https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=RichyCapyBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-31T05:38:01ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barhampur_Assembly_constituency&diff=489843Barhampur Assembly constituency2026-05-07T04:26:11Z<p>RichyCapy: creating new info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Barhampur<br />
| constituency_no = 59<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Barhampur Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br />
| state = [[Assam]]<br />
| latest_election_year = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]<br />
| district = [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| mla = <br />
| party = <br />
| alliance = <br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
'''Barhampur''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. Barhampur is also part of [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|Kehoram Hazarika<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
|Lakheshwar Gohain<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
|Ramesh Phukan<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|[[Girindra Kumar Baruah]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|rowspan=6|[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]<br />
|{{Full party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|{{Full party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad (Pragatishel)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|{{Full party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|[[Jitu Goswami]]<ref name=election2021/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhampur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jitu Goswami]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rajen Gohain]] |party=Assam Jatiya Parishad |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhampur<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Jitu Goswami]]<br />
|votes = 70,111<br />
|percentage = 48.70<br />
|change = ''N/A'' <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Suresh Bora<br />
|votes = 69,360<br />
|percentage = 48.18<br />
|change = +3.46 <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad<br />
|candidate = Dipika Saikia Keot<br />
|votes = 1,922<br />
|percentage = 1.34<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|candidate = Sonaram Bora<br />
|votes = 523<br />
|percentage = 0.36<br />
|change = +0.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Samsheddin Ahmed <br />
|votes = 417<br />
|percentage = 0.29<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = AJM<br />
|candidate = Parbin Choudhury <br />
|votes = 333<br />
|percentage = 0.23<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,291<br />
|percentage = 0.9<br />
|change = +0.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 751<br />
|percentage = 0.52<br />
|change = -3.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,43,957<br />
|percentage = 80.14<br />
|change = -3.71<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,79,641<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhampur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Asom Gana Parishad<br />
|candidate = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]<br />
|votes = 65,768<br />
|percentage = 48.53<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Suresh Bora<br />
|votes = 60,599<br />
|percentage = 44.72<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India United Democratic Front<br />
|candidate = Shariful Islam Siddique<br />
|votes = 2,787<br />
|percentage = 2.05<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Lakhan Ch. Mirdha<br />
|votes = 1,687<br />
|percentage = 1.24<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Prahlad Chandra Bhuyan<br />
|votes = 1,184<br />
|percentage = 0.87<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = RJP<br />
|candidate = Abida Begum<br />
|votes = 754<br />
|percentage = 0.55<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = FDLP<br />
|candidate = Pawan Panika<br />
|votes = 607<br />
|percentage = 0.44<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Abdul Ali<br />
|votes = 480<br />
|percentage = 0.35<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Debabrata Saikia<br />
|votes = 461<br />
|percentage = 0.34<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|candidate = Sona Ram Bora<br />
|votes = 284<br />
|percentage = 0.20<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,179<br />
|percentage = 0.87<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 5,169<br />
|percentage = 3.81<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,35,506<br />
|percentage = 83.85<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br />
{{Nagaon district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Nagaon district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Assam]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Air_Force_Gallantry_Award_winners&diff=512358List of Indian Air Force Gallantry Award winners2026-05-06T07:15:40Z<p>RichyCapy: Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
This is a list of [[Indian Air Force]] personnel who have received awards for gallantry related to their service.<br />
<br />
==Param Vir Chakra==<br />
<br />
* [[Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/IAF-scales-3-virgin-peaks-in-Ladakh-region/Article1-902882.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313012301/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/IAF-scales-3-virgin-peaks-in-Ladakh-region/Article1-902882.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2014 |title=IAF scales 3 virgin peaks in Ladakh region |work=Hindustan Times|date=27 July 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2017-06-05|title=Batchmates remember of IAF's lone Param Vir Chakra awardee recall his valour|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/batch-mates-of-iaf-lone-param-vir-chakra-awardee-nirmal-jit-singh-sekhon-recall-his-valour-on-50th-anniversary-of-passing-out-4688184/|access-date=2020-06-11 |df=dmy-all|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Maha Vir Chakra==<br />
*[[Harcharan Singh Manget]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4666|title=Air Commodore Harcharan Singh Manget|publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC&dq=Air+Commodore+Harcharan+Singh+Mangat&pg=PA237|title=Stories of Heroism: PVC & MVC Winners|last=Chakravorty|first=B.|publisher=Allied Publishers|year= 1995|isbn=9788170235163 |location=237 |pages= 387}}</ref><br />
*[[Ajjamada B. Devaiah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/4810#google_vignette}}</ref><br />
*[[S. K. Kaul|SK Kaul]]<br />
*[[Ramesh Sakharam Benegal]]<br />
*[[Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar]]<br />
*[[Madhavendra Banerji]]<br />
*[[Harcharan Singh Manget]]<br />
*[[Cecil Vivian Parker]]<br />
*[[Chandan Singh (air vice marshal)|Chandan Singh]]<br />
*[[Ravinder Nath Bhardwaj]]<br />
*[[Padmanabha Gautam|Padmanabh Gautam]] (awarded twice, in 1965 and 1971)<br />
*[[Jag Mohan Nath]] (awarded twice, in 1962 and 1965)<br />
*[[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]]<br />
*[[Minoo Merwan Engineer]]<br />
*[[Mehar Singh (commodore)|Mehar Singh]]<br />
==Vir Chakra==<br />
* [[Amar Jit Singh Sandhu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Wing Commander Amar Jit Singh Sandhu 4705 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4705 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref><br />
* [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)]]<ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=PM condoles Air Commodore Jasjit Singh's death, calls him inspirational military leader |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pm-condoles-jasjit-singh-s-death-calls-him-inspirational-military-leader-113080500428_1.html |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=9 July 2020 |newspaper=Business Standard |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former Directors of IDSA |url=http://www.idsa.in/formerdirectors |access-date=2013-08-08 |df=dmy-all |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}</ref><br />
* [[Ranjan Dutt]]<br />
* [[Alfred Tyrone Cooke]]<br />
* [[Krishan Kant Saini]]<ref>Gazette of India, 11 January 1964 – No.3 – Pres/64 dated 1 January 1964</ref><ref name="citation">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=4436|title=Bharat Rakshak:Indian Air Force -|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407072606/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=4436|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* [[Trevor Keelor]]<ref name=mgl>[http://mangalorean.com/browsearticles.php?arttype=Feature&articleid=637 Sabre Killers - Keelor Brothers Denzil Keelor at Mangalorean.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220140/http://mangalorean.com/browsearticles.php?arttype=Feature&articleid=637 |date=27 September 2007 }} accessed June 2007</ref><ref name=oldmartinians>[http://www.oldmartinians.co.uk/page102.html 'Sabre Killers – Keelor Brothers' from Old Martinians' UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827140305/http://oldmartinians.co.uk/page102.html |date=27 August 2007 }} accessed July 2007</ref><br />
* [[Denzil Keelor]]<br />
* [[Lawrence Pereira|Lawrence Frederic Pereira]]<br />
* [[Virendera Singh Pathania]]<br />
* [[Ajay Ahuja]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SQUADRON LEADER AJAY AHUJA {{!}} Gallantry Awards|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/squadron-leader-ajay-ahuja|access-date=2020-06-24|website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref><br />
* [[Abhinandan Varthaman]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4888|access-date=2021-11-23|website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref><br />
* [[Vinod Neb]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Wing Commander Vinod Kumar Neb 8189 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/8189 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> (Received twice (bar to VrC). Once in 1965 and 1971.)<br />
* [[Manish Arora (officer)|Manish Arora]]<br />
<br />
==Ashoka Chakra==<br />
* [[Suhas Biswas]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Awards/Peace/305-AC.html|title=Ashoka Chakra|website=bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220035320/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/awards/peace/305-ac.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://evergreenebr.com/defence/medal-rack/|title=Medal Rack|work=E B R|date=18 February 2017|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107034042/http://evergreenebr.com/defence/medal-rack/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* [[Rakesh Sharma]]<br />
* [[Jyoti Prakash Nirala]]<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/martyred-corporal-jyoti-prakash-nirala-joins-elite-iaf-club-tomorrow/articleshow/62647401.cms|title=Martyred Corporal Jyoti Prakash Nirala joins elite IAF club tomorrow – Times of India|date=25 January 2018|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1517878|title=Press Information Bureau|website=www.pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-01-27 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/iaf-commando-jyoti-prakash-nirala-awarded-ashok-chakra-for-role-in-kashmir-encounter-that-killed-six-terrorists-4320221.html|title=IAF commando Jyoti Prakash Nirala awarded Ashok Chakra for role in Kashmir encounter that killed six terrorists. – Firstpost|date=25 January 2018|website=www.firstpost.com|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Kirti Chakra==<br />
* [[Denzil Keelor]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SQUADRON LEADER DENZIL KEELOR {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/squadron-leader-denzil-keelor |website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vir Chakra (VrC), Awardee: Air Mrshl Denzil Keelor, PVSM, KC, AVSM, VrC, VM @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/4040 |website=twdi.in}}</ref><br />
*[[Dev Raj Singh Thakur]]<br />
*[[Darryl Castelino]]<br />
<br />
==Shaurya Chakra==<br />
* [[2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash|Varun Singh (Indian Air Force Officer)]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-12-09|title=IAF helicopter crash: Lone survivor had close call last year, got Shaurya Chakra for gallantry|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iaf-helicopter-crash-lone-survivor-group-captain-varun-singh-cds-bipin-rawat-dead-7663185/|access-date=2021-12-09|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|date=2021-12-08|title=Who is Group Captain Varun Singh? Know about lone survivor of IAF chopper crash|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-group-captain-varun-singh-know-about-lone-survivor-of-iaf-chopper-crash-101638970325763.html|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
*[[Gursewak Singh]]<br />
<br />
==Vayu Sena Medal==<br />
(This list is not complete)<br />
*[[Virendera Singh Pathania]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Air Force Gallantry Award Winners}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata%E2%80%93Silghat_Town_Kaziranga_Express&diff=510357Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express2026-04-29T23:51:12Z<p>RichyCapy: Created new location!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Express train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Kolkata–Silghat Town<br/>''Kaziranga Express''<br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]]<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2019|01|01}}<br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Kolkata}} (KOAA)<br />
| stops = 15<br />
| end = [[Silghat|Silghat Town]] (SHTT)<br />
| distance = {{convert|1175|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 23h 55m <br />
| frequency = Weekly<br />
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = No<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = On-board catering <br> E-catering<br />
| observation = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| entertainment = No<br />
| baggage = No<br />
| other facilities= Below the seats<br />
| stock = 4<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 13181/13182 <br />
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kaziranga Express''''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Kolkata}} and [[Silghat|Silghat Town]] in India via [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]]. It is currently being operated with 13181/13182 train numbers on a weekly basis.<br />
<br />
The train is named after [[Kaziranga National Park]] of [[Assam]], which is famous for the [[Indian rhinoceros|great one-horned rhinoceroses]].<br />
<br />
==Route==<br />
* '''{{rws|Kolkata}}'''<br />
* {{rws|Barddhaman Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}<br />
* '''{{rws|Rampurhat Junction}}'''<br />
* '''{{rws|Malda Town}}'''<br />
* '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''<br />
* {{rws|New Cooch Behar}}<br />
* {{rws|New Alipurduar}}<br />
* {{rws|Fakiragram}}<br />
* {{rws|New Bongaigaon}}<br />
* {{rws|Kamakhya}}<br />
* '''{{rws|Guwahati}}'''<br />
* [[Jagiroad]]<br />
* {{rws|Chaparmukh}}<br />
* [[Nagaon]]<br />
* Jaklabandha<br />
* [[Silghat|'''Silghat Town''']]<br />
<small>Note: Bold letters indicates Major Railway Stations/Major Cities.</small><br />
<br />
==Locomotive==<br />
earlier was [[WDM-3D]]. It is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah]]-based [[WAP-7]] from {{rws|Kolkata}} to {{rws|New Cooch Behar}} and then a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri]]-based [[WDP-4D]] locomotive completes the journey from {{rws|New Cooch Behar}} to [[Silghat|Silghat Town]] for 13181 and vice versa for 13182.<br />
<br />
==Service==<br />
The 13181/Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express has an average speed of 52&nbsp;km/h and covers 1175&nbsp;km in 22h 40m.<ref name="indianrailinfo">{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kaziranga-express-13181/93049/7037/550|title=13181 KAZIRANGA EXP Route}}</ref> The 13182/Silghat Town–Kolkata Kaziranga Express has an average speed of 53&nbsp;km/h and covers 1175&nbsp;km in 22h 05m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kaziranga-express-13182/93050/9057/7037|title=13182 KAZIRANGA EXP Route}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rake sharing==<br />
<br />
The train shares its rake with 13167/13168 [[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[Kolkata–Sairang Express]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/93049/13181 Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express] India Rail Info<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/93050/13182 Silghat Town–Kolkata Kaziranga Express] India Rail Info<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Eastern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata-Silghat Town Kaziranga Express}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shree_Jagannath_Heritage_Corridor,_Puri&diff=535296Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor, Puri2026-04-26T18:25:27Z<p>RichyCapy: new!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
|name = Shree Mandir Parikrama, Puri<br />
|image =<br />
|alt = Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor, Puri<br />
|caption =<br />
|map_type = Odisha#India<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|19|48|17|N|85|49|6|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
|coordinates_footnotes = <br />
|map_caption = Location in Odisha<br />
|native_name = <!--Please do not add any Odia or any other language script here, per WP:NOINDICSCRIPT. Thanks.--><br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|state = [[Odisha]]<br />
|district = [[Puri district|Puri]]<br />
|locale = [[Puri]]<br />
|elevation_m = 65<br />
|elevation_footnotes = <br />
|deity = <br />
|festivals = <br />
|architecture = <br />
|temple_quantity =<br />
|year_completed = {{start date and age|2024|01|17|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Puri Jagannath Heritage Corridor project opens for public: 10 things to know|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/puri-jagannath-heritage-corridor-project-to-open-for-public-on-january-17-ten-things-to-know/articleshow/106859921.cms<br />
|work=The Economic Times|date=17 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
|creator = <br />
|temple_board = Shree Jagannath Temple Managing Committee, Puri<br />
|governing_body = Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri<br />
|website = {{URL|https://shreemandiraparikrama.org/|Official website}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Shree Mandir Parikrama''' is a 75 metre-long heritage corridor around the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It has been built to provide expansive and unobstructed corridors around the ''Meghanad Pacheri'', for giving an opportunity to devotees and pilgrims to have better ''[[Darshana (Indian religions)#In Hinduism|darshan]]'' with the temple, ''[[Jagannath Temple, Puri#Nila Chakra|Nila Chakra]]'' and ''Meghanad Pacheri'', similar to the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor in the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]. The project also provides ample facilities and amenities for pilgrims and visitors to give them a hassle-free and memorable experience, and for strengthening the safety and security of the temple and the devotees. It has been constructed at a cost of {{INRConvert|3600|c}}, and is the core part of the ongoing plan of developing Puri into a world heritage city, to cater to the growing number of footfalls of devotees and visitors.<ref name="SJTA">{{cite web|title=About Shreemandira Parikrama|url=https://shreemandiraparikrama.org/|website=Shree Jagannath Temple Administration|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> Construction began in November 2021, and was inaugurated by [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] on 17 January 2024.<ref name="ETI">{{cite news|title=Foundation stone laid for Rs 331 cr heritage corridor project in Puri|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-infrastructure/foundation-stone-laid-for-rs-331cr-heritage-corridor-project-in-puri/87904375|work=ET Infra|date=17 November 2021|access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amid Ram Mandir inauguration, Naveen Patnaik's Jagannath Heritage push in Odisha|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/amid-ram-mandir-inauguration-naveen-patnaik-jagannath-heritage-corridor-project-odisha-opposition-reactions-11705425962406.html|work=Mint|date=17 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The project was first conceptualized by the [[Government of Odisha]] in 2016, after hearing a query from the date cabinet officials about developing a 'heritage corridor' as part of 'Puri Heritage Corridor Project' plan, to modernise the space around the 12th century-temple complex and provide adequate facilities and amenities to pilgrims and visitors for a better and smoother experience. Another reason stated in favour of the project was that it would be crucial for the temple's future, as unlike the other [[Char Dham|three Dhams]], [[Puri]] did not have a "[[Parikrama]] [[Wiktionary:मार्ग|Marg]]", or a path for [[circumambulation]] in a heritage corridor, similar to the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor of the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] in [[Varanasi]]. Hence, in 2019, the project was renamed as '''Shree Mandir Parikrama Project (SMPP)''', or '''Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor (SJHC)''', to be executed for the beautification of the perimeter of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]].<br />
<br />
It covers an area of 15.64 acres (6.32 ha), and has been built at an initial cost of {{INRConvert|943|c}}, which later decreased to {{INRConvert|800|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rs 800-cr heritage corridor project inaugurated around Jagannath temple|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/rs-800-cr-heritage-corridor-project-inaugurated-around-jagannath-temple-124011700375_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=17 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> Apart from the temple project, the state government is spending another {{INRConvert|3300|c}}, which later increased to {{INRConvert|4224|c}}, for transforming Puri's heritage and infrastructure, under the '''Augmentation of Basic Amenities and Development of Heritage and Architecture (ABADHA)''' scheme. Then, land acquisition for the project began in November 2019, where over 600 people living around the temple gave up 15.64 acres, critical for development of the security zone. It was cleared after a three-bench judgement of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] headed by the then Justice of the Court, [[Arun Kumar Mishra]], in November 2019, who suggested that a 75-metre radius around the temple be cleared of all structures for safety, security and improvement of the temple premises.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohanty|first=Aishwarya|title=Explained: What is the Puri heritage corridor, whose foundation will be laid soon in Odisha?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-puri-heritage-corridor-foundation-odisha-7627726/|work=The Indian Express|date=18 November 2021|access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> A few months before, between August and September 2019, the [[Puri district]] administration had cleared the centuries-old [[Emar Matha|Embar Matha]] and its Raghunandan Library, along with other buildings deemed as illegal encroachments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Debabrata |date=3 October 2019 |title=Protect ancient mutts around Jagannath temple, consult religious leaders: SC to Odisha govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/protect-ancient-mutts-around-jagannath-temple-consult-religious-leaders-sc-to-odisha-govt/story-2jl5GkoX7jKbnPmWs4naMP.html |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
After completion of the land acquisition, [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] and the incumbent King of the [[Gajapati Empire]] and of [[Puri]], as well as the ''adhyasevak'', or the chief servitor of the Jagannath temple, [[Dibyasingha Deba]], laid the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] of the project in November 2021 for the development of the area, within the 75-metre corridor of the boundary wall of the Jagannath temple, to transform it into a pilgrim centre, similar to the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor in the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] of [[Varanasi]].<ref name="ETI" /> The project was supposed to begin construction in January 2021, but got delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], as well as the issuance of draft by-laws by the National Monuments Authority (NMA) for the temple in the same month, that prohibited any construction work within a 100-metre periphery of the temple, also prohibiting construction within another 200 metres, without the NMA giving nod. However, the by-laws were withdrawn following a request from the Chief Minister, Naveen Patnaik. Further roadblocks came in February 2022, when the [[Archeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in Puri asked the state government to stop excavating, as it would be a violation of the [[AMASR Act|Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act]], 1958.{{fact|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
As the case landed in the [[Orissa High Court|High Court of Odisha]], the ASI, in an affidavit, submitted that the archaeological remains of the heritage site may have been destroyed during the excavation, as no heritage impact assessment studies were done before the digging. However, all roadblocks related to this were cleared in September 2022, after the NMA granted a [[No Objection Certificate|No-Objection Certificate]] (NOC) for the construction of the reception centre–the most important component of the project, just outside the prohibited zone. In June 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed two [[Public Interest Litigation]]s (PILs) that challenged the renovation project, calling it "frivolous litigations".<ref>{{cite news|last=Vishwanath|first=Apurva|title=Explained: Supreme Court rejects pleas against excavation around Puri temple, what is the case?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-puri-heritage-corridor-case-jagannath-temple-odisha-7949919/|work=The Indian Express|date=3 June 2022|access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> The project also became a subject of political controversy, claiming that the ruling [[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD) government in Odisha would get space for itself to win seats in the upcoming [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha elections]], instead of going through the project and benefitting the people of Puri.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohanty|first=Aishwarya|title=Explained: What is the Puri Heritage Corridor Project and why has it landed into a controversy?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/puri-heritage-corridor-project-controversy-explained-7923414/|work=The Indian Express|date=18 May 2022|access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news|last=Mohanty|first=Debabrata|title=Jagannath Puri heritage corridor project to open to public on January 17, 2024|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/jagannath-puri-heritage-corridor-project-to-open-to-public-on-january-17-2024-101699088072604.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=4 November 2023|access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Construction began soon after laying down the foundation stone, and witnessed a few slowdowns due to the objections mentioned above. It continued, and the date for the corridor's inauguration was set for January 2024 in November 2023.<ref name="HT"/> All structural works were completed by the first week of January 2024, after an inspection by state government officials was conducted on 6 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|last=Satyasundar|first=Barik|title=Odisha: Jagannath Temple’s heritage corridor set to be inaugurated|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/odisha-jagannath-temples-heritage-corridor-set-to-be-inaugurated/article67733424.ece|work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2024|access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> The project was inaugurated and opened to the public by Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik and King Dibyasingha Deba on 17 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Patnaik inaugurates Rs 800-crore heritage corridor project around Puri's Jagannath temple|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/patnaik-inaugurates-rs-800-crore-heritage-corridor-project-around-puris-jagannath-temple-12070481.html|work=Moneycontrol|date=17 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The 75 metre-long corridor of the SJHC surrounding the ''Meghanad Pacheri'' is broadly divided into nine zones on the northern, southern and western side. These include:<ref name="SJTA"/><br />
* '''Green Buffer Zone:''' This is located adjacent to the ''Meghanad Pacheri''. It is 7 metres long, out of which it consists of a 2-metre-long green area surrounding the ''Meghanad Pacheri'' for access by staff and for maintenance purposes. The remaining 5-metre is a 1 feet-high terraced landscape garden.<br />
*'''''Antar Pradakshina'':''' It is a 10 metre-long inner space for ceremonial procession of deities, that is used year-round by the general public for ''pradakshina'' or ''[[parikrama]]'' of the ''Shree Mandira'' or the temple complex.<br />
*'''''Bahya Pradakshina:''''' Covered by trees on either side, it covers 8 metres, and acts as a shaded pathway for visitors and pilgrims.<br />
* '''Landscape Zone:''' These gardens cover 14 metres in one zone, and have been designed through meticulous research of local [[arboriculture]] practices. Local varieties of trees and shrubs used in Jagannath culture have been planted here.<br />
* '''Public Convenience Zone:''' Along with plantation of tall trees and shrubs, this 10 metre-long zone has many facilities, such as restrooms, drinking water fountains, information-cum-donation kiosks, and shelter pavilions for shade and rest.<br />
* '''Service lane:''' It is 4.5 metres long, and is used for access by service vehicles and maintenance of the corridor.<br />
* '''Dedicated shuttle-cum-emergency lane:''' This 4.5 metre-long is for emergency services and disaster management.<br />
* '''Mixed traffic lane:''' It is 7.5 metres long, and aids in the movement of vehicles around the heritage corridor to ensure access to properties surrounding the outer access road, as well as the lanes from the neighbouring ''Shahis'' meeting this outer access road.<br />
* '''Shaded footpath:''' This 7 metre-wide corridor with trees is designed adjacent to the mixed traffic lane for a smoother pedestrian flow around the corridor and neighbouring areas for people to commute. This is equipped with parking bays for ''Sevaks'' and temple officials. It has provisions for dustbins, street furniture, drinking water fountains, etc.<br />
The eastern plaza of the heritage corridor is a large open space, as many festivals of the temple, including the [[Ratha Yatra]], starts from here. This allows large congregation of devotees to take place in a safe and secure environment.<br />
<br />
==Facilities and Amenities==<br />
The heritage corridor has many facilities and amenities to facilitate and give visitors and pilgrims a smooth and memorable experience in the temple, without any hassles. The list includes:<ref name="SJTA"/><br />
<br />
* '''Main Cloak Room:''' It is used by pilgrims and visitors for depositing their baggage, shoes and mobile phones before queueing up for entering to the temple complex. This is located at the north-east corner of the temple, with an area of over {{cvt|500|sqm}}.<br />
* '''Mini Cloak Rooms:''' These two rooms are located near the south and west gates of the temple, with an area assigned for each as {{cvt|26.7|sqm}}. These rooms are for visitors to deposit their mobile phones and shoes, for convenience of visitors and temple workers, who mainly use these gates for movement.<br />
* '''Information-cum-Donation Kiosks:''' These are located in the north, south and west sides of the corridor, all of which cover an area of {{cvt|26.7|sqm}}, for facilitating the devotees with the required information about the temple, facilities, rituals, etc. The kiosks also has provision for accepting donations from the devotees and pilgrims for the temple.<br />
* '''Shree Jagannatha Reception Centre (SJRC):''' In order to meet the essential requirements of the visitors to the temple and the heritage corridor, a queue management facility with a capacity of 6,000 persons, along with security checking, baggage screening, a cloak room for keeping belongings of up to four thousand families, drinking water and washroom facilities, facilities for washing hands and feet, and souvenirs including book shops have been provided in this centre, spread over an area of {{cvt|7917|sqm}}. This is built over half an acre land available next to heritage corridor on the south-east side.<br />
* '''Shree Jagannatha Temple Administration (SJTA) Office:''' The dignitaries and guests are received and explained about the temple at the renovated office. Further, it provides adequate arrangements for dignitaries and guests to witness the Ratha Yatra of the Lords. The safety and security arrangements have accordingly been made in this office.<br />
* '''Shelter Pavilions:''' These are used as shaded resting points for pilgrims around the plaza, and are located strategically in the west side, where there are two pavilions, and in the south side, where there are three pavilions. Each shelter pavilion has been built over an area of {{cvt|13|sqm}}.<br />
* '''Washrooms:''' There are two washrooms consisting of six areas each for males and females. The two washrooms cover an area of {{cvt|45|sqm}}, and are located in the north, south and west sides of the corridor. <br />
* '''''Sevayat'' Washrooms:''' There is one washroom each for the ''sevayats'', or workers, and kitchen staff of the temple. These are built over an area of {{cvt|45|sqm}}, and are located in the north and south sides of the corridor.<br />
* '''Police Service Centre:''' It is used by the police personnel deployed for ensuring safety and security for the temple and the devotees visiting the temple. It is located in the west side of the corridor, over an area of {{cvt|26.7|sqm}}.<br />
* '''ATM Kiosk:''' It is located in the north side of the corridor, to ensure that the devotees get access to their bank account whenever required.<br />
* '''Electrical Room:''' A centrally controlled state-of-the-art electrical room with advanced technology is located on the western side of the plaza, for efficient and smart management of electricity in and around temple complex. This houses all electrical equipment and power backup facilities required for the temple complex and the plaza area. It covers an area of {{cvt|130|sqm}}.<br />
* '''First Aid Centre:''' A preliminary emergency medical facility for addressing health emergencies has been built for the temple workers, or ''Sevayats'', and visitors. It covers an area of {{cvt|26.7|sqm}}.<br />
<br />
==''Matha'' Redevelopment==<br />
Efforts have been made to redevelop the ''[[matha]]'' temples existing within the 75 metre-long heritage corridor. These matha temples have been redeveloped by keeping in mind the [[Kalinga architecture|Kalinga style of architecture]] in general, and specific traditions of the concerned ''matha''. Further, this redevelopment has also been provided for the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]), the ''Jagamohana'' or ''[[Nata mandir|Nata Mandapa]]'' and the ''Bhoga Mandapa''.<ref name="SJTA"/><br />
<br />
==Security==<br />
An additional five-layer security arrangement, including 44 police platoons consisting of 30 police officers each, has been deployed around the temple complex and around the city as well, to enhance the security of the temple. The [[Indian Coast Guard]] and the Marine Police have also deployed to protect not only the temple, but also the city and its coast. Before inauguration of the project on 17 January 2024, a four-level security arrangement in the city was deployed to ensure smooth and hassle-free conduct of the inauguration ceremony. Around 100 supervisor officers, 250 sub-inspector and assistant sub- inspector rank officers, 80 platoons of police force and home guards were deployed. Apart from these, four bomb squads and canine squads were also be deployed. 135 CCTV cameras, equipped with face-reading technology, have been installed in the entire corridor and complex, to further advance the existing security arrangements in the temple.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Security tightened in Puri for heritage corridor project inauguration on Jan 17|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/security-tightened-in-puri-for-heritage-corridor-project-inauguration-on-jan-17/articleshow/106801429.cms|work=The Times of India|date=13 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thick Security Blanket Over Puri For Corridor Inauguration On Jan 17, Odisha DGP Reviews Arrangements|url=https://odishabytes.com/thick-security-blanket-over-puri-for-corridor-inauguration-on-jan-17-odisha-dgp-reviews-arrangements/amp/|work=Odisha Bytes|date=12 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mohapatra|first=Debabrata|title=Iconic Puri Jagannath corridor equipped with advanced CCTV facial recognition cover|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/iconic-puri-jagannath-corridor-equipped-with-advanced-cctv-facial-recognition-cover/articleshow/106781469.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]<br />
* [[Historic sites in Odisha]]<br />
* [[Jagannath]]<br />
* [[Sevayat]]<br />
* [[Archaeological Survey of India]]<br />
* [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]<br />
* [[Heritage Street Amritsar]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://shreemandiraparikrama.org/ Official website]<br />
[[Category:Puri]]<br />
[[Category:Puri district]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munawar_Faruqui&diff=519049Munawar Faruqui2026-04-25T18:41:25Z<p>RichyCapy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian stand-up comedian (born 1994)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox comedian<br />
| name = Munawar Faruqui<br />
| image = Munawar Faruqui snapped at Miss World 2024 at Jio Convention Centre, BKC.jpg <br />
| caption =Faruqui in 2024 <br />
| birth_name = Munawar Faruqui<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993<br />
|01|28|df=yes}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdEubwrK9p4&t=2665s|title=Munawar on Bigg Boss, Marriage, Childhood & Parents|date=29 August 2025|website=Youtube}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Junagadh]], Gujarat, India<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=12 June 2023|title=It's impossible to do stand-up comedy without offending anyone: Munawar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/its-impossible-to-do-stand-up-comedy-without-offending-anyone-munawar/articleshow/100928939.cms|website=Times Of India|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dark comedy]]|Satire| [[character comedy]]|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|([[Rap]])|song writing}}<br />
| medium = comedy<br />
| years_active = 2018–present<br />
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Jasmine|2017|2022|end=divorce}}<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-05-13 |title=Munawar Faruqui says he'll meet his son soon, days after revealing about his wedding & kid on Lock Upp|work=Indiatvnews|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/munawar-faruqui-says-he-will-meet-his-son-soon-days-after-revealing-about-his-wedding-kid-lock-upp-winner-2022-05-13-776327}}</ref><br />
{{marriage|Mehzabeen Coatwala|2024|}}<br />
}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox social media personality<br />
| youtube_handle = munawar0018<br />
| youtube_display_name = Munawar Faruqui<br />
<br />
| youtube_years_active = <br />
| youtube_genre = {{flatlist|<br />
* Comedy<br />
* Hip-hop<br />
}}<br />
| youtube_subscribers = 5.27&nbsp;million<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --><br />
| youtube_views = 440 million<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --><br />
| stats_update = 6 November 2024{{nu|date=October 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Munawar Faruqui''' (born 28 January 1994) is an Indian comedian, [[rapper]] and singer. In 2022, he won the reality TV show, ''[[Lock Upp (season 1)|Lock Upp 1]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-05-08 |title=Munawar Faruqui declared winner of Kangana Ranaut's reality show 'Lock Upp' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/munawar-faruqui-declared-winner-of-kangana-ranauts-reality-show-lock-upp/947211/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, he participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|Bigg Boss 17]]'' and emerged as the winner.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education ==<br />
Faruqui was born in Junagadh, Gujarat,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2021|title=Who is Munawar Faruqui? Why was he arrested?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-munawar-faruqui-why-was-he-arrested-101612515403257.html|access-date=2 June 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=4 January 2021|title=Everything you need to know about Munawar Faruqi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/everything-you-need-to-know-about-munawar-faruqi-7131955/|access-date=4 June 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> on 28 January 1994 into a [[Gujarati Muslims|Gujarati Muslim]] family.<ref name="Hindu-Nainar">{{Cite news|last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=2 June 2021 |title=Laughter challenger: Munawar Faruqui finds humour in life against all odds|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/stand-up-comedian-munawar-faruqui-on-moving-on-with-humour/article34708129.ece|access-date=4 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His father lost the money and came under a huge debt.<ref name="ht1">{{cite news |title=Munawar Faruqui reveals he sold samosas after father 'lost all his money': He was under massive debt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/munawar-faruqui-reveals-he-sold-samosas-after-father-lost-all-his-money-debt-101691203368738.html |access-date=23 December 2023 |agency=HT Entertainment Desk |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=August 5, 2023}}</ref> Due to financial constraints, he left school after the 5th class.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 17: Munawar Faruqui reveals he has studied only till 5th standard, know KhanZaadi's educational qualification |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-17-munawar-faruqui-reveals-he-has-studied-only-till-5th-standard-know-khanzaadis-educational-qualification/f0738d5670336 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> He started to work to make the ends meet. Still a child, he worked at a gift shop and later joined his mother & grandmother in making and selling [[samosa]]s and [[chakli]]s.<ref name=ht1/> His mother committed suicide when he was 14 years old. After his mother's death, he relocated to [[Mumbai]] at his aunt's request.<ref name=ht1/><ref name=ht1<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title=Bigg Boss 17: Munawar Faruqui reveals he didn't know his ex-wife got married when his son had come home for 15 days; says "I called Mikhail's nana to know if it was true, she moved to another city" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-17-munawar-faruqui-reveals-he-didnt-know-his-ex-wife-got-married-when-his-son-had-come-home-for-15-days-says-i-called-mikhails-nana-to-know-if-it-was-true-she-moved-to-another-city/articleshow/105913193.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He started to do some odd jobs in Mumbai.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Lock Upp Winner Munawar Faruqui Opens Up On His Childhood, 37 Days In Jail And His Father's Demise; "I Had To Borrow Rs 30,000 To Take My Father's Mortal Remains To Our Village" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lock-upp-winner-munawar-faruqui-opens-up-on-his-childhood-37-days-in-jail-and-his-fathers-demise-i-had-to-borrow-rs-30000-to-take-my-fathers-mortal-remains-to-our-village/photostory/101254083.cms?picid=101254198 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref> In 2020, his father died, after being paralysed.<ref name=indiatimes/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In April 2020, he uploaded a standup comedy video named "''Dawood, Yamraaj & Aurat''" on his YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Best Munawar Faruqui Stand Up Comedy Videos |url=https://newstandupcomedy.com/new-munawar-faruqui-comedy-videos-2022/ |work=Stand Up Comedy |date=3 February 2022}}</ref> He released his debut song "Jawab" in collaboration with Indian musician Spectra in August 2020.<br />
<br />
On 28 February 2021, he uploaded a standup comedy video named "''Ghost Story''" on his YouTube Channel.<ref>{{cite web |author=Scroll Staff|title=Watch: Comedian Munawar Faruqui's ghost story entertains viewers in this new stand-up video |url=https://scroll.in/video/988209/watch-comedian-munawar-faruquis-ghost-story-entertains-viewers-in-this-new-stand-up-video |website=Scroll.in|date=March 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, he became a contestant on [[Balaji Telefilms]]' reality television show ''[[Lock Upp]]'', hosted by [[Kangana Ranaut]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Munawar Faruqui's Latest 'Collab' Is With Kangana Ranaut For Her Reality Show Lock Upp! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/munawar-faruquis-latest-collab-is-with-kangana-ranaut-for-her-reality-show-lock-upp/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Comedian Munawar Faruqui is the second contestant in Kangana Ranaut's reality show 'Lock Upp| url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/comedian-munawar-faruqui-second-contestant-kangana-ranauts-reality-show-lock-upp/|date=22 February 2022|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> On 8 May 2022, he was declared the show's winner.<ref name =lockupp>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/munawar-faruqui-wins-lock-upp-season-1-payal-rohatgi-is-first-runnerup-101651951279572.html|title=Munawar Faruqui wins Lock Upp season 1, Payal Rohatgi is first runner-up|date=8 May 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The show was streamed on [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platforms [[ALTBalaji]] and [[MX Player]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lock Upp: Where, when and.... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lock-upp-where-when-and-what-to-expect-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-kangana-ranauts-show/articleshow/89871810.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 February 2022 |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, he became a contestant on the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|Bigg Boss 17]]'', hosted by [[Salman Khan]]. On 28 January 2024, he was declared the show's winner.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/munawar-faruqui-lifts-bigg-boss-17-trophy-thanks-salman-khan-101706494464598.html |title=Munawar Faruqui lifts Bigg Boss 17 trophy, thanks 'bade bhai' Salman Khan |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |date=29 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He participated in session 1 of Entertainers Cricket League.(ECL)<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Faruqui married Jasmine<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sagar |first1=Aditya |title=Bigg Boss 17: Munawar Faruqui Reveals His Ex-wife Married Again, Breaks Down Remembering Son |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/bigg-boss-17-munawar-faruqui-cries-for-son-reveals-ex-wife-got-married-618484.html |website=indiatimes.com |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=TIMES INTERNET LIMITED |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ranjit |first1=Abhishek |title=Bigg Boss 17: Who's The Dimple Girl In Munawar Faruqui's Life? Did Ayesha Khan Take Anjali Arora's Name? |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2023/bigg-boss-17-who-is-dimple-girl-munawar-faruqui-girlfriend-anjali-arora-ayesha-khan-nazila-sitaishi-378451.html |website=filmibeat.com |publisher=Oneindia (Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd.) |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref> in 2017 but the marriage ended in divorce in 2022. The ex-couple has a five-year-old son.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=Bigg Boss 17: Munawar Faruqui confesses to Mannara Chopra that his ex-wife got married and he is living with his 5-year-old son; says "I got so close to him that there is no limit to that affection" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-17-munawar-faruqui-confesses-to-mannara-chopra-that-his-ex-wife-got-married-and-he-is-living-with-his-5-year-old-son-says-i-got-so-close-to-him-that-there-is-no-limit-to-that-affection/articleshow/104836690.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2021, he started dating [[Internet celebrity|social media influencer]] Nazila Sitaishi.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-08 |title=Lock Upp Winner: Munawar Faruqui wins Kangana Ranaut's show H |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/munawar-faruqui-winner-lock-upp-kangana-ranaut-show-7905626/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-23 |title=Bigg Boss 17: Munawar Faruqui cries inconsolably as he misses his son; says, "pure din me sochta hu ki vo kya kar raha hoga" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-17-munawar-faruqui-cries-inconsolably-as-he-misses-his-son-says-pure-din-me-sochta-hu-ki-vo-kya-kar-raha-hoga/articleshow/104645132.cms |access-date=2023-10-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Bigg Boss 17: Munawar Faruqui CRIES While Missing His Son; Says 'Mujhe Uski Bahut Yaad Aa Rahi Hai' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-17-promo-munawar-faruqui-cries-while-missing-his-son-says-mujhe-uski-bahot-yaad-aa-rahi-hai-article-104650299 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> In ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|Bigg Boss 17]],'' [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]] accused him of two-timing her and Sitaishi and being involved with multiple women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Munawar Faruqui breaks down as Ayesha Khan accuses him of being involved with multiple women: 'If Bigg Boss opens the door, I will walk out' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/munawar-faruqui-breaks-down-as-ayesha-khan-accuses-him-of-being-involved-with-multiple-women-if-bigg-boss-opens-the-door-i-will-walk-out-9072407/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayesha Khan: Munawar broke my trust, lied to me about his girlfriend {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/ayesha-khan-says-munawar-faruqui-broke-her-trust-lied-to-me-about-his-girlfriend-exclusive-2477057-2023-12-17 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, on 18 December 2023, Sitaishi broke up with him on Instagram live, accusing him of cheating.<ref>{{Cite web |title='BB 17': Munawar Faruqui's ex Nazila claims he cheated on her with many girls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bigg-boss-munawar-faruqui-ex-girlfriend-nazila-sitaishi-ayesha-khan-2477777-2023-12-19 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first=| date=2023-12-19 |title=Bigg Boss 17: 'Whatever Munawar said is untrue...', girlfriend Nazila reveals{{!}} Watch |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-17-whatever-munawar-said-is-untrue-girlfriend-nazila-reveals-watch-2023-12-19-907898 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> In May 2024, he married Mehzabeen Coatwala, a makeup artist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Watch: Munawar Faruqui, wife Mehzabeen Coatwala enjoy romantic dinner in Dubai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/munawar-faruqui-wife-mehzabeen-coatwala-enjoy-romantic-dinner-in-dubai-2561142-2024-07-02 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Munawar Faruqui Kisses 2nd Wife Mehzabeen After Khanzaadi's Shocking Comment About Their Marriage {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/munawar-faruqui-kisses-2nd-wife-mehzabeen-after-khanzaadi-shocking-comment-about-marriage-watch-8951786.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
Munawar Faruqui was on his tour performing stand up comedy in different cities of India. On 1 January 2021, he performed a stand-up show at Munro Cafe in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], which was interrupted by Eklavya Singh Gaur, son of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Malini Gaur]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eklavya Singh Gaur, The Complainant In Munawar Faruqui Case, May Make A Political Career Out Of It|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-eklavya-singh-gaur-the-complainant-in-munawar-faruqui-case-may-make-a-political-career-out-of-it/373543|access-date=5 June 2021|website=Outlook India}}</ref> accusing him of making malicious jokes about [[Hindu deities]] and the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs of India]], [[Amit Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Why comedian Munawar Faruqui was arrested: A timeline|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-comedian-munawar-faruqui-was-arrested-a-timeline-101611823703715.html|access-date=5 June 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On 2 January, he was arrested by [[Madhya Pradesh Police]] in the midst of his comic act, stating that he was arrested under the [[Hate speech laws in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iyer|first=Aishwarya S.|date=22 January 2021|title=Hardworking, Kind, A Friend: Munawar Faruqui Beyond The Headlines|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/munawar-faruqui-who-is-he-stand-up-comedian-friend-sagar-anish-saad|access-date=5 June 2021 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
His arrest was criticised by some people, including by a small group of global [[Indian diaspora]] on 2 February 2021, that said a group of South Asian American stand-up comedians will perform a virtual comedy show on 6 February 2021 to show their solidarity with the jailed Faruqui.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Asian American stand-up comedians to perform in support of Munawar Faruqui|url=https://scroll.in/latest/985711/munawar-faruqui-obvious-target-for-hindu-groups-who-seek-to-stifle-dissent-global-indian-diaspora|access-date=4 June 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=2 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> He was subsequently granted bail (not acquitted) by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 February 2021 |title=Munawar Faruqui released on bail after late-night call from top court judge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/comedian-munawar-faruqui-bail-plea-7177669/ |access-date=4 June 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He spent 37 days in jail.<ref name=indiatimes/><br />
<br />
On 26 March 2024, he was detained by [[Mumbai Police]] during a raid at an illegal [[Hookah lounge|Hookah Bar]] in Mumbai. He was later released on bail as offence was bailable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munawar Faruqui Detained During Raid At Mumbai Hookah Bar, Released Later |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bigg-boss-17-winner-munawar-faruqui-detained-in-mumbai-for-consuming-hookah-5317856 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title='Bigg Boss 17' winner Munawar Faruqui arrested after a raid at Mumbai hookah-bar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bigg-boss-17-winner-munawar-faruqui-arrested-after-a-raid-at-mumbai-hookah-bar/articleshow/108811710.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
'''<big>Web series</big>''' <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''First Copy''<br />
|Arif<br />
|Season 1 and 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|TBA<br />
|''Angadia''<br />
|TBA<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of television credits<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[Coldd Lassi Aur Chicken Masala]]''<br />
| Roast Comic<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''[[Lock Upp (Season 1)|Lock Upp 1]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Contestant<br />
| rowspan="2" |Winner <br />
|<ref name="lockupp"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2023–2024<br />
| [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|''Bigg Boss 17'']]<br />
|<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2025 <br />
|''Hafta Vasooli''<br />
| rowspan="3" |Host<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check|''Pati Patni Aur Panga'']]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-09 |title=Pati Patni Aur Panga: Munawar Faruqui to co-host the show with Sonali Bendre; says 'We are here to explore the real, relatable side of relationships with a bit of fun' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pati-patni-aur-panga-munawar-faruqui-to-co-host-the-show-with-sonali-bendre-says-we-are-here-to-explore-the-real-relatable-side-of-relationships-with-a-bit-of-fun/articleshow/122345683.cms |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025 - <br />
|''[[The Society (TV series)|The Society]] ''<br />
|Season 1 and 2<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Special appearances===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year <br />
!Show<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2024<br />
|''[[Suhaagan (TV series)|Suhaagan: Ke Rang Jashn Ke Rang]]''<br />
| rowspan="5" |Himself<br />
|Holi Celebration<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=22 March 2024|title=Munawar Faruqui, Tanvi Dogra And Others Join Suhaagan Cast To Celebrate Holi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/munawar-faruqui-tanvi-dogra-and-others-join-suhaagan-cast-to-celebrate-holi/articleshow/108704697.cms|access-date=17 May 2024|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dance Deewane season 4|Dance Deewane 4]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Madness Machayenge – India Ko Hasayenge]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) season 3|Bigg Boss OTT Season 3]]''<br />
| To interact with housemates and conduct a task.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Star Vs Food Survival'' <br />
|Munawar joins chef Ranveer Brar in the new episode of Star vs Food Survival Season 2<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=MBDesk |date=2024-11-12 |title=Munawar Faruqui tackles the jungle with Ranveer Brar in episode 3 of 'Star vs Food Survival S2' |url=https://mediabrief.com/munawar-faruqui-tackles-the-jungle-with-ranveer-brar-in-star-vs-food-survival-s2/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Music videos===<br />
{| class="wikitable "<br />
|+ List of music video credits<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Singer(s)<br />
! Ref.<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|‘’Dus Lakh’’<br />
|Munawar Faruqui<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dus lakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-dus-lakh-sung-by-munawar-faruqui/videoshow/83195580.cms}}</ref><br />
|Directed by [[Shubham Dolas]]<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|"Halki Si Barsaat"<br />
|Saaj Bhatt<br />
|<br />
|Featuring; Nazila Sitaishi<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|"Ik Tu Hi"<br />
|Rito Riba<br />
|<br />
|Featuring; Oviya Darnal<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|"Halki Halki Si"<br />
|[[Asees Kaur]], Saaj Bhatt<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=2024-02-23 |title=Halki Halki Si Out: Hina Khan Wooes Munawar Faruqui In This Melodious Love Story |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/halki-halki-si-out-hina-khan-wooes-munawar-faruqui-in-this-melodious-love-story-article-107932557 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=[[TimesNow]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|Featuring; [[Hina Khan]]<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|"Hawa Banke"<br />
|Rito Riba<br />
|<br />
|Featuring;<br />
Kinza hashmi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Track<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2020<br />
