|first-person perspective]]. The team chose this approach because they believed it allowed players to more easily identify themselves in their character.<ref name="ign history" /> This trend would continue in the series until ''[[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]''.<ref name="ign history" />

Development of ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]'' began shortly after the completion of ''Brotherhood'' in 2010,<ref name="GITenThings">{{cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Matt |date=June 11, 2014 |title=Ten Things You Need To Know About Assassin's Creed Unity |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/assassins_creed_unity/b/xboxone/archive/2014/06/11/ten-things-you-need-to-know-about-assassin-s-creed-unity.aspx |url-status=dead |magazine=Game Informer |publisher=GameStop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614141507/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/assassins_creed_unity/b/xboxone/archive/2014/06/11/ten-things-you-need-to-know-about-assassin-s-creed-unity.aspx |archive-date=June 14, 2017 |access-date=June 12, 2014}}</ref> with the core development team splitting off during the early stages of development on ''Assassin's Creed III''.<ref name="GITechMatter">{{cite magazine |last=Cork |first=Jeff |date=August 22, 2014 |title=Assassin's Creed's Tech Master Leads Us Through The Series' History |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2014/08/22/assassin-s-creed-s-tech-master-leads-us-through-the-series-history.aspx?PostPageIndex=2 |magazine=Game Informer |publisher=GameStop |access-date=August 22, 2014 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026184551/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2014/08/22/assassin-s-creed-s-tech-master-leads-us-through-the-series-history.aspx?PostPageIndex=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> As the first game in the series to be released exclusively for the [[eighth generation of video game consoles]], ''Unity'' featured a graphical and gameplay overhaul. The setting chosen for the game was [[Paris]] during the early years of the [[French Revolution]], with players taking control of a new Assassin named [[Arno Dorian]].<ref name="GITenThings"/><ref name="GITechMatter"/> After ''Unity'', Ubisoft released ''Assassin's Creed Syndicate'' in 2015.<ref name="ign history" />

===Period two===
Following ''Syndicate''{{'}}s release, Ubisoft decided that the series needed a major reinvention across both gameplay and narrative. It was decided to make the next game, ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]'', closer to a [[role-playing video game]] than a [[stealth-action game]], which would also bring a game with many more hours of play than previous titles. Some long-standing features of the series were eliminated for this purpose, such as the social stealth mechanic. This changed how missions were presented—rather than being linearly directed through the Animus, the player character could meet various quest givers in the game's world to receive missions.<ref name="ign history" /> From the narrative side, Ubisoft placed the game before the formation of the Assassin Brotherhood in [[Ancient Egypt]] and made the player character, [[Bayek of Siwa]], a [[medjay]] that people would respect and seek the help of.<ref name="ign history" /> The modern-day storyline also shifted back to a single character, [[Layla Hassan]]. The developers limited the number of playable sequences for her character compared to previous games but gave them more meaning, such as allowing the player to explore Layla's laptop with background information on the games' universe.<ref name="ign history" />

''Origins'' was followed in 2018 by ''[[Assassin's Creed Odyssey]]'', which shifted the setting to [[Classical Greece]] and followed a similar approach to its predecessor but with more emphasis on the role-playing elements.<ref name="ign history" /> 2020's ''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla]]'', set in medieval England and Norway during the [[Viking Age]], continued the same style as ''Origins'' and ''Odyssey''. The developers recognized feedback from the previous two games and brought back the social stealth elements, as well as the concept of a customizable home base that was first introduced in ''Assassin's Creed II''.<ref name="ign history" /> In 2023, Ubisoft released ''[[Assassin's Creed Mirage]]'', a smaller title which sought to pay tribute to the franchise's earlier installments by focusing on stealth and assassinations over its predecessors' role-playing elements. The game started development as an [[Expansion pack|expansion]] for ''Valhalla'' before being turned into a standalone release, and was set in 9th-century [[Baghdad]] during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], a decade before the events of ''Valhalla'', to which it served as a prequel.<ref name="Codename Red announcement" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Purslow |first=Matt |date=September 11, 2022 |title=Assassin's Creed Mirage Revealed at Ubisoft Forward |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/assassins-creed-mirage-revealed-at-ubisoft-forward |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923110314/https://www.ign.com/articles/assassins-creed-mirage-revealed-at-ubisoft-forward |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |accessdate=September 11, 2022 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

===Period three===
In 2022, Ubisoft announced several additional games for the series, including ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]'', set in [[Japan]] during the [[Sengoku period]],<ref name="Codename Red announcement">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Ed |date=September 10, 2022 |title=Assassin's Creed new game Codename: Red finally delivers fans' dreams |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/assassins-creed-codename-red/assassins-creed-new-game-japan |accessdate=September 10, 2022 |work=[[PCGamesN]] |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910202049/https://www.pcgamesn.com/assassins-creed-codename-red/assassins-creed-new-game-japan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Codename Red Shadows">{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Ben |date=May 13, 2024 |title=Assassin's Creed Codename Red to officially go by Assassin's Creed Shadows |url=https://www.gamereactor.eu/assassins-creed-codename-red-to-officially-go-by-assassins-creed-shadows-1390333/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513185540/https://www.gamereactor.eu/assassins-creed-codename-red-to-officially-go-by-assassins-creed-shadows-1390333/ |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |website=Gamereactor UK |language=en}}</ref> and ''Assassin's Creed: Codename Hexe'', rumoured to be set in [[Central Europe]] during the [[16th century]].<ref name="Codename Hexe announcement">{{cite web |last=West |first=Josh |date=September 10, 2022 |title=Assassin's Creed Hexe – Everything we know about the new flagship AC game |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-codename-hexe-guide/ |accessdate=September 10, 2022 |work=[[GamesRadar]] |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910212524/https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-codename-hexe-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Alongside the release of ''Assassin's Creed Shadows'', Ubisoft introduced the ''Animus Hub'', intended to serve as a centralized hub for the ''Assassin's Creed'' games from ''Shadows'' onward. Originally teased as ''Assassin's Creed Infinity'', the ''Animus Hub'' was described by its executive producer, Marc-Alexis Côté, as a "new design philosophy" for the series,<ref name="GI Future"/> as well as a hub that would provide the releases of future games.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/assassins-creed-infinity-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-assassins-creed-platform |title=Assassin's Creed Infinity: everything we know so far |first=Gerald |last=Lynch |date=August 22, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |work=[[Tech Radar]] |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903132348/https://www.techradar.com/news/assassins-creed-infinity-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-assassins-creed-platform |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Côté in 2024, the modern-day narrative of the series had become haphazard after the death of Desmond Miles in ''Assassin's Creed III'' through the introduction of Layla Hassan in ''Assassin's Creed Origins'' due to the lack of a main character and the number of studios involved, and ''Infinity'' aimed to re-establish the modern-day side of the series.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.eurogamer.net/assassins-creed-boss-reflects-on-series-struggle-to-tell-consistent-modern-day-story-after-desmond | first = Tom | last = Phillips | title = Assassin's Creed boss reflects on series' "struggle" to tell consistent modern day story after Desmond | date = November 3, 2024 | accessdate = November 4, 2024 | work = [[Eurogamer]] }}</ref> The ''Animus Hub'' is not a [[Comparison of desktop application launchers|launcher]], but instead a feature integrated into ''Shadows'', future games, and select games from period two, which incorporates the modern-day storyline of the series.<ref name="AnimusHub" />

As part of Ubisoft's financial troubles in the early 2020s, Ubisoft and Tencent created a separate subsidiary, Vantage Studios, in 2025 for handling ''Assassin's Creed'' and the other major Ubisoft franchises, ''Far Cry'' and ''Rainbow Six''. As part of this, Côté left Ubisoft in October 2025, which he claimed was due to the series lead being transferred from him to a new position within Vantage Studios.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.polygon.com/assassins-creed-ubisoft-tencent/ | title = Head of Assassin's Creed says he was pushed out by Ubisoft | first = Michael | last = McWhertor | date = October 17, 2025 | accessdate = October 17, 2025 | work = [[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] }}</ref>

==Gameplay==
[[File:Assassins Creed 3 Gameplay segment.gif|thumb|An ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' demo showing the parkour gameplay]]
The ''Assassin's Creed'' games are centered around one or more fictional members of the Order of the Assassins. Their memories are experienced by an in-game character in the modern-day period through a device called the Animus and its derivations. The Animus allows the user to explore these memories passed down via genetics. Within the context of the game, this provides a [[diegetic]] interface to the real-world player of the game, showing them elements like health bars, a mini-map, and target objectives as if presented by the Animus. Additionally, should the player cause the historical character to die or fail a mission, this is rectified as desynchronization of the genetic memory, allowing the player to try the mission again. Through the Animus interface, the player can retry any past mission already completed; for example, in ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', the player achieves better synchronization results by performing the mission in a specific manner, such as by only killing the mission's target. The Animus also imparts special abilities to the modern-day character that helps them see their target in a crowd or other unique points of interest.<ref name="Alvarado 2012">{{cite web |last=Alvarado |first=Sebastian |date=April 11, 2012 |title=The Science Fact Animating Assassin's Creed's Animus |url=https://kotaku.com/the-science-fact-animating-assassins-creeds-animus-5901160 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=Kotaku |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414113323/https://kotaku.com/the-science-fact-animating-assassins-creeds-animus-5901160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lizardi 2022">{{cite book|last=Lizardi|first=Ryan|year=2022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbVQEAAAQBAJ|title=Existential Science Fiction|edition=hardcover|publisher=Lexington Books|pages=xii, 111, 115–127|isbn=978-1-7936-4735-1|access-date=December 27, 2022|archive-date=March 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321070346/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Existential_Science_Fiction/bbVQEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

While playing as the Assassin characters, the games are generally presented from a [[third-person view]] in an [[open world]] environment, focusing on stealth and [[parkour]]. The games use a mission structure to follow the main story, assigning the player to complete an assassination of public figureheads or a covert mission. Alternatively, several side missions are available, such as mapping out the expansive cities from a high perch followed by performing a "Leap of Faith" into a haystack below, collecting treasures hidden across the cities, exploring ruins for relics, building a Brotherhood of Assassins to perform other tasks, or funding the rebuilding of a city through the purchasing and upgrading of shops and other features. At times, the player is in direct control of the modern-day character who, by nature of the Animus use, has learned Assassin techniques through the Bleeding Effect, as well as their genetic ability of Eagle Vision, which separates friend, foe, and assassination targets by illuminating people in different colors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walton |first=Jarred |date=June 2, 2008 |title=Assassin's Creed PC |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/2536 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=AnandTech |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206184953/https://www.anandtech.com/show/2536 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 14, 2018 |title=Eagle Vision |url=https://www.giantbomb.com/eagle-vision/3015-6193/ |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=Giant Bomb |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227204242/https://www.giantbomb.com/eagle-vision/3015-6193/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The games use the concept of active versus passive moves, with active moves, such as running, climbing the sides of buildings, or jumping between rooftops, more likely to alert the attention of nearby guards. When the guards become alerted, the player must either fight them or break their line of sight and locate a hiding place, such as a haystack or a well, and wait until the guards' alert is reduced. The combat system allows for a number of unique weapons, armor, and moves, including the use of a hidden blade set in a bracer attached at the Assassin's wrist with a blade ejected via-spring mechanism, which can be used to perform surreptitious assassinations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Llewellyn |first=Michael |date=January 4, 2021 |title=10 Assassin's Creed Game's Combat Systems Ranked |url=https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-games-combat-systems-ranked/ |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=The Gamer |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227204244/https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-games-combat-systems-ranked/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Storyline==
[[File:Abstergo.svg|thumb|The logo of the fictional Abstergo Industries, whose slogan is "We change the world. Every day, in a hundred different ways."]]

===Premise===
The ''Assassin's Creed'' games primarily revolve around the rivalry and conflict between two ancient secret societies: the [[Order of Assassins]], who represent freedom, and the [[Knights Templar]], who represent order. Versions of these societies have existed for centuries, with the Assassins seeking to stop the Templars from gaining control of the Pieces of Eden, artifacts that can override [[free will]] to control people's minds.<ref name="gamespot story">{{cite web | url = https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/assassins-creed-odyssey-story-recap-everything-tha/2900-1422/ | title = Assassin's Creed Odyssey Story Recap: Everything That's Happened So Far And What To Know | first = Matt | last = Espineli | date = October 9, 2018 | website = GameSpot | access-date = June 2, 2020 | archive-date = June 1, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200601224236/https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/assassins-creed-odyssey-story-recap-everything-tha/2900-1422/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

These artifacts are remnants of an [[ancient species pre-dating humanity]] called the Isu, or Precursors, which created humanity to live in peace alongside them. The Isu ensured humans could not rise against them by creating the Pieces of Eden to control them. When the first hybrid Isu-human beings emerged, named [[Adam]] and [[Eve]], they were immune to the effects of the Pieces of Eden. They stole the Pieces of Eden, which led to a great war that ended when a massive [[solar flare]] devastated the surface of the Earth. The surviving Isu subsequently died out while humanity thrived. All that remained of the Isu were traces of their memories in the world's mythologies and religions, while the Pieces of Eden became lost to time, many of them hidden within underground vaults known as Temples.<ref name="gamespot story" />

Before their demise, three Isu—[[Minerva]], [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], and [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]—attempted to prepare humanity for another solar flare they knew would come millennia later. Using a device called the Eye, which allowed them to see into possible futures, Minerva and Jupiter left behind messages to guide humanity to the Grand Temple, which housed the global [[Aurora|aurora borealis]] device that could activate a protective shield around the Earth. However, Juno saw humanity as a threat and attempted to sabotage Minerva and Jupiter's plan. Minerva and Jupiter were forced to destroy Juno and trapped her consciousness within the Grand Temple, unaware that Juno had modified the global aurora borealis device to release her consciousness upon activation.<ref name="gamespot story" />

The series itself takes place in the modern era, in which the Templars have established the [[mega-corporation]] Abstergo Industries. Abstergo has developed a device, the Animus, whose users can relive the memories of their ancestors through their genetic material. Abstergo has kidnapped people who are descendants of past Assassins to locate hidden Pieces of Eden via the Animus.<ref name="gamespot story" /> A user of the Animus can move about in simulated memories as their ancestor, but performing actions outside the bounds of what their ancestor did can lead to desynchronization of the memory.<ref name="Alvarado 2012" /><ref name="Lizardi 2022" /> Extended use of the Animus creates a "Bleeding Effect" that gives users some of the skills and capabilities they experienced with their ancestor, but also affects their mental well-being, as the user begins to confuse their ancestor's memories with their own.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Zachariah |date=June 19, 2019 |title=The Video Game Skills You Can Use In Real Life |url=https://junkee.com/bleeding-effect-video-game/210347 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=Junkee |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227184821/https://junkee.com/bleeding-effect-video-game/210347 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Story arcs===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible floatright" style="text-align: center; font-size: small;"
|+{{nowrap|Narrative chronology of the ''Assassin's Creed'' games<ref name="gamespot story"/>}}
|-
! Game
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;" | Historical character {{small|Period/era}}
! Present-day character
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]''
| rowspan="1" | [[Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad]] {{small|[[Third Crusade]]}}
| rowspan="5" | [[Desmond Miles]]
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] {{small|[[Italian Renaissance]]}}
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]''
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Revelations]]''
|[[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] {{small|[[Ottoman Civil War (1509–1513)|Ottoman Civil War]]}} [[Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad]] {{small|[[Mongol invasions of the Levant|Mongol invasion of the Levant]]}}
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]''
| [[Haytham Kenway]] {{small|[[French and Indian War]]}} [[Connor (Assassin's Creed)|Ratonhnhaké:ton / Connor]] {{small|[[American Revolution]]}}
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]''
| [[Edward Kenway]] {{small|[[Golden Age of Piracy]]}}
|[[List of Assassin's Creed characters#Abstergo research analyst|"Noob" / Abstergo researcher]]
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Rogue]]''
| [[Shay Patrick Cormac]] {{small|[[French and Indian War]]}}
|[[List of Assassin's Creed characters#Helix research analyst|"Numbskull" / Helix researcher]]
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]''
| [[Arno Dorian]] {{small|[[French Revolution]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[List of Assassin's Creed characters#Helix player / The Initiate|"The Initiate" / Helix player]]
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]''
| [[Frye twins|Jacob and Evie Frye]] {{small|[[Victorian England]]}} [[List of Assassin's Creed characters#Lydia Frye|Lydia Frye]] {{small|[[World War I]]}}
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]''
| [[Bayek of Siwa|Bayek]] and [[List of Assassin's Creed characters#Aya|Aya]] {{small|[[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic Egypt]]}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Layla Hassan]]
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Odyssey]]''
| [[Alexios and Kassandra|Alexios / Kassandra]] {{small|[[Peloponnesian War]]}}
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla]]''
| [[Eivor Varinsdottir]] {{small|[[Great Heathen Army|Viking invasion of England]]}} [[List of Assassin's Creed characters#Odin|Odin / Havi]] {{small|[[List of Assassin's Creed characters#Isu (major characters)|Isu Era]]}}
| [[Layla Hassan]] [[Basim Ibn Ishaq]]
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Mirage]]''
| [[Basim Ibn Ishaq]] {{small|[[Islamic Golden Age]]}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]''
| Fujibayashi Naoe and [[Yasuke (Assassin's Creed)|Yasuke]] {{small|[[Sengoku period]]}}
| {{N/A}}
|}

The first five main games in the series focus on [[Desmond Miles]], a bartender and former Assassin who learns he is a descendant of several important Assassins throughout history, including [[Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad]] from the Middle East during the [[Third Crusade]]; [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] from the [[Italian Renaissance]]; and [[Ratonhnhaké:ton]] (commonly known as Connor), a half-[[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], half-[[British people|British]] Assassin during the [[American Revolution]]. Desmond is used by Abstergo to find Pieces of Eden but is rescued by Lucy Stillman, an undercover agent for the Assassins. With the help of two other Assassins, Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane, and later William Miles, Desmond's father and the leader of the modern-day Assassins, the group continue to explore Desmond's genetic memories in the hopes of locating the Pieces of Eden before Abstergo. In the process, they learn about the Isu and come into contact with Juno, who forces Desmond to kill Lucy, revealed to be a [[double agent]] for the Templars. The group ultimately finds the Grand Temple, and Desmond activates the global aurora borealis device in time to block the solar flare, at the cost of his own life.<ref name="gamespot story"/>

Starting with ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'', Abstergo has refined the Animus technology to allow anyone to experience memories from the genetic material of another person, allowing the Templars to continue their search for Pieces of Eden under the guise of creating entertainment products. In ''Black Flag'', players assume the role of an unnamed Abstergo employee tasked with researching the memories of [[Edward Kenway]], a pirate-turned-Assassin and Connor's grandfather. During their work, the player is blackmailed by a fellow employee, John Standish, into acquiring and delivering sensitive information on Abstergo's activities to the Assassins. John is later revealed to be a Sage, a human reincarnation of Juno's husband [[Aita]], who is trying to resurrect her, though he is killed by Abstergo before he can succeed.<ref name="gamespot story" />

By the time of ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]'', Abstergo has begun distributing the Animus technology via a video game console called the Helix, tapping into an extensive, unaware player base to help them locate the remains of various Sages as part of the Phoenix Project, an attempt to recreate the genetic structure of the Isu. The player character is recruited by the Assassins and tasked with exploring the memories of [[Arno Dorian]], an Assassin during the [[French Revolution]], so that the modern-day Assassins can retrieve the body of a Sage and hide it from Abstergo.<ref name="gamespot story" /> Despite the Assassins' efforts, by the start of ''[[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]'', Abstergo has collected enough DNA samples from other Sages to move forward with the Phoenix Project. The player character is again contacted by the Assassins and relives the memories of [[Jacob and Evie Frye]], twin Assassins from [[Victorian era|Victorian England]], to find a Piece of Eden that Abstergo requires for the next phase of the Phoenix Project. Although the Assassins beat the Templars to it, the latter manage to steal the Piece of Eden and escape with it, whereupon it is revealed that Juno is manipulating various Abstergo employees to further her plans of being resurrected.<ref name="gamespot story" />{{refn|group=N|This story arc was later concluded in the 2017–2018 ''[[Assassin's Creed publications#Assassin's Creed: Uprising (2017–2018)|Assassin's Creed: Uprising]]'' comic book miniseries, in which the Assassins and Templars form a truce to defeat Juno's followers, the Instruments of the First Will, and stop their plans to resurrect her.}}

A new storyline is introduced in ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]'' focusing on Abstergo researcher Layla Hassan. While on an assignment to recover an artifact from [[Egypt]], Layla stumbles upon the remains of the [[Medjay]] [[Bayek]] and his wife Aya, co-founders of the Hidden Ones, the Assassins' precursors. Against Abstergo's orders, Layla uses her personal Animus to relive Bayek's and Aya's memories, causing the Templars to mark her for death. She is rescued by William Miles, who then invites her to join the Assassins.<ref name="gamespot story"/> In ''[[Assassin's Creed Odyssey]]'', Layla recovers the Spear of [[Leonidas]], an Isu artifact from which she extracts the DNA of Leonidas' grandchildren, [[Alexios and Kassandra]]. Through their memories, Layla locates the Staff of [[Hermes Trismegistus]], another Piece of Eden, which is guarded by one of the siblings ([[Canon (fiction)|canonically]] Kassandra), still alive due to being sustained by the Staff. Kassandra relinquishes the Staff to Layla, who is prophesied to one day restore balance to the world, and passes away.<ref name="gamespot story" />

In ''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla]]'', Earth is facing yet another disaster, as its magnetic field has been continually strengthening since Desmond's activation of the global aurora borealis device eight years prior. Layla exhumes the remains of Eivor Varinsdottir, a 9th-century [[Vikings|Viking]], and from her memories, she learns of an Isu temple in [[Norway]]. Layla travels to the temple and enters the Grey, a virtual world created by the Isu, where she meets both the Reader (implied to be Desmond's preserved consciousness) and [[Basim Ibn Ishaq]], a Hidden One and the reincarnation of the Isu [[Loki]], who was trapped in the Grey by Eivor. Basim helps Layla stop the disaster but then abandons her in the Grey and escapes back to the real world, where he joins the modern-day Assassins.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Alex |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Story Summary |url=https://twinfinite.net/2020/11/assassins-creed-valhalla-story-summary-ending-explained/ |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=Twinfinite |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195750/https://twinfinite.net/2020/11/assassins-creed-valhalla-story-summary-ending-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Assassin's Creed Mirage]]'', the Assassins use a sample of Basim's DNA to relive his memories of his time as a Hidden One during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], in order to learn more about his nature as a reborn Isu.

{{Update|part=section|date=February 2026|reason=The story arc for ''Assassin's Creed: Shadows'' needs to be added.}}

==Release history==
The following table lists the main and spin-off games of the franchise, along with their release years and the respective platform(s) they released on:


{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center"
|-
! colspan="3" |Main series
|-
!Title
!Released
!Platform
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]''
|2007
|[[Microsoft Windows]], [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]]
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''
|2009
|Windows, Xbox 360, [[Xbox One]], PlayStation 3, [[PlayStation 4]], [[OS X]], [[Nintendo Switch]]
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]''
|2010
|Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, OS X, Nintendo Switch
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Revelations]]''
|2011
|Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed III]]''
|2012
|Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, [[Wii U]], Nintendo Switch, [[Google Stadia|Stadia]]
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]''
|2013
|Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Nintendo Switch, Stadia
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Rogue]]''
| rowspan="2" |2014
|Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Stadia
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]''
|Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Stadia
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]''
|2015
|Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Stadia
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]''
|2017
|Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Stadia
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Odyssey]]''
|2018
|Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Stadia
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla]]''
|2020
|Windows, [[Xbox One]], [[Xbox Series X/S]], PlayStation 4, [[PlayStation 5]], Stadia
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Mirage]]''
|2023
| Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, iOS
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]''
|2025
| Windows, Xbox Series X/S, PlayStation 5, [[macOS]], [[Nintendo Switch 2]]
|-
! colspan="3" |Spin-offs
|-
!Title
!Released
!Platform
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]''
|2008
|[[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Symbian]], [[iOS]], [[webOS]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Nintendo DS]]
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines]]''
| rowspan="2" |2009
|[[PlayStation Portable]]
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]''
|iOS, Nintendo DS
|-
! scope="row" |''Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy''
|2010
|[[Browser game|Browser]]
|-
! scope="row" |''Assassin's Creed: Multiplayer Rearmed''
| rowspan="2" |2011
|[[iPad]], [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]]
|-
! scope="row" |''Assassin's Creed: Recollection''
|iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed III: Liberation]]''{{ref|a|a}}
|2012
|Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, [[PlayStation Vita]], Nintendo Switch, Stadia
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed: Pirates]]''
|2013
|Android, iOS
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Freedom Cry]]''{{ref|b|b}}
| rowspan="2" |2014
|Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed: Memories]]''
|iOS
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China]]''{{ref|c|c}}
|2015
|Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita{{ref|d|d}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: India]]''
| rowspan="3" |2016
|Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita{{ref|d|d}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: Russia]]''
|Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita{{ref|d|d}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Identity]]''
|Android, iOS
|-
! scope="row" |''Assassin's Creed Unity: Arno's Chronicles''
|2017
|Android{{ref|e|e}}
|-
! scope="row" |''Assassin's Creed Rebellion''
|2018
|Android, iOS
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Assassin's Creed Nexus VR]]''
|2023
|[[Quest 2|Meta Quest 2]], Meta Quest 3, Meta Quest Pro<ref>{{cite web |title=Assassin's Creed® Nexus VR on Meta Quest {{!}} Quest VR Games |url=https://www.meta.com/experiences/5812519008825194/ |website=www.meta.com |publisher=Meta |access-date=26 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

{{note|a|a}}Released under the title ''Assassin's Creed: Liberation HD'' for Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2014. 
{{note|b|b}}Originally released as DLC for all versions of ''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' in 2013. 
{{note|c|c}}Originally announced as part of the season pass for ''Assassin's Creed Unity''. 
{{note|d|d}}Released as a compilation titled ''Assassin's Creed Chronicles Trilogy Pack''. 
{{note|e|e}}Released exclusively for the [[Honor 9]] smartphone.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 14, 2018 |title=Assassin's Creed: Unity Arno's Chronicles Coming Soon For Mobile & PC |url=https://androiddump.com/assassins-creed-unity-arnos-chronicles-coming-soon-for-mobile-pc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030022539/https://androiddump.com/assassins-creed-unity-arnos-chronicles-coming-soon-for-mobile-pc/ |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |website=Android Dump}}</ref>


===Main series===
====''Assassin's Creed''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed (video game)}}

[[File:Assassin’s Creed.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed'' logo]]
The first game in the series was released in November 2007 for the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]], and in April 2008 for [[Microsoft Windows]]. It features a historical recreation of the [[Holy Land]] (primarily the cities of [[Masyaf]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], and [[Damascus]]) in the late 12th century, and its narrative includes real historical figures and events from the time period. The storyline consists of two portions: one set during the modern-day, which follows [[Desmond Miles]]; and one set in 1191, which follows Desmond's ancestor, [[Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad]], a member of the [[Assassin Order]] during the time of the [[Third Crusade]]. Desmond's story begins with his abduction by Abstergo Industries, whose lead scientist, Dr. Warren Vidic, forces him to explore Altaïr's memories through a machine called the Animus that allows him to connect with his ancestors' DNA. In doing so, Abstergo hopes to find powerful artifacts called Pieces of Eden, which the Assassins and their rivals, the [[Knights Templar]], have fought over for centuries. Altaïr's story begins with his demotion after he botches an attempt by the Assassins to recover a Piece of Eden, the Apple of Eden, from the Templars. To redeem himself, Altaïr is tasked with assassinating nine Templar targets across the Holy Land.

''Assassin's Creed'' introduced core elements that remained in the rest of the series. Players can freely explore the game's [[open world]], making use of Altaïr's [[parkour]] and climbing skills to navigate the environment. The game also features refined [[hack-and-slash]] combat, with players able to block and counter attacks, and [[Stealth game|stealth]] mechanics, such as hiding in crowds of people, which allow players to avoid detection by enemies or lose pursuing foes. Although players can choose the order in which they kill their main targets, the mission design was seen as linear and repetitive because players had to complete several side quests before each assassination. The side mission prerequisite was one of the most criticized aspects of the game, so it was abandoned in future installments.

====''Assassin's Creed II''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed II}}

[[File:Assassin’s Creed II v1 logo.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed II'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' is a direct sequel to the first game and was released in November 2009 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, in March 2010 for Windows, and in October 2010 for [[OS X]]. The modern-day narrative again follows Desmond, who escapes from Abstergo (revealed at the end of the previous game as a front for the modern-day Templars) with the aid of the Assassin mole [[Lucy Stillman]] and is taken to her team's hideout. Hoping to train Desmond as an Assassin, they put him in the Animus 2.0, where he begins to experience the Bleeding Effect; this allows Desmond to gain his ancestors' skills, at the cost of his declining mental health, as his ancestors' memories slowly overwrite his own. The main narrative takes place at the height of the [[Italian Renaissance]] in the late 15th century and follows Desmond's ancestor [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]], a young nobleman from [[Florence]] who is forced to become an Assassin after his father and brothers are killed by the Templars. During his journey to avenge their deaths, Ezio makes allies such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Caterina Sforza]] and combats enemies such as the [[Pazzi]] family and [[Rodrigo Borgia]]. Ezio also comes into contact with technology left behind by the First Civilization, a race that created humanity and the Pieces of Eden and was wiped out by a catastrophic event.

Similar to the first game, ''Assassin's Creed II'' incorporates historical events into its narrative and features recreations of several cities from the time period it is set in (in this case, Florence, [[Venice]], [[Forlì]], [[San Gimignano]], and [[Monteriggioni]]). Missions are divided into main story missions, themselves divided into memory sequences reflecting points in Ezio's life, and side missions that can be accomplished at any time; this approach to mission structure remains consistent across the series. The [[Villa Auditore]] in Monteriggioni, which acts as Ezio's home base for most of the game, provides several functions that can be expanded by paying for upgrades of surrounding buildings, or by purchasing artwork, weapons, and armor for the villa; in turn, the villa will generate wealth for the player at a rate influenced by the upgrades and acquisition of these items.

====''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed Brotherhood logo.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' is the sequel to ''Assassin's Creed II'', and was released in November 2010 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, in March 2011 for Windows, and in May 2011 for OS X. The game begins immediately after the events of its predecessor, at the end of which Desmond was warned by Minerva, a member of the First Civilization, about a [[solar flare]] that will hit the Earth and wipe out humanity in a few months. Desmond and his team travel to Monteriggioni, where they set up a new hideout and use the Animus to continue exploring Ezio's memories in search of his Apple of Eden, which they believe is the key to stopping the solar flare. The main narrative continues from the events of ''Assassin's Creed II'', as Ezio travels to [[Rome]], the center of Templar power in Italy, to re-establish the Assassin Brotherhood and defeat the [[Borgias]], who have attacked Monteriggioni and stolen the Apple of Eden.

''Brotherhood'' shares many of the same features as the previous game, though it takes place primarily in one city: Rome. Like the Villa Auditore, players can buy and upgrade shops and other facilities throughout the city to increase its overall revenue. However, in order to gain access to these facilities, they must first destroy Borgia towers that control various sections of the city. The Brotherhood of Assassins is introduced, allowing Ezio to rescue civilians from certain events, recruit them into the Brotherhood, and train them as Assassins; these Assassins can then be sent on missions across Europe to gain experience, or be called to help the player directly during a mission. For the first time in the series, the game features [[online multiplayer]], in which players assume the role of Abstergo employees who relive the genetic memories of Renaissance Templars in various game modes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kotaku.com/gamestop-placeholder-art-names-assassins-creed-brother-5531849 |title=GameStop Placeholder Art Names Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood – Update |newspaper=[[Kotaku]] |date=May 5, 2010 |access-date=October 21, 2010 |last=Fahey |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Fahey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829145121/http://kotaku.com/5531849/gamestop-placeholder-art-names-assassins-creed-brotherhood---update |archive-date=August 29, 2014 }}</ref> ''Brotherhood'' was the last game to feature ''Assassin's Creed'' creator [[Patrice Désilets]] as the creative director of the series.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2015/07/20/life-after-ubisoft-again.aspx |title=Assassin's Creed Creator Talks Life After Ubisoft, Again |last=Bertz |first=Matt |date=July 20, 2015 |access-date=November 29, 2017 |newspaper=[[GameInformer]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822214710/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2015/07/20/life-after-ubisoft-again.aspx |archive-date=August 22, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2010/06/11/patrice-d-233-silets-walks-away-from-ubisoft-and-assassin-s-creed.aspx |title=Update: Patrice Désilets Walks Away From Ubisoft And Assassin's Creed |last=McNamara |first=Andy |author-link=Andy McNamara |date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=November 29, 2017 |newspaper=[[GameInformer]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201180243/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2010/06/11/patrice-d-233-silets-walks-away-from-ubisoft-and-assassin-s-creed.aspx |archive-date=December 1, 2017 }}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed Revelations''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Revelations}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed Revelations.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Revelations'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Revelations]]'' is the final installment of the Ezio Trilogy and was released in November 2011 for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows. Following the events of ''Brotherhood'', where he was forced by Juno to kill Lucy (who, unbeknownst to him, was a Templar [[double agent]]), Desmond has fallen into a [[coma]] and was put back into the Animus to save his mind. Within the computerized core of the Animus, Desmond meets the preserved consciousness of Abstergo's previous test subject, [[Clay Kaczmarek]], who explains that Desmond's mind must achieve full synchronization with Altaïr and Ezio, or else he will fall into [[dementia]]. Desmond continues exploring the memories of Ezio, who, a few years after the events of ''Brotherhood'', travels to [[Constantinople]] to find five keys needed to open a library built by Altaïr, which is said to contain the power to end the Assassin–Templar conflict. In Constantinople, Ezio becomes caught in a [[Ottoman Civil War (1509–1513)|war of succession]] between Sultan [[Bayezid II]]'s sons, [[Selim I|Selim]] and [[Şehzade Ahmed (son of Bayezid II)|Ahmet]], and must confront a conspiracy masterminded by the [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine]] Templars, who are taking advantage of the chaos to try and reclaim the city.

Originally ''Revelations'' was announced as ''Assassin's Creed: Lost Legacy'', and conceptualized as a [[Nintendo 3DS]] title focusing on Ezio traveling to Masyaf to explore Altaïr's legacy and uncover the origins of the Assassin Brotherhood.<ref name="gamefaqs.gamespot.com">{{cite web|url=https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/3ds/997782-assassins-creed-lost-legacy|title=Assassin's Creed: Lost Legacy for 3DS - GameFAQs|access-date=December 11, 2018|archive-date=December 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214070715/https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/3ds/997782-assassins-creed-lost-legacy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2011/07/14/assassin-39-s-creed-lost-legacy-for-3ds-ended-up-being-ac-revelations.aspx| title=Assassin's Creed: Lost Legacy for 3DS Ended up Being AC: Revelations| magazine=[[Game Informer]]| access-date=December 11, 2018| archive-date=December 14, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214114307/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2011/07/14/assassin-39-s-creed-lost-legacy-for-3ds-ended-up-being-ac-revelations.aspx| url-status=live}}</ref> ''Lost Legacy'' was later announced as cancelled on July 15, 2011, after Ubisoft decided to expand the idea further, cancel the 3DS development, and shift all development duties towards PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PC to release the game as a full-fledged main installment. The original premise remained and evolved into the plot seen in the final game.<ref>{{cite web|last=Philips|first=Tom|title=Assassin's Creed: Lost Legacy canned|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-07-15-assassins-creed-lost-legacy-canned|website=Eurogamer|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718043046/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-07-15-assassins-creed-lost-legacy-canned|archive-date=July 18, 2011|date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> Included were many new systems and additional weapons such as bomb-crafting and an expanded Assassin recruitment system. The multiplayer mode returns in ''Revelations'', with more characters, modes, and maps; players once again assume the role of Templars in training and, as they level up and rise in the ranks, they are told more about Abstergo's history.

====''Assassin's Creed III''====
{{Main|Assassin's Creed III}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed III.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed III'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' was released in October 2012 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and in November 2012 for [[Wii U]] and Windows. A remastered version of the game with enhanced visuals was released for Windows, [[PlayStation 4]], and [[Xbox One]] in March 2019, and for [[Nintendo Switch]] in May 2019. This is the final game in the series to follow Desmond, who travels to the First Civilization's Grand Temple in [[New York (state)|New York]] in search of the technology needed to prevent the solar flare set to hit the Earth soon. Discovering he needs a key to access the Temple's inner chambers, Desmond uses the Animus to relive the memories of two of his ancestors who were in possession of the key at various points in time: [[Haytham Kenway]], a [[British people|British]] Templar from the 18th century who travels to the [[American colonies]] to find the Grand Temple; and [[Ratonhnhaké:ton]] (later known as Connor), Haytham's half-[[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] son, who becomes an Assassin to exact revenge on the Templars, whom he blames for the destruction of his village and the death of his mother. To this end, Connor later becomes involved in the [[American Revolution]], helping the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] cause while clashing with Haytham's faction of Templars, who hope to use the Revolution to further their own goals.

''Assassin's Creed III'' is structured similarly to the previous games, with missions taking place in an open-world map based on Colonial [[Boston]] and [[New York City|New York]]. The game offers a large wilderness area in the form of the Frontier and the Davenport Homestead, where the player can hunt animals for materials, which subsequently can be used to construct goods to be traded and sold throughout the colonies. Naval battles also debut in the series, wherein the player must steer a warship named the ''Aquila'' in dangerous waters and perform ship-to-ship combat with cannons and mounted guns. The multiplayer mode from the previous two games returns in ''Assassin's Creed III'' with new game modes, characters, and maps inspired by Colonial America, but this time no major narrative elements are included.

====''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag''====
{{Main|Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed IV - Black Flag logo.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' was released in October 2013 for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii U and in November 2013 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Windows. Following the events of ''Assassin's Creed III'', at the end of which Desmond sacrificed himself to save the Earth, Abstergo retrieved samples from his body to continue exploring the memories of his ancestors. The player character is an unnamed Abstergo employee tasked with analyzing the memories of [[Edward Kenway]], an 18th-century pirate and Connor's grandfather, ostensibly to gather material for an Animus-powered interactive feature film; in reality, Abstergo are searching for the Observatory, a First Civilization structure that allows the user to see through the eyes of a subject to find them anywhere on the planet. As Edward, the player must unravel a conspiracy between high-ranking Templars to manipulate the [[British Empire|British]] and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] empires into locating the Sage—later identified as [[Bartholomew Roberts]]—who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory.

''Black Flag'' retains many gameplay mechanics from ''Assassin's Creed III'', including the ship-based exploration and combat. For the first time in the series, naval exploration is a major part of the game; players can captain Edward's ship, the ''Jackdaw'', and battle rival ships or hunt [[sea animals]]. The game includes a large open world spanning the [[West Indies]], with players able to explore the cities of [[Havana]], [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], and [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], as well as numerous islands, forts, and sunken ships. A multiplayer mode is once again included, although it is entirely land-based.

====''Assassin's Creed Rogue''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Rogue}}

[[File:AC Rogue.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Rogue'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Rogue]]'' is the final game in the series to be developed for the [[seventh generation of consoles]], being released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014,<ref name="PolygonRogue" /> and for Windows in March 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/assassins_creed_rogue/b/xbox360/archive/2014/10/13/assassin-s-creed-rogue-coming-to-pc-in-2015.aspx|title=Assassin's Creed Rogue Coming To PC In 2015|last=Futter|first=Mike|publisher=GameStop|magazine=[[Game Informer]]|date=October 13, 2014|access-date=October 13, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014033536/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/assassins_creed_rogue/b/xbox360/archive/2014/10/13/assassin-s-creed-rogue-coming-to-pc-in-2015.aspx|archive-date=October 14, 2014}}</ref> A remastered version of the game was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in March 2018. In the present day, players again take on the role of an unnamed Abstergo employee, tasked with researching the memories of [[Shay Patrick Cormac]], an 18th-century Assassin who, for reasons unknown to Abstergo, defected to the Templars. During their investigation, the player accidentally trips a hidden memory file that infects the Animus servers. They must complete Shay's memories to clean the servers while Abstergo is put under lockdown. The main narrative takes place during the [[Seven Years' War]],<ref name="PolygonRogue">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/8/5/5971421/assassins-creed-rogue-trailer-confirmed-ubisoft|title=Assassin's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft – here's the first trailer|last=McWhertor|first=Michael|work=Polygon|date=August 5, 2014|access-date=August 5, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806140407/http://www.polygon.com/2014/8/5/5971421/assassins-creed-rogue-trailer-confirmed-ubisoft|archive-date=August 6, 2014}}</ref> and follows Shay, who starts out as a talented, but insubordinate Assassin trainee. After witnessing the Assassins' hypocrisy and willingness to sacrifice civilians in their blind pursuit of Pieces of Eden, Shay betrays them and joins the Templars, helping his newfound allies hunt down members of his former Brotherhood to prevent them from endangering more innocent lives. Shay's story is set between the events of ''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' and ''Assassin's Creed III'', and is meant to fill the gaps between their respective narratives, while also having "a crucial link to the Kenway saga" according to Ubisoft, as well as to ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2014/08/05/september-cover-reveal-assassins-creed-rogue-unity.aspx|title=September Cover Revealed – Assassin's Creed Rogue And Unity|last=Wallace|first=Kimberly|publisher=GameStop|magazine=Game Informer|date=August 5, 2014|access-date=August 5, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805190710/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2014/08/05/september-cover-reveal-assassins-creed-rogue-unity.aspx|archive-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref> Several major characters from ''Assassin's Creed III'' and ''Black Flag'' make appearances in the game, such as Haytham Kenway, Achilles Davenport, and [[Adéwalé]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/sources-assassins-creed-comet-will-let-you-play-as-a-t-1552929846|title=Sources: Assassin's Creed Comet Will Let You Play As A Templar|last=Schreier|first=Jason|publisher=Kotaku|date=March 27, 2014|access-date=March 27, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328120043/http://kotaku.com/sources-assassins-creed-comet-will-let-you-play-as-a-1552929846|archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>

In March 2014, a new ''Assassin's Creed'' game code-named ''Comet'' was revealed to be in development for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, set to release later that year alongside ''Unity''.<ref name="KotakuUnity" /> By the end of the month, additional reports indicated that ''Comet'' would be set around 1758 [[New York City]], and would feature sailing on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The game would be a direct sequel to ''Black Flag'', and would be the first to feature a Templar as the main protagonist. In May 2014, Guillemot stated that, "for the foreseeable future", ''Assassin's Creed'' games would continue releasing on the last generation PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, despite the franchise moving to the current generation PlayStation 4 and Xbox One with ''Unity''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/15/assassins-creed-games-coming-to-ps3-xbox-360-for-foreseeable-future|title=Assassin's Creed Games Coming To PS3, Xbox 360 For 'Foreseeable Future'|last=Watts|first=Steve|website=[[IGN]]|date=May 15, 2014|access-date=May 16, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516215024/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/15/assassins-creed-games-coming-to-ps3-xbox-360-for-foreseeable-future|archive-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref> On August 5, Ubisoft officially announced the game as ''Assassin's Creed Rogue''. While the game reuses many assets from ''Black Flag'', a number of new systems and weapons were included, such as an [[air rifle]] and refined naval combat, and the multiplayer aspect has been removed.

====''Assassin's Creed Unity''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Unity}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed Unity.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Unity'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]'' was released concurrently with ''Rogue'' in November 2014 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows,<ref name="UnityNewRelease">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/28/assassins-creed-unity-release-date-delayed-to-november|title=Assassin's Creed Unity Release Date Delayed To November|last=Karmali|first=Luke|website=[[IGN]]|date=August 28, 2014|access-date=August 28, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830032832/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/28/assassins-creed-unity-release-date-delayed-to-november|archive-date=August 30, 2014}}</ref> and in December 2020 for [[Google Stadia]]. In the present-day, the player character is a player of Helix, an Animus-powered gaming device produced by Abstergo, who hope to use their unaware player base to locate more Pieces of Eden. While playing, the player is contacted by the modern-day Assassins and invited to join them as an Initiate and help them locate the body of an 18th-century Sage. The main story is set in [[Paris]] during the [[French Revolution]], and follows the Assassin [[Arno Dorian]] as he embarks on a quest for redemption after his foster father's death, which leads him to discover an internal conflict between the Templars as a result of the Revolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/6/9/5793796/assassins-creed-unity-french-revolution|title=Assassin's Creed Unity hits Oct. 28, pre-orders live|last=Lien|first=Tracey|website=Polygon|date=June 9, 2014|access-date=June 9, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613110622/http://www.polygon.com/2014/6/9/5793796/assassins-creed-unity-french-revolution|archive-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref>

On March 19, 2014, images leaked for the next ''Assassin's Creed'' game, titled or code-named ''Unity'', showing a new Assassin in Paris.<ref name="KotakuUnity">{{cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/leaked-images-reveal-one-of-this-falls-two-assassins-1547111652|title=Leaked Images Reveal One Of This Fall's Two Assassin's Creed Games|last=Schreier|first=Jason|publisher=Kotaku|date=March 19, 2014|access-date=March 19, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319222143/http://kotaku.com/leaked-images-reveal-one-of-this-falls-two-assassins-1547111652|archive-date=March 19, 2014}}</ref> On March 21, Ubisoft confirmed the game's existence, having been in development for more than three years, by releasing pre-alpha game footage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/03/21/ubisoft-confirms-assassins-creed-unity-release-date-teased?abthid=532c67361f3a55fa56000017|title=Ubisoft Confirms Assassin's Creed: Unity, Release Date Teased|last=Karmali|first=Luke|website=[[IGN]]|date=March 21, 2014|access-date=March 21, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322132655/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/03/21/ubisoft-confirms-assassins-creed-unity-release-date-teased?abthid=532c67361f3a55fa56000017|archive-date=March 22, 2014}}</ref> The game features enhanced visuals compared to its predecessors, and several new gameplay mechanics, including a four player co-op mode, a first for the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/06/09/e3-2014-assassins-creed-unity-co-op-revealed|title=E3 2014: Assassin's Creed Unity Co-Op Revealed|last=Jackson|first=Leah B.|website=[[IGN]]|date=June 9, 2014|access-date=June 9, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610192943/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/06/09/e3-2014-assassins-creed-unity-co-op-revealed|archive-date=June 10, 2014}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed Syndicate''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Syndicate}}

[[File:Assassins-creed-syndicate-logo.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Syndicate'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]'' was released in October 2015 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, in November 2015 for Windows,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-05-12-assassins-creed-syndicate-revealed-live-at-5pm-uk|title=Assassin's Creed: Syndicate launches 23rd October on PS4, Xbox One|first=Tom|last=Phillips|date=May 12, 2015|access-date=May 13, 2015|work=[[Eurogamer]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514231901/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-05-12-assassins-creed-syndicate-revealed-live-at-5pm-uk|archive-date=May 14, 2015}}</ref> and in December 2020 for the Stadia. In the present-day, players control the same unnamed Assassin Initiate from ''Assassin's Creed Unity'', who this time must help the Assassins find a Shroud of Eden hidden in [[London]]. The main story is set in [[Victorian era]] London and follows twin Assassins [[Jacob and Evie Frye]] as they navigate the corridors of organized crime to take back the city from Templar control and prevent them from finding the Shroud. The narrative also includes segments set in war-torn London during [[World War I]], which follow Jacob's granddaughter, Lydia Frye, as she battles German soldiers and Templar spies and searches for a Sage.

In December 2014, images and information leaked for a new ''Assassin's Creed'' game, titled or code-named ''Victory'', which was later confirmed by Ubisoft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/next-years-big-assassins-creed-is-set-in-victorian-lond-1665343788|title=Next Year's Big Assassin's Creed Is Set in Victorian London [UPDATE]|last=Schreier|first=Jason|work=Kotaku|date=December 1, 2014|access-date=December 4, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203051530/http://kotaku.com/next-years-big-assassins-creed-is-set-in-victorian-lond-1665343788|archive-date=December 3, 2014}}</ref> In May 2015, Kotaku leaked that ''Victory'' had been renamed ''Syndicate''.<ref>{{cite web|title = Next Assassin's Creed To Be Announced Next Week; Now Called Syndicate|url = https://kotaku.com/this-years-victorian-assassins-creed-will-be-announced-1702873301|access-date = May 7, 2015|first = Jason|last = Schreier| date=May 7, 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508204840/http://kotaku.com/this-years-victorian-assassins-creed-will-be-announced-1702873301|archive-date = May 8, 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref> On May 12, 2015, the game was officially announced by Ubisoft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/5/12/8592867/assassins-creed-syndicate|title=Assassin's Creed Syndicate announced, set in Victorian London|first=Samit|last=Sarker|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=May 12, 2015|access-date=May 12, 2015|archive-date=March 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321070443/https://www.polygon.com/2015/5/12/8592867/assassins-creed-syndicate-release-date|url-status=live}}</ref> The game retains most gameplay elements from ''Unity'', while introducing new travelling systems, such as [[carriage]]s and a [[grappling hook]], and refined combat mechanics. It is the first game in the series to feature multiple playable protagonists, whom the player can switch between both during and outside missions.

====''Assassin's Creed Origins''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Origins}}

[[File:Textlogo Assassin’s Creed Origins.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Origins'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]'' is a soft [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]] of the franchise, and was released in October 2017 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Phillips|first1=Tom|title=Ubisoft confirms Far Cry 5 and The Crew 2|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-05-16-ubisoft-confirms-far-cry-5-and-the-crew-2|website=[[Eurogamer]]|publisher=Gamer Network|access-date=May 22, 2017|date=May 16, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521024857/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-05-16-ubisoft-confirms-far-cry-5-and-the-crew-2|archive-date=May 21, 2017}}</ref> and in December 2020 for the Stadia. The game introduces a new protagonist in the modern-day, Layla Hassan, and explores the origins of the Assassin Brotherhood and their conflict with the Templar Order. The story is set in [[Ancient Egypt]], near the end of the [[Ptolemaic period]], and follows a [[Medjay]] named [[Bayek]] and his wife Aya, whose fight to protect their people from the Order of the Ancients—forerunners to the Templar Order—leads them to create the Hidden Ones—forerunners to the Assassin Brotherhood. Unlike previous installments in the series, which were structured like [[action-adventure game]]s, ''Origins'' is an [[action role-playing game]] and introduces many new features to the series, including an overhauled hitbox-based combat system.

In February 2016, Ubisoft announced they would not be releasing a new game in 2016 in order to step "back and [re-examine] the ''Assassin's Creed'' franchise ... [and take the] year to evolve the game mechanics and to make sure we're delivering on the promise of ''Assassin's Creed'' offering unique and memorable gameplay experiences."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.ubi.com/a-message-from-the-assassins-creed-team/|title=A Message From the Assassin's Creed Team|newspaper=Ubiblog - Ubisoft |publisher=Ubisoft|date=February 11, 2016|access-date=February 11, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170815070514/http://blog.ubi.com/a-message-from-the-assassins-creed-team/|archive-date=August 15, 2017}}</ref> On the decision, Guillemot said that "Ubisoft started to question the annualized franchise with the release of ''Assassin's Creed Unity'', and the fact that ''Assassin's Creed Syndicate'' had "a slower launch than expected". Guillemot added that "by moving away from the annual iterations of the franchise, it will give the ''Assassin's Creed'' teams more time to take advantage of new engines and technology."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/02/11/ubisoft-confirms-no-assassins-creed-this-year|title=Ubisoft Confirms No Assassin's Creed This Year|last=Macy|first=Seth G.|website=[[IGN]]|date=February 11, 2016|access-date=February 11, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170815020753/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/02/11/ubisoft-confirms-no-assassins-creed-this-year|archive-date=August 15, 2017}}</ref> ''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag''{{'}}s director Ashraf Ismail, commented on an interview that he and the team would be interested in doing an ''Assassin's Creed'' game in an Ancient Egyptian setting, along with reiterating an earlier statement that a female leading character was not an impossibility for the series.<ref name="ACfuture">{{cite web|url=https://uk.ign.com/articles/2013/10/10/assassins-creed-4-director-on-egypt-setting-future-of-franchise|title=Assassin's Creed 4 Director on Egypt Setting, Future of Franchise|last=Dyer|first=Mitch|website=[[IGN]]|date=October 10, 2013|access-date=October 10, 2013|archive-date=March 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321070310/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/10/10/assassins-creed-4-director-on-egypt-setting-future-of-franchise|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2017, Ubisoft confirmed the development of ''Assassin's Creed Origins''; one month later, the setting was confirmed to be Ptolemaic Egypt.

====''Assassin's Creed Odyssey''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Odyssey}}

[[File:Assassins Creed Odyssey logo.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Odyssey'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Odyssey]]'' was released in October 2018 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Windows, and [[Nintendo Switch]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Lawler|first=Richard|date=June 1, 2018|title='Assassin's Creed: Odyssey' takes the series to ancient Greece|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/05/31/assassins-creed-odyssey-e3-2018/?guccounter=1|access-date=June 2, 2018|work=[[Engadget]]|publisher=[[Oath Tech Network]] [[AOL Tech]]|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142418/https://www.engadget.com/2018/05/31/assassins-creed-odyssey-e3-2018/?guccounter=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Matt|date=May 31, 2018|title=Assassin's Creed Odyssey Set in Ancient Greece Confirmed for E3|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/rumor-assassins-creed-odyssey-a-direct-sequel-to-origins-stars-bayek-and-is-set-in-ancient-greece|access-date=June 2, 2018|work=[[US Gamer]]|publisher=[[Gamer Network]]|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143013/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/rumor-assassins-creed-odyssey-a-direct-sequel-to-origins-stars-bayek-and-is-set-in-ancient-greece|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in November 2019 for the Stadia. The modern-day narrative continues from the events of ''Origins'', as Layla, after being recruited to the Assassins, searches for [[Atlantis]], which is rumored to house a powerful artifact: the Staff of [[Hermes Trismegistus]]. The main story is set during the [[Peloponnesian War]] between [[Ancient Athenian Empire|Athens]] and [[Sparta]], at the height of [[Classical Greece]]. Players choose between two playable protagonists, [[Alexios and Kassandra]], and embark on a quest to discover mysteries surrounding their family, as well as undermine a proto-Templar organization, the Cult of Kosmos, which is responsible for orchestrating the war.

''Odyssey'' was leaked in May 2018 by a picture posted by the French website Jeuxvideo; it was officially announced at E3 2018, with a release date of October 2018. Similarly to ''Origins'', the game places more emphasis on role-playing elements than previous entries in the series and introduces dialogue options and branching quests, which can result in different endings. ''Odyssey'' is also the first installment since ''Assassin's Creed: Rogue'' to feature a major emphasis on naval combat and exploration, with the protagonist commanding a [[trireme]] called the ''Adrestia''.

====''Assassin's Creed Valhalla''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Valhalla}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed Valhalla text logo.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Valhalla'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla]]'' was released in November 2020 for the PlayStation 4, [[PlayStation 5]], Xbox One, [[Xbox Series X/S]], Windows and Stadia. The game concludes the modern-day story arc focusing on Layla, who must find a First Civilization temple in [[Norway]] to restore the [[Earth's magnetic field]] to its proper strength since Desmond's sacrifice in ''Assassin's Creed III'' only delayed the apocalypse. The main narrative takes place in the late 9th century, during the [[Viking expansions into the British Isles]]. Players control a customizable Viking raider, [[Eivor Varinsdottir]], who becomes embroiled in the conflict between the Hidden Ones and the Order of the Ancients while attempting to establish a new Viking clan in England.

''Valhalla'' was officially announced in April 2020. Ubisoft Montreal led its development along with fourteen other Ubisoft studios.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-valhalla-15-studios-are-working-on/1100-6476656 | title = Assassin's Creed: Valhalla -- 15 Studios Are Working On The Game | first = Eddie | last = Makuch | date = April 29, 2020 | access-date = April 29, 2020 | work = [[GameSpot]] | archive-date = April 30, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200430120229/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-valhalla-15-studios-are-working-on/1100-6476656/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The title had been leaked earlier in April 2019 under the name ''Assassin's Creed Kingdom''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/4/assassins-creed-kingdom-gaming-marathons-gamers-podcast-episode-19 |title=Assassin's Creed Kingdom rumours and gaming marathons – Gamer's Podcast Episode 19 |first=Mike |last=Plant |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[Guinness World Records]] |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927102316/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/4/assassins-creed-kingdom-gaming-marathons-gamers-podcast-episode-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vg247.com/2019/04/06/assassins-creed-kingdom-features-vikings/ |title=Report: The next Assassin's Creed game is codenamed Kingdom and will feature vikings |first=Shabana |last=Arif |date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[vg247]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524030415/https://www.vg247.com/2019/04/06/assassins-creed-kingdom-features-vikings/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://kotaku.com/odd-tease-in-the-division-2-spills-the-beans-on-the-nex-1833838193 |title=Odd Tease in the Division 2 Spills The Beans on the Next Assassin's Creed |first=Jason |last=Schreier |date=May 4, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |journal=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group]] |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624095553/https://kotaku.com/odd-tease-in-the-division-2-spills-the-beans-on-the-nex-1833838193 |url-status=live }}</ref> Like its predecessors, ''Valhalla'' is an action role-playing game focused on combat and exploration, although it brings back several elements that were absent in ''Origins'' and ''Odyssey'', such as social stealth and a customizable settlement.

====''Assassin's Creed Mirage''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Mirage}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed Mirage text logo.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Mirage'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Mirage]]'' was released in October 2023 for Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. Set in [[Baghdad]] during the [[Islamic Golden Age]]—primarily during the [[Anarchy at Samarra]]—it follows [[Basim Ibn Ishaq]], a character introduced in ''Assassin's Creed Valhalla'', and his transition from street thief to Hidden One, a decade before the events of ''Valhalla''. The design philosophy behind the game intended it to be a return to the series' roots by focusing on stealth, parkour, and assassinations over the role-playing elements featured heavily in recent installments.

In early 2022, it was reported that a new ''Assassin's Creed'' game, titled or code-named ''Rift'', was in development and expected to release in late 2022 or early 2023. According to various leaks and reports, the game started out as an expansion for ''Valhalla'' and was intended to be more akin to older games in the series, featuring a smaller setting and a bigger focus on stealth gameplay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Ubisoft Plans New Assassin's Creed Game to Help Fill Its Schedule |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-09/ubisoft-plans-new-assassin-s-creed-game-to-help-fill-schedule |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209163956/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-09/ubisoft-plans-new-assassin-s-creed-game-to-help-fill-schedule |archive-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Ubisoft reportedly has a smaller, stealth-focused Assassin's Creed game in the works |work=[[Eurogamer]] |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/ubisoft-reportedly-has-a-smaller-stealth-focused-assassins-creed-game-in-the-works |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508131013/https://www.eurogamer.net/ubisoft-reportedly-has-a-smaller-stealth-focused-assassins-creed-game-in-the-works |archive-date=May 8, 2022}}</ref> The game was officially confirmed by Ubisoft as ''Assassin's Creed Mirage'' on September 1, 2022,<ref>{{cite web |last=Good |first=Owen S. |date=September 1, 2022 |title=Ubisoft confirms Assassin's Creed Mirage after multiple leaks |url=https://www.polygon.com/23332863/assassins-creed-mirage-confirmed-release-date-ubisoft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901162708/https://www.polygon.com/23332863/assassins-creed-mirage-confirmed-release-date-ubisoft |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2022 |work=Eurogamer.net}}</ref> followed by a full announcement during the Ubisoft Forward online event on September 10.<ref name=":3" /> At the PlayStation Showcase event in May 2023, a new trailer for the game was shown, which revealed the release date to be October 12;<ref name=":22">{{cite web |last=Tran |first=Edmond |date=May 25, 2023 |title=''Assassin's Creed Mirage'': Everything you need to know |url=https://www.gameshub.com/news/features/assassins-creed-mirage-everything-you-need-to-know-story-gameplay-release-date-deluxe-edition-29013/ |accessdate=May 25, 2023 |website=GamesHub}}</ref> however, it was later changed to October 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Assassin's Creed Mirage release date change announced by Ubisoft |url=https://www.gamingbible.com/news/assassins-creed-mirage-release-date-change-announced-ubisoft-874717-20230814 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=GAMINGbible |language=en}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed Shadows''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Shadows}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed Shadows text logo.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Shadows'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]'' was released in March 2025 for the PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox Series X/S, and [[macOS]]. Set in [[Japan]] towards the end of the [[Sengoku period]], the game follows two distinct protagonists: Fujibayashi Naoe, a ''[[kunoichi]]'', and [[Yasuke (Assassin's Creed)|Yasuke]], an African [[samurai]] based on the [[Yasuke|historical figure of the same name]]. Developed by Ubisoft Quebec,<ref name="Codename Red announcement" /> the game is an action role-playing title similar to ''Odyssey'', with an emphasis on each of its two playable characters' set of unique skills.<ref name="ign3">{{cite web |last=Purslow |first=Matthew |date=May 15, 2024 |title=Assassin's Creed Shadows: 50 Details You Need To Know |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/assassins-creed-shadows-50-details-you-need-to-know |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516010612/https://www.ign.com/articles/assassins-creed-shadows-40-details-you-need-to-know |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref> It is also the first installment in the series to include the ''Animus Hub'', formerly known as ''Assassin's Creed Infinity''.<ref name="Codename Red announcement" /><ref name="AnimusHub" />

''Shadows'' was first announced at Ubisoft Forward in September 2022 under the working title ''Assassin's Creed: Codename Red'',<ref name="Codename Red Shadows"/><ref name=LylesIGNCodenameRed>{{Cite web |last=Lyles |first=Taylor |date=2024-05-13 |title=Assassin's Creed Red Title Confirmed to be Assassin's Creed Shadows Ahead of Wednesday Trailer Release |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/assassins-creed-codename-red-gets-official-name-ahead-of-wednesday-trailer-drop |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=[[IGN]] |lang=en|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517072702/https://www.ign.com/articles/assassins-creed-codename-red-gets-official-name-ahead-of-wednesday-trailer-drop |archive-date=2024-05-17}}</ref><ref name=GamesRadarCodenameRed>{{Cite web |last1=West |first1=Josh |last2=Gould-Wilson |first2=Jasmine |last3=Wald |first3=Heather |date=2022-11-07 |title=Assassin's Creed Red: Everything we know so far about Assassin's Creed Shadows |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-codename-red-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321074102/https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-codename-red-guide/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |language=en}}</ref> as the next major ''Assassin's Creed'' game, to take place during the [[Feudal Japan]] period. Few details were revealed initially, although Marc-Alexis Côté, the Vice President Executive Producer for the ''Assassin's Creed'' franchise, said that the game would let players live out a "very powerful [[Ninja|shinobi]] fantasy".<ref name="Codename Red announcement" /> On May 15, 2024, the first trailer for the game was released, which revealed its official title and a release date of November 15, 2024.<ref name="Codename Red Shadows"/><ref name=LylesIGNCodenameRed/><ref name=GamesRadarCodenameRed/> In September, Ubisoft announced that ''Shadows'' had been delayed to February 14, 2025,<ref>{{cite web |last=Chalk |first=Andy |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Assassin's Creed Shadows is delayed into 2025, will launch on Steam on day one |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/action/assassins-creed-shadows-is-delayed-into-2025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925170344/https://www.pcgamer.com/games/action/assassins-creed-shadows-is-delayed-into-2025/ |archive-date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=September 25, 2024 |website=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref> and in January, the game was again delayed to March 20, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=January 9, 2025 |title=Assassin's Creed Shadows delayed again as Ubisoft explores company sale options |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/assassins-creed-shadows-delayed-again-as-ubisoft-explores-sale |access-date=January 9, 2025 |website=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref>

===Spin-offs===
====''Assassin's Creed III: Liberation''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed III: Liberation}}

[[File:Textlogo Assassin’s Creed III Liberation.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed: Liberation'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed III: Liberation]]'' is a spin-off to ''Assassin's Creed III'', originally released for the [[PlayStation Vita]] in October 2012. The story takes place alongside the events of ''Assassin's Creed III'' and follows [[Aveline de Grandpré]], a [[Louisiana Creole people|Louisiana Creole]] woman from [[New Orleans]], the daughter of a French merchant father and an African mother.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psp.ign.com/articles/118/1188146p1.html |title=Gamescom: Assassin's Creed, Rayman on Vita – PSP News at IGN |date=August 16, 2011 |publisher=Psp.ign.com |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305213903/http://psp.ign.com/articles/118/1188146p1.html |archive-date=March 5, 2012 }}</ref> Aveline is recruited into the Assassin Brotherhood by a former slave and fights against slavery as well as the Templars, who plot to take over [[Louisiana]] after the end of the [[Seven Years' War]]. Aveline uses a variety of new weapons in combat, including a machete and a blowpipe for ranged attacks, and can disguise herself to deceive enemies, although certain disguises limit her movement and abilities. The entire game is presented as a product developed by the in-universe company Abstergo Entertainment, who have done a heavy amount of censoring in regards to the Assassin–Templar conflict. At various points during their playthrough, the player is contacted by the hacking collective Erudito, who helps them uncensor the game to learn the true nature of the events depicted.

An original ''Assassin's Creed'' title for the PlayStation Vita was announced to be in development during Gamescom 2011, and it was said that it would feature a new story with new characters. On June 4, 2012, at E3, ''Liberation'' was officially announced.<ref name="Liberation announcement">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/04/sony-announces-white-ps-vita-bundle-with-assassins-creed-iii-l/ |title=Sony announces white PS Vita bundle with Assassin's Creed III: Liberation |date=June 5, 2012 |publisher=Engadget |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815232237/http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/04/sony-announces-white-ps-vita-bundle-with-assassins-creed-iii-l |archive-date=August 15, 2012 }}</ref> On September 10, 2013, it was announced that the game would be re-released as ''Assassin's Creed: Liberation HD'' for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows via the [[PlayStation Network]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]], and [[Steam (service)|Steam]], respectively.<ref name="HD release">{{cite news|url=http://blog.ubi.com/assassins-creed-liberation-hd-release-date-pre-order-bonus/|title=ASSASSIN'S CREED LIBERATION HD – RELEASE DATE AND PRE-ORDER BONUSES|last=Lewis|first=Anne|work=UbiBlog|publisher=Ubisoft|date=October 24, 2013|access-date=October 24, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027202113/http://blog.ubi.com/assassins-creed-liberation-hd-release-date-pre-order-bonus/|archive-date=October 27, 2013}}</ref> In March 2019, it was announced that a remastered version of ''Liberation'' would be bundled with ''Assassin's Creed III Remastered'' for Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and, later, for the Nintendo Switch. Ubisoft officially decommissioned ''Assassin's Creed: Liberation HD'' on October 1, 2022, with no additional copies being sold outside of the bundled ''Assassin's Creed III Remastered'' version.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discussions.ubisoft.com/topic/168795/decommissioning-of-online-services-for-several-ac-games-october-2022?lang=en-US&isSso=true&refreshStatus=noLoginData|title=Decommissioning of online services for several AC games (October 2022)|date=August 30, 2022|publisher=Ubisoft.com|access-date=September 1, 2022|archive-date=September 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902014857/https://discussions.ubisoft.com/topic/168795/decommissioning-of-online-services-for-several-ac-games-october-2022?lang=en-US&isSso=true&refreshStatus=noLoginData|url-status=live}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed: Freedom Cry''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Freedom Cry}}

[[File:Assassins Creed Freedom Cry Logo.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed: Freedom Cry'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Freedom Cry]]'' was originally released as [[downloadable content]] (DLC) for most versions of ''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' in December 2013. A standalone version was released in February 2014 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4.<ref>{{cite web |last=Karmali |first=Luke |date=February 5, 2014 |title=Assassin's Creed 4: Freedom Cry Releasing as Standalone Title |url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2014/02/05/assassins-creed-4-freedom-cry-releasing-as-standalone-title |access-date=February 5, 2014 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321070312/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/02/05/assassins-creed-4-freedom-cry-releasing-as-standalone-title |url-status=live }}</ref> Set thirteen years after the ending of ''Black Flag'', the game follows [[Adéwalé (Assassin's Creed)|Adéwalé]], a major supporting character from ''Black Flag'', who served as the [[quartermaster]] to protagonist [[Edward Kenway]] before joining the Assassin Brotherhood towards the end of the main story. During the events of ''Freedom Cry'', Adéwalé finds himself shipwrecked in the [[French colony]] of [[Saint-Domingue]] (present-day [[Haiti]]), where he encounters some of the most brutal slavery practices in the [[West Indies]]. Being a former slave, Adéwalé temporarily abandons his fight against the Templars and joins a [[Maroons|Maroon]] rebellion to help them rescue oppressed slaves.

Being originally released as DLC for ''Black Flag'', ''Freedom Cry's'' gameplay is virtually identical, though it does feature several new additions. Most notably, Adéwalé has the option to rescue slaves by raiding plantations, attacking slave ships, or simply killing their masters, with each freed slave serving as a resource for the player to accumulate to unlock upgrades for Adéwalé. Furthermore, some freed slaves join the Maroon rebellion and can become crew members aboard Adéwalé's ship, the ''Experto Crede'', or help the player fight enemies.