|''"Jawab"''<br />
|Spectra<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waytolyrics.com/2020/08/jawab-lyrics-munawar-faruqui.html|title=Jawab Lyrics – Munawar Faruqui}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''"Nagpada Ka Rider"''<br />
|Spectra<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Nagpada Ka Rider|date=6 December 2020|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6Bv4o1DjboTNy6SoPK7zbQ|language=en|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Spoke with the Indian Comedian Who Was Arrested for Jokes He Didn't Crack |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/interview-with-munawar-faruqui-indian-comedian-arrested/ |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=VICE|date=19 March 2021 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2021<br />
|''"Aazmaish"''<br />
|Nazz<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="Hindu-Nainar" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insanelyrics.com/aazmaish-by-munawar-faruqui-lyrics/|title=Aazmaish by Munawar Faruqui Lyrics &#124; Insane Lyrics|date=23 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''"Dus Lakh"''<br />
|Spectra<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation |title=Kaamil {{!}} Munawar {{!}} Prod by Shawie {{!}} Official Music Video {{!}} 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adjLxu6KyKo |language=en |access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
|-<br />
|''"Hunarat"''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="spotifyhunarat">{{cite web |title=Hunarat |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0JUV8OQNkcg8sRgPQzDPIy?si=a2057f2a1cc4488e |website=Spotify|date = 28 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="youtubehunarat">{{cite web |title=Munawar – Hunarat (Official Music Video) Prod By DRJ Sohail |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEUWrcR6vXA |website=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''"Khawab"''<br />
|DRJ Sohail<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Khwahish – Lyrics : Munawar Faruqui – AsliHipHop |url=https://aslihiphop.com/lyrics/2021/11/khwahish-lyrics-munawar-faruqui.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |date=18 November 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |'''2022'''<br />
|''"Kalandar"''<br />
|Farhan Khan<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalandar Lyrics – Munawar Faruqui x Farhan Khan |url=https://lyricswrite.com/kalandar-lyrics-munawar-faruqui/ |website=LyricsWrite |access-date=22 March 2022 |date=26 January 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''"Khamoshi"''<br />
|Farhan Khan<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=khamoshi |url=https://www.shazam.com/track/604273742/khamoshi |website=Shazam}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''"Todh"''<br />
|Prince Narula<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="youtube.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|''"Kaamil"''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="youtube.com"/><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="11" scope="row" |'''2023'''<br />
| ''"Alag BT"''<br />
|Hitzone<br />
| rowspan="8" |From his first album ''Madari''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''"Noor"''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Video Alert! You Cannot Afford To Miss Munawar Faruqui's Newest Romantic Number 'Noor' |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2023/video-alert-you-cannot-afford-to-miss-munawar-faruqui-newest-romantic-number-noor-352014.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|"''Madari''"<br />
|Farhan Khan, Charan<br />
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-10 |title=Munawar Faruqui pays tribute to late actor Irrfan Khan through 'Madari' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/munawar-faruqui-pays-tribute-to-late-actor-irrfan-khan-through-madari/articleshow/100894430.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|"''Mumtaz''"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"''Kajal''"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"''Tu Lage Mujhe''"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"''KOD''"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"''Malaal''"<br />
|ft. Rashmeet Kaur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''"Legacy"''<br />
|[[Ganesh Acharya]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''"Maula"''<br />
|[[Kshmr]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Maula |date=2023-11-03 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1mOiy7cD3rgEn4iBf5AjMu |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''"Pyar ki Bahaar"''<br />
|ft. Rashmeet Kaur<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |2024<br />
|''"Dhandho"''<br />
|Spectra<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''"Kuch Yaadein"''<br />
|Suyyash Rai<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''"Dark Circles"''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dark Circles (feat. DRJ Sohail) |date=2024-09-30 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1FTAZlimQmo3RU2H4wUA9s |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''"SuppaMario"''<br />
|Aniket<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''"Wolf"''<br />
|Raga<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<!-- defined before with different content<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Munawar Faruqui From Lok Up to Bigg Boss 17 The Rise of a Standup Comedian – APK on My PC |url=https://apkonmypc.com/munawar-faruqui-from-lok-up-to-bigg-boss-17-the-rise-of-a-standup-comedian/ |website=APK on My PC |publisher=APK on My PC |access-date=25 November 2023 |date=25 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |last1=Faruqui |first1=Munawar |title=Munawar Faruqui From Lok Up to Bigg Boss 17 The Rise of a Standup Comedian – APK on My PC |url=https://apkonmypc.com/munawar-faruqui-from-lok-up-to-bigg-boss-17-the-rise-of-a-standup-comedian/ |website=APK on My PC |publisher=APK on My PC |access-date=26 November 2023 |date=25 November 2023}}</ref>--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm12682146}}<br />
*{{YouTube|c=munawar0018}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Faruqui, Munwar}}<br />
[[Category:1994 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Comedians from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:People from Junagadh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian rappers]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy YouTubers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]<br />
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) winners]]<br />
[[Category:Lock Upp winners]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century rappers]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Ali_Mirza&diff=484948Ahmed Ali Mirza2026-04-24T22:07:27Z<p>RichyCapy: creating bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1907 – 1968)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 17 September 1958<br />
| term_end = 2 April 1964<br />
| birth_date = 9 February 1907<br />
| death_date = 18 November 1968<br />
| spouse = (i) Rafiq Jahan Begum & (ii) Rashid Jahan Begum<br />
| parents = Dr Mohammed Ali (Father)<br />
| predecessor = [[Begum Siddiqa Kidwai]]<br />
| constituency = [[Delhi]]<br />
| party = Independent<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ahmed Ali Mirza''' (9 February 1907 – 18 November 1968) was an Indian politician who served as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the Upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]) from 1958 to 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |journal=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npkaAQAAIAAJ&dq=mirza+ahmed+ali+rajya+sabha+mp&pg=PA863 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=1960 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BoPAQAAIAAJ&q=mirza+ahmed+ali+rajya+sabha+mp |title=Bhārata Kā Rājapatra: The Gazette of India |date=1963 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fs3AAAAIAAJ&q=mirza+ahmed+ali+rajya+sabha+mp |title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report |date=1960 |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1QrEAAAQBAJ&dq=mirza+ahmed+ali+rajya+sabha+mp&pg=PA179 |title=The Jana Sangh: A Biography of an Indian Political Party |date=2016-11-11 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-0032-6 |language=en}}</ref> He was also the member of Delhi Corporation in 1958.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOYmAQAAIAAJ&dq=mirza+ahmed+ali+rajya+sabha+mp&pg=RA2-PA97 |title=Civic Affairs |date=1958 |publisher=P.C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:1907 births]]<br />
[[Category:1968 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Delhi]]<br />
<br />
{{Delhi-politician-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohit_Kumar_(rower)&diff=530769Rohit Kumar (rower)2026-04-24T12:10:54Z<p>RichyCapy: Adding!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian rower (born 1991)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Rohit kumar<br />
| image = <br />
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|07|23}}<br />
| birth_place = Fatehpur, [[Haryana]], India<br />
| height = 186cms<br />
| weight = 78<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| sport = [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]<br />
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Rowing at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's lightweight double sculls|Lightweight double sculls]]}}<br />
| show-medals = yes<br />
| légende = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rohit Kumar''' is an Indian professional rower.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Rowing - Rohit KUMAR |url=https://worldrowing.com//athlete/rohit-kumar |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=World Rowing |language=en}}</ref> He won the bronze medal in the men's lightweight double sculls along with his partner Bhagwan Singh in the [[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games 2018]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2018: Indian rowers Rohit Kumar, Bhagwan Singh win two bronze medals |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/asian-games-2018-indian-rowers-rohit-kumar-bhagwan-singhwin-two-bronze-medals/1290379/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Financialexpress |date=24 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He is also serving in the [[Indian Army]]<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Rohit Kumar was born on 23 July 1996 in Fatehpur village of [[Ambala]] district, [[Haryana]]. His father is a farmer. He served in the Indian Army before starting a career in rowing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-29 |title=Not just a team, but brothers in arms, say Indian rowers trained in Pune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/not-just-a-team-but-brothers-in-arms-say-indian-rowers-trained-in-pune/story-r5glLn9qNAbkpJDX8Ut72I.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
He joined the army in 2012 and began rowing the same year at an army training camp in [[Roorkee]]. He won a bronze in the Asian Games 2018, in Jakarta.<br />
<br />
Rohit Kumar won bronze at the [[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games in 2018]] paired with Bhagwan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2018: Rowers Rohit Kumar, Bhagwan Singh get bronze in Double Sculls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2018/story/asian-games-2018-rowers-rohit-kumar-bhagwan-singh-bag-bronze-in-double-sculls-1322161-2018-08-24 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
These two scullers were selected after finishing first at the National Qualifying Regatta in Pune. He competes in men's lightweight double sculls paired with Bhagwan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Aditya |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2018-08-24 |title=Asian Games 2018: Rowers Dushyant, Rohit Kumar and Bhagwan Singh win Bronze |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other-asian-games-2018-rower-dushyant-wins-bronze-in-men-s-lightweight-single-sculls-event-459500 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rohit}}<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in rowing]]<br />
[[Category:Rowers at the 2014 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Rowers at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]<br />
[[Category:1995 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_BRICS_summit&diff=48171318th BRICS summit2026-04-24T05:15:24Z<p>RichyCapy: Redirect page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 international summit in India}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox summit meeting<br />
|name = 2026 BRICS Summit<br />
|other_titles = 18th BRICS Summit<br />
|image =<br />
|logo =18ª BRICS Summit 2026, New Delhi, India.png<br />
|logo_size = 250px<br />
|alt = BRICS 2026 Indian Presidency logo<br />
|caption = Logo of BRICS during India’s 2026 presidency<br />
|country = {{flag|India}}<br />
|date = 2026<br />
|motto = ''Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability''<br />
|venues =<br />
|cities =<br />
|participants = {{BRA}}<br/>{{CHN}}<br/>{{EGY}}<br/>{{ETH}}<br/>{{IND}}<br/>{{IDN}}<br/>{{IRN}}<br/>{{RUS}}<br/>{{RSA}}<br/>{{UAE}}<br />
|chairperson = [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
|follows = [[17th BRICS summit|17th]]<br />
|precedes = [[19th BRICS summit|19th]]<br />
|website = {{URL|https://brics2026.gov.in}} <br />
|compactnav = yes<br />
|keypoints =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''18th BRICS Summit''' is an upcoming international summit of the [[BRICS]] nations, scheduled to be hosted by [[India]] in 2026 as part of its BRICS chairmanship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-07 |title=Countries extend support for India's BRICS 2026 Chairship |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/countries-extend-support-for-indias-brics-2026-chairship/articleshow/122289066.cms?utm_source=chat |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], [[China]], [[South Africa]], and additional member states admitted in recent years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-01 |title=New Brics year: India takes charge as world looks to ease looming trade tensions |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/new-brics-year-india-takes-charge-as-world-looks-to-ease-looming-trade-tensions-13964616.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260101204936/https://www.firstpost.com/world/new-brics-year-india-takes-charge-as-world-looks-to-ease-looming-trade-tensions-13964616.html |archive-date=2026-01-01 |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=Firstpost |language=en-IN}}</ref> The BRICS summit is held annually, with the chairmanship rotating among member countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-26 |title=BRICS and West Asia: How a strategic realignment is taking shape in global order |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/brics-and-west-asia-how-strategic-realignment-is-taking-shape-in-global-order-13042252.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230827073447/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/brics-and-west-asia-how-strategic-realignment-is-taking-shape-in-global-order-13042252.html |archive-date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Indian presidency ==<br />
India assumed the BRICS chairmanship on 1 January 2026, succeeding Brazil, which hosted the [[17th BRICS Summit]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saxena |first=Shobhan |date=2025-12-18 |title=BRICS shifts gears as Brazil passes the gavel to India amid global tensions and ambitious goals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/brics-shifts-gears-as-brazil-passes-the-gavel-to-india-amid-global-tensions-and-ambitious-goals/article70407772.ece |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As chair, India is responsible for organizing the 18th BRICS Summit and associated ministerial and working-group meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=India says BRICS must commit to reformed multilateralism, unveils logo and website for its 2026 presidency |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-says-brics-must-commit-to-reformed-multilateralism-unveils-logo-and-website-for-its-2026-presidency-1503539675.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Logo and official website ==<br />
The Government of India launched the official logo and website for the BRICS 2026 presidency, on 13 January 2026, marking the formal commencement of preparations for the summit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=‘Weathering global shocks’: Jaishankar lays out India’s BRICS strategy amid dual-tariff pressure from US |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jaishankar-india-brics-strategy-tariff-us-10471039/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[BRICS]]<br />
* [[17th BRICS Summit]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:BRICS summits]]<br />
[[Category:BRICS]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences]]<br />
[[Category:2026 conferences]]<br />
[[Category:2026 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Conferences in India]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abohar_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=484408Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary2026-04-20T19:03:56Z<p>RichyCapy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Punjab, India}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| alt_name = Black Buck Sanctuary<br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| map = India Punjab#India<br />
| map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| location = Fazilka district, Punjab, India<br />
| nearest_city = Abohar<br />
| area_km2 = 186.5<br />
| established = 1975<br />
| governing_body = [[Department of Forest and Wildlife (Punjab)]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://fazilka.nic.in/tourist-place/black-buck-sanctuary-abohar/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary''' earned the status of a sanctuary in 1975 and again in 2000 under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act 1972]]. It is located in the [[Fazilka district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and is a private [[nature reserve]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garg |first=Balwant |date=2010-09-02 |title=Asia's Biggest Blackbuck Deer open Wildlife Sanctuary at Abohar in Punjab which is spread in the area of 46513 acre is on the verge of distinction |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asias-biggest-blackbuck-deer-open-wildlife-sanctuary-at-abohar-in-punjab-which-is-spread-in-the-area-of-46513-acre-is-on-the-verge-of-distinction-alleged-navdeep-asija-a-known-environmentalist-natural-farmer-and-iit-graduate-quoting-last-census-navdeep-told-3500-blackbuck-deer-salman-khan-fame-3500-nelgai-blue-bull-10000-kala-teetar-black-francolin-and-many-more-spices-were-reported-in-wildlife-sanctuary-at-abohar-but-now-no-wildlife-survey-being-conducted-by-forest-wildlife-conservation-department-for-the-long-time-he-told-as-a-new-survey-will-open-up-some-of-departmental-hidden-secrets-so-the-department-is-avoiding-the-survey-told-navdeep-its-the-bishnoi-community-over-there-which-is-saving-them-nothing-much-has-been-done-by-the-state-government-to-save-this-asset-he-told-calling-upon-the-people-of-abohar-navdeep-said-at-least-drinking-water-be-arran/articleshow/6480679.cms |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is known for being a preservation hotspot for [[blackbuck]], which is regarded as a [[Animal worship|sacred animal]] by the people of [[Bishnoi]] community who are native to the place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/ferozepur/attractions/abohar-wildlife-sanctuary/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=www.nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Conservation ==<br />
The blackbuck deer are at risk of extirpation from the sanctuary due to predation by feral dogs, [[habitat destruction]], and the installation of "cobra wiring" (bladed-edged iron wire mesh) by local farmers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudeva |first=Vikas |date=2020-01-13 |title=Blackbucks are fighting for survival in Punjab |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/blackbucks-are-fighting-for-survival-in-punjab/article30558658.ece |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Vivek |date=2021-08-10 |title=The 'buck' stops with Punjab govt as stray dogs hunt endangered antelopes – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/the-buck-stops-with-punjab-govt-as-stray-dogs-hunt-endangered-antelopes/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sadosh |first=Raj |date=9 January 2022 |title=Need efforts to protect blackbuck |work=The Tribune India |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/need-efforts-to-protect-blackbuck-359497}}</ref> It has been proposed to resettle some of the deer to another site named Sohian Bir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harmandeep |date=2022-09-12 |title=Struggling to survive in Abohar sanctuary, blackbucks may soon gallop in a new home |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/struggling-to-survive-in-abohar-sanctuary-blackbucks-may-soon-gallop-in-a-new-home-101662924495364.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The population of blackbucks in the sanctuary decreased from 3,500 in 2011 to 3,273 in 2017.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
The Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the [[Fazilka district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. It consists of 13 revenue villages which are inhabited by the people of [[Bishnoi|Bishnoi community]]. It covers over 18,650 hectares of land. It also consists of 13 farmlands of the Bishnoi people who work towards protecting the [[blackbuck]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Buck Sanctuary Abohar {{!}} District Fazilka, Government of Punjab {{!}} India|url=https://fazilka.nic.in/tourist-place/black-buck-sanctuary-abohar/|access-date=2021-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Major attractions ==<br />
Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary is a major tourist spot. It is home to different varieties of flora and fauna. It is most famous for blackbuck deer and [[Nilgai|Blue bull]]. Other species of animals and plants like [[hare]], [[jackal]], [[wild boar]], [[albizia lebbeck]], [[Vachellia nilotica|acacia nilotica]], [[azadirachta indica]], a. Tortilis, etc., are found here.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which state - GKToday|url=https://www.gktoday.in/question/the-abohar-wildlife-sanctuary-is-located-in-which|access-date=2021-11-28|website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Bir Aishvan Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|30|01|30|N|74|20|40|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:20000|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Fazilka district]]<br />
[[Category:1975 establishments in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1975]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Environment of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas of India]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirmour_Assembly_constituency&diff=536171Sirmour Assembly constituency2026-04-19T08:38:20Z<p>RichyCapy: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Sirmour<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 68<br />
| map_image = 68-Sirmour.svg<br />
| mla = [[Divyaraj Singh]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[Rajkumar Urmaliya]]<br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sirmour Assembly constituency''' (or '''Sirmaur''') is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Sirmour (constituency number 68) is one of the eight Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Rewa district]]. This constituency comprises Sirmour Revenue Inspector's (R.I.) circle of Sirmour [[tehsil]], [[Sirmaur, Rewa|Sirmaur]] nagar panchayat, [[Baikunthpur, Rewa|Baikunthpur]] nagar panchayat and [[Dabhaura]] and Jawa R.I. circles of Teonthar tehsil.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=232}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sirmour is part of [[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments of this district, namely, [[Semariya Assembly constituency|Semariya]], [[Teonthar Assembly constituency|Teonthar]], [[Mauganj Assembly constituency|Mauganj]], [[Deotalab Assembly constituency|Deotalab]], [[Mangawan Assembly constituency|Mangawan]], [[Rewa Assembly constituency|Rewa]], and [[Gurh Assembly constituency|Gurh]].<ref name="ceo"/><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Narmada Prasad Singh <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| [[Champa Devi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Jamuna Prasad<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| [[Rajmani Patel]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| Sita Prasad Sharma<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajmani Patel]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Ramlakhan Sharma<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
| [[Rajmani Patel]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
| Ramlakhan Sharma<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
| [[Rajkumar Urmaliya]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Divyaraj Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirmour<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Divyaraj Singh]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:54875}}<br />
|percentage = 38.42<br />
|change = -0.53<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = V. D. Pandey<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:41085}}<br />
|percentage = 28.77<br />
|change = +14.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Ramgarib Vanvasi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:35560}}<br />
|percentage = 24.9<br />
|change = -3.49<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Laxman Tiwari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2065}}<br />
|percentage = 1.45<br />
|change = -7.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Kanti Kumar Dubey<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1688}}<br />
|percentage = 1.18<br />
|change = +0.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtravadi Bharat Party<br />
|candidate = Er. Avinash Shukla<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1379}}<br />
|percentage = 0.97<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:920}}<br />
|percentage = 0.64<br />
|change = +0.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:13790}}<br />
|percentage = 9.65<br />
|change = -0.91<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:142818}}<br />
|percentage = 64.62<br />
|change = -0.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirmour<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Divyaraj Singh]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:49443}}<br />
|percentage = 38.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Aruna Vivek Tiwari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:36042}}<br />
|percentage = 28.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Ramgarib Banvasi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:18466}}<br />
|percentage = 14.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Pradeep Singh Patna<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:11144}}<br />
|percentage = 8.78<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Sapaks Party<br />
|candidate = Satish Shukla<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1564}}<br />
|percentage = 1.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:651}}<br />
|percentage = 0.51<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:13401}}<br />
|percentage = 10.56<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:126932}}<br />
|percentage = 64.91<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Sirmaur, Rewa|Sirmaur]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{coords|24.84|81.36|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rewa district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._V._Praveen_Kumar_Reddy&diff=483833A. V. Praveen Kumar Reddy2026-04-18T19:29:28Z<p>RichyCapy: creating a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix =<br />
| name = A. V. Praveen Kumar Reddy<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency|Thamballapalle]]<br />
| term_start = 1 June 2009<br />
| term_end = 2014<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| party = <br />
| other_party = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| relations = <br />
| children = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
| blank2 = <br />
| data2 = <br />
| blank3 = <br />
| data3 = <br />
| blank4 = <br />
| data4 = <br />
| blank5 = <br />
| data5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Anipireddi Venkata Praveen Kumar Reddy''' is an Indian politician and a former MLA from [[Thamballapalle (Assembly constituency)|Thamballapalle]] in [[Chittoor district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tdp-suspends-rebel-mla-praveen-reddy/1024071/|title = TDP suspends rebel MLA Praveen Reddy|date = 30 October 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He was first elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Jaganmohan-Reddy-K-Chandrasekhar-Rao-out-to-undermine-TDP/articleshow/17026864.cms|title=Jaganmohan Reddy, K Chandrasekhar Rao out to undermine TDP &#124; Hyderabad News - Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/more-mlas-from-congress-and-tdp-are-shifting-to-the-fledgling-party-120074-2012-10-29|title = More MLAs from the Congress and the TDP are shifting to the fledgling party}}</ref> He was elected to the Assembly on [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]], but is joining [[YSR Congress Party]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Praveen Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br />
<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satish_Sikarwar&diff=533484Satish Sikarwar2026-04-17T02:50:42Z<p>RichyCapy: made</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Gwalior East Assembly constituency|Gwalior East]]<br />
| term_start = 2023<br />
| term_end =<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = [[Munnalal Goyal]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Satish Sikarwar''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Gwalior East Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
In the 2018 Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election, Sikarwar contested as a candidate from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He lost to [[Munnalal Goyal]], the Indian National Congress candidate, by a margin of 17,819 votes.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-11-17 |title=MP Elections: Congress' Satish Sikarwar confident of victory in tough contest in Gwalior East |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/mp-elections-congress-satish-sikarwar-confident-of-victory-in-tough-contest-in-gwalior-east-1503241566.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Gwalior East Constituency Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gwalioreast-madhya-pradesh-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3281950/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, Sikarwar joined the Indian National Congress and was fielded as a candidate from the [[Gwalior East Assembly constituency|Gwalior East constituency]]. He won the election, defeating the BJP candidate [[Maya Singh]] by a margin of 15,353 votes. In the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election, Sikarwar secured a total of 1,00,301 votes, while Maya Singh received 84,948 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gwalior East, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/gwalior-east-constituency-s12aed2008a016/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Gwalior East Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Dr Satish Sikarwar defeats BJP's Maya Singh (mami Ji) with 15353 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gwalior-east-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470382-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikarwar, Satish}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madan_Prajapat&diff=514298Madan Prajapat2026-04-16T03:46:00Z<p>RichyCapy: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image =<br />
| office = Member of the<br>[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2018<br />
| term_end = 2023<br />
| predecessor = [[Amra Ram Choudhary]]<br />
| successor = [[Arun Choudhary]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2008<br />
| term_end1 = 2013<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Amra Ram Choudhary]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Amra Ram Choudhary]]<br />
| constituency = [[Pachpadra Assembly constituency|Pachpadra]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Pachpadra Assembly constituency|Pachpadra]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| other_party = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Madan Prajapat''' is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]] who has served in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from 2018 until 2023. He previously served in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from 2008 to 2013. Prajapat represents [[Pachpadra Assembly constituency|Pachpadra]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Prajapat began his political career as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], serving as a district manager for the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], the party's youth wing. He later joined the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and made his first run for the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], contesting the [[Pachpadra Assembly constituency|Pachpadra constituency]] in the [[Barmer district]]; however, Prajapat lost this election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2022 |title=Rajasthan Budget Congress MLA Madan Prajapat angry with his own government for not making district of Balotra Shoes relinquish rjsr |url=https://irshadgul.com/rajasthan-budget-congress-mla-madan-prajapat-angry-with-his-own-government-for-not-making-district-of-balotra-shoes-relinquish-rjsr/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=IG News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731225809/https://irshadgul.com/rajasthan-budget-congress-mla-madan-prajapat-angry-with-his-own-government-for-not-making-district-of-balotra-shoes-relinquish-rjsr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He then joined the [[Indian National Congress]], and ran again in Pachpadra in the [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]. Prajapat won the election, defeating incumbent [[Amra Ram Choudhary]] of the BJP, receiving 51,702 votes to Choudhary's 39,577.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-28 |title=Members of Legislative Assembly (2008) |url=http://www.sarkaritel.com/states/rajasthan/members_legislative_assembly.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228191508/http://www.sarkaritel.com/states/rajasthan/members_legislative_assembly.htm |archive-date=28 December 2008 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=sarkaritel.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachpadra Assembly constituency (Rajasthan) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/pachpadra-election-result-s20a137/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=[[News18 India]] |archive-date=2020-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023205613/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/pachpadra-election-result-s20a137/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Prajapat ran for re-election in the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], but was defeated by [[Amra Ram Choudhary]] of the BJP, receiving 54,230 votes to Choudhary's 77,476.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/RajAE_2013_stat_report.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |year=2013 |location=New Delhi |pages=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718173444/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/RajAE_2013_stat_report.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Prajapat ran again for the seat in the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], defeating Choudhary with 69,393 votes to 66,998.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 December 2018 |title=Rajasthan Election 2018: Jaisalmer, Sheo, Barmer, Baytoo, Pachpadra, Siwana, Gudha Malani, Chohtan Results Out |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/rajasthan-election-2018-results-jaisalmer-sheo-barmer-baytoo-pachpadra-siwana-gudha-malani-chohtan-vote-counting-live-updates-3471677/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=[[India.com]] |language=en |archive-date=2020-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022180314/https://www.india.com/news/india/rajasthan-election-2018-results-jaisalmer-sheo-barmer-baytoo-pachpadra-siwana-gudha-malani-chohtan-vote-counting-live-updates-3471677/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=P |date=2018-12-13 |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2018: In 14 constituencies, more NOTA votes polled than victory margin |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/rajasthan-elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2018-in-14-constituencies-more-nota-votes-polled-than-victory-margin/story-NKLEJEERSpACOFu4hssl9N.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728222454/https://www.hindustantimes.com/rajasthan-elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2018-in-14-constituencies-more-nota-votes-polled-than-victory-margin/story-NKLEJEERSpACOFu4hssl9N.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
During his time in office, Prajapat has frequently bucked his party, which has been the ruling party of [[Rajasthan]] since 2018. In 2021, Prajapat sided with [[Rajendra Singh Rathore]] and [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]], both high-ranking members of the BJP, in calling for an official investigation into the police killing of an alleged smuggler in Barmer district. Prajapat stated that he believed that the Barmer police were not being truthful about the incident, which Prajapat described as a "planned murder".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Cong MLA threatens resignation, demands CBI probe for Prajapat encounter case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/cong-mla-threatens-resignation-demands-cbi-probe-for-prajapat-encounter-case-101619836170957.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620205447/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/cong-mla-threatens-resignation-demands-cbi-probe-for-prajapat-encounter-case-101619836170957.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prajapat stated that he would resign from the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly if an investigation was not conducted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parihar |first=Rohit |date=9 June 2021 |title=Why Rajasthan's CM Ashok Gehlot does not fear the CBI |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-rajasthan-s-cm-ashok-gehlot-does-not-fear-the-cbi-1812735-2021-06-09 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911204937/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-rajasthan-s-cm-ashok-gehlot-does-not-fear-the-cbi-1812735-2021-06-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Throughout his career, Prajapat campaigned strongly for the creation of a new district centered around the city of [[Balotra]]. Balotra is the largest subdivision of the Barmer district, and there has been a longtime campaign to separate it from Barmer, fueled in part by the creation of a new oil refinery in the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Rituraj |date=6 November 2018 |title=Pachpadra refinery a rallying point for BJP and Congress |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pachpadra-refinery-a-rallying-point-for-bjp-and-congress/articleshow/66519753.cms |access-date=2022-07-31 |archive-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731225809/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pachpadra-refinery-a-rallying-point-for-bjp-and-congress/articleshow/66519753.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2022, as a result of the state government's budget proposal, which did not include a provision to create a new district for Balotra, Prajapat vowed to walk barefoot until "the day Balotra is declared a district".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Congress MLA gives up footwear after no mention of suggestion for separate district in Budget |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/rajasthan-budget-congress-madan-prajapat-renouncing-footwear-7789248/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523171437/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/rajasthan-budget-congress-madan-prajapat-renouncing-footwear-7789248/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later at a dinner hosted by [[Ashok Gehlot]], the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|chief minister of Rajasthan]] and a member of the INC, Prajapat rebuffed an offer by Gehlot for a pair of shoes and left the dinner without eating.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karanpuri |date=2022-04-02 |title=Congress MLA Madan Prajapat returned hungry from CM Gehlot's dinner party, know the whole matter |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-congress-mla-madan-prajapat-returned-without-having-dinner-from-cm-ashok-gehlot-party-ann-2094123 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi |archive-date=2022-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411182510/https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-congress-mla-madan-prajapat-returned-without-having-dinner-from-cm-ashok-gehlot-party-ann-2094123 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastav |first=Aaryan |date=2022-04-02 |title=Congress MLA Madan Prajapat returned hungry from CM Gehlot's dinner party, roams barefoot since the demand is not met |url=https://anytvnews.com/top-news/congress-mla-madan-prajapat-returned-hungry-from-cm-gehlots-dinner-party-roams-barefoot-since-the-demand-is-not-met/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=AnyTV News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402110603/https://anytvnews.com/top-news/congress-mla-madan-prajapat-returned-hungry-from-cm-gehlots-dinner-party-roams-barefoot-since-the-demand-is-not-met/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016, Prajapat was arrested at a protest in Balotra against [[Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation]] (RIICO), in which Prajapat allegedly slapped a RIICO regional manager. As a result of Prajapat's arrest, the other protesters began clashing with security personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-16 |title=Tension in Balotra after ex-Congress MLA's arrest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/tension-in-balotra-after-ex-congress-mla-s-arrest/story-3HIV1SWgf0tDfs8YxYf6bK.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=2016-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915041239/http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/tension-in-balotra-after-ex-congress-mla-s-arrest/story-3HIV1SWgf0tDfs8YxYf6bK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2021 trial, Prajapat and 27 other protesters were acquitted of their charges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathrani |first=Mukesh |date=26 December 2021 |title=Assault case: MLA Madan Prajapat, 27 others acquitted |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/Assault-case-mla-madan-prajapat-27-others-acquitted |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=First India |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731225810/https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/Assault-case-mla-madan-prajapat-27-others-acquitted |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Prajapat was defeated by BJP candidate [[Arun Choudhary]] in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachpadra Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Arun Choudhary with 77997 defeats INC's Madan Prajapat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/pachpadra-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470752-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prajapat, Madan}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Barmer district]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinod_Sultanpuri&diff=544735Vinod Sultanpuri2026-04-13T22:42:07Z<p>RichyCapy: entry!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Vinod Sultanpuri<br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Kasauli Assembly constituency|Kasauli]]<br />
| native_name = विनोद सुल्तानपुरी<br />
| native_name_lang = Hi<br />
| constituency = [[Kasauli Assembly constituency]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Rajiv Saizal]]<br />
| governor = [[Rajendra Arlekar]]<br />
| term_start = 2022<br />
| source = https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/510<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| birth_name = Vinod Kumar Sultanpuri<br />
| birth_date = 3 February 1982<br />
| birth_place = Sultanpur, [[Solan district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]], [[Asia]]<br />
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}<br />
| spouse = Ranjana Sultanpuri<br />
| children = 1 son, 1 daughter<br />
| parents = *[[Krishan Dutt Sultanpuri]] (father)<br />
*Satya Devi Sultanpuri (mother)<br />
| alma_mater = [[Indian Society of International Law]]<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| profession = *[[Advocate]]<br />
*[[Agriculturist]]<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]] & B.S.L<br />
| image = File:Vinod Sultanpuri.jpg<br />
| caption = Vinod Sultanpuri<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vinod Kumar Sultanpuri''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er and incumbent Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kasauli Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress]] defeating [[Rajiv Saizal]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by the margin of 6,768 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Kasauli Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP loses hold of seat, Congress emerges victorious by 6,768 votes |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/kasauli-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15340701.htm |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=Himachal: Destruction man-made? MLA brought up green issues in House, officers too raised concern |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/himachal-monsson-man-made-mla-kasauli-rainfall-landslides-8849487/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title=Boost to excision of civil areas in 6 Army Cantts of HP |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/boost-to-excision-of-civil-areas-in-6-army-cantts-of-hp-kullu/articleshow/105769090.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He is son of [[Krishan Dutt Sultanpuri|Krishna Dutt Sultanpuri]], a six-term Member of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=23 new entrants in Himachal Pradesh's 14th assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/23-new-entrants-in-himachal-pradesh-s-14th-assembly-101670610780130.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste of Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=India |first=Tribune |date=14 April 2024 |title=Congress banks on Vinod Sultanpuri to regain lost glory in Shimla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-banks-on-vinod-sultanpuri-to-regain-lost-glory-in-shimla-610528}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
*2006 - 2008, District president of [[Indian Youth Congress]] [[Solan]]<br />
*2009 - 2011, National Secretary of [[Indian Youth Congress]]<br />
*2012 - 2019, General Secretary of [[Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee]]<ref>{{Cite news | location=India |date=24 September 2019 |title=HPCC gen secy Vinod Sultanpuri resigns |newspaper=[[The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/hpcc-gen-secy-vinod-sultanpuri-resigns-837174 | accessdate=14 August 2024}}</ref><br />
*2022 - Ongoing, [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Kasauli Assembly constituency]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultanpuri, Vinod Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:People from Solan district]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Nagina_Singh&diff=528991Ram Nagina Singh2026-04-11T20:48:07Z<p>RichyCapy: Biography!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ram Nagina Singh<br />
| native_name =<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1916}}<br />
| birth_place = Katharia, [[Ballia]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| constituency = [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur Distt. (East) cum Ballia Distt. (South-West)]]<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 1952<br />
| term_end = 1957<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = Radha Mohan Singh<br />
| party = [[Praja Socialist Party]]<br />
| spouse = Jhuna Devi<br />
| children = <br />
| profession = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/944.htm <br />
}}<br />
'''Ram Nagina Singh''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur Distt. (East) cum Ballia Distt. (South-West)]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Praja Socialist Party]].<ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1956 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Who's who | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1956 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBM6oUa4sEoC | access-date=12 Mar 2023 | page=296}}</ref><ref name="Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112116676187 and Others: (1954:Aug.-Sept.) 2013 p. ">{{cite book | title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112116676187 and Others: (1954:Aug.-Sept.) | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1pPAQAAMAAJ | access-date=12 Mar 2023 | page=}}</ref><ref name="Malhotra India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 2002 p. ">{{cite book | last=Malhotra | first=G.C. | author2=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Fifty Years of Indian Parliament | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-200-0385-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4SNAAAAMAAJ | access-date=12 Mar 2023 | page=19}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/944.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:1917 births]]<br />
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Krishna&diff=513356Little Krishna2026-04-10T04:11:49Z<p>RichyCapy: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian animated series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Little Krishna Poster.jpg<br />
| genre = [[Epic genre|Epic]], [[Hindu|History]]<br />
<br />
| creator = [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance BIG Animation Studio]] and India Heritage Foundation<br />
| language = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Hindi<br />
*Tamil<br />
*English<br />
}}<br />
| num_episodes = 13<br />
| country = India<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| channel = [[Nickelodeon]], [[Discovery Kids]], [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[Pogo TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2009|05|11|df=yes}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Little Krishna''''' is an Indian animated television series created by [[Reliance Entertainment]] and India Heritage Foundation in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Reliance Animation |url=https://www.relianceanimation.com/about-us.php |website=Reliance Animation}}</ref> The series is based on [[Srila Prabhupada]]’s book - Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, ({{ISBN|978-0-8921-3333-8}}) and other source books of information on [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Making of Little Krishna Animation Series |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUyYvUuM3Wo&t=124s |website=YouTube}}</ref> It was originally aired on [[Nickelodeon]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Animation series 'Little Krishna' debut on May 11|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/Animation-series-lsquoLittle-Krishnarsquo-debut-on-May-11/article20073122.ece|access-date=2021-06-19|website=@businessline|date=7 May 2009|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201241/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/Animation-series-lsquoLittle-Krishnarsquo-debut-on-May-11/article20073122.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Krishna: India's First 3-D Animated TV Series|url=https://iskconnews.org/krishna-indias-first-3-d-animated-tv-series,1224/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=ISKCON News|date=16 May 2009|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122143304/https://iskconnews.org/krishna-indias-first-3-d-animated-tv-series,1224/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and later aired on [[Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Kids]] in 2014 and [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Krishna - Animated TV Series by BIG Animation|url=https://relianceanimation.com/little-krishna.php|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Reliance Animation|language=en-US|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203205/https://www.relianceanimation.com/little-krishna.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series is based on the legend of [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] [[Krishna]]. It has 13 standalone episodes involving Krishna between the ages of five and nine."This epic project celebrating Krishna’s childhood pastimes in Vrindavan is dedicated to His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the Founder-Acharya of International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Little Krishna Synopsis |url=https://www.relianceanimation.com/little-krishna.php |website=Reliance Animation}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Ashish SK, ex CEO of BIG Animation mentioned the series, which has over 300 characters and as many locations, has taken over seven years in the making, and involved an investment of 50 [[crore]] rupees.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The series was conceptualised and produced by [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance BIG Entertainment]] with a budget of {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2009}} and co-produced by The [https://www.littlekrishna.org/india-heritage-foundation/ India Heritage Foundation] which is powered by [[ISKCON Temple, Bengaluru|ISKCON Bangalore]]. The series is scripted by Jeffery Scott.<ref name=":0" /> The production team of Little Krishna<ref>https://www.iskconbangalore.org/project/little-krishna/ Llittle Krishna, project by ISKCON Bangalore</ref> consists of [[Madhu Pandit Dasa]] and Rajesh Sawhney as Executive Producers, Ashish S K as Producer, Chanchalapathi Dasa, Bhaktilata Devi Dasi and Chamari Devi Dasi handled the and the research, concept and design.<br />
<br />
Big Animation made ''Little Krishna'' in two formats — 13 standalone episodes of approximately 22 minutes each and three feature films of 80–85 minutes each.<ref>https://littlekrishna.org Little Krishna Official Website</ref> The 13-part series was broadcast on Nick in India.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
{{episode table|overall= |title= |episodes=<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = The Attack of the Serpent King<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
Little Krishna spends his childhood years in [[Vrindavan]], filling the hearts of the inhabitants with pure love for him. Krishna and his cowherd friends spend their days playing in the pastures of Vrindavan and the cool waters of river [[Yamuna]].<br />
One day, [[Kaliya]], an enormous serpent with many hoods, rises out of the Yamuna where Krishna and his friends are playing and spews venom furiously, poisoning the river, cows, and calves. The poisonous fumes emanating from the river cause the boys to fall unconscious. Krishna immediately jumps into the river to save them. Kaliya attacks him, coils around him, and dives deep into the water as the villagers watched helplessly.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = The Terrible Storm<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
The inhabitants of Vrindavan prepare to perform a festival to please [[Indra]] so that he will bless them with good rainfall. However, Krishna convinces his father Nanda Maharaj and other villagers that the offering is due to [[Govardhan Hill]] as it is the only source of their sustenance. The festival is then held to honour Govardhan Hill. All the villagers joyfully gather their offerings and proceed to perform the [[yajna]]. When Indra learns about this, he becomes furious and orders his warriors to inundate Vrindavan with devastating rain. The village is tormented with torrential rainfall for seven days and nights.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = The Horror Cave<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
[[Kamsa]] is restlessly thinking about Krishna, his angel of death. He calls upon one of his demon friends - [[Aghasura]], a huge, terrifying python. Aghasura takes the orders of Kamsa and goes to Vrindavan to kill Krishna. He lays down with his mouth wide open. His body spreads over many miles and his mouth resembles an enormous cave. Krishna's friends, who happily play nearby, are attracted to this new cave. They enter the cave and soon realise that they are trapped. The boys frantically call out to Krishna for help.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = The Enchanted Picnic<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
[[Brahma]] becomes proud, considering himself to be the foremost servitor of [[Vishnu]]. Brahma is bewildered by his own power and position, and he refuses to accept that Krishna, living among the simple villagers of Vrindavan, is none other than Vishnu Himself. Brahma decides to play a trick to find out who Krishna really is. He steals Krishna's friends and cows, puts them in dreamland, and visits Vrindavan a year later to see what Krishna does without his friends and cows. The sight leaves Brahma speechless.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = Fire and Fury<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
After the death of Aghasura, Kamsa sends Pralambasura to get rid of Krishna. By the time Pralambasura reaches Vrindavan, Krishna is playing a game with his friends. [[Balaram]] declares the rule of the game – losers will have to carry winners on their shoulders all the way to the riverside and back.<br />
Pralambasura disguises himself as a little boy and joins the team while Krishna exits the game to play some mischief on the [[gopi]]s. As Pralambasura's team loses, each of them carries a boy from the winning team on their shoulders. Krishna's friends go towards the river, but Pralambasura carries Balaram away to a forest nearby. While the boys are enjoying the game, they hear their cows mooing in fear and walk into the forest in search of the cows and are shocked to see a raging forest fire encircle them. They helplessly cry out to Krishna to save them.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = Demon in Disguise<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
This episode transitions between two stories that depict Krishna's love for the inhabitants of Vrindavan.<br />
<br />
Kamsa is furious about the death of Pralambasura. He summons another gigantic demon, Vatsasura, to kill Krishna. Vatsasura sets out in search of Krishna and finds him melodiously playing his flute under a tree. He also sees Krishna's friends racing with their calves. Hence, Vatsasura disguises himself as a calf and tries to attack Krishna.<br />
<br />
The other story is about [[Bahula]], a dear cow of Krishna. While grazing peacefully, Bahula and her friends are attacked by a tiger. She loses her way and walks into the cave of the tiger while trying to escape with her friends. As the ferocious tiger is ready to pounce on Bahula, she pleads him to let her go. Bahula promises the tiger that she would return the following day after feeding her newborn calf. The tiger agrees on the condition that he would make a meal of Bahula along with her calf if she fails to return the next morning.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