====''Assassin's Creed Chronicles''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Chronicles}}

[[File:Textlogo Assassin’s Creed Chronicles.svg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Chronicles'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles]]'' is sub-series of three [[2.5D]] action and stealth games released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Xbox One.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-03-27-assassins-creed-chronicles-now-a-three-part-series-set-in-china-india-russia |title=Assassin's Creed Chronicles now a three-part series set in China, India, Russia |first=Tom |last=Phillips |date=March 31, 2015 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070123/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-03-27-assassins-creed-chronicles-now-a-three-part-series-set-in-china-india-russia |url-status=live }}</ref>

*The first game, ''Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China'', was originally released as part of ''Assassin's Creed Unity''{{'}}s [[Season pass (video games)|season pass]] on April 21, 2015, but it was later made available for purchase separately. Set after the short film ''[[Assassin's Creed: Embers]]'', the game follows [[Shao Jun]] in [[Imperial China]] from 1526 to 1532, as she battles the Templar group, the [[Eight Tigers]], and attempts to rebuild the Chinese Assassin Brotherhood.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/assassins_creed_unity/b/playstation4/archive/2014/09/22/assassin-s-creed-unity-season-pass-includes-newly-announced-2-5d-downloadable-title.aspx|title=Assassin's Creed Unity Season Pass Includes Newly Announced 2.5D Downloadable Title|last=Marchiafavra|first=Jeff|publisher=GameStop|magazine=Game Informer|date=September 22, 2014|access-date=September 22, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924061904/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/assassins_creed_unity/b/playstation4/archive/2014/09/22/assassin-s-creed-unity-season-pass-includes-newly-announced-2-5d-downloadable-title.aspx|archive-date=September 24, 2014}}</ref>
*The second game, ''Assassin's Creed Chronicles: India'', was released on January 12, 2016. It is set in [[British India]] in 1841, two years after the events of the graphic novel ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brahman]]''. The game follows Arbaaz Mir, who, while attempting to recover a Precursor [[Koh-i-Noor|artifact]] from the Templars, becomes caught in a war between the [[Sikh Empire]] and the [[East India Company]] and must protect his friends and lover.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamereactor.eu/grtv/247753/Two+hours+of+Assassins+Creed+Chronicles+India/ |title=Two hours of Assassin's Creed Chronicles: India |date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[Game Reactor]] |publisher=Gamez Publishing |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130356/https://www.gamereactor.eu/grtv/247753/Two+hours+of+Assassins+Creed+Chronicles+India/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*The last game, ''Assassin's Creed Chronicles: Russia'', was released on February 9, 2016. It is set in [[Soviet Russia]] in 1918, in the aftermath of the [[October Revolution]], and bridges the gap between the comic book ''[[Assassin's Creed: The Fall]]'' and its graphic novel sequel, ''[[Assassin's Creed: The Chain]]''. The game follows Nikolai Orelov as he attempts to protect a Precursor artifact and [[Grand Duchess Anastasia]] from the Templars and the [[Bolsheviks]] after witnessing the [[execution of the Romanov family]].<ref name="Trilogy Announcement">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/31/assassins-creed-chronicles-trilogy-announced|title=Assassin's Creed Chronicles Trilogy Announced|website=[[IGN]]|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=March 31, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331174956/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/31/assassins-creed-chronicles-trilogy-announced|archive-date=March 31, 2015}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed Nexus VR''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Nexus VR}}

[[File:Assassin's Creed Nexus VR Logo.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Nexus VR'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Nexus VR]]'' is a [[virtual reality game]] developed by Ubisoft's subsidiary studio, [[Red Storm Entertainment]], and released for the [[Quest 2|Meta Quest 2]] on November 16, 2023. In the game, players take on the role of an Assassin hacker who infiltrates Abstergo and relives the memories of three of the series' protagonists—[[Ezio Auditore da Firenze|Ezio Auditore]], [[Alexios and Kassandra|Kassandra]], and [[Ratonhnhaké:ton|Ratonhnhaké:ton / Connor]]—to sabotage the Templars' latest project, called "Nexus Eye".<ref name="Meta Quest Blog">{{Cite web |author= |date=12 June 2023 |title=First Look: Assassin's Creed Nexus VR Coming to Meta Quest 3 + 2 This Holiday |url=https://www.meta.com/blog/quest/assassins-creed-nexus-vr-ezio-kassandra-connor/ |accessdate=24 August 2023 |website=Meta Quest Blog |publisher=}}</ref>

In September 2020, at the digital event of [[Facebook Connect]], Red Storm Entertainment's VP of Product Development, Elizabeth Loverso, revealed several [[AAA (video game industry)|AAA]] game franchises coming to virtual reality format to the public. Two of the projects announced were an untitled ''Assassin's Creed'' game and an untitled installment from the ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell]]'' series (also developed by Ubisoft), with both titles set to release exclusively for Oculus platforms.<ref>{{cite web |last=O Connor |first=Daniel |date=September 17, 2020 |title=Assassin's Creed and Splinter Cell coming to Oculus VR |url=https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/6GznsIJyxNpulUSMJNxLs2/assassins-creed-and-splinter-cell-coming-to-oculus-vr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921061133/https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/6GznsIJyxNpulUSMJNxLs2/assassins-creed-and-splinter-cell-coming-to-oculus-vr |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |access-date=September 20, 2020 |website=[[Ubisoft]]}}</ref> This would not be the first ''Assassin's Creed'' title to come to VR, but would be the first to be publicly available; the ''Splinter Cell'' VR game was cancelled on July 21, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wales |first1=Matt |date=July 21, 2022 |title=Splinter Cell VR and Ghost Recon Frontline cancelled |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/splinter-cell-vr-and-ghost-recon-frontline-cancelled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727180350/https://www.eurogamer.net/splinter-cell-vr-and-ghost-recon-frontline-cancelled |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]]}}</ref> In June 2023, at a [[Quest 2|Meta Quest Gaming]] Showcase event, the updated title for the game, ''Assassin's Creed Nexus VR'', was announced along with a release window of late 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonthuys |first=Darryn |date=2023-06-01 |title=Assassin's Creed Nexus Confirmed For Release Later In 2023 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-nexus-confirmed-for-release-later-in-2023/1100-6514713/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=GameSpot |language=en}}</ref>

===Handheld and mobile games===
====''Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles}}

''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]'' is a spin-off for the [[Nintendo DS]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[IOS (Apple)|iOS]], [[webOS]], [[Symbian]], and [[Java ME]], originally released in February 2008. The game is a prequel to the first ''Assassin's Creed'', taking place in the year 1190, and follows Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad as he attempts to retrieve an artifact called the Chalice from the Templars.

====''Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines}}

''[[Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines]]'' is the second spin-off title following Altaïr. It was released as a [[PlayStation Portable]] exclusive in November 2009 (concurrently with ''Assassin's Creed II'') and acts as a direct sequel to the original game. Following the events of ''Assassin's Creed'', Altaïr travels to the island nation of [[Cyprus]] to eliminate the last remnants of the Templar Order.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2009/dec/08/assassins-creed-bloodlines-psp-review |title=Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines |first=Todd |last=Nash |date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian News & Media Limited]] |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412182438/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2009/dec/08/assassins-creed-bloodlines-psp-review |url-status=live }}</ref> Here, he again runs into Maria Thorpe, a Templar agent whose life he spared in the first game, and they team up to eliminate the Templar presence on the island and learn more about the Apple of Eden and the mysterious Templar Archive, where more Pieces of Eden are believed to be hidden.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/best-assassins-creed-games/ |title=The best Assassin's Creed games, ranked |date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |magazine=[[Games Radar]] |first1=Ashley |last1=Reed |first2=Louise |last2=Blain |first3=Sam |last3=Loveridge |publisher=[[Future US, Inc.]] |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329004217/https://www.gamesradar.com/best-assassins-creed-games/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the technical limitations of the PlayStation Portable, the game features most gameplay mechanics of the console and PC titles, and even a few exclusive elements.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/psps-assassins-creed-will-have-free-running-open-world-5316143 |title=PSP's Assassin's Creed Will Have Free Running, Open World and PS3 Connectivity |first=Brian |last=Crecente |date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group]] |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412182435/https://kotaku.com/psps-assassins-creed-will-have-free-running-open-world-5316143 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed II: Discovery''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed II: Discovery}}

''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]'' is a spin-off to ''Assassin's Creed II'' and was released alongside it in November 2009 for the Nintendo DS; it was later re-released for iOS in January 2010. The game is a 2.5D [[side-scroller]], and takes place during the events of ''Assassin's Creed II'', between Sequences 12 and 13, when Ezio is searching for the Apple of Eden after losing it to [[Girolamo Savonarola]]. During his search, Ezio travels to [[Spain]] to rescue members of the Spanish Assassin Brotherhood who have been arrested on the orders of [[Tomás de Torquemada]], the [[Grand Inquisitor]] of the [[Spanish Inquisition]], and allies with several historical figures, such as [[Luis de Santángel]] and [[Christopher Columbus]].

====''Assassin's Creed Unity: Arno's Chronicles''====
''Assassin's Creed Unity: Arno's Chronicles'' is a side-scrolling mobile game released for the [[Honor (brand)|Huawei Honor]] smartphone series in June 2017. It features a similar gameplay style to the ''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles]]'' games, and roughly adapts the events of ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]''{{'}}s main storyline.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 May 2022 |title=Ranking the Assassin's Creed Games from Worst to Best |url=https://culturedvultures.com/ranking-the-assassins-creed-games-from-worst-to-best/#24-assassins-creed-unity-arnos-chronicles |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106141150/https://culturedvultures.com/ranking-the-assassins-creed-games-from-worst-to-best/#24-assassins-creed-unity-arnos-chronicles |url-status=live }}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed Rebellion''====
''Assassin's Creed Rebellion'' is a [[free-to-play]], [[Strategy game|strategy]] role-playing game for iOS and Android devices that was released worldwide on November 21, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/336679/Assassins-Creed-Rebellion-Launches-November-21-on-Mobile |title=Assassin's Creed Rebellion Launches November 21 on Mobile |first=Mikel |last=Reparaz |date=October 11, 2018 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[Ubisoft]] News |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228071529/https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/336679/Assassins-Creed-Rebellion-Launches-November-21-on-Mobile |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2020}} Set during the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in the late 15th century, it follows the Spanish Assassins under Aguilar de Nerha as they attempt to build their own Brotherhood to overthrow the Spanish Templars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://toucharcade.com/2018/10/11/assassins-creed-rebellion-release-date/ |title='Assassin's Creed Rebellion' Launching November 21st, Pre-Registration Now Live |first=Jared |last=Nelson |date=October 11, 2018 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[TouchArcade]] |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422123032/https://toucharcade.com/2018/10/11/assassins-creed-rebellion-release-date/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The game features a large cast of characters from the entire ''Assassin's Creed'' franchise, as well as thirty new characters created exclusively for ''Rebellion''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/340542/Assassins-Creed-Rebellion-Now-Available-on-Mobile |title=Assassin's Creed Rebellion Now Available on Mobile |first=Mikel |last=Reparaz |date=November 20, 2018 |access-date=November 19, 2019 |work=Ubisoft News |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321070440/https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/IO1NHHE5oRolXIK8O1A15/assassins-creed-rebellion-now-available-on-mobile |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2020}}

===Cancelled and defunct games===
====''Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy''====
[[File:ACPL.jpg|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy'' logo]]
''Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy'' was a single-player [[Browser game|browser-based]], [[role-playing video game]] [[Facebook]] application designed as a promotion and tie-in for ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]''. The game is mostly [[Online text-based role-playing game|text-based]] but includes graphics and sound as well as some video. The game was put on indefinite hold in 2011 and was later removed by Facebook on 15 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-project-legacy-stalking-facebook/1100-6280122/ |title=Assassin's Creed Project Legacy stalking Facebook |first=Eddie |last=Makuch |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=28 July 2023 |work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.destructoid.com/assassins-creed-facebook-game-interacts-with-brotherhood/ |title=Assassin's Creed Facebook game interacts with Brotherhood |first=Hamza |last=Aziz |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=28 July 2023 |work=[[Destructoid]]}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed: Multiplayer Rearmed''====
''Assassin's Creed: Multiplayer Rearmed'' was a multiplayer video game designed for [[iOS]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.afjv.com/news/6402_ubisoft-les-chiffres-cles-et-les-studios.htm |title=Ubisoft : les chiffres clés et les studios |access-date=April 12, 2019 |date=June 14, 2016 |work=Agence Française pour le Jeu Vidéo |language=fr |first=Emmanuel |last=Forsans |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174616/https://www.afjv.com/news/6402_ubisoft-les-chiffres-cles-et-les-studios.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and released for the [[iPad]], [[iPhone]], and [[iPod Touch]] in October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wireless.ign.com/articles/121/1210306p1.html |title=Assassin's Creed Rearmed Hits iOS |date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |first=Justin |last=Davis |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023082616/http://wireless.ign.com/articles/121/1210306p1.html |archive-date=October 23, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the only ''Assassin's Creed'' multiplayer game driven by an in-game economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2010/02/09/ubisoft-details-first-quarter-2010-releases-reveals-anno-for-ip/ |title=Ubisoft details first quarter 2010 releases; reveals Anno for iPhone |first=David |last=Hinkle |date=February 9, 2010 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[Joystiq]] |publisher=[[AOL Inc.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128160359/http://www.joystiq.com/2010/02/09/ubisoft-details-first-quarter-2010-releases-reveals-anno-for-ip/ |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The aim of the game is to assassinate the assigned targets while avoiding being killed by a hunter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iphonesoft.fr/2011/10/28/assassin-s-creed-rearmed-un-multi-gratuit |title=Assassin's Creed Rearmed : un multi gratuit ! |date=October 28, 2011 |first=Medhi |last=Naitmazi |work=iPhoneSoft |access-date=April 12, 2019 |language=fr |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174618/https://iphonesoft.fr/2011/10/28/assassin-s-creed-rearmed-un-multi-gratuit |url-status=live }}</ref> Players could purchase additional items, characters and abilities as well as compete with friends and foes from around the globe in a four player real-time online multiplayer mode.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://appadvice.com/appnn/2011/10/quickadvice-assassinscreedrearmed |title=Assassinate Your Friends in Assassin's Creed Rearmed |first=Ryan |last=Winberg |date=October 28, 2011 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=AppAdvice |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174619/https://appadvice.com/appnn/2011/10/quickadvice-assassinscreedrearmed |url-status=live }}</ref> Players could connect via [[Game Center]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vandal.elespanol.com/noticia/61971/assassins-creed-rearmed-ya-en-la-app-store/ |title=Assassin's Creed: Rearmed, ya en la App Store |date=October 28, 2011 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=Vandal |publisher=[[El Español]] |language=es |first=Daniel |last=Escandell |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174614/https://vandal.elespanol.com/noticia/61971/assassins-creed-rearmed-ya-en-la-app-store/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also possible to play against someone in the immediate area via [[Bluetooth]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/10/21/new-multiplayer-assassins-creed-launching-on-ios/ |title=New multiplayer Assassin's Creed launching on iOS |first=JC |last=Fletcher |date=October 21, 2011 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[Verizon Media]] |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174618/https://www.engadget.com/2011/10/21/new-multiplayer-assassins-creed-launching-on-ios/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Available map locations include [[Jerusalem]], [[San Donato Milanese|San Donato]], [[Venice]] and [[Alhambra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/assassins-creed-rearmed/id473629046?mt=8 |title=Assassin's Creed Rearmed for iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPod Touch (2nd generation), iPod Touch (3rd generation), iPod Touch (4th generation) and iPad on the iTunes App Store |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=May 3, 2012 |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120815023724/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/assassins-creed-rearmed/id473629046?mt=8 |archive-date=August 15, 2012 }}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed: Recollection''====
''Assassin's Creed: Recollection'' was a real-time board game designed for iOS. It was initially released for the iPad in December 2011, and later for the iPhone and iPod Touch in March 2012. In the game, players go head-to-head in real-time political battles with different characters from the main games of the series across over 280 memories. The single-player campaign was estimated to provide over ten hours of gameplay, with 20 missions from [[Barcelona]] to [[Constantinople]] and 10 bonus challenge missions. The game also featured a Versus Mode, in which players could challenge their friends and other people worldwide, as well as a collection of various artwork from the franchise.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/assassins-creed-recollection/id454682093?mt=8 |title=Assassin's Creed Recollection for iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPod Touch (2nd generation), iPod Touch (3rd generation), iPod Touch (4th generation), iPod Touch (5th generation), and iPad on the iTunes App Store |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=August 18, 2012 |access-date=November 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702081228/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/assassins-creed-recollection/id454682093?mt=8 |archive-date=July 2, 2013 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2020}}

====''Assassin's Creed: Utopia''====
''Assassin's Creed: Utopia'' is a cancelled mobile game that was planned to be available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamer.nl/nieuws/435779/assassins-creed-utopia-geannuleerd|title=Assassin's Creed: Utopia geannuleerd|work=Gamer.nl|access-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100051/http://www.gamer.nl/nieuws/435779/assassins-creed-utopia-geannuleerd|archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gree-corp.com/?g=about&s=press&p=20120221_02|title=GREE: ''GREE and Ubisoft® Team Up to Deliver New Assassin's Creed Mobile Game''|access-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085651/http://gree-corp.com/?g=about&s=press&p=20120221_02|archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> The game's story would have led into ''Assassin's Creed III'', though there would have been no links in terms of gameplay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-06-21-assassins-creed-utopia-wont-link-with-ac3-beyond-story|title=Eurogamer: ''Assassin's Creed: Utopia won't link with AC3 beyond story''|date=June 21, 2012|work=Eurogamer.net|access-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163959/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-06-21-assassins-creed-utopia-wont-link-with-ac3-beyond-story|archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> ''Utopia'' would have taken place in the 17th century, at the beginning of the [[colonization of North America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/6/22/3110591/assassins-creed-utopia-coming-to-mobile-devices-via-gree |title='Assassin's Creed: Utopia' coming to mobile devices via GREE |first=Alexa Ray |last=Corriea |date=June 22, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media, Inc.]] |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412160911/https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/6/22/3110591/assassins-creed-utopia-coming-to-mobile-devices-via-gree |url-status=live }}</ref> Gameplay would have spanned 150 years of history to help players, in the words of Tom Phillips from ''[[Eurogamer]]'', "discover how the Assassins influenced history and helped shape the nation's original thirteen colonies".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-09-06-assassins-creed-utopia-is-a-city-building-battler|title=Eurogamer: ''Assassin's Creed Utopia is a city-building battler''|date=September 6, 2012|work=Eurogamer|access-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006192504/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-09-06-assassins-creed-utopia-is-a-city-building-battler|archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> The gameplay involved building a colonial city, and was planned to have more of a social slant than any of the earlier games.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/119469-Assassins-Creed-Utopia-Is-a-City-Building-Sim |title=Assassin's Creed: Utopia Is a City Building Sim |first=Marshall |last=Lemon |date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |journal=[[Escapist Magazine]] |publisher=[[Enthusiast Gaming LLC]] |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116023727/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/119469-Assassins-Creed-Utopia-Is-a-City-Building-Sim |url-status=live }}</ref> The Assassins of each colony would have taken on their enemies in limited-time epic battles, and players would have been able to pit their strength against friends in asynchronous 3D brawls.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/in-this-assassins-creed-you-build-cities-and-then-figh-5940913 |title=In This Assassin's Creed, You Build Cities and Then FIGHT |first=Brian |last=Ashcraft |date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group]] |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412161839/https://kotaku.com/in-this-assassins-creed-you-build-cities-and-then-figh-5940913 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed: Initiates''====
''Assassin's Creed: Initiates'' was a community-oriented project launched on 1 September 2012 which concerned the universe of the franchise, its database, plot elements and dossiers of the characters. It was shut down on 24 December 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forums.ubisoft.com/showthread.php/981770-AC-Initiates-Status-Read-the-first-post |title=[IMPORTANT] AC Initiates Status |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011249/https://forums.ubisoft.com/showthread.php/981770-AC-Initiates-Status-Read-the-first-post |archive-date=12 November 2020 |work=[[Ubisoft.com]] |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> Offline maintenance continued until February 2015,<ref>{{cite news |last=McWhertor |first=Michael |date=18 February 2015 |title=Assassin's Creed Unity patch unlocks content blocked by its mobile app, Initiates site |work=[[Polygon.com]] |access-date=20 April 2022 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/2/18/8063029/assassins-creed-unity-initiaties-companion-app-chests-unlocked-ubisoft}}</ref> and the platform was retired on 4 December 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forums.ubisoft.com/showthread.php/1345060-Retiring-the-Initiates-Website |title=Retiring the Initiates Website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014007/https://forums.ubisoft.com/showthread.php/1345060-Retiring-the-Initiates-Website |archive-date=12 November 2020 |work=[[Ubisoft.com]] |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed: Pirates''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed: Pirates}}

''[[Assassin's Creed: Pirates]]'' was a mobile game released for iOS and Android devices on December 5, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/11/25/assassins-creed-pirates-release-date-price-announced|title=Assassin's Creed Pirates Release Date, Price Announced|last=Goldfarb|first=Andrew|website=[[IGN]]|date=November 25, 2013|access-date=November 26, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125235633/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/11/25/assassins-creed-pirates-release-date-price-announced|archive-date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> Developed by [[Ubisoft Paris]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/10/assassins-creed-liberation-hd-pirates-announced|title=Assassin's Creed Liberation HD, Pirates Announced|last=Goldfarb|first=Andrew|website=[[IGN]]|date=September 10, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913002640/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/10/assassins-creed-liberation-hd-pirates-announced|archive-date=September 13, 2013}}</ref> the game follows Captain Alonzo Batilla, who is neither Assassin nor Templar, as he commands a ship and crew, while crossing paths with the Assassins and Templars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/mobile-game-assassin-s-creed-pirates-out-today/1100-6416559/ |title=Mobile game Assassin's Creed Pirates out today |first=Eddie |last=Makuch |date=December 5, 2013 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070115/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/mobile-game-assassin-s-creed-pirates-out-today/1100-6416559/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gameplay focuses on real-time battles between ships. The title is rendered in 3D and features both wind and weather that affect how players proceed.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2013/09/10/assassins-creed-pirates-brings-the-high-seas-to-small-devices.aspx|title=Assassin's Creed: Pirates Brings The High Seas To Small Devices|last=Futter|first=Mike|magazine=Game Informer|publisher=GameStop|date=September 10, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913013627/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2013/09/10/assassins-creed-pirates-brings-the-high-seas-to-small-devices.aspx|archive-date=September 13, 2013}}</ref> The game is no longer available to play, having been delisted from all digital storefronts in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forums.ubisoft.com/showthread.php/1978207-Where-is-Ac-Pirates |title=Where is Ac Pirates? |work=[[Ubisoft Entertainment]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622105658/https://forums.ubisoft.com/showthread.php/1978207-Where-is-Ac-Pirates |archive-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed: Memories''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed: Memories}}

''[[Assassin's Creed: Memories]]'' was a mobile game released on iOS devices on August 20, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamecrate.com/assassins-creed-memories-now-available-ios-devices/8774 |title=Assassin's Creed Memories now available on iOS devices |date=August 22, 2014 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[GameCrate]] |publisher=Newegg Inc. |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065859/https://www.gamecrate.com/assassins-creed-memories-now-available-ios-devices/8774 |url-status=live }}</ref> Developed along with PlayNext and Gree, the game combined card collection and battling, target chasing, and strategy elements, along with the option of competitive multiplayer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imore.com/assassins-creed-memories-offers-stabby-guild-based-card-battling |title=Assassin's Creed Memories offers stabby guild-based card battling |first=Simon |last=Sage |date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[iMore]] |publisher=Mobile Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065741/https://www.imore.com/assassins-creed-memories-offers-stabby-guild-based-card-battling |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Additional multiplayer options included allowing players to join a guild and engage in 20 vs. 20 guild combat scenarios. ''Memories'' featured a number of different historical eras, including the Third Crusade, the Golden Age of Piracy, feudal Japan, and the Mongolian Empire.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2014/08/21/new-assassin-s-creed-mobile-game-launches.aspx|title=Assassin's Creed Memories Launches On iOS|last=Miller|first=Matt|publisher=GameStop|magazine=Game Informer|date=August 21, 2014|access-date=August 22, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822010524/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2014/08/21/new-assassin-s-creed-mobile-game-launches.aspx|archive-date=August 22, 2014}}</ref> Online services for the game were disabled in February 2015, and it was delisted from all digital storefronts the following month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurokawa |first=Ao |date=15 February 2015 |title=Assassin's Creed: Memories to be Closed at March 13 |url=https://thegoldenfriendshipaoiedogawa.wordpress.com/2015/02/15/assassins-creed-memories-to-be-closed-at-march-13/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819004333/https://thegoldenfriendshipaoiedogawa.wordpress.com/2015/02/15/assassins-creed-memories-to-be-closed-at-march-13/ |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=The Golden Friendship Aoiedogawa}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed Identity''====
{{main|Assassin's Creed Identity}}

[[File:Assassins Creed-IdentityLogo.png|thumb|200x200px|''Assassin's Creed Identity'' logo]]
''[[Assassin's Creed Identity]]'' was a third-person [[role-playing video game]] for iOS and Android devices that was released worldwide on February 25, 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamereactor.eu/news/376723/Assassins+Creed+Identity+launches+on+February+25/ |title=Assassin's Creed: Identity launches on February 25 |first=Bengt |last=Lemne |date=February 19, 2016 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[Gamereactor]] |publisher=Gamez Publishing |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065851/https://www.gamereactor.eu/news/376723/Assassins+Creed+Identity+launches+on+February+25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> following a soft-launch in Australia and New Zealand in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sinha |first=Robin |date=October 1, 2014 |title=Ubisoft Unveils Assassin's Creed Identity for IPhone and IPad |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ubisoft-unveils-assassins-creed-identity-for-iphone-and-ipad-600780?site=classic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023092812/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ubisoft-unveils-assassins-creed-identity-for-iphone-and-ipad-600780?site=classic |archive-date=October 23, 2014 |access-date=October 16, 2014 |work=NDTV Gadgets |publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited}}</ref> It was the first mobile game in the series to feature a fully explorable 3D environment, and took place alongside the events of ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]''. In ''Identity'', players created their own custom Assassin and completed missions for the Brotherhood in Italy, while interacting with various characters from the mainline games, like [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze|Ezio Auditore]] and [[Niccolò Machiavelli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imore.com/assassins-creed-identity-iphone-and-ipad-finally-launches-worldwide-feb-25 |title=Assassin's Creed Identity for iPhone and iPad finally launching worldwide on Feb. 25 |first=John |last=Callaham |date=February 1, 2016 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |work=[[iMore]] |publisher=Mobile Nations |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065939/https://www.imore.com/assassins-creed-identity-iphone-and-ipad-finally-launches-worldwide-feb-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> The game's servers were shut down in October 2021, and it is no longer playable.

====''Project Scarlet''====
An untitled ''Assassin's Creed'' game, known simply by the working title ''Project Scarlet'', had started development around 2024. It was set during the [[American Civil War]] and featured a Black slave that had escaped, was recruited by the Assassins, and proceeded to combat racist groups like the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Ubisoft cancelled the title after the backlash over [[Yasuke]]'s portrayal in ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]'' and the unease in the political climate in the U.S. during 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ubisoft-canceled-civil-war-based-assassins-creed-over-controversy-concerns-report/1100-6535320/ | title = Ubisoft Canceled Civil War-Based Assassin's Creed Over Controversy Concerns - Report | first = Aron | last = Garst | date = October 8, 2025 | accessdate = October 8, 2025 | work = [[GameSpot]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assassin's Creed game canceled to avoid racist backlash |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/report-ubisoft-canceled-assassin-s-creed-project-scarlet-for-fear-of-political-backlash |website=Game Developer |language=en}}</ref>

===Re-release compilations and collections===
* ''Assassin's Creed: Ezio Trilogy'': Compilation of ''Assassin's Creed II'', ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', and ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''. It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 13, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2012/09/26/assassins-creed-ezio-trilogy-exclusve-to-ps3-launches-novemb |title=Assassin's Creed 'Ezio Trilogy' exclusive to PS3, launches November 14 |first=David |last=Hinkle |date=26 September 2012 |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928232211/http://www.joystiq.com/2012/09/26/assassins-creed-ezio-trilogy-exclusve-to-ps3-launches-novemb |archive-date=28 September 2012 |work=[[Joystiq]]}}</ref>
* ''Assassin's Creed: Heritage Collection'': Compilation of the first five games of the main series, featuring ''Assassin's Creed'', ''Assassin's Creed II'', ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'', and ''Assassin's Creed III''. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 8, 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karmali|first=Luke|date=October 4, 2013|title=Assassin's Creed Heritage Collection announced for Europe|newspaper=[[IGN]]|url=https://uk.ign.com/articles/2013/10/04/assassins-creed-heritage-collection-announced-for-europe|access-date=November 30, 2017|archive-date=March 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321070312/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/10/04/assassins-creed-heritage-collection-announced-for-europe|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Assassin's Creed: The Americas Collection'' (American title) / ''Assassin's Creed: Birth of a New World – The American Saga'' (European title): Developed by Ubisoft Montreal, features ''Assassin's Creed III'', ''Assassin's Creed: Liberation HD'' and ''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag''. It was released for Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on October 3, 2014, in Europe and October 28, 2014, in North America. The Windows version is exclusive to Europe.<ref>{{cite web|last=Crossley|first=Rob|date=September 12, 2014|title=Assassin's Creed: The Americas Collection Won't Ship on PC in the US, Ubisoft Clarifies|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-the-americas-collection-wont-ship-/1100-6422278/|access-date=February 12, 2019|archive-date=February 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064202/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-the-americas-collection-wont-ship-/1100-6422278/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{anchor|Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection}}''Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection'': Developed by Virtuos and Ubisoft Montreal, features remastered versions of ''Assassin's Creed II'', ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'', and ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. The games feature improved graphics, lighting, effects, and textures, and also include all previously released downloadable content for the single-player. In addition, the bundle features the short films ''[[Assassin's Creed: Embers]]'' and ''[[Assassin's Creed: Lineage]]''. The collection was released on November 15, 2016, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Driver|first1=Ben|title=Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection for PlayStation 4 Reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-the-ezio-collection/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125092939/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/assassins-creed-the-ezio-collection|archive-date=November 25, 2016|access-date=January 2, 2017|website=Metacritic|publisher=CBS Interactive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Driver|first1=Ben|title=Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection for Xbox One Reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-the-ezio-collection/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231163022/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/assassins-creed-the-ezio-collection|archive-date=December 31, 2016|access-date=January 2, 2017|website=Metacritic|publisher=CBS Interactive}}</ref> being generally criticized for its minimal graphical enhancements, the dated gameplay, and the capped 30 frames per second.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection Review|url=https://uk.ign.com/articles/2016/11/23/assassinas-creed-the-ezio-collection-review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201194228/http://uk.ign.com/articles/2016/11/23/assassinas-creed-the-ezio-collection-review|archive-date=December 1, 2016|access-date=January 2, 2017|website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=November 28, 2016|title=Assassin's Creed: The Ezio Collection review – Italian job|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/11/28/assassins-creed-the-ezio-collection-review-italian-job-6286767/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103165550/http://metro.co.uk/2016/11/28/assassins-creed-the-ezio-collection-review-italian-job-6286767/|archive-date=January 3, 2017|access-date=January 2, 2017|website=Metro|publisher=GameCentral for Metro.co.uk}}</ref> A [[Nintendo Switch]] version was released in February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McWhertor |first1=Michael |title=The Assassin's Creed Ezio trilogy is coming to Switch |url=https://www.polygon.com/22878480/assassins-creed-ezio-collection-trilogy-nintendo-switch-release-date-price |access-date=January 12, 2022 |work=Polygon |date=January 11, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111232925/https://www.polygon.com/22878480/assassins-creed-ezio-collection-trilogy-nintendo-switch-release-date-price |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Assassin's Creed: The Rebel Collection'': Contains ''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' and the remastered version of ''Assassin's Creed Rogue'', along with all previously released downloadable content for both games. It was released on December 6, 2019, for the Nintendo Switch.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Locke|first1=Jennifer|title=Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and Rogue are coming to Nintendo Switch|access-date=January 12, 2022|url=https://www.imore.com/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag-and-rogue-are-coming-nintendo-switch|work=iMore|date=September 5, 2019|archive-date=January 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093116/https://www.imore.com/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag-and-rogue-are-coming-nintendo-switch|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Future games===
Asked about the future of the series in 2009, Sébastien Puel from Ubisoft said that "we could do 35 of these [''Assassin's Creed'' games]",<ref>{{cite web |last=Bramwell |first=Tom |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/ubi-we-could-do-35-assassins-creeds |title=Ubi: We could do 35 Assassin's Creeds |work=Eurogamer |date=October 14, 2009 |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001045807/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/ubi-we-could-do-35-assassins-creeds |archive-date=October 1, 2012 }}</ref> while Laurent Detoc later said "we hope to reach ''Assassin's Creed 10''."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ivan |first=Tom |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/353193/ubisoft-hopes-to-reach-assassins-creed-10/ |title=News: Ubisoft 'hopes to reach Assassin's Creed 10' |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=June 11, 2012 |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815123518/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/353193/ubisoft-hopes-to-reach-assassins-creed-10/ |archive-date=August 15, 2012 }}</ref>

In November 2011, a Ubisoft survey was sent out, asking participants which locations and time periods they would like to see in the "next ''Assassin's Creed'' games". These settings were [[Medieval China]], [[Victorian England]], [[Ancient Egypt]], the [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] colonizations of the [[Americas]], the [[American Revolution]], the [[Russian Revolution]], [[Feudal Japan]], and [[Ancient Rome]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/327625/assassins-creed-3-possible-locations-named-in-survey|title=AC:3 Possible Locations Named In Survey|publisher=CVG|date=November 29, 2011|access-date=November 30, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130223352/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/327625/assassins-creed-3-possible-locations-named-in-survey/|archive-date=November 30, 2011}}</ref> Alex Hutchinson, creative director of ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'', suggested the most requested ''Assassin's Creed'' settings, [[World War II]], Feudal Japan and Ancient Egypt, are "the three worst settings for an ''Assassin's Creed'' game".<ref>{{cite web |last=Dutton |first=Fred |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-04-04-ubisoft-ww2-japan-and-egypt-would-make-dismal-assassins-creed-locations |title=Ubisoft: WW2, Japan and Egypt would make dismal Assassin's Creed locations |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=April 4, 2012 |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709235650/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-04-04-ubisoft-ww2-japan-and-egypt-would-make-dismal-assassins-creed-locations |archive-date=July 9, 2012 }}</ref> Hutchinson also stated both he and [[Corey May]] were open to the idea of a future entry set during the time of the [[British Raj]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|title=India-set Assassin's Creed on Ubisoft's radar|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/news/india-set-assassins-creed-on-ubisofts-radar-6370104|website=GameSpot|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020105717/http://uk.gamespot.com/news/india-set-assassins-creed-on-ubisofts-radar-6370104|archive-date=October 20, 2012}}</ref> which now consists of the modern states of [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Myanmar]], and [[India]]. Victorian England, the American Revolution, Medieval China, parts of the British Raj, the Russian Revolution, Ancient Egypt, and Feudal Japan were eventually used for ''[[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]'', and ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]'', respectively. World War I appeared briefly as a section of ''Syndicate'', while World War II was used for a single mission in ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]''.

On June 28, 2024, Ubisoft CEO [[Yves Guillemot]] confirmed the future development of [[Video game remake|remake]]s of some of the older ''Assassin's Creed'' titles, which would reportedly "allow [Ubisoft] to revisit some of the games we've created in the past and modernize them". Guillemot stated that this decision stemmed from the fact that "There are worlds in some of our older Assassin's Creed games that are still extremely rich".<ref>{{cite web|last=Redden|first=Angharad|title=Assassin's Creed remakes officially confirmed by Ubisoft|url=https://www.gamingbible.com/news/assassins-creed-official-remakes-938305-20240628|website=Gamingbible|date=June 28, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2024 }}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed Jade''====
''Assassin's Creed Jade'' is an upcoming title for Android and iOS devices. Set in [[Ancient China]] during the [[Qin dynasty]] in the 3rd century BC, the game will allow players to create their own custom character and will feature the same style of gameplay as the main console and PC releases.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-codename-jade-takes-the-series-to-china-for-an-open-world-game-on-mobile/ | title = Assassin's Creed Codename Jade takes the series to China for an open-world game on mobile | first = Dustin | last = Bailey | date = September 10, 2022 | accessdate = September 10, 2022 | work = [[GamesRadar]] | archive-date = September 10, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220910204331/https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-codename-jade-takes-the-series-to-china-for-an-open-world-game-on-mobile/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

The game was first leaked as ''Project Jade'' on September 6, 2022, and reported by ''Try Hard Guides''.<ref name="Try Hard Guides">{{Cite web| url=https://tryhardguides.com/ubisoft-to-reveal-several-new-assassins-creed-titles-at-ubisoft-forward/|title= Ubisoft to Reveal Several New Assassin's Creed Titles at Ubisoft Forward|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906164203/https://tryhardguides.com/ubisoft-to-reveal-several-new-assassins-creed-titles-at-ubisoft-forward/|archivedate=6 September 2022|author=Henderson, Tom| date=6 September 2022|work=Try Hard Guides| accessdate= 7 September 2022}}</ref> A teaser trailer was showcased at Ubisoft Forward on September 10, which revealed the game's working title of ''Assassin's Creed: Codename Jade''. In July 2023, a closed beta test for the game was announced, which required players to sign up between August 3 and 11 to participate.<ref name="Closed Beta Test Announcement">{{Cite web|url=https://www.assassinscreedcodenamejade.com/newsdetail.html?content_id=3897b192aa678a4ce4aa5a0a105c55b65cc1|title=Assassin's Creed Codename Jade - Closed Beta Test Announcement|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718090218/https://www.assassinscreedcodenamejade.com/newsdetail.html?content_id=3897b192aa678a4ce4aa5a0a105c55b65cc1|archivedate=18 July 2023|date=17 July 2023|publisher=Ubisoft|accessdate=18 July 2023}}</ref> At [[Gamescom]] 2023, a gameplay trailer was shown and the game's official title was revealed to be ''Assassin's Creed Jade''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamescom.global/en/product/z/assassins-creed-codename-jade|title=Assassin's Creed Codename Jade {{!}} Now on Gamescom! |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823160154/https://www.gamescom.global/en/product/z/assassins-creed-codename-jade|archivedate=23 August 2023|author=|date=23 August 2023|publisher=Gamescom|accessdate=24 August 2023|website=}}</ref>

====''Assassin's Creed: Codename Hexe''====
''Assassin's Creed: Codename Hexe'' was announced at Ubisoft Forward in September 2022 as the next flagship title in the series, following ''Assassin's Creed Shadows''. Development is being led by Clint Hocking at Ubisoft Montreal. Marc-Alexis Côté described the title as "a very different type of Assassin's Creed game".<ref name="Codename Hexe announcement" /> While little on its setting was shown in its initial trailer, ''[[Bloomberg News]]'' reported that the game is set in [[Central Europe]] during the 16th century, at the height of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and will focus on [[witch hunt]]s and other paranormal fears.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schreier |first=Jason |date=September 6, 2022 |title=Ubisoft Set to Announce Several New Assassin's Creed Games |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-06/ubisoft-set-to-announce-several-new-assassin-s-creed-games?srnd=technology-vp |accessdate=September 10, 2022 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906201221/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-06/ubisoft-set-to-announce-several-new-assassin-s-creed-games?srnd=technology-vp |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Animus Hub==
The ''Animus Hub'' is a feature which made its debut in ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]'', intended to connect multiple installments of the ''Assassin's Creed'' franchise. Initially announced as a standalone launcher under the name ''Assassin's Creed Infinity'',<ref name="Bloomberg acinf">{{cite news |last=Schreier |first=Jason |date=July 7, 2021 |title=Ubisoft Plans Assassin's Creed Live Online Game Service |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-07/assassin-s-creed-infinity-to-offer-live-online-game-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707112323/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-07/assassin-s-creed-infinity-to-offer-live-online-game-service |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2021 |work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Ubisoft revealed more details about the ''Animus Hub'' in January 2025, ahead of ''Shadows''{{'}} release, including the fact that it would be a component present in all upcoming ''Assassin's Creed'' titles, meant to help immerse players in the games' fictional universe. From the ''Animus Hub'', players can launch all ''Assassin's Creed'' games installed on their system, complete "Projects" to earn in-game rewards, and access an extensive database called "the Vault", which also contains elements related to the overarching modern-day narrative. At launch, the only games to be included in the ''Animus Hub'' were ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins|Origins]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed Odyssey|Odyssey]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla|Valhalla]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed Mirage|Mirage]]'', and ''Shadows'', with more titles set to be added over time.<ref name="AnimusHub" />

The ''Animus Hub'' was first announced as a new live-service title codenamed ''Assassin's Creed Infinity'' in April 2021. Following another round of sexual misconduct allegations and internal investigations across Ubisoft in 2020 and 2021, which saw the departure of many top-level executives as well as attrition from its studios, Ubisoft opted to merge operations of the Montreal and Quebec studios under one administrative body, with Quebec taking the lead on the ''Assassin's Creed'' series. This led to a collaboration to develop the "most ambitious game" in the series to date: ''Assassin's Creed Infinity''.<ref name="Bloomberg acinf" /> ''Infinity'' was initially envisioned to be similar to ''[[Fortnite]]'' and ''[[Grand Theft Auto Online]]'', in that it would be more of a [[Games as a service|service]], rather than a game, intended to be an entry point for future ''Assassin's Creed'' titles for players as well as to simplify the development of these games across Ubisoft's studios.<ref>{{cite web |last=West |first=Josh |date=September 10, 2022 |title=Assassin's Creed Infinity: Everything we know so far |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-infinity-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910213012/https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-infinity-guide/ |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |accessdate=September 10, 2022 |work=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg acinf" /><ref name="Bouchard 2021">{{cite web |last1=Bouchard |first1=Nathalie |last2=Derennes |first2=Christophe |date=July 7, 2021 |title=An Update on Assassin's Creed Infinity and the Future of the Assassin's Creed Franchise |url=https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/GZi5hT4dBeM8YITOsJeCn/an-update-on-assassins-creed-infinity-and-the-future-of-the-assassins-creed-franchise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707131014/https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/GZi5hT4dBeM8YITOsJeCn/an-update-on-assassins-creed-infinity-and-the-future-of-the-assassins-creed-franchise |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |access-date=January 2, 2020 |website=[[Ubisoft News]] |publisher=[[Ubisoft]]}}</ref>

Marc-Alexis Côté, from Ubisoft Quebec, was announced to serve as ''Infinity''{{'s}} executive producer.<ref name="Saed 2021">{{cite web |last=Saed |first=Sherif |date=July 7, 2021 |title=Assassin's Creed Infinity is an evolving live service game with multiple historical settings – report [Update] |url=https://www.vg247.com/2021/07/07/assassins-creed-infinity-live-service-evolving-multiple-historical-settings-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708013132/https://www.vg247.com/2021/07/07/assassins-creed-infinity-live-service-evolving-multiple-historical-settings-report/ |archive-date=July 8, 2021 |access-date=July 8, 2021 |website=[[VG247]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]]}}</ref> According to Côté, ''Infinity'' would be used to present the modern-day setting of the ''Assassin's Creed'' games involving the Animus, while each game would be focused on the historical setting.<ref>{{cite web |last=Purslow |first=Matt |date=September 10, 2022 |title=Assassin's Creed's Modern-Day Story Will Now Be Told Through Infinity |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/assassins-creeds-modern-day-story-will-now-be-told-through-infinity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910212713/https://www.ign.com/articles/assassins-creeds-modern-day-story-will-now-be-told-through-infinity |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |accessdate=September 10, 2022 |work=[[IGN]]}}</ref> [[Clint Hocking]] and Jonathan Dumont serve as the creative directors, leading the Montreal and Quebec divisions, respectively.<ref name="Saed 2021" /> Étienne Allonier and Julien Laferrière, both from Montreal, serve as brand director and senior producer, respectively.<ref name="Saed 2021" /> In September 2022, more details about ''Assassin's Creed Infinity'' were revealed, including the fact that the first two games to be included in ''Infinity'' would be the then-upcoming ''Assassin's Creed: Codename Red'' (later renamed to ''Assassin's Creed Shadows'')<ref name="Codename Red announcement" /> and ''Assassin's Creed: Codename Hexe''.<ref name="Codename Hexe announcement" /> In January 2025, Ubisoft officially announced ''Infinity''{{'}}s rebranding to the ''Animus Hub'' and that it would no longer be a standalone title, but rather a feature present in all upcoming ''Assassin's Creed'' games.<ref name="AnimusHub" />

==Other media==
===Television===
{{main|Assassin's Creed (TV series)}}
In November 2016, it was announced that Ubisoft and [[Netflix]] started talks regarding how to develop an ''Assassin's Creed'' series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jobsnhire.com/articles/47961/20161114/netflix-ubisoft-talks-make-assassin-s-creed-watch-dogs-tom.htm|title=Netflix And Ubisoft in Talks To Make 'Assassin's Creed', 'Watch Dogs', And 'Tom Clancy' TV Series|publisher=Jobs n Hire|author=Monica M.|date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134833/http://www.jobsnhire.com/articles/47961/20161114/netflix-ubisoft-talks-make-assassin-s-creed-watch-dogs-tom.htm|archive-date=May 10, 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, [[Adi Shankar]] revealed he would be creating the series, which would be in the [[anime]] format.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/assassins-creed-is-getting-an-anime-series-1796634653 |title=Assassin's Creed Is Getting An 'Anime Series' |first=Luke |last=Plunkett |date=May 7, 2017 |access-date=September 29, 2018 |work=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group]] |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105190858/https://kotaku.com/assassins-creed-is-getting-an-anime-series-1796634653 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series, which will feature an original story from Shankar, will share the same universe as the other media of the franchise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/07/05/assassins-creed-anime-announced-by-castlevania-netflix-producer|title=Assassin's Creed Anime Announced by Castlevania Netflix Producer|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|website=[[IGN]]|date=July 5, 2017|access-date=July 5, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705155343/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/07/05/assassins-creed-anime-announced-by-castlevania-netflix-producer|archive-date=July 5, 2017}}</ref> In October 2020, Netflix and Ubisoft announced that they entered an agreement to develop live-action series, animated series and anime series.<ref name="Deadline Netflix">{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=October 27, 2020 |title='Assassin's Creed' Live-Action TV Series In Works At Netflix As Part Of Content Deal With Ubisoft |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/assassins-creed-live-action-tv-series-netflix-content-deal-ubisoft-animated-anime-series-1234603834/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330015439/https://deadline.com/2020/10/assassins-creed-live-action-tv-series-netflix-content-deal-ubisoft-animated-anime-series-1234603834/ |archive-date=March 30, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2020 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The first live-action series would be produced by [[Ubisoft Film & Television]] for the streaming service, with Jason Altman and Danielle Kreinik as executive producers<ref name="Deadline Netflix" /><ref name=":0" /> and [[Jeb Stuart (writer)|Jeb Stuart]] as the writer.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/assassins-creed-netflix-series-jeb-stuart-1234996217/ |title='Assassin's Creed' Live-Action Netflix Series Taps 'Die Hard's' Jeb Stuart to Write (Exclusive) |first=Joe |last=Otterson |date=June 14, 2021 |access-date=June 15, 2021 |work=Variety |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614210225/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/assassins-creed-netflix-series-jeb-stuart-1234996217/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2023, ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]'' reported that Stuart was no longer involved with the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villei |first=Matt |date=January 2, 2023 |title='Assassin's Creed' Series Loses Showrunner Jeb Stuart [Exclusive] |url=https://collider.com/assassins-creed-series-showrunner-jeb-stuart-departure-comments/ |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |archive-date=January 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102223949/https://collider.com/assassins-creed-series-showrunner-jeb-stuart-departure-comments/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By July 2025, Netflix and Ubisoft announced that [[Roberto Patino]] and David Wiener will produce the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/assassins-creed-live-action-series-netflix-1236463572/|title='Assassin's Creed' Live-Action Series Ordered at Netflix|last=Otterson|first=Joe|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=July 17, 2025|access-date=July 17, 2025|archive-date=July 17, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717174123/https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/assassins-creed-live-action-series-netflix-1236463572/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November and December 2025, [[Toby Wallace]], [[Lola Petticrew]], Zachary Hart, and [[Laura Marcus (actress)|Laura Marcus]] were cast as series regulars. [[Johan Renck]] had been hired to direct episodes of the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=December 23, 2025 |title='Assassin's Creed' Netflix Series to Be Directed by Johan Renck (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/global/assassins-creed-netflix-directed-johan-renck-1236610672/ |access-date=December 23, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223192610/https://variety.com/2025/tv/global/assassins-creed-netflix-directed-johan-renck-1236610672/ |archive-date=December 23, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2026, [[Tanzyn Crawford]] joined the cast as a series regular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=January 2, 2026 |title='Assassin's Creed': Tanzyn Crawford Joins Netflix Live-Action Series Based On Video Game |url=https://deadline.com/2026/01/assassins-creed-tanzyn-crawford-cast-netflix-series-1236658813/ |access-date=January 2, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102182848/https://deadline.com/2026/01/assassins-creed-tanzyn-crawford-cast-netflix-series-1236658813/ |archive-date=January 2, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The series is expected to start production in 2026 in [[Italy]], which ''[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]'' reported will serve as a setting for the series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2025/11/assassins-creed-toby-wallace-cast-netflix-series-1236628211/|title= 'Assassin's Creed': Toby Wallace To Star In Netflix Live-Action Series Based On Video Game|date=November 25, 2025|access-date=November 25, 2025|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|website= [[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211190500/https://deadline.com/2025/11/assassins-creed-toby-wallace-cast-netflix-series-1236628211/|archive-date=December 11, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=December 11, 2025|title='Assassin's Creed': Lola Petticrew To Star In Netflix Live-Action Series Based On Video Game |url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/assassins-creed-lola-petticrew-cast-netflix-series-1236644754/ |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211185306/https://deadline.com/2025/12/assassins-creed-lola-petticrew-cast-netflix-series-1236644754/|archive-date=December 11, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=December 15, 2025|title='Assassin's Creed': Zachary Hart Joins Netflix Live-Action Series Based On Video Game |url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/assassins-creed-zachary-hart-netflix-live-action-series-1236647717/|access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215193940/https://deadline.com/2025/12/assassins-creed-zachary-hart-netflix-live-action-series-1236647717/|archive-date=December 15, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=December 19, 2025 |title='Assassin's Creed': Laura Marcus Joins Netflix Live-Action Series Based On Video Game |url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/assassins-creed-laura-marcus-cast-netflix-1236653431/ |access-date=December 19, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219171502/https://deadline.com/2025/12/assassins-creed-laura-marcus-cast-netflix-1236653431/ |archive-date=December 19, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Elements from ''Assassin's Creed'' appear as part of the 2023 animated series ''[[Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix]]'' produced by Ubisoft Film & Television for Netflix. One of the primary protagonists, the anthropomorphic frog Bullfrog, is depicted as a member of the Order of Assassins, while the antagonistic megacorporation Eden is said to be descended from the Templar Order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nerdreactor.com/adi-shankar-interview-captain-laserhawk-a-blood-dragon-remix/|title=Adi Shankar on Metal Gear, Assassin's Creed, Gaming Influences in Netflix's Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix|last=Nguyen|first=John|website=Nerd Reactor|date=June 22, 2023|access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>

===Film===
====Theatrical====
{{main|Assassin's Creed (film)}}

A live-action film, titled ''[[Assassin's Creed (film)|Assassin's Creed]]'', set in the same universe as the video games and other media,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/08/28/assassins-creed-movie-features-shared-universe-with-games|title=Assassin's Creed Movie Features Shared Universe with Games|last=Osborn|first=Alex|website=[[IGN]]|date=August 28, 2015|access-date=August 28, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829232720/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/08/28/assassins-creed-movie-features-shared-universe-with-games|archive-date=August 29, 2015}}</ref> was released on December 21, 2016.<ref name="Dec2016Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-01-06-assassins-creed-film-now-due-christmas-2016|title=Assassin's Creed film now due Christmas 2016|last=Phillips|first=Tom|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=January 6, 2015|access-date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106213820/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-01-06-assassins-creed-film-now-due-christmas-2016|archive-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref> Development for the film began in October 2011, when [[Sony Pictures]] entered final negotiations with [[Ubisoft Motion Pictures]] to make the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2011/digital/news/sony-targets-assassin-s-creed-for-bigscreen-1118044759/|title=Sony breeds 'Creed'|work=Variety|first=Marc|last=Graser|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=August 10, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140810141247/https://variety.com/2011/digital/news/sony-targets-assassin-s-creed-for-bigscreen-1118044759/|archive-date=August 10, 2014}}</ref> In July 2012, [[Michael Fassbender]] was announced to star in the film, as well as co-produce the film.<ref name="FassbenderStar">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1689211/michael-fassbender-assassins-creed/|title=Michael Fassbender To Star In 'Assassin's Creed'|last=Wigler|first=Josh|publisher=MTV|date=July 9, 2012|access-date=August 10, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812221507/http://www.mtv.com/news/1689211/michael-fassbender-assassins-creed/|archive-date=August 12, 2014}}</ref> His role was revealed in August 2015 as Callum Lynch, whose ancestor, Aguilar, is an Assassin from 15th-century Spain.<ref name="FassbenderRole">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/assassins-creed-first-look-heres-michael-127715456582.html|title='Assassin's Creed' First Look: Here's Michael Fassbender as Brand New Character (Exclusive)|last=Doty|first=Meriah|publisher=Yahoo|date=August 27, 2015|access-date=August 27, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902165441/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/assassins-creed-first-look-heres-michael-127715456582.html|archive-date=September 2, 2015}}</ref> In October 2012, Ubisoft revealed the film would no longer be produced by Sony Pictures, instead co-produced with [[New Regency]] and distributed by [[20th Century Fox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/new-regency-fox-partner-on-ubisoft-s-assassin-s-creed-1118061053/|title=New Regency, Fox partner on Ubisoft's 'Assassin's Creed'|last=Graser|first=Marc|work=Variety|date=October 22, 2012|access-date=August 10, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140722050323/http://variety.com/2012/digital/news/new-regency-fox-partner-on-ubisoft-s-assassin-s-creed-1118061053/|archive-date=July 22, 2014}}</ref> In January 2013, Michael Lesslie was hired to write the film,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/assassins-creed-movie-michael-lesslie-412273|title=New Regency and Ubisoft Tap Brit Writer for 'Assassin's Creed' Film (Exclusive)|last=Siegel|first=Tatiana|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=January 14, 2013|access-date=August 10, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123133212/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/assassins-creed-movie-michael-lesslie-412273|archive-date=November 23, 2014}}</ref> with [[Scott Frank]], Adam Cooper and Bill Collage performing rewrites to the script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/08/16/scott-frank-rewriting-assassins-creed-movie|title=Scott Frank Rewriting Assassin's Creed Movie|last=Vejvoda|first=Jim|website=[[IGN]]|date=August 16, 2013|access-date=August 16, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819033239/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/08/16/scott-frank-rewriting-assassins-creed-movie|archive-date=August 19, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://deadline.com/2014/04/exodus-scribes-adam-cooper-bill-collage-take-assassins-creed-710991/|title='Exodus' Scribes Adam Cooper & Bill Collage Take 'Assassin's Creed'|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]].com|date=April 7, 2014|access-date=April 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410081033/http://www.deadline.com/2014/04/exodus-scribes-adam-cooper-bill-collage-take-assassins-creed/|archive-date=April 10, 2014}}</ref> By the end of April 2014, [[Justin Kurzel]] was in talks to direct.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://deadline.com/2014/04/michael-fassbender-poised-to-re-team-with-macbeth-helmer-on-assassins-creed/|title=Michael Fassbender Poised To Re-Team With 'Macbeth' Helmer On 'Assassin's Creed'|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]].com|date=April 29, 2014|access-date=April 29, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429230304/http://www.deadline.com/2014/04/michael-fassbender-poised-to-re-team-with-macbeth-helmer-on-assassins-creed/|archive-date=April 29, 2014}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on August 31, 2015,<ref name="FassbenderRole" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Big screen adaptation of Assassin's Creed starts shooting in Malta|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150903/local/big-screen-adaptation-of-assassins-creed-starts-shooting-in-malta.583021|access-date=September 4, 2015|work=timesofmalta.com|date=September 3, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905164204/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150903/local/big-screen-adaptation-of-assassins-creed-starts-shooting-in-malta.583021|archive-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/12/09/michael-fassbender-sag-awards-nomination-steve-jobs-assassins-creed|title=Michael Fassbender was playing the hero in Assassin's Creed when he nabbed a SAG Award nomination|last=Lee|first=Chris|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=December 9, 2015|access-date=December 10, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212175200/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/12/09/michael-fassbender-sag-awards-nomination-steve-jobs-assassins-creed|archive-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref> and ended on January 15, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/2016/01/15/assassins-creed-movie-starring-michael-fassbender-wraps-filming/|title=Assassin's Creed Movie Starring Michael Fassbender Wraps Filming|publisher=Comic Book|last=Jayson|first=Jay|date=January 15, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160116104109/http://comicbook.com/2016/01/15/assassins-creed-movie-starring-michael-fassbender-wraps-filming/|archive-date=January 16, 2016}}</ref> The film was poorly received by critics and performed poorly at the box office, losing an estimated $75 to $100 million and becoming one of the biggest box office bombs of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Will |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/12/19/assassins-creed-movie-reviews/ |title=Assassin's Creed reviews: Michael Fassbender's movie panned |publisher=Ew.com |date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=March 31, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510101813/http://ew.com/article/2016/12/19/assassins-creed-movie-reviews/ |archive-date=May 10, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/the-assassins-creed-movie-is-getting-bad-reviews-but-does-it-matter-if-you-love-the-games/ |title=The Assassin's Creed movie is getting bad reviews, but does it matter if you love the games? |first=Louise |last=Blain |date=December 22, 2016 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |magazine=[[Games Radar]] |publisher=[[Future US, Inc.]] |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412170347/https://www.gamesradar.com/the-assassins-creed-movie-is-getting-bad-reviews-but-does-it-matter-if-you-love-the-games/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016s-biggest-box-office-bombs-958780/item/box-office-bombs-gods-egypt-959603| title='Gods of Egypt' - 'Ben Hur' to 'BFG': Hollywood's Biggest Box-Office Bombs of 2016| website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]| date=December 29, 2016| access-date=August 27, 2019| archive-date=July 13, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713171444/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016s-biggest-box-office-bombs-958780/item/box-office-bombs-gods-egypt-959603| url-status=live}}</ref>

====Live-action short film====
{{main|Assassin's Creed: Lineage}}

''[[Assassin's Creed: Lineage]]'' is a 36-minute film made to promote ''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Manco |first=Emanuele |editor-last=Guadalupi |editor-first=Marco |title=Effemme 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RktYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |chapter=Assassin's Creed, cronologia del successso |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RktYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |publisher=Delos Digital srl |year=2012 |pages=132 |language=it |isbn=9788867750184 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072835/https://books.google.com/books?id=RktYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |archive-date=December 14, 2017 }}</ref> The film, released in three parts on YouTube across 2009, was the first step by Ubisoft into the film industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2009/10/27/first-assassins-creed-lineage-episode-is-surprisingly-great/ |title=First Assassin's Creed: Lineage episode is surprisingly great |first=Griffin |last=McElroy |date=October 27, 2009 |access-date=September 9, 2018 |work=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[Oath Tech Network]] [[AOL Tech]] |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929075953/https://www.engadget.com/2009/10/27/first-assassins-creed-lineage-episode-is-surprisingly-great/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Lineage'' serves as a prequel to ''Assassin's Creed II'', exploring the life of Ezio's father Giovanni Auditore and his career as an Assassin in 15th-century Italy. Following the mysterious assassination of the [[Duke of Milan]], [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]], in 1476, Giovanni sets out to find those responsible, leading him to uncover a larger conspiracy masterminded by the Templars and their Grand Master, [[Rodrigo Borgia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/a-fresh-look-at-assassins-creed-lineage-5384807 |title=A Fresh Look at Assassin's Creed: Lineage |first=Mike |last=Fahey |date=October 19, 2009 |access-date=September 29, 2018 |work=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group]] |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929041409/https://kotaku.com/5384807/a-fresh-look-at-assassins-creed-lineage/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Animated short films====
Originally named ''Secret Project Number Three'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/what-is-assassins-creed-ascendance-5686463 |title=What Is Assassin's Creed Ascendance? |first=Mike |last=Fahey |date=October 11, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2018 |work=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group]] |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929041254/https://kotaku.com/5686463/ubiworkshop-reveals-assassins-creed-ascendance |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Assassin's Creed: Ascendance]]'' is an animated short by [[UbiWorkshop]] and Ubisoft Montreal, which bridges the gap between ''Assassin's Creed II'' and ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-11-12-assassins-creed-ascendance-explained |title=Assassin's Creed: Ascendance explained |first=Fred |last=Dutton |date=November 12, 2010 |access-date=September 29, 2018 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929075959/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-11-12-assassins-creed-ascendance-explained |url-status=live }}</ref> It revolves around [[Cesare Borgia]]'s backstory and rise to power in Italy.

''[[Assassin's Creed: Embers]]'' is a 21-minute animated film included in the Signature and Collector's Editions of ''[[Assassin's Creed Revelations]]''; it was later re-released on the [[PlayStation Store]] in April 2015. The film serves as an epilogue to Ezio's story, depicting the final days of his life after he retired from the Assassin Brotherhood and started a family. When a mysterious Chinese Assassin named [[Shao Jun]] arrives to seek his help and guidance, Ezio must fight to protect his loved ones one last time.

===Print publications===
{{main|Assassin's Creed (book series)|Assassin's Creed publications}}

The ''Assassin's Creed'' series has a [[Assassin's Creed publications|collection of print publications]] by various authors, including [[Christie Golden]], [[Oliver Bowden]], [[Gordon Doherty]] and [[Matthew J. Kirby]]. Set within the fictional universe of the video game franchise, it includes collections such as [[novel]]s, [[comic book]]s, and [[encyclopedia]]s. British publishing house [[Penguin Books]] was responsible for most of the publications until 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/series/ASSCRE/assassins-creed |title=Assassin's Creed |work=[[Penguin Books]] |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-gb/game/assassins-creed/publishing |title=More Than Games |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[Ubisoft.com]]}}</ref>

===Audio drama===
''Assassin's Creed Gold'' is an [[Audible (service)|Audible]] audio drama by Anthony del Col, released on February 27, 2020. The four-hour drama follows a card shark and hustler called Ailyah Khan (Tamara Lawrence), who is enlisted by Gavin Banks (John Chancer) to relive the memories of her ancestor Omar Khaled ([[Riz Ahmed]]), an Assassin in 17th-century [[Kingdom of England|England]]. The production also features the voices of [[Anthony Head]], as [[Isaac Newton]], and [[Danny Wallace (humorist)|Danny Wallace]], who reprises his series role as Shaun Hastings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sheridan |first=Connor |title=Assassin's Creed: Gold takes the historical fiction to a new setting: audio drama |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/assassins-creed-gold-takes-the-historical-fiction-to-a-new-setting-audio-drama/ |date=February 27, 2020 |access-date=February 27, 2020 |journal=[[GamesRadar]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229080836/https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/assassins-creed-gold-takes-the-historical-fiction-to-a-new-setting-audio-drama/ |archive-date=February 29, 2020 }}</ref>

===Board games===
A [[board game]], ''Assassin's Creed: Arena'', was launched on February 26, 2014.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Makuch |first=Eddie |title=Now there's an Assassin's Creed board game |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/now-there-s-an-assassin-s-creed-board-game/1100-6417751/ |date=February 14, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2017 |journal=[[GameSpot]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231945/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/now-there-s-an-assassin-s-creed-board-game/1100-6417751/ |archive-date=December 10, 2017 }}</ref> Inspired by ''[[Assassin's Creed Revelations|Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'', it features many characters from the game, including [[Shahkulu]], Anacletos, Odai Dunqas and Oksana Razin, as well as original characters.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Delgado |first=Jesús |title=Assassin's Creed Arena, el nuevo juego de tablero de AC |url=https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/noticias/assassins-creed-arena-nuevo-juego-tablero-ac-63665 |date=February 16, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2017 |journal=[[Hobby Consolas]] |language=es |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232053/https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/noticias/assassins-creed-arena-nuevo-juego-tablero-ac-63665 |archive-date=December 10, 2017 }}</ref>

On September 17, 2018, Triton Noir announced a new board game called ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood of Venice''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boardgamequest.com/wp-content/cache/wp-rocket/www.boardgamequest.com/assassins-creed-brotherhood-of-venice-coming-to-kickstarter/index-https.html_gzip |title=Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood of Venice Coming to Kickstarter |first=Tony |last=Mastrangeli |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |work=Board Games Quest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035752/https://www.boardgamequest.com/wp-content/cache/wp-rocket/www.boardgamequest.com/assassins-creed-brotherhood-of-venice-coming-to-kickstarter/index-https.html_gzip |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Set in 1509, between the events of ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' and ''Revelations'', it includes characters from the video games like [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], and [[Lucrezia Borgia]], as well as new characters like Alessandra d'Avanzago.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/assassins-creed-board-game-1202944107/ |title=New 'Assassin's Creed' Board Game Features New Story With Familiar Character Cameos |first=Brittany |last=Vincent |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media, LLC.]] |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035833/https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/assassins-creed-board-game-1202944107/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was developed by Thibaud de la Touanne,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tabletopgaming.co.uk/board-games/news/assassins-creed-brotherhood-of-venice-is-the-next-stealth-board-game |title=Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood of Venice is the next stealth board game from V-Commandos creators |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |work=Table Top Gaming |publisher=Warners Group Publications Plc. |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035624/https://www.tabletopgaming.co.uk/board-games/news/assassins-creed-brotherhood-of-venice-is-the-next-stealth-board-game |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is estimated to provide more than 20 hours of play.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/17/17869992/assassins-creed-board-game-kickstarter-launch-date |title=Assassin's Creed board game coming to Kickstarter in November |first=Charlie |last=Hall |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |magazine=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035608/https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/17/17869992/assassins-creed-board-game-kickstarter-launch-date |url-status=live }}</ref> The game was set to release in November 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/asssassins-creed-has-a-new-stealth-board-game-1829102530 |title=New Assassin's Creed Board Game Has Miniatures, A Campaign and an Ezio Cameo |first=Luke |last=Plunkett |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |work=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Gizmodo Media Group]] |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035817/https://kotaku.com/asssassins-creed-has-a-new-stealth-board-game-1829102530 |url-status=live }}</ref> but was delayed and eventually released in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Plunkett |first1=Luke |title=Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood Of Venice: The Kotaku Review |url=https://kotaku.com/assassins-creed-brotherhood-of-venice-the-kotaku-revi-1847405708 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |work=Kotaku |date=August 10, 2021 |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112001252/https://kotaku.com/assassins-creed-brotherhood-of-venice-the-kotaku-revi-1847405708 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2023, an expansion, titled ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood of Venice – Apocalypse'' and set in the jungles of the [[Khmer Empire]] (modern-day [[Cambodia]]) during the 16th century, was announced.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jarvis |first1=Matt |title=Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood Of Venice: The Kotaku Review |url=https://www.dicebreaker.com/games/assassins-creed-brotherhood-of-venice/news/assassins-creed-brotherhood-of-venice-expansion-apocalypse-announced |access-date=June 7, 2023 |work=Dicebreaker |date=March 14, 2023 }}</ref>