|Title= Deadly Donkey<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
Talavana is a guarded forest where the servants of Kamsa prepare and dispatch a special drink made from the 'taal' fruit for their king's pleasure. Even the denizens of heaven crave to taste this nectar. However, Talavana is watched over by a deadly donkey, Dhenukasura, who mercilessly punishes and kills trespassers. One day, while Krishna and his friends are playing, their cows wander into Talavana, attracted by the sweet aroma of the fruits. The boys are forced to enter Talavana to get their cows back. They find their cows relishing the fruits that have fallen on the ground. Krishna and his friends decide to collect fruits for all the residents of Vrindavan before leaving the place. As they pick up the fruits, they come face to face with Dhenukasura, who is seething with anger.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 8<br />
|Title = Challenge of the Brute<br />
|ShortSummary = Kamsa is enraged when he hears that Dhenukasura was killed by Krishna. At the suggestion of one of his servants, he sends another demon, Aristasura, a fearsome bull, to challenge Krishna. The raging bull dashes across the village, destroying homes and threatening the residents of Vrindavan. When Krishna learns about the disturbance that Aristasura is causing, he immediately appears before the demon, ready to take him on.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 9<br />
|Title = Assault of the Lethal Bird<br />
|ShortSummary = The lethal bird, [[Bakasura]], is in search of his meal. He swoops down on a few cowherd men and their cows, planning to devour them. However, the bird is interrupted by King Kamsa, who arrives there to meet him. Kamsa promises his friend Baka royal feasts for a lifetime if he succeeds in killing Krishna. Bakasura vows to accomplish the task by sunset and sets out in search of Kamsa's angel of death. He spots Krishna with his friends in Vrindavan, building a bridge across the river with the help of monkeys, and immediately picks up Krishna with his long beak and swallows him.<br />
Enraged by Bakasura's actions, the devatas Indra, Brahma, [[Agni]] and [[Shiva]] attack him with their weapons and try to save Krishna, but they fail to do so.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 10<br />
|Title = The Charge of the Monster Horse<br />
|ShortSummary = Kamsa is growing impatient after all his demon friends have been killed by Krishna. As his hopes of getting rid of Krishna fade, a monster horse, [[Keshi (demon)|Keshi]], appears before him. He assures Kamsa that he will crush Krishna to death beneath his hooves.<br />
Keshi learns that Krishna wears a yellow garment, holds a flute and wears a peacock feather on his head. Meanwhile, Madhumangal disguises himself as Krishna so that he can get some butter from the little gopis. In search of Krishna, Keshi stumbles upon Madhumangal. Mistaking Madhumangal for Krishna, Keshi snorts furiously and gets ready to attack him.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 11<br />
|Title = The Mystery of the Vanishing Sheep<br />
|ShortSummary = Krishna and his friends are playing the game '[[Chor Police (game)|Robber and Police]]' in the pastures of Vrindavan. Each of them plays a different role. [[Subala]] plays the thief, Sridham – the shepherd and Krishna and Balaram – the police. Other cowherd boys play the role of sheep. Subala hides behind the bushes, eagerly waiting for a chance to steal the 'sheep'. But as he tries to trap them, he finds that the 'sheep' are being led by a mysterious boy who has suddenly appeared on the scene.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 12<br />
|Title = The Vicious Whirlwind<br />
|ShortSummary = The episode revolves around two pastimes of Krishna.<br />
<br />
Krishna is bound by his mother [[Yashoda]] to a grinding mortar with a rope as punishment. However, this does not stop Krishna from continuing his mischief. He crawls around in the garden, dragging the mortar along, until he reaches the [[Arjuna tree]]s that stand tall in the courtyard of Nanda Maharaj. The mortar gets stuck between the twin trees. Krishna continues to drag the mortar, pulling it harder, causing the giganitic trees to uproot. As the trees come crashing down with a loud thud, something strange takes place.<br />
<br />
Kamsa is sitting in his palace, occupied in the thoughts of killing Krishna. On the other hand, baby Krishna is busy playing mischievously in Vrindavan. Trnavarta, a demon in the form of a whirlwind, appears before Kamsa and assures him that he would easily shatter Krishna into pieces. Trnavarta then goes to Vrindavan, swiftly picks up Krishna, and flies high up in the sky.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 13<br />
|Title = The Witch Trap<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
The episode shows different playful activities of Krishna and Balaram.<br />
<br />
One day, Balaram finds Krishna eating mud and complains to their mother Yashoda. However, Krishna feigns innocence. She tells Krishna to open his mouth so that she can see for herself. The moment Krishna opens his mouth, Yashoda sees something mystical and feels dizzy. Nanda Maharaj helps her recover from the bewildering experience. Later, he tells Yashoda that Krishna is not an ordinary child. He reminds her of two earlier instances involving a fruit seller and Krishna sucking the life out of [[Putana]], a [[rakshasi]] who disguises herself as a young, beautiful woman and tries to kill Krishna by breast-feeding him poisoned milk. Both of them agree that their beloved Krishna is a special boy. <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Little Krishna'' was first aired on Nickelodeon for south Asian territory in May 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Little Krishna goes big! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/little-krishna-goes-big/articleshow/4552622.cms|access-date=2021-06-19|website=The Times of India|date=20 May 2009|language=en|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626042843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/little-krishna-goes-big/articleshow/4552622.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The series received nationwide recognition.<br />
<br />
[[Evergreen Entertainment]] is the distributor for the series.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|first=Patrick|last=Frater|agency=Associated Press|date=2009-12-14|title=Evergreen picks up 'Little Krishna'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/evergreen-picks-krishna-92306/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> Their CEO Steve Walsh commented:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|The series offers such a fresh look from anything that we have seen to date coming out of India. It has already done phenomenally well since its premiere on NICK India. It is very well written, the animation is great and is in 3-D which adds to its attractiveness.<ref name=":1" />}}<br />
<br />
==Video games==<br />
[[Zapak]], an Indian [[mobile video game]] developer has released several adaptations of the television series including ''Little Krishna'', ''Little Radha Run'', ''Little Krishna Makhan Masti'' and ''Little Krishna MM Tab'', and ''Little Krishna Jungle Run''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zapak |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=8696276183729924235&hl=en_US&gl=US |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=[[Google Play]] |language=en-US |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003105447/https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=8696276183729924235&hl=en_US&gl=US |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
The Little Krishna Animation Series has won numerous awards including five FICCI Frames Awards and three Golden Cursor Awards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Little Krishna Creates Waves Abroad|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/economy/little-krishna-creates-waves-abroad/articleshow/5357443.cms|website=The Economic Times|date=20 December 2009|last1=Sapre|first1=Omkar|archive-date=27 June 2023|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627113706/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/economy/little-krishna-creates-waves-abroad/articleshow/5357443.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Little Krishna charms the world in animated avatar|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/little-krishna-charms-the-world-in-animated-avatar/articleshow/5359982.cms?from=mdr|website=The Economic Times|date=21 December 2009|last1=Sapre|first1=Omkar|archive-date=27 June 2023|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627113706/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/little-krishna-charms-the-world-in-animated-avatar/articleshow/5359982.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards & Achievements|url=https://www.relianceanimation.com/awards.php/|website=Reliance Animation|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627113706/https://www.relianceanimation.com/awards.php/|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
* Best Animated TV Episode Award - FICCI Best Animated Frames [BAF] 2007<br />
* Best Animated TV Series - FICCI Best Animated Frames [BAF] 2008<br />
* Outstanding Indian Animated Content- FICCI Best Animated Frames [BAF] 2008<br />
* Best Animated TV Episode Award - FICCI Best Animated Frames [BAF] 2008<br />
* Best VFX in TV Episode Award - FICCI Best Animated Frames [BAF] 2008<br />
* Best 3D Animation Film- Golden Cursor Award 2008<br />
* Best Animation- Asian Television Awards – 2009 <br />
* ASIFA Awards of Excellence 2009<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Indian animated television series]]<br />
* [[List of Indian animated films]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian animated short films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian animated television series]]<br />
[[Category:Krishna in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_Hindi&diff=531471Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi2026-04-02T00:55:01Z<p>RichyCapy: Details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Singing reality show started in 1995}}<br />
{{about|the musical reality TV show|the musical notes|Swara|the music company|Saregama}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 25 Years.jpg<br />
| caption = Latest 25th anniversary cover photo <br />
<!-- Concept = Zee TV, Atul Date -->| creative_director = [[Zee TV]], [[Gajendra Singh (producer) |Gajendra Singh]], Ashwini Karandikar, Supavitra Babul (2010), Neeraj Sharma<br />
| presenter = [[Sonu Nigam]] (1995-2000)<br /><br />
[[Amaan Ali Khan]] and [[Ayaan Ali Khan]] (2000-01)<br />[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] (2002-06)<br /> [[Aditya Narayan]] (2007-09, 2014-2019,2021)<br />[[Purab Kohli]] (2010)<br />[[Manish Paul]] (2010, 2020)<br /> [[Javed Ali]] (2012-2013)<br /> [[Vipul Roy]] (2024-Present)<br /> [[Salman Ali]] (2024-Present) <br />
| opentheme = "Sa Re Ga Ma" by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Sadhana Sargam]] (1995-2000)<br />"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Sadhana Sargam]] (2000-06) <br />"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by [[Aditya Narayan]] and [[Shriram Iyer]] (2007-09) <br />"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" by [[Javed Ali]] (2010-2020)<br>"Tu Gaaye Jaa" by [[Armaan Malik]] (2020-present)<br />
| country = India<br />
| runtime = 90 minutes (Including commercials)<br />
| network = [[Zee TV]]<br>[[Zee5]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|1995|5|1|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
| image_size = 230<br />
| num_seasons = 39<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| creator = Zee TV<br />
| language = <br />
| num_episodes = <br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| channel = <br />
| released = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language reality singing television show. It started airing on [[Zee TV]] in 1995 as ''Sa Re Ga Ma''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djLGAqnyt1697YihkNUktO/Reality-shows-take-centre-stage-on-TV.html|title=Reality shows take centre stage on TV - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|date=28 July 2011|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> It is the oldest running game show in India as well as the oldest show on private television in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-25th-anniversary-special-the-journey-till-now|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 25th Anniversary Special: The Journey Until Now - Zee5 News|date=22 May 2020}}</ref> The name of the show is derived from the first five notes in the [[svara|octave]] of [[Indian classical music|classical Indian music]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The first episode aired on 1 May 1995 and was hosted by [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sonu-Nigam-back-as-host-on-Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa/articleshow/46593576.cms|title=Sonu Nigam back as host on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> In the year 2000, the show was hosted by the [[Bangash]] brothers, [[Amaan Ali Bangash]] and [[Ayaan Ali Bangash]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-10-30/Music-is-inspiration/261706 |title=Music is inspiration|website=The Hans India|date=30 October 2016|language=en|access-date=2017-03-17 }}</ref> sons of [[sarod]]-player [[Amjad Ali Khan]]. From 2002, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] started hosting the show.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/celebs/tv/shaan|title=Shaan|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|work=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> Till 2005, the show used to follow a format wherein experts in the field of music would judge the contestants and score them. The format changed with the advent of ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005'' which introduced the judges as mentors of different teams and scoring was primarily dependent on public voting. After Shaan quit hosting the show, the show was hosted by many others like [[Purab Kohli]], [[Maniesh Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/gossip-trivia/purab-kohli-bids-adieu-to-zee-tvs-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-singing-superstar.html|title=Purab Kohli bids adieu to Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar|website=ZEE TV|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> Karan Singh Rathore, Archana Jani,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-mega-challenge-gets-its-hosts|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega challenge gets its hosts|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|work=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> [[Vipul Roy]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/vipul-do-some-more-hosting|title=Vipul to do some more hosting|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|work=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> [[Jay Soni]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jay-Soni-turns-host/articleshow/8026186.cms?from=mdr|title=Jay Soni turns host - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> and even kids Dhairya Sorecha and Afsha Musani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/gossip-trivia/dhairya-sonecha-afsha-musani-to-host-hero-honda-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs.html|title=Dhairya Sonecha & Afsha Musani to Host 'Hero Honda Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs'|website=ZEE TV|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> The most prominent names to host the show in later seasons were [[Javed Ali]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/10/hero-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2012-finds-new-host-in-javed-ali-with-top-15-contestants/|title='Hero Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012' finds new host in Javed Ali with top 15 contestants {{!}} Best Media Info, News and Analysis on Indian Advertising, Marketing and Media Industry.|website=www.bestmediainfo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref> and the current host [[Aditya Narayan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aditya-narayan-returns-to-host-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs/articleshow/56250527.cms|title=Aditya Narayan returns to host 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil' Champs - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
The show has seen multiple variations over the years:<br />
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma:''''' Contestants were scored only by the expert judges. There were 8 prelim (quarter-final) rounds, each consisting of 2 male singers and 2 female singers. One male winner and one female winner from each show competed in the semifinal rounds. There were 4 semifinal rounds where the 8 male and 8 female prelim winners participated. Each semifinal round had either 4 male or 4 female quarterfinal winners, so there were a total of 4 semifinals (2 semifinals with 4 males and 2 semifinals with 4 female singers). Each semifinal had only 1 winner. In the finals, the four semifinal winners, 2 male and 2 female competed against each other. Finally one male winner and one female winner became the winners of that season (also called a schedule).<br />
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa:''''' 2 male singers, 2 female singers. The male and female winner would return the following episode and compete against a new challenger. At the start of this "roll-over" series, they had initially announced that anyone with over 10 wins would get an album; however, that never materialized.<br />
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge:''''' Teams were formed, each ''Gharana'' (team) had a judge who mentored them. Elimination was decided by public voting.<br />
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu:''''' A duet singing competition which featured some new contestants as well as old contestants from earlier seasons. Weekly elimination decided by public voting.<br />
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs:''''' A singing competition for young children, which judges the prodigious kids on the basis of their voice quality, singing talent and versatility in performance.<br />
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Popular Choice Awards:''''' This was a special season in 2004 where previous season finalists and popular participants was invited to compete against each other. This season had both Male & a Female winner.<br />
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA:''''' The first instalment of ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge'' series in USA.<br />
* '''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge:''''' A special season in which eight teams representing eight different states and consisting of total 24 talented contestants from past seasons of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participated. The show was made to celebrate the 1000th episode of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa. Notable Indian singers and musicians were roped in to judge each of the episodes.<br />
<br />
== Other Indian versions ==<br />
Due to its success and popularity, it has been remade in languages including [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi|Marathi]], [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla|Bengali]], [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Kannada|Kannada]], Punjabi, [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors|Tamil]], Odia, [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu|Telugu]], Bhojpuri and [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam|Malayalam]].<br />
<br />
== Seasons ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!#<br />
!Season<br />
!Year<br />
!Winner<br />
!Host<br />
!Judges<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma - Schedule 1<br />
| rowspan="3" |1995 <br />
|[[Sanjeevani (singer)|Sanjeevani Bhelande]] and Mukund Phansalkar<br />
Runner-ups - [[Tyagraj Khadilkar]], [[Hamsika Iyer]]<br />
| rowspan="22" |[[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Aadesh Shrivastava]], [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]], [[Raamlaxman|Raam Laxman]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Ravindra Jain]], [[Nikhil–Vinay|Nikhil-Vinay]]<br />
Semi-finals - Sameer & Dilip Sen, [[Jatin–Lalit]], [[Nadeem–Shravan|Nadeem Shravan]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br />
<br />
Final - [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma - Schedule 2<br />
|Nobina Mirjankar, Shivprasad Mallya<br />
Runner-ups - Mehboob Ali, Chetna Umarji<br />
|[[Anup Jalota]], Peenaz Masani, [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], Anil Mohile, Anupama Deshpande, Chandan Das, Shailendra Singh<br />
Semi-finals - Jagjit Kaur, Viju Shah, [[Javed Akhtar]], Usha Khanna<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Kalyanji–Anandji|Kalyanji-Anandji]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma 29th episode children's special<br />
|Prashant Chauhan, Sneha Pant<br />
|Ranu Mukherjee<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma - Schedule 3<br />
|1995-96<br />
|Shaoni Mitra, Junaid Akhtar<br />
Runner-ups - Ameya Date, Sampa Das<br />
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Ranjit Barot]], Vani Jairam, Uttam Singh, [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Vinod Rathod]], Manhar Udhas<br />
Semi-finals - [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], Kuldip Singh, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Shivkumar Sharma|Pt. Shivkumar Sharma]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma - Schedule 4<br />
| rowspan="3" |1996<br />
|Mridula Chatterjee, Ravishankar Singh<br />
Runner-ups - Naresh, Deepali Somaiya<br />
|[[Narendra Chanchal]]<br />
Finals - [[O. P. Nayyar|O.P. Nayyar]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma 50th episode celebration<br />
|[[Sanjeevani (singer)|Sanjeevani Bhelande]], Anagha, Lata Naidu, Soma Banerjee, Mukund Phalsankar, Jaswinder Singh, Sajjad Ali, Shailesh <br />
|[[Asha Parekh]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sa Re Ga Ma<br />
|Amrita Khadilkar, [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]<br />
|<br />
Rajendra Rizvi<br />
<br />
Semi-finals - Pankaj Udhas<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Naushad]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|1996-97<br />
|Kajal Chandiramani, Ninad Mehta<br />
Runner-ups - [[Vijay Prakash]], Smita Joshi<br />
|Indivar, Sonik Omi, Arun Date<br />
Semi-finals - [[Begum Parveen Sultana]]<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Jagjit Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma 75th episode children's special<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], Saagar Kendurkar<br />
|[[Kalyanji–Anandji|Kalyanji-Anandji]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma<br />
| rowspan="3" |1997<br />
|Rinku Kalia, Sanjeev Rambhadran<br />
Runner-ups - Dharna Pahwa, Devesh Chaturvedi<br />
|Ustad Muhammad Hussain-Ahmed Hussain, Shobha Mudgal, Madhurani, Meena Kapoor<br />
Semi-finals - Pandit Rajan Mishra- Sajan Mishra, Dilshad Khan-[[Begum Parveen Sultana]]<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma 100th episode celebration<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| rowspan="2" |Sa Re Ga Ma<br />
|[[Bela Shende]], [[Parthiv Gohil]]<br />
Runner-ups - Dhananjay Bhatt, Devyani<br />
|[[Ronu Majumdar]], Rajkumari, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Daman Sood-Y.S. Mulky<br />
Semi-finals - [[Anuradha Paudwal]]<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Jasraj|Pt. Jasraj]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
| rowspan="3" |1998<br />
|Sudeshna Ganguli, Mohammed Wakil<br />
Runner-ups - Abhijeet Ghoshal, Shalini<br />
|Tejpal Singh-Surinder Singh, Vishal Bhardwaj<br />
Finals - [[Hariprasad Chaurasia|Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma 150th episode celebration Mega Finals<br />
|[[Bela Shende]], Mohammed Wakil<br />
Runner-ups - Mukund Phalsankar, [[Parthiv Gohil]], [[Sanjeevani (singer)|Sanjeevani Bhelande]], Sudeshna Ganguli<br />
|Anil Biswas, Naushad, [[Kalyanji–Anandji|Kalyanji-Anandji]], [[Jasraj|Pt. Jasraj]], [[Hariprasad Chaurasia|Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia]] [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]], [[Begum Parveen Sultana]], Rajkumari, [[O. P. Nayyar|O.P. Nayyar]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma Mega Finals (Children's Special)<br />
|Sneha Pant (Runner up - [[Shreya Ghoshal]])<br />
|[[Usha Mangeshkar]], Meena Tai<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma UK<br />
|1998-99<br />
|Siza Roy, Debashish Sengupta<br />
Runner-ups - Malini Awasthi, Asif<br />
|[[Pandit Dinesh]], [[Stephen Luscombe]], [[Biddu]]<br />
Semi-finals - [[Suresh Wadkar]]<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]], [[Mehdi Hassan]], [[Runa Laila]], [[Farida Khanum]]<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma <br />
|1998<br />
|[[Archana Udupa]], [[Avadhoot Gupte]]<br />
Runner-ups - Gaurav Bangya, Poorva<br />
|[[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]<br />
Semi-finals - Kishan Prasad Maharaj<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Pyarelal (music director)|Pyarelal]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma Christmas New Year Celebration<br />
| rowspan="3" |1999<br />
|<br />
|[[Jagjit Singh]], [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]], [[Mehdi Hassan]], [[Runa Laila]], [[Farida Khanum]], [[Kiki Dee]]<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma 200th episode celebration Mega Finals<br />
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], Jaswinder Singh<br />
Runner-ups - Archana Udupa, Sampa Kundu, [[Vijay Prakash]], Ameya Date<br />
|[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Girija Devi|Girja Devi]], [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]], [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Ram Narayan]], [[Shivkumar Sharma|Pandit Shivkumar Sharma]]<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma USA<br />
|Sangeeta Nerurkar, Nazakat Ali<br />
Runner-ups - Sharafat Ali, Maithili Panse, Divya Sampat<br />
|Nitin Mukesh, Lakshmi Shankar, [[Alamelu Mani]], Ustad Tari Khan<br />
Finals - [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Amjad Ali Khan|Ustad Amjad Ali]], Parvez Mehdi<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma Taj Mahal Millennium celebration<br />
| rowspan="2" |2000<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|Talent of the Millenium<br />
|Sumant, Prajakta Joshi<br />
Runners Up - Suraj Singh, Ritu Chatterjee, Amrita<br />
|[[Sanjeev–Darshan|Sanjeev Darshan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid-Wajid]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Ayaan Ali Khan|Ayaan Ali Bangash]], [[Amaan Ali Khan|Amaan Ali Bangash]], [[Arati Ankalikar Tikekar|Arati Ankalikar]]<br />
Semi-finals - [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]], Lalit Sen, [[Sandeep Chowta]], [[Taufiq Qureshi]], [[Sanjeev Abhyankar]], [[Anoushka Shankar]]<br />
<br />
Finals - [[Ravi Shankar|Pandit Ravi Shankar]]<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2001]]<br />
|2001<br />
|Anita Pundit<br />
|[[Amaan Ali Khan]] and [[Ayaan Ali Khan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2002]]<br />
|2002<br />
|Hricha Mukherjee (Hricha Debraj)<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br />
|[[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]], [[Begum Parveen Sultana]], [[Sitara Devi]], [[Ranjit Barot]], [[Shobha Gurtu]], [[Kalyanji–Anandji|Anandji]], [[Gulshan Bawra]], [[Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)|Ghulam Mustafa]]<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Popular Choice Awards<br />
|2004<br />
|[[Hrishikesh Ranade]] and <br />[[Neha Rajpal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_newupdatearticle.php?conid=1926|title=Neha Rajpal|website=PlanetRadiocity|access-date=6 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106183202/http://planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_newupdatearticle.php?conid=1926|archive-date=6 January 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Hindi Playback Singer Neha Rajpal Biography, News, Photos, Videos | url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/playback-singer/neha-rajpal }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Neha Rajpal | url=https://unelmamusic.com/artist/52243/neha-rajpal }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Neha Rajpal | website=[[YouTube]] | url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtfXMIx7uDtcR1NbE-qQbng/about }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Neha Rajpal Biography, Age, Husband, Children, Family, Caste, Wiki & More | url=https://celebrityborns.com/biography/neha-rajpal/16961 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Neha Rajpal | url=https://music.youtube.com/channel/UCY4Id1XL3suPnThq5DHEwPw }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Neha Rajpal : Biography, Age, Movies, Family, Photos, Latest News | url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/neha-rajpal }}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Campus Special<br />
| rowspan="2" |2005<br />
|[[Tia Bajpai|Twinkle Bajpai]], <br />Manish Bhatt<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]<br />
|[[Debojit Saha]]<br />
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Jatin–Lalit]], [[Aadesh Shrivastava]], [[Ismail Darbar]]<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |2006<br />
|[[Aishwarya Nigam]] and <br />[[Ujjaini Mukherjee]]<br />
|Shaan, Ishita Arun<br />
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]]<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]<br />
|[[Sanchita Bhattacharya]]<br />
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br />
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |2007<br />
|[[Aneek Dhar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Aditya Narayan]]<br />
|Himesh Reshammiya, [[Ismail Darbar]], [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs International]]<br />
|[[Anamika Choudhari]]<br />
|[[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008]]<br />
|2008<br />
|Darshana Menon<br />
|[[Aishwarya Nigam]]<br />
|Suresh Wadkar, [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |2009<br />
|[[Vaishali Mhade]]<br />
|Aditya Narayan<br />
|Himesh Reshammiya, Aadesh Shrivastava, [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Pritam]]<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2009]]<br />
|[[Hemant Brijwasi]]<br />
|Dhairya Sorecha, Afsha Musani<br />
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge]]<br />
|Team Maharashtra - [[Vaishali Mhade]], Kaushik Deshpande and [[Rohit Raut|Rohit Shyam Raut]]<br />
|Karan Singh Rathore and Archana Jani (first episode)<br />
[[Vipul Roy]] and [[Manish Paul]]<br />
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma|Pyarelal]] and [[Suresh Wadkar]] (finale)<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar]]<br />
|2010<br />
|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]<br />
|[[Purab Kohli]], Manish Paul<br />
|[[Daler Mehndi]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid-Wajid]]<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2011]]<br />
|2011<br />
|Azmat Hussain<br />
|[[Jay Soni]]<br />
|[[Adnan Sami]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Javed Ali]]<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012]]<br />
|2012<br />
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]<br />
|[[Javed Ali]]<br />
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Rahul Ram]], Sajid-Wajid<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2014]]<br />
|2014<br />
|Gagan Gopalkrishna Gaonkar<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Aditya Narayan]]<br />
|[[Alka Yagnik]] (Mahaguru), [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Monali Thakur]]<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016]]<br />
|2016<br />
|Kushal Paul <br />
Runner up -Sachin Kumar Valmiki<br />
|[[Pritam]], Sajid-Wajid, [[Mika Singh|Mika]]<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2017]]<br />
|2017<br />
|Shreyan Bhattacharya and [[Anjali Gaikwad]]<br />
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Neha Kakkar]]<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2018]]<ref>{{URL|www.zeetv.com}}</ref><br />
|2018-2019<br />
|Ishita Vishwakarma<br />
|[[Sajid–Wajid|Wajid Khan]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]], [[Sona Mohapatra]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]] (Replaced Mohapatra)<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2019]]<br />
|2019<br />
|Sugandha Date<br />
|[[Ravi Dubey]]<br />
|Shaan, Richa Sharma, [[Amaal Mallik|Amaal Malik]]<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2020]]<br />
|2020<br />
|Aryananda R Babu<br />
|[[Manish Paul]]<br />
|[[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kumar Sanu]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/alka-yagnik-udit-narayan-and-kumar-sanu-roped-judges-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lill-champs-8th |title=Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan & Kumar Sanu approached to judge Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs' 8th season; Jay Bhanushali to host |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |access-date=2019-12-29 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229212706/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/alka-yagnik-udit-narayan-and-kumar-sanu-roped-judges-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lill-champs-8th |url-status=dead }}</ref> Himesh Reshammiya, Javed Ali<br />
(Replaced Narayan and Sanu)<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021]]<br />
|2021-2022<br />
|Neelanjana Ray<br />
|Aditya Narayan<br />
|Himesh Reshammiya, [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2022]]<br />
|2022-2023<br />
|Jetshen Dohna Lama<br />
|[[Bharti Singh]]<br />
|Shankar Mahadevan, [[Anu Malik]], [[Neeti Mohan]]<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023]]<br />
|2023<br />
|Albert Kabo Lepcha<br />
|Aditya Narayan<br />
|Himesh Reshammiya, Anu Malik, Neeti Mohan<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2024]]<br />
|2024-2025<br />
|Shradha Mishra(TeamSachinJigar)<br />
Runner-ups : - <br />
1st - Subhashree Debnath<br />
2nd - Ujwal Gujbhar<br />
3rd - Bidisha Hatimuria<br />
4th - Maharshi Pandya<br />
5th - Parvathi Meenakshi <br />
<br />
|[[Vipul Roy]], [[Salman Ali]]<br />
|[[Sachet–Parampara]], [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Sachin–Jigar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratima_Puri&diff=526553Pratima Puri2026-03-31T22:23:31Z<p>RichyCapy: Stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian television news anchor}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pratima Puri<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_name = Vidya Rawat<ref name=BI/> <br />
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (present day Himachal Pradesh, India)<br />
| death_date = {{death date|2007|07|29|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place =<br />
| known_for = <br />
| education = <br />
| occupation = [[News Anchor]] at [[Doordarshan]] <br />
| years_active = 1958 {{endash}} 1970<br />
| relatives = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = Raja Puri<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pratima Puri''' (died 29 July 2007) was an Indian journalist best known for being [[Doordarshan]]'s first newsreader.<ref>{{ cite news|title=Doordarshan turns 60: Here is a nostalgic look at the broadcaster's milestones|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/doordarshan-turns-60-here-is-a-nostalgic-look-at-the-broadcasters-milestones/iconic-logo/slideshow/71241731.cms|newspaper= The Economic Times }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Puri was born as Vidya Rawat to a [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] family at Laal Paani in [[Shimla]], the capital city of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. She graduated from [[Delhi University]]'s [[Indraprastha College for Women]].<ref>{{ cite news|title=कॉलेज ऑफ द डे :सबसे पुराने महिला कॉलेज में शुमार आईपी कॉलेज|url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/campus/college-of-the-day-the-first-women-s-college-in-the-college-ranks-ip|newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Puri started her media career at the [[All India Radio]] (AIR) station in her hometown.<br />
<br />
When All India Radio had its first telecast on 15 September 1959, Puri was shifted to New Delhi. She became an anchor when DD started its first news bulletin in 1965.<ref name=BI>{{ cite news|title=This Trailblazing Woman Was India's First Newsreader. Yet Few Indians Know Her Story.|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/164932/dd-woman-newsreader-pratima-puri-india-news/|newspaper=[[The Better India]] }}</ref> She interviewed prominent figures like [[Yuri Gagarin]] (the first man to travel into space),<ref>{{ cite news|title=Doordarshan turns 60: The advent of Golden age in Indian television|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/doordarshan-turns-60-the-advent-of-golden-age-of-indian-television-5996498/|newspaper=The Indian Express<br />
}}</ref> and various actors and politicians. After [[Salma Sultan]] was chosen to replace her, Puri started training aspiring anchors in Doordarshan.<ref name=BI/><br />
<br />
== Death and Legacy ==<br />
Pratima Puri died in 2007. She is considered a pioneer for [[women in journalism]] in India. She is portrayed in the [[biographical film|biographical drama]] [[streaming television]] series [[Rocket Boys (web series)|''Rocket Boys'']] by [[Priya Raina]].<ref>https://feminisminindia.com/2022/05/12/pratima-puri-the-first-television-newsreader-of-india-indianwomeninhistory/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/director-abhay-pannu-on-science-and-nation-building-in-rocket-boys-times-change-ideas-dont/articleshow/89435665.cms</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Doordarshan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:2007 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]<br />
[[Category:Indraprastha College for Women alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Messi&diff=465675Lionel Messi2026-03-28T10:43:17Z<p>RichyCapy: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Argentine footballer (born 1987)}}<br />
{{Redirect|Messi}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{pp-move}}<br />
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Lionel Messi<br />
| image = File:Lionel Messi NE Revolution Inter Miami 7.9.25-178.jpg<br />
| caption = Messi with [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]] in 2025<br />
| full_name = Lionel Andrés Messi<ref name="NameBirthHeight">{{Cite web |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ – Squad List: Argentina (ARG)|publisher=FIFA |page=1 |date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218195301/https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|6|24|df=y}}<ref name="NameBirthHeight" /><br />
| birth_place = [[Rosario]], Santa Fe, Argentina<br />
| height = 1.70 m<ref name="NameBirthHeight" /><br />
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]<br />
| currentclub = [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]]<br />
| clubnumber = 10<br />
| youthyears1 = 1992–1995<br />
| youthclubs1 = Grandoli<br />
| youthyears2 = 1995–2000<br />
| youthclubs2 = [[Newell's Old Boys]]<br />
| youthyears3 = 2000–2004<br />
| youthclubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]<br />
| years1 = 2003–2004<br />
| clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]]<br />
| caps1 = 10<br />
| goals1 = 5<br />
| years2 = 2004–2005<br />
| clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]]<br />
| caps2 = 22<br />
| goals2 = 6<br />
| years3 = 2004–2021<br />
| clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]<br />
| caps3 = 520<br />
| goals3 = 474<br />
| years4 = 2021–2023<br />
| clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]]<br />
| caps4 = 58<br />
| goals4 = 22<br />
| years5 = 2023–<br />
| clubs5 = [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]]<br />
| caps5 = 57<br />
| goals5 = 54<br />
| nationalyears1 = 2004–2005<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 18<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 14<br />
| nationalyears2 = 2008<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina U23]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 5{{efn-lg|name=U23}}<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 2<br />
| nationalyears3 = 2005–<br />
| nationalteam3 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]<br />
| nationalcaps3 = [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps#Men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|197]]<br />
| nationalgoals3 = [[List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi|115]]<br />
| club-update = 03:59, 23 March 2026 (UTC)<br />
| nationalteam-update = 10:10, 28 March 2026 (UTC)<br />
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Country|{{fb|ARG}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}}<br />
{{Medal|W|[[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 Qatar]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 Brazil]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}}<br />
{{Medal|W|[[2021 Copa América|2021 Brazil]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|W|[[2024 Copa América|2024 United States]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2007 Copa América|2007 Venezuela]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2015 Copa América|2015 Chile]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[Copa América Centenario|2016 United States]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|3rd|[[2019 Copa América|2019 Brazil]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Finalissima]]}}<br />
{{Medal|W|[[2022 Finalissima|2022 England]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the Summer Olympics#Men's tournament|Olympics]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|[[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup|U20 World Cup]]}}<br />
{{Medal|W|[[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005 Netherlands]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[South American Youth Football Championship|South American U20 Championship]]}}<br />
{{Medal|3rd|[[2005 South American U-20 Championship|2005 Colombia]]|}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox person<br />
| embed=yes<br />
| website = {{URL|https://messi.com/}}<br />
| signature = File:Firma de Lionel Messi.svg<br />
| signature_alt = Lionel Messi signature<br />
}}<br />
| upright = 1<br />
}}<br />
'''Lionel Andrés''' "'''Leo'''" '''Messi'''{{refn|group=note|{{IPA|es|ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈleo ˈmesi|small=no|lang|Lionel Andrés Messi - Name.ogg}}; according to FCBarcelona.com, and his authorised biography, ''Messi'' by [[Guillem Balagué]], his surname is the single "Messi", in accordance with Argentine customs.<ref name="BarcaProfile">{{Cite web |title=Profile: Lionel Andrés Messi |publisher=FC Barcelona |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/messi |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018100823/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/messi |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=32–37}} Other sources, including a 2014 document by [[FIFA]], give his surname as the double "Messi Cuccittini".<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players |publisher=FIFA |date=10 June 2014 |page=2 |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/36/33/44/fwc_2014_squadlists_neutral.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625085714/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/36/33/44/fwc_2014_squadlists_neutral.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> After winning a libel case in 2017, Messi's own management company stated: "The football player '''Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini''' has donated a total of €72,783.20 to the organisation [[Doctors Without Borders]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marsden |first=Sam |url=http://www.espn.in/football/barcelona/story/3255615/lionel-messi-donates-70k-to-charity-after-winning-libel-case-against-newspaper |title=Messi donates to charity after libel case win |publisher=ESPN |date=2 November 2017 |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204030732/https://www.espn.in/football/barcelona/story/3255615/lionel-messi-donates-70k-to-charity-after-winning-libel-case-against-newspaper |url-status=live}}</ref>}} (born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[forward (association football)|forward]] for and [[Captain (association football)|captains]] both [[Major League Soccer]] club [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]] and the [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]]. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in history,<!--DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT CONSENSUS--> Messi has set numerous records for [[List of career achievements by Lionel Messi#Individual honours|individual accolades won]] throughout [[Career of Lionel Messi|his professional footballing career]], including eight [[Ballon d'Or|Ballon d'Ors]], six [[European Golden Shoe]]s, and eight times being named the [[The Best FIFA Men's Player#FIFA Player of the Year (including predecessors)|world's best player]] by [[FIFA]].{{refn|group=note|name=BDOFIFA|Messi received ''[[France Football]]''{{'}}s [[2009 Ballon d'Or]] and [[FIFA]]'s [[2009 FIFA World Player of the Year]] award, prior to their [[FIFA Ballon d'Or#History|six-year merger]]; he proceeded to win the newly formed award, the [[FIFA Ballon d'Or]], four times: [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2010]], [[2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2011]], [[2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2012]], [[2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2015]]. Both organisations credited him with five (FIFA) Ballon d'Or awards.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rémy |last=Lacombe |title=Messi, le Cinquième Élément |trans-title=Messi, the Fifth Element |magazine=France Football |date=11 January 2016 |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/messi-le-cinquieme-element/623615 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121175932/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/messi-le-cinquieme-element/623615 |url-status=live |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Messi, Lloyd, Luis Enrique and Ellis Triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2015 |publisher=FIFA |date=11 January 2016 |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2016/m=1/news=messi-lloyd-luis-enrique-and-ellis-triumph-at-fifa-ballon-d-or-2015-2754944.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202210654/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2016/m=1/news=messi-lloyd-luis-enrique-and-ellis-triumph-at-fifa-ballon-d-or-2015-2754944.html |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Straeten |first1=Karine van der |last2=Laslier |first2=Jean-François |last3=Daoust |first3=Jean-François |last4=Blais |first4=André |last5=Arrondel |first5=Luc |last6=Anderson |first6=Christopher J. |title=Messi, Ronaldo, and the Politics of Celebrity Elections: Voting for the Best Soccer Player in the World |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=18 |pages=91–110 |doi=10.1017/S1537592719002391 |issn=1537-5927 |year=2020 |issue=1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He then went on to win the Ballon d'Or three more times – [[2019 Ballon d'Or|2019]], [[2021 Ballon d'Or|2021]], [[2023 Ballon d'Or|2023]] – again solely assigned by ''France Football'', and won the newly established [[The Best FIFA Men's Player]] three times as well – [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2019#The Best FIFA Men's Player|2019]], [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2022#The Best FIFA Men's Player|2022]], [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2023#The Best FIFA Men's Player|2023]]. ''France Football'' recognises him as a record eight-time Ballon d'Or winner and FIFA recognises him as a record eight-time world's best player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ballon d'Or 2023: Lionel Messi sacré pour la huitième fois |trans-title=Ballon d'Or 2023: Lionel Messi crowned for the eighth time |publisher=L'Equipe |date=30 October 2023 |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Ballon-d-or-2023-lionel-messi-sacre-pour-la-huitieme-fois/1428922 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121173444/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Ballon-d-or-2023-lionel-messi-sacre-pour-la-huitieme-fois/1428922 |url-status=live |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionel Messi wins The Best FIFA Men's Player Award |publisher=FIFA |date=15 January 2024 |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/lionel-messi-wins-best-fifa-mens-player-award-2023 |quote=Lionel Messi has been crowned The Best FIFA Men's Player 2023, retaining the title he won in 2022 [...] Messi also won the 2019 Best FIFA Men's Player award and was recognised by FIFA as the leading player in the men's game on five occasions prior to that – 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2015 – making this his eighth individual award in total. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121173350/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/lionel-messi-wins-best-fifa-mens-player-award-2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>}} In 2025, he was named the [[IFFHS#Top 10 players of all-time (2025)|All Time Men's World Best Player]] by the [[IFFHS]]. He is the most decorated player in the history of professional football, having won [[List of career achievements by Lionel Messi#Collective awards|46 team trophies]].{{refn|group=note|name=TrophiesNote|According to [[FC Barcelona]],<ref name="BarcelonaHonours">{{cite web |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/2105010/messi-wins-35th-trophy-with-barca |title=Messi wins 35th trophy with Barça |publisher=[[FC Barcelona]] |date=17 April 2021 |access-date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901093606/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/2105010/messi-wins-35th-trophy-with-barca |url-status=live }}</ref> [[FIFA]],<ref name="FIFAHonours">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/the-world-cup-the-best-and-all-of-lionel-messis-trophy-wins |title=The World Cup, The Best and all of Lionel Messi's trophy wins |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715172803/https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/the-world-cup-the-best-and-all-of-lionel-messis-trophy-wins |archive-date=15 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Royal Spanish Football Federation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rfef.es/sites/default/files/pdf/supercopa_internacional_version_ingles_0.pdf |title=Conditions regarding the marketing of the "Spanish Super Cup" audiovisual rights in the international markets |quote=Lionel Messi is the competition's all-time leading scorer and most successful player with eight titles. |publisher=[[Royal Spanish Football Federation]] |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725080758/https://rfef.es/sites/default/files/pdf/supercopa_internacional_version_ingles_0.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and multiple media outlets,<ref>{{cite web |last=Aldunate |first=Ramiro |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2021/04/18/607bffa946163fcb5a8b4606.html |title=The legend of Messi |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720184709/https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2021/04/18/607bffa946163fcb5a8b4606.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Corrigan |first=Dermot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2524267/2021/04/18/messis-magic-has-just-won-him-a-35th-trophy-with-barcelona-but-will-it-be-the-last/ |title=Messi's magic has just won him a 35th trophy with Barcelona – but will it be the last? |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720184707/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2524267/2021/04/18/messis-magic-has-just-won-him-a-35th-trophy-with-barcelona-but-will-it-be-the-last/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Azzoni |first=Tales |url=https://apnews.com/article/la-liga-barcelona-europe-health-coronavirus-pandemic-1096dbbaf349901147dfa850cf14d156 |title=Messi's future up in the air as Barcelona contract ends |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=1 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630152024/https://apnews.com/article/la-liga-barcelona-europe-health-coronavirus-pandemic-1096dbbaf349901147dfa850cf14d156 |url-status=live }}</ref> Messi also won the [[2005 Supercopa de España]], bringing his Barcelona trophy total to 35.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/mls/2024/10/03/66fe2c0c46163f39848b4573.html |title=Lionel Messi wins 46th trophy as Inter Miami secures 2024 Supporters' Shield |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |date=3 October 2024 |access-date=6 October 2024 |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006141118/https://www.marca.com/en/football/mls/2024/10/03/66fe2c0c46163f39848b4573.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this particular trophy is not credited here since Messi was out of the squad and did not feature in any of the two games against [[Real Betis]].<ref name="FirstMiami">{{cite web |last=Romero Nuñez |first=Fernando |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/sports/stars/messi/messi-wins-first-title-at-miami-does-he-hold-the-all-time-record |title=Messi wins first title at Miami, does he hold the all-time record? |website=[[Buenos Aires Herald]] |date=22 August 2023 |access-date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720183552/https://buenosairesherald.com/sports/stars/messi/messi-wins-first-title-at-miami-does-he-hold-the-all-time-record |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Maverino |first=Silvio |url=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/lionel-messi/51880/lionel-messi-se-convirtio-en-el-jugador-mas-ganador-de-la-historia-del-futbol |title=Lionel Messi se convirtió en el jugador más ganador de la historia del fútbol |language=es |trans-title=Lionel Messi became the winningest player in football history |website=[[El Gráfico (Argentina)|El Gráfico]] |issn=0017-291X |date=15 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716064037/https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/lionel-messi/51880/lionel-messi-se-convirtio-en-el-jugador-mas-ganador-de-la-historia-del-futbol |archive-date=16 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, Messi and [[Inter Miami]] were awarded a trophy for winning the [[Eastern Conference (MLS)|Eastern Conference]] title during the [[2025 MLS Cup playoffs]]. However, this trophy is not officially recognized by FIFA, so it is not credited here as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cienfuegos |first=Manuel Meza |url=https://athlonsports.com/soccer/why-fifa-doesnt-officially-count-lionel-messi-inter-miami-conference-champions-title |title=Why FIFA Doesn't Count Lionel Messi & Inter Miami's Eastern Conference Championship As an Official Title? |date=29 November 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025|website=[[Athlon Sports]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Maverino |first=Silvio |url=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/lionel-messi/95560/%C2%BFun-titulo-o-un-pase-a-la-final%3F-el-debate-por-la-copa-de-conferencia-que-levanto-lionel-messi-con-inter-miami |title=¿Un título o un pase a la final? El debate por la Copa de Conferencia que levantó Lionel Messi con Inter Miami |language=es |trans-title=A title or a place in the final? The Conference Cup debate sparked by Lionel Messi and Inter Miami |website=[[El Gráfico (Argentina)|El Gráfico]] |issn=0017-291X |date=2 December 2025 |access-date=7 December 2025 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207152029/https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/lionel-messi/95560/%C2%BFun-titulo-o-un-pase-a-la-final%3F-el-debate-por-la-copa-de-conferencia-que-levanto-lionel-messi-con-inter-miami |url-status=live }}</ref> For the aforementioned reasons, sources disagree on Messi's total number of accolades, ranging from 46 to 48 official career trophies.<ref name="ElGrafico">{{cite web |last=Maverino |first=Silvio |url=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/lionel-messi/79507/polemica-la-verdadera-lista-de-titulos-de-la-carrera-de-lionel-messi |title=Polémica: la verdadera lista de títulos de la carrera de Lionel Messi |language=es |trans-title=Controversy: The true list of titles in Lionel Messi's career |website=[[El Gráfico (Argentina)|El Gráfico]] |issn=0017-291X |date=6 December 2025 |access-date=7 December 2025 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207151909/https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/lionel-messi/79507/polemica-la-verdadera-lista-de-titulos-de-la-carrera-de-lionel-messi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wodner |first=Matias |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/mls/2025/12/07/6935083d46163fec518b4583.html |title=Lionel Messi has an even more special reason to play 2026 World Cup after Inter Miami MLS Cup triumph |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |date=6 December 2025 |access-date=7 December 2025 |quote=Messi's MLS Cup win gives him 48 trophies earned in his career to this point. |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207151948/https://www.marca.com/en/football/mls/2025/12/07/6935083d46163fec518b4583.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/12/06/sport/soccer-messi-inter-miami-vancouver-mls-cup |title=Lionel Messi and Inter Miami have completed their journey, winning the MLS Cup over Vancouver |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=6 December 2025 |access-date=7 December 2025 |quote=The trophy is Messi's 47th for club and country, extending his global men's soccer record, and some say it's actually 48 because MLS awards a trophy for winning conference titles as well. |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207152132/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/12/06/sport/soccer-messi-inter-miami-vancouver-mls-cup |url-status=live }}</ref>}} [[List of career achievements by Lionel Messi#Records|Messi's records]] include most goals in a calendar year (91), most goals for a single club (672 for [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]), most goals in [[La Liga]] (474), [[Assist (association football)#Players with most assists in international football (all-time)|most assists]] in international football (61), most [[FIFA World Cup records and statistics#Goal contributions|goal contributions]] in the [[FIFA World Cup]] (21), and most [[Copa América records and statistics#Individual records|goal contributions]] in the [[Copa América]] (32). Messi has scored [[List of footballers with 500 or more goals|over 900 senior career goals]] and provided [[Assist (association football)#Players with most assists in all competitions (all-time)|over 400 assists]] for club and country, resulting in over 1,300 goal contributions—the highest total in the sport's history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sagar |first=Sunaadh |date=24 November 2025 |title=Stats: Messi first-ever to 1300 with Ronaldo on 1213; Eze scores PL's 400th; Bayern lead with 41 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/47079470/stats-lionel-messi-first-ever-1300-cristiano-ronaldo-1213-eberechi-eze-scores-premier-league-400-bayern-munich-lead-41 |access-date=24 November 2025 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Messi made his competitive debut for [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] at age 17 in October 2004. He gradually established himself as an integral player for the club, and during his first uninterrupted season in [[2008–09 FC Barcelona season|2008–09]] he helped Barcelona achieve the first [[Treble (association football)|treble]] in Spanish football. This resulted in Messi winning the [[2009 Ballon d'Or|first]] of four consecutive Ballon d'Ors, and by the [[2011–12 FC Barcelona season|2011–12 season]] he had set the European record for most goals in a season and established himself as [[List of FC Barcelona records and statistics#Top goalscorers|Barcelona's all-time top scorer]]. During the [[2014–15 FC Barcelona season|2014–15 season]], where he became the all-time top scorer in [[La Liga]], he led Barcelona to a historic second treble.<br />
<br />
Messi was named Barcelona's captain in 2018. While playing for the club, he won a [[List of FC Barcelona records and statistics#Other individual records for the club|club-record]] 34 trophies, including ten La Liga titles and four [[UEFA Champions League]]s. Financial difficulties at Barcelona led Messi to depart in August 2021 and sign with [[Paris Saint-Germain]], where he won the [[Ligue 1]] title during both of his seasons there. He joined the Major League Soccer club Inter Miami in July 2023, and led them to their first [[MLS Cup]] victory in [[MLS Cup 2025|2025]], while also winning back-to-back [[Landon Donovan MVP Award|league MVP awards]] in [[2024 Major League Soccer season|2024]] and [[2025 Major League Soccer season|2025]].<br />
<br />
An Argentine international, Messi is the national team's [[Argentina national football team#Top goalscorers|all-time leading goalscorer]] and [[Argentina national football team#Most appearances|most-capped player]]. Several years after his senior debut in 2005, he won the [[Olympic medal|gold medal]] at the [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008 Summer Olympics]]. Assuming captaincy in 2011, he led Argentina to three consecutive finals in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 World Cup]], the [[2015 Copa América]] and the [[Copa América Centenario]], all of which they lost. After announcing his retirement from international football in 2016, he returned to help Argentina qualify for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]]. Messi was central to ending Argentina's 28-year trophy drought by winning the [[2021 Copa América]]. In 2022, he led Argentina to a [[2022 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] victory, the country's first in 36 years. Messi's third major international title arrived when Argentina won the [[2024 Copa América]]. <br />
<br />
Messi has endorsed the sportswear company [[Adidas]] since 2006. He was ranked the [[Forbes list of the world's highest-paid athletes|world's highest-paid athlete]] by ''[[Forbes]]'' in 2019 and 2022, and was among ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] in 2011, 2012, and 2023. In 2020 and 2023, he was named the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]], the first team-sport athlete to win the award. In 2020, Messi was named to the [[Ballon d'Or Dream Team]] and became the second footballer and second team-sport athlete to surpass $1&nbsp;billion in career earnings. Following his arrival and impact on football in the United States, Messi was named ''Time''<nowiki/>'s [[Time Person of the Year#Athlete of the Year|Athlete of the Year]] in 2023, and was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by US president [[Joe Biden]] in 2025.<br />
{{TOClimit|4}}<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Messi was born on 24 June 1987 in [[Rosario]], Santa Fe Province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Messi {{!}} Ficha del jugador 20/21 {{!}} Delantero|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/es/futbol/primer-equipo/jugadores/4974/lionel-messi|access-date=1 June 2021|work=FC Barcelona|language=es|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113532/https://www.fcbarcelona.es/es/futbol/primer-equipo/jugadores/4974/lionel-messi|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the third of four children of Jorge Messi, head of department at the {{ill|Acindar|es}} [[Stamping (metalworking)|pressed]] steel manufacturer in [[Villa Constitución]], and his wife Celia Cuccittini, who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop. His parents had met as youngsters in Rosario's south-eastern district of Las Heras, where Messi himself later grew up, and had married on Jorge Messi's completion of military service in the [[Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic|Argentine Armed Forces]] in 1978. On his father's side, Messi is of Italian and Spanish descent, the great-grandson of immigrants from the north-central [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] [[Marche]] region of Italy (with his surname coming from [[Porto Recanati]]), and on his mother's side he has primarily Italian ancestry.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=32–37}}{{sfn|Caioli|2017|pp=7–9, 12}} Growing up in a tight-knit, football-loving family, "Leo" developed a passion for the sport from an early age, playing constantly with his older brothers, Rodrigo and Matías, and his cousins, [[Maxi Biancucchi|Maximiliano]] and [[Emanuel Biancucchi]], both of whom became professional footballers.{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=9–10}}<br />
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At the age of four, Messi joined the local [[Football club (association football)|football club]] Abanderado Grandoli FC, where he was coached by his father. His maternal grandmother, Celia, accompanied him to training and matches.<ref name="MagicFeet">{{Cite news |first=John |last=Carlin |title=Lionel Messi: Magic in His Feet |newspaper=The Independent |date=27 March 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-magic-in-his-feet-1928768.html |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705210947/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-magic-in-his-feet-1928768.html }}</ref> He was greatly affected by her death, shortly before his eleventh birthday. Since then, as a devout [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute to his grandmother.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=44–45}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Chris |last=Maume |title=Lionel Messi: The World at His Feet |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 July 2014 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-the-world-at-his-feet-9601215.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-the-world-at-his-feet-9601215.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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==Youth career==<br />
===Newell's Old Boys===<br />
{{quote box<br />
| width = 35%<br />
| align = right<br />
| quote = "When you saw him you would think: this kid can't play ball. He's a dwarf, he's too fragile, too small. But immediately you'd realise that he was born different, that he was a phenomenon and that he was going to be something impressive."<br />
| source = – [[Newell's Old Boys]] youth coach [[Adrián Coria (football manager)|Adrián Coria]], sharing his first impression of the 12-year-old Messi{{sfn|Caioli|2012|p=38}}<br />
}}<br />
Messi started playing for the [[Rosario]]-based football club [[Newell's Old Boys]] when he was seven years old; he would become a lifelong supporter of the club. During the six years he played for Newell's, he scored almost 500 goals, and was a member of "The Machine of '87", a nearly unbeatable youth team named for the year of their birth. Messi regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half-time, when the Newell's [[Glossary of association football terms#First team|first team]] played home games.<ref name="Here">{{Cite web |first=Wright |last=Thompson |title=Here and Gone: The Strange Relationship between Lionel Messi and His Hometown in Argentina |work=ESPN |date=22 October 2012 |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/eticket/story?page=Lionel-Messi |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014134319/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=Lionel-Messi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR>{{Cite news |title=The Machine of '87: Messi's Boyhood Teammates Recall Early Signs of Greatness |work=Bleacher Report |date=23 June 2017 |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2717227-the-machine-of-87-messis-boyhood-teammates-recall-early-signs-of-greatness |access-date=25 June 2017 |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Richard |archive-date=24 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624155913/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2717227-the-machine-of-87-messis-boyhood-teammates-recall-early-signs-of-greatness |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=31–35}} His goalscoring idol growing up was Brazilian striker [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]], who Messi called "the best forward I've ever seen".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Messi: Brazil striker Ronaldo my hero |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-brazil-striker-ronaldo-my-hero |access-date=8 September 2018 |work=FourFourTwo |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512043227/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-brazil-striker-ronaldo-my-hero |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Messi's future as a professional player was threatened when, at the age of 10, he was diagnosed with a [[growth hormone deficiency]]. He began [[growth hormone therapy]] at age 11;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mackie |first=Ed |date=14 December 2022 |title=What height is Lionel Messi? Explaining his growth deficiency as a child |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4000883/2022/12/14/lionel-messi-height-feet-why/ |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> however, his father's health insurance covered only two years of the therapy, which cost at least 1,000 pesos per month. Newell's agreed to contribute, but later reneged on their promise.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Jérôme |last1=Cazadieu |first2=Alexandre |last2=Juillard |first3=Frédéric |last3=Traïni |title=Leo Messi: La Légende d'El Enano |trans-title=Leo Messi: The Legend of El Enano |newspaper=L'Équipe via Irish Independent |date=15 November 2008 |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/rosario-the-old-coach-and-the-kid-26496103.html |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926074749/http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/rosario-the-old-coach-and-the-kid-26496103.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi was scouted by the Buenos Aires club [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], whose [[playmaker]] [[Pablo Aimar]] he idolised.<ref name="Mission">{{Cite news |first=Ian |last=Hawkey |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/spain/barcelona/lionel-messi-on-a-mission-6d7lwj26fmw |title=Lionel Messi on a Mission |work=The Times |url-access=subscription |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819075002/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lionel-messi-on-a-mission-6d7lwj26fmw |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Aimar">{{Cite news |first=Paul |last=Wilson |title=Pablo Aimar: The Argentinian Wizard Admired by Maradona and Messi |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 July 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jul/16/pablo-aimar-next-diego-maradona-argentina-retired-age-35-valencia |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818042844/http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jul/16/pablo-aimar-next-diego-maradona-argentina-retired-age-35-valencia |url-status=live}}</ref> It was speculated for a time that Messi failed to sign with River Plate due to his ill health; however, in a 2019 interview, he revealed that River Plate had wanted to sign him after he scored four goals at a trial, and even offered to pay for his medical treatment, but Newell's refused to release his player card, preventing the transfer.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 June 2019 |title=Leo Messi reveló el motivo por el que no fichó por River Plate |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/06/02/leo-messi-revelo-el-motivo-por-el-que-no-ficho-por-river-plate |access-date=12 January 2024 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |language=es-us |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112091643/https://www.si.com/soccer/2019/06/02/leo-messi-revelo-el-motivo-por-el-que-no-ficho-por-river-plate |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Barcelona===<br />
As the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia, they sought to arrange a trial with [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in September 2000, when Messi was 13. First-team director [[Carles Rexach]] immediately wanted to sign him, but the board of directors hesitated; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age. On 14 December, an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment, and Rexach, with no other paper at hand, wrote a contract on a paper napkin.<ref name="Mission" /><ref name="Serviette">{{Cite news |first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=Lionel Messi: How Argentinian Teenager Signed for Barcelona on a Serviette |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 October 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/oct/15/lionel-messi-barcelona-decade |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726182618/http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/oct/15/lionel-messi-barcelona-decade |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2001, Messi's family relocated to Barcelona, where they moved into an apartment near the club's stadium, [[Camp Nou]].<br />
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During his first year in Spain, Messi rarely played with the ''Infantiles'' due to a transfer conflict with Newell's; as a foreigner, he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league. Without football, he struggled to integrate into the team. He was reserved by nature, and was so quiet that some of his teammates initially believed he was mute. At home, he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and younger sister, María Sol, while he stayed in Barcelona with his father.<ref name="Here" /><ref name="Serviette" /><ref name="BoyGenius">{{Cite news |first=Jeré |last=Longman |title=Lionel Messi: Boy Genius |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 May 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-boy-genius.html |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701125859/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-boy-genius.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:La Masia (Can Planas) (Barcelona) - 1.jpg|thumb|At age 13, Messi enrolled at Barcelona's youth academy, [[La Masia]].]]<br />
After a year at Barcelona's youth academy, [[La Masia]], Messi was finally enrolled in the [[Royal Spanish Football Federation]] (RFEF) in February 2002. Now he could play in all competitions, and quickly befriended his teammates, including [[Cesc Fàbregas]] and [[Gerard Piqué]].{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=61–62}} After completing his growth hormone therapy at 14,{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=149}} Messi became an integral part of the "Baby Dream Team", Barcelona's greatest-ever youth side. During his first full season (2002–03), he was the top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the ''Cadetes'' ''A'', who won an unprecedented treble of the league, the Spanish cup, and the Copa Catalunya.{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=61–62}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Pete |last=Jenson |title=Fàbregas, Messi, Piqué: Class of 2002 |newspaper=The Independent |date=27 March 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/fabregas-messi-pique-class-of-2002-1928682.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/fabregas-messi-pique-class-of-2002-1928682.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> In the Copa Catalunya final, their 4–1 victory over [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]] became referred to in club lore as the ''partido de la máscara'', the final of the mask. A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match, Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a protective plastic mask. When the mask became a hindrance, Messi took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes.{{sfn|Hunter|2012|pp=44–45}} At the close of the season, he received an offer to join [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], his first from a foreign club. Although Fàbregas and Piqué soon left for [[Premier League|England]] with their own offers, Messi chose to remain in Barcelona.<ref name="Serviette" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lionel Messi Could Have Joined Arsenal as a Teenager, Says Arsène Wenger |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/nov/21/arsenal-arsene-wenger-lionel-messi-barcelona |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707002728/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/nov/21/arsenal-arsene-wenger-lionel-messi-barcelona |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Messiah">{{Cite web |title=The New Messiah |publisher=FIFA |date=5 March 2006 |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2006/news/newsid=103182/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021172445/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2006/news/newsid=103182/index.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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Messi continued to progress through his club's ranks at a rapid pace, debuting for four youth teams during the 2003–04 season.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=All time stats for Messi in the Barça youth teams |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/1692969/all-time-stats-for-messi-in-the-bara-youth-teams |access-date=23 September 2020 |work=FC Barcelona}}</ref> After being named player of the tournament in four separate international pre-season competitions with the ''Juvenil B'', he played only one official match with the team before being promoted to the ''[[FC Barcelona (youth)#Juvenil A|Juvenil A]]''. In the ''Juvenil A'' he scored 18 goals in 11 league games.{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=68–71}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Liviu |last=Bird |title=Ex-Teammate, La Masia Coach Recall Lionel Messi's Early Days, Persona |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=5 June 2015 |url=https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2015/06/04/lionel-messi-champions-league-final-barcelona |access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> During the international break, Messi was one of several youth players called up to strengthen the depleted first team. [[Ludovic Giuly]], one of Barcelona's [[Winger (soccer)|wingers]], described Messi's performance during a training session: "He destroyed us all ... He would dribble past four players and score a goal. Even the team's starting centre-backs were nervous ... He was an alien."<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Giuly remembers the first time he saw Messi 'kill' his team-mates |work=Sport |url=http://www.sport-english.com/en/news/barca/giuly-remembers-the-first-time-saw-messi-kill-his-team-mates-5378823 |date=14 September 2016}}</ref><br />
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{{quote box<br />
| width = 25%<br />
| align = right<br />
| quote = "It seemed as if he had been playing with us all his life."<br />
| source = – Barcelona's then assistant coach [[Henk ten Cate]] on Messi's first-team debut.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Dermot |last=Corrigan |title=The best quotes about Lionel Messi's 10 years at Barcelona |work=ESPN FC |date=16 October 2014 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/club/barcelona/83/blog/post/2089807/the-best-quotes-about-lionel-messis-10-years-at-barcelona}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
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At 16 years old, Messi made his first-team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against [[FC Porto]] on 16 November 2003.<ref name="Serviette" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Dermot |last=Corrigan |title=Messi Reflects on Debut 10 Years On |work=ESPN |date=15 November 2013 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/spanish-primera-divisi%C3%B3n/story/1616845/lionel-messi-reflects-on-dream-barcelona-debut |access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> His performance impressed the technical staff, and he subsequently began training daily with the club's reserve side, [[Barcelona B]], as well as weekly with the first team.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=191–193}} After Messi's first training session with the senior squad, Barcelona's new star player [[Ronaldinho]] told his teammates that he believed the 16-year-old would become an even better player than himself.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=246–249}} Ronaldinho called Messi "little brother", and his friendship greatly eased Messi's transition onto the first team.{{sfn|Hunter|2012|p=53}}<ref name="LastJump" /><br />
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To gain further match experience, Messi joined his club's third team, [[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]], in addition to the ''Juvenil A''. He helped save the third team from the relegation zone of the [[Tercera División]], scoring five goals in ten games, including a [[hat-trick]] in eight minutes during a [[2004 Copa del Rey Juvenil|Copa del Rey Juvenil]] match.{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=68–71}}{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=183–185}} His progress was reflected in his first professional contract, signed on 4 February 2004, which lasted until 2012 and contained an initial [[buyout clause]] of €30&nbsp;million. A month later, he made his debut for Barcelona B in the [[Segunda División B]], and his buyout clause automatically increased to €80&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=68–71}}{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=262–263}} He played five games with the B team that season but did not score.<ref name="Matches 2003–04">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2003–04 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2003-04 |access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> He was physically weaker than his opponents, who were often much older and taller, and he worked on increasing his muscle mass and overall strength. Towards the end of the season, he returned to both youth teams, helping the ''Juvenil B'' win the league. He finished the campaign having scored goals for four of his five teams, with a total of 36 goals in all official competitions.{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=68–71}}{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=183–185}}<br />
<br />
== Club career ==<br />
{{Main|Career of Lionel Messi#Club career}}<br />
<br />
===Barcelona===<br />
====2004–2008: Rise to the first team====<br />
Messi began the [[2004–05 FC Barcelona season|2004–05 season]] as a guaranteed starter for the [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] team, but after some lobbying by the senior players, he was promoted to the first team by manager [[Frank Rijkaard]].{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=246–249}} He made his [[La Liga]] debut for Barcelona on 16 October 2004, at 17 years old.<ref name="Serviette" /> He scored his first senior goal on 1 May 2005, becoming the youngest-ever scorer for the club at the time.{{sfn|Hunter|2012|pp=35–36}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Williams |title=Messi Has All the Qualities to Take World by Storm |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 February 2006 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/feb/24/championsleague1 |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206234603/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/feb/24/championsleague1 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was at that time the youngest player to represent Barcelona in an official competition, and the club won the [[2004–05 La Liga|league title]] during that season.<ref name="LastJump">{{cite news |first=Rafael |last=Carbonell |title=El Último Salto de la 'Pulga' |trans-title=The Last Jump of the 'Flea' |newspaper=El País |date=26 October 2004 |language=es |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2004/10/26/deportes/1098741604_850215.html |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171912/http://elpais.com/diario/2004/10/26/deportes/1098741604_850215.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MessiDriven">{{cite web |first=Graham |last=Hunter |title=Messi, Iniesta and Xavi Driven to Join the Champions League Elite |work=ESPN |date=4 June 2015 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/club/barcelona/83/blog/post/2479062/messi-iniesta-xavi-can-join-champions-league-greats |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723184250/http://www.espnfc.com/club/barcelona/83/blog/post/2479062/messi-iniesta-xavi-can-join-champions-league-greats |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Leo messi barce 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.60|In 2005, Messi began his 17-year career with [[FC Barcelona]]|left]]<br />
<br />
On his 18th birthday, Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player, which kept him with Barcelona through 2010, and had a release clause of €150 million.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2016 |title=A history of Messi's nine deals at Barca |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37458495/a-history-lionel-messi-nine-deals-barcelona-signs-2021 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Three months later, as his performance continued to make waves, his contract was updated to double his salary and keep him with the club until 2014.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=262–263}}<ref name="Starlet">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Starlet Messi Stays at Barça until 2014 |work=ESPN |date=17 September 2005 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/342857 |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> By the end of the [[2005–06 FC Barcelona season|2005–06 season]], Barcelona had won [[2005–06 La Liga|La Liga]] again as well as the [[2005–06 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]].{{sfn|Hunter|2012|pp=266–269}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi has admitted he 'deeply regrets' missing Barcelona's Champions League final celebrations in 2006 |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/liga/2021-2022/lionel-messi-has-admitted-he-deeply-regrets-missing-barcelonas-champions-league-final-celebrations-i_sto8656843/story.shtml |access-date=9 May 2023 |work=Eurosport |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122205211/https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/liga/2021-2022/lionel-messi-has-admitted-he-deeply-regrets-missing-barcelonas-champions-league-final-celebrations-i_sto8656843/story.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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During the [[2006–07 FC Barcelona season|2006–07 season]], Messi scored his first [[hat-trick]] during a game against [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], becoming the first player to score a hat-trick in a ''[[El Clásico|Clásico]]'' in 12 years.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=There's Something about Messi |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 March 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/mar/12/europeanfootball.sport1 |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618155307/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/mar/12/europeanfootball.sport1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two goals scored by Messi against [[Getafe CF|Getafe]] and Espanyol during the season drew notice for their similarities to two famous goals scored by fellow Argentine [[Diego Maradona]] in the [[Argentina v England (1986 FIFA World Cup)|1986 World Cup match against England]], leading to [[#Comparisons with Diego Maradona|comparisons between Messi and Maradona]] that would endure throughout Messi's career.<ref name="Hawkey">{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Ian |last=Hawkey |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lionel-messi-on-a-mission-6d7lwj26fmw |title=Lionel Messi on a Mission |work=The Times |url-access=subscription |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Andy |last=Mitten |title=Hand of Messi Saves Barcelona |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hand-of-messi-saves-barcelona-q8dgljbwzx7 |work=The Times |url-access=subscription |date=10 June 2007 |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Maradona">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Christopher |last=Davies |title=Maradona Hails His Successor |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 February 2006 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2332685/Maradona-hails-his-successor.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2332685/Maradona-hails-his-successor.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2015}}{{cbignore}} {{Subscription required|date=November 2021}}</ref> Barcelona finished the 2006–07 season with only one trophy – the [[2006 Supercopa de España]] – and the [[2007–08 FC Barcelona season|2007–08 season]] without a single trophy, leading to Rijkaard's departure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ingla: Rijkaard to Blame for Barça Decline |work=ESPN |date=19 May 2008 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/536834/rijkaard-to-blame-for-barca-decline-ingla |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135656/http://www.espnfc.com/story/536834/rijkaard-to-blame-for-barca-decline-ingla |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====2008–2012: Success under Pep Guardiola====<br />
At the beginning of the [[2008–09 FC Barcelona season|2008–09 season]] – his first under Barcelona's new manager, former captain [[Pep Guardiola]] – Messi was given the [[Squad number (association football)|number 10]] shirt.<ref name="MessiRonaldinho">{{cite web |title=Messi Has Ronaldinho's Number |work=FIFA |date=4 August 2008 |url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/837/571/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328054707/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/837/571/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> Over time, he effectively became the tactical focal point of Guardiola's strategy, increasing his goalscoring rate as a result.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=476–478}} During that season, Messi scored 38 goals, and alongside [[Samuel Eto'o]] and [[Thierry Henry]], contributed to a total of 100 goals in all competitions, a record at the time for the club.<ref name="Matches 2008–09">{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2008–09 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2008-09 |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209091527/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2008-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Lee |last=Roden |title=Are Messi, Suarez and Neymar Barcelona's Best-Ever Front Three? |publisher=ESPN |date=20 April 2015 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/club/barcelona/83/blog/post/2408047/barcelona-trio-of-lionel-messi-neymar-and-luis-suarez-the-clubs-best-ever |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615103455/http://www.espnfc.com/club/barcelona/83/blog/post/2408047/barcelona-trio-of-lionel-messi-neymar-and-luis-suarez-the-clubs-best-ever |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi played in his first [[2009 Copa del Rey Final|final]] as Barcelona won the [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Barcelona Defeat Athletic Bilbao to Win Copa del Rey |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=14 May 2009 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/5321324/Barcelona-defeat-Athletic-Bilbao-to-win-Copa-del-Rey.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/5321324/Barcelona-defeat-Athletic-Bilbao-to-win-Copa-del-Rey.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Barcelona also won the [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga title]] and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]], thus achieving the first [[Treble (association football)|treble]] in the history of Spanish football.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Barcelona 2–0 Man Utd |work=BBC Sport |date=27 May 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8060878.stm |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the first half of the [[2009–10 FC Barcelona season|2009–10 season]], Barcelona won the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]], the [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]] and the [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]], becoming the first club to achieve the sextuple.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Adams |title=The Treble Club |work=[[ESPN FC]] |date=21 May 2010 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/788735/the-treble-club-previous-winners |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023012747/http://www.espnfc.com/story/788735/the-treble-club-previous-winners |archive-date=23 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Barcelona Beat Estudiantes to Win the Club World Cup |work=BBC Sport |date=19 December 2009 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/8422908.stm |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323005910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/8422908.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi finished as the [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers#Top scorers by season|Champions League top scorer]], the youngest in the tournament's history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Messi Sweeps up Goalscoring Honours |publisher=UEFA |date=28 May 2009 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01d9-0e723fa0bf50-a11f10e8b995-1000--messi-sweeps-up-goalscoring-honours/ |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510012328/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=833286.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Haslam |title=Messi Takes Scoring Plaudits |newspaper=[[UEFA]] |publisher=UEFA |date=22 May 2010 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01e5-0e749dc4dbed-0a10c2225a79-1000--messi-takes-scoring-plaudits/ |access-date=27 July 2010 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322200627/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=1490400.html |url-status=live}}</ref> For his efforts in 2009, Messi won the [[2009 Ballon d'Or|Ballon d'Or]], the [[2009 FIFA World Player of the Year|FIFA World Player of the Year]] award and his first [[European Golden Shoe]].<ref name="Deserve" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Joseph |last=Wilson |title=Messi Receives Golden Boot for Top European Scorer |newspaper=U-T San Diego |date=30 September 2010 |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2010/sep/30/messi-receives-golden-boot-for-top-european-scorer/ |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827235600/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2010/sep/30/messi-receives-golden-boot-for-top-european-scorer/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=519–524}} He scored a total of 47 goals in all competitions, equalling [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]'s club record from the [[1996–97 FC Barcelona season|1996–97 campaign]].<ref name="Matches 2009–10">{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2009–10 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2009-10 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318114330/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2009-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Deserve">{{cite news |first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=La Liga Title the Least Barcelona Deserve as Madrid Again Finish Empty Handed |newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 May 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/may/17/la-liga-title-barcelona-madrid |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818155457/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/may/17/la-liga-title-barcelona-madrid |url-status=live }}</ref> He signed a new 7-year contract with Barcelona through 2016.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
During the [[2010–11 FC Barcelona season|2010–11 season]], Barcelona won the [[2010 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Magic Messi Wins Supercopa for Barça |publisher=ESPN FC |date=21 August 2010 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/816500/magic-lionel-messi-wins-supercopa-for-barca |access-date=27 July 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140127/http://www.espnfc.com/story/816500/magic-lionel-messi-wins-supercopa-for-barca |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Barcelona 3–1 Man Utd |work=BBC Sport |date=28 May 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/13576522 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128030307/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/13576522 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a third consecutive [[2010–11 La Liga|La Liga title]]. Messi's club performances in 2010 earned him his second consecutive [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or#Winners and nominees|Ballon d'Or]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=Lionel Messi Is the World's Best Player but Xavi Deserved FIFA's Award |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 January 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/jan/11/lionel-messi-xavi-ballon-dor |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> He was the top scorer in the Champions League for the third consecutive year,<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Scorer Messi Matches Van Nistelrooy Mark |newspaper=[[UEFA]] |publisher=UEFA |date=28 May 2011 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0250-0c50f817cbec-aabf3c53695a-1000--top-scorer-messi-matches-van-nistelrooy-mark/ |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530025624/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=1634951.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and the league's top scorer and assist provider.<ref name="Matches 2010–11">{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2010–11 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2010-11 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630194758/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2010-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Primera División Statistics: Top Assists 2010–11 |publisher=ESPN FC |url=http://www.espnfc.com/spanish-primera-division/15/statistics/assists?season=2010 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709063314/http://www.espnfc.com/spanish-primera-division/15/statistics/assists?season=2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> He became Barcelona's all-time single-season top scorer with 53 goals.<ref name="Matches 2010–11" /><ref name="Sublime">{{cite news |first1=Tony |last1=Cascarino |first2=Patrick |last2=Barclay |title=Is Sublime Lionel Messi the Greatest Footballer Ever? |newspaper=The Times |url-access=subscription |date=27 May 2011 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/is-sublime-lionel-messi-the-greatest-footballer-ever-c00970m0f9g |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517125621/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/football/europe/article3041129.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Paul |last=Hayward |title=FIFA Ballon d'Or 2012: Lionel Messi Rewarded for Displays No Rival Could Ever Match |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=7 January 2013 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/lionel-messi/9786403/Fifa-Ballon-dOr-2012-Lionel-Messi-rewarded-for-displays-no-rival-could-ever-match.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/lionel-messi/9786403/Fifa-Ballon-dOr-2012-Lionel-Messi-rewarded-for-displays-no-rival-could-ever-match.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[2011–12 FC Barcelona season|2011–12 season]] Barcelona won both the [[2011 Supercopa de España|Spanish]] and [[2011 UEFA Super Cup|European Super Cup]] trophies, and the [[2011 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Henry |last=Winter |title=Barcelona 2 Porto 0: Match Report |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=26 August 2011 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/8726103/Barcelona-2-Porto-0-match-report.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/8726103/Barcelona-2-Porto-0-match-report.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tempers Flare into Brawl as Barcelona Beats Real Madrid |newspaper=USA Today |date=17 August 2011 |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/europe/2011-08-17-supercup-brawl-barcelona-real-madrid_n.htm |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018175757/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/europe/2011-08-17-supercup-brawl-barcelona-real-madrid_n.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Barcelona Win FIFA Club World Cup |work=BBC Sport |date=18 December 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/16234168 |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222225555/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16234168 |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi won the [[List of FIFA Club World Cup awards#Golden Ball|Golden Ball]] for the second time<ref name=":1" /> and the [[2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or#Winners and nominees|Ballon d'Or]] for the third time,<ref>{{cite web |title=Messi Crowned World's Best |publisher=ESPN FC |date=9 January 2012 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/1006543/2011-fifa-ballon-dor-lionel-messi-crowned-worlds-best |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405232008/http://www.espnfc.com/story/1006543/2011-fifa-ballon-dor-lionel-messi-crowned-worlds-best |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the inaugural [[UEFA Best Player in Europe Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Messi Wins UEFA Best Player in Europe Award |publisher=UEFA |date=25 August 2011 |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0250-0c50f3bb01f8-2230f3d90345-1000--messi-wins-uefa-best-player-in-europe-award/ |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818090834/https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/awards/news/0250-0c50f3bb01f8-2230f3d90345-1000--messi-wins-uefa-best-player-in-europe-award/ |url-status=live}}</ref> During the year 2012, Messi became the second player to be top scorer in four Champions League campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |title=UEFA Champions League 2011–12: Statistics |publisher=UEFA |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2012/statistics/index.html |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322121657/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2012/statistics/index.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Record-Breaking Messi Takes Top Scorer Honour |publisher=UEFA |date=19 May 2012 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0250-0c50fb1dc97f-29773ffa75dd-1000--record-breaking-messi-takes-top-scorer-honour/ |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510004431/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=1795767.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He became the top goalscorer in Barcelona's history at 24 years old, overtaking [[César Rodríguez (footballer, born 1920)|César Rodríguez]]'s 57-year record of 232 goals.<ref>{{:cite news |title=Lionel Messi as Dominant as Michael Jordan, Claims Barcelona's Pep Guardiola, After He Breaks Goal Record |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=21 March 2012 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/lionel-messi/9157192/Lionel-Messi-as-dominant-as-Michael-Jordan-claims-Barcelonas-Pep-Guardiola-after-he-breaks-goal-record.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/lionel-messi/9157192/Lionel-Messi-as-dominant-as-Michael-Jordan-claims-Barcelonas-Pep-Guardiola-after-he-breaks-goal-record.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He finished [[2011–12 FC Barcelona season|the season]] as the league top scorer in Spain for the second time with 50 goals, a La Liga record. His [[European association football club records#Most goals in a season|73 goals in all competitions]] made him the single-season top scorer in the history of European club football excluding regional and local competitions.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Lionel Messi Receives Golden Boot Award as Europe's Top Scorer |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=29 October 2012 |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2012/10/29/lionel-messi-golden-boot-barcelona-ap |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017043849/https://www.si.com/soccer/2012/10/29/lionel-messi-golden-boot-barcelona-ap |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Messi Smashes Müller's 40-Year Record |publisher=ESPN FC |date=9 December 2012 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/1258108/messi-breaks-40-year-record-with-86th-goal-of-2012 |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407214629/http://www.espnfc.com/story/1258108/messi-breaks-40-year-record-with-86th-goal-of-2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Barcelona won the [[2012 Copa del Rey final|Copa del Rey]] that season, their 14th trophy under Guardiola, who resigned after a four-year cycle of success.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andy |last=Brassell |title=Pep Guardiola Leaves Lasting Legacy at Barcelona |work=BBC Sport |date=27 April 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/17867892 |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017214415/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17867892 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====2012–2014: Record-breaking year and ''Messidependencia''====<br />
For the start of the [[2012–13 FC Barcelona season|2012–13 season]], Barcelona had virtually secured their La Liga title by the start of 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=A Sense of Anticlimax but Barcelona Still Deserve Their La Liga Title |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 May 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/13/barcelona-title-anti-climax |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> A double scored against [[Real Betis]] saw Messi becoming Barcelona's all-time top scorer in La Liga, and surpassed [[Gerd Müller]]'s record of most goals scored in a calendar year; Messi scored a record 91 goals in all competitions for Barcelona and Argentina throughout 2012.<ref>{{cite web |first=Iain |last=Rogers |title=Fatherhood Hasn't Slowed Record-Breaking Messi |work=Reuters |date=10 December 2012 |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-spain-messi-idUKL5E8NA1RM20121210 |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408012732/https://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-spain-messi-idUKL5E8NA1RM20121210 }}</ref><ref name="MostDecorated">{{cite news |first=Majid |last=Mohamed |title=Barcelona's Lionel Messi Becomes Most Decorated Player in History after Winning Unprecedented Fourth Straight Ballon d'Or |newspaper=The Independent |date=8 January 2013 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/barcelonas-lionel-messi-becomes-most-decorated-player-in-history-after-winning-unprecedented-fourth-8441605.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/barcelonas-lionel-messi-becomes-most-decorated-player-in-history-after-winning-unprecedented-fourth-8441605.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Messi again won the [[2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or#Winners and nominees|FIFA Ballon d'Or]], becoming the first player in history to win the Ballon d'Or four times.<ref name="MostDecorated" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Saj |last=Chowdhury |title=Ballon d'Or Contenders Messi, Ronaldo and Iniesta in Profile |work=BBC Sport |date=9 January 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/20910453 |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107134704/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/20910453 |url-status=live}}</ref> He signed a new contract committing himself to the club through 2018, and wore the captain's armband for the first time in a league match against [[Rayo Vallecano]].{{sfn|Balagué|2013|p=556}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Messi Signs New Barcelona Deal |publisher=CNN |date=7 February 2013 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/07/sport/football/football-leo-messi-barcelona/ |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Iain |last=Rogers |title=Captain Messi Inspires Another Barça League Triumph |work=Reuters |date=11 May 2013 |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-spain-messi-idUKBRE94A0GW20130511 |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> The team won [[2012–13 La Liga|La Liga]] again that year, Messi's sixth, equalling Real Madrid's 100-point record of the previous season. With 60 goals in all competitions, including 46 goals in La Liga, he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year, becoming the first player in history to win the [[European Golden Shoe]] three times.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Lionel Messi Awarded Golden Shoe for Third Time after 46 La Liga Goals for Barcelona |newspaper=The Independent |date=20 November 2013 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/lionel-messi-awarded-golden-shoe-for-third-time-after-46-la-liga-goals-for-barcelona-8951828.html |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522051148/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/lionel-messi-awarded-golden-shoe-for-third-time-after-46-la-liga-goals-for-barcelona-8951828.html }}</ref><br />
<br />
Messi's overall input into the team's attack had increased significantly. Whereas he contributed to 24% of the team's goals in their treble-winning campaign in 2008–09, this number rose to more than 40% by the end of the 2012–13 season.{{sfn|Caioli|2015|loc=ch. 38}} These statistics, as well as lopsided losses in the Champions League where Messi was unfit, gave credence to the notion of ''Messidependencia'', Barcelona's perceived tactical and psychological dependence on their star player.<ref name="Messidependencia">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=Messidependencia Brought into Focus as Barcelona Show Vulnerability |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 April 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/apr/11/lionel-messi-barcelona-psg-champions-league |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
To offset the load on Messi, Barcelona signed Brazilian forward [[Neymar]] from [[Santos FC|Santos]] before the [[2013–14 FC Barcelona season|2013–14 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/santos-fc-to-face-fc-barcelona-in-the-joan-gamper-trophy-on-august-2 |title=Santos FC to face FC Barcelona in the Joan Gamper Trophy |publisher=FCBarcelona.com |date=28 June 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> The team won the [[2013 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]] at the beginning of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/aug/29/barcelona-super-cup-atletico-madrid-messi|title= Barcelona win Super Cup against Atlético despite Messi's penalty miss|date= 28 August 2013|work= Guardian|access-date= 29 August 2013|archive-date= 21 January 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210121010350/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/aug/29/barcelona-super-cup-atletico-madrid-messi|url-status= live}}</ref> Messi finished the campaign with his worst output in five seasons, though he still managed to score 41 goals in all competitions.<ref name="OneFlick">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=One Flick of Lionel Messi's Left Foot Ends Talk of Crisis at Barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 March 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/mar/12/lionel-messi-barcelona-champions-league-manchester-city |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> For the first time in five years, Barcelona ended the season without a major trophy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Barcelona's Lionel Messi: I Had a Lot of Problems during 2013–14 Season |publisher=ESPN FC |date=19 February 2014 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/barcelona/story/2306392/barcelona-lionel-messi-i-had-a-lot-of-problems-during-2013-14-season |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====2014–2017: Arrival of Luis Enrique and birth of MSN====<br />
[[File:Moment of the Champions League final FC Barcelona - Juventus 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Messi dribbling past [[Patrice Evra]] of [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] during the [[2015 UEFA Champions League final]]]]<br />
Barcelona hired coach [[Luis Enrique]] before the [[2014–15 FC Barcelona season|2014–15 season]], and continued to aid Messi in the attack by signing Uruguayan forward [[Luis Suárez]], who had won the European Golden Shoe the year before at [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27477125|title=Barcelona appoint Luis Enrique as first-team coach|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 May 2014|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519221816/https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27477125|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/fc-barcelona-and-liverpool-fc-have-reached-an-agreement-for-the-transfer-of-luis-suarez |title=Suárez joins Barça. |publisher=FCBarcelona.com |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712034551/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/fc-barcelona-and-liverpool-fc-have-reached-an-agreement-for-the-transfer-of-luis-suarez |archive-date=12 July 2014 }}</ref> Luis Enrique's system featured quick transitions from defence to attack, led by the front three of Messi, Suárez and Neymar. The attacking trio, which colloquially became known as 'MSN', broke goalscoring records.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2463053-complete-analysis-of-the-new-look-barcelona-under-luis-enrique|title=Complete analysis of the new-look Barcelona under Luis Enrique|publisher=Bleacher Report|last=Tighe|first=Sam|date=13 May 2015|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> A hat-trick scored against [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] earlier in the season also made him the [[La Liga#Most goals|all-time top scorer in La Liga]], as he surpassed the 59-year record of 251 league goals held by [[Telmo Zarra]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Lionel Messi: Barcelona Forward Will Leave 'Unreachable' Record |work=BBC Sport |date=23 November 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30165949 |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> After securing the [[2014–15 La Liga|La Liga title]], the [[2015 Copa del Rey Final|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2015 UEFA Champions League final|Champions League]] that year, Messi helped Barcelona become the first club to win the continental treble twice.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Jonathan |last=Jurejko |title=Bayern Mun 3–2 Barcelona |work=BBC Sport |date=12 May 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/32683310 |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Sam |last=Borden |title=Barcelona Overwhelms Juventus to Win Fifth Champions League Title |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 June 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/sports/soccer/barcelona-defeats-juventus-in-champions-league-final.html |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> He recorded 58 goals, but combined with Neymar and Suárez, the attacking trio scored a total of 122 goals in all competitions that season, a record in Spanish football.<ref name="TooGood">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=Barcelona's Luis Suárez, Leo Messi and Neymar Too Good for Juventus |newspaper=The Guardian |date=6 June 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jun/06/barcelona-luis-suarez-lionel-messi-juventus-champions-league-final |access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Messi opened the [[2015–16 FC Barcelona season|2015–16 season]] by helping Barcelona's win over Sevilla in the [[2015 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Lionel Messi Says Free Kick Goals in UEFA Super Cup Were 'Lucky' |publisher=ESPN FC |date=11 August 2015 |url=http://www.espnfc.us/barcelona/story/2559713/lionel-messi-calls-free-kick-goals-in-uefa-super-cup-lucky |access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Messi capped off the year by winning the [[2015 FIFA Club World Cup]] [[2015 FIFA Club World Cup final|final]] over [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] in [[Yokohama]], collecting his fifth club trophy of the calendar year.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.espnfc.us/fifa-club-world-cup/story/2765338/lionel-messi-club-world-cup-shows-barcelona-are-world-best |title=Lionel Messi: Club World Cup triumph proves Barcelona are 'best in the world' |publisher=ESPN FC |first=Dermot |last=Corrigan |date=20 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> On 11 January 2016, Messi won the [[2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] for a record fifth time in his career.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/fifa/243/post/2784555/lionel-messi-wins-2015-ballon-dor-ahead-of-ronaldo-neymar |title=Lionel Messi wins 2015 Ballon d'Or ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo, Neymar |first=Dermot |last=Corrigon |date=12 January 2016}}</ref> He ended the season by winning [[2015–16 La Liga|La Liga]] as well as the [[2016 Copa del Rey final|Copa del Rey]] again.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/02/03/lionel-messis-500th-goal-shows-off-scintillating-skill/ |title=Lionel Messi's 500th goal shows off scintillating skill |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Des |last=Bieler |date=3 February 2016 |access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> In total, Messi scored 41 goals, and Barcelona's attacking trio of him, Neymar and Suárez managed a Spanish record of 131 combined goals throughout the season, breaking the record they had set the previous season.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/detail/article/messi-suarez-and-neymar-jr-end-season-with-131-goals |title=Messi, Suárez and Neymar Jr end season with 131 goals |publisher=FC Barcelona |first=Robert |last=Güell |date=23 May 2016 |access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[2016–17 FC Barcelona season|2016–17 season]] ended with Barcelona winning the [[2016 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]] and the [[2017 Copa del Rey final|Copa del Rey]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://deportes.elpais.com/deportes/2016/08/18/actualidad/1471475075_599601.html |title=Messi levanta la Supercopa|trans-title=Messi lifts the Supercup |work=El País |language=es |first=Ramon |last=Besa |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.espnfc.us/barcelona/story/3036856/lionel-messi-equals-ronald-koemans-barcelona-free-kick-record |title=Lionel Messi equals Ronald Koeman's Barcelona free-kick record |publisher=ESPN FC |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Messi finished the season with 54 goals, while his 37 goals in La Liga saw him claim both the [[Pichichi Trophy|Pichichi]] and European Golden Boot Awards for the fourth time in his career.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/11/24/5a182794268e3ef82a8b4639.html |title=Messi receives fourth Golden Shoe Award: Each day I enjoy it more |work=Marca |location=Spain |date=24 November 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
====2017–2021: Final years at Barcelona====<br />
[[File:Lionel Messi vs Valladolid.jpg|thumb|upright|Messi, wearing the captain's armband, against [[Real Valladolid]] in 2018]]<br />