===Concert===
''Assassin's Creed Symphony'' is a tour across North America and Europe featuring composers who worked on the soundtracks of each game in the series, including [[Jesper Kyd]], [[Lorne Balfe]], [[Brian Tyler]], [[Austin Wintory]], [[Sarah Schachner]], [[Winifred Phillips]], Elitsa Alexandrova, [[Chris Tilton]], Ryan Amon, and [[The Flight (band)|The Flight]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/341274/Assassins-Creed-Symphony-Tour-Begins-2019 |title=Assassin's Creed Symphony Tour Begins 2019 |first=Youssef |last=Maguid |date=December 3, 2018 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[Ubisoft]] News |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412155940/https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/341274/Assassins-Creed-Symphony-Tour-Begins-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was scheduled to begin in the summer of 2019,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/09/assassins-creed-symphony-trailer/ |title='Assassin's Creed Symphony' concerts will also feature holograms |first=Christine |last=Fisher |date=April 9, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |work=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[Verizon Media]] |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412065311/https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/09/assassins-creed-symphony-trailer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and expected to feature holographic characters from the series.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2019/gaming/news/assassins-creed-symphony-trailer-1203184414/ |title='Assassin's Creed' Symphony Trailer Highlights Holographic Characters |first=Stefaniel |last=Fogel |date=April 9, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media, LLC.]] |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410145630/https://variety.com/2019/gaming/news/assassins-creed-symphony-trailer-1203184414/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2019–2020 tour was canceled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Assassin's Creed Symphony – Cancelled Due to COVID-19 {{!}} Meridian Hall, 1 Front St. E., Toronto|url=https://www.todocanada.ca/city/toronto/event/assassins-creed-symphony/|access-date=January 23, 2022|website=To Do Canada|archive-date=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123171337/https://www.todocanada.ca/city/toronto/event/assassins-creed-symphony/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Assassin's Creed Symphony|url=https://www.bridgewater-hall.co.uk/whats-on/assassins-creed-240420/|access-date=January 23, 2022|website=The Bridgewater Hall|archive-date=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123171338/https://www.bridgewater-hall.co.uk/whats-on/assassins-creed-240420/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Breslin|first=Richard Lee|date=December 22, 2021|title=Assassin's Creed Symphony Concert Is Coming Back, Tour Begins 2022|url=https://www.pushstartplay.com/all/articles/news/gaming-news/announcements/assassins-creed-symphony-concert-is-coming-back-tour-begins-2022/|access-date=January 23, 2022|website=PushStartPlay|archive-date=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123171931/https://www.pushstartplay.com/all/articles/news/gaming-news/announcements/assassins-creed-symphony-concert-is-coming-back-tour-begins-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The concert'' Assassin's Creed Symphonic Adventure'', developed by ''Overlook Events'', was presented in a world premiere in Paris on October 29, 2022, at the ''Le Grand Rex''. The world premiere celebrated the 15th anniversary of the video game series. An international world tour began in 2023. The concert is a two-hour performance with a full symphonic orchestra, also featuring a [[choir]] and [[Soloist (music)|soloists]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assassin's Creed Symphonic Adventure The Immersive Concert|url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/game/assassins-creed/valhalla/news-updates/4VWkXmX5LAXH91oosiUk5v/assassins-creed-symphonic-adventure-the-immersive-concert|access-date=January 23, 2022|website=Ubisoft.com|archive-date=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123170611/https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/game/assassins-creed/valhalla/news-updates/4VWkXmX5LAXH91oosiUk5v/assassins-creed-symphonic-adventure-the-immersive-concert|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{VG Series Reviews
| game1 = [[Assassin's Creed (video game)|Assassin's Creed]]
| mc1 = (PC) 79<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-2007/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed: Director's Cut Edition'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711020026/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-directors-cut-edition |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS3) 81<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-2007/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=''Assassin's Creed'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711025753/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/assassins-creed |url-status=live }}</ref> (X360) 81<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-2007/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=''Assassin's Creed'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524135056/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/assassins-creed |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game2 = [[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]
| mc2 = (NDS) 58<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-altairs-chronicles/critic-reviews/?platform=ds |title=''Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228024959/https://www.metacritic.com/game/ds/assassins-creed-altairs-chronicles |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game3 = [[Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines]]
| mc3 = (PSP) 63<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-bloodlines/critic-reviews/?platform=psp |title=''Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310212038/https://www.metacritic.com/game/psp/assassins-creed-bloodlines |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game4 = [[Assassin's Creed II]]
| mc4 = (PC) 86<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-ii/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed II'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929173426/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-ii |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS3) 91<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-ii/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=''Assassin's Creed II'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211015857/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/assassins-creed-ii |url-status=live }}</ref> (X360) 90<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-ii/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=''Assassin's Creed II'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829053442/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/assassins-creed-ii |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game5 = [[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]
| mc5 = (NDS) 69<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-ii-discovery/critic-reviews/?platform=ds |title=''Assassin's Creed II: Discovery'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228020330/https://www.metacritic.com/game/ds/assassins-creed-ii-discovery |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game6 = [[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]
| mc6 = (PC) 88<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-brotherhood/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221223230/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-brotherhood |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS3) 90<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-brotherhood/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418021542/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/assassins-creed-brotherhood |url-status=live }}</ref> (X360) 89<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-brotherhood/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613111541/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/assassins-creed-brotherhood |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game7 = Assassin's Creed Rearmed
| mc7 = (iOS) 60<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-rearmed/critic-reviews/?platform=ios-iphoneipad |title=''Assassin's Creed Rearmed'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044331/https://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/assassins-creed-rearmed |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game8 = [[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]
| mc8 = (PC) 80<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-revelations/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221223251/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-revelations |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS3) 80<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-revelations/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205101207/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/assassins-creed-revelations |url-status=live }}</ref> (X360) 80<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-revelations/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=December 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219123103/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/assassins-creed-revelations |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game9 = Assassin's Creed Recollection
| mc9 = (iOS) 75<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-recollection/critic-reviews/?platform=ios-iphoneipad |title=''Assassin's Creed Recollection'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421135936/https://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/assassins-creed-recollection |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game10 = [[Assassin's Creed III]]
| mc10 = (PC) 80<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iii/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed III'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110065202/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-iii |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS3) 85<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iii/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=''Assassin's Creed III'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109051905/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/assassins-creed-iii |url-status=live }}</ref> (WIIU) 85<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iii/critic-reviews/?platform=wii-u |title=''Assassin's Creed III'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204200953/http://www.metacritic.com/game/wii-u/assassins-creed-iii |url-status=live }}</ref> (X360) 84<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iii/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=''Assassin's Creed III'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=December 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227070701/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/assassins-creed-iii |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game11 = [[Assassin's Creed III: Liberation]]
| mc11 = (PC) 66<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassin-s-creed-liberation-hd/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed Liberation HD'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221223959/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-liberation-hd |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS3) 64<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassin-s-creed-liberation-hd/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=''Assassin's Creed Liberation HD'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201195941/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/assassins-creed-liberation-hd |url-status=live }}</ref> (Vita) 70<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iii-liberation/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-vita |title=''Assassin's Creed III: Liberation'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310181818/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-vita/assassins-creed-iii-liberation |url-status=live }}</ref> (X360) 62<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassin-s-creed-liberation-hd/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=''Assassin's Creed Liberation HD'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422115906/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/assassins-creed-liberation-hd |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game12 = [[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]
| mc12 = (PC) 84<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119084512/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS3) 88<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128085257/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS4) 83<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421035235/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag |url-status=live }}</ref> (WIIU) 86<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag/critic-reviews/?platform=wii-u |title=''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212073231/https://www.metacritic.com/game/wii-u/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag |url-status=live }}</ref> (X360) 86<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=December 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221122643/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/assassins-creed-iv-black-flag |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game13 = [[Assassin's Creed: Pirates]]
| mc13 = (iOS) 67<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassin-s-creed-pirates/critic-reviews/?platform=ios-iphoneipad |title=''Assassin's Creed: Pirates'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=January 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128113344/https://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/assassins-creed-pirates |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game14 = Assassin's Creed Memories
| mc14 = (iOS) 48<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-memories/critic-reviews/?platform=ios-iphoneipad |title=''Assassin's Creed Memories'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330094015/https://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/assassins-creed-memories |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game15 = [[Assassin's Creed Rogue]]
| mc15 = (PC) 74<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-rogue/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed Rogue'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116141721/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-rogue |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS3) 72<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-rogue/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=''Assassin's Creed Rogue'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119190835/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/assassins-creed-rogue |url-status=live }}</ref> (X360) 72<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-rogue/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=''Assassin's Creed Rogue'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011224/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/assassins-creed-rogue |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game16 = [[Assassin's Creed Identity]]
| mc16 = (iOS) 69<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-identity/critic-reviews/?platform=ios-iphoneipad |title=''Assassin's Creed Identity'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=January 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128111039/https://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/assassins-creed-identity |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game17 = [[Assassin's Creed Unity]]
| mc17 = (PC) 70<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-unity/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed Unity'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418132226/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-unity |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS4) 70<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-unity/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=''Assassin's Creed Unity'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=May 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506133607/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/assassins-creed-unity |url-status=live }}</ref> (XONE) 72<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-unity/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one |title=''Assassin's Creed Unity'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423161723/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/assassins-creed-unity |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game18 = [[Assassin's Creed Syndicate]]
| mc18 = (PC) 74<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-syndicate/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed Syndicate'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417155354/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-syndicate |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS4) 76<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-syndicate/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=''Assassin's Creed Syndicate'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424043926/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/assassins-creed-syndicate |url-status=live }}</ref> (XONE) 78<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-syndicate/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one |title=''Assassin's Creed Syndicate'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418142745/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/assassins-creed-syndicate |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game19 = [[Assassin's Creed Chronicles]]
| mc19 = (Vita) 70<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-chronicles/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-vita |title=''Assassin's Creed Chronicles'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311002808/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-vita/assassins-creed-chronicles |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game20 = [[Assassin's Creed Origins]]
| mc20 = (PC) 84<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-origins/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed Origins'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=October 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028023815/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-origins |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS4) 81<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-origins/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=''Assassin's Creed Origins'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101152353/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/assassins-creed-origins |url-status=live }}</ref> (XONE) 85<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-origins/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one |title=''Assassin's Creed Origins'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101143454/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/assassins-creed-origins |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game21 = [[Assassin's Creed Odyssey]]
| mc21 = (PC) 86<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-odyssey/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=''Assassin's Creed Odyssey'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118044553/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-odyssey |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS4) 83<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-odyssey/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=''Assassin's Creed Odyssey'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=November 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127171357/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/assassins-creed-odyssey |url-status=live }}</ref> (XONE) 87<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-odyssey/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one |title=''Assassin's Creed Odyssey'' Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011082734/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/assassins-creed-odyssey |url-status=live }}</ref>
| game22 = [[Assassin's Creed Valhalla]]
| mc22 = (PC) 85<ref name="MCPC">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-valhalla/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=Assassin's Creed Valhalla Reviews for PC |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621185514/https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assassins-creed-valhalla |url-status=live }}</ref> (PS4) 81<ref name="MCPS4">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-valhalla/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=Assassin's Creed Valhalla Reviews for PlayStation 4 |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503012448/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/assassins-creed-valhalla |url-status=live }}</ref> (XONE) 82<ref name="MCXONE">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-valhalla/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one |title=Assassin's Creed Valhalla Reviews for Xbox One |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511085842/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/assassins-creed-valhalla |url-status=live }}</ref> (XSX) 85<ref name="MCXSX">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-valhalla/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-series-x |title=Assassin's Creed Valhalla Reviews for Xbox Series X |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=July 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710213605/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-series-x/assassins-creed-valhalla |url-status=live }}</ref>

| game23 = [[Assassin's Creed Mirage]]
| mc23 = (PC) 77/100<ref name="MCPC 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-mirage/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=Assassin's Creed Mirage for PC Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=October 5, 2023}}</ref> (PS5) 77/100<ref name="MCPS5">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-mirage/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-5 |title=Assassin's Creed Mirage for PlayStation 5 Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=October 5, 2023}}</ref> (XSX) 78/100<ref name="MCXSXS">{{cite web |url= https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-mirage/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-series-x|title=Assassin's Creed Mirage for Xbox Series X Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=October 5, 2023}}</ref>

| game24 = [[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]
| mc24 = (PC) 78/100<ref name="MCPC 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-shadows/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=Assassin's Creed Shadows for PC Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=March 22, 2025}}</ref> (PS5) 81/100<ref name="MCPS5 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-shadows/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-5 |title=Assassin's Creed Shadows for PlayStation 5 Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=March 22, 2025}}</ref> (XSX) 85/100<ref name="MCXSX 2">{{cite web |url= https://www.metacritic.com/game/assassins-creed-shadows/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-series-x|title=Assassin's Creed Shadows for Xbox Series X Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=March 22, 2025}}</ref>
}}

The ''Assassin's Creed'' series has received mainly positive reviews from critics, with ''Blast Magazine'' calling it "the standout series on [the seventh generation] of consoles".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Favelevic |first1=Ivan |url=http://www.blastmagazine.com/the-magazine/gaming/reviews/assassins-creed-3-review-new-world-old-problems/|title=Assassin's creed 3 Review|work=Blast Magazine |date=November 10, 2012 |publisher=Blast|access-date=November 11, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113221016/http://blastmagazine.com/the-magazine/gaming/reviews/assassins-creed-3-review-new-world-old-problems/|archive-date=November 13, 2012}}</ref> It has been praised for its ambitious game design, visuals, and narratives but criticized for its technical issues and annual releases of almost every installment;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tassi|first1=Paul|title='Assassin's Creed' Needs To Slow Down And Refocus, Or Risk Total Derailment|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2014/11/11/assassins-creed-needs-to-slow-down-and-refocus-or-risk-total-derailment/#5d1b9ab53a63|website=Forbes|access-date=May 29, 2018|archive-date=May 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529205644/https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2014/11/11/assassins-creed-needs-to-slow-down-and-refocus-or-risk-total-derailment/#5d1b9ab53a63|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tassi|first1=Paul|title='Assassin's Creed' Isn't, And Can Never Be 'Call of Duty'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/05/09/assassins-creed-isnt-and-can-never-be-call-of-duty/#323b8b5c6b1e|website=Forbes|access-date=May 29, 2018|archive-date=May 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529205036/https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/05/09/assassins-creed-isnt-and-can-never-be-call-of-duty/#323b8b5c6b1e|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hillier|first1=Brenna|title=Ubisoft has lost control of Assassin's Creed|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/02/15/ubisoft-lost-control-of-assassins-creed/|website=VG247|date=February 15, 2016|access-date=May 29, 2018|archive-date=September 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901081631/https://www.vg247.com/2016/02/15/ubisoft-lost-control-of-assassins-creed/|url-status=live}}</ref> the series' shift, which started in ''Origins'',<ref>{{cite web |date=April 29, 2020 |title=Why some fans are made about the Assassin's Creed Viking livestream reveal |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/assassins-creed-valhalla-vikings-teaser-reveal-bosslogic |website=Inverse |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029054737/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/assassins-creed-valhalla-vikings-teaser-reveal-bosslogic |url-status=live }}</ref> towards prioritising role-playing mechanics over stealth in several games has been considered polarizing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assassin's Creed Has Forgotten Its Roots |url=https://www.cbr.com/assassins-creed-has-forgotten-its-roots/ |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |date=May 6, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827195829/https://www.cbr.com/assassins-creed-has-forgotten-its-roots/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I Miss Assassin's Creed Being A Stealth Game |url=https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-stealth-game-whining-feature/ |website=The Gamer |date=October 16, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827125637/https://www.thegamer.com/assassins-creed-stealth-game-whining-feature/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assassin's Creed Odyssey is the series' latest step in a different direction, for the better |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/10/17840154/assassins-creed-odyssey-preview-ps4-xbox-one-pc |website=Polygon |date=September 10, 2018 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012938/https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/10/17840154/assassins-creed-odyssey-preview-ps4-xbox-one-pc |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2019|9}}, the series had sold over 140 million copies with over 95 million players, becoming Ubisoft's best selling franchise and one of the highest selling video game franchises of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.ubi.com/assassins-creed-ezio-collection-announced-ps4-xbox-one/ |title=Assassin's Creed the Ezio Collection Announced for Ps4, Xbox One |last=Reparaz |first=Mikel |publisher=Ubisoft Blog |date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=March 22, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053646/http://blog.ubi.com/assassins-creed-ezio-collection-announced-ps4-xbox-one/ |archive-date=March 23, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.pcgamesn.com/assassins-creed-sales | title = Assassin's Creed all-time sales top 140 million | first = Ali | last = Jones | date = September 27, 2019 | access-date = September 27, 2019 | work = [[PCGamesN]] | archive-date = September 27, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190927144238/https://www.pcgamesn.com/assassins-creed-sales | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ubistatic-a.akamaihd.net/0090/PROD/ubigroup/PressKit/20180611/2019_06_Press_Kit_Facts_Figures-EN.pdf|title=Ubisoft Facts and Figures|website=Ubistatic-a.akamaihd.net|access-date=March 7, 2022|archive-date=September 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927144247/https://ubistatic-a.akamaihd.net/0090/PROD/ubigroup/PressKit/20180611/2019_06_Press_Kit_Facts_Figures-EN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> By September 2022, total sales of the series had reached 200 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaisrani |first=Avinash |date=September 10, 2022 |title=Assassin's Creed Franchise Has Sold Over 200 Million Games Worldwide |url=https://tech4gamers.com/assassins-creed-200-million-games-sold/ |access-date=September 10, 2022 |website=Tech4Gamers |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910232916/https://tech4gamers.com/assassins-creed-200-million-games-sold/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The franchise reportedly generated around €4 billion in the decade leading up to 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://staticctf.ubisoft.com/8aefmxkxpxwl/5kn4pUVx6Vtb1Hir4vpqvq/fe35b53a1514635b0257418d1409d9e1/Ubisoft_FY25_H1_Earnings_PR_vFinal.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128123012/https://staticctf.ubisoft.com/8aefmxkxpxwl/5kn4pUVx6Vtb1Hir4vpqvq/fe35b53a1514635b0257418d1409d9e1/Ubisoft_FY25_H1_Earnings_PR_vFinal.pdf|title=Ubisoft Reports First-Half 2024-25 Earnings Figures|website=[[Ubisoft]]|page=1|archivedate=November 28, 2024|date=October 30, 2024|accessdate=December 4, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cultural impact==
Elements of ''Assassin's Creed'' have been introduced as content into other Ubisoft games and those from third parties. The [[macOS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] versions of ''[[Team Fortress 2]]'' (2007) feature two cosmetic items for the Spy class that were added to promote ''Assassin's Creed: Revelations''; the first is the series' signature Hidden Blade, while the second is a hood based on the one Ezio wears in the game.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kluz|first=Arron|date=June 30, 2022|url=https://rpginformer.com/guides/ezio-auditore-guide/|title=Ezio Auditore Guide|website=RPG Informer|access-date=December 27, 2022|archive-date=December 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227190540/https://rpginformer.com/guides/ezio-auditore-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sackboy]], the player character from ''[[LittleBigPlanet (PlayStation 3)|LittleBigPlanet]]'' and ''[[LittleBigPlanet 2]]'', can be equipped with a [[Skin (video games)|skin]] resembling Ezio's outfit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littlebigplanet.com/en/game_guide/ps3/downloadable_content/assassins_creed_ii_ezio_auditore_costume/ |title=Assassin's Creed® II Costume – LittleBigPlanet™ |website=LittleBigPlanet.com |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831144528/http://www.littlebigplanet.com/en/game_guide/ps3/downloadable_content/assassins_creed_ii_ezio_auditore_costume/ |archive-date=August 31, 2012 }}</ref> In ''[[Prince of Persia (2008 video game)|Prince of Persia]]'' (2008), Altaïr's costume can be unlocked with a code obtained by pre-ordering the game.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 21, 2008|url=https://www.videogamer.com/news/unlockable-altair-skin-for-prince-of-persia/|title=Unlockable Altair skin for Prince of Persia|website=Videogamer|access-date=December 27, 2022|archive-date=December 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227190536/https://www.videogamer.com/news/unlockable-altair-skin-for-prince-of-persia/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010's ''[[Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands]]'', there is an outfit resembling Ezio's robes in ''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'', which is unlockable through [[Uplay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uplay.ubi.com/en-US/game/prince-of-persia-the-forgotten-sands|title=Uplay – Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands|access-date=September 21, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203214643/http://uplay.ubi.com/en-US/game/prince-of-persia-the-forgotten-sands|archive-date=December 3, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Final Fantasy XIII-2]]'' (2011) includes a costume based on Ezio's outfit from ''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'', added as an optional costume via downloadable content.<ref>{{cite web |last=Honorof |first=Marshall |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/114430-Assassins-Creeds-Ezio-Joins-the-Party-in-Final-Fantasy-XIII-2 |title=The Escapist : News : Assassin's Creed's Ezio Joins the Party in Final Fantasy XIII-2 |work=Escapist |date=November 30, 2011 |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522082900/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/114430-Assassins-Creeds-Ezio-Joins-the-Party-in-Final-Fantasy-XIII-2 |archive-date=May 22, 2013 }}</ref>

In ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]'' (2008), Altaïr's outfit is an unlockable cosmetic option for [[Solid Snake]]; it was originally announced as an [[April Fools]] joke by game director [[Hideo Kojima]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sliwinski|first=Alexander|date=May 13, 2008|url=https://www.engadget.com/2008-05-13-kojima-altair-costume-unlockable-in-mgs-4.html|title=Kojima: Altair costume unlockable in MGS4|website=Engadget|access-date=December 27, 2022|archive-date=December 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227210202/https://www.engadget.com/2008-05-13-kojima-altair-costume-unlockable-in-mgs-4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kojima later returned the favor by allowing Ubisoft to include a [[Raiden (Metal Gear)|Raiden]] outfit in ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2010/11/03/assassins-creed-brotherhood-gets-raiden/|title=Assassin's Creed Brotherhood Gets Raiden|date=November 3, 2010|website=PlayStation LifeStyle|access-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155426/http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2010/11/03/assassins-creed-brotherhood-gets-raiden/|archive-date=December 24, 2017}}</ref> In ''[[Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker]]'' (2010), the player can jump into a bale of hay from a rooftop, which includes the eagle sound effect used in the ''Assassin's Creed'' games, and use it to attract and subdue enemies. The Assassin Order is referenced by a character.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peace Walker gets Assassin's Creed, Monster Hunter tie-ins|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/peace-walker-gets-assassins-creed-monster-hunter-tie-ins/1100-6257100/|website=GameSpot|access-date=November 25, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105648/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/peace-walker-gets-assassins-creed-monster-hunter-tie-ins/1100-6257100/|archive-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref> In the 2009 [[Wii]] game ''[[Academy of Champions: Soccer]]'', Altaïr appears as a playable character along with other Ubisoft characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://palgn.com.au/nintendo-wii/15269/academy-of-champions-soccer-review/|title=Academy of Champions Soccer Review|website=PALGN|first=Joseph|last=Rositano|date=September 22, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116184214/http://palgn.com.au/nintendo-wii/15269/academy-of-champions-soccer-review/|archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> In the 2012 game ''[[Soulcalibur V]]'', Ezio appears as a playable fighter and is featured on the box art.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/yup-ezio-is-in-soulcalibur-v-452565963|title=Yup, Ezio is in Soulcalibur V|publisher=Kotaku|first=Luke|last=Plunkett|date=October 21, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021203112/http://kotaku.com/5851997/yup-ezio-is-in-soulcalibur-v|archive-date=October 21, 2011}}</ref> In July 2022, both Ezio and Eivor were added as playable fighters in ''[[Brawlhalla]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Michael Brandon |date=July 27, 2022 |title=Brawlhalla Update is Adding 2 Assassin's Creed Characters to the Roster |url=https://gamerant.com/brawlhalla-assassins-creed-ezio-eivor/ |access-date=July 27, 2022 |website=[[Game Rant]] |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727205553/https://gamerant.com/brawlhalla-assassins-creed-ezio-eivor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' (2013) introduces the character of Olivier Garneau, the CEO of video game company Abstergo Entertainment, who helps Ubisoft to develop the ''Assassin's Creed'' video games within the franchise's fictional universe. During the events of the game, Garneau goes to [[Chicago]], the setting of Ubisoft's 2014 video game ''[[Watch Dogs (video game)|Watch Dogs]]''. In the latter game, Garneau is the subject of a side mission that sees the playable protagonist Aiden Pearce saving him from being kidnapped; it is implied this was done by the Assassin Brotherhood. Additionally, two characters in the game are seen playing ''Assassin's Creed II''. Ubisoft has described those appearances as small Easter eggs, and has neither confirmed nor denied a shared continuity between both franchises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-06-02-assassins-creed-4-character-crosses-over-to-watch-dogs|title=Assassin's Creed 4 character crosses over to Watch Dogs|last=Phillips|first=Tom|work=Eurogamer|date=June 2, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828061707/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-06-02-assassins-creed-4-character-crosses-over-to-watch-dogs|archive-date=August 28, 2016}}</ref> ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]]'' (2017) mentions the news about Garneau's incident in Chicago, along with a picture of Aiden Pearce killing Garneau.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/more-evidence-that-assassin-s-creed-and-watch-dogs-are-1819936896|title=More Evidence That Assassin's Creed And Watch Dogs Are Set in the Same Universe|first=Stephen|last=Totilo|website=Kotaku|date=October 28, 2017 |access-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124142716/https://kotaku.com/more-evidence-that-assassin-s-creed-and-watch-dogs-are-1819936896|archive-date=January 24, 2018}}</ref>

In [[downloadable contents]] (DLC), Ubisoft collaborated with [[Square Enix]] to hold a limited-time ''Assassin's Creed''-themed festival event crossover in ''[[Final Fantasy XV]]'' (2016) on consoles under the title ''Assassin's Festival'', which lasted from August 31, 2017, to January 31, 2018. The DLC featured gameplay elements from the ''Assassin's Creed'' game series, new quests, mini-games, and exclusive ''Assassin's Creed''-themed items.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Fantasy XV – Assassin's Festival|url=https://www.finalfantasyxv.com/en/assassins-festival|website=Final Fantasy XV|access-date=August 24, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825105046/https://www.finalfantasyxv.com/en/assassins-festival|archive-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref> In January 2020, [[Nintendo]] released a Mii Fighter costume based on Altaïr as downloadable content in the crossover fighting game ''[[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web|last=Craddock|first=Ryan|date=January 16, 2020|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/01/cuphead_rabbids_and_assassins_creeds_altair_join_smash_bros_ultimate_as_mii_costumes|title=Cuphead, Rabbids And Assassin's Creed's Altair Join Smash Bros. Ultimate As Mii Costumes|website=Nintendo Life|access-date=December 27, 2022|archive-date=December 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227190540/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/01/cuphead_rabbids_and_assassins_creeds_altair_join_smash_bros_ultimate_as_mii_costumes|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2021, Ubisoft released a free update for their 2020 game ''[[Watch Dogs: Legion]]'' that featured a non-canonical crossover with the ''Assassin's Creed'' series. The update introduced optional story content, which sees DedSec crossing paths with and helping Darcy Clarkson, a member of the modern-day Assassin Brotherhood and a descendant of [[Jacob and Evie Frye]]. Darcy is also included as a playable character and features a unique Assassin-themed playstyle.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rahul Majumdar |date=August 23, 2021 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Watch Dogs Legion's Assassin's Creed Crossover |url=https://in.ign.com/watch-dogs-legion/165064/feature/watch-dogs-legions-assassins-creed-crossover-details-explained |access-date=October 10, 2021 |website=[[IGN]] |archive-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011032623/https://in.ign.com/watch-dogs-legion/165064/feature/watch-dogs-legions-assassins-creed-crossover-details-explained |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]] of the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] featured a masked torchbearer wearing a hooded outfit and performing parkour across [[Paris]]' rooftops. This drew many comparisons to the main characters of the ''Assassin's Creed'' series, especially [[Arno Dorian]], the protagonist of ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]'' (2014), which is also set in Paris.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Assassins Creed? Who was the masked torchbearer at the 2024 Paris Olympics Opening Ceremony? |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/paris-2024-summer-olympics/assassins-creed-who-was-the-masked-torchbearer-at-the-2024-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/3502147/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727205408/https://www.nbcchicago.com/paris-2024-summer-olympics/assassins-creed-who-was-the-masked-torchbearer-at-the-2024-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/3502147/ |archive-date=2024-07-27 |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[WMAQ-TV]]}}</ref> This similarity was acknowledged, and implied to be intentional, by Ubisoft in a response to a tweet by the official Olympics Twitter account posted during the opening ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=assassinscreed |number=1816915183228588188|title=He looks familiar}}</ref>

An update for the 2024 video game ''[[Astro Bot]]'' added a cameo bot based on Ezio Auditore and a prop in the form of a tower with a haystack at the bottom, referencing the Leap of Faith performed by Assassins in the franchise.

{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[List of best-selling video game franchises]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote|Assassin's Creed (video game series)}}
{{Wikiquote|Last words in Assassin's Creed series games}}
{{Wikivoyage|Assassin's Creed Tour}}
* {{official website|http://assassinscreed.ubi.com/ac3/en-us/index.aspx}}
* {{Wikia|assassinscreed|Assassin's Creed Wiki}}

{{Assassin's Creed}}
{{Ubisoft}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Assassin's Creed| ]]
[[Category:Ubisoft franchises]]
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[[Category:Video games about ancient astronauts]]
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Basdeopur, Firozabad

2026-03-10T00:09:44Z

RickWoods111: New first pg basic info.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basdeopur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Basdeopur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Basdeopur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.13833|N|78.33323|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.942
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1868
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basdeopur''' ({{IAST|Bāsdevpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southwest of Firozabad, on the edge of the ravines leading down to the [[Yamuna]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,868, in 290 households.

== Geography ==
Basdeopur is located southwest of Firozabad, right on the edge between the cultivated plains to the north and the rugged ravines leading down to the [[Yamuna]] to the south. There is also an area of ravines on the east side of the village. To the southwest is an area of open scrubland that belongs to the Firozabad Reserved Forest. About 1 km to the west is the hamlet of Sujatgarh, while a bit farther away to the east is the village of [[Gundau]]. To the southwest, on the other side of the forest reserve, is the hamlet of Nandan. To the north are several hamlets: from west to east, they are Nagla Girdhari, Nagla Asa, Nagla Sadasukh, and Nagla Tikat, with another called Nagla Dansabai just to the south of Nagla Tikat.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Basdeopur had a population of 1,868, in 290 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 53.3% male (995) and 46.7% female (873). The 0–6 age group numbered 283 (141 male and 142 female), making up 15.1% of the total population. 16 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 0.8% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Basdeopur as having a population of 1,123 people (618 male and 505 female), in 126 households and 124 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Basdeopur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 342 people (182 male and 160 female), in 53 households and 43 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 233 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Basdeopur had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Ghaath (2023 film)

2026-03-04T09:34:39Z

RickWoods111: Starting Some Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description|2023 Marathi thriller drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghaath
| image = Ghaath 2023 film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = Chhatrapal Ninawe
| producer = {{ubl|[[Shiladitya Bora]]| [[Manish Mundra]]| Milapsinh Jadeja| Sanyukta Gupta}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Chhatrapal Ninawe| Vikas Mudki}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jitendra Joshi]]
* [[Milind Shinde]]
* Janardan Kadam
* Dhananjay Mandaokar
* [[Suruchi Adarkar]] }}
| music = Madhur Padwal
| cinematography = Udit Khurana
| editing = Navnita Sen
| studio = {{ubl|Platoon One Films|[[Drishyam Films]]| PayTamasha| Lighthouse Innoventures|UA Kathachitra }}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|2|18|[[73rd Berlin International Film Festival|Berlinale]]|2024|9|27|[[Theatrical]]}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ghaath''''' ({{translation|Ambush}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film]], film written and directed by Chhatrapal Ninawe in his debut feature and starring [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Milind Shinde]], Janardan Kadam, Dhananjay Mandaokar and [[Suruchi Adarkar]]. The film set in India's jungles, occupied by Maoist rebels, and revolves around the tense interplay between guerrillas, civilians and the police.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/berlin-2023-screens-guide-to-the-panorama-titles/5179000.article |title=Berlin 2023: Screen's guide to the Panorama titles|date=13 February 2023|access-date=16 February 2023 |website=[[ScreenDaily]]|language=en}}</ref>

It is nominated to compete for the Panorama Audience Award at the [[73rd Berlin International Film Festival]], where it had its world premiere on 18 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/436996 |title= The Berlinale adds the doc Kiss the Future to its Berlinale Special strand, plus new titles to the Panorama and Generation line-ups |first= Davide |last= Abbatescianni|website= Cineuropa|date= 18 January 2023|access-date= 16 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Chhatrapal Ninawe, the first feature director is also nominated for GWFF Best First Feature Award in the festival.<ref name="gwff:berlinale" /> The film was released on 27 September 2024 in theatres.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title='Ghaath' trailer: Political thriller is set in Maoist country |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1073482/ghaath-trailer-political-thriller-is-set-in-maoist-country |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
At the [[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi]], the film won 4 awards, notably [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film Critics]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor Critics]] for Joshi.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|* [[Jitendra Joshi]] as Assistant Commissioner Police
* [[Milind Shinde]] as Raghunath
* Janardan Kadam as Perku
* Dhananjay Mandaokar as Falgun
* [[Suruchi Adarkar]] as Kusari
* [[Sangramsingh Thakur]] as Shiva}}

==Production==
In 2020, the film was selected for the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]'s (NFDC) 'Work-In-Progress (WIP) Lab' and won the [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Lab DI]] and Qube Moviebuff Appreciation awards presented in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/paka-the-river-of-blood-ambush-win-wip-awards-at-indias-film-bazaar/5156431.article |title='Paka: The River Of Blood', 'Ambush' win WIP awards at India's Film Bazaar|first= Liz SHACKLETON |last= Shackleton |date=21 January 2021 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=[[ScreenDaily]] |language=en}}</ref>

Initially produced by Jio Studios and Drishyam Films the film was completed in 2021. It was selected as one of the Panorama titles in 2021, but withdrawn by then producers Jio Studios due to some dispute with co-producer Drishyam Films. Written and directed by Chhatrapal Ninawe in his debut feature, the film is set in Maharashtra's Naxal-affected region. Based on the lives of tribal people, police and Naxalites, it is now jointly produced by Platoon One Films, Drishyam Films, PayTamasha, Lighthouse Innoventures and UA Kathachitra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiejournal.in/article/another-opportunity-for-ghaath-maker-chhatrapal-ninawe-at-berlinale |title=Another opportunity for Ghaath-maker Chhatrapal Ninawe at Berlinale |first= Prajakta |last= Joshi |date=8 October 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Indie Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jan/22/28529/ghaath-paka-win-prasad-lab-di-and-moviebuff-appreciation-awards-at-nfdc-s-work-in-progress-lab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915134923/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jan/22/28529/ghaath-paka-win-prasad-lab-di-and-moviebuff-appreciation-awards-at-nfdc-s-work-in-progress-lab |url-status=live |archive-date=15 September 2021 |title=Ghaath, Paka win Prasad Lab DI and Moviebuff Appreciation Awards at NFDC's Work-In-Progress Lab |date=22 January 2021 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Cinestaan|language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was selected as one of the Panorama titles in 2021, but it was pulled by then producers Jio Studios due to some dispute with co-producer [[Drishyam Films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/ghaath-berlin-film-festival-india-1235492936/ |title=Denied in 2021, India's 'Ghaath' Makes it to Berlinale in 2023 After 'Kafkaesque' Journey (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=18 January 2023 |date=14 February 2023}}</ref> Now, ''Ghaath'' had its premiere on 22 February 2023 as part of the [[73rd Berlin International Film Festival]], in Panorama. It is slated for summer 2023 release.<ref name="det:out">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/marathi-film-ghaath-set-to-have-world-premiere-at-berlinale-news-254960|title=Marathi Film 'Ghaath' Set To Have World Premiere At Berlinale |website=Outlook |date=19 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|language=en}}</ref>