Messi signed a new deal with Barcelona on 25 November 2017, keeping him with the club through 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/news/2017-2018/video-lionel-messi-signs-new-contract-fc-barcelona |title=Lionel Messi signs new deal through 2020/21 season |publisher=FC Barcelona |date=25 November 2017|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> The [[2017–18 FC Barcelona season|2017–18 season]] saw Barcelona winning [[2017–18 La Liga|La Liga]] and the [[2018 Copa del Rey final|Copa del Rey]] once again.<ref name="2018CdR">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43845692 |title=Sevilla 0–5 Barcelona |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=21 April 2018 |access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> Messi again finished the season as the top scorer in La Liga, with 34 goals, and won his fifth European Golden Shoe award.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=20 May 2018 |title=Messi Wins Fifth Golden Shoe After Winning Pichichi Trophy |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/messi-set-for-fifth-golden-shoe-after-winning-pichichi/16zqsqe8e9tr3187k929hjiwpt|access-date=20 May 2018 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> With the departure of captain [[Andrés Iniesta]] in May 2018, Messi was named the team's new captain for the [[2018–19 FC Barcelona season|2018–19 season]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.sport-english.com/en/news/barca/lionel-messi-will-be-barcelonas-next-captain-6781878 |title=Lionel Messi will be Barcelona's next captain |date=25 April 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=Sport |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331204356/https://www.sport-english.com/en/news/barca/lionel-messi-will-be-barcelonas-next-captain-6781878 }}</ref> He lifted his first trophy as Barcelona's captain, the [[2018 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]], following a 2–1 victory over Sevilla. He also helped Barcelona clinch the [[2018–19 La Liga|La Liga title]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/messi-helps-barcelona-clinch-spanish-league-title/2019/04/27/84f90fbe-692d-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427205444/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/messi-helps-barcelona-clinch-spanish-league-title/2019/04/27/84f90fbe-692d-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |title=Messi helps Barcelona clinch Spanish league title |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Joseph |last=Wilson |date=27 April 2019 |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> With 36 goals in 34 appearances that season, Messi won his sixth La Liga Golden Boot trophy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The best individual season of all time? – A look at Lionel Messi's 2018/19 season |url=https://www.overlyzer.com/en/football/the-best-individual-season-of-all-time-a-look-at-lionel-messis-2018-19-season/ |website=Overlyzer |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/a3965b778e324f6c8882587d0e9f55fc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206130647/https://apnews.com/article/a3965b778e324f6c8882587d0e9f55fc |archive-date=6 February 2023 |title=Messi hits 50 goals for Barca, Madrid ends season to forget |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |last=Wilson |first=Joseph |date=19 May 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> He also captured his sixth [[European Golden Shoe]] award, setting a record for winning the award three seasons in a row.<ref name="SixthGoldenShoe">{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1225730/messi-wins-his-sixth-golden-shoe-award |title=Messi wins his sixth Golden Shoe award |publisher=FC Barcelona |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Messi won his sixth [[2019 Ballon d'Or|Ballon d'Or]], but the subsequent [[2019–20 FC Barcelona season|2019–20 season]] saw Barcelona go trophyless for the first time since 2007–08.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/12/02/ballon-dorlive-updates-ceremony-lionel-messi-virgil-van-dijk/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/12/02/ballon-dorlive-updates-ceremony-lionel-messi-virgil-van-dijk/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Ballon d'Or: live updates from the ceremony as Lionel Messi and Virgil van Dijk compete for top award |last=Magee |first=Will |date=2 December 2019 |work=The Telegraph|access-date=2 December 2019 |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Following a disappointing season, Messi expressed to the club his desire to leave, but ultimately decided to fulfill the final year of his contract.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=25 August 2020 |title=Messi tells Barca he wants to leave, signaling end of era |url=https://apnews.com/141fb4432a0421bc942a7f87cfdeba6e|access-date=26 August 2020 |work=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Messi breaks silence on Barcelona exit saga: 'The president did not keep his word' |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/messi-breaks-silence-barcelona-exit-saga-president-did-not/12u81b5iumt2d1tkqol18wpcxg|access-date=4 September 2020 |work=Goal}}</ref> In 2021, he led Barcelona to victory in the [[2021 Copa del Rey final|Copa del Rey]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Lionel Messi sets an utterly ridiculous record as he leads Barcelona to Copa Del Rey glory |url=https://www.caughtoffside.com/2021/04/17/lionel-messi-sets-an-utterly-ridiculous-record-as-he-leads-barcelona-to-copa-del-rey-glory/ |work=Caught Offside|date=17 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/messi-nets-2-barcelona-beats-bilbao-4-0-to-win-copa-del-rey-1.1625290 |title=Lionel Messi nets two, Barcelona beats Athletic Bilbao to win Copa del Rey |publisher=TSN |date=17 April 2021 |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> His last two seasons with Barcelona saw him lead La Liga in goal scoring, giving him a record-breaking total of eight Pichichi trophies.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.thescore.com/esp_fed/news/1987681 |title=Messi stands alone after winning Pichichi award for 7th time |publisher=The Score |last=Nesci |first=Gianluca |date=19 July 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="eighth">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Messi: The Pichichi of Pichichis |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2021/05/22/60a971ad268e3e2e128b45c3.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=Marca|date=22 May 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Although Messi became a free agent after his contract expired, he was hoping to stay with Barcelona, even though the club was facing immense financial challenges due in part to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Messi officially becomes a free agent as superstar's Barcelona contract expires |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/messi-free-agent-barcelona-contract-expires/6oic4yrrw62d1mcffybvao1qi |work=Goal |first=Rubén |last=Uría |date=1 July 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Lionel Messi: Barcelona forward agrees contract extension with 50 per cent pay cut |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11833/12355747/lionel-messi-barcelona-forward-agrees-contract-extension-with-50-per-cent-pay-cut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714155615/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11833/12355747/lionel-messi-barcelona-forward-agrees-contract-extension-with-50-per-cent-pay-cut |date=14 July 2021 |location=United Kingdom |archive-date=14 July 2021 |work=Sky Sports |access-date=14 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following initial progress in contract negotiations, Messi was expecting to sign a new contract with a 50% salary cut, but Barcelona surprised him by announcing that it could not resign him, citing financial constraints and structural obstacles posed by La Liga regulations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Leo Messi not staying at FC Barcelona |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/2207655/leo-messi-not-staying-at-fc-barcelona |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Lionel Messi 'shocked' and 'surprised' at Barcelona contract collapse |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11833/12374082/lionel-messi-shocked-and-surprised-at-barcelona-contract-collapse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806122748/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11833/12374082/lionel-messi-shocked-and-surprised-at-barcelona-contract-collapse |date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |work=Sky Sports |last1=Thomas |first1=Lyall |first2=Kaveh |last2=Solhekol |access-date=6 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 August, 2021, Messi held a tearful press conference at [[Camp Nou]] confirming that he would leave the club.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Lionel Messi Says Goodbye To FC Barelona At Tearful Press Conference |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomsanderson/2021/08/08/lionel-messi-says-goodbye-to-fc-barelona-at-tearful-press-conference/ |last1=Sanderson |first1=Tom |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref><br />
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===Paris Saint-Germain===<br />
[[File:Mbappe Messi Neymar.jpg|thumb|Messi (middle) with Paris Saint-Germain teammates [[Kylian Mbappé]] (left) and [[Neymar]]]]<br />
On 10 August 2021, two days after his farewell remarks to Barcelona, Messi joined the [[Ligue 1]] club [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG) on a two-year contract with an option for an extra year.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Lionel Messi signs two-year Paris St-Germain deal after leaving Barcelona|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58163106|access-date=10 August 2021|work=BBC|date=10 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/cp-lionel-messi-psg-paris-saint-germain-mercato|title=Leo Messi signs for Paris Saint-Germain|website=PSG|date=10 August 2021}}</ref> He chose 30 as his squad number, which is the number he wore when he made his senior debut for Barcelona.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Lionel Messi shirt number revealed by PSG|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/lionel-messi-psg-shirt-number-transfer-b1900397.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/lionel-messi-psg-shirt-number-transfer-b1900397.html|archive-date=14 June 2022|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|work=The Independent |date=10 August 2021 }}</ref> He scored his first goal for the club in a Champions League group stage win over former manager Pep Guardiola's [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Morse |first=Ben |title=Lionel Messi scores first PSG goal in Champions League win over Manchester City |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/29/football/lionel-messi-first-psg-goal-ucl-spt-intl/index.html|access-date=30 September 2021 |website=CNN |date=29 September 2021}}</ref> After finishing the year with 40 goals at the club and international levels and leading Argentina to victory in the [[2021 Copa América]], Messi won a record [[2021 Ballon d'Or|seventh Ballon d'Or]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Ballon d'Or: Lionel Messi wins award as best player in world football for seventh time|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59454640|access-date=29 November 2021|work=BBC|date=29 November 2021 }}</ref> He finished his debut season with PSG with 11 goals and 14 assists, and helped the club win their 10th [[2021–22 Ligue 1|Ligue 1 title]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Worst season in Lionel Messi's career! How did the Argentine perform in the 2021–22 season for PSG?|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/lionel-messi-psg-performance-2021-22-season/bltcd4c10b617272ed1|access-date=12 June 2022|website=Goal.com}}</ref><br />
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Near the start of the [[2022–23 Paris Saint-Germain FC season|2022–23 season]], Messi won his second trophy with PSG in the [[2022 Trophée des Champions|Trophée des Champions]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/a-final-lots-of-goals-and-a-trophy-a-great-start-to-the-season-match-report-paris-saint-germain-trophee-des-champions-psg-nantes |title=A final, lots of goals and a trophy: a great start to the season! |publisher=Paris Saint-Germain FC |date=31 July 2022|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> A goal against [[OGC Nice|Nice]] saw him surpass [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] as the all-time highest goalscorer in European club football with 702 goals; during the match, he also achieved 1,000 career direct goal contributions at club level.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/lionel-messi-overtakes-cristiano-ronaldo-for-goals-scored-in-europe-with-latest-psg-strike |title=Lionel Messi overtakes Cristiano Ronaldo for goals scored in Europe with latest PSG strike |work=FourFourTwo |last=Hayward |first=Ben |date=9 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/psg/2023/04/09/6431efddca4741e5078b459a.html |title=Lionel Messi edges Cristiano Ronaldo once again, Argentinian is now the all-time club goal leader in Europe |work=Marca |date=8 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 }}</ref> By the end of the season, he had 21 goals across all competitors and the highest number of assists in the league with 16,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Ligue 1 Uber Eats Team of the Season|url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/News/2023/05/29/the-ligue-1-team-of-the-season-in-full|access-date=4 June 2023|website=Ligue1 COM}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Summerscales|first=Robert|date=3 June 2023|title=Lionel Messi Ends Ligue 1 Season With More Assists Than Any Other Player|url=https://www.si.com/fannation/soccer/futbol/news/lionel-messi-ends-ligue-1-season-top-of-assists-rankings|access-date=4 June 2023|website=Futbol on FanNation}}</ref> which helped PSG clinch their 11th [[2022–23 Ligue 1|Ligue 1 title]] and his second in a row.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ronald |first=Issy |title=Lionel Messi breaks Cristiano Ronaldo record as PSG wins historic Ligue 1 title |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/28/football/lionel-messi-record-psg-ligue-1-title-spt-intl/index.html |date=28 May 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=CNN}}</ref> After two years with Paris Saint-Germain, Messi departed the club.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65776489 |title=Lionel Messi: PSG manager Christophe Galtier confirms forward's departure |website=BBC Sport|date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Inter Miami ===<br />
On 15 July 2023, the [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS) club [[Inter Miami CF]] announced the signing of Messi on a two-and-a-half-year contract.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=|date=15 July 2023|title=Inter Miami CF Signs Seven-Time Ballon d'Or Winner, World Cup Champion, Lionel Messi {{!}} Inter Miami CF|url=https://www.intermiamicf.com/news/inter-miami-cf-signs-seven-time-ballon-d-or-winner-world-cup-champion-lionel-mes|access-date=16 July 2023|website=Inter Miami CF}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sigal|first=Jonathan|date=15 July 2023|title=Official! Lionel Messi signs with Inter Miami|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/official-lionel-messi-signs-with-inter-miami|access-date=15 July 2023|website=Major League Soccer}}</ref> Messi's pay set an MLS record, with his earnings from salary, signing bonus, and an equity stake in the club reportedly surpassing $50 million.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |last=Tannenwald |first=Jonathan |date=18 October 2023 |title=The latest salaries unveiled by the MLS Players Association finds Lionel Messi in a class by himself |url=https://www.inquirer.com/soccer/lionel-messi-salary-inter-miami-mls-20231018.html |work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |url-access=limited |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> According to [[Goal (website)|''Goal'']], Messi's arrival in the United States helped to raise the profile of MLS within the US and abroad. Inter Miami co-president Xavier Asensi said that for MLS "there is a before and after Messi. He has changed everything." After Messi joined Inter Miami, the club's games began selling out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2024 |title='He has changed everything' - Inter Miami chief hails Lionel Messi's impact on MLS as he compares eight-time Ballon d'Or winner to NBA legend Michael Jordan |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/changed-everything-inter-miami-chief-hails-lionel-messi-impact-mls-compares-nba-legend-michael-jordan/blt07f24130ccba8883#cs7e5c632a41124722 |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=Goal |last=Burton|first=Chris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Chris |date=2024-02-11 |title='Nothing without Lionel Messi' – Why Inter Miami superstar is doing more for MLS than Super Bowl-bound Taylor Swift is for NFL |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/lionel-messi-inter-miami-mls-super-bowl-taylor-swift-nfl/blt39d85cdceedca32c |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Goal}}</ref> The frenzy over his arrival was dubbed "Messimania", and Inter Miami's No. 10 Messi jersey became the best-selling jersey in the league, and nearly the best-selling in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Eduardo Burgos |last2=Brennan |first2=Joe |date=23 October 2024 |title=Here's just how much of an impact Messi has had on MLS and Inter Miami |url=https://en.as.com/soccer/heres-just-how-much-of-an-impact-messi-has-had-on-mls-and-inter-miami-n/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=AS USA }}</ref>[[File:CINvMIA 2023-08-23 - Lionel Messi, Tata Martino (PXL 20230824 010525464) (Messi crop).jpg|thumb|upright=0.70|Messi with Inter Miami in the [[2023 U.S. Open Cup]]|left]]Messi was made the team captain of his new club, and began the [[2023 Inter Miami CF season|2023]] [[2023 Inter Miami CF season|season]] by scoring nine goals in his first six games. He led Inter Miami to their first-ever trophy as they defeated [[Nashville SC]] in the [[2023 Leagues Cup final|Leagues Cup final]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=mlssoccer |title=Classy! Messi gives Yedlin armband for Leagues Cup celebrations {{!}} MLSSoccer.com |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/classy-messi-gives-yedlin-armband-for-leagues-cup-celebrations |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=mlssoccer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deen |first=Safid |date=19 August 2023 |title=Inter Miami vs. Nashville live updates: Messi wins Leagues Cup after penalty shootout |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2023/08/19/messi-inter-miami-vs-nashville-leagues-cup-final-live-highlights/70618499007/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Miami missed the MLS playoffs, however, finishing second to last in the [[Eastern Conference (MLS)|Eastern Conference]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Lewis |first1=Aimee |title=Lionel Messi's final game of the season for Inter Miami ends in defeat |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/22/sport/lionel-messi-inter-miami-charlotte-mls-spt-intl/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=8 November 2023 |date=22 October 2023}}</ref> On 30 October 2023, following his World Cup win with Argentina and Ligue 1 trophy with Paris Saint-Germain, Messi was awarded a record [[2023 Ballon d'Or|eighth Ballon d'Or]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=30 October 2023|title=Men's Ballon d'Or: Lionel Messi wins eighth award, beating Erling Haaland to trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67232561|access-date=30 October 2023|publisher=BBC|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> He was named [[Time Person of the Year#Athlete of the Year|''Time'' Athlete of the Year]], the first footballer ever to win the award.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Summerscales|first=Robert|date=5 December 2023|title=Lionel Messi Becomes First Men's Soccer Player To Be Named TIME Athlete Of The Year|url=https://www.si.com/fannation/soccer/futbol/news/lionel-messi-named-time-athlete-of-the-year-for-2023|access-date=25 December 2023|magazine=Sport Illustrated}}</ref><br />
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During the [[2024 Inter Miami CF season|2024 season]], Messi broke the record for the most assists in a single MLS game with five assists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=SIX goal contributions! Lionel Messi sets two more MLS records vs. RBNY |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/six-goal-contributions-lionel-messi-sets-two-more-mls-records-in-matchday-12 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=[[Major League Soccer]] |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505022513/https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/six-goal-contributions-lionel-messi-sets-two-more-mls-records-in-matchday-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 October, he scored two goals in a 3–2 win over the [[Columbus Crew]], clinching the [[Supporters' Shield]] award for Miami.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2024 |title=Lionel Messi, Inter Miami win MLS Supporters Shield with 3-2 win at Crew. It's Messi's 46th trophy |url=https://apnews.com/article/lionel-messi-mls-miami-columbus-0fcdbeab716cb05dcf99a76dc235dccc |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010053349/https://apnews.com/article/lionel-messi-mls-miami-columbus-0fcdbeab716cb05dcf99a76dc235dccc |url-status=live }}</ref> In the final game of the season, Messi scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 6–2 victory. Miami finished the regular season with 74 points, an MLS league record, while Messi finished with 20 goals and 16 assists in 19 matches, becoming the [[List of Inter Miami CF records and statistics|all-time top goalscorer]] for the young team.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Becherano |first=Lizzy |title=Lionel Messi hat trick helps Inter Miami break MLS points record |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/41856092/lionel-messi-inter-miami-mls-single-season-points-record-hat-trick |date=19 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |work=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=Tim |date=19 October 2024 |title=Messi and Inter Miami finish with best record in MLS history, roll past New England 6-2 |url=https://apnews.com/article/lionel-messi-inter-miami-mls-a8d2c6c8ae5df490cc615b2ae527434d |access-date=19 October 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Miami made its first postseason appearance in the [[2024 MLS Cup playoffs]] but was eliminated in the first round.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deen |first1=Safid |title=Messi, Inter Miami see record-setting season end in stunning playoff collapse: Highlights |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2024/11/09/inter-miami-vs-atlanta-where-to-watch-messi-playing-score-live-updates/76156845007/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=9 November 2024 |date=9 November 2024 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110042504/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2024/11/09/inter-miami-vs-atlanta-where-to-watch-messi-playing-score-live-updates/76156845007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Messi was named the [[Landon Donovan MVP Award|MLS Most Valuable Player]] for the season.<ref name="MLSMVP" /><br />
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During the [[2025 Inter Miami CF season|2025 season]], Messi became the fastest player in MLS history to reach 40 league goals.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gordillo |first=George |date=12 April 2025 |title=Lionel Messi eyes Inter Miami extension as he refuses to leave before christening their new stadium |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/mls/2025/04/12/67fac77e46163fb2ac8b4583.html |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=MARCA |language=en}}</ref> He ended the season by winning the [[MLS Golden Boot]] as the league's top scorer, with 29 goals and 19 assists in 28 games.<ref name="MLSMVP" /> On 23 October, he signed a contract extension with the club through 2028, by which time he would be 41 years old.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Spencer |first=Jamie |date=23 October 2025 |title=Inter Miami Announce Lionel Messi Long-Term Contract Renewal |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/inter-miami-announce-lionel-messi-long-term-contract-renewal |access-date=23 October 2025 |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}</ref> During the Eastern Conference final against [[New York City FC]] in the [[2025 MLS Cup playoffs]], an assist from Messi put his career assists across all competitions at 405, surpassing [[Ferenc Puskás]] for the most [[Assist (association football)#Players with most assists in all competitions (all-time)|career assists of all time]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Becherano |first=Lizzy |date=29 November 2025 |title=Inter Miami, Messi storm into first MLS Cup final with 5-1 win |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/47144024/inter-miami-messi-advance-first-mls-cup-final-5-1-win-nycfc |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2025 |title=Lionel Messi breaks world record for most assists in football history |url=https://tribuna.com/en/news/2025-11-30-lionel-messi-becomes-player-with-most-assists-in-football-history/ |access-date=29 November 2025 |website=Tribuna.com}}</ref> Messi led Miami to [[MLS Cup 2025]], where they won 3–1 over the [[Vancouver Whitecaps]] to win the team's first league championship. Providing two assists during the match, Messi was named [[MLS Cup MVP]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hernandez |first=Cesar |date=6 December 2025 |title=Lionel Messi leads Miami past Vancouver to 1st MLS Cup title |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/47225110/mls-cup-final-inter-miami-lionel-messi-vancouver-whitecaps |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> At the end of the season, Messi was again named MLS MVP, becoming the first player in league history to win the award in back-to-back years.<ref name="MLSMVP" /><br />
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In March 2026 it was reported that Messi was earning between $70 and $80 million per year from Inter Miami from his compensation and equity rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cancel |first=Daniel |title=Messi Is Paid Up to $80 Million a Year by Inter Miami, Mas Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-06/messi-is-paid-up-to-80-million-a-year-by-inter-miami-mas-says |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> On 18 March 2026, Messi scored his 900th career goal during Inter Miami's 1-1 draw with Nashville SC in the [[2026 CONCACAF Champions Cup|CONCACAF Champions Cup]]. He became the second player to reach the mark in top-level men's football after Cristiano Ronaldo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Messi scores 900th career goal, joins Ronaldo in elite club |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/sport/messi-scores-900th-career-goal-joins-ronaldo-in-elite-club-6003741 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Lizzy Becherano |date=2026-03-18 |title=Lionel Messi scores 900th goal, but Miami bounced from CCC |url=https://global.espn.com/football/story/_/id/48081661/lionel-messi-scores-900-goals-cristiano-ronaldo |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== International career ==<br />
{{Main|Career of Lionel Messi#International career}}<br />
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As a citizen of both Argentina and Spain, Messi was eligible to play for both national teams.<ref name="Burden2">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Jeff|last=Himmelman|title=The Burden of Being Messi|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 June 2014|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/magazine/the-burden-of-being-messi.html|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> He began his international career in 2004 with [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina's U20 team]], and was subsequently included in the squad for the [[2005 South American U-20 Championship]], in which they finished third.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=209–219}} Messi then [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship final|led the team to victory]] in the [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship]]. He finished the tournament with six goals and two assists, and won the [[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Awards|Golden Ball]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 July 2024 |title=Messi passes Ali Daei |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/live-blogs/argentina-canada-live-updates-2024-copa-america-lionel-messi-score-result/yRrle4paHuhm/BeNQ1qaCPjJZ/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=The Athletic |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710125438/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/live-blogs/argentina-canada-live-updates-2024-copa-america-lionel-messi-score-result/yRrle4paHuhm/BeNQ1qaCPjJZ/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Saaid |first=Hamdan |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol2008f-det.html |title=Games of the XXIX. Olympiad |publisher=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]] |date=12 September 2008 |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806071542/https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol2008f-det.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MagicMessi">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Magic Messi Sparks High Drama in the Lowlands |publisher=FIFA |date=July 2005 |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/y=2007/m=3/news=magic-messi-sparks-high-drama-the-lowlands-501784.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906082949/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/y=2007/m=3/news=magic-messi-sparks-high-drama-the-lowlands-501784.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><br />
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[[File:ARG-BRA 2008 Olympic semi-final.jpg|thumb|left|Messi evades Brazil's [[Marcelo (footballer, born 1988)|Marcelo]] in the semi-final of the [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008 Summer Olympics]].]]<br />
Messi made his debut with the [[Argentina national football team|senior national team]] in 2005, at age 18,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Tim |last=Vickery |title=Messi Handles 'New Maradona' Tag |work=BBC Sport |date=22 August 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_football/4172400.stm |access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> and scored his first international goal in a 2006 [[Friendly (association football)|friendly]] against [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Messi Is a Jewel Says Argentina Coach |publisher=ESPN FC |date=10 October 2005 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/345383/messi-is-a-jewel-says-argentina-coach |access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Century">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/messi-intlg.html |title=Lionel Andrés Messi – Century of International Appearances |last=Mamrud |first=Roberto |publisher=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]] |date=21 January 2026 |access-date=21 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219174523/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/messi-intlg.html |archive-date=19 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], he became the youngest player to represent and score for Argentina in the World Cup.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina 6–0 Serbia & Montenegro |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 June 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4853028.stm |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922121433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4853028.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Messi was named the best young player of the [[2007 Copa América]], during which he scored two goals and provided one assist.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Missing Some Stars, Brazil Wins Copa América |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 July 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/sports/soccer/16soccer.html |access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> At the [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008 Summer Olympics]], Messi led [[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina's U23 team]] to claim the [[Olympic medal|Olympic gold medal]] over [[Nigeria national under-23 football team|Nigeria]]; he was singled out by FIFA as the stand-out player from the tournament's best team.<ref name="Messi Olympics">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Report and Statistics: Men's and Women's Olympic Football Tournaments Beijing 2008 |publisher=FIFA |page=21 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/94/37/67/internetreportoly08v2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206162134/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/94/37/67/internetreportoly08v2.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2008 |access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><br />
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With the international retirement of [[Juan Román Riquelme]] in 2009, Messi was given Argentina's number 10 shirt.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Ian |last=Chadband |title=Lionel Messi Can Achieve More at Barcelona than Diego Maradona |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=28 April 2009 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/5231676/Lionel-Messi-can-achieve-more-at-Barcelona-than-Diego-Maradona.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/5231676/Lionel-Messi-can-achieve-more-at-Barcelona-than-Diego-Maradona.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Argentina built their team around Messi ahead of the [[2011 Copa América]], although Messi scored no goals during the tournament.<ref name="NewRole">{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Michael |last=Cox |title=Lionel Messi Showing Some Promising Signs in a New Argentina Role |publisher=ESPN FC |date=13 November 2014 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/tactics-and-analysis/67/post/2144957/argentina-national-team-lionel-messi-showing-some-promising-signs-in-a-new-argentina-role |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=414–420}} At 24 years old, Messi became captain of the national team, but over the next several years was unable to lead Argentina to a trophy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Rob |last=Hughes |title=If Messi Is Argentina's Star, Then Mascherano Is the Glue |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 July 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/11/sports/soccer/if-messi-is-argentinas-star-then-mascherano-is-the-glue.html |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> During the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], Argentina lost to Germany in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup Final|final]], though Messi was awarded the [[FIFA World Cup awards#Golden Ball|Golden Ball]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Scott |last=Murray |title=World Cup Final 2014: Germany v Argentina – as It Happened |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 July 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jul/13/world-cup-final-2014-germany-v-argentina-live-report |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Adam |last=Bate |title=World Cup Final: Was Lionel Messi Really a Disappointment in Brazil or Have We Just Become Numb to His Genius? |work=Sky Sports |date=16 July 2014 |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/15241/9381511/world-cup-final-was-lionel-messi-really-a-disappointment-in-brazil-or-have-we-just-become-numb-to-his-genius |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> The following year, Argentina lost to [[Chile national football team|Chile]] in the [[2015 Copa América]] [[2015 Copa América final|final]]; Messi was reportedly selected to receive the [[2015 Copa América#Awards|Golden Ball]], but he rejected the honour.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|first=Adriana |last=Garcia |title=Argentina's Lionel Messi Grateful for Support after Copa América Defeat |publisher=ESPN FC |date=7 July 2015 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/copa-america/story/2514749/lionel-messi-grateful-for-support-after-copa-america-defeat |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> During a semi-final match against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] during the 2016 [[Copa América Centenario]], Messi became [[Argentina national football team#Top goalscorers|Argentina's all-time leading goalscorer]] in international matches.<ref name="record">{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Lionel Messi equals Argentina's all-time goal-scoring record |url=http://www.espnfc.com/argentina/story/2897489/lionel-messi-equals-argentinas-gabriel-batistuta-all-time-goal-scoring-record |work=ESPN FC |date=22 June 2016 |access-date=22 June 2016}}</ref> Argentina won the semi-final but lost again to Chile in the [[Copa América Centenario final|final]].<ref name="Messi retirement" /><br />
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Losing three finals in three consecutive years caused Messi to retire from international football, but a nationwide campaign in Argentina helped convince him to return to the national team to lead them to the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref name="Messi retirement">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=27 June 2016 |title=Lionel Messi retires from Argentina after Copa America final loss to Chile |url=http://www.espnfc.com/copa-america/story/2902891/lionel-messi-flags-potential-argentina-retirement-after-penalty-loss-to-chile |work=ESPN FC}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Messi 'God's gift' to Argentina – president |newspaper=AS |url=http://en.as.com/en/2016/06/28/football/1467141271_384638.html |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923184002/https://en.as.com/en/2016/06/28/football/1467141271_384638.html }}</ref> Argentina were in jeopardy of missing the tournament on the last game of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|qualifiers]] against [[Ecuador national football team|Ecuador]], but a [[hat-trick]] from Messi secured their entry.<ref name="Guardian 2017">{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/11/lionel-messi-hat-trick-secures-argentinas-passage-to-world-cup |title=Lionel Messi hat-trick secures Argentina's passage to World Cup |work=The Guardian |date=11 October 2017}}</ref> They went on to lose to [[France national football team|France]] in the round of 16 during the World Cup, with Messi having one goal and two assists in the tournament.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/43976007 |title=France 4–3 Argentina |work=BBC Sport |first=Emlyn |last=Begley |date=30 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref> The next year, Messi had only a single goal and one assist in the [[2019 Copa América]]. Argentina finished the tournament in third place after defeating Chile, a victory which marked the start of a 36-game winning streak for the team that lasted for more than three years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/copa-america/0/blog/post/3894006/messis-red-card-overshadows-argentinas-encouraging-win-and-chiles-end-of-an-era |title=Messi's red card overshadows Argentina's encouraging win and Chile's end of an era |publisher=ESPN |last=Vickery |first=Tim |date=6 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="unbeaten">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Bonn |first1=Kyle |last2=Savage |first2=Will |title=Lionel Messi and Argentina 36-game unbeaten run ends at World Cup: How Saudi Arabia denied Albiceleste's world record bid |work=Sporting News |date=16 November 2022 |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/soccer/news/argentina-unbeaten-run-italy-world-record-streak-messi/bmcsegbknr7e0comxmoojrtf |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Argentina vs mexico messi vs erick gutierrez (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Messi facing off against [[Érick Gutiérrez]] of [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]] in the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] group stage]]<br />
Messi led his team to the end of a 28-year trophy drought in the [[2021 Copa América]], during which he surpassed [[Javier Mascherano]] for most international appearances for Argentina.<ref name="Messi Copa América">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Das |first=Andrew|date=11 July 2021|title=Messi and Argentina Beat Brazil to Win the Copa América |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/10/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-argentina-brazil-copa-america.html|access-date=11 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/argentina-arg/story/4422176/messi-sets-argentina-appearances-mark-in-copa-america-match-vs-bolivia |title=Messi sets Argentina appearances mark in Copa America match vs. Bolivia |work=ESPN |first=Sam |last=Marsden |date=28 June 2021|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> Messi's team defeated Brazil in the [[2021 Copa América final|final]], and he was named the player of the tournament, having either scored or assisted nine of Argentina's 12 goals.<ref name="Messi Copa América"/> He led Argentina to another victory at the [[2022 Finalissima]], where he was named player of the match.<ref name="Messi CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup">{{#invoke:cite|web|last=UEFA.com |date=1 June 2022 |title=Argentina's Lionel Messi named official Finalissima Player of the Match |url=https://www.uefa.com/finalissima/news/0276-1549531afce1-16d40688390d-1000--player-of-the-match-messi/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> At the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]], Messi led Argentina to its first World Cup victory in 36 years, scoring twice in the [[2022 FIFA World Cup final|final]] to defeat France.<ref name="ArgentinaRecord">Nemer, Roy (19 December 2022). "Lionel Messi scores record 18 goals in 2022 with the Argentina national team". Mundo Albiceleste. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</ref> Having scored seven goals and assisted three during the tournament, Messi again won the World Cup's Golden Ball, becoming the first player to win it twice.<ref name=BCC221218>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=World Cup final: Lionel Messi named best player as Kylian Mbappe wins Golden Boot |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64019023 |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=BBC Sport |date=18 December 2022}}</ref><br />
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A hat-trick in a 2023 [[Friendly (association football)|friendly]] against [[Curaçao national football team|Curaçao]] saw Messi reach 100 international goals, the third player and the first South American in history to achieve the milestone. Later that year, he became the all-time top goalscorer in [[CONMEBOL]] World Cup qualifiers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/lionel-messi-makes-history-with-100th-goal-for-argentina |title=Lionel Messi makes history with 100th goal for Argentina |work=FOX Sports |date=28 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=Lionel Messi becomes Conmebol WC qualifiers all-time leading scorer |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/2023/10/18/652f5288268e3e8b258b45ad.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=MARCA |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001173308/https://www.marca.com/en/football/2023/10/18/652f5288268e3e8b258b45ad.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Argentina won the [[2024 Copa América|Copa América]] for a second consecutive time,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/live-blogs/argentina-canada-live-updates-2024-copa-america-lionel-messi-score-result/yRrle4paHuhm/BeNQ1qaCPjJZ/ |title=Messi passes Ali Daei |work=The Athletic |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710125438/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/live-blogs/argentina-canada-live-updates-2024-copa-america-lionel-messi-score-result/yRrle4paHuhm/BeNQ1qaCPjJZ/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with Messi setting a new record for most appearances at Copa América, with 39.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Thames |first=Alanis |title=Argentina wins record 16th Copa America title, beats Colombia 1-0 after Messi gets hurt |url=https://apnews.com/article/copa-america-argentina-colombia-score-messi-6753475603a48683a3c4971e451e8263 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=14 July 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> After providing two assists in a friendly against [[Puerto Rico national football team|Puerto Rico]] later that year, Messi became the [[Assist (association football)#Players with most assists in international football (all-time)|top assist-provider]] in men's international football history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhawani |first=Vishal |date=5 September 2025 |title=Why Lionel Messi will miss Argentina's final World Cup qualifier vs. Ecuador |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/article/why-lionel-messi-miss-argentina-062458934.html |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=[[Yahoo! Sports]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2025 |title=Argentina's Lionel Messi becomes all-time international assists leader, surpassing Brazil's Neymar and USMNT's Landon Donovan {{!}} Goal.com UK |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/argentina-s-lionel-messi-becomes-all-time-international-assists-leader-surpassing-brazil-s-neymar-and-usmnt-s-landon-donovan/blt73c53ddfe7b9c911 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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== Player profile ==<br />
=== Style of play ===<br />
[[File:Germany and Argentina face off in the final of the World Cup 2014 04 crop.jpg|thumb|Messi prepares to shoot with his dominant left foot in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup final]].]]<br />
Due to his short stature, Messi has a lower centre of gravity than taller players, which gives him greater agility and allows him to change direction more quickly and evade opposing tackles;<ref name="GoldenYell">{{Cite news |first=Cordt |last=Schnibben |title=The Golden Yell: Ronaldo and Messi Battle to Define a Football Era |work=Der Spiegel |date=6 June 2012 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/ronaldo-and-messi-compete-to-define-a-football-era-a-837019.html |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608132820/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/ronaldo-and-messi-compete-to-define-a-football-era-a-837019.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FiveReasons">{{Cite news |first=Karl |last=Ritter |title=Five Reasons Why Messi Stands out in Soccer World |newspaper=Boston Globe |date=12 July 2014 |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2014/07/12/reasons-why-messi-stands-out-football-world/mreF1boxmpDQcq7ZWenjqJ/story.html |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925101639/https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2014/07/12/reasons-why-messi-stands-out-football-world/mreF1boxmpDQcq7ZWenjqJ/story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the Spanish media has dubbed him '''''La Pulga Atómica''''' ("The Atomic Flea").<ref>{{cite web |title=Messi, goals for 2010 |publisher=Mundo Deportivo (Spanish) |date=7 December 2009 |url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20091206/messi-goles-para-2010_53837938612.html |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206141454/https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20091206/messi-goles-para-2010_53837938612.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Messi becomes the 'Atomic Flea' |publisher=Goal |date=20 September 2012 |url=http://www.goal.com/es/news/4284/el-fotomontaje-del-d%C3%ADa/2012/09/20/3390051/lionel-messi-se-convierte-en-la-pulga-at%C3%B3mica |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914231953/https://www.goal.com/es/news/4284/el-fotomontaje-del-d%C3%ADa/2012/09/20/3390051/lionel-messi-se-convierte-en-la-pulga-at%C3%B3mica |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Messi, The Atomic Flea who became the best in the world |publisher=AS (Spanish) |date=28 January 2016 |url=http://as.com/m/videos/2016/01/28/colombia/1453936234_817270.html |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303162849/http://as.com/m/videos/2016/01/28/colombia/1453936234_817270.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite being physically unimposing, Messi possesses significant upper-body strength, which, when combined with his low centre of gravity and resulting balance, aids him in withstanding physical challenges from opponents; he has consequently been noted for his lack of [[Diving (association football)|diving]] in a sport rife with playacting.<ref name="Here" /><ref name="FiveReasons" /><ref name="MakingCase">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/champions-league/7532805/Arsenal-v-Barcelona-Lionel-Messi-making-case-for-worlds-greatest-ever-player.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/champions-league/7532805/Arsenal-v-Barcelona-Lionel-Messi-making-case-for-worlds-greatest-ever-player.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Arsenal v Barcelona: Lionel Messi Making Case for World's Greatest Ever Player |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |first=Kevin |last=Garside |date=29 March 2010 |access-date=17 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Messi's short, strong legs allow him short bursts of acceleration, while his quick feet enable him to retain control of the ball when [[Dribbling#Association football|dribbling]] at speed.<ref>{{cite web |first=Lucas |last=Brown |title=Lionel Messi – the New Maradona? |publisher=UEFA |date=30 September 2005 |url=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=347644.html |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001075035/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=347644.html }}</ref> His former Barcelona manager [[Pep Guardiola]] once stated, "Messi is the only player that runs faster with the ball than he does without it."<ref name="FTMag">{{cite news |first=Ronald |last=Reng |title=Lionel Messi |magazine=FT Magazine |date=27 May 2011 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cfa0d296-8672-11e0-9d5c-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630163752/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/cfa0d296-8672-11e0-9d5c-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> Messi is predominantly a left-footed player, although he has improved his ability with his weaker right foot since his mid-20s. He usually begins dribbling runs with the outside of his left foot, while using the inside of that foot to score and provide passes and assists.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|p=553}}<ref name="Control">{{Cite news |first=Fabio |last=Monti |title=Controllo, Corsa, Tocco di Palla: Perché nel Calcio Piccolo è Bello |trans-title=Control, Stroke and Touch on the Ball: Because in Football Small Is Beautiful |newspaper=Corriere della Sera |language=it |date=8 April 2010 |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/aprile/08/Controllo_corsa_tocco_palla_Perche_co_9_100408088.shtml |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221031158/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/aprile/08/Controllo_corsa_tocco_palla_Perche_co_9_100408088.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
A prolific goalscorer, Messi is known for his positioning, quick reactions, and ability to make attacking runs to beat the defensive line. He also functions in a [[Playmaker|playmaking]] role, courtesy of his vision and range of passing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thesportster.com/soccer/top-25-greatest-playmakers-ever |title=Top 25 Greatest Playmakers Ever |work=The Sportster |date=4 July 2015 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129193935/https://www.thesportster.com/soccer/top-25-greatest-playmakers-ever/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He has often been described as a magician, conjuring goals and opportunities where none seemingly exist.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2020 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, goals, records, highlights, Juventus, hat trick, statistics, best stats, age, break down |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/cristiano-ronaldo-lionel-messi-goals-highlights-juventus-hat-trick-statistics-age-break-down/news-story/705ff21fcd63e4e372bb62d9f7c3e00a |access-date=10 August 2020 |work=Fox Sports |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326162010/https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/cristiano-ronaldo-lionel-messi-goals-highlights-juventus-hat-trick-statistics-age-break-down/news-story/705ff21fcd63e4e372bb62d9f7c3e00a |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=As Lionel Messi turns 32, a fan ruminates on the ambivalent legacy of the football wizard |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/as-lionel-messi-turns-32-a-fan-ruminates-on-the-ambivalent-legacy-of-the-football-wizard/cid/1693021 |access-date=10 August 2020 |work=Telegraph India |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706113701/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/as-lionel-messi-turns-32-a-fan-ruminates-on-the-ambivalent-legacy-of-the-football-wizard/cid/1693021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2008 |title=Lionel Messi steals the show for Barcelona at Dundee United |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/2462724/Lionel-Messi-steals-the-show-for-Barcelona-at-Dundee-United.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/2462724/Lionel-Messi-steals-the-show-for-Barcelona-at-Dundee-United.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 August 2020 |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He is known for the accuracy of his [[Direct free kick|free kicks]] and [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kicks]], and as of March 2026 he ranks second in career goals scored from direct free kicks with 71.<ref name="FiveReasons" /><ref name="SixReasons">{{cite web |first=Francesc |last=Tomas |title=Six Reasons Why Lionel Messi Is the World's Best |publisher=ESPN FC |date=25 June 2015 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/club/barcelona/83/blog/post/2504382/six-reasons-why-lionel-messi-is-worlds-best |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034318/http://www.espnfc.com/club/barcelona/83/blog/post/2504382/six-reasons-why-lionel-messi-is-worlds-best |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Most goals via free-kicks in football history |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/football/news/most-free-kick-goals-football-history-lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=Sports Adda |date=7 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803221831/https://www.sportsadda.com/football/news/most-free-kick-goals-football-history-lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Copeland |first=Robbie |title=Lionel Messi becomes top free-kick scorer among active players |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/lionel-messi-top-free-kick-scorer-active-players-cristiano-ronaldo-copa-america |access-date=3 August 2021 |work=90min.com |date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803183459/https://www.90min.com/posts/lionel-messi-top-free-kick-scorer-active-players-cristiano-ronaldo-copa-america |url-status=live}}</ref> He also has a penchant for scoring from [[Chip (association football)|chips]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2017/02/22/58adac0ae5fdea9b038b45d2.html |title=The art of the chip: Falcao matches Totti, Messi and Raul |publisher=Marca |last=del Río |first=Joel |date=22 February 2017 |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102044650/https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2017/02/22/58adac0ae5fdea9b038b45d2.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:2011 FIFA Club World Cup FC Barcelona vs Al Sadd.jpg|thumb|left|Messi's dribbling abilities allow him to weave past several defenders and orchestrate attacking plays.]]<br />
Messi's pace and technical ability enable him to undertake individual dribbling runs towards the goal, in particular during counterattacks, usually starting from the halfway line or the right side of the pitch.<ref name="MakingCase" /><ref name="SixReasons" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/opinion/22iht-edcohen.html |title=The Loose Vuvuzela |work=The New York Times |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412150925/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/opinion/22iht-edcohen.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He is widely considered to be one of the greatest dribblers of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/lionel-messi-dribbling-2015-6 |title=Here's what makes Lionel Messi so impossible to defend |work=Business Insider |first=Scott |last=Davis |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024100544/http://www.businessinsider.com/lionel-messi-dribbling-2015-6 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/may/07/lionel-messi-barcelona-bayern-munich |title=Lionel Messi: the genius who operates to a different set of physical rules |work=The Guardian |first=Barney |last=Ronay |date=7 May 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211015917/http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/may/07/lionel-messi-barcelona-bayern-munich |url-status=live}}</ref> Former Argentina manager [[Diego Maradona]] said of him, "The ball stays glued to his foot ... I've never seen anyone with Messi's ball control."<ref name="Control" /> Beyond Messi's individual qualities, he is also a well-rounded, hard-working team player, known for his creative combinations, in particular with former Barcelona midfielders [[Xavi (footballer, born 1980)|Xavi]] and [[Andrés Iniesta]].<ref name="GoldenYell" /><ref name="FiveReasons" /><br />
<br />
As his career advanced and his athleticism and tendency to dribble diminished slightly with age, Messi began to dictate play in [[Midfielder#Deep-lying playmaker (Strolling 10)|deeper areas of the pitch]] and developed into one of the best passers and playmakers in football history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thesportster.com/soccer/top-25-greatest-playmakers-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102044651/https://www.thesportster.com/soccer/top-25-greatest-playmakers-ever/ |archive-date=2 November 2022 |title=Top 25 Greatest Playmakers Ever |work=the Sportster |date=4 July 2015 |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/fourfourtwos-100-greatest-footballers-ever-no2-lionel-messi |title=FourFourTwo's 100 Greatest Footballers EVER: No.2, Lionel Messi |work=FourFourTwo |first=Thore |last=Haugstad |date=28 July 2017 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021805/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/fourfourtwos-100-greatest-footballers-ever-no2-lionel-messi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/la-liga/992349/lionel-messi-misses-out-worlds-best-playmaker-2018-second-real-madrid-star/ |title=Lionel Messi misses out on World's best Playmaker 2018 title, finishes second to Real Madrid star |work=Fox Sports Asia |first=Aditya |last=Rangarajan |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208211629/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/la-liga/992349/lionel-messi-misses-out-worlds-best-playmaker-2018-second-real-madrid-star/ }}</ref> His work-rate off the ball and defensive responsibilities also decreased as his career progressed; by covering less ground on the pitch, and instead conserving his energy for short bursts of speed, he was able to improve his efficiency, movement, and positional play, and was also able to avoid muscular injuries. While he was injury-prone in his early career, he was able to decrease his injury count by running less off the ball, and by adopting a stricter diet, training regime, and sleep schedule.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2012/10/23/3468661/how-messi-went-from-injury-prone-teenager-to-bionic-man |title=How Messi went from injury-prone teenager to bionic man |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |publisher=Footballco |last=Hayward |first=Ben |date=23 October 2012 |access-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707062037/https://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2012/10/23/3468661/how-messi-went-from-injury-prone-teenager-to-bionic-man/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Tactical positioning ===<br />
[[File:Argentina team in St. Petersburg (cropped) Messi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A versatile forward, Messi often plays as a classic [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|number 10]].]]<br />
Tactically, Messi plays in a free attacking role; a versatile player, he is capable of attacking on either wing or through the centre of the pitch. His favoured position in childhood was the playmaker behind two strikers, known as the ''enganche'' in Argentine football, but he began his career in Spain as a [[Association football positions#Winger|left-winger]] or [[Forward (association football)#Second striker|left-sided forward]].{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=155–156, 405–406}} Upon his first-team debut, he was moved onto the right wing by manager [[Frank Rijkaard]]; from this position, he could more easily cut through the defence into the middle of the pitch and [[Curl (football)|curl]] shots on goal with his left foot, rather than predominantly [[Cross (football)|cross]] balls for teammates.<ref name="FTMag" /> Under Guardiola and subsequent managers, he most often played in a [[Forward (association football)#False 9|false nine]] role; positioned as a [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|centre-forward]] or lone [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]], he roamed the centre, often moving deep into midfield and drawing defenders with him, in order to create and exploit spaces for passes, other teammates' attacking runs off the ball, his own dribbling runs, or combinations with Xavi and Iniesta.<ref name="BoyGenius" /><br />
<br />
Under the stewardship of Barcelona manager [[Luis Enrique]], Messi returned to playing in the right-sided position that characterised much of his early career. He played in the manager's 4–3–3 formation,<ref>{{cite news |first=Andy |last=West |title=Motivated Lionel Messi Transforms Barcelona's Hopes for Trophy Treble |work=BBC Sport |date=19 March 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31956028 |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919015618/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31956028 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/05/21/how-luis-suarez-moved-lionel-messi-onto-barcelona-wing-to-become/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/05/21/how-luis-suarez-moved-lionel-messi-onto-barcelona-wing-to-become/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=How Luis Suarez moved Lionel Messi onto Barcelona's wing and became the best centre-forward on the planet |newspaper=The Telegraph |first=Alistair |last=Tweedale |date=21 May 2016 |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref> and was increasingly deployed in a deeper, free playmaking role in later seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=esp/news/newsid=2236364.html |title=In focus: Messi's changing role |publisher=UEFA |first=Richard |last=Martin |date=19 April 2015 |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418233636/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=esp/news/newsid=2236364.html }}</ref><ref name="improvement">{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11833/11105832/barcelona8217s-improvement-under-ernesto-valverde-examined |title=Barcelona's improvement under Ernesto Valverde examined |publisher=Sky Sports |first1=Guillem |last1=Balagué |author-link1=Guillem Balagué |first2=Nick |last2=Wright |first3=Adam |last3=Smith |date=30 October 2017 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213931/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11833/11105832/barcelona8217s-improvement-under-ernesto-valverde-examined |url-status=live}}</ref> Under [[Ernesto Valverde]], Messi played in a variety of roles. While he was still occasionally deployed in a deeper role—from which he could make runs into the box, on the right wing or as a false nine— he was also used in a more offensive, central role in a 4–2–3–1.<ref>Multiple sources:<br />
*{{cite web |url=http://www.squawka.com/en/news/barcelona-top-scorer-lionel-messi-explains-how-has-role-has-developed-under-valverde/1019375#bEStu6B25LqTkjvv.97 |title=Barcelona top-scorer Lionel Messi explains how has role has developed under Valverde |work=Squawka |first=Cady |last=Siregar |date=7 March 2018 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715155510/http://www.squawka.com/en/news/barcelona-top-scorer-lionel-messi-explains-how-has-role-has-developed-under-valverde/1019375#bEStu6B25LqTkjvv.97 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=http://www.squawka.com/en/news/dembele-is-going-nowhere-five-things-learned-from-barcelonas-super-cup-win-v-sevilla/1053044 |title=Dembele is going nowhere: Five things learned from Barcelona's Super Cup win v Sevilla |work=Squawka |first=Muhammad |last=Butt |date=12 August 2018 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813114311/http://www.squawka.com/en/news/dembele-is-going-nowhere-five-things-learned-from-barcelonas-super-cup-win-v-sevilla/1053044 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{Cite news |url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/08/21/599a9d8de5fdeae2358b457b.html |title=Valverde returns Messi to the False 9 role |newspaper=Marca |date=21 August 2017 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001634/http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/08/21/599a9d8de5fdeae2358b457b.html |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{Cite news |url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/09/11/59b650a3e2704e62408b4611.html |title=Valverde recycles Messi |newspaper=Marca |first=Sergi |last=Sanz |date=11 November 2017 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210327/http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/09/11/59b650a3e2704e62408b4611.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="improvement" /> He was also used as a second striker in a 4–4–2 formation, where he was once again given the licence to drop deep, link up with midfielders, orchestrate his team's attacking plays, and create chances for his attacking partner [[Luis Suárez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thescore.com/news/1461884 |title=3 ways Barcelona could line up with Coutinho |work=The Score |first=Michael J. |last=Chandler |date=6 January 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706113716/https://www.thescore.com/news/1461884 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/dissected-how-the-new-barca-play-and-where-theres-hope-for-chelsea-rpwl0wbn5 |title=Dissected: How the new Barcelona play – and why there's hope for Chelsea |newspaper=The Times |first=Tom |last=Clarke |date=19 February 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185857/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dissected-how-the-new-barca-play-and-where-theres-hope-for-chelsea-rpwl0wbn5 |url-status=live}}</ref> With the Argentina national team, Messi has similarly played anywhere along the frontline. Under various managers, he has been employed on the right wing, as a false nine, as an out-and-out striker, in a supporting role alongside another forward, or in a deeper, free creative role as a classic number 10 playmaker or [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|attacking midfielder]] behind the strikers.<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Cox |title=Lionel Messi Showing Some Promising Signs in a New Argentina Role |publisher=ESPN FC |date=13 November 2014 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/tactics-and-analysis/67/post/2144957/argentina-national-team-lionel-messi-showing-some-promising-signs-in-a-new-argentina-role |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013602/http://www.espnfc.com/blog/tactics-and-analysis/67/post/2144957/argentina-national-team-lionel-messi-showing-some-promising-signs-in-a-new-argentina-role |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jun/18/argentina-copa-america-lionel-messi-tactics |title=Argentina's great tactical dilemma: where should Lionel Messi play? |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Martin |last=Mazur |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=4 July 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213019/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jun/18/argentina-copa-america-lionel-messi-tactics |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Messi is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation, alongside Portuguese forward [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].<ref name="RonaldoRivalry">Multiple sources:<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/story/messi-ronaldo-the-future/index.html |title=A future without Messi and Ronaldo |work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |access-date=8 June 2018 |last=Macdonald |first=Paul |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029200613/https://www.goal.com/story/messi-ronaldo-the-future/index.html |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{cite web |last=Staunton |first=Peter |url=http://www.goal.com/story/messi-ronaldo-changing-face-of-football/index.html |title=Messi and Ronaldo: Changing the face of football |work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804214954/http://www.goal.com/story/messi-ronaldo-changing-face-of-football/index.html |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/whoever-wins-the-ballon-d-or-the-messi-ronaldo-duopoly-is-coming-to-an-end_sto5054730/story.shtml |title=Whoever wins the Ballon d'Or, the Messi-Ronaldo duopoly is coming to an end |work=[[Eurosport]] |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=8 June 2018 |last=Haugstad |first=Thore |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120014411/https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/whoever-wins-the-ballon-d-or-the-messi-ronaldo-duopoly-is-coming-to-an-end_sto5054730/story.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> He is also considered one of the greatest footballers in the history of the sport.<ref name="goat"><br />
Multiple sources:<br />
* {{cite web |title=Why Lionel Messi is the best male athlete of all time |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=13 December 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/63964902 |access-date=26 February 2025 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902160444/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/63964902}}<br />
* {{cite web |last=Lane |first=Barnaby |date=18 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi cements status as soccer GOAT as Argentina wins thrilling World Cup final |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/lionel-messi-cements-status-as-goat-argentina-win-world-cup-2022-12 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=[[Business Insider]] |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224021804/https://www.businessinsider.com/lionel-messi-cements-status-as-goat-argentina-win-world-cup-2022-12 |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Doug |date=18 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi Cements His Goat Status With A Little Help From His Friends |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/lionel-messi-cements-his-goat-status-with-a-little-help-from-his-friends|access-date=20 January 2023 |website=Fox Sports|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404023500/https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/lionel-messi-cements-his-goat-status-with-a-little-help-from-his-friends|url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Ryan |title=Why Lionel Messi is the best male athlete of all time |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=16 December 2022 |url=https://www.espn.com/sports/soccer/insider/story/_/id/35259622/lionel-messi-world-cup-proves-best-male-athlete-ever |access-date=26 February 2025 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218003939/https://www.espn.com/sports/soccer/insider/story/_/id/35259622/lionel-messi-world-cup-proves-best-male-athlete-ever}}<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Joshua |last2=Clegg |first2=Jonathan |title=Messi's Argentina Beats France to Win the World Cup |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=19 December 2022 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentina-france-world-cup-messi-mbappe-11671386377 |access-date=26 February 2025 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009060605/https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentina-france-world-cup-messi-mbappe-11671386377}}<br />
* {{cite web |last=Robson |first=James |title=Messi wins World Cup to push claim to be soccer's GOAT |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=18 December 2022 |url=https://apnews.com/article/lionel-messi-wins-world-cup-final-is-he-the-goat-0bf74af4ef88ea1e6b3eadce375ebb4a |access-date=7 October 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703140046/https://apnews.com/article/lionel-messi-wins-world-cup-final-is-he-the-goat-0bf74af4ef88ea1e6b3eadce375ebb4a}}<br />
* {{cite web |last=Smith |first=Rory |title=For Messi, and Argentina, the (Extra) Wait Is Worth It |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 December 2022 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/18/sports/soccer/messi-world-cup-win.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |url-status=live |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122063447/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/18/sports/soccer/messi-world-cup-win.html}}</ref> In 2025, he was named the [[IFFHS#Top 10 players of all-time (2025)|All Time Men's World Best Player]] by the [[IFFHS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= IFFHS ALL TIME TOP 10 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/4380 |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=www.iffhs.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
A prodigious talent as a teenager, Messi established himself among the world's best players before age 20.<ref>{{cite web |title=Messi: I'm Not the Best |publisher=FIFA |date=31 May 2007 |url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/529/475/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214113/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/529/475/index.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> Shortly after teammate [[Ronaldinho]] won the [[2005 Ballon d'Or]], he commented, "I'm not even the best at Barça" in reference to his 18-year-old protégé.<ref>{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Ball |title=Britain v Spain (Sort Of) |publisher=ESPN FC |date=23 February 2006 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/359600 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135558/http://www.espnfc.com/story/359600 |url-status=live}}</ref> Four years later, after Messi won his first [[Ballon d'Or]] by a record margin,{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=519–524}} the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history.<ref name="MagicFeet" /><ref name="MakingCase" /><ref>{{Cite news |first=Phil |last=Minshull |title=Is Messi the Greatest Ever? |work=BBC Sport |date=30 March 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/philminshull/2010/03/is_messi_the_greatest_ever.html |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025354/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/philminshull/2010/03/is_messi_the_greatest_ever.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An early proponent was his then-[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] manager [[Pep Guardiola]], who, as early as August 2009, described Messi as the best player he had ever seen and would ever see.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Messi Es el Mejor Jugador que Veré Jamás |trans-title=Messi Is the Best Player I Have Ever Seen |newspaper=El Mundo |language=es |date=29 August 2009 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2009/08/29/futbol/1251499664.html |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322125856/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2009/08/29/futbol/1251499664.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the following years, this opinion gained greater acceptance among pundits, managers, former and current players.<ref name="Sublime" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lionel Messi: Is the Barcelona and Argentina Star the Greatest Player Ever? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=29 May 2011 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/lionel-messi/8545361/Lionel-Messi-is-the-Barcelona-and-Argentina-star-the-greatest-player-ever.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/lionel-messi/8545361/Lionel-Messi-is-the-Barcelona-and-Argentina-star-the-greatest-player-ever.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By the end of Barcelona's second treble-winning season, the perception of Messi as one of the greatest footballers of all time had become the apparent view among many fans and pundits in continental Europe.<ref name="Telegraph 2016">{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |title=Magical Messi Grabs Hat-trick in Copa America as Argentina Romp into Quarters |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=11 June 2016 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/06/11/magical-messi-grabs-hat-trick-in-copa-america-as-argentina-romp/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/06/11/magical-messi-grabs-hat-trick-in-copa-america-as-argentina-romp/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Pete |last=Jenson |title=Lionel Messi: Is the Barcelona Forward the Greatest of Them All? |newspaper=The Independent |date=30 May 2015 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/lionel-messi-is-the-barcelona-forward-the-greatest-of-them-all-10287066.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/lionel-messi-is-the-barcelona-forward-the-greatest-of-them-all-10287066.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Messi received dismissals by critics throughout his career because he had not won an international tournament at the senior level with Argentina.<ref name="laughable">{{cite web |first=John |last=Tilghman |title=Maradona vs. Messi: A Laughable Comparison |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/508097-maradona-vs-messi-a-laughable-comparison?search_query=John%20Tilghman |website=Bleacher Report |access-date=1 May 2019 |date=4 November 2010 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501160742/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/508097-maradona-vs-messi-a-laughable-comparison%3Fsearch_query%3DJohn%2520Tilghman |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Cairns |title=How Does Lionel Messi Stack up against Football Legends? |publisher=BBC Newsbeat |date=8 January 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-20943498 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212413/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/20943498/how-does-lionel-messi-stack-up-against-football-legends |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lea">{{cite web | last=Lea | first=Greg | url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/why-messi-vs-maradona-debate-flawed-and-always-will-be | title=Why the Messi vs Maradona debate is flawed (And always will be) | date=22 June 2016 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=1 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001173300/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/why-messi-vs-maradona-debate-flawed-and-always-will-be | url-status=live }}</ref> However, his subsequent victories in the [[2021 Copa América]] and the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] resulted in him finally winning every top tier trophy at both the club and country levels, an achievement that many pundits felt cemented Messi's legacy.<ref name="goat"/><br />
<br />
=== Comparisons with Cristiano Ronaldo ===<br />
{{Main|Messi–Ronaldo rivalry}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi - Portugal vs Argentina, 9th February 2011.jpg|thumb|upright|Messi has been compared with [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] (left) throughout much of their careers.]]<br />
Among his contemporary peers, Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Cristiano Ronaldo, who many consider his [[Messi–Ronaldo rivalry|career rival]].<ref name="RonaldoRivalry" /> Both achieved numerous individual accolades, won dozens of trophies for both club and country, and are the two [[List of footballers with 500 or more goals|leading goal scorers in history]]. Although Messi has at times denied any rivalry,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Barcelona's Lionel Messi Blames Media for Inventing Rivalry with Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=15 August 2012 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/9478241/Barcelonas-Lionel-Messi-blames-media-for-inventing-rivalry-with-Real-Madrids-Cristiano-Ronaldo.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/9478241/Barcelonas-Lionel-Messi-blames-media-for-inventing-rivalry-with-Real-Madrids-Cristiano-Ronaldo.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Snowball |title=Lionel Messi: Cristiano Ronaldo Is Not My Rival|website=Eurosport|publisher=TNT Sports International|date=11 June 2015 |url=http://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-is-not-my-rival_sto4779011/story.shtml |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004853/http://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-is-not-my-rival_sto4779011/story.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> they are widely believed to push one another in their aim to be the best player in the world.<ref name="Overtaken">{{cite news |first=Andy |last=West |title=Real Madrid v Barcelona: Has Ronaldo Overtaken Messi? |work=BBC Sport |date=22 March 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26651301 |access-date=10 August 2015 |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824045031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26651301 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pundits have compared the ongoing rivalry to [[List of sports rivalries|past sports rivalries]] like the [[Muhammad Ali]]–[[Joe Frazier]] rivalry in boxing, the [[Prost–Senna rivalry]] in motorsport, and the tennis rivalries between [[Federer–Nadal rivalry|Federer–Nadal]] and [[Borg–McEnroe rivalry|Borg–McEnroe]].<ref>Multiple sources:<br />
* {{cite news |last=Hunter |first=Graham |url=https://www.espn.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5842703/el-clasico-all-ronaldo-vs-messi |title=The game's best rivalry |date=28 November 2010 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=ESPN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150207/http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5842703/el-clasico-all-ronaldo-vs-messi |archive-date=6 October 2014}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Messi v Ronaldo|website=Sky Sports|publisher=Sky Group|date=17 October 2011 |url=http://www.skysports.com/news/21227/7235124/messi-v-ronaldo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105413/http://www.skysports.com/news/21227/7235124/messi-v-ronaldo |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}<br />
* {{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/the-special-two-g7dbcfsfgxt |title=The Special Two |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=13 October 2014 |work=The Times |url-access=subscription |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626225332/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article3637725.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fans and pundits alike regularly argue the individual merits of both players.<ref name="Overtaken" /><ref>{{Cite news |first=Chris |last=Mendes |title=World Cup 2014: Cristiano Ronaldo's Personal Duel with Lionel Messi Is Affecting His Performances for Portugal |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 June 2014 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/10923614/World-Cup-2014-Cristiano-Ronaldos-personal-duel-with-Lionel-Messi-is-affecting-his-performances-for-Portugal.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/10923614/World-Cup-2014-Cristiano-Ronaldos-personal-duel-with-Lionel-Messi-is-affecting-his-performances-for-Portugal.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Messi is lauded for his combination of dribbling, playmaking, passing and goalscoring, while Ronaldo has received praise for his exceptional speed and athleticism, goalscoring skills, and performance under pressure.<ref><br />
{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ben |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/17786045 |title=Barcelona's Messi v Real Madrid's Ronaldo |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=13 October 2014 |work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905081616/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17786045 |archive-date=5 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Simon |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/lionel-messi-v-cristiano-ronaldo--worlds-greatest-players-locked-in-new-battle-8567328.html |title=Lionel Messi v Cristiano Ronaldo – world's greatest players locked in new battle |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=13 October 2014 |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028195727/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/lionel-messi-v-cristiano-ronaldo--worlds-greatest-players-locked-in-new-battle-8567328.html |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref> Beyond their playing styles, the debate also revolves around their differing physiques – Ronaldo is {{height|m=1.87}} with a muscular build, while Messi is much shorter at {{height|m=1.70}} – and their contrasting public personalities, with Ronaldo's self-confidence and theatrics differing from Messi's humility.<ref>Multiple sources:<br />
* {{Cite news |first=Rob |last=Hughes |title=Ronaldo May Look Like the Best, but There Is Someone Better |newspaper=The New York Times |date=13 September 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/sports/soccer/14iht-soccer14.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165502/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/sports/soccer/14iht-soccer14.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1 |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{cite web |first1=Pedro |last1=Pinto |first2=James |last2=Montague |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/17/sport/football/football-champions-league-ronaldo-interview/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: I'm Better than Messi |publisher=CNN |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125456/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/17/sport/football/football-champions-league-ronaldo-interview/ |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{Cite news |first=Tim |last=Lewis |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: He's Got a God-Given Talent – and He Knows It |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 November 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2013/nov/24/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-portugal-football |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163656/http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2013/nov/24/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-portugal-football |url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding individual achievements, Messi has won eight Ballons d'Or to Ronaldo's five,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ballons d'Or winners list |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/12/07/ballon-dor-winners-list/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/12/07/ballon-dor-winners-list/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=The Telegraph |date=2 April 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> eight [[The Best FIFA Men's Player#FIFA Player of the Year (including predecessors)|FIFA World's Best Player]] awards to Ronaldo's five, and six [[European Golden Shoe]]s to Ronaldo's four.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Sorin |last1=Arotaritei |first2=Roberto |last2=Di Maggio |first3=Karel |last3=Stokkermans |title=Golden Boot (Soulier d'Or) Awards |website=[[RSSSF]] |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/gboot.html |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601072653/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/gboot.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Off the pitch, Ronaldo is his direct competitor in terms of salary, sponsorships, and social media fanbase.<ref name="50million">{{cite web |first=Kurt |last=Badenhausen |title=Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million-A-Year Deal With Barcelona |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2014/05/16/lionel-messi-agrees-to-new-50-million-a-year-deal-with-barcelona/ |work=Forbes |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091338/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2014/05/16/lionel-messi-agrees-to-new-50-million-a-year-deal-with-barcelona/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Messi's [[Messi-Ronaldo rivalry#Head-to-head summary|head-to-head record]] against teams that feature Ronaldo consists of 15 wins, 9 draws, and 10 losses in competitive club matches. The first competitive matchup between the two occurred in 2008, when Ronaldo's [[Manchester United]] played Messi's Barcelona in the [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League knockout stage#Semi-finals|2007–08 UEFA Champions League semi-finals]]; [[Manchester United]] advanced and eventually won the [[2008 UEFA Champions League final|final]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rutledge |first=Lewis |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/102148/report |title=Scholes seals final spot |date=29 April 2008 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=Sky Sports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083710/http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/102148/report |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> The two players and their club teams met again in the next year's [[2009 UEFA Champions League final|Champions League final]], with Messi and Barcelona achieving a 2–0 victory.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lowe |first=Sid |author-link=Sid Lowe |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37583118/messi-ronaldos-most-memorable-clashes-champions-league-el-clasico |title=Messi and Ronaldo's most memorable clashes: From the Champions League to El Clasico |date=17 January 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=ESPN |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028173107/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37583118/messi-ronaldos-most-memorable-clashes-champions-league-el-clasico |url-status=live }}</ref> After this, Ronaldo transferred to [[Real Madrid]], the main rivals of Barcelona, which resulted in Messi facing Ronaldo many times in ''[[El Clásico]]'', which ranks among the world's most viewed annual sports events.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Daniel |author-link1=Daniel Taylor (journalist)|last2=Jackson |first2=Jamie |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jun/11/cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-united-real-madrid1 |title=Manchester United accept £80m Cristiano Ronaldo bid from Real Madrid |date=11 June 2009 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123043733/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jun/11/cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-united-real-madrid1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="50million" /> A number of football critics, commentators, and players have said that Messi's triumph with Argentina in the 2022 World Cup has settled the contest between the two players.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharland |first=Pete |date=18 December 2022 |title=World Cup 2022 Final: Win Or Lose, Argentina Star Lionel Messi Has Settled The Goat Debate Forever |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/world-cup/2022/world-cup-2022-final-win-or-lose-argentina-star-lionel-messi-has-settled-the-goat-debate-forever_sto9275487/story.shtml |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Eurosport |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222185828/https://www.eurosport.com/football/world-cup/2022/world-cup-2022-final-win-or-lose-argentina-star-lionel-messi-has-settled-the-goat-debate-forever_sto9275487/story.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usry |first=Rob |date=18 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi puts the GOAT debate to rest with storybook World Cup win |url=https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2022/12/18/23515312/lionel-messi-world-cup-who-is-soccer-football-goat-argentina |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=SBNation.com |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221220741/https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2022/12/18/23515312/lionel-messi-world-cup-who-is-soccer-football-goat-argentina |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Lionel Messi rivalry now 'gone' says Portuguese great |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66738794 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=11 September 2023 |date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=13 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913002953/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66738794 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Comparisons with Diego Maradona ===<br />
{{Main|New Maradona}}<br />
<br />
{{quote box<br />
| width = 25%<br />
| align = right<br />
| quote = "I have seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi."<br />
| source = – [[Diego Maradona]] hailing the 18-year-old Messi as his successor in February 2006<ref name="successor">{{Cite news |title=Maradona Hails Messi as Successor |work=BBC Sport |date=24 February 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4746070.stm |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001190650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4746070.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
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Throughout his career, Messi has been compared with [[Diego Maradona]], who was also considered the best player of his generation and one of the greatest in the history of the sport.<ref name="adept">{{Cite news |first=Jeré |last=Longman |title=Adept? Yes. Adored? Not Yet. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 July 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/sports/worldcup/world-cup-2014-in-argentina-lionel-messi-is-not-loved-as-much-as-diego-maradona.html |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715030203/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/sports/worldcup/world-cup-2014-in-argentina-lionel-messi-is-not-loved-as-much-as-diego-maradona.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/fourfourtwos-100-greatest-footballers-ever-no1-diego-maradona |title=FourFourTwo's 100 Greatest Footballers EVER: No.1, Diego Maradona |magazine=[[FourFourTwo]] |last=Murray |first=Andrew |date=26 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135411/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/fourfourtwos-100-greatest-footballers-ever-no1-diego-maradona |archive-date=29 September 2017 }}</ref> The comparisons stem broadly from both players' short statures, their similar playing styles as left-footed [[playmaker]]s, and their shared nationality as Argentines.<ref name="Daily">{{cite news |title=Maradona proclaims Messi as his successor |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/25/content_523966.htm |agency=Reuters |newspaper=China Daily |date=25 February 2006 |access-date=28 December 2012 |quote="I have seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentine football and his name is Messi," Argentina's 1986 World Cup-winning captain was quoted as saying on Friday. |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203458/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/25/content_523966.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, Messi was merely one of many young Argentine players to receive the "New Maradona" moniker, but as his career progressed, he proved his similarity beyond all previous contenders, establishing himself as the best player Argentina had produced since Maradona.<ref name="Aimar" />{{sfn|Lisi|2011|pp=533–539}} When Messi was 18 years old, Maradona called him the best player in the world and hailed him as his successor.<ref name="successor" /> From 2008 through the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], Messi played for Argentina's [[Argentina national football team|national team]] while Maradona managed the team, and it was during this period that Messi was given the number 10 shirt that Maradona famously wore. Maradona gave Messi his blessing, telling him: "the No 10 is yours. There's nobody better than you to wear it."<ref name="telegraph.co.uk" /><br />
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[[File:Maradona vs england.jpg|thumb|right|Due to their similar size and style of play, Messi was constantly compared with his compatriot [[Diego Maradona]] by pundits and other Argentines.]]<br />
During the early and middle parts of Messi's career, he was generally held in lesser esteem than Maradona in Argentine society. Part of this had to do with Messi's lack of tournament success and perceived uneven output with the national team; Maradona had famously led Argentina to victory in the [[1986 FIFA World Cup]], which set an expectation for Messi to do the same.<ref name="laughable"/><ref name="adept"/><ref name="Burden" /> Argentines also identified more with the fiery, extroverted and controversial Maradona who came from the slums, as opposed to the reserved, introverted and unassuming Messi who had a comparably unremarkable upbringing in Rosario.<ref name="Lea"/><ref name="Burden">{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Himmelman |title=The Burden of Being Messi |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 June 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/magazine/the-burden-of-being-messi.html |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403064416/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/magazine/the-burden-of-being-messi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Marcela |last=Mora y Araujo |title=Lionel Messi Is Not the New Maradona – He Can Be Better than That |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 December 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/dec/23/lionel-messi-diego-maradona-argentina-barcelona |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119233541/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/dec/23/lionel-messi-diego-maradona-argentina-barcelona |url-status=live}}</ref> Maradona, along with several pundits and footballing figures, questioned whether Messi's temperament made him a capable leader for the national team.<ref name="laughable"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46279184 |title=Lionel Messi: Is Barcelona forward really cut out for captaincy? |work=BBC Sport |first=Andy |last=West |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526082244/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46279184 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/argentina/story/2889220/diego-maradona-says-lionel-messi-lacks-leadership-to-carry-a-team?src=com |title=Diego Maradona: Lionel Messi lacks the leadership needed to carry a team |publisher=ESPN FC |date=9 June 2016 |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501160742/http://www.espn.com/soccer/argentina/story/2889220/diego-maradona-says-lionel-messi-lacks-leadership-to-carry-a-team%3Fsrc%3Dcom |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, Messi's lack of outward passion for the Argentina shirt, his early tendency not to sing the national anthem, and his relative lack of emotional displays have led to a perception that he feels more Catalan than Argentine.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=414–420}}<ref name="Vickery" /> However, despite having lived in Barcelona since age 13, Messi rejected the option of representing Spain internationally, saying: "Argentina is my country, my family, my way of expressing myself. I would change all my records to make the people in my country happy."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lionel Messi Vomits Because of Nerves, Says Argentina's Alejandro Sabella |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 June 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jun/10/lionel-messi-vomits-argentina-alejandro-sabella-world-cup |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222532/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jun/10/lionel-messi-vomits-argentina-alejandro-sabella-world-cup |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Football journalist [[Tim Vickery]] said the perception of Messi among Argentines changed in 2019, when Messi made a conscious effort to become "more one of the group, more Argentine".<ref name="Vickery">{{Cite news |title=Tim Vickery: Lionel Messi can now be recognised alongside Diego Maradona by Argentinians |url=https://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football/12771189/tim-vickery-lionel-messi-can-now-be-recognised-alongside-diego-maradona-by-argentinians |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Sky Sports |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219124557/https://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football/12771189/tim-vickery-lionel-messi-can-now-be-recognised-alongside-diego-maradona-by-argentinians |url-status=live}}</ref> Other pundits noted that Messi had grown more assertive as a leader during the [[2019 Copa América]] by becoming more vocal with his teammates both on and off the pitch, finally singing the national anthem with the team before matches, and speaking with journalists at length after matches.<ref>Multiple sources:<br />
* {{Cite news |title=Messi concludes his most influential year for Argentina |work=Marca |date=19 November 2019 |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2019/11/19/5dd40e8546163fb5478b45ec.html |access-date=28 September 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001171253/https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2019/11/19/5dd40e8546163fb5478b45ec.html }}<br />
* {{Cite news |first=Tim |last=Vickery |title=Argentina exit the Copa America early but they've won something better: Messi is fired up again |work=[[ESPN]] |date=3 July 2019 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37509915/messi-engagement |access-date=28 September 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001171252/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37509915/messi-engagement }}<br />
* {{Cite news |title=The New Messi: A protester and a leader |newspaper=LA Times |date=7 July 2019 |url=https://www.latimes.com/espanol/noticas-mas/articulo/2019-07-07/efe-4017829-15585528-20190707 |access-date=1 October 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001172637/https://www.latimes.com/espanol/noticas-mas/articulo/2019-07-07/efe-4017829-15585528-20190707}}</ref> Following Argentina's 2022 World Cup win, Vickery felt that Messi would now be held in the same esteem by his compatriots as Maradona.<ref name="Vickery" /> Journalist and former footballer [[Jorge Valdano]] said he saw a "Maradonian" edge to Messi's performances during the tournament, while his compatriot [[Osvaldo Ardiles]] said that Messi's provocative actions towards the Netherlands team during the [[Battle of Lusail|quarter-final]] resembled Maradona's behavior, which further endeared Messi to his fellow Argentines.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Horncastle |first=James |date=19 July 2023 |title=Messi vs Argentina: How the 'Catalan Argentine' escaped the shadow of Maradona |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4647037/2023/07/20/lionel-messi-argentina-maradona-legacy-world-cup/ |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619165415/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4647037/2023/07/20/lionel-messi-argentina-maradona-legacy-world-cup/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ArdilesMessi">{{Cite news |first=Ben |last=Morse |title=Lionel Messi cements his legacy as the greatest with World Cup win |work=CNN |date=18 December 2022 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/18/football/lionel-messi-argentina-legacy-world-cup-final-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=28 September 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001171247/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/18/football/lionel-messi-argentina-legacy-world-cup-final-spt-intl/index.html }}</ref> Messi himself later remarked that the World Cup victory "won over all the people of Argentina. Today 95% or 100% of Argentines love me and that's a beautiful feeling."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39008596/messi-world-cup-win-struggles-argentina-fans-love-me |title=Messi on World Cup win: After struggles in Argentina, fans love me |date=1 December 2023 |website=ESPN |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718184721/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39008596/messi-world-cup-win-struggles-argentina-fans-love-me |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Cultural impact ==<br />
=== Popularity ===<br />
[[File:Lionel MESSI Florent TORCHUT.jpg|right|thumb|Messi's success on the pitch has earned him lucrative endorsement deals along with widespread recognition and popularity.]]<br />
Messi was among the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]], an annual list of the world's most influential people, in 2011, 2012 and 2023.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Thierry |last=Henry |title=The 2011 Time 100: Lionel Messi, God of the Field |magazine=Time |date=21 April 2011 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066498,00.html |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417164323/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066498,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Mia |last=Hamm |title=The World's 100 Most Influential People 2012: Lionel Messi |magazine=Time |date=18 April 2012 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112092,00.html |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202010654/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112092,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Federer |first1=Roger |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2023: Lionel Messi |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6269893/lionel-messi/ |access-date=22 April 2023 |magazine=Time |date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422015245/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6269893/lionel-messi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2014 survey in 15 international markets, Messi was familiar to 87% of respondents around the world, of whom 78% perceived him favourably, making him the second-most recognised player globally, behind [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], and the most likeable of all contemporary players.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Borg |title=Ballon D'Or: Lionel Messi vs. Cristiano Ronaldo – Battle of the Brands |publisher=CNN |date=2 December 2014 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/01/sport/football/lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-barcelona-real-madrid-ballon-dor-marketing-merchandise-facebook/ |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129232450/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/01/sport/football/lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-barcelona-real-madrid-ballon-dor-marketing-merchandise-facebook/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World |publisher=Repucom |date=28 May 2014 |url=http://repucom.net/wp-content/uploads/Top-10-Most-Marketable-Football-Players.pdf |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630024625/http://repucom.net/wp-content/uploads/Top-10-Most-Marketable-Football-Players.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[World Press Photo]] selected "The Final Game", a photo of Messi facing the [[FIFA World Cup Trophy|World Cup trophy]] after Argentina's final defeat to Germany, as the best sports image of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Cup final photo of Lionel Messi eyeing trophy wins prize |work=ESPN |date=12 February 2015 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/league-name/story/2295953/headline |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811182214/https://www.espn.com/soccer/league-name/story/2295953/headline |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Messi's fanbase on [[Facebook]] is among the largest of public figures: by July 2023, he had [[List of most-followed Facebook pages|more than 114 million followers]], the second highest for an athlete after Cristiano Ronaldo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Messi Joins Facebook, Nets 7&nbsp;m Followers |publisher=ESPN |date=6 April 2011 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/903705/lionel-messi-joins-facebook-nets-7m-followers |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140146/http://www.espnfc.com/story/903705/lionel-messi-joins-facebook-nets-7m-followers |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Karissa |last=Giuliano |title=The 10 Most Popular Celebrities on Facebook |publisher=CNBC |date=9 June 2015 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/06/09/the-10-most-popular-celebrities-on-facebook.html |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803071710/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/06/09/the-10-most-popular-celebrities-on-facebook.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi has over 500 million [[Instagram]] followers, the [[List of most-followed Instagram accounts|second highest for an individual]] and athlete after Ronaldo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi Sets Instagram Record With World Cup Victory Post |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/lionel-messi-sets-instagram-record-200520111.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Yahoo Sports |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220145226/https://sports.yahoo.com/lionel-messi-sets-instagram-record-200520111.html }}</ref> Messi's World Cup celebration post from 18 December 2022 is the [[List of most-liked Instagram posts|most liked post on Instagram]] with more than 75 million likes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Madhok |first=Diksha |title=Lionel Messi's World Cup photos are most-liked Instagram post ever |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/21/business/messi-most-liked-instagram-post-intl-hnk/index.html |date=21 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715083718/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/21/business/messi-most-liked-instagram-post-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2023, Messi was featured in the [[Thrissur Pooram]] festival in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |date=1 May 2023 |title=Kerala's iconic Thrissur Pooram held in full grandeur featuring Lionel Messi during 'Kudamattam |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/iconic-thrissur-pooram-held-in-full-grandeur-messi-featured-during-kudamattam/article66799414.ece |access-date=3 May 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503092256/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/iconic-thrissur-pooram-held-in-full-grandeur-messi-featured-during-kudamattam/article66799414.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=Lionel Messi steals the show at Kerala's Iconic Thrissur Pooram |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/lionel-messi-steals-the-show-at-keralas-iconic-thrissur-pooram-article-99922391 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=TimesNow |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503161127/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/lionel-messi-steals-the-show-at-keralas-iconic-thrissur-pooram-article-99922391 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2023, a set of shirts Messi had worn during the 2022 World Cup was sold at auction for $7.8 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roush |first1=Ty |title=Lionel Messi's World Cup Jerseys Sell For $7.8 Million At Auction – Falling Short Of Two Most Valuable Jerseys Of All Time |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tylerroush/2023/12/14/lionel-messis-world-cup-jerseys-sell-for-78-million-at-auction---falling-short-of-two-most-valuable-jerseys-of-all-time/ |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=Forbes |date=14 December 2023}}</ref><br />
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During an [[Hong Kong v Inter Miami|exhibition match]] on 4 February 2024 between Inter Miami and [[Hong Kong League]] players at [[Hong Kong Stadium]], Messi remained on the bench the entire game. His absence from the pitch caused massive backlash in Hong Kong and China, as thousands of spectators had hoped to see him play.<ref>{{cite news |author1=鄭惟仁 |title=梅西香港友誼賽全程坐板凳 球迷噓聲高喊退票 |url=https://news.pts.org.tw/article/679778 |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=公視新聞網 |date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205055928/https://news.pts.org.tw/article/679778 |url-status=live }}</ref> One Messi commercial was taken off the air in those regions,<ref name=":10">{{cite news |date=15 February 2024 |title=美斯遭央視連環封殺 《天下足球》片頭及天氣預報廣告畫面被刪 |trans-title=CCTV's sports programme removes Messi's scenes |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/991017/%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%AF%E9%81%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%A6%96%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%B0%81%E6%AE%BA-%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83-%E7%89%87%E9%A0%AD%E5%8F%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3%E9%A0%90%E5%A0%B1%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2%E8%A2%AB%E5%88%AA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215130206/https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/991017/%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%AF%E9%81%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%A6%96%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E5%B0%81%E6%AE%BA-%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83-%E7%89%87%E9%A0%AD%E5%8F%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3%E9%A0%90%E5%A0%B1%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2%E8%A2%AB%E5%88%AA |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |work=HK01 |language=zh-HK}}</ref> while other commercials continued to air despite pressure from Chinese social-media users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=許祺安 |date=10 February 2024 |title=美斯得罪了中國？2023年訪華旋風到今官媒狠批 14億市場凍過水？ |trans-title=Messi no longer welcomed in China? |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F/989951/%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%97%E7%BD%AA%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B-2023%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF%E6%97%8B%E9%A2%A8%E5%88%B0%E4%BB%8A%E5%AE%98%E5%AA%92%E7%8B%A0%E6%89%B9-14%E5%84%84%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E6%B0%B4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214153151/https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F/989951/%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%97%E7%BD%AA%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B-2023%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF%E6%97%8B%E9%A2%A8%E5%88%B0%E4%BB%8A%E5%AE%98%E5%AA%92%E7%8B%A0%E6%89%B9-14%E5%84%84%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E6%B0%B4 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=HK01 |language=zh-HK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=美斯風波︱內地掀抵制潮 官媒籲冷靜弄清楚合同細節 |trans-title=Boycott Messi on Chinese trend; state-run media urge for calm |url=https://www.stheadline.com/realtime-china/3315776/%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%AF%E9%A2%A8%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%8E%80%E6%8A%B5%E5%88%B6%E6%BD%AE-%E5%AE%98%E5%AA%92%E7%B1%B2%E5%86%B7%E9%9D%9C%E5%BC%84%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%B0%E7%AF%80 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214153103/https://www.stheadline.com/realtime-china/3315776/%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%AF%E9%A2%A8%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%8E%80%E6%8A%B5%E5%88%B6%E6%BD%AE-%E5%AE%98%E5%AA%92%E7%B1%B2%E5%86%B7%E9%9D%9C%E5%BC%84%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%B0%E7%AF%80 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Sing Tao Daily |language=zh-HK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=當初高調找梅西代言…大陸這家快遞公司慘掃颱風尾 遭陸網遷怒抵制 |trans-title=Chinese company boycotted over Messi ad |url=https://udn.com/news/story/7332/7765880 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214153235/https://udn.com/news/story/7332/7765880 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=UDN |language=zh-TW}}</ref> The [[Chinese Football Association]] temporarily halted its partnership with the [[Argentine Football Association]] over the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=中国足协停止与阿根廷足协合作，梅西3月中国行面临泡汤 |website=羊城晚报 |url=https://sports.ycwb.com/2024-02/08/content_52493682.htm |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305010202/https://sports.ycwb.com/2024-02/08/content_52493682.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Wealth and sponsorships ===<br />