The film is set to be released in theatres on 27 September 2024.<ref name=":1" />

==Reception==
William Stottor of Loud and Clear rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Ninawe’s screenplay is generally well-structured, although it takes too much time for these characters to finally converge." Writing about the climax he stated, "it is executed in swift, unerring fashion." Stottor then said, "This holds the film back from a true whiplash moment to compound the terror of war, but the underlying currents of despair and death still run strong."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loudandclearreviews.com/ambush-ghaath-berlin-film-festival-review/ |title=Reviews – Ambush (Ghaath): Berlin Film Festival Review |first= William|last= Stottor |date=22 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=Loud and Clear|language=en}}</ref> Lida Bach of movie break rated the film 6.5 stars out of 10 and wrote, "In pale light and desaturated colors, Chhatrapal Ninawe draws a triptych of unscrupulous depravity that, despite bloody accents, places more value on psychological precision than action." Concluding Bach said, "Subtle symbolism and twists used sparingly, but effectively, increase the smoldering tension of the crime thriller gem played with naturalistic sobriety."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moviebreak.de/film/ambush-1 |title=Reviews – Ambush (Ghaath): Berlin Film Festival Review |first= Lida|last= Bach|date=22 February 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=movie break|language=de}}</ref>

Meenkashi Shedde wrote in Mid day "Indian cinema, especially the parallel cinema movement that peaked in the 1970s and ’80s, has a long history of films dealing with indigenous people, scheduled castes and tribes. These include [[Satyajit Ray]]’s [[Sadgati]], [[Govind Nihalani]]'s [[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]] and [[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa|Hazaar Chaurasi ki Maa]], [[Mrinal Sen]]’s [[Mrigayaa]], and his trilogy Interview, [[Calcutta 71]] and [[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]] (Bengali) that comment on the Naxalite movement; [[Goutam Ghose]]’s Paar and [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]’s [[Charachar]], to more recent films like [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]’s [[Churuli]] (Malayalam). But Ghaath is an original voice: the Nagpur-based Ninawe is from the [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]]-Koshti indigenous community himself, and so offers us an ‘insider’s’ viewpoint on the community."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shedde |first=Meenakshi |date=26 February 2023 |title=Adivasi's 'narrative sovereignty' |work=Mid Day |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/adivasis-narrative-sovereignty-23272347 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>

[[Sadia Khalid Reeti]] of German daily [[Der Tagesspiegel|Tagesspiegel]] wrote "It's a jungle far removed from the fictional plains of Kipling. Even Bagheera couldn't protect these unfortunate man-cubs caught between the battle of ideologies. Characters from both sides are pathologically cruel, executing friends in the blink of an eye, without flinching, in the name of greater good or revenge or simply because their purpose has been served and they know too much to be trusted. We, however, never learn why they are fighting; what is at the root of this ideology that sets them apart, justifies all these killings in their minds."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khalid Reeti |first=Sadia |date=19 February 2023 |title=Der Film "Ghaath": Im grausamen Dschungel |work=Tagesspiegel |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/der-film-ghaath-im-grausamen-dschungel-9375632.html?fbclid=IwAR1cf94wdVFLmKWYu1XGq-zhnIMB1B8zIDIA6dd853Swl4CUtezzSxTrNug |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> Prathap Nair wrote "The result is a gripping two-hour long tour de force in which the basic human instinct of survival trumps moral or ethical conundrums. As the state machinery languorously labours on, justice in the jungle is often accompanied by brutality. Added to that, sometimes even the jungle as a force of nature metes out justice on its own. Using ''Ghaath'', Ninawe dissects all these themes alongside the perils of lawlessness in guerilla warfare and how it crosses with the plights of ordinary indigenous lives."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Prathap |date=26 February 2023 |title=A cat and mouse game in the jungle, where everyone is a suspect and nobody is spared |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/kul/art/b23/24577226.html?fbclid=IwAR16SNfD6QxRyA4AxBtXKy9Q0s224hSU8lAO_V8Dp0Fg8-NFejBu_zd0_Qg |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=goethe}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Award
! Date
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Berlin International Film Festival]]
| rowspan="3" |[[73rd Berlin International Film Festival|26 February 2023]]
| Panorama Audience Award for Best Feature Film
| rowspan="1"|''Ghaath''
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="1"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/jafar-panahi-joan-baez-fan-bingbing-berlin-panorama-1235492962/ |title='The Siren' to Open Berlinale's Panorama Strand, Jafar Panahi, Joan Baez, Fan Bingbing, George MacKay Feature in Selections|first=Naman|last= Ramachandran|date=18 January 2023 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| GWFF Best First Feature Award
| Chhatrapal Ninawe
| {{nom}}
| align="center" |<ref name="gwff:berlinale">{{cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2023/news-press-releases/232020.html |title=Films nominated for the GWFF Best First Feature Award |work=Berlinale |date=1 February 2023|access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deed.news/news/press-release/gwff-best-first-feature-award-jury/ |title=GWFF Best First Feature Award Jury |last=Nikkhah Azad |first=Navid |date=2 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Deed News |language=en-US |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214174639/https://www.deed.news/news/press-release/gwff-best-first-feature-award-jury/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Best Director, 15th Giuseppe Becce Award
|Chhatrapal Ninawe
| {{Won}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=redazione |date=2023-03-09 |title=PREMIO DELLA CRITICA INTERNAZIONALE INDIPENDENTE AL FILMFESTIVAL DI BERLINO 2023 |url=https://fedic.it/magazine/premio-della-critica-internazionale-indipendente-al-filmfestival-di-berlino-2023/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=Fedic Magazine |language=it-IT}}</ref>
|-

! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Marathi Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|10 July 2025]]
| Best Film: Critics
| rowspan="1"|Chhatrapal Ninawe
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="imdb">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26332440/awards Ghaath (2023) - Awards]</ref>
|-
| Best Original Story
| rowspan="1"|Chhatrapal Ninawe
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="imdb"/>
|-
| Best Actor: Critics
| rowspan="1"|Jitendra Joshi
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="imdb"/>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
* [https://platoon.one/production/ghaath/ ''Ghaath''] at Platoon One Films
* [https://www.berlinale.de/en/2023/programme/202310296.html ''Ghaath''] at Berlinale

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi-language crime films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about Naxalism]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]

Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)

2026-03-03T23:48:52Z

RickWoods111: New new data more to come.

{{for|the 2019 remake|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (2019 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai
| image = Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| story = Saeed Akhtar Mirza
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Smita Patil]] [[Om Puri]]
| director = [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
| producer = Saeed Akhtar Mirza
| cinematography = [[Virendra Saini]]
| editing = [[Renu Saluja]]
| released = {{Film date|1980|||df=y}}
| runtime = 110 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| music = [[Bhaskar Chandavarkar]] Manas Mukherjee
| budget =
}}
'''''Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai''''' ({{Translation|What Makes Albert Pinto Angry?}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed and written by [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]. The film stars [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Smita Patil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |title=Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/157002/Albert-Pinto-Ko-Gussa-Kyon-Aata-Hai/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103093427/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/157002/Albert-Pinto-Ko-Gussa-Kyon-Aata-Hai/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-01-03 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Eleanor Mannikka |date=2010 |title=Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai:Overview }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.film.com/movies/albert-pinto-ko-gussa-kyon/14537254 |title=Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai |website=[[Film.com]]}}</ref><ref>[https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1809371360/info Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Aata Hai (1980)] ''[[Yahoo! Movies]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016144416/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1809371360/info |date=16 October 2008 }}</ref>

It won the 1981 [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]].{{cn|date=September 2025}}

==Synopsis==
The film captures the anger of a worker, in Mumbai exemplified by a young Christian car mechanic, Albert Pinto ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]), who is under the illusion that if he works hard and emulates the rich, one day he can also be successful. He makes friendly relations with his customers, who are usually the rich of the city and who keep telling him that good workers do not go on strike, and that strikes are the handiwork of low-class elements. Pinto gets angry with the supposedly wrong attitudes of the workers who he assumes go on strike under any pretext. However, when Pinto's father, a mill worker, is abused by goons hired by the mill owners, he realizes that it is not the workers, but the capitalists who should be blamed for the plight of the workers. He also realizes the legitimacy of strikes. Towards the end of the movie, Pinto still remains an angry man; but now his anger is directed against the capitalists, not the striking workers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/print.php?content_id=7040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223082519/http://www.screenindia.com/old/print.php?content_id=7040 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2010 |title=Anglo-Indians in Indian cinema |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=10 October 2009}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Albert Pinto
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Stella D'Costa
* [[Smita Patil]] as Joan Pinto
* [[Dilip Dhawan]] as Dominic Pinto
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Mrs. Pinto, Albert's mother
* [[Arvind Deshpande]] as Mr. Pinto, Albert's father
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Vivek's wife
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Chandumal Potdar (mill owner)
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as The Lecherous Shopper tying to flirt with Joan Pinto
* [[Anjali Paigankar]]
* [[Om Puri]] as Madhu (mechanic)
* [[Satish Shah]]
* [[Avtar Gill]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]]
* Naresh Suri
* Nitin Sethi
{{div col end}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{awards table}}
|-
| 1981
| [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]]
| {{won}}
|}

==Remake==
In 2017 the film was [[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (2019 film)|remade with the same title]]. With a cast of [[Manav Kaul]], [[Nandita Das]] and [[Saurabh Shukla]], the official remake was directed by Soumitra Ranade. It was premiered at 1st edition of ''Singapore South Asian Film Festival'' held from 1 to 10 September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/albert-pinto-ko-gussa-kyun-aata-hai-world-premiere-1st-edition-singapore-south-asian-film-festival/|title=Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyun Aata Hai to have its world premiere at 1st edition of Singapore South Asian Film Festival|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=26 August 2017}}</ref> It released in theaters on 12 April 2019.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=6 March 2019|number=1103226358522556416|title=Manav Kaul, Nandita Das and Saurabh Shukla... #AlbertPintoKoGussaKyunAataHai - an official remake of the cult classic by Saeed Akhtar Mirza - to release on 12 April 2019... Directed by Soumitra Ranade... The 1980 classic starred Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil. https://t.co/e3JaquzPMI}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0080343}}
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/1980/albert-pinto-ko-gussa-kyon-aata-hai Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Aata Hai Review]

{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}

[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Harikrishnan A Ra

2026-03-03T22:21:05Z

RickWoods111: new

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2001)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Harikrishnan|Amirthavalli Rangarajan}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|9|22}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2025)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main233547.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2536 (November 2025)
| FideID = 5081483
}}

'''Harikrishnan Amirthavalli Rangarajan''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster. He is coached by grandmaster [[Shyam Sundar M.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/harikrishnan-a-ra-india-87th-grandmaster-chess-10122564/|title=Meet Harikrishnan A Ra, India's 87th grandmaster|date=July 12, 2025|first=Amit|last=Kamath}}</ref>

==Chess career==
In April 2024, he won the Noisiel Blitz Rating Open with a perfect score of 9/9. He also finished with an unbeaten 7/9 score in the >1900 Open A event, finishing in third place after tiebreaks behind [[Li Min Peng]] and Marco Materia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Harikrishnan-A-Ra-dominates-2nd-Noisiel-Blitz-Rating-Open-2024|title=Harikrishnan A Ra dominates 2nd Noisiel Blitz Rating Open 2024, third in Classical|date=May 7, 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In May 2024, he tied for first with grandmaster [[Abdulla Gadimbayli]] in the Ljubljana Chess Festival with a score of 7.5/9, losing in the tiebreaks and being ranked in second place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Abdulla-Gadimbayli-wins-Ljubljana-Chess-Festival-2024-Harikrishnan-A-Ra-second|title=Abdulla Gadimbayli wins Ljubljana Chess Festival 2024, Harikrishnan A Ra second|date=May 17, 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In July 2025, he became India's 87th Grandmaster after a draw against grandmaster [[P. Iniyan]] in the final game of the La Plagne International Chess Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/harikrishnan-a-ra-becomes-indias-87th-grandmaster/article69803683.ece|title=Harikrishnan A Ra becomes India's 87th Grandmaster|date=July 12, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harikrishnan A Ra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Ningalenne Communistakki (film)

2026-03-03T21:03:25Z

RickWoods111: minor enhance structure for consistency and fixed typos

{{short description|1970 film by Thoppil Bhasi}}
{{No plot|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ningalenne Communistakki
| image = Ningalenne Communistakki film poster.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
| producer = [[Kunchacko]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Thoppil Bhasi
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ningalenne Communistakki]]''}}
| starring = [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sheela]] [[Jayabharathi]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = [[C. Ramachandra Menon]]
| editing =
| studio = [[Udaya Pictures]]
| distributor = Excel Productions
| released = {{Film date|1970|09|11|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ningalenne Communistakki''''' ({{translation|'''''You made me a communist'''''}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film written and directed by [[Thoppil Bhasi]] and produced by [[Kunchacko]]. It is based on the play [[Ningalenne Communistakki|of the same name]]. The film stars [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] and [[Jayabharathi]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=327 |title=Ningalenne Communistaakki |website=Malayalachalachithram |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020024536/http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=327 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1990 |title=Ningalenne Communistaakki |website=Malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172500/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1990 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was huge hit.<ref name="BFTP" />

== Plot ==
Paramu Pillai is a farmer struggling to make ends meet. He lives in a small village with his wife Kalyani, son Gopalan and daughter Meenakshi. Gopalan discontinues his college studies and works for the welfare of agricultural laborer's and small-time farmers. Mathew is another leader of the agricultural workers union who supports Gopalan in his activities.

Valiyaveetil Kesavan Nair is the local landlord. He is cruel and makes his workers toil like slaves. Gopalan becomes Kesavan Nair's sworn enemy. Kesavan Nair's daughter Sumavalli is in love with Gopalan.

Kesavan Nair succeeds in taking possession of the holdings of some of the poor farmers in the village. His eye now falls on Paramu Pillai's land. His evil eye also falls on Mala, daughter of Karamban, a small time farmer. Gopalan saves Mala from Nair. Mala takes a liking for Gopalan but withdraws in favour of Sumavalli.

Nair's wicked plans and his anti-labourer attitude are exposed by Gopalan and his followers. Nair decides to take revenge. Gopalan is beaten up and is hospitalised.

Nair succeeds in taking possession of Paramu Pillai's and Karamban's land by using forged title deeds. Paramu Pillai who was always against the policies of his son and his party realises his ignorance. He joins the party procession that moves through the village, holding the Red Flag afloat. The wicked ways, the anti-worker policies of the wealthy turns Paramu Pillai into a Communist

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Paramu Pilla<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Gopalan
*[[Sheela]] as Sumavalli
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Mala
*[[Kottayam Chellappan]] as Valiyaveetil Kesavan Nair
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Meenakshi
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Mathew
*Thoppil Krishna Pillai as Karamban
*[[Vijaya Kumari]] as Kalyani
*[[Alummoodan]] as Velu
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Most of the plays staged by Kerala Peoples Arts Club, popularly known as KPAC, also became successful in film. ''Ningalenne Communistakki'' is based on the play [[Ningalenne Communistakki|of the same name]], which was first staged in 1952.<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ningalenne-communistakki-1970/article4203522.ece |title=Ningalenne Communistakki (1970) |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=16 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128191023/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ningalenne-communistakki-1970/article4203522.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Vayalar Ramavarma]]
| all_music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| title1 = Aikya Munnani
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Madhuri]], [[Choir]]
| title2 = Ambalapparambile
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas
| title3 = Ellaarum Paadathu
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title4 = Kothumbuvallam Thuzhanjuvarum
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, [[P. Leela]], P. Madhuri, B. Vasantha
| title5 = Neelakkadambin Poovo
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas
| title6 = Pallanayaarin Theerathil
| extra6 = P. Susheela, [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0155916}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thoppil Bhasi]]
[[Category:Films about communism]]
[[Category:Films about Naxalism]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

6′.2″

2026-03-03T04:27:10Z

RickWoods111: New initial article w/ refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 6'2 DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = V. Senthil Kumar
| story = Prithvi Rajkumar
| producer = A. Palanivel V. C. Anandan
| starring = [[Sathyaraj]] [[Sunitha Varma]]
| cinematography = Sureshdevan
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = AP Film Garden
| released = {{Film date|2005|5|12||df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''6'.2"''''' (6 feet, 2 inches) is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[thriller film]] directed by V. Senthil Kumar. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]], newcomer [[Sunitha Varma]] and [[Vadivelu]], whilst music for the film was composed by [[D. Imman]]. The film was released on 12 May 2005.

== Plot ==
James ([[Sathyaraj]]), a middle-aged man working at a US-based call centre company's night shift in Chennai. One day, on his way back from night shift, James witnesses a murder in the local train. The victim is revealed to be a harbour union leader, Krishnamoorthy ([[Ajay Rathnam]]), leaving James as the only eyewitness. Inspector Soundarapandian ([[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]) interrogates James about the murderer, and he promises the police to identify the murderer. An informer, Aishwarya ([[Sunitha Varma]]), is summoned by Inspector Soundarapandian to crack the case. Both Aishwarya and James are asked to stay at the neighbour's house of Krishnamoorthy's family as husband & wife, a drama set up by the inspector to nab the murderer. Soon, they became close with the family and their three daughters. Things get intriguing when it is shown that James himself is the murderer, and he kills Krishnamoorthy's father this time.

Parallel narration is the comedy track of White ([[Vadivelu]]), who is a friend of James.

Through the flashback, it was shown that James's real name is Balamurugan. Actually, it was Krishnarmoorthy's family that killed James's Parents several years ago. So, back in the present, James is on a killing spree to avenge this entire family. How James managed to pull this off and find his biological sister among the three girls forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as James (Balamurugan)
*[[Sunitha Varma]] as Aishwarya
*[[Vadivelu]] as Mr. White
*[[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendar]] as Ramamurthy
*[[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Sundarapandian
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Krishnamurthy
*[[Devadarshini]] as Meenakshi
*[[Manobala]] as Krishnamurthy's father
*[[Vincent Asokan]] as Devaraj
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as shop owner
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*Rinku Ghosh
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the debut of V. Senthil Kumar who earlier assisted [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Praveenkanth]] and [[Sakthi Chidambaram]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=18 February 2005 |title=6.2" |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/2005/02sixpointtwo.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116185246/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/2005/02sixpointtwo.asp |archive-date=16 November 2006 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The film's title was named after Sathyaraj's height.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2005 |title=6 ½ ft Sathyaraj and Sexy Ragasiya |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/10012005-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204110846/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/10012005-2.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film was launched at Pillaiyar temple of [[AVM Productions|AVM Studios]], Chennai on 21 January 2005.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 January 2005 |title=Bakyaraj Inaugurates Pooja of the film 6'2{{''}}(with special photos) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/function/21012005-6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204110631/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/function/21012005-6.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The filming was also held at Ooty.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=6.2 |url=https://gaana.com/album/62-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705144140/https://gaana.com/album/62-tamil |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

Lyrics were written by [[Pa. Vijay]] and [[Snehan]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits =
| total_length =
| title1 = Napolean
| extra1 = D. Imman, [[Nithyashree Mahadevan]]
| lyrics1 = Pa. Vijay
| title2 = Maatenguthu
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| lyrics2 = Pa. Vijay
| title3 = Nee Otha Inchu
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], Sangeetha Sajith
| lyrics3 = Snehan
| title4 = Pottuthakka
| extra4 = [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], A. R. Suhahini
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| title5 = Raavanane
| extra5 = [[Suchitra]]
| lyrics5 = Snehan
}}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "It has a knot which had the potential to be turned into an engaging suspense thriller, and it has a couple of twists and turns that take the audience by surprise. But if only the debutant director had taken more care on weaving his screenplay, and had a tighter grip on his narration! There are too many loose ends here and too many distractions. So the knot with potential goes unexplored and the only interesting bits are the couple of twists and surprises in the script, the rest a hotch-potch of situations".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=May 20, 2005 |title=6.2 |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/056.2.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006221410/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/056.2.asp |archive-date=6 October 2006 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the director for building the suspense, Sathyaraj's performance and Vadivelu's humour and concluded saying it was satisfying watching a detective movie after a long break.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=12 June 2005 |title=6'2" |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-06-12/page/72/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230705150035/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-06-12/page/72/mode/2up |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=73 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:6'2}}
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

T. A. Pai

2026-02-25T06:41:03Z

RickWoods111: fixes

{{Short description|Indian banker and politician}}
{{About|banker|philanthropist|T. M. A. Pai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tonse Ananth Pai
| honorific_suffix =
| image = T. A. Pai photo.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|01|17|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1981|05|29|1922|01|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Banker|Politician}}
| website =
| parents = Tonse Upendra Ananth Pai
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Tonse Ramesh Upendra Pai|Ramesh Pai]] (Brother)|[[T. M. A. Pai]] (Uncle)|[[Ramdas Pai]] (Cousin)}}
}}

'''Tonse Ananth Pai''' (abbreviated: T. A. Pai), (17 January 1922 – 29 May 1981) was an Indian banker and politician, who was responsible for the success of [[Syndicate Bank]] as its general manager and later as chairman. He was also the founder of [[T. A. Pai Management Institute]].<ref>[http://www.mbauniverse.com/admissions/institute_profile1.php?institute_id=480 T. A. Pai Management Institute (TAPMI), Manipal, Karnataka]</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was the eldest of four sons of Tonse Upendra Pai. He was the nephew of Dr. [[T. M. A. Pai]]. After his early childhood spent in [[Udupi]] district, he graduated in Commerce from [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] in 1943.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=S. C. Anantharanan |date=February 19, 2015 |title=We would prefer Indians residing abroad to invest capital in selected industries: T.A. Pai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19760115-we-would-prefer-indians-residing-abroad-to-invest-capital-in-selected-industries-t.a.-pai-819024-2015-02-19|access-date=2021-05-05|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He worked at [[Syndicate Bank]], which had been established by one of his relatives and in 1970 the [[Government of India]] appointed him as the chairman of [[Life Insurance Corporation]] after [[Syndicate Bank]] got nationalized.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sudhindra|first=S.|title=The man who took banking to the masses|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-man-who-took-banking-to-the-masses/article33602498.ece|access-date=2021-05-05|website=@businessline|date=18 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> He was the first chairman of the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/about-institute/history | title=Indian Institute of Management Bangalore | IIM Bangalore }}</ref>

==Political career==
He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1972 and was appointed the Union Minister for Railways. In 1973, he was given the responsibility for the newly created Ministry of Heavy Industries, and subsequently, additional charge of the Ministry of Steel and Mines. Pai took over the responsibility of the Ministry of Industry and Civil Supplies in 1974.

He represented [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in 1977 as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. In 1979 when [[D. Devaraj Urs]] parted ways with [[Indian National Congress]] and created [[Indian National Congress (U)]], Pai joined him and moved to the new party.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramachandra|first=C. M.|date=2014-11-23|title=Of a political landmark in Bengaluru|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/of-a-political-landmark-in-bengaluru/article6625410.ece|access-date=2021-05-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Sunil Sethi Prabhu Chawla |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Alliance between Chaudhary Charan Singh and Devraj Urs nothing but a marriage of convenience|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19791130-alliance-between-chaudhary-charan-singh-and-devraj-urs-nothing-but-a-marriage-of-convenience-818030-2015-01-29|access-date=2021-05-05|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In the [[1980 Indian general election]] he contested again from [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] as a nominee of [[Indian National Congress (U)]] and lost elections to [[Oscar Fernandes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The underdog story of Oscar Fernandes|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2009/apr/02/the-underdog-story-of-oscar-fernandes-37852.html|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Ajay Singh |date=January 16, 2015 |title=Congress Party seems to be heading for yet another split|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19780615-congress-party-seems-to-be-heading-for-yet-another-split-818607-2015-01-16|access-date=2021-05-05|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

In 1977, Pai was one among the three ministers from the cabinet of [[Indira Gandhi]] who were examined by [[Shah Commission]] on emergency excesses.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-20|title=November 21, 1977, Forty Years Ago: Janata brainstorming|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/november-21-1977-forty-years-ago-janata-brainstorming-4946864/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Pai gave testimony against [[Indira Gandhi]] saying the ministry was 'under siege' and he protested the decisions.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Sunil Sethi |date=March 23, 2015 |title=Shah Commission's proceedings brought to a sudden halt with the arrest of Indira Gandhi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19771031-shah-commissions-proceedings-brought-to-a-sudden-halt-with-the-arrest-of-indira-gandhi-818801-2015-03-23|access-date=2021-05-06|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The 1998 book by [[Australians|Australian]] journalist, [[Hamish McDonald]] titled [[The Polyester Prince]] made references about Pai and his relationship with [[Dhirubhai Ambani]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McDonald|first=Hamish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9FbBAAAQBAJ|title=Ambani & Sons|date=2012-11-02|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7436-943-7|language=en}}</ref> The book that was banned in [[India]] accused that there was gross tax minimization done during Pai's tenure by [[Reliance Industries]] by using a company named MyNylon Ltd. a private limited company incorporated in 1973 by Pai family at [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Unhappy Prince: How Reliance Buried a Book|url=https://thewire.in/books/the-unhappy-prince-how-dhirubhai-ambani-buried-a-book|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Awards==
He was conferred the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India in 1972.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=770 Padma Bhushan Awardees]</ref> He was awarded the degree of D.Litt. by the [[Karnataka University]] in 1973. The [[Andhra University]] decorated him with the degree of D.Litt. in 1975.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/T%20A%20PAI.pdf ಟಿ.ಎ. ಪೈ - ಡಾ. ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಬೇಕಲ್, ಭಾ.ಪ್ರಸೇ.(ನಿ) [T.A. Pai - Dr. Sivananda Baikal, Bha.Prase]]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pai, T. A.}}
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]
[[Category:Science ministers of India]]

Badal Sircar

2026-02-23T12:01:41Z

RickWoods111: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian playwright}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Badal Sircar
| image = Badal sarkar 044.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1925|7|15}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{dda|df=y|2011|5|13|1925|7|15}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|occupation= playwright, theatre director
| notable_works = ''Evam Indrajit'' (And Indrajit) (1963) ''Pagla Ghoda'' (Mad Horse) (1967)
| style =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = 1968 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 1972 [[Padma Shri]] 1997 [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
|image_caption =Badal Sarkar in 2010
| yearsactive = 1945–2011
| birthname = Sudhindra Sircar<ref name=li/>
| othername =
| homepage =
}}
'''Sudhindra Sircar''' (15 July 1925 – 13 May 2011), also known as '''Badal Sarkar''', was an influential Indian dramatist and theatre director, most known for his anti-establishment plays during the [[Naxalite movement]] in the 1970s and taking theatre out of the [[proscenium]] and into public arena, when he transformed his own theatre company, ''Shatabdi'' (established in 1967 for proscenium theatre ) as a third theatre group . He wrote more than fifty plays of which ''Ebong Indrajit'', ''Basi Khabar'', and ''Saari Raat'' are well known literary pieces. A pioneering figure in [[street theatre]] as well as in [[experimental theatre|experimental]] and contemporary [[Bengali theatre]] with his [[egalitarian]] "Third Theatre", he prolifically wrote scripts for his ''Aanganmanch'' (courtyard stage) performances, and remains one of the most translated Indian playwrights.<ref name=ind>{{cite news |title=When all the world was onstage |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/54083/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 August 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A tribute to Badal Sircar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/regional/A-tribute-to-Badal-Sircar/articleshow/4792878.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-19/regional/28180643_1_long-festival-tribute-kumar-roy |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 July 2009 }}</ref> Though his early comedies were popular, it was his angst-ridden ''Evam Indrajit '' (And Indrajit) that became a landmark play in [[Indian theatre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Drama of the Indian theatre journey|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/177787/ |newspaper=Financial Express|date=17 September 2006}}</ref> Today, his rise as a prominent playwright in 1960s is seen as the coming of age of Modern Indian playwriting in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], just as [[Vijay Tendulkar]] did it in Marathi, [[Mohan Rakesh]] in Hindi, and [[Girish Karnad]] in Kannada.<ref>{{cite news |title=Drama between the lines|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/drama-between-the-lines/190990/0 |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=28 January 2007 }}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1972, [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1968 and the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour in the performing arts by [[Govt. of India]], in 1997.<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_drama.html Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123183307/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition%26honours_drama.html |date=23 November 2007 }} [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] website.</ref>

==Early life and education==
Badal Sircar, whose real name was 'Sudhindra Sarkar', was born in [[Calcutta]], India to a [[Bengali Christian]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fountainink.in/essay/the-theatre-of-badal-sircar|title = The theatre of Badal Sircar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/gb-pays-tribute-to-badal-sircar-the-revolutionary-voice-of-bengal-s-theatre|title = GB pays tribute to Badal Sircar, the revolutionary voice of Bengal's theatre}}</ref> He was initially schooled at the [[Scottish Church Collegiate School]]. After transferring from the [[Scottish Church College]], where his father was a history professor,<ref>[https://archive.today/20130203203340/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060805/asp/calcutta/story_6571527.asp Mustard memories: Stage On & Off] ''The Telegraph''.</ref> he studied civil engineering at the [[Bengal Engineering College]] (now IIEST), [[Shibpur]], Howrah then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>[https://www.indiaprofile.com/people/badalsircar.htm Badal Sircar Profile at Indiaprofile]</ref> In 1992, he finished his Master of Arts degree in comparative literature from [[Jadavpur University]] in Calcutta.

==Career==
While working as a town planner in India (at Damodar Valley Corporation), England and Nigeria, he entered theatre as an actor, moved to direction, but soon started writing plays, starting with comedies. Badal Sirkar did experiments with theatrical environments such as stage, costumes and presentation and established a new genre of theatre called "Third Theatre".<ref>{{cite book |title=Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947|last=Dharwadker|first=Aparna Bhargava|year=2005|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=0-87745-961-4|page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&q=badal+sircar&pg=PA114 |ref=dh }}</ref> In Third Theatre approach, he created a direct communication with audience and emphasised on expressionist acting along with realism. He started his acting career in 1951, when he acted in his own play, ''Bara Trishna'', performed by ''Chakra'', a theatre group.

Eventually still employed in Nigeria, he wrote his landmark play ''Ebong Indrajit'' (And Indrajit) in 1963, which was first published and performed in 1965 and catapulted him into instant fame, as it captured "the loneliness of post-Independence urban youth with dismaying accuracy". He followed them with plays like ''Baaki Itihaash'' (Remaining History) (1965), ''Pralap'' (Delirium) (1966), ''Tringsha Shatabdi'' (Thirtieth Century) (1966), ''Pagla Ghoda'' (Mad Horse) (1967), ''Shesh Naai'' (There's No End) (1969), all performed by [[Sombhu Mitra]]'s [[Sombhu Mitra#The Bohurupee productions|Bohurupee]] group.<ref name=li>{{cite news |title=A world full of phoneys |url=https://www.livemint.com/2010/02/03211638/A-world-full-of-phoneys.html |newspaper=[[Live Mint]] |date=3 February 2010 }}</ref><ref name=ind/>

In 1967, he formed the "Shatabdi" theatre group, and the first production he directed was ''Ebang Indrajit'' in 1967, a play about three people – Amal, Bimal, Kamal and a loner Indrajit. In the next five years of its existence the troupe performed several of his plays and had a profound impact on contemporary theatre, especially after 1969 when it started performing plays both indoors and outside amidst people, and evolved the ''angan manch'' (courtyard stage) and inspired by the direct communication techniques of ''[[Jatra (Bengal)|Jatra]]'' rural theatre form, to eventually become his "Third Theatre", a protest against prevalent commercial theatre establishment. Often performed in "found" spaces rather than rented theatre halls, without elaborate lighting, costumes or make-up, where audience was no longer a passive, rather became participatory, it added a new realism to contemporary [[dramaturgy]], retaining thematic sophistication of social committed theatre all the while, and thus started a new wave of [[experimental theatre]] in [[Indian theatre]]. In 1976, his group "Satabdi", started performing at Surendranath Park (then Curzon Park) Kolkata on weekends. These open-air and free performances led to his troupe travelling to nearby villages on other weekends, where it employed minimal props and improvised dialogues to involve audience further into the performance.

Though he continued to hold his job till 1975, as a playwright he rose to prominence in the 1970s and was one of the leading figures in the revival of street theatre in Bengal. He revolutionised [[Bengali theatre]] with his wrath-ridden, anti-establishment plays during the [[Naxalite]] movement.<ref name=co>{{cite book |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia of Modern Drama, Volume 2|last=Cody|first=Gabrielle H.|author2=Evert Sprinchorn|year=2007|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-14424-7 |page=1248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQqOKWmjdQUC&pg=PA1248}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian theatre: traditions of performance|chapter=Experimental|last=Richmond |first=Farley P.|author2=Darius L. Swann |author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=81-208-0981-5|page= 399|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HIh7oPkvAMC&pg=PA405}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge guide to Asian theatre|last=Brandon|first=James R.|author2=Martin Banham|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-58822-7|page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC&pg=PA76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific, Volume 3|last=Rubin|first=Don|author2=Chua Soo Pong |author3=Ravi Chaturvedi |year=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-415-26087-6|page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC&pg=PA148}}</ref>

His plays reflected the atrocities that prevailed in the society, the decayed hierarchical system and were socially enlightening. He is a proponent of the "Third theatre" movement that stood ideologically against the state. Third theatre involved street plays, with actors being attired no differently than the audience. Also the formal bindings of the [[proscenium theatre]] was given up. Sarkar's "Bhoma" is an example of a third theatre play, set as always, in an urban background. Starting with ''Sagina Mahato'', which marked his advent into [[arena stage]], his subsequent plays, ''Michhil'' (Juloos), ''Bhoma'', ''Basi Khobor'', ''Spartacus'' based on [[Howard Fast]]'s historical novel [[Spartacus (Fast novel)|by the same name]], were performed in parks, street corners and remote villages with the audience sitting all around.<ref name=co/><ref>{{cite book |title=Perspectives and challenges in Indian-English drama|last=Tandon|first=Neeru|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=81-269-0655-3 |chapter=Badal Sircar|page=94 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9zhq4toCG0C&q=badal+sircar&pg=PA91 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Muffled voices: women in modern Indian theatre|last=Subramanyam|first=Lakshmi|chapter= The Third Gaze: The Theatre of Badal Sircar |year=2002|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=81-241-0870-6|page=61 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TigigoI5jl4C&pg=PA61}}</ref>

Sircar directed his last play in 2003, and after that his movements were restricted after a road accident, but even many years later till 2011 he continued performing at play readings and writing new works like adapting William Shakespeare's ''[[Macbeth]]'', two stories by [[Graham Greene]] and a novel, ''History of Love''.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi awarded the prestigious 'Ammannur Puraskaram' in 2010 for his lifetime achievements in Indian Theatre. The award was presented to him by Girish Karnad during the inaugural function of 3rd edition of [https://theatrefestivalkerala.com/ International Theatre Festival of Kerala (ITFoK)].