Messi was the world's highest-paid footballer for five out of six years between 2009 and 2014. His salary broke records in 2013 (€41&nbsp;million) and 2014 (€65&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite web |first=Roberto |last=Notarianni |title=Messi, la (Très) Bonne Paie |trans-title=Messi, the (Very) Good Payroll |magazine=France Football |date=25 March 2015 |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/Messi-la-tres-bonne-paie/545838 |access-date=10 August 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025022721/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Messi-la-tres-bonne-paie/545838 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jamie |last=Rainbow |title=Stat of the Day: Top 20 Best Paid Players and Coaches |work=World Soccer |date=18 March 2014 |url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/news/stat-day-top-20-best-paid-players-coaches-350260 |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202210754/https://www.worldsoccer.com/news/stat-day-top-20-best-paid-players-coaches-350260 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' listed him as the world's second highest-paid athlete in 2016, and as the [[Forbes' list of the world's highest-paid athletes|world's highest-paid athlete]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest-earning athletes |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10307782/cristiano-ronaldo-first-footballer-to-top-forbes-rich-list-of-highest-earning-athletes |publisher=Sky Sports |date=8 June 2016 |first=Ben |last=Reynolds |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610125422/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10307782/cristiano-ronaldo-first-footballer-to-top-forbes-rich-list-of-highest-earning-athletes |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Forbes2017">{{Cite web |last1=Settimi |first1=Christina |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2017/11/25/lionel-messi-signs-new-barcelona-contract-set-to-become-worlds-highest-paid-footballer/ |title="Lionel Messi Signs New Barcelona Contract, Set To Become World's Highest-Paid Footballer" |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=17 December 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131144425/https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2017/11/25/lionel-messi-signs-new-barcelona-contract-set-to-become-worlds-highest-paid-footballer/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi edges out Cristiano Ronaldo to head Forbes top 100 highest paid athletes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/48602166 |access-date=12 June 2019 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108013901/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/48602166 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, he was the first player to exceed the €100&nbsp;million benchmark for a calendar year, with earnings of €126&nbsp;million in combined income from salaries, bonuses and endorsements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Lionel-messi-devance-largement-cristiano-ronaldo-au-classement-des-joueurs-les-mieux-payes-au-monde/895372 |title="Lionel Messi devance largement Cristiano Ronaldo au classement des joueurs les mieux payés au monde" |access-date=3 June 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120075640/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Lionel-messi-devance-largement-cristiano-ronaldo-au-classement-des-joueurs-les-mieux-payes-au-monde/895372 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Keyvan Antonio |last=Heydari |title=Messi: Amazing Talent in a Reluctant Star |newspaper=The New York Times |date=26 May 2009 |url=http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/26/messi-amazing-talent-in-a-reluctant-star/?_r=0 |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223043122/https://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/26/messi-amazing-talent-in-a-reluctant-star/?_r=0 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Messi became the second footballer to surpass $1&nbsp;billion in career earnings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Settimi |first1=Christina |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2020/09/14/the-worlds-highest-paid-soccer-players-2020-messi-wins-mbappe-rises/#7601f0671cff |title=World's Highest-Paid Soccer Players: Messi Wins, Mbappe Rises |work=Forbes |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927010615/https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2020/09/14/the-worlds-highest-paid-soccer-players-2020-messi-wins-mbappe-rises/#7601f0671cff |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to salary and bonuses, much of Messi's income comes from endorsements. His brand was at first based exclusively on his talents and achievements as a player, in contrast to arguably more glamorous players like Ronaldo and [[David Beckham]]. At the start of his career, Messi mainly held sponsorship contracts with companies that employed sports-oriented marketing, such as [[Adidas]] and Pepsi.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kurt |last=Badenhausen |title=Lionel Messi Voted Soccer's Best, But Sponsors Stay Away |work=Forbes |date=10 January 2011 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/01/10/lionel-messi-voted-soccers-best-but-sponsors-stay-away/ |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130015401/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/01/10/lionel-messi-voted-soccers-best-but-sponsors-stay-away/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fourth">{{cite web |title=The World's Fourth Most Marketable Athlete – Lionel Messi |work=SportsPro |date=27 May 2011 |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/notes_and_insights/the_worlds_4th_most_marketable_athlete_-_lionel_messi |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517142514/http://www.sportspromedia.com/notes_and_insights/the_worlds_4th_most_marketable_athlete_-_lionel_messi }}</ref> Since 2006, Adidas has been his largest sponsor, and he eventually became the company's leading brand endorser.{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=94–97}}<ref name="50million" /> Starting in 2010, Messi's marketing appeal broadened as he reached higher achievements as a player. He signed long-term endorsement deals with luxury brands [[Dolce & Gabbana]] and [[Audemars Piguet]],<ref name="Fourth" /><ref>{{cite press release |title=Lionel Messi and Dolce & Gabbana: An Assist in Style |publisher=Dolce & Gabbana |url=http://www.dolcegabbana.com/binaries/content/assets/DG/leo-messi/press-release/dolce-and-gabbana-leo-messi-press-release-eng.pdf |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827002248/http://www.dolcegabbana.com/binaries/content/assets/DG/leo-messi/press-release/dolce-and-gabbana-leo-messi-press-release-eng.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> and became a [[brand ambassador]] for [[Gillette (brand)|Gillette]], [[Turkish Airlines]], [[Ooredoo]], and [[Tata Motors]], among other companies.<ref>{{cite web |first=Oliver |last=Millerchip |title=Messi to Front New Gillette Campaign |work=SportsPro |date=3 February 2014 |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/messi_to_front_new_gillette_campaign |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210072634/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/messi_to_front_new_gillette_campaign |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Argentine Soccer Star Leo Messi Named Global Brand Ambassador for Turkish Airlines |work=Reuters |date=6 December 2012 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/06/idUS192613+06-Dec-2012+BW20121206 |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172433/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/06/idUS192613+06-Dec-2012+BW20121206 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ian |last=McPherson |title=Messi Cashes in with Qatari Contract |work=SportsPro |date=28 February 2013 |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/messi_cashes_in_with_qatari_contract |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120222/http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/messi_cashes_in_with_qatari_contract |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi Is Global Brand Ambassador for Tata Motors |work=Firstpost |date=3 November 2015 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/tata-motors-ropes-in-lionel-messi-as-global-brand-ambassador-2492172.htmlv |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015131146/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/blogs/world-of-sport/the-best-sports-photo-of-the-year-goes-to---lionel-messi-and--the-final-game--183718601.html |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Messi has also been the face of two video game series: [[Konami]]'s ''[[Pro Evolution Soccer]]'' and [[EA Sports]]' ''[[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA]]''.{{sfn|Guinness World Records|2014|p=102}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Lionel Messi to Star on Cover of EA Sports FIFA for Fourth Straight Year |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=15 June 2015 |url=https://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2015/06/15/lionel-messi-fifa-16-cover |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230051843/https://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2015/06/15/lionel-messi-fifa-16-cover |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Hinchas de Messi.jpg|thumb|Messi's Argentina jersey, supplied by Adidas, was sold out worldwide during the 2022 World Cup.<ref name="Arg sales">{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi's Argentina jerseys are sold out worldwide |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/19/business/adidas-leo-messi-jerseys/index.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |agency=CNN |date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715083816/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/19/business/adidas-leo-messi-jerseys/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>]]''[[SportsPro]]'' cited Messi as one of the world's most marketable athletes every year between 2010 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Long |title=The World's 50 Most Marketable 2015 |work=SportsPro |date=20 May 2015 |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/most_marketable |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610032555/http://www.sportspromedia.com/most_marketable }}</ref> He became the first footballer to receive his own sub-brand of Adidas boots, the Adidas Messi, in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Retrospect: Adidas F50 Messi Collection |publisher=Soccer Bible |date=18 March 2015 |url=http://www.soccerbible.com/performance/football-boots/2015/03/retrospect-adidas-f50-messi-collection/ |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016202850/https://www.soccerbible.com/performance/football-boots/2015/03/retrospect-adidas-f50-messi-collection/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Backed by Messi |publisher=Adidas |date=25 September 2015 |url=http://news.adidas.com/GB/Latest-News/Backed-by-Messi/s/1aafb738-30fe-4810-a7e4-6b808c0e6353 |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143641/http://news.adidas.com/GB/Latest-News/Backed-by-Messi/s/1aafb738-30fe-4810-a7e4-6b808c0e6353 |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref> The same year, a Barcelona jersey with Messi's name and number was the best-selling replica jersey worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leo Messi's Barcelona Shirt Is the Most Sold Worldwide, Cristiano Ronaldo 2nd |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609501-leo-messis-barcelona-shirt-is-the-most-sold-worldwide-cristiano-ronaldo-2nd |access-date=4 January 2019 |work=Bleacher Report |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606142534/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609501-leo-messis-barcelona-shirt-is-the-most-sold-worldwide-cristiano-ronaldo-2nd |url-status=live}}</ref> During the 2022 World Cup, Adidas sold out of Messi's No. 10 Argentina jersey worldwide.<ref name="Arg sales" /><br />
<br />
In 2013, a Turkish Airlines advertisement starring Messi and [[Kobe Bryant]] became the most-watched advertisement on [[YouTube]], with 137 million views. It was voted by users as the best advertisement of the decade 2005–2015.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kaitlyn |last=Krasselt |title=Cannes to Cannes: YouTube's Most Viewed Ads |work=USA Today |date=21 June 2014 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/06/21/cannes-youtube-top-ads/10891397/ |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129201018/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/06/21/cannes-youtube-top-ads/10891397/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Laura |last=Lorenzetti |title=YouTube Users Say This Is the 'Ad of the Decade' |magazine=Time |date=3 June 2015 |url=https://time.com/3908087/youtube-ad-of-the-decade/ |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720195139/http://time.com/3908087/youtube-ad-of-the-decade/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2021, Messi signed a five-year deal to become a brand ambassador for [[Hard Rock Cafe]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hard Rock International Begins Year-Long 50th Anniversary Celebration By Announcing Partnership With Lionel Messi |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hard-rock-international-begins-year-long-50th-anniversary-celebration-by-announcing-partnership-with-lionel-messi-301310207.html |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> and the following year he became a tourism ambassador for [[Saudi Arabia]]. He was criticised for partnering with Saudi Arabia because of the country's poor record on human rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/may/12/lionel-messi-saudi-arabia-deal-tourism |title=Lionel Messi earned $122m last year. He still felt the need to take Saudi money |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=The Guardian |first=Karim |last=Zidan |date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512143419/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/may/12/lionel-messi-saudi-arabia-deal-tourism |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lionel-messi-saudi-arabia-tourism-ambassador-sportswashing/ |title=Messi Is Accused of Being the Face of a Blood-Soaked Regime |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=VICE |first=Rimal |last=Farukh |date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620130330/https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgy8dk/lionel-messi-saudi-arabia-tourism-ambassador-sportswashing |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Public art ===<br />
[[File: Street art of Lionel Messi in Barcelona (2023).jpg|thumb|right|upright|One of many street art displays depicting Messi]]<br />
[[Street art]] and public [[Mural|murals]] depicting Messi have been painted around the world.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 June 2016|title=The massive Messi mural and other artworks around the world |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36666955|access-date=5 October 2024|work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cardenas |first=Felipe |date=<br />
14 February 2024 |title=Meeting Messi: How the Argentine superstar changed the lives of a restaurateur, barber and muralist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5274668/2024/02/14/lionel-messi-inter-miami-local-profiles/ |work=The Athletic |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref> One prominent work of art is the ''[[Sistine Chapel of Football]]'', a parody of [[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[The Creation of Adam]]'' that features Messi, [[Diego Maradona]] and several other Argentine footballers. The work is exhibited at the Sportivo Pereyra club in [[Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]], [[Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=3 May 2018 |title=Argentina tiene una réplica futbolera de la Capilla Sixtina |url=http://www.voydeviaje.com.ar/argentina/argentina-tiene-una-replica-futbolera-de-la-capilla-sixtina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213231938/http://www.voydeviaje.com.ar/argentina/argentina-tiene-una-replica-futbolera-de-la-capilla-sixtina |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=Voy de Viaje |location=Córdoba, Argentina |number=}}</ref><br />
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[[Madame Tussauds]] unveiled a wax sculpture of Messi at [[Wembley Stadium]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi's Madame Tussauds Waxwork Unveiled At Wembley |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/09/19/lionel-messis-madame-tussauds-waxwork-unveiled_n_1896126.html |access-date=12 July 2023 |work=Huffington Post |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712184457/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/09/19/lionel-messis-madame-tussauds-waxwork-unveiled_n_1896126.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Several days after Messi announced his retirement from [[Argentina national football team|Argentina's national team]] in June 2016, a bronze statue of him was erected in [[Buenos Aires]] in an attempt to convince him to return.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-29 |title=Messi statue unveiled in Argentina amid pleas for his return |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36666955 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-14 |title=The massive Messi mural and other artworks around the world |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/59654046 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=BBC Newsround |language=en-GB}}</ref> Following Argentina's 2022 World Cup victory, a life-sized statue of Messi holding the World Cup trophy was unveiled outside the [[CONMEBOL]] headquarters in [[Luque, Paraguay]] in March 2023. The statue of Messi stands alongside statues of [[Pelé]] and Maradona.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Messi statue to stand next to Maradona, Pele at CONMEBOL museum |work=Reuters |date=31 March 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/messi-statue-stand-next-maradona-pele-conmebol-museum-2023-03-28/ |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> On 13 December 2025, during Messi's [[Lionel Messi's 2025 India Tour|tour of India]], a 70-foot (21-metre) statue of Messi holding the World Cup trophy was unveiled at the Sree Bhumi Sporting Club in [[Lake Town, Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=Lionel Messi to unveil 70ft statue of himself on 'GOAT' tour |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c2k4p7xjn2zo |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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=== Media ===<br />
''[[Messi (2014 film)|Messi]]'', a documentary directed by [[Álex de la Iglesia]], premiered at the [[71st Venice International Film Festival]] in August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Barker |title=Venice Film Review: 'Messi' |work=Variety |date=27 August 2014 |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/venice-film-review-messi-1201292498/ |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214204931/https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/venice-film-review-messi-1201292498/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Messi's World Cup: The Rise of a Legend]]'', a biographical docuseries focusing on Messi's career, his highs and lows with the Argentina national football team, and their eventual success at the 2022 FIFA World Cup, aired on [[Apple TV+]] on 21 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Apple TV+ scores with documentary series featuring legendary football champion Lionel Messi and his FIFA World Cup career, culminating in his dramatic Qatar 2022 win |url=https://www.apple.com/tv-pr/news/2023/06/apple-tv-scores-with-documentary-series-featuring-legendary-football-champion-lionel-messi-and-his-fifa-world-cup-career-culminating-in-his-dramatic-qatar-2022-win/ |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=[[Apple TV+|Apple.com]] |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221185342/https://www.apple.com/tv-pr/news/2023/06/apple-tv-scores-with-documentary-series-featuring-legendary-football-champion-lionel-messi-and-his-fifa-world-cup-career-culminating-in-his-dramatic-qatar-2022-win/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Business ventures ===<br />
On 4 June 2024, Messi announced the release of [[Más+]], an American brand of [[Sports drink|sports drinks]] and [[energy drink]]s.<ref name="SafidDeen2024">{{cite web |last1=Deen |first1=Safid |title=Lionel Messi debuts new drink Mas+: How to get Messi's new drink online and in stores |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2024/06/04/mas-by-messi-how-to-buy-new-lionel-messi-drink-online-and-in-stores/73971194007/ |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024}}</ref> Messi created the drinks because he could not find a flavourful and healthy hydration option that suited his needs.<ref name="CNWYahoo">{{cite web |title=The World's Greatest Soccer Star Lionel Messi Unveils His Next-Generation Hydration Drink to Canadians – Más+ by Messi – Created to Inspire Everyone to Feel Like a Champion in Every Part of Life |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/worlds-greatest-soccer-star-lionel-120000539.html |website=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |publisher=CNW Group |access-date=17 July 2024 |date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="SafidDeen2024" /><ref name="JessicaBroadbent2024">{{cite web |last1=Broadbent |first1=Jessica |title=Will Mas+ by Messi stand the test of time? |url=https://www.just-drinks.com/explainer/will-mas-by-messi-stand-the-test-of-time/?cf-view |website=JustDrinks.com |access-date=16 July 2024 |date=14 June 2024}}</ref> On 19 September, Messi launched the production company 525 Rosario, which will produce films, sporting events coverage and branded commercials for athletes worldwide. It is a joint venture with Smuggler Entertainment, which co-produced ''Messi's World Cup: The Rise of a Legend'' earlier in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Lizzy |last= Becherano |title=Lionel Messi launches production company named 525 Rosario |work=ESPN |date=19 September 2024 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/41328798/lionel-messi-launches-production-company-named-525-rosario }}</ref> In 2025, Messi was invited by his [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]] teammate [[Luis Suárez]] to play a role in [[Deportivo LSM]], the Uruguayan professional football club that Suárez founded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Associated |date=2025-05-27 |title=Lionel Messi joins Luis Suárez to launch team in Uruguay |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45347510/lionel-messi-luis-suarez-launch-soccer-team-uruguay-inter-miami |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Philanthropy ==<br />
Throughout his career, Messi has been involved in charitable efforts aimed at children, a commitment that stems in part from the medical difficulties he faced in his own childhood. Since 2004, he has contributed his time and finances to the [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF), an organisation that has also collaborated with [[FC Barcelona]].<ref name="Leo Messi: Goodwill Ambassador">{{Cite web |title=Leo Messi: Goodwill Ambassador |work=UNICEF |date=25 May 2012 |url=http://www.unicef.org/people/people_52964.html |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002825/http://www.unicef.org/people/people_52964.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Iain |last1=Rogers |first2=Justin |last2=Palmer |title=Barcelona Extend UNICEF Shirt Deal to 2016 |work=Reuters |date=12 November 2013 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-spain-barcelona-unicef-idUSBRE9AB0NZ20131112 |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124194912/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/12/us-soccer-spain-barcelona-unicef-idUSBRE9AB0NZ20131112}}</ref> Messi has served as a [[UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]] since 2010; he completed his first field mission for the organisation that year as he travelled to Haiti to bring awareness to the plight of the country's children following the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]]. He has since participated in UNICEF campaigns related to [[Prevention of HIV/AIDS|HIV prevention]], education, and the social inclusion of disabled children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2015 |title=Leo Messi Activity Highlights |url=http://www.unicef.org/people/people_52965.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144838/https://www.unicef.org/people/people_52965.html|archive-date=7 September 2018|access-date=30 July 2021 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> In November 2013, Messi and his one-year-old son Thiago were part of a publicity campaign to raise awareness of mortality rates among disadvantaged children.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Leo Messi's Son Turns One and Celebrates with UNICEF |publisher=UNICEF |date=28 October 2013 |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_70751.html|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810091152/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_70751.html|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref><br />
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In 2007, Messi launched the Leo Messi Foundation, which supports access to health care, education, and sport for children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionel Messi Fast Facts |publisher=CNN |date=25 June 2015 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/08/europe/lionel-messi-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109181514/https://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/08/world/europe/lionel-messi-fast-facts/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was established following Messi's visit to a hospital in Boston for terminally ill children, an experience that resonated with him to the point that he decided to reinvest part of his earnings into society.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=576–577}} Through his foundation, Messi has awarded research grants, financed medical training, and invested in the development of medical centres and projects in Argentina, Spain, and elsewhere in the world.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=576–577}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ooredoo, Messi Foundation Continue Expansion: Three New Mobile Health Clinics Launched in Algeria |newspaper=Arab Times |date=3 August 2015 |url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/ooredoo-messi-foundation-continue-expansion/ |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174559/http://www.arabtimesonline.com/ooredoo-messi-foundation-continue-expansion/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to receiving funds from Messi's own fundraising activities, the foundation receives financial support from various companies which have endorsement agreements with Messi, with Adidas as the main sponsor.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lionel Messi and Friends' Soccer Tour Is One of Many Causes Argentine Superstar Supports |publisher=New England Sports Network |date=22 June 2012 |url=http://nesn.com/2012/06/lionel-messi-and-friends-soccer-tour-is-one-of-many-causes-argentine-superstar-supports/ |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111100702/https://nesn.com/2012/06/lionel-messi-and-friends-soccer-tour-is-one-of-many-causes-argentine-superstar-supports/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partners |publisher=Leo Messi Foundation |url=http://www.fundacionleomessi.org/nuestros-partners/ |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318214259/http://www.fundacionleomessi.org/nuestros-partners/ }}</ref> A gold replica of Messi's left foot, weighing {{convert|25|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and valued at $5.3&nbsp;million, went on sale in Japan in 2013 to raise funds for victims of the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Messi's Left Foot – Yours for $5.25 Million |publisher=CNN |date=6 March 2013 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/06/sport/football/football-leo-messi-golden-foot/ |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915085802/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/06/sport/football/football-leo-messi-golden-foot/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Messi has invested in youth football in Argentina. He supports Sarmiento, a football club based in the Rosario neighbourhood where he was born, and in 2013 he committed to the refurbishment of the club's facilities and the installation of all-weather pitches. Messi also financially supports the management of several youth players at [[Newell's Old Boys]] (his boyhood club) and rival club [[Rosario Central]], as well as at [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] and [[Boca Juniors]] in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=576–577}} In 2012, Messi funded the construction of a new gymnasium and a dormitory inside Newell's [[Estadio Marcelo Bielsa|stadium]] for their youth academy. His youth coach at Newell's, Ernesto Vecchio, is employed by the Leo Messi Foundation as a talent scout for young players.<ref name="Here" /> On 7 June 2016, Messi won a libel case against [[La Razón (Madrid)|''La Razón'' newspaper]] and was awarded €65,000 in damages, which he donated to the charity [[Médecins Sans Frontières]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.espnfc.com/spanish-primera-division/story/2887818/argentinas-lionel-messi-wins-libel-case-and-donates-damages-to-charity |title=Argentina's Lionel Messi wins libel case, donates damages to charity |work=ESPN |date=7 June 2016 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818095407/http://www.espnfc.com/spanish-primera-division/story/2887818/argentinas-lionel-messi-wins-libel-case-and-donates-damages-to-charity |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Messi and his FC Barcelona teammates announced they would take a 70% salary cut to offset the club's financial losses, and said they would make further contributions to ensure club employees received full salaries while unable to work.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2020/03/30/lionel-messis-coronavirus-wage-cut-could-cost-him-50-million/ |title=Lionel Messi's Coronavirus Wage Cut Could Cost Him $50 Million |first=Christina |last=Settimi |work=Forbes |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620003356/https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2020/03/30/lionel-messis-coronavirus-wage-cut-could-cost-him-50-million/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi also donated €1 million to fight the spread of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Messi, Guardiola donate $1.08 million each to coronavirus battle |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-soccer-spain/messi-guardiola-donate-1-08-million-each-to-coronavirus-battle-idUSKBN21B3HV |work=Reuters |date=25 March 2020 |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107173426/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-soccer-spain/messi-guardiola-donate-1-08-million-each-to-coronavirus-battle-idUSKBN21B3HV |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wfsb.com/cristiano-ronaldo-and-lionel-messi-donate-to-hospitals-in-fight-against-coronavirus/article_1c669479-5ee2-5bb5-8ebd-77b9af3f36e2.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi donate to hospitals in fight against coronavirus |first=Matias |last=Grez |work=WFSB|access-date=8 April 2020|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408025857/https://www.wfsb.com/cristiano-ronaldo-and-lionel-messi-donate-to-hospitals-in-fight-against-coronavirus/article_1c669479-5ee2-5bb5-8ebd-77b9af3f36e2.html}}</ref><br />
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In November 2016, while the [[Argentine Football Association]] was being run by a FIFA committee due to an economic crisis, three of the national team's security staff told Messi that they had not received their salaries for six months. He paid the salaries of the three employees.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Argentina federation to have affairs managed by emergency FIFA panel |work=ESPN |date=24 June 2016 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/fifa/243/post/2901179/argentina-federation-to-have-affairs-managed-by-emergency-fifa-panel |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=19 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119121357/http://www.espnfc.com/blog/fifa/243/post/2901179/argentina-federation-to-have-affairs-managed-by-emergency-fifa-panel |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Messi paid the salaries of Argentina's security team |newspaper=Marca |location=Spain |date=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2016/11/18/582f53b822601d46758b4610.html |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109153942/https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2016/11/18/582f53b822601d46758b4610.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2021, Messi made a donation to the {{lang|ca|[[Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya]]|italic=no}}: the Adidas shoes he wore when he scored his 644th goal for Barcelona and broke [[Pelé]]'s record for most goals scored for a single club. The museum later auctioned off the shoes for £125,000 to support a charity focused on children with cancer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sport |date=12 February 2021 |title=Adidas and Messi donate boots to Art Museum to be auctioned in April |url=https://www.sport.es/en/news/barca/adidas-and-messi-donate-boots-to-art-museum-to-be-auctioned-in-april-11514617 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Sport |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212114929/https://www.sport.es/en/news/barca/adidas-and-messi-donate-boots-to-art-museum-to-be-auctioned-in-april-11514617 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Ahead of the [[2021 Copa América]], Messi donated three signed sweatshirts to the Chinese pharmaceutical firm [[Sinovac Biotech]] – whose directors spoke of their admiration for Messi – in order to secure 50,000 doses of Sinovac's [[COVID-19 vaccine]], [[CoronaVac]], in the hope of vaccinating all South American football players. The plan, which was brokered by Uruguay's president [[Luis Lacalle Pou]], caused some controversy for its focus on football players, given widespread vaccine scarcity on the continent.<ref name="Vac">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/14/lionel-messi-helps-obtain-50000-covid-vaccines-for-south-american-players |title=Lionel Messi helps obtain 50,000 Covid vaccines for South American players |first=Goni |last=Uki |work=The Guardian |date=14 April 2021|access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref> In January 2025, Messi was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the highest civilian award of the United States, for his contributions to healthcare and education programs for children around the world.<ref name="PMOF">{{cite web |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2025/01/04/president-biden-announces-recipients-of-the-presidential-medal-of-freedom-3/ |title=President Biden Announces Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom |publisher=[[The White House]] |date=4 January 2025 |access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Deen |first=Safid |title=Lionel Messi unable to attend Presidential Medal of Freedom ceremony. Here's why. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2025/01/04/heres-why-messi-did-not-attend-presidential-medal-of-freedom-ceremony/77457448007/ |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=7 January 2025 |date=4 January 2025 |archive-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106132734/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2025/01/04/heres-why-messi-did-not-attend-presidential-medal-of-freedom-ceremony/77457448007/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
=== Family and relationships ===<br />
Since 2008, Messi has been in a relationship with [[Antonela Roccuzzo]], who he eventually married on 30 June 2017 in their hometown of [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://usahint.com/sports/lionel-messis-wife-absence-world-cup-759/ |title=Lionel Messi's wife explains her absence at World Cup opener that left him broken hearted |work=USAHint |date=21 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701061408/http://usahint.com/sports/lionel-messis-wife-absence-world-cup-759/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.ie/style/weddings/lionel-messi-marries-stunning-childhood-sweetheart-antonella-roccuzzo-in-argentine-home-town-35883938.html |title=Lionel Messi marries stunning childhood sweetheart Antonella Roccuzzo in Argentine home town |access-date=1 July 2017 |newspaper=Irish Independent |date=July 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102939/http://www.independent.ie/style/weddings/lionel-messi-marries-stunning-childhood-sweetheart-antonella-roccuzzo-in-argentine-home-town-35883938.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Roccuzzo is the cousin of Messi's childhood best friend, [[Lucas Scaglia]], and Messi has known her since he was five years old.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-40454654 |title=Argentina hosts Lionel Messi's 'wedding of the century' |access-date=1 July 2017 |work=BBC News |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630232429/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-40454654 |url-status=live}}</ref> After keeping their relationship private for a year, Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009, before going public a month later during a carnival in [[Sitges]] after the [[Derbi Barceloní|Barcelona–Espanyol derby]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Amy |last=Francombe |title=Antonela Roccuzzo – the first lady of Argentinean football |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=Evening Standard |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219183820/https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/antonella-roccuzzo-lionel-messi-wife-b1048246.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Messi and Roccuzzo have three sons. To celebrate Roccuzzo's first pregnancy, Messi placed the ball under his shirt after scoring in Argentina's 4–0 win against Ecuador on 2 June 2012, before confirming the pregnancy in an interview two weeks later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Messi Shares Baby Joy |publisher=beIN Sports |date=17 June 2012 |url=http://www.beinsports.tv/news/title/messi-shares-baby-joy/article/3my803vek9sw1ky0beeucau3b}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref> The child, a son named Thiago, was born in Barcelona on 2 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Messi Junior Named Thiago |publisher=ESPN FC |date=2 November 2012 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/1211817/messi-becomes-a-father-son-named-thiago |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134241/http://www.espnfc.com/story/1211817/messi-becomes-a-father-son-named-thiago |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, Messi confirmed that they were expecting another child.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionel Messi's Wife Expecting Second Child, Barcelona Star Says |publisher=ESPN FC |date=30 April 2015 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/barcelona/story/2426028/lionel-messis-wife-expecting-second-child-barca-star-says |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002551/http://www.espnfc.com/barcelona/story/2426028/lionel-messis-wife-expecting-second-child-barca-star-says |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2017, his wife announced they were expecting their third child.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/the-toe-poke/65/post/3230393/lionel-messi-and-wife-antonella-roccuzzo-expecting-their-third-child |title=Lionel Messi and wife Antonella Roccuzzo expecting their third child |publisher=ESPN FC |date=15 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112235/http://www.espnfc.com/blog/the-toe-poke/65/post/3230393/lionel-messi-and-wife-antonella-roccuzzo-expecting-their-third-child |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi and his family are [[Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lisi |first1=Clemente |title=A Messi situation: Examining the faith of the world's greatest soccer player |url=https://religionunplugged.com/news/2020/9/16/lionel-messi-examining-the-faith-of-the-worlds-greatest-soccer-player |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=[[Religion Unplugged]] |date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218055412/https://religionunplugged.com/news/2020/9/16/lionel-messi-examining-the-faith-of-the-worlds-greatest-soccer-player |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Messi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members, particularly his mother, Celia, whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder. His professional affairs are largely run as a family business: his father, Jorge, has been his agent since he was 14, and his oldest brother, Rodrigo, handles his daily schedule and publicity. His mother and other brother, Matías, manage his charitable organisation, the Leo Messi Foundation, and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario.{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=31, 143, 570}}<br />
<br />
Since leaving for Spain at age 13, Messi has maintained close ties to Rosario, even preserving his distinct [[Rioplatense Spanish|Rosarino accent]]. He has retained ownership of his family's old house, although it has long stood empty, and he maintains a penthouse apartment in an exclusive residential building for his mother, as well as a family compound just outside the city. Messi keeps in frequent contact with a small group of confidants in Rosario, most of whom were fellow members of "The Machine of '87" at [[Newell's Old Boys]]. He was on bad terms with the club after his transfer to Barcelona, but by 2012 their public feud had ended, with Newell's embracing their ties with Messi, even issuing a club membership card to his newborn son.<ref name="Here" />{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=576–577}}<ref>{{Cite web |first=Chris |last=Wright |title=After Just 72 Hours on the Planet, Thiago Messi Signs for Newell's Old Boys |publisher=ESPN FC |date=5 November 2012 |url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/the-toe-poke/65/post/1850358/after-just-72-hours-on-the-planet-thiago-messi-signs-for-newells-old-boys |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126182132/http://www.espnfc.com/blog/the-toe-poke/65/post/1850358/after-just-72-hours-on-the-planet-thiago-messi-signs-for-newells-old-boys |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi has long planned to return to Rosario to end his playing career at Newell's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionel Messi reaffirms desire to return to Newell's Old Boys before retirement |url=https://www.espn.com.au/football/argentina/story/2943890/lionel-messi-reaffirms-desire-to-return-to-newells-old-boys-before-retirement |work=ESPN FC |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520090716/https://www.espn.com.au/football/argentina/story/2943890/lionel-messi-reaffirms-desire-to-return-to-newells-old-boys-before-retirement |url-status=live}}</ref> Messi has citizenship in Argentina, Italy, and Spain.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Montes |first1=Silvia |title=Leo Messi, llamado a votar en las próximas elecciones italianas |url=https://as.com/tikitakas/2019/05/04/portada/1556974023_395209.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Diario AS |date=4 May 2019 |language=es |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820190043/https://as.com/tikitakas/2019/05/04/portada/1556974023_395209.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Tax fraud ===<br />
Messi came under investigation in 2013 for suspected [[tax evasion]]. Offshore companies in [[tax haven]]s such as [[Uruguay]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Belize]] were used to evade €4.1&nbsp;million in taxes related to his sponsorship earnings between 2007 and 2009. Messi, who pleaded ignorance to the scheme, voluntarily paid arrears of €5.1&nbsp;million in August 2013. On 6 July 2016, Messi and his father were both found guilty of tax fraud and were given [[Suspended sentence|suspended]] 21-month prison sentences and ordered to pay €1.7&nbsp;million and €1.4&nbsp;million in fines, respectively.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2016/07/06/lionel-messi-tax-fraud-prison-jail-sentence |title=Messi, father guilty of tax fraud, given suspended 21-month sentences |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707152733/http://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2016/07/06/lionel-messi-tax-fraud-prison-jail-sentence |url-status=live}}</ref> In court, Messi told the judge, "I just played football. I signed the contracts because I trusted my dad and the lawyers and we had decided that they would take charge of those things." An unrelated [[shell company]] in Panama set up in 2012 was subsequently identified as belonging to the Messis in the [[Panama Papers]] data leak.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.espnfc.com/spanish-primera-division/story/2884966/barcelonas-lionel-messi-in-tax-court-i-played-football-and-trusted-my-dad |title=Barcelona's Lionel Messi in tax court: I played football and trusted my father |work=ESPN FC |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112233/http://www.espnfc.com/spanish-primera-division/story/2884966/barcelonas-lionel-messi-in-tax-court-i-played-football-and-trusted-my-dad |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career statistics ==<br />
=== Club ===<br />
{{updated|match played 22 March 2026}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<br />
!rowspan="2"|Club<br />
!rowspan="2"|Season<br />
!colspan="3"|League<br />
!colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[Coupe de France]], [[U.S. Open Cup]]}}<br />
!colspan="2"|Continental{{efn|All appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], unless otherwise noted}}<br />
!colspan="2"|Other<br />
!colspan="2"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br />
|-<br />
|[[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]]<br />
|{{nowrap|[[2003–04 Tercera División|2003–04]]{{sfn|Caioli|2012|pp=69–71}}}}<br />
|[[Tercera División]]<br />
|10 || 5 || colspan="2"|— || colspan="2"|— || colspan="2"|— || 10 || 5<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]]<br />
|[[2003–04 Segunda División B|2003–04]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2003–04 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2003-04 |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630165905/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2003-04 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|[[Segunda División B]]<br />
|5 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || colspan="2"|— || colspan="2"|— || 5 || 0<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004–05 Segunda División B|2004–05]]<ref name="Matches 2004–05">{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2004–05 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2004-05 |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630175258/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2004-05 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|Segunda División B<br />
|17 || 6 || colspan="2"|— || colspan="2"|— || colspan="2"|— || 17 || 6<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|Total<br />
!22!!6!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!22!!6<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="18"|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]<br />
|[[2004–05 FC Barcelona season|2004–05]]<ref name="Matches 2004–05" /><br />
|[[La Liga]]<br />
|7 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 9 || 1<br />
|-<br />
|[[2005–06 FC Barcelona season|2005–06]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2005–06 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2005-06 |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630200019/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2005-06 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|17 || 6 || 2 || 1 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 25 || 8<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006–07 FC Barcelona season|2006–07]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2006–07 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2006-07 |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212928/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2006-07 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|26 || 14 || 2 || 2 || 5 || 1 || 3{{efn|One appearance in [[UEFA Super Cup]], two appearances in [[Supercopa de España]]}} || 0 || 36 || 17<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007–08 FC Barcelona season|2007–08]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2007–08 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2007-08 |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630205507/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2007-08 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|28 || 10 || 3 || 0 || 9 || 6 || colspan="2"|— || 40 || 16<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008–09 FC Barcelona season|2008–09]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2008–09 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2008-09 |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209091527/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2008-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|31 || 23 || 8 || 6 || 12 || 9 || colspan="2"|— || 51 || 38<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009–10 FC Barcelona season|2009–10]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2009–10 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2009-10 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318114330/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2009-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|35 || 34 || 3 || 1 || 11 || 8 || 4{{efn|One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance and two goals in Supercopa de España, two appearances and two goals in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} || 4 || 53 || 47<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010–11 FC Barcelona season|2010–11]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2010–11 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2010-11 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630194758/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2010-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|33 || 31 || 7 || 7 || 13 || 12 || 2{{efn|name=SDE|Appearance(s) in Supercopa de España}} || 3 || 55 || 53<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011–12 FC Barcelona season|2011–12]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2011–12 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2011-12 |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318162042/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2011-12 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|37 || 50 || 7 || 3 || 11 || 14 || 5{{efn|One appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances and three goals in Supercopa de España, two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup}} || 6 || 60 || 73<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012–13 FC Barcelona season|2012–13]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2012–13 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2012-13 |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318133303/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2012-13 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|32 || 46 || 5 || 4 || 11 || 8 || 2{{efn|name=SDE}} || 2 || 50 || 60<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013–14 FC Barcelona season|2013–14]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2013–14 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2013-14 |access-date=10 August 2015 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810163710/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2013-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|31 || 28 || 6 || 5 || 7 || 8 || 2{{efn|name=SDE}} || 0 || 46 || 41<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014–15 FC Barcelona season|2014–15]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2014–15 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2014-15 |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915085528/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2014-15 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|38 || 43 || 6 || 5 || 13 || 10 || colspan="2"|— || 57 || 58<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015–16 FC Barcelona season|2015–16]]<ref name="Matches 2015–16">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2015–16 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2015-16 |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915085556/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2015-16 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|33 || 26 || 5 || 5 || 7 || 6 || 4{{efn|One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances and one goal in Supercopa de España, one appearance and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup}} || 4 || 49 || 41<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016–17 FC Barcelona season|2016–17]]<ref name="Matches 2016–17">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2016–17 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2016-17 |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821010456/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2016-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|34 || 37 || 7 || 5 || 9 || 11 || 2{{efn|name=SDE}} || 1 || 52 || 54<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017–18 FC Barcelona season|2017–18]]<ref name="Matches 2017–18">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2017–18 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2017-18 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014537/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2017-18 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|36 || 34 || 6 || 4 || 10 || 6 || 2{{efn|name=SDE}} || 1 || 54 || 45<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018–19 FC Barcelona season|2018–19]]<ref name="Matches 2018–19">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2018–19 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2018-19 |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821010232/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2018-19 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|34 || 36 || 5 || 3 || 10 || 12 || 1{{efn|name=SDE}} || 0 || 50 || 51<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019–20 FC Barcelona season|2019–20]]<ref name="Matches 2019–20">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2019–20 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2019-20 |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706113637/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2019-20 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|33 || 25 || 2 || 2 || 8 || 3 || 1{{efn|name=SDE}} || 1 || 44 || 31<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020–21 FC Barcelona season|2020–21]]<ref name="Matches 2020–21">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2020–21 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2020-21 |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014539/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2020-21 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|La Liga<br />
|35 || 30 || 5 || 3 || 6 || 5 || 1{{efn|name=SDE}} || 0 || 47 || 38<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|Total<br />
!520 || 474 || 80 || 56 || 149 || 120 || 29 || 22 || 778 || 672<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]]<br />
|[[2021–22 Paris Saint-Germain FC season|2021–22]]<ref name="Matches 2021–22">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2021–22 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2021-22 |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130204328/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2021-22 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|[[Ligue 1]]<br />
|26 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 7 || 5 || colspan="2"|— || 34 || 11<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022–23 Paris Saint-Germain FC season|2022–23]]<ref name="Matches 2022–23">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2022–23 |publisher=BDFutbol |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2022-23 |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821010233/https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j1753.html?temp=2022-23 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|Ligue 1<br />
|32 || 16 || 1 || 0 || 7 || 4 || 1{{efn|Appearance in [[Trophée des Champions]]}} || 1 || 41 || 21<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|Total<br />
!58 || 22 || 2 || 0 || 14 || 9 || 1 || 1 || 75 || 32<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]]<br />
|[[2023 Inter Miami CF season|2023]]<br />
|[[Major League Soccer|MLS]]<br />
|6 || 1 || 1 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 7{{efn|Appearances in [[Leagues Cup]]}} || 10 || 14 || 11<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Inter Miami CF season|2024]]<br />
|MLS<br />
|19 || 20 || colspan="2"|— || 3{{efn|name=CCC|Appearances in [[CONCACAF Champions Cup]]}} || 2 || 3{{efn|Appearances in [[MLS Cup playoffs]]}} || 1 || 25 || 23<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Inter Miami CF season|2025]]<br />
|MLS<br />
|28 || 29 || colspan="2" |— ||7{{efn|name=CCC}} || 5 || 14{{efn|Four appearances and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup, four appearances and two goals in Leagues Cup, six appearances and six goals in MLS Cup playoffs}} || 9 || 49 || 43<br />
|-<br />
|[[2026 Inter Miami CF season|2026]]<br />
|MLS<br />
|4 || 4 || colspan="2" |— ||2{{efn|name=CCC}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 5<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
!57 || 54 || 1 || 0 || 12 || 8 || 24 || 20 || 94 || 82<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |Career total<br />
!667 || 561 || 83 || 56 || 175 || 137 || 54 || 43 || 979 || 797<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== International ===<br />
{{See also|List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi}}<br />
{{updated|match played 27 March 2026}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Appearances and goals by national team, year and competition<br />
!rowspan="2"|Team<br />
!rowspan="2"|Year<br />
!colspan="2"|Competitive<br />
!colspan="2"|Friendly<br />
!colspan="2"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3 | [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]]{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=209–219}}{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=220–240}}<br />
|2004<br />
|colspan=2 | —<br />
| 2<br />
| 3<br />
| 2<br />
| 3<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|16{{efn|Nine appearances and five goals in the [[2005 South American U-20 Championship]], seven appearances and six goals in the [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship]].}}<br />
| 11<br />
| colspan=2|—<br />
| 16<br />
| 11<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
! 16<br />
! 11<br />
! 2<br />
! 3<br />
! 18<br />
! 14<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina U23]]{{sfn|Balagué|2013|pp=436–437}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Saaid |first=Hamdan |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol2008f-det.html |title=Games of the XXIX. Olympiad |publisher=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]] |date=12 September 2008 |access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><br />
|2008<br />
|5{{efn|Appearances in the [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008 Summer Olympics]].}} || 2 || colspan=2|— || 5{{efn-lg|name=U23|Does not include an [[Non-FIFA international football|unofficial friendly match]] played on 24 May 2008 in Barcelona between Argentina U23 and the [[Catalonia national football team]],<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527190720/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/05/24/barcelona/1211658712.html |url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/05/24/barcelona/1211658712.html |title=La selección catalana pierde ante Argentina (0–1) en un partido marcado por la política |website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |archive-date=27 May 2008 |date=24 May 2008 |url-status=live |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225161247/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/2008/05/25/pagina-18/1396683/pdf.html |url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/2008/05/25/pagina-18/1396683/pdf.html |title=Fiesta y equilibrio |website=[[Mundo Deportivo]] |page=18 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |date=25 May 2008 |url-status=live |language=es}}</ref> as Catalonia is not affiliated with either [[FIFA]] or [[UEFA]] as a [[List of men's national association football teams|national member association]] and is therefore not allowed to participate in official competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawkey |first=Ian |title=Catalonia and Basque Country reignite call for independent national football identities |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/spain/10541466/Catalonia-and-Basque-Country-reignite-call-for-independent-national-football-identities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228184034/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/spain/10541466/Catalonia-and-Basque-Country-reignite-call-for-independent-national-football-identities.html |archive-date=28 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
| 2<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
! 5<br />
! 2<br />
! 0<br />
! 0<br />
! 5<br />
! 2<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=23|[[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]<ref name="Century" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionel Messi: Player Profile |publisher=ESPN FC |url=http://www.espnfc.com/player/45843/lionel-messi |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011072031/http://www.espnfc.com/player/45843/lionel-messi |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|scope=row|2005<br />
| 3{{efn|Appearances in [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 0<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
| 5<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2006<br />
| 3{{efn|Appearances in [[2006 FIFA World Cup]].}}<br />
| 1<br />
| 4<br />
| 1<br />
| 7<br />
| 2<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2007<br />
| 10{{efn|Six appearances and two goals in [[2007 Copa América]], four appearances and two goals in [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 4<br />
| 4<br />
| 2<br />
| 14<br />
| 6<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2008<br />