==Death==

Sarkar was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]] in April 2011.{{cn|date=May 2024}} He died on 13 May at Kolkata at the age of 85.

==Awards and recognition==

Sarkar was awarded the prestigious [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] in 1971,<ref>{{cite web| title = Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969-present)|work = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]] | url = https://www.jnmf.in/flist.html }}</ref> the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1972, [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1968 and the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]- ''Ratna Sadsya'', the highest honour in the performing arts by [[Govt. of India]], in 1997, given by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.

In 2004, Amol Palekar put together Badal Sircar Festival in Pune. Quotation from Anjum Katyal's ''Badal Sircar: Towards a Theatre of Conscience'' (Foreword by Amol Palekar, 2015):

"All the theatre stalwarts, such as Dubey, Shyamanand Jalan, Pratibha Agarwal, Vijay Tendulkar,
Amrish Puri, Rajinder Nath, Kulbhushan Kharbanda, Naseeruddin and Ratna Pathak Shah, Mahesh Elkunchwar, Nilu Phule, Rohini and Jaidev Hattangadi, Nana Patekar and many others participated in the festival. On the concluding day, once again I did Juloos with newcomers from various colleges of Pune. Badal-da's interview for almost half a day proved to be the centre of attraction. On behalf of the entire theatre world, we handed over a significant amount to Badal-da as his 80th birthday gift, which he could not refuse.
Overwhelmed by the genuine love of the audience he experienced in Pune, Badal-da expressed his gratitude in one line: <your love is going to keep me
alive for at least the next 20 years.'"

The "Tendulkar Mahotsav" held at the [[National Film Archive of India]] (NFAI), Pune in October 2005, organised by director [[Amol Palekar]] to honour playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]], was inaugurated with the release of a DVD and a book on the life of Badal Sircar.<ref>{{cite news |title=He moulded Nihalani, Dubey, Palekar and Deshpande |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=151381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613001305/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=151381 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2013 |newspaper=Indian Express |date= 4 October 2005 }}</ref>

In July 2009, to mark his 85th birthday, a five-day-long festival titled ''Badal Utsava'' as tribute to him was organised by several noted theatre directors.<ref>{{cite news |title=A tribute to Badal Sircar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/regional/A-tribute-to-Badal-Sircar/articleshow/4792878.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-19/regional/28180643_1_long-festival-tribute-kumar-roy |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 July 2009}}</ref> He was offered the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2010, which he declined, stating that he is already a Sahitya Akademi Fellow, which is the biggest recognition for a writer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Look who declined Padma Bhushan this year: two giants of art, literature |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Look-who-declined-Padma-Bhushan-this-year--two-giants-of-art--literature/577435 |newspaper=Indian Express |date=9 February 2010 }}</ref>

==In media==
Sarkar is the subject of two documentaries, one directed by filmmaker and critic, Amshan Kumar,<ref>{{cite news |title=Charmed by celluloid |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article1506546.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 March 2011 }}</ref> and another ''A Face in the Procession'' by Sudeb Sinha, which was shot over two years.

==Legacy==
Badal Sircar influenced a number of film directors, theatre directors as well as writers of his time. Film director [[Mira Nair]] in an interview mentioned, "For me, Kolkata was a formative city while growing up.... I learned to play cricket in Kolkata, but more than anything, I learned to read Badal Sircar and watch plays written by him for street theatre. "<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Rani, Abhishek lost out on Namesake |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/23mira.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] Movies |date=23 March 2007 }}</ref> To Kannada director and playwright, [[Girish Karnad]], Sircar's play ''Ebong Indrajit'' taught him fluidity between scenes, while as per theatre director-playwright [[Satyadev Dubey]], "In every play I've written and in every situation created, ''Indrajit'' dominates." To Actor-director [[Amol Palekar]], "Badalda opened up new ways of expression."<ref>{{cite news |title=Badal rises once more |url=https://www.livemint.com/2011/03/11202727/Badal-rises-once-more.html?h=B |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=11 March 2011 }}
</ref> Recently (2013), a newly established cultural group, Maniktala Kolpokatha has started their theatrical career paying homage to the great play writer, staging "Ballavpurer Roopkatha". To the group, it is one of the plays that is not often staged in the Kolkata Theatre Circuit, and has all the spices of love, laughter and fear.

== List of plays ==
* ''[[Evam Indrajit]]'' (And Indrajit) (1963)
* ''Basi Khabar''
* ''Baaki Itihaash'' (Remaining History) (1965)
* ''Pralap'' (Delirium) (1966)
* ''Tringsha Shatabdi'' (Thirtieth Century) (1966)
* ''[[Pagla Ghoda]]'' (Mad Horse) (1967)
* ''Shesh Naai'' (There's No End) (1969)
* ''Spartacus''
* “Ram, Shyam, Jadu”
* ''Prastava''
* ''Michhil'' (Procession)
* ''Bhoma''
* ''Solution X''
* ''Baropishima''
* ''Saara Raattir''
* ''Baro Pisima''
* ''Kabi Kahini''
* ''Manushe Manushe''
* ''Hottomalar oparey''
* ''Bollovpurer rupkatha''
* ''Sukhapathya bharoter itihash''(Indian History Made Easy)
* ''Gondi'' (adaptation from 'Caucasian Chalk Circle' by Bertolt Brecht)
* ''Nadite Dubiye Dao'' (Adaptation from 'We come to the river' by Edward Bond)
* ''Sinri''
* ''bagh''
* ''Ka Cha Ta Ta Pa'' (A satire)
* ''Bagala Charit Manas''
* ''Ore Bihanga''
* ''Dwirath''
* '' Manushe Manushe''
* ''Janmavumi Aaj'' (A poetry Monaz)
* ''Mara-Saad''
* ''Choruivati'' (An adaptation from "Picnic in the Battlefield" by Fernando Arrabal)

==Works==
* ''The Third Theatre''. Pub. Sircar, 1978
* ''The changing language of Theatre'' (Azad memorial lectures). Pub. [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR), 1982.

===Plays in translation===
* ''Evam Indrajit: Three-act Play''. tr. by [[Girish Karnad]]. Oxford University Press. 1975. {{ISBN|0-19-560312-5}}.
* ''Three plays : Procession, Bhoma, Stale news''. tr. by [[Samik Bandyopadhyay]]. Seagull. 1983.
* ''Beyond the Land of Hattamala & Scandal in Fairyland''. tr. by Suchanda Sarkar. Seagull Books, 2003 . {{ISBN|81-7046-091-3}}.
* ''Two Plays: Indian History Made Easy, Life of Bagala'', tr. by Subhendu Sarkar. OUP, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-19-806549-4}}.
* ''Pagala Ghoda'', tr. in Marathi by [[Amol Palekar]]

== See also ==
* [[Theatre in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Jain, Kirti. ''Badal Sircar: Search for a Language of Theatre''. New Delhi: Niyogi Books, 2016, 460 pages, {{ISBN|9789383098965}}.
* Katyal, Anjum. ''Badal Sircar: Towards a Theatre of Conscience (A Series on Contemporary Indian Playwrights)''. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2015, 308 pages, {{ISBN|9789351503705}}.
* Kundu, Manujendra. ''So Near, Yet So Far: Badal Sircar's Third Theatre''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016, 324 pages, {{ISBN|9780199464777}}.
* Roy, Pinaki. "''The First Man of the Third Theatre'': Badal Sircar". ''Insights into Indian English Fiction and Drama''. Ed. Nawale, A. New Delhi: Access-Authors Press, 2012 ({{ISBN|978-81-921254-3-5}}), pp. 164–81.
* Roy, Pinaki. “''Crusader against Hegemonies'': A Brief Study of Badal Sircar". ''Contemporary Indian Drama in English: Trends and Issues''. Ed. Sarkar, J. New Delhi: Delta Book World, 2013 ({{ISBN|978-81-926244-0-2}}). pp. 23–42.
* Dasgupta Anjan, ''Badal Sircar's Evam Indrajit: Issues of Writing, Reading and Narrativity''. An Absurdist Celebration of plotlessness, edited by Jaydeep Sarkar, New Delhi: Delta Publication, 2013, {{ISBN|9788192624402}}.

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211130720/http://www.brighthub.com/arts/books/articles/63448.aspx Badal Sircar's "Evam Indrajit" as a Play in the Absurdist Tradition]
* [https://canvaspix.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/badalsarkar/ A docudrama about and involving Badal Sarkar made in 2008]
* [http://www.natarang.org/photogallery/#11-Badal_Sircar Documented material on Badal Sircar: Natarang Pratishthan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220112630/http://www.natarang.org/photogallery/#11-Badal_Sircar |date=20 December 2016 }}

{{Bengali Theatre}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Badal}}
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scottish Church Collegiate School alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer in India]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male actors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from West Bengal]]

Paparao School

2026-02-22T10:51:56Z

RickWoods111: Added New Bio

{{short description|English medium school at Koru Uppalapadu, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Paparao School}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Paparao School (PPS)
| logo =
| image = PPS_Logo1.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Logo of Paparao School
| motto = Discipline x Dedication x Devotion
| founder = Radha Krishna Murthy
| established = August 1986
| type = [[Public school (privately funded)|Public]]
| affiliation =
| grades = Class L.K.G - 10
| president =
| principal = Ms. T Anuradha
| head_label = Correspondent
| head_of_school = Mr. Sisir Chidipothu
| dean =
| faculty =
| staff =
| enrollment =
| gender = Co-Educational
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| colours = Light Blue and Navy
{{color box|SkyBlue}}{{color box|Navy}}
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| location = [[Koru Uppalapadu]], [[Prakasam District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| zipcode = [[523279]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|22|30.86|N|79|56|8.1|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| information =
| website = {{URL|www.paparaoschool.in}}
}}

'''Paparao School''' commonly known as PPS, is an English medium residential, co-educational private school situated at [[Koru Uppalapadu]] in the [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. The school is Recognized by [[Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education|Board of Secondary Education]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dseap.gov.in/Pdfs/PRAKASAM.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630090810/http://www.dseap.gov.in/Pdfs/PRAKASAM.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Andhra Pradesh.

The school was started in the 1986 by Late Mr. Radha Krishna Murthy, who is the native farmer of the village. The school was named after his brother Late Mr. Paparao. It was started as a three-class (LKG, UKG & Ist Class) institution with approximately 30 Students Day scholar school and Later, classes were added year-on-year. In 1988, the hostel facility was added and converted to a Residential School.

Initially for first 3 batches of Xth Class it was run as an unrecognized private institution and finally is recognized by SSC Board.

The school is affiliated with the Andhra Pradesh State Secondary Education Board and it follows the Andhra Pradesh State Board syllabus.

The school is headed by a Correspondent. The Principal is the academic head of the school. At present, Mr. Sisir Chidipothu is the school Correspondent, and Ms. T Anuradha is the school Principal.

The school has Bus facility for day boarders.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paparao School, K. Uppalapadu}}
[[Category:Schools in Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Garmi (TV series)

2026-02-18T04:15:13Z

RickWoods111: Starting Some Details More To Come

{{Short description|Indian-Hindi language political thriller show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Garmi-poster.jpg
| genre = [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| creator = Tigmanshu Dhulia
| director = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
| producer = [[Swaroop Sampat]] Hemal Thakkar
| writer = Tigmanshu Dhulia Kamal Pandey
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Vyom Yadav
* Puneet Singh
* Disha Thakur
* Pankaj Saraswat
*Ashish Virendra Chowdhary
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
* [[Vineet Kumar]]
* [[Pravesh Rana]]
* Jatin Sarin

}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| editor = Sourabh Prabhudesai
| cinematography = Shailesh Awasthi
| runtime =
| network = [[Sony LIV]]
| music =
| company = Playtime Creationn
| composer =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2023|4|21}}
| last_aired =
| released =
}}
'''''Garmi''''' is a 2023 [[India]]n-[[Hindi language]] political [[Thriller film|thriller]] TV Series on [[Sony LIV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=वेब सीरीज गर्मी में दिखेगी इलाहाबाद युनिवर्सिटी, मुंबई से आए डायरेक्टर तिग्मांशु धुलिया ने देखी कई लोकेशन |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-allahabad-university-web-series-garmi-director-tigmanshu-dhulia-came-to-prayagraj-and-saw-many-locations-22914186.html |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref> The series is directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Anushka Kaushik Is Enthralled Working With Tigmanshu Dhulia |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/anushka-kaushik-is-enthralled-working-with-tigmanshu-dhulia-news-249688 |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> and produced by [[Swaroop Sampat]] and Hemal Thakkar. It stars Vyom Yadav, Puneet Singh, Veeneet Kumar, Jatin Goswami, Pankaj Saraswat, Anushka Kaushik, Ashish Virendra Chowdhary, Jatin Sarin ,[[Deepraj Rana]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]] and Disha Thakur in key roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Bala actor Dheerendra Gautam roped in for web series Garmi directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-bala-actor-dheerendra-gautam-roped-web-series-garmi-directed-tigmanshu-dhulia |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Garmi teaser out. Tigmanshu Dhulia's series delves into the world of college politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/garmi-teaser-out-tigmanshu-dhulias-series-delves-into-the-world-of-college-politics-2353659-2023-03-30 |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The show's teaser premiered on 30 March 2023, while the trailer launched on 17 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teaser of Tigmanshu Dhulia's 'Garmi' is out|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/teaser-of-tigmanshu-dhulias-garmi-is-out/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=30 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tigmanshu Dhulia's next Garmi drops teaser; watch here |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/tigmanshu-dhulias-next-garmi-drops-teaser-watch-here-577265 |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=[[WION]] |language=en-us}}</ref> The series was exclusively released on [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]] on 21 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Garmi Review: Vyom Yadav makes it big in age-old concept of student politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/garmi-web-series-review-tigmanshu-dhulia-vyom-yadav-makes-it-big-in-age-old-concept-of-student-politics-2362680-2023-04-21 |access-date=21 April 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Garmi teaser: Tigmanshu Dhulia's series promises teen angst, gang wars and student politics |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/mar/30/garmi-teaser-tigmanshu-dhulias-series-promises-teen-angst-gang-wars-and-student-politics-41739.html |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Barry Season 4, Dead Ringers, American Manhunt - The Boston Marathon Bombing, Garmi: New teasers and trailers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/barry-season-4-dead-ringers-american-manhunt-the-boston-marathon-bombing-garmi-new-teasers-and-trailers/cid/1926148 |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref> It received mixed reviews.

==Cast==

* Vyom Yadav as Arvind Shukla
* Puneet Singh as Bindu Singh
* Disha Thakur as Surabhi
* Pankaj Saraswat as Jaiswal
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Dilbag Singh
* [[Pravesh Rana]] as Dickey Singh
* Anurag Thakur as Govind Maurya
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Bairagi Baba
* Shankar A Mishra as Aggarwal Contractor
* [[Anushka Kaushik]] as Ruchita
* Dheerendra Gautam as Ajay
* Jatin Goswami as Mrityunjay Singh
* Jatin Sarin as Latif
*Ashish Virendra Chowdhary as Vishwas
*Reetik Raj Ambsta as Brijesh Bambaaj
*Chandrahas Pandey as Umesh
*[https://m.imdb.com/name/nm12529021/ Abhishek Singh Rajput] as Paritosh
*Aditya Pandey as shankar dada

==Synopsis==

Garmi is the story of Arvind Shukla, a young man who aspires to become a civil servant but gets entangled in the world of college politics, powerplay and crime.

==Episodes==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |total_width= |background=#A4CBB1 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Hello I am Arvind... Arvind Shukla
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = Arvind Shukla reluctantly enrolls at Trivenipur University, where he is given preference by the college student president, Bindu Singh, for a hostel room. He realises that he has joined an institution that is well known for the student politics and rivalry between Govind Maurya and Bindu Singh.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Feels Like Hell
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = Arvind is welcomed by his seniors and gets the chance to adjust to the raging atmosphere of the college, where he makes new friends and understands the dynamics of student politics.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Say Hello to The Devil
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = Arvind experiences a brand-new emotion: love. He starts to revamp his personality and pick up new hobbies to be near his beloved. At the same time, he gradually begins to sink in the swamp of the college political system.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = End of Innocence
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = Arvind’s life is shattered in no time when he sees something horrific done by the college president, Bindu Singh.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Everything is Fair in Love and War
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = The mastermind of the political power struggle persuades Arvind and Govind Maurya to form an alliance. Arvind is projected as guilty of a crime he did not commit. He, therefore, seeks the help of his best buddy Ajay, along with Govind, to get revenge.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Welcome to Politics
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = Blinded by vengeance, Arvind commits a crime. Police officer Mritunjay Singh, deeply enraged, takes up the task of to punish Arvind. In order to save himself from Mritunjay, Arvind takes refuge in student politics.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Blood VS Books
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = Govind Maurya lays out his nefarious plans for gains. All the odds are brought together to get Arvind out of jail. In an attempt to secure his release from prison, Arvind becomes entangled in a scheme and creates a new enemy while inside.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = What’s Brewing
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = Govind Maurya’s jealousy toward Arvind leads him to make a serious blunder that costs him his chance to contest the student election for president.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Hello I am Arvind Shukla…REBOOTED
|DirectedBy = Tigmanshu Dhulia
|WrittenBy = [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] & Kamal Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|4|21}}
|ShortSummary = Arvind Shukla's situation unexpectedly improves. He receives a lot of political backing, which makes others envious of him. However, a sudden and unexpected turn in the game exposes him to greater dangers.
|LineColor = A4CBB1
}}
}}

== Reception ==
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the series 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "Garmi is set in a world dominated by men, but the handful of girls who jostle their way in are no pushovers."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Garmi Review: Tigmanshu Dhulia's Series Generates Tempered Heat Rather Than Scorching Highs |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/garmi-review-tigmanshu-dhulias-series-generates-tempered-heat-rather-than-scorching-highs-3-stars-3968400 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=21 April 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote in her review "There is a lip-smacking indulgence to the way gruesome violence is filmed, and it is done without taking a stance against the amorality."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Garmi Review: Yet Another Violent Show Set In UP |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/garmi-review/20230421.htm |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=21 April 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Anindita Mukherjee for ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "The show sensitively portrays how casteism is prevalent in certain parts of India to date."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anindita |title=Garmi Review: Vyom Yadav makes it big in age-old concept of student politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/garmi-web-series-review-tigmanshu-dhulia-vyom-yadav-makes-it-big-in-age-old-concept-of-student-politics-2362680-2023-04-21 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=21 April 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sanchita Jhunjhunwala for ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]'' wrote "College, Crime, Caste, Politics, you name it and you will find those intertwining further with each episode."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Sanchita |title=Garmi Review: Tigmanshu Dhulia's Web Series On College And Crime Is Not Just Another Take On Student Politics |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/garmi-review-tigmanshu-dhulias-web-series-on-college-and-crime-is-not-just-another-take-on-student-politics-vyom-yadav-anurag-thakur-sony-liv-review-99649122 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |date=21 April 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27369003}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/garmi-1700001203 ''Garmi''] on [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]

Nishikant Kamat

2026-02-14T13:13:15Z

RickWoods111:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and actor (1970–2020)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nishikant Kamat
| image = Nishikant Kamat at the screening of 'Daddy'.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kamat at the screening of [[Daddy (2017 film)|Daddy]], 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1970|06|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|08|17|1970|06|17}}<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=Film director Nishikant Kamat passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/film-director-nishikant-kamat-passes-away/articleshow/77605492.cms |access-date=17 August 2020 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director|Director]]|[[actor]]}}
| website =
| imagesize =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2004–2020
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
}}

'''Nishikant Kamat''' (17 June 1970 {{en dash}} 17 August 2020) was an Indian filmmaker and actor. His debut film, ''[[Dombivali Fast]]'' earned him accolades in [[Marathi cinema]], as it went on to become the biggest Marathi film of the year. He remade his film, in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with [[R. Madhavan]] in the lead as ''[[Evano Oruvan]]'', which opened to rave reviews.<ref name="The Hindu : Friday Review of Evano Oruvan">{{cite news | title= Friday Review of Evano Oruvan|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750060200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209115822/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750060200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]]| date=7 December 2007}}</ref> He also acted in the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] ''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]''.<ref name="IMDB Title for Saatchya aat gharat ">{{cite web | title= IMDB Title for Saatchya aat gharat |website=[[IMDb]]|date=31 May 2004|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0833529/}}</ref>

His Hindi debut directorial was based upon the [[2006 Mumbai Bombings]], titled, ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]''.<ref name="Madhavan's Mumbai bomb connection">{{cite web | title= Madhavan's Mumbai bomb connection|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/aug-07-05/29-08-07-madhavan.html}}</ref> He directed ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'', starring [[John Abraham]] and debut of [[Vidyut Jamwal]]. It was a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]''. In 2015, he directed [[Drishyam (2015 film)|''Drishyam'']], a remake of the [[Drishyam|Malayalam film of the same name]]. He also played a negative role in his own film ''[[Rocky Handsome]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web | title=Look who's the villain in John setu's 'Rocky Handsome'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-look-who-s-the-villain-in-john-abraham-s-rocky-handsome-2173519|publisher=DNA|access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Born in a Marathi family, Kamat was an alumnus of Mumbai's [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] and [[Ramnarain Ruia College]] where he rose to prominence in the amateur theatre circuit.

Kamat died at the age of 50 due to [[cirrhosis]] and [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://odishabytes.com/know-bollywood-celebs-who-lost-battle-to-covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR16KjZ9_sYbY9Tsa-igSYMJ0E2Go9HqoHLRHUKIum5xCgIMWEMjzScSboE | title=Know Bollywood Celebs Who Lost Battle to COVID-19 | date=23 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Film director Nishikant Kamat passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/film-director-nishikant-kamat-passes-away/articleshow/77605492.cms|date=18 August 2020|website=Times of India|language=en|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== As writer and director ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Writer
!Director
!Notes
|-
|2004
|''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Dombivli Fast]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Evano Oruvan]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Remake of ''Dombivli Fast''
|-
|2008
|''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2011
|[[Force (2011 film)|''Force'']]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|Marathi
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2015
|[[Drishyam (2015 film)|''Drishyam'']]
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Rocky Handsome]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|[[Madaari (2016 film)|''Madaari'']]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Hava Aney Dey]]''
|Chabia
|Indo-French film
|-
|''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]''
|Aniket
|
|-
|2011
|[[404 (film)|''404'']]
|Professor Anirudh
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Rocky Handsome]]''
|Kevin Ferriera
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Fugay]]''
|Bairappa
|
|-
|[[Daddy (2017 film)|''Daddy'']]
|Inspector Vijaykar Nitin
|
|-
|''[[Julie 2]]''
|Film Director Mohit
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]''
|Rana
|
|}

=== Television ===
*''[[The Final Call (TV series)|The Final Call]]'' - Creative Producer (2019–present)
*''Rangbaaz Phirse'' - Creative Producer

==Awards and nominations==
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] for ''[[Dombivali Fast]]'' in 2006<ref name="National Film Award 2006">{{cite web | title= National Film Award 2006 | url= http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-2006.html | access-date= 18 December 2009 | archive-date= 26 August 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090826160843/http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-2006.html | url-status= dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1723225}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamat, Nishikant}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:People from Sindhudurg district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi screenwriters]]
[[Category:Deaths from cirrhosis]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Mar Augustine Memorial Higher Secondary School, Koratty

2025-12-20T04:27:47Z

RickWoods111: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Koratty#Educational Institutions]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from school}}
}}

Sabyasachi Dutta

2025-12-14T07:29:14Z

RickWoods111:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sabyasachi Dutta
| native_name = {{lang|bn|সব্যসাচী দত্ত}}
|office = [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation|Chairperson of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
| 1blankname =
Mayor
| 1namedata = [[Krishna Chakraborty]]
| 2blankname = Deputy
| 2namedata = Anita Mondal
| constituency = Ward no.31
| term_start = 12 February 2022
| term_end =
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member of the]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| term_end2 = 2021
| constituency2 = [[Rajarhat New Town]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rabindranath Mondal]]
| successor2 = [[Tapash Chatterjee]]
| office1 = [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Bidhannagar]]
| term_start1 = 2015
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Krishna Chakraborty]]
| constituency1 = Ward no.31
| alma_mater = [[South Calcutta Law College]], [[Calcutta University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL. B.]])
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bidhannagar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| residence = Salt lake
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2010–2019, 2021–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Anupam |title=BJP leader Sabyasachi Dutta returns to TMC, says 'whatever I am is because of Mamata Banerjee' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-leader-sabyasachi-dutta-returns-to-tmc-1861967-2021-10-07 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2019–2021)
}}

'''Sabyasachi Dutta''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He belongs to the [[Trinamool Congress]] and was [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Rajarhat New Town]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha Constituency]]. He has also served as the '''first Mayor''' of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] from 2015 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mamata-nominates-mla-sabyasachi-dutta-as-mayor-of-bidhannagar-115101301004_1.html|title=Mamata nominates MLA Sabyasachi Dutta as mayor of Bidhannagar|date= 13 October 2015|publisher =Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sabyasachi-dutta-new-bidhannagar-mayor/|title=Sabyasachi Dutta new Bidhannagar mayor|publisher =Indian Express |date=14 October 2015}}</ref> In 2019, he joined BJP.<ref name="bjp" />

==Early life and education==
Born to Gouri Sankar Dutta, Sabyasachi Dutta got a Bachelor of Laws in the year 1994 from [[South Calcutta Law College]] under [[Calcutta University]].

==Political career==
Dutta started his political career from [[Indian National Congress]] and later joined the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the late 1990s.

Sabyasachi Dutta was elected councilor in the [[Bidhannagar Municipality]] for the first time in the 2000 Municipal elections.
He was re-elected in the 2005 and 2010 Municipal elections.
In [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]], he was elected as a Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Rajarhat New Town]] constituency.
In 2015, after the merger of several municipalities and the establishment of the [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]], he was elected as the Mayor of the corporation.
In 2016, he won for the second time as [[Member of Legislative Assembly]].

Before joining BJP, he was a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 1 October 2019 in presence of [[BJP]] President [[Amit Shah]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-mla-sabyasachi-dutta-joins-bjp-1605208-2019-10-01|title=TMC MLA Sabyasachi Dutta joins BJP|publisher =India Today|date= 1 October 2019}}</ref> He has been appointed the Secretary of the [[West Bengal]] unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 1 June 2020.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/west-bengal-bjp-gives-key-posts-to-turncoats-to-quell-discontent-845663.html| title = West Bengal BJP gives key posts to turncoats to quell discontent {{!}} Deccan Herald| date = 4 June 2020}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bjpbengal.org/state-office-bearers/|title = BJP West Bengal - State Office Bearers – 22nd December 2021BJP West Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-rejigs-its-west-bengal-unit-ahead-of-state-polls-turncoats-rewarded-2239052|title=BJP Rejigs Its West Bengal Unit Ahead of State Polls, New Faces Included}}</ref>

In October 2021, Dutta returned to [[All India Trinamool Congress]] exactly after two years. <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-leader-sabyasachi-dutta-returns-to-tmc-welcomed-back-by-state-ministers-101633602009581.html|title=BJP leader Sabyasachi Dutta returns to TMC, welcomed back by state ministers
|publisher =Hundustan Times |date=7 October 2021}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2019, he stated that ''Bengal is now becoming a second Pakistan''.<ref name="bjp">{{cite news |title=Trinamool MLA Sabyasachi Dutta joins BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/trinamool-mla-sabyasachi-dutta-joins-bjp-6046820/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, Sabyasachi Dutta remarked that he would send those who oppose ''[[Jai_Shri_Ram#Usage|Jai Shri Ram]]'' to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Those opposing 'Jai Shri Ram' slogan will be sent to Pakistan: BJP MLA Sabyasachi Dutta |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/india/bengal-election-those-opposing-jai-shri-ram-slogan-will-be-sent-to-pakistan-bjp-mla-sabyasachi-dutta-dbr-qnkuj2#image1 |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jai Shri Ram Controversy: 'যারা জয় শ্রীরাম শুনে উত্তেজিত হচ্ছেন তাদের পাকিস্তানে যাওয়ার ব্যবস্থা করে দিচ্ছি', হুঁশিয়ারি দিলেন BJP Leader Sabyasachi Dutta |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/politics-bjp-mla-sabyasachi-dutta-said-send-those-opposing-jai-shri-ram-slogan-to-pakistan--787355 |work=bengali.abplive.com |date=27 January 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= WB
| constituency= Rajarhat New Town
| before= [[Rabindranath Mondal]] ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI-M]])
| after= [[Tapash Chatterjee]]
| years= [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]–2021 }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Sabyasachi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal municipal councillors]]
[[Category:People from Bidhannagar subdivision]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]

Ambadawe

2025-12-01T10:04:39Z

RickWoods111: further add section based on references also and fixed typos

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambadawe
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Way to Ambadave.jpg
| image_alt = Gate of Ambadawe
| image_caption = Gate of Ambadave
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.017158|N|73.188997|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 240
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 402307
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mandangad]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ambadawe'''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/about-name-of-ambadve-village-1227278/|title=आंबडवे नाव योग्यच – खासदार अमर साबळे|date=14 April 2016|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/kgtocollege-news/international-standard-educational-complex-at-original-village-of-Krishan-Keshav-Ambedkar-Teacher-of-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-446635/|title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचे मूळ गाव आंबवडे येथे आंतरराष्ट्रीय दर्जाचे शैक्षणिक संकुल|date=18 April 2014|website=Loksatta|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ambedkars-teacher-family-saving-memories-of-ambedkar-5489831-NOR.html|title=आंबेडकर गुरुजींचं कुटुंब जपतंय सामाजिक वसा, कुटुंबानं सांभाळल्या 'त्या' आठवणी|date=26 December 2016|website=divyamarathi|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528183041/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ambedkars-teacher-family-saving-memories-of-ambedkar-5489831-NOR.html|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a village in the [[Mandangad]] taluk of [[Ratnagiri district]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Villagers donate land for college in Maharashtra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Villagers-donate-land-for-college-in-Maharashtra/articleshow/10467881.cms|website=|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> This village is where Dr. B. R. Ambedkar got his current known surname, "Ambedkar", from his father's last name, "Sapkal". At that time it was common for village name of children to be written instead of family name in school register. "Ambadawe" was later changed to "Ambedkar" by teacher of Ambedkar at that time.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Smarak at Ambadave.jpg|thumb|right|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Ambadawe]]

== Census data ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| align="left" | '''Particulars'''
| align="left" | '''Total'''
| align="left" | '''Male'''
| align="left" | '''Female'''
|-
| align="left" | No. of Houses
| align="left" | 64
| align="left" | -
| align="left" | -
|-
| align="left" | Population
| align="left" | 240
| align="left" | 111
| align="left" | 129
|-
| align="left" | Child (0–6)
| align="left" | 25
| align="left" | 16
| align="left" | 9
|-
| align="left" | [[Schedule Caste]]
| align="left" | 57
| align="left" | 27
| align="left" | 30
|-
| align="left" | Schedule Tribe
| align="left" | 11
| align="left" | 7
| align="left" | 4
|-
| align="left" | Literacy
| align="left" | 79.53%
| align="left" | 85.26%
| align="left" | 75.00%
|-
| align="left" | Total Workers
| align="left" | 51
| align="left" | 44
| align="left" | 7
|}

==Notable people==
The teacher of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the Indian jurist, politician, and social reformer from Maharashtra, is from this village. His original surname was ''Sakpal'' but his teacher, Krishan Keshav Ambedkar, gave his surname ''Ambedkar'' to Bhimrao Sakpal, which later turned into Bhimrao Ambedkar.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]

{{Ratnagiri-geo-stub}}

Kamaldah Jain temple

2025-11-27T12:53:20Z

RickWoods111: starting

{{short description|Śvētāmbara Jain temple in the state of Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvētāmbara]]
| image = File:Jain Temple, Kamaldah, Gulzarbagh, Patna, Bihar..JPG
| alt = Kamaldah Jain temple
| caption = Kamaldah Jain temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|25|35|47.7|N|85|12|11|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Neminatha]]
| established = 1729 CE
| governing_body =
| materials =
| temple_quantity = 3
| architecture_style =
}}

The '''Kamaldah Jain temple''', located in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], is one of the oldest [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temple]]s belonging to the [[Śvētāmbara|Śvētāmbara sect]] of [[Jainism]].

== History ==
Kamaldah Jain temple is believed to be built on the site where [[Jain acharya]] [[Sthulabhadra]] (297—198 BCE) spent his last days. Sthulabhadra, a major preceptor of [[Śvētāmbara]] sect of [[Jainism]],{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=1114}} was the successor of [[Bhadrabahu]] The temple was built in 1729 CE ([[Vikram Samvat|V.S.]] 1848) to commemorate the Sthulabhadra.{{sfn|Sinha|1999|p=38}} The temple houses an inscription dating back to 1792 CE.{{sfn|Singh|2018|p=470}}{{sfn|Wood|2015|p=50}}

[[File:Ārya Sthūlabhadra idol at Khaḍākhoṭadī no Pāḍo Jaina Temple at Patan, Gujarat (India).jpg|thumb|14th century Ārya Sthūlabhadra idol at the Khaḍākhoṭadī no Pāḍo Jaina Temple at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]]]

== Architecture ==
Kamaldah Jain temple is built on a brick mound. The temple features an illustration of Sthulabhadra.{{sfn|Sinha|Kumar|2012|p=140}} The second temple is dedicated to Sudarshana.{{sfn|Singh|2018|p=470}} The temple houses black stone foot prints of Sudarshana to which saffron is applied daily as offering. The door of the temple has an image of [[Bhairava]].{{sfn|Sinha|1999|p=38}} The temple is an important pilgrimage site for Jains and is part of Jain circuit of bihar.{{sfn|Bihar Bhawan|p=2}}{{sfn|Department of Industries}}

== Conservation ==
The [[Government of Bihar]] has included this temple for conservation along with [[Agam Kuan]], [[Kumhrar|Durakhi devi temple]], Begu Hajjam's Mosque, [[Golghar]], and [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]].{{sfn|Kaminsky|Long|2011|p=548}}{{sfn|PTI|2018}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |author-link=Roshen Dalal |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url={{Google books|pNmfdAKFpkQC|pg=1114|plainurl=yes}} |date=2010 |orig-year=2006 |publisher=[[Penguin books]]|isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Kaminsky | first1=Arnold P. | last2=Long | first2=Roger D. | url={{Google books|VVxlfDHGTFYC|page=548|plainurl=true}} | title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic | volume=1 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] | location=California | date=2011 | isbn=978-0-313-37462-3 }}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=Pradyuman | url={{Google books|399UDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT470|plainurl=true}} | title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest | publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] | location=New Delhi | date=2018 | isbn=978-93-52667-69-7 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sinha | first=Nishi | url={{Google books|puVMrtgd7kAC|page=38|plainurl=true}} | title=Tourism Perspective in Bihar | publisher=APH Publishing | location=New Delhi | date=1999 | isbn=978-81-70249-75-7 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Sinha | first1=Udai Prakash | last2=Kumar | first2=Swargesh | url={{Google books|dSZ987-0Fb8C&|page=140|plainurl=true}} | title=Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | location=New Delhi | date=2012 | isbn=978-81-80697-99-9 }}
* {{cite book | last=Wood | first=Michael | author-link=Michael Wood (historian) | url={{Google books|cKubCAAAQBAJ|pg=PT50|plainurl=true}} | title=The Story of India | series=[[The Story of India|Michael Wood: The Story of India]] | publisher=BBC Books | date=2015 | isbn=9781448141463 }}
* {{cite news | author=PTI | author-link=Press Trust of India | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/apr/01/42-heritage-monuments-sites-in-bihar-state-protected-1795601.html | title=42 heritage monuments, sites in Bihar state-protected | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=1 April 2018 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://swc.bihar.gov.in/portal/#!/agriculture-sector/tourism | title=Tourism in Bihar | work=[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]] | location=Bihar | ref={{sfnref|Department of Industries}} }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.biharbhawan.gov.in/Docs/Tourism/Jain%20Circut.pdf | title=Jain circuit | work=[[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]] | location=New Delhi | ref={{sfnref|Bihar Bhawan}} }}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Kamaldah Jain Temple}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:18th-century Jain temples]]

Chadar

2025-11-25T10:06:39Z

RickWoods111:

{{Wikt}}

'''Chadar''' may refer to:

*an alternative spelling of [[chador]], traditional Islamic female garment
*the [[Zanskar River]] in Ladakh, when frozen in winter months
**[[Chadar trek]], the trail over the frozen Zanskar River
**[[Chadar Road]], a section of the Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road that runs next to the Zanskar River

==See also==
*[[Chatra (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Jadubir Singh

2025-11-13T21:36:57Z

RickWoods111: done

{{short description|Raja of Maihar (1908 – 1910)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
| reign = 4 March 1908 – 18 July 1910
| predecessor = [[Raghubir Singh of Maihar|Raghubir Singh]]
| successor = [[Randhir Singh (ruler)|Randhir Singh]]
| birth_date = August 1864
| death_date = 18 July 1910
| house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maihar_State.png}} [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
| father = [[Raghubir Singh of Maihar|Raghubir Singh]]
| investiture = 17 June 1908
}}
'''Jadubir Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] from 1908 until his death in 1910.

== Biography ==
He was born in August 1864 to [[Raghubir Singh of Maihar|Raghubir Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoranda_on_Native_States_in_India_Toge/Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> Upon his father's death on 4 March 1908, he succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=135}}</ref> However, it was not until 17 June 1908 that [[Henry Daly]], the then Agent to the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] in [[Central India]], formally installed him with full powers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=India |first=National Archives of |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guide_to_the_Records_in_the_National_Arc/u0JmAAAAMAAJ? |title=Guide to the Records in the National Archives of India |date=1959 |publisher=The Archives |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref> He agreed to consult the Political Agent on all important matters related to the state.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aitchison |first=C. U. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15654/ |title=A Collection Of Treaties Engagements And Sanads Vol-v (1933) |date=1933 |pages=238}}</ref>

He died on 18 July 1910 and was succeeded by his brother, [[Randhir Singh (ruler)|Randhir Singh]], as the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category: 1864 births]]
[[Category: 1910 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Khandval

2025-09-20T08:06:27Z

RickWoods111: starting

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khandval
| native_name Nilesh Mhatre
=
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3164108|N|73.148237|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 27
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 440
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552628
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khandval''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Khandval has 77 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 82.26%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 440 || 231 || 209
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 51 || 23 || 28
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 11 || 7 || 4
|-
| Literates || 320 || 185 || 135
|-
| Workers (all) || 249 || 130 || 119
|-
| Main workers (total) || 120 || 112 || 8
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 47 || 43 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 50 || 48 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 23 || 21 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 129 || 18 || 111
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 6 || 5 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 122 || 13 || 109
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 191 || 101 || 90
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Mohua Mukherjee

2025-07-31T17:05:15Z

RickWoods111: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{For|the Gaudiya Nritya dancer|Mahua Mukherjee}}
{{no footnotes|date=November 2011}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
'''Mohua Mukherjee''' (born August 1952) is a social activist and an author from [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. Her achievements include social activism, writing, documentary and short film making, artistry, theatre work and socio-economic research about tribes of [[India]]. She is the founder of the [[non-governmental organization]] Sanyog Audio Visual and Welfare Society.

==Early and personal life==
She was schooled at Gokhale Memorial School, Kolkata. She married Alok Mukherjee in 1974.

==Career==
After marriage she took a freelance job at Hotel Oberoi Grand–Kolkata as an interior decorator. She joined St. Thomas Kidderpore as an art teacher. She started an [[art school]] at home for children, named ‘Rekhae Chonde’. She combined the art school with Indian classical dancing, the combination called "Rekahe" (for painting) and "Chonde" (for dancing). She also created a ‘Dance Drama Group" in Kolkata named "Roopkatha"..

She started social work through projects in conjunction with [[UNICEF]], [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]], [[WILD (social work organization)|WILD]], AIIPH, [[World Health Organization]] and India-Canada Environment Facility (ICEF) through her own [[NGO]] named Sanyog Audio Visual and Welfare Society, which focuses on issues such as homelessness and health. in urban and rural areas of [[West Bengal]]. She developed an interest on tribal life and joined the movement for the welfare of tribes in rural Bengal and adjacent areas.

She also began working in [[journalism]] and has been published in newspapers and magazines such as ''Ulto Rath'', ''Shanonda'', ''AnandaBazar Patrika'', ''Bartaman'' and ''AajKaal''.

Books written by Mukherjee include ''Lal Maati Shaal Bon'', ''Gohin Manush He'', ''Chandoi Birhor'' and ''Birhor towards next Millennium''. 

==Publications==
===Books===
* {{Citation
|publisher = Sahojatri Publications
|location = Kolkata
|author = Mohua Mukherjee
|ol = 24334773M
|title = Bhumi Kanya
|date = 2008
}}
* {{Citation
|publisher = Mohua Prakashani
|location = Kolkata
|author = Mohua Mukherjee
|ol = 1251828M
|title = Gahin Manush He
|date = 1993
}}
* {{Citation
|publisher = Sujan Paublications
|isbn = 81-85549-15-X
|location = Kolkata
|title = Laal Maati Shaal Bon
|ol = 506618M
|author = Mohua Mukherjee
|date = 1997
|id = 818554915X
}}
* {{Citation
|publisher = Sujan Publications
|location = Kolkata
|title = The Birhor towards the next millennium
|ol = 170587M
|author = Mohua Mukherjee
|edition = The Birhor towards the next millennium
|date = 2000
}}
* {{Citation
|publisher = Sujan Publications
|isbn = 81-85549-30-3
|location = Kolkata
|title = Chandoi Birhor aar Projaati Manushder Kotha
|ol = 3711400M
|author = Mohua Mukherjee
|date = 2003
|id = 8185549303
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/dance/article1608014.ece | title=Dance of the ancients | work=The Hindu | date=April 9, 2011 | accessdate=May 16, 2012 | author=Bharatram, Kumudha}}
* {{cite news | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227573 | title=Presentation of Navarasa through dance | work= The Daily Star | date=March 25, 2012 | accessdate=May 16, 2012 | author=Alom, Zahangir}}
* {{cite news | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-228226 | title=Entranced audience | publisher=The Daily Star| date=March 30, 2012 | accessdate=May 16, 2012 | author=Islam, Aminul}}
* {{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-07/lucknow/27113147_1_dance-nandi-amrita | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103164544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-07/lucknow/27113147_1_dance-nandi-amrita | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 3, 2013 | title=Ghazals captivate scientists | date=January 7, 2002 | accessdate=May 16, 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Sinha, Vinayak}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.artindia.net/mahua/ | title=Mahua Mukherjee | publisher=Art India (a joint venture of Art India Foundation and Sudhir Gandotra's Indserve Infotech Pvt. Ltd.) | accessdate=May 16, 2012}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC&q=%22Mohua+Mukherjee%22&pg=PA188 | title=At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage | publisher=Wesleyan University Press | date=2007 | accessdate=May 16, 2012 | author=O'Shea, Janet | pages=188| isbn=9780819568373 }} {{ISBN|0819568376}}
* {{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACgqAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Mohua+Mukherjee%22 | title=Sruti | publisher=Sruti | work=Issues 112-113 | date=1994 | accessdate=May 16, 2012 | author=Sundaresan, P.N.}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=http://thegoodnewschronicle.com/cs20120206.asp | title=The great revivalist | work=The Good News Chronicle | accessdate=May 16, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511001320/http://thegoodnewschronicle.com/cs20120206.asp |archive-date=May 11, 2012}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Mohua}}
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Indian women art educators]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]

Nanna Koochi

2025-07-09T11:43:09Z

RickWoods111: added info

{{Short description|2019 Indian web series by Pranith Bramandpally}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nanna Koochi.jpg
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 19-27 minutes
| company = Pink Elephant Pictures
| released = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 8
| cinematography = Vidya Sagar Akhilesh
| producer = [[Niharika Konidela]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]], India
| director = Pranith Bramandapally
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| country = India
| editor = Vidya Sagar
| theme_music_composer = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| composer = Karthik Rodriguez
| starring = [[Niharika Konidela]] [[Nagendra Babu]] Poondla Abhijeeth
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| narrator = [[Varun Tej]]
}}

'''''Nanna Koochi (Translation: Daddy Koochi)''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[web series]] directed by Pranith Bramandapally and produced by [[Niharika Konidela]] through Pink Elephant Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2018-03-10|title=Nagababu, Niharika together in web series|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pranith-bramandapallys-web-series-nanna-koochi-brings-together-father-daughter-duo-nagababu-and-niharika-konidela/article23033473.ece|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The series has an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Niharika Konidela]], [[Nagendra Babu]] and Poondla Abhijeeth.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-29|title=Niharika is back with an impressive trailer of Nanna Koochi|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/niharika-is-back-with-an-impressive-trailer-of-nanna-koochi.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref> The 8-episodes series premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 12 February 2018. It is the first Telugu-language web series on [[ZEE5]].

== Premise ==

{{Empty section|date=April 2021}}

== Cast ==

* [[Niharika Konidela]] as Tara
* [[Nagendra Babu]] as Anandraj
* Poondla Abhijeeth as Luv
* [[Sivaji Raja]]
* Neelya Bhavani as Parvathi
* Jabaradasth Rakesh as Banthi
* Bhavana Rao
* [[Master Bharath]]
* Kalki Raja
* Karthik Appala

== Production ==
After producing successful series ''Muddapappu Avakai'', Niharika again produced this web series.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Niharika Konidela and Nagababu's web series' 'Nanna Koochi' trailer is out and trending at #2 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/niharika-konidela-and-nagababus-web-series-nanni-koochi-trailer-is-out-and-trending-at-2/articleshow/61337483.cms|access-date=2021-04-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref> Filming took place in [[Hyderabad]] in late 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title='నాన్నకూచి' ట్రైలర్: నిహారిక కొత్త ప్రేమకథ|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/niharika-konidela-nanna-koochi-web-series-trailer/articleshow/61336821.cms|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
There are eight episodes written and directed by Pranith Bramandapally. Niharika is the dialogue writer along with Pranith.{{Episode table|EpisodeNumber=|director=|writer=|airdate=|airdateR=|country=In|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|DirectedBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|WrittenBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|DirectedBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|WrittenBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|DirectedBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|WrittenBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|DirectedBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|WrittenBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|DirectedBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|WrittenBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|DirectedBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|WrittenBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|DirectedBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|WrittenBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|DirectedBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|WrittenBy = Pranith Bramandapally
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}}}

== Reception ==
Karthik Keramulu of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote that ''Nanna Koochi'' is one of the better Telugu web series even though its essence isn't all that powerful in the face of Tamil series like ''[[As I'm Suffering From Kadhal]]'' and ''Livin’''. He also added that Kaala Bhairava's background score packs a solid punch. It's pleasing to the ears and all the other senses. The theme music that pops up during the beginning and end credits deserve a lot of love and multiple listenings.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-26|title=Nanna Koochi review: Pranith Bramandapally's Telugu web-series is satisfactory, but lacks power |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nanna-koochi-review-pranith-bramandapallys-telugu-web-series-is-satisfactory-but-lacks-power-4366941.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/nanna-koochi/0-6-tvshow_799565043/episodes ''Nanna Koochi'' on ZEE5]

[[Category:2018 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 web series endings]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Mullayyanagiri

2025-05-05T03:18:48Z

RickWoods111: Creating!

{{short description|Highest mountain in the Indian state of Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mullayanagiri
| photo =
| photo_caption = Mullayyanagiri Peak
| map = Karnataka
| map_caption = Location of Karnataka
| location = [[Chikmagalur|Chikkamagaluru]] taluk, [[Chikkamagaluru district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|13|23|27.5|N|75|43|17|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|1925|m|ft|0}}
| elevation_ref = <ref name="mlynpkbgr">{{cite web|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=52150|title=Mullayanagiri, India|publisher=Peak Bagger|access-date= 2021-10-04}}</ref>
| prominence = {{convert|1154|m|ft|0}}
| prominence_ref = <ref name="mlynpkbgr"/>
| isolation = {{convert|188.62|km|mi}}
| isolation_ref = <ref name="mlynpkbgr"/>
| listing = [[List of Indian states and territories by highest point]], Ribu
| range = [[Baba Budan Giri Range]]
| topo =
| range_coordinates =
| type =
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| other_name ={{Transliteration|en|Melgadduge}}
| map_size = 290
}}

'''Mullayyanagiri''' is the highest peak in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Mullayyanagiri is located in the Chandra Dhrona Hill Ranges of the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Chikkamagaluru]] Taluk. With a height of {{convert|1925|m|ft|}}, it is the highest peak in Karnataka and also the 23rd highest peak in Western Ghats.<ref name="mlynpkbgr"/> The summit of Mullayanagiri has a small temple and houses a police radio relay station. Seethalayyanagiri is a prominent peak which is adjacent to this place.

== Temple ==
The peak gets its name from a small temple (gadduge/tomb) at the summit, which is dedicated to a sage "Mullappa swamy" who is believed to have meditated at the caves only a couple of feet below the summit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mullayyanagiri Peak - Trekking Point in Karnataka Karnataka Tourism |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/mullayyanagiri-peak/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref> The caves are accessible and not very deep, they have a direct entrance to the garbagudi of the temple, which is now blocked by the temple priests. Apart from multiple versions of folklore and strong [[Siddha]] culture around the belt, the origins or any information about the deity remains ambiguous.

== Trekking ==
Previously, when the present asphalt roads and the 464 stone and concrete steps were not present, a trail was used to reach the peak, known as 'Sarpadari' or 'Sarpanadi'. Although it is not very frequently visited now, this trail is cherished by trekkers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=Mullayanagiri Peak in Chikmagalur - Trek, Timings, Photos, Entry Fee and How to Reach - Best Of Bengaluru |url=https://bestofbengaluru.com/mullayanagiri-peak-in-chikmagalur-trek-timings/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Mullayanagiri1.JPG|On the way to Mullayanagiri
File:Mullaiyangiri hills.jpg|Sunset from Mullaiyangiri hills
File:Landscapes of Western Ghats from Mullayyanagiri Betta.jpg|Landscape from Mullayyanagiri peak
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of peaks in the Karnataka]]
* [[Nandi Hills, Karnataka|Nandi Hills]]
* [[Baba Budan giri]]
* [[Malnad]]
* [[Chamundi Hills]]
* [[Kemmangundi]]
* [[Kudremukh]]
* [[Mangalore]]
* [[Nilgiris (mountains)]]
* [[Himalayas]]
* [[Kodaikanal]]
* [[Devaramane]]
* [[Munnar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Mullayanagiri}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Chikkamagaluru topics}}
{{Western Ghats}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Mountains of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Highest points of Indian states and union territories]]
[[Category:Geography of Chikmagalur district]]

{{Chikkamagaluru-geo-stub}}

Nura Pakhang (Eu e Tu)

2024-11-02T01:53:33Z

RickWoods111: Added New Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Nura Pakhang (Eu e Tu)
| cover =
| type = song
| artist = [[:simple:Mangka Mayanglambam|Mangka Mayanglambam]] and [[Clã]]<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|title=Clã gravam video no Porto com a cantora indiana Mangka|url=https://www.fproducao.pt/noticias/cla-gravam-video-no-porto-com-a-cantora-indiana-mangka_38?fbrefresh=89127348912|access-date=2022-06-30|website=Força de Produção|language=pt|archive-date=2021-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304095434/https://www.fproducao.pt/noticias/cla-gravam-video-no-porto-com-a-cantora-indiana-mangka_38?fbrefresh=89127348912|url-status=live}}</ref>
| album =
| B-side =
| released = 28 April 2017<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-03|title=Manipuri folk star Mangka goes global with Portugal's pop band Clã|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/manipuri-folk-star-mangka-goes-global-with-portugals-pop/cid2537252.htm|access-date=2022-06-30|website=thenortheasttoday.com|language=en-IN|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630190913/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/manipuri-folk-star-mangka-goes-global-with-portugals-pop/cid2537252.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded =
| studio = Mayum Media & Communications<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nura Pakhang Music video concept and direction by Romi Meitei|url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Nura_Pakhang_Music_video_concept_and_direction_by_Romi_Meitei.html|access-date=2022-06-30|website=e-pao.net|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630190911/http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Nura_Pakhang_Music_video_concept_and_direction_by_Romi_Meitei.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| genre =
* [[electronica]]<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-28|title=Manipuri folk star Mangka goes global with Clã - Eastern Mirror|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipuri-folk-star-mangka-goes-global-with-cla/|access-date=2022-06-30|website=easternmirrornagaland.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=2017-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429052410/http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/manipuri-folk-star-mangka-goes-global-with-cla/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Folk music|folk]]<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
* [[Pop music|pop]]<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
* [[Rock music|rock]]<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
| length =
* 6+ minutes (a full length version)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Manipuri folk singer collaborates with Portuguese group|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/Manipuri-folk-singer-collaborates-with-portuguese-group-for-a-cause.html|access-date=2022-06-30|website=theweek.in|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630190913/https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/Manipuri-folk-singer-collaborates-with-portuguese-group-for-a-cause.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
* 4.29 minutes (the radio edit version)<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
| language = [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]]) and [[Portuguese language]]<ref name="auto4"/>
| label = Omnichord Records<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
| producer = David Valentim<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
| composer = Mayanglambam Mangangsana (for [[Meitei language]]) and [[Clã]] (for [[Portuguese language]])<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
'''Nura Pakhang ({{langx|pt|Eu e Tu}})''' is a [[Meitei language|Meitei]]-[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] bilingual music video. Its song was performed by Manipuri folk musical artist [[:simple:Mangka Mayanglambam|Mangka Mayanglambam]] and the artists of Portuguese musical band [[Clã]]. The music video is directed by [[Romi Meitei]].<ref name="auto4"/> It was released worldwide on 28 April 2017. It is a part of an album called "T(H)REE". It is a musical collaboration between Portuguese and Asian musicians in unique ways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri folk star Mangka goes global with Cla 20170428 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2017.Manipuri_folk_star_Mangka_goes_global_with_Cla_20170428 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=e-pao.net |archive-date=2017-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510083101/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2017.Manipuri_folk_star_Mangka_goes_global_with_Cla_20170428 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=2017-06-16|title=Manipuri folk singer collaborates with Portuguese group for a social cause|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Commoner/2017-06-16/Manipuri-folk-singer-collaborates-with-Portuguese-group-for-a-social-cause/306785|access-date=2022-06-30|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630190913/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Commoner/2017-06-16/Manipuri-folk-singer-collaborates-with-Portuguese-group-for-a-social-cause/306785|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Making ==
Portuguese music video producer David Valentim contacted Manipuri folk music artist [[:simple:Mangka Mayanglambam|Mangka Mayanglambam]] and her lyricist father Mayanglambam Mangangsana through email about his desire to collaborate Portuguese music with Meitei music.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/>

When the collaboration between the two musical cultures was confirmed and finalised, Manipuri musical lyricist Mangangsana sent three musical tracks to the Portuguese producer David Valentim through email. David chose the song "Nura Pakhang" among the three. Clã also wrote their own musical lyrics to mix it with the Meitei folk song. All these processes of conversations were done through emails and the song was finally created.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/> Interestingly, Mangka Mayanglambam and her father Mayanglambam Mangangsana had never met David Valentim and the Portuguese artists of "Clã" in real life. So, the artists could not record the song together but it does not affect their touring together in the musical journey. It is director [[Romi Meitei]] who met both teams of Meitei and Portuguese artists.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/>

The first part of the music video was made in [[Manipur]] of [[India]] and its later parts are made in [[Porto]] of [[Portugal]]. The contributions of the lyrics are mainly credited to Carlos Tê, Hélder Gonçalves, [[Manuela Azevedo]] and Mayanglambam Mangangana. "Nura Pakhang" shows the way in which two different things depend on each other in a way that make sense together. The sound of the music video crosses jazzy pop rock with traditional Manipuri music.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto1"/>

== Release ==
The song "Nura Pakhang" was released was released worldwide on 28 April 2017.<ref name="auto3"/>

Regarding radio broadcasting, it was released on "[[Antena 3 (Portugal)|Antena 3]]", one of the biggest radio channels in [[Portugal]].<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/>

According to an interview with [[:simple:Mangka Mayanglambam|Mangka Mayanglambam]] by [[IANS]] ([[Indo-Asian News Service]]), she said:
<blockquote><poem>"The song was launched in April. It is played on radio in Portugal and is available on the internet. But I will be able to distribute it after June. I never thought of earning a profit from this project. All the proceeds will go to Make a Wish Foundation."<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/></poem></blockquote>

Mangka believes that language is not a barrier. She said to the IANS:
<blockquote><poem>"Music is a Universal language, still each and every place has its own culture. It's best to follow our culture."<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/></poem></blockquote>

== See also ==
* [[Shakuhachi meets Pena]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|title=Manipuri folk singer collaborates with Portuguese group for a cause|url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/196817-Manipuri-folk-singer-collaborates-with-Portuguese-group-for-a-cause|access-date=2022-06-30|website=5 Dariya News}}
* {{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2017-07-06|title=Manipur artiste on a mission to revive folk|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/manipur-artiste-on-a-mission-to-revive-folk-117070601043_1.html|access-date=2022-06-30}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2017 albums]]
[[Category:Clã albums]]
[[Category:Songs in Meitei]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore in popular culture]]

Ghats (mountains)

2024-10-26T22:48:37Z

RickWoods111: Starting New Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Mountain ranges in India}}
{{other uses|Ghat|Ghat, Libya}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
}}

'''Ghats''' refer to two converging [[mountain ranges]] in south-eastern [[India]], called the [[Eastern Ghats]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20100115&filename=sci&sec_id=12&sid=1 |title=Eastern Ghats |access-date=2010-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122021816/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20100115&filename=sci&sec_id=12&sid=1 |archive-date=2010-01-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Western Ghats]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=166278 |title=Western Ghats |access-date=2010-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011141923/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=166278 |archive-date=2012-10-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> running along the eastern and western [[seaboards]] of the country.

The Eastern [https://avanigo.com/9-religious-ghats-in-varanasi-you-must-visit/ Ghats]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avanigo.com/9-religious-ghats-in-varanasi-you-must-visit/|title = Varanasi and its Ghats: Unveiling a New Dimension of Life|date = 16 September 2020}}</ref> parallel the [[Coromandel Coast]]. The average elevation of the range is {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=off}} above sea level. The Eastern Ghats lie at a distance of {{convert|80|to|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the coast, but at Vishākhapatnam they form precipitous escarpments along the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The chief rivers that cut through the mountains are the [[Godāvari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], and the [[Kaveri]].

The Western Ghats extend from the southern portion of the valley of the River Tāpi along the [[Malabar Coast]] to [[Cape Comorin]]. The range is divided by [[Palakkad Gap|Pālghāt Gap]] (40 km/25 mi wide); the section north of the division is {{convert|1,300|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and that to the south of the gap is {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}}. In many sections, the range is separated only by a narrow strip of land from the coastline. At the northern part of the Western Ghats, the height may vary from {{convert|900|to|1,200|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but in the south they reach a height of {{convert|2,637|m|ft|abbr=on}} at Doda Beta, their highest peak.

The region between the Eastern and Western Ghats is referred to as the [[Deccan Plateau]]. The east-sloping plateau is protected from the heavier rains by the two ranges, and has a dry season of between six and nine months.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]

Zehra Fyzee

2024-04-17T12:30:21Z

RickWoods111:

{{Infobox Author
| name = Zehra Fyzee
| birth_date = 1866<ref name="ONB">{{cite ODNB |last1=Lambert-Hurley |first1=Siobhan |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=2012 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/102457 |isbn=978-0-19-861411-1 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/102457 |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>
| death_date = 23 December 1940<ref name="ONB" />
| occupation = Journalist, writer
| relatives = [[Tyabji family]]
}}

'''Zehra Fyzee''' (1866–1940) was a writer, playwriter and editor working in India in the early part of the twentieth century.<ref name="LitPort">{{cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=MD Mahmudul |title=Atiya: The most iconoclastic of the Fyzee sisters |journal=Literature at Portsmouth |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342611806 |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> She was a leading contributor to Urdu women's journals of the time.<ref name="AtiyaJourney">{{cite book |last1=Lambert-Hurley |first1=Siobhan |last2=Sharma |first2=Sunil |title=Atiya's journeys: a Muslim woman from colonial Bombay to Edwardian Britain |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780198068334 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nikqAQAAMAAJ |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref>

Zehra Fyzee was the eldest of three sisters born to Hasanally Feyzhyder and Amirunnisa Fyzee.<ref name="ONB" /><ref name="Indiana">{{cite book |last1=Lambert-Hurley |first1=Siobhan |last2=Majchrowicz |first2=Daniel |last3=Sharma |first3=Sunil |title=Three centuries of travel writing by Muslim women |date=2022 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |jstor=j.ctv2nwq9jx |isbn=9780253062390 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2nwq9jx |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> Her sisters [[Atiya Fyzee]] (1877-1967) and [[Nazli Begum]] (1874-1968) were also writers. All the sisters were raised in [[Mazagaon]], [[Mumbai]] under the influence of their great-uncle, [[Badruddin Tyabji]].<ref name="ONB" />

In 1905, Fyzee presided over a women's gathering connected to the [[Muhammadan Educational Conference]]. In 1914 she was elected to the working committee of the [[All India Muslim Ladies Conference]]<ref name="ONB" />

== Writing and editing career ==

Fyzee was a regular contributor to Urdu women's magazines, including ''[[Tehzeeb-e-Niswan]]'', ''Khaton'' and ''Ismat''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lambert-Hurley |first1=Siobhan |title=Muslim Women, Reform and Princely Patronage |date=2007 |isbn=9781134143474 |page=115 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f64Y9aB-YxoC |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="AtiyaJourney" />

In 1921, Zehra Fyzee's articles were collated into a book, published as ''Mazamin'' (''Significations''). Her play, ''Mal-i-khatun'' (''Women's Riches''), was published in the same year.<ref name="ONB" />

Fyzee also wrote a book on women's health, ''Tandarusti Hazar Naimat'' (''Health is Wealth'') in 1934.<ref name="AtiyaJourney" />

Fyzee edited her sister Atiya's letters and diaries before passing them to [[Muhammadi Begum]] for publication in ''[[Tehzeeb-e-Niswan]]''. She also edited Nazli's travelogue, ''Sair-i-Yurop (Travel to Europe)'', and her mother's books of poetry: ''Yadgari-Amira'' and ''Amin''.

Zehra Fyzee died on 23 December 1940.<ref name="ONB" />

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fyzee, Zehra}}

[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]

Love in Singapore

2024-03-20T08:48:10Z

RickWoods111:

'''Love In Singapore''' may refer to:

*[[Love in Singapore (1980 Malayalam film)|''Love in Singapore'' (1980 Malayalam film)]], an Indian Malayalam film
*[[Love in Singapore (1980 Telugu film)|''Love in Singapore'' (1980 Telugu film)]], an Indian Telugu film
*[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|''Love in Singapore'' (2009 film)]], an Indian Malayalam film

{{disambiguation}}

2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group E

2023-12-29T22:36:07Z

RickWoods111: New basic stub w/ sources.

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group E
| fromdate = 17 February
| todate = 26 June 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| participants = 4
| matches =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2020–21
| previous_tournament = 2020–21 Ranji Trophy
| next_year =2022–23
| next_tournament =
}}
{{2021–22 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The '''2021–22 Ranji Trophy''' was the 87th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India.<ref name=START1>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-returns-after-gap-year-due-to-covid-19-as-bcci-announces-2021-22-domestic-calendar-1268528 |title=Ranji Trophy returns as BCCI announces full 2021-22 domestic season |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22 |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2021-22 |work=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> It was contested by 38 teams, divided into eight groups, with four teams in Group E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-to-be-held-in-two-phases-between-february-10-and-june-26-1299725 |title=BCCI unveils two-phased plan for Ranji Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> All the Group E league matches took place in [[Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-first-phase-from-feb-10-knockouts-from-may-30-matches-reduced-for-teams-7755175/ |title=65 matches, 9 venues, 2 phases: Ranji Trophy after 22 months |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> The tournament was announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) on 3 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22|title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2021-22|work=Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]] won Group R to progress to the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy#Knockout stage|knockout stage]] of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-2021-22-sarfaraz-khan-century-puts-mumbai-in-quarter-finals-tamil-nadu-knocked-out-1303996 |title=Sarfaraz's century puts Mumbai in quarter-finals; Tamil Nadu knocked out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group E}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 2022
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 275 (59.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi]] 54 (42)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[CV Stephen]] 5/51 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 224 (86.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Uppara Girinath]] 71 (217)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Aniket Choudhary]] 4/40 (18.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 316 (92.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ashok Menaria]] 79 (112)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[KV Sasikanth]] 3/75 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 209 (53.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Pinninti Tapaswi]] 44 (62)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shubham Sharma (Rajasthan cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] 4/32 (12 overs)

| result = Rajasthan won by 158 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280416.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thumba]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bengeri and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm = [[Ashok Menaria]] (Rajasthan)
| toss = Rajasthan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Anirudh Singh, Manav Suthar (Rajasthan), [[Pinninti Tapaswi]], Tripurana Vijay and Yara Sandeep (Andhra Pradesh) all made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 2022
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 176 (78.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Devender Lochab]] 76 (185)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Deepak Dhapola]] 4/24 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 248 (79.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kamal Singh (Indian cricketer)|Kamal Singh]] 82 (150)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Arjun Sharma]] 3/31 (10.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 204 (83.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Hardik Sethi]] 56 (134)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dikshanshu Negi]] 3/22 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 136/1 (28.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jay Bista]] 87[[not out|*]] (87)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Arjun Sharma]] 1/31 (5 overs)

| result = Uttarakhand won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280417.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Belur Ravi]] and KR Vasuki
| motm = [[Dikshanshu Negi]] (Uttarakhand)
| toss = Uttarakhand won the toss and elected to field.
|
| notes = Nitin Yadav (Services) made his first-class debut.
}}

===Round 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–27 February 2022
| team1 = [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 389 (137.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ricky Bhui]] 149 (267)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Pulkit Narang]] 6/56 (25.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 343 (118.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 96 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Siraparapu Ashish]] 4/91 (29.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 220/4 (68 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Chengalpet Gnaneshwar]] 125 (195)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Pulkit Narang]] 2/55 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280435.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thumba]]
| umpires = Dharmesh Bhardwaj and Akshay Totre
| motm = [[Ricky Bhui]] (Andhra Pradesh)
| toss = Andhra Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shaik Rasheed]] (Andhra Pradesh) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–27 February 2022
| team1 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 337 (130.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Swapnil Singh]] 97 (301)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Aniket Choudhary]] 3/44 (24.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 129 (51.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Manender Singh]] 52 (113)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mayank Mishra]] 7/44 (23.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 246/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (53 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jay Bista]] 88 (85)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Tanveer Ul-Haq]] 2/9 (5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 155 (68.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashok Menaria]] 45 (89)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mayank Mishra]] 4/26 (19 overs)

| result = Uttarakhand won by 299 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280436.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and KR Vasuki
| motm = [[Mayank Mishra]] (Uttarakhand)
| toss = Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]] (Rajasthan) and [[Tanush Gusain]] (Uttarakhand) both made their first-class debuts.
}}

===Round 3===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 March 2022
| team1 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| team2 = [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 194 (61.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kunal Chandela]] 52 (98)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Bandary Ayyappa 4/37 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 226 (85 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Shaik Rasheed 56 (163)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Deepak Dhapola]] 4/80 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 101 (51.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kunal Chandela]] 36 (104)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Cheepurapalli Stephen]] 5/27 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 70/2 (18.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[CR Gnaneshwar]] 42[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Swapnil Singh]] 1/7 (2.1 overs)

| result = Andhra Pradesh won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280454.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thumba]]
| umpires = [[Belur Ravi]] and Akshay Totre
| motm = [[Cheepurapalli Stephen]] (Andhra Pradesh)
| toss = Uttarakhand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Deepesh Nainwal (Uttarakhand) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 March 2022
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 92 (45.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ashok Menaria]] 31 (88)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Diwesh Pathania]] 3/24 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 301 (113.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 91 (167)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Manav Suthar]] 4/82 (34 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 210 (94.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Amitkumar Gautam]] 68 (176)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Singh (cricketer, born 1995)|Rahul Singh]] 3/57 (25.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 2/0 (1 over)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shivam Tiwari]] 2[[not out|*]] (6)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Services won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280455.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bengeri and Dharmesh Bhardwaj
| motm = [[Rajat Paliwal]] (Services)
| toss = Services won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Samarpit Joshi]] (Rajasthan) and [[Shivam Tiwari]] (Services) both made their first-class debuts.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2021–22}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2021-22}}
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

P. Rajagopal (Ambur MLA)

2023-10-14T17:02:40Z

RickWoods111:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''P. Rajagopal''' was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from [[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur constituency]] in [[1962 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1962 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf 1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajagopla, P.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}