| 6{{efn|name=WCQ10|Appearances in [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 1<br />
| 2<br />
| 1<br />
| 8<br />
| 2<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2009<br />
| 8{{efn|name=WCQ10}}<br />
| 1<br />
| 2<br />
| 2<br />
| 10<br />
| 3<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2010<br />
| 5{{efn|Appearances in [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].}}<br />
| 0<br />
| 5<br />
| 2<br />
| 10<br />
| 2<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2011<br />
| 8{{efn|Four appearances in [[2011 Copa América]], four appearances and two goals in [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 2<br />
| 5<br />
| 2<br />
| 13<br />
| 4<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2012<br />
| 5{{efn|name=WCQ14|Appearances in [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 5<br />
| 4<br />
| 7<br />
| 9<br />
| 12<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2013<br />
| 5{{efn|name=WCQ14}}<br />
| 3<br />
| 2<br />
| 3<br />
| 7<br />
| 6<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2014<br />
| 7{{efn|Appearances in [[2014 FIFA World Cup]].}}<br />
| 4<br />
| 7<br />
| 4<br />
| 14<br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2015<br />
| 6{{efn|Appearances in [[2015 Copa América]].}}<br />
| 1<br />
| 2<br />
| 3<br />
| 8<br />
| 4<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2016<br />
| 10{{efn|Five appearances and three goals in [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]], five appearances and five goals in [[Copa América Centenario]].}}<br />
| 8<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 11<br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2017<br />
| 5{{efn|Appearances in [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 4<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
| 7<br />
| 4<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2018<br />
| 4{{efn|Appearances in [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].}}<br />
| 1<br />
| 1<br />
| 3<br />
| 5<br />
| 4<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2019<br />
| 6{{efn|Appearances in [[2019 Copa América]].}}<br />
| 1<br />
| 4<br />
| 4<br />
| 10<br />
| 5<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2020<br />
| 4{{efn|Appearances in [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 1<br />
|colspan=2| —<br />
| 4<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2021<br />
| 16{{efn|Nine appearances and five goals in [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]], seven appearances and four goals in [[2021 Copa América]].}}<br />
| 9<br />
|colspan=2| —<br />
| 16<br />
| 9<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2022<br />
| 10{{efn|Two appearances and one goal in [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]], one appearance in [[2022 Finalissima]], seven appearances and seven goals in [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].}}<br />
| 8<br />
| 4<br />
| 10<br />
| 14<br />
| 18<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2023<br />
| 5{{efn|name=WCQ26|Appearances in [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 3<br />
| 3<br />
| 5<br />
| 8<br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2024<br />
| 9{{efn|Five appearances and one goal in [[2024 Copa América]], four appearances and three goals in [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification]].}}<br />
| 4<br />
| 2<br />
| 2<br />
| 11<br />
| 6<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2025<br />
| 3{{efn|name=WCQ26}}<br />
| 2<br />
| 2<br />
| 1<br />
| 5<br />
| 3<br />
|-<br />
|scope=row|2026<br />
| colspan="2"|—<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
!scope=row|Total<br />
! 138<br />
! 63<br />
! 59<br />
! 52<br />
! 197<br />
! 115<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2|Career total<br />
! 159<br />
! 74<br />
! 61<br />
! 55<br />
! 220<br />
! 131<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
{{For|a comprehensive listing of Messi's achievements|List of career achievements by Lionel Messi}}'''Barcelona'''<ref name="BarcelonaHonours" /><ref name="FIFAHonours" /><ref name="ElGrafico" /><br />
* [[La Liga]]: [[2004–05 La Liga|2004–05]], [[2005–06 La Liga|2005–06]], [[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]], [[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]], [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], [[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]], [[2014–15 La Liga|2014–15]], [[2015–16 La Liga|2015–16]], [[2017–18 La Liga|2017–18]], [[2018–19 La Liga|2018–19]]<br />
* [[Copa del Rey]]: [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|2008–09]], [[2011–12 Copa del Rey|2011–12]], [[2014–15 Copa del Rey|2014–15]], [[2015–16 Copa del Rey|2015–16]], [[2016–17 Copa del Rey|2016–17]], [[2017–18 Copa del Rey|2017–18]], [[2020–21 Copa del Rey|2020–21]]<br />
* [[Supercopa de España]]:{{refn|group=note|name=TrophiesNote}}<!-- The 2005 trophy should not be added, per previous consensus at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/Archive 132#Player Honours--> [[2006 Supercopa de España|2006]], [[2009 Supercopa de España|2009]], [[2010 Supercopa de España|2010]], [[2011 Supercopa de España|2011]], [[2013 Supercopa de España|2013]], [[2016 Supercopa de España|2016]], [[2018 Supercopa de España|2018]]<br />
* [[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2005–06 UEFA Champions League|2005–06]], [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|2008–09]], [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League|2010–11]], [[2014–15 UEFA Champions League|2014–15]]<br />
* [[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|2009]], [[2011 UEFA Super Cup|2011]], [[2015 UEFA Super Cup|2015]]<br />
* [[FIFA Club World Cup]]: [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|2009]], [[2011 FIFA Club World Cup|2011]], [[2015 FIFA Club World Cup|2015]]<br />
<br />
'''Paris Saint-Germain'''<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><ref name="ElGrafico" /><br />
* [[Ligue 1]]: [[2021–22 Ligue 1|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Ligue 1|2022–23]]<br />
* [[Trophée des Champions]]: [[2022 Trophée des Champions|2022]]<br />
<br />
'''Inter Miami'''{{refn|group=note|name=TrophiesNote}}<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><ref name="ElGrafico" /><br />
*[[MLS Cup]]: [[MLS Cup 2025|2025]]<br />
*[[Supporters' Shield]]: [[2024 Major League Soccer season|2024]]<br />
*[[Leagues Cup]]: [[2023 Leagues Cup|2023]]<br />
<br />
'''Argentina U20'''<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><ref name="ElGrafico" /><br />
* [[FIFA World Youth Championship]]: [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005]]<br />
<br />
'''Argentina U23'''<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><ref name="ElGrafico" /><br />
* [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]: [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008]]<br />
<br />
'''Argentina'''<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><ref name="ElGrafico" /><br />
* [[FIFA World Cup]]: [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]<br />
* [[Copa América]]: [[2021 Copa América|2021]], [[2024 Copa América|2024]]<br />
* [[Finalissima]]: [[2022 Finalissima|2022]]<br />
<br />
'''Individual'''<br />
* [[Ballon d'Or]]: [[2009 Ballon d'Or|2009]], [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2010]], [[2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2011]], [[2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2012]], [[2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2015]], [[2019 Ballon d'Or|2019]], [[2021 Ballon d'Or|2021]], [[2023 Ballon d'Or|2023]]{{refn|group=note|name=BDOFIFA}}<br />
* [[FIFA World Player of the Year]]/[[FIFA Ballon d'Or]]/[[The Best FIFA Men's Player]]: [[2009 FIFA World Player of the Year|2009]], [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2010]], [[2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2011]], [[2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2012]], [[2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2015]], [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2019|2019]], [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2022|2022]], [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2023|2023]]{{refn|group=note|name=BDOFIFA}}<br />
* [[FIFA World Cup awards#Golden Ball|FIFA World Cup Golden Ball]]: [[2014 FIFA World Cup#Awards|2014]], [[2022 FIFA World Cup#Awards|2022]]<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |editor1=Toby Davis |editor2=Ed Osmond |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/lionel-messi-argentina-players-world-cup-goals-stats-career-highlights-2022-12-16/ |title=Argentina's Lionel Messi: World Cup goals, stats and career highlights |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 December 2022 |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205112252/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/lionel-messi-argentina-players-world-cup-goals-stats-career-highlights-2022-12-16/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[FIFA World Cup awards#Golden Boot|FIFA World Cup Silver Boot]]: [[2022 FIFA World Cup#Awards|2022]]<br />
* [[FIFA Club World Cup awards#Golden Ball|FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball]]: [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup#Awards|2009]], [[2011 FIFA Club World Cup#Awards|2011]]<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><br />
* [[FIFA U-20 World Cup records and statistics#Golden Ball|FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Ball]]: [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship#Awards|2005]]<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><br />
* [[FIFA U-20 World Cup records and statistics#Golden Boot|FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot]]: [[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship#Awards|2005]]<ref name="FIFAHonours" /><br />
* [[UEFA Club Footballer of the Year]]: [[UEFA Club Footballer of the Year#Winners|2008–09]]<br />
* [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award]]: [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award#2010–11|2010–11]], [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award#2014–15|2014–15]]<br />
* [[List of UEFA Champions League top scorers#Top scorers by season|UEFA Champions League top scorer]]: [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League#Top goalscorers|2008–09]], [[2009–10 UEFA Champions League#Top goalscorers|2009–10]], [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League#Top goalscorers|2010–11]], [[2011–12 UEFA Champions League#Top goalscorers|2011–12]], [[2014–15 UEFA Champions League#Top goalscorers|2014–15]], [[2018–19 UEFA Champions League#Top goalscorers|2018–19]]<br />
* [[European Golden Shoe]]: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19<ref name="SixthGoldenShoe" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Pettigrove |first=Jason |title=A Sixth Golden Shoe Sees Lionel Messi Stand Alone |date=16 October 2019 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonpettigrove/2019/10/16/a-sixth-golden-shoe-sees-lionel-messi-stand-alone/ |website=[[Forbes]] |issn=0015-6914 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019004931/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonpettigrove/2019/10/16/a-sixth-golden-shoe-sees-lionel-messi-stand-alone/ |archive-date=19 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Copa América awards#Golden Ball|Copa América Golden Ball]]: [[2015 Copa América#Awards|2015]], [[2021 Copa América#Awards|2021]]<br />
* [[Copa América awards#Golden Boot|Copa América Golden Boot]]: [[2021 Copa América#Awards|2021]]<br />
* [[La Liga Awards#Winners|La Liga Best Player]]: [[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]], [[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]], [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], [[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]], [[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]], [[2014–15 La Liga|2014–15]],<ref name="Honours">{{Cite news |first=Paul M. |last=Otero |title=Palmarés de un Genio: El Coleccionista de Trofeos |trans-title=Honours of a Genius: The Collector of Trophies |newspaper=Marca |location=Spain |date=12 November 2013 |language=es |url=http://www.marca.com/accesible/2013/11/12/futbol/equipos/barcelona/1384256483.html |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328162523/https://www.marca.com/accesible/2013/11/12/futbol/equipos/barcelona/1384256483.html |archive-date=28 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="MessiBest">{{Cite web |title=Messi, Mejor Delantero y Mejor Jugador |trans-title=Messi, Best Forward and Best Player |publisher=Liga de Fútbol Profesional |language=es |date=2 December 2013 |url=https://www.ligabbva.com/liga-bbva/126953/messi-mejor-delantero-y-mejor-jugador-cristiano-jugador-mas-valioso/ |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113604/https://www.ligabbva.com/liga-bbva/126953/messi-mejor-delantero-y-mejor-jugador-cristiano-jugador-mas-valioso/ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="2014–15BBVA">{{Cite web |title=Lionel Messi, 2014–15 Liga BBVA Best Player |publisher=Liga de Fútbol Profesional |date=30 November 2015 |url=http://www.laliga.es/en/noticias/lionel-messi-201415-liga-bbva-best-player |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322140218/https://www.laliga.es/en/noticias/lionel-messi-201415-liga-bbva-best-player |archive-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref> [[2016–17 La Liga|2016–17]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Messi Beats Cristiano Ronaldo To La Liga Best Player Award |website=soccerladuma |date=19 December 2017 |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/international/categories/messi-ronaldo-neymar-watch-1/lionel-messi-beats-cristiano-ronaldo-to-la-liga-best-player-award/285797 |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923140137/https://www.snl24.com/soccerladuma/international/messi-ronaldo-neymar-mbappe-watch/lionel-messi-beats-cristiano-ronaldo-to-la-liga-best-player-award-20171219 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2017–18 La Liga|2017–18]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Leo Messi reçoit le Pichichi et MVP de la Liga 2017–18 |publisher=FC Barcelona |date=12 November 2018 |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.fr/fr/photos/913399/leo-messi-recoit-le-pichichi-et-mvp-de-la-liga-2017-18|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923141051/https://www.fcbarcelona.fr/fr/photos/913399/leo-messi-recoit-le-pichichi-et-mvp-de-la-liga-2017-18|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2018–19 La Liga|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lionel Messi wins La Liga best player award for 2018–19 season |website=barcablaugranes.com |date=17 December 2019 |url=https://www.barcablaugranes.com/2019/12/17/21024688/lionel-messi-wins-la-liga-best-player-award-for-2018-19-season|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923140207/https://www.barcablaugranes.com/2019/12/17/21024688/lionel-messi-wins-la-liga-best-player-award-for-2018-19-season|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pla Diaz |first=Emilio |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |title=Spain - Footballer of the Year |publisher=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]] |date=17 January 2024 |access-date=7 December 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112164212/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[MLS Most Valuable Player]]: [[2024 Major League Soccer season#End-of-season awards|2024]], [[2025 Major League Soccer season#End-of-season awards|2025]]<ref name="MLSMVP">{{cite web |date=9 December 2025 |title=Inter Miami's Lionel Messi repeats as Landon Donovan MLS MVP |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/inter-miami-s-lionel-messi-repeats-as-landon-donovan-mls-mvp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210113409/https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/inter-miami-s-lionel-messi-repeats-as-landon-donovan-mls-mvp |archive-date=10 December 2025 |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=[[Major League Soccer]] |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Pichichi Trophy]]: [[2009–10 La Liga|2009−10]], [[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]], [[2012–13 La Liga|2012−13]], [[2016–17 La Liga|2016–17]], [[2017–18 La Liga|2017−18]], [[2018–19 La Liga|2018–19]], [[2019–20 La Liga|2019–20]], [[2020–21 La Liga|2020–21]]<br />
* [[MLS Golden Boot]]: [[2025 Major League Soccer season#Goals|2025]]<ref name="MLSMVP" /><br />
* [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]]: 2020,<ref name="Reuters" /> 2023<ref>{{Cite news |title=Laureus Sport Awards: Lionel Messi & Argentina World Cup team win Laureus awards |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/65528208 |access-date=9 May 2023 |work=BBC Sport |date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509010437/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/65528208 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[IFFHS World's Best Player#Men's winners|IFFHS World's Best Player]]: 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS AWARDS 2022 - MEN'S WORLD BEST PLAYER|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/2450|access-date=21 September 2025|website=IFFHS|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125082308/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2450|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Time Person of the Year#Athlete of the Year|''TIME'' Athlete of the Year]]: 2023<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 December 2023 |title=Lionel Messi: Athlete of the Year 2023 |url=https://time.com/6342417/athlete-of-the-year-2023-lionel-messi/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |magazine=TIME |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207093708/https://time.com/6342417/athlete-of-the-year-2023-lionel-messi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Ballon d'Or Dream Team]]: 2020<ref>{{cite news |last=Crépin |first=Timothé |title=Ballon d'Or Dream Team: Découvrez les révélations de ce onze de légende ! |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Ballon-d-or-dream-team-decouvrez-les-revelations-de-ce-onze-de-legende/1205748 |publisher=France Football |language=fr |date=14 December 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214151520/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Ballon-d-or-dream-team-decouvrez-les-revelations-de-ce-onze-de-legende/1205748 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[FIFPRO World 11]]: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023<ref>{{cite news |url=https://fifpro.org/en/supporting-players/player-influence/world11/lionel-messi-through-the-years-in-the-world-11 |title=Lionel Messi: World 11 through the years |publisher=[[FIFPRO]] |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115205630/https://fifpro.org/en/supporting-players/player-influence/world11/lionel-messi-through-the-years-in-the-world-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/lionel-messi-world-11-record-the-best |title=In focus: All Messi's FIFA FIFPRO World 11 inclusions |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617095601/https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/lionel-messi-world-11-record-the-best |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Olimpia Award#Olimpia de Oro winners|Argentine Sportsperson of the Year]]: 2011, 2021, 2022, 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Por segunda vez en la historia, el Olimpia de Oro fue compartido: Lionel Messi y Belén Casetta fueron galardonados por su 2023 |url=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/segunda-vez-historia-olimpia-oro-compartido-lionel-messi-belen-casetta-galardonados-2023_0_Axogp5m7qI.html |website=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=8 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108173724/https://www.clarin.com/deportes/segunda-vez-historia-olimpia-oro-compartido-lionel-messi-belen-casetta-galardonados-2023_0_Axogp5m7qI.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Argentine Footballer of the Year]]: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023<ref name="Honours" /><ref name="Reuters" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Belén Casetta compartió el Olimpia de Oro con Lionel Messi |url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/espn-run/nota/_/id/13015543/belen-casetta-compartio-el-olimpia-de-oro-con-lionel-messi |language=es |access-date=21 December 2023 |publisher=ESPN Deportes |date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220182339/https://espndeportes.espn.com/espn-run/nota/_/id/13015543/belen-casetta-compartio-el-olimpia-de-oro-con-lionel-messi |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Orders'''<br />
* [[File:Cross of Saint George (Catalan Government Award).svg|25px]] [[Creu de Sant Jordi]], [[Catalonia]] (30 April 2019)<ref>{{cite news |last=Tort| first=Àlex |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/fc-barcelona/20190430/461968491621/leo-messi-creu-de-sant-jordi-generalitat.html |language=es |date=30 April 2019| title=La Generalitat otorga la Creu de Sant Jordi a Messi| publisher=[[La Vanguardia]]| access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref><br />
* [[File:Presidential Medal of Freedom (ribbon).svg|80px]] [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], [[United States]] (4 January 2025)<ref name="PMOF" /><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/43282285/magic-johnson-lionel-messi-receive-presidential-medal-freedom| date=4 January 2025| title=Magic Johnson, Lionel Messi get Presidential Medal of Freedom| publisher=ESPN| access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Association football|Argentina|Biography|<br />
}}<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* [[European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics]]<br />
* [[La Liga records and statistics]]<br />
* [[List of Argentina international footballers]]<br />
* [[List of association football rivalries]]<br />
* [[List of FC Barcelona players]]<br />
* [[List of FC Barcelona records and statistics]]<br />
* [[List of Paris Saint-Germain FC players]]<br />
* [[List of Inter Miami CF players]]<br />
* [[List of FIFA World Cup winning players]]<br />
* [[List of largest sports contracts]]<br />
* [[List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals]]<br />
* [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps]]<br />
* [[List of footballers with 500 or more goals|List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals]]<br />
* [[List of men's footballers with the most official appearances]]<br />
* [[List of most-followed Instagram accounts]]<br />
* [[List of most-liked Instagram posts]]<br />
* [[List of most-viewed Instagram reels]]<br />
* [[List of players who have appeared in the most FIFA World Cups]]<br />
* [[List of top international men's football goal scorers by country|List of top international men's football goalscorers by country]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
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<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|20em}}<br />
<br />
'''Works cited'''<br />
<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /><div class="refbegin"><br />
* {{cite book |title=Messi |last=Balagué |first=Guillem |author-link=Guillem Balagué |date=2013 |location=London |publisher=[[Orion Books]] |isbn=978-1-4091-4659-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/messibiography0000bala }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend |last=Caioli |first=Luca |date=2012 |edition=3rd |location=London |publisher=Corinthian Books |isbn=978-1-906850-40-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/messiinsidestory0000caio_h6q9/ |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Messi: More than a Superstar |last=Caioli |first=Luca |edition=6th |date=2015 |location=London |publisher=[[Icon Books]] |isbn=978-1-906850-91-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/messimorethansup0000caio/ |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Messi |last=Caioli |first=Luca |edition=8th |date=2017 |location=London |publisher=[[Icon Books]] |isbn=978-1-78578-230-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/messi0000caio_c2o9/ |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2015 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_f8z3 |url-access=registration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |isbn=978-1-908843-65-4 |ref={{harvid|Guinness World Records|2014}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Barça: The Making of the Greatest Team in the World |last=Hunter |first=Graham |date=2012 |location=Glasgow |publisher=BackPage Press |isbn=978-0-9564971-8-5}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=A History of the World Cup: 1930–2010 |last=Lisi |first=Clemente Angelo |date=2011 |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-7754-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldcu0000lisi_v7i5}}</div><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Sister project links|c=Category:Lionel Messi|b=no|d=yes|n=yes|s=no|v=no|wikt=no}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
<!-- Per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --><br />
* [https://www.intermiamicf.com/players/lionel-messi/ Profile] at [[Inter Miami]]<br />
* [https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/lionel-messi Profile] at [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|PSG]]<br />
* [https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/players/4974/lionel-messi Profile] at [[FC Barcelona]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180719183842/http://www.laliga.es/en/player/messi Profile] at [[La Liga]]<br />
* [https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=lionel-andres-messi-cuccittini Profile] at [[Ligue 1]]<br />
* [https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/lionel-messi/ Profile] at [[Major League Soccer|MLS]]<br />
* {{BDFutbol}}<br />
* {{Soccerbase}}<br />
* {{Soccerway|new_id=messi-lionel/vgOOdZbd|id=119|archive=20250326141741}}<br />
* {{NFT player}}<br />
* {{FIFA player}}<br />
* {{UEFA player}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-sports}}<br />
{{succession box|title=[[FC Barcelona]] captain|before=[[Andrés Iniesta]]|after= [[Sergio Busquets]]|years=2018–2021}}<br />
{{s-end}}{{Lionel Messi}}{{Inter Miami CF squad}}<br />
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{{Argentina squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2007 Copa América}}<br />
{{Argentina men's football squad 2008 Summer Olympics}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2011 Copa América}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2015 Copa América}}<br />
{{Argentina squad Copa América Centenario}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2019 Copa América}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2021 Copa América}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}}<br />
{{Argentina squad 2024 Copa América}}<br />
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{{#invoke:navboxes|top<br />
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{{2014 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}}<br />
{{2007 Copa América Team of the Tournament}}<br />
{{2011 Copa América Team of the Tournament}}<br />
{{2015 Copa América Team of the Tournament}}<br />
{{Copa América Centenario Team of the Tournament}}<br />
{{2021 Copa América Team of the Tournament}}<br />
{{2024 Copa América Team of the Tournament}}<br />
{{FIFA World Cup Golden Ball}}<br />
{{Copa América top scorers}}<br />
{{Copa América MVP}}<br />
{{FIFA U-20 World Cup awards}}<br />
{{Ballon d'Or recipients}}<br />
{{FIFA Player of the Year}}<br />
{{FourFourTwo player of the year}}<br />
{{Globe Soccer Awards best Player}}<br />
{{IFFHS World's Best Player}}<br />
{{IFFHS World's Best Playmaker}}<br />
{{IFFHS World's Best Top Goal Scorer}}<br />
{{IFFHS World's Best International Top Goal Scorer}}<br />
{{IFFHS World's Best Top Division Goal Scorer}}<br />
{{FIFPro awards}}<br />
{{Onze Mondial European Footballer of the Year}}<br />
{{UEFA Club Footballer of the Year}}<br />
{{UEFA Men's Player of the Year}}<br />
{{UEFA Club Football Awards}}<br />
{{Argentine Footballer of the Year}}<br />
{{Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano}}<br />
{{La Liga Best Player of the Year}}<br />
{{La Liga Foreign Player of the Year}}<br />
{{La Liga Forward of the Year}}<br />
{{Trofeo EFE}}<br />
{{Major League Soccer MVP Award}}<br />
{{Golden Boy award winners}}<br />
{{Bravo award winners}}<br />
{{FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball}}<br />
{{European Golden Shoe}}<br />
{{UEFA Champions League top scorers}}<br />
{{La Liga top scorers}}<br />
{{Major League Soccer top scorers}}<br />
{{FIFA Club World Cup top scorers}}<br />
{{Copa del Rey top scorers}}<br />
{{Leagues Cup top scorers}}<br />
{{2007 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2008 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2009 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2010 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2011 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2012 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2013 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2014 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2015 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2016 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2017 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2018 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2019 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2020 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2021 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2022 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2023 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br />
{{2008 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2009 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2010 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2011 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2012 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2014 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2015 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2016 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2017 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2018 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2019 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2020 UEFA Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2025 South American Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2014–15 La Liga Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2015–16 La Liga Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2022–23 Ligue 1 UNFP Team of the Year}}<br />
{{2024 MLS Best XI}}<br />
{{2025 MLS Best XI}}<br />
{{Sports Illustrated Soccer 2000s All-Decade Team}}<br />
{{UEFA All-time XI}}<br />
{{Ballon d'Or Dream Team}}<br />
{{IFFHS All-time Men's World Dream Team}}<br />
{{IFFHS All-time Men's South American Dream Team}}<br />
{{IFFHS World's Man Team of the Decade 2011–2020}}<br />
{{Trofeo Aldo Rovira}}<br />
{{Premi Barça Jugadors}}<br />
{{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}}<br />
{{BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year}}<br />
{{SN Sportsman of the Year}}<br />
{{L'Équipe Champion of Champions}}<br />
{{ESPY International Athlete}}<br />
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{{Notable people from Rosario}}<br />
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<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Messi, Lionel}}<br />
[[Category:Lionel Messi| ]]<br />
[[Category:1987 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Argentine sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]<br />
[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:2007 Copa América players]]<br />
[[Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Copa América players]]<br />
[[Category:2014 FIFA World Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Copa América players]]<br />
[[Category:Copa América Centenario players]]<br />
[[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Copa América players]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Copa América players]]<br />
[[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Copa América players]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina men's international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina men's under-20 international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina men's youth international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine emigrants to Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine expatriate men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in France]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine fraudsters]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine people of Catalan descent]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine sportspeople convicted of crimes]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine people of Italian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople of Italian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine people of Spanish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople of Spanish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine Roman Catholics]]<br />
[[Category:Ballon d'Or winners]]<br />
[[Category:Copa América–winning players]]<br />
[[Category:Designated Players (MLS)]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in France]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:FC Barcelona players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Barcelona Atlètic players]]<br />
[[Category:FC Barcelona C players]]<br />
[[Category:FIFA Men's Century Club]]<br />
[[Category:FIFA World Cup–winning players]]<br />
[[Category:FIFA World Player of the Year winners]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Barcelona]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Rosario, Santa Fe]]<br />
[[Category:Golden Boy winners]]<br />
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[[Category:The Best FIFA Men's Player winners]]<br />
[[Category:UEFA Champions League–winning players]]<br />
[[Category:UEFA Champions League top scorers]]<br />
[[Category:UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:UNICEF goodwill ambassadors]]<br />
[[Category:World record holders]]<br />
[[Category:Argentine billionaires]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fateh_Singh_of_Mewar&diff=498963Fateh Singh of Mewar2026-03-22T08:43:04Z<p>RichyCapy: Started some bio w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maharana of Udaipur from 1884–1930}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| title = Maharana of Udaipur<br />
| image = Maharana Fateh Singh of Udaipur.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]]<br />
| reign = 1884– 1929<br />
| predecessor = [[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sajjan Singh]]<br />
| successor = [[Raghubir Singh(1929-1930)<br />
Bhupal Singh (1930-1948)]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1845|12|16|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|05|24|1849|12|16 |df=y}}<br />
| house = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]<br />
| spouse = *HH Maharaniji Sa Rathoreji Shri Phool Kanwarji Saheba of Khod in [[Jodhpur State]], [[Marwar]]<br />
*HH Maharaniji Sa Chawdiji Shri Bakht Kanwarji Saheba of Kaladwas in [[Udaipur State]], [[Mewar]]<br />
| issue = * Raghubir Singh<br />
* Bhupal Singh <br />
*Maharajkumariji Baiji Lal Omkar Kanwarji m. to HH Maharaja Sir [[Madan Singh]] of [[Kishangarh State]] <br />
*Maharajkumariji Baiji Lal Kishor Kanwarji m. to HH Maharaja Sir [[Sardar Singh]] of [[Jodhpur State]]<br />
| father = Maharaj Dalel Singh of Shivrati in [[Udaipur State]]<br />
| mother = Ajit Kanwarji (d. of Rao Paney Singh of Aalsar in [[Bikaner State]])<br />
| death_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Udaipur State]], [[British India]]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Maharaja Fateh Singh of Udaipur, (r.1884-1930), on royal barge, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Maharaja Fateh Singh on royal barge, Lake Pichola, Udaipur, early 1900s]]<br />
[[File:Maharaja Fateh Singh Bahadur.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Fateh Singh Bahadur|left]]<br />
{{Mewari Rana}}<br />
<br />
'''HH 108 Sri Maharaj Adhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Ravi Kula Bushana-Mahi Mahendra Yavadarya Kula Kamaldhivakara Chattis Rajkul Shringar Maharana Shri Sir FATEH SINGHJI Bahadur Hindua Suraj Hindupati''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO}} (16 December 1849 – 24 May 1930), was the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewar]] i.e [[Princely State]] of [[Udaipur]] from the year 1884 to 1930, with [[Udaipur]] as his capital.<ref name=gu>[[#Gu|Gupta, p. 256]]</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
He was born on 16 December 1849 at Shivrati, son of Maharaj Dal Singh of the Shivrati branch of [[Mewar]] dynasty – a descendant of the fourth son, Arjun Singh, of the Rana [[Sangram Singh II]] (AD 1710–1734). First he was adopted by his elder brother, Gaj Singh who had no heir, subsequently Maharana [[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur]], who too had no heir, adopted him, he eventually became the Maharaja of [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]] in 1884. In 1887, he received [[Order of the Star of India|G.C.S.I]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/s/shivrati.html |title=Shivrati Genealogy |publisher=Queensland University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516021719/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/s/shivrati.html |archive-date=2011-05-16 }}</ref><ref name=im>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_099.gif|title=Udaipur State: History|year=1909|publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|pages=v. 24, p. 93}}</ref><ref name=so>[[#So|Solomon, p. 128]]</ref>{{Clarify|explained talk page|date=August 2018}}<br />
<br />
In 1889, he built the "Connaught Dam" on Lake Dewali to mark the visit of [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]], son of [[Queen Victoria]], this enlarged the lake, and it was later renamed, [[Fateh Sagar Lake]].<ref name=gu/><ref name=lakes>{{Cite web |url=http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm, |title=Fateh Sagar Lake: Lakes |access-date=28 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234601/http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm, |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
He also built [[Chittorgarh#Fateh Prakash Palace|Fateh Prakash Palace]] in [[Chittorgarh fort]], which is an edifice with a tower on each of its four corners crowned by domed [[chhatri]]s. This palace is a grand specimen of modern Indian architecture and at present houses a museum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Shiv Niwas Palace]] at Udaipur was also built by him. The palace was reserved exclusively by the House of Mewar for visiting dignitaries and guests during [[British Raj]]. It now has been turned into a luxury hotel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hrhhotels.com/grand_heritage/shiv_niwas_palace/index.aspx |title=Shiv Niwas Palace, Udaipur The crescent-shaped palace was built in the early 20th century, in the reign of Maharana Fateh Singh (period of reign: 1884–1930) |access-date=7 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621061626/http://www.hrhhotels.com/grand_heritage/shiv_niwas_palace/index.aspx |archive-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
He was the only Maharaja to not attend the [[Delhi Durbar]], both of 1903 and 1911. Then in 1921, when [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward, Prince of Wales]], son of [[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], visited Udaipur, he refused to receive him, citing illness and instead sent his son. The independent attitude adopted by Fateh Singh observed in his refusal to appoint a Dewan and his direct or indirect association with people of known anti-British sentiments such as [[Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath|Kesari Singh Barhath]] and [[Shyamji Krishna Varma|Shyamaji Krishna Verma]] made him a problematic figure for the British Government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R.K. Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC |title=Studies In Indian History Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs Set Of 5 Vols. |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |others=unknown library |language=English |quote="The bold and independent attitude adopted by Maharana Fateh Singh of Mewar encouraged the patriotic feelings of the people and exposed the latent Rajput love for freedom...Maharana Fateh Singh was proving a source of trouble in several ways for the British Government. While he had refused to appoint a Dewan, he had associated himself directly or indirectly with people of anti-British convictions as Shyamji Krishna Verma, Kesari Singh Barhat, etc."}}</ref> This left him at odds with the British, thereafter, under the garb of ignoring a social unrest in Mewar, on 28 July 1921, his powers were curtailed and he was formally deposed, he was however allowed to retain his title, the effective power was handed to his son and heir, [[Bhupal Singh]].<ref name=gu/><ref>[[#Wa|Warren, p. 50]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amazingudaipur.com/turn%20the%20pages.html|title=Maharana Fateh Singh (1884–1930)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402072903/http://www.amazingudaipur.com/turn%20the%20pages.html|archive-date=2 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharaja Fateh Singh.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Fateh Singh, portrait by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]<br />
[[File:1 rupee Mewar - 1928.png|thumb|225px| [[Silver coin]]: 1 rupee of Udaipur State, Fatteh Singh, 1928]]<br />
He was first married in 1867, to Rani Phool Kumari, daughter of the Thakur of Khod in [[Marwar]], who died in 1877. Subsequently, he was married in 1878, a daughter of Thakur Chanda Kol Singh of [[Varsoda]], and had two sons, [[Raghu|Raghubir Singh]], [[Bhupal Singh]], and daughters, Ankaran Bai, married in 1904 to [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]] of [[Kishangarh]], and Kishor Kunwar, married 1908 to Sardar Singh of [[Jodhpur]].<br />
<br />
He died on May 24, 1930, at Udaipur.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Chetavani ra Chungatya]]<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* ''Maharana: the story of the rulers of Udaipur'', by Brian Masters. Mapin Pub., 1990. {{ISBN|0-944142-28-1}}.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last= Solomon|first= R. V. |author2=J. W. Bond |author3=Arnold Wright |author4=Somerset Playne|title=Indian states: a biographical, historical, and administrative survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Fateh+Singh+of+Udaipur&pg=RA1-PA128|year= 2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-1965-X|ref=So}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Warren|first=William |author2=Jill Gocher |title=Asia's Legendary Hotels: The Romance of Travel Authors|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVmAfRMHw1wC&q=Fateh+Singh+of+Udaipur&pg=PA50|year= 2007|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-7946-0174-4|chapter=Shiv Niwas Palace, Udaipur|ref=Wa}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=R.K.|author2=S.R. Bakshi |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dCkiyLJ6EC&q=Fateh+Singh+of+Udaipur&pg=PA256|year=2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-841-8|chapter=9. Maharana Fateh Singh|ref=Gu}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026162658/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/u/udaipur_r.html Udaipur genealogy] ''[[Queensland University]]''<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512015016/http://www.mewarindia.com/ency/indexency6.html History of Mewar]<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{Succession box|<br />
before=[[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sajjan Singh]]|<br />
title=[[Mewar|Ruler of Mewar]]|<br />
years=1884—1930|<br />
after=[[Bhupal Singh]]<br />
}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Udaipur}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Fateh, Maharana Of Udaipur And Mewar}}<br />
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]<br />
[[Category:1849 births]]<br />
[[Category:1930 deaths]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachpadra_Refinery&diff=523586Pachpadra Refinery2026-03-21T13:00:38Z<p>RichyCapy: New!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Petrochemical complex in Pachpadra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox oil refinery<br />
| name = Pachpadra Refinery<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| location_map = India Rajasthan<br />
| location_map_width =<br />
| location_map_text =<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.94364|N|72.203672|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_ref =<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| city = [[Pachpadra]],<br />
(now [[Balotra district]]) of Rajasthan<br />
| engineering = [[Engineers India|Engineers India Limited]]<br />
| Constructed by = [[Larsen and Toubro]]<br />
| operator = HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited<br />
| owner = *[[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited|HPCL]](74%)<br />
*[[Government of Rajasthan]](26%) <br />
| founded = {{Start date|2024}} (expected)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/hpcl-rajasthan-refinery-project-will-be-fully-functional-by-2024-says-petroleum-minister/articleshow/98116277.cms?from=mdr | title=HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Project will be fully functional by 2024, says Petroleum minister | publisher=Economic Times | date=21 February 2023 | accessdate=11 May 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
| capacity = {{val|9|e=6|u=[[tonne]]/[[Year|annum]]}} (refining) <br> {{val|2|e=6|u=[[tonne]]/[[Year|annum]]}} (petrochemicals)<br />
| capacity_bbl/d =<br />
| website = {{url|https://www.hrrl.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Pachpadra Refinery'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: CM Bhajanlal Sharma inspects HPCL Rajasthan Refinery in Pachpadra |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rajasthan-cm-bhajanlal-sharma-inspects-hpcl-rajasthan-refinery-in-pachpadra20250110223220/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Subhayan |date=2024-12-17 |title=Barmer refinery & petrochem hub may begin processing crude next month |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/barmer-refinery-and-petrochem-hub-may-begin-processing-crude-next-month-124121701176_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> is an upcoming public sector [[Oil refinery|refinery]] and [[petrochemical]] complex in the [[Pachpadra]] (now [[Balotra district]]) of Rajasthan, India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Gehlot reviews ongoing work at Barmer refinery|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/gehlot-reviews-ongoing-work-at-barmer-refinery/1655082|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-20|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> It is owned by HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited (HRRL), a joint venture between [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] and the [[Government of Rajasthan]]. This refinery will be connected with [[Jamnagar Refinery]] and [[Guru Gobind Singh Refinery|Bathinda Refinery]] through [[Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/amritsar-jamnagar-6-lane-highway-connects-five-districts-0888987.html|title=Construction of Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway to start soon}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Developments ==<br />
The government will set up petrochemicals hub near the refinery.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2019|title=Refinery project to be completed by 2022: CM|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/refinery-project-to-be-completed-by-2022-cm/articleshow/71912177.cms|access-date=2020-08-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> High level infrastructure for petroleum, chemicals and petrochemicals has begun to develop near the refinery. An area of 100 sq km has been identified near the refinery to build a processing unit and large industries have started.<ref>{{Cite web|title=रिफायनरी के 250 वर्गकिमी. में अब होगा पेट्रोलियम, रसायन और पेट्रोकेमिकल्स Investment Area!|url=https://m.patrika.com/jaipur-news/250-sq-km-of-barmer-refinery-will-be-in-petroleum-chemicals-6344018/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Patrika News|date=17 August 2020 |language=hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2025, the Jodhpur Division of [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]] finalized plans to connect Pachpadra Refinery to the railway network, which is expected to support freight transport and regional development in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Plan Ready For Linking Pachpadra Refinery With Rail Network: DRM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaisalmer/plan-ready-for-linking-pachpadra-refinery-with-rail-network-drm/articleshow/104301234.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |date=2025-10-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Construction and capacity ==<br />
The foundation stones of the project were laid on 18 September 2013 by then [[Indian National Congress]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]] and was planned to be completed by Jan 2024.<ref name="FinClo"/><br />
<br />
The project has planned capacity of 9 million [[tonne]] per year of refining capacity and 2 million tonne per year of petrochemical complex capacity. It will be spread across {{Convert|4400.4|acre}} of land.<ref name="FinClo"/><br />
<br />
The facility will have 29 process units, such as a 9 MMTPA [[Atmospheric distillation of crude oil|crude distillation unit]], 4.8 MMTPA [[Vacuum distillation#Vacuum distillation in petroleum refining|vacuum distillation unit]], 1.8 MMTPA [[naphtha]] [[Hydrodesulfurization|hydrotreater]] unit, a [[Diesel fuel|diesel]] [[Hydrodesulfurization|hydrotreater]] unit at 4.1 MMTPA, a [[Delayed coker|delayed coker unit]] with capacity 2.4 MMTPA, vacuum gas oil hydrotreater with a capacity of 3.5 MMTPA and a [[Fluid catalytic cracking|fluidised catalytic cracking unit]] of 2.9 MMTPA. [[Engineers India|Engineers India Limited]] (EIL) is involved in the Rajasthan Refinery Project's Mechanical Completion of the Compressed Air & Cryogenic Nitrogen Plant, Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) and Vacuum Distillation Unit (VDU) site in Barmer, India. EIL, along with HPCL and Tata Projects Limited, has achieved milestones in the project, including casting the raft for the TS - 5 and the footing of 3400 M3. EIL has also successfully erected the VGO HDT Reactor.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/eil-along-with-hpcl-and-tata-projects-achieved-milestone/32294/ | title=EIL along with HPCL & Tata Projects achieved milestone | date=26 April 2022 }}</ref> Other units include an [[Catalytic reforming|Isomerisation]] unit, a dual-feed cracker unit, an ethylene recovery unit, two polyethylene units and two [[polypropylene]] units. The polypropylene units will use Lummus' Novolen process reactors and Novolen high performance catalyst.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/barmer-refinery-petrochemical-complex-rajasthan/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210617135051/https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/barmer-refinery-petrochemical-complex-rajasthan/|archive-date = 2021-06-17|title = Barmer Refinery and Petrochemical Complex, Rajasthan, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Contractors who were selected for various units were:<br />
* Petro Fluidised Catalytic Cracking Unit - [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T Hydrocarbon Engineering]]<ref name="L&T">{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/lt-hydrocarbon-engineering-bags-over-rs-7-000-crore-order-from-hpcl-rajasthan-refinery-11609750235329.html | title=L&T Hydrocarbon Engineering bags over Rs 7,000 crore order from HPCL Rajasthan Refinery | publisher=Live Mint | date=4 January 2021 | accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref><br />
* Dual Feed Cracker Unit - [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T Hydrocarbon Engineering]]<ref name="L&T"/><br />
* Crude and [[Vacuum distillation]] unit (CDU-VDU) - [[Tata Projects Limited|Tata Projects]]<ref name="TPL">{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/tata-projects-bags-rs-6000-crore-orders-in-oil-gas-refinery-sector/articleshow/73554800.cms?from=mdr | title=Tata Projects bags Rs 6,000-crore orders in oil, gas refinery sector | publisher=Economic Times | date=23 January 2020 | accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref><br />
* [[Delayed coker|Delayed coker unit]] with unsaturated LPG treating unit - [[Tata Projects Limited|Tata Projects]]<ref name="TPL"/><br />
* [[Vacuum gas oil]] hydrotreating unit - [[Tata Projects Limited|Tata Projects]]<ref name="TPL"/><br />
* [[MS Block]] Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit, Naphtha Isomerisation Unit and PFCC Gasoline Hydrotreating Unit - [[Technip Energies India Limited|Technip Energies]]<ref name="TEIL"/><br />
<br />
== Financing and outcomes ==<br />
Pachpadra Refinery is owned by a joint venture between [[Hindustan Petroleum|Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (owning 74% stakes) and the [[Government of Rajasthan]] (owning 26% stakes). In January 2019, the project was announced to be worth {{INRConvert|43129|c}}. Around 66% of the finances (worth {{INRConvert|28753|c}}) would be arranged through loan from joint consortium of lenders; [[State Bank of India]] being prime lender with over 50% contribution.<ref name="FinClo">{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/hpcls-barmer-refinery-achieves-financial-closure/articleshow/67726473.cms | title=HPCL's Barmer refinery achieves financial closure | publisher=Economic Times | date=28 January 2019 | accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> However, in 2023, the estimated investment had nearly doubled and increased to {{INRConvert|72000|c}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-pushes-hpcl-to-expedite-work-on-barmer-refinery-petrochemical-hub-123021900480_1.html | title=Centre steps in to speed up Barmer refinery and petrochem hub work | publisher=Business Standard | date=20 February 2023 | accessdate=2 March 2023 | author=Chakraborty, Subhayan}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited managing director M. K. Surana said the project would employ 40,000 people directly and 60,000 people indirectly.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/barmer-oil-refinery-back-on-track/article28113033.ece | title=Barmer oil refinery back on track | work=The Hindu | date=23 June 2019 | accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> More employment will be given to local people.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation will invest ₹1 lakh core in Balotra Refinery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-08|title=RIICO Taking Effective Measure to Lure Investments post-COVID: Ashutosh Pednekar|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2020/08/riico-taking-effective-measure-to-lure-investments-post-covid-ashutosh-pednekar/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=eGov Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Barmer district|Barmer]]<br />
* [[Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Oil refineries in India}}<br />
[[Category:Oil refineries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Energy in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustan Petroleum]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustan Petroleum buildings and structures]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=DY365&diff=495218DY3652026-03-21T12:26:09Z<p>RichyCapy: Started first article w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Assamese TV channel}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox television channel<br />
| name = DY 365<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo = DY365 new logo.jpg<br />
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2013<br />
| sister_channels = Jonack & NLTV<br />
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|October 30, 2008}}<br />
| owner = Brahmaputra Tele Productions Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahmaputra Tele-productions Private Limited Information - Brahmaputra Tele-productions Private Limited Company Profile, Brahmaputra Tele-productions Private Limited News on The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/brahmaputra-tele-productions-private-limited/U27101AS2001PTC009275 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=15 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| key_people = Sanjeev Jaiswal (Chairman and Managing Director), Dipannita Jaiswal (Managing Director)<br />
| picture_format = [[4:3]] ([[576p]], [[SDTV]])<br />
| area = India and Worldwide<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]<br />
| website = [http://www.dy365.in dy365.in]<br />
[http://www.dy365.in/Assamese dy365.in/Assamese]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''DY 365''' is a [[24-hour news cycle|24-hour]] Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese-language]] [[Satellite television|satellite]] [[News broadcasting|news channel]] based in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India. It was launched on 30 October 2008 and broadcasts news, current affairs, and infotainment programs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Paramveer |title=Indian Silver Screen |date=5 August 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |page=312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ&dq=DY365+launched+-dy365.in&pg=PA312 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Gaurav |title=Assam Journalist Arrested After Reports on Smuggling, Channel to Move HC |url=https://thewire.in/media/assam-journalist-arrested-rajib-sarma-dy365 |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=17 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dowerah |first=Simantik |title=Guwahati shame: How a news channel dumped ethics for TRP |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/guwahati-shame-how-a-news-channel-dumped-ethics-for-trp-380854.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=17 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Video Of Landslide In Indonesia Shared As Goa |url=https://www.boomlive.in/fake-news/video-of-landslide-in-indonesia-shared-as-goa-8954 |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=www.boomlive.in |date=20 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The managing director of the channel is Dipannita Jaiswal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: DY365 Director Dipannita Jaiswal receives International honour in Dubai |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-dy365-director-dipannita-jaiswal-receives-international-honour-dubai-411198-2021-12-09 |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=[[India Today|India Today NE]] |date=9 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
DY365 was established by the Brahmaputra Tele Productions Pvt. Ltd., a media company based in Guwahati, Assam.<ref>{{cite web |title=FTA Channels |url=https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/FTA_channel.pdf |website=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|TRAI]] |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pandey |first=Gyan Prakash |title=Press in the North-East |date=2013 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-1840-9 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWO0sCFW4OwC&q=DY365+launched |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Shows ==<br />
* DY Bihurani<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buck |first1=Ralph |last2=Snook |first2=Barbara |last3=Nath |first3=Debarshi Prasad |title=Reflections of Dance along the Brahmaputra: Celebrating Dance in North East India |date=18 July 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-90148-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vTEEAAAQBAJ&dq=DY365+launched&pg=PT125 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Dristipat<br />
* Chaturtha Stambha<br />
* DY Calendar Girl<br />
* Akash Subor Mon<br />
* Sanglap<br />
<br />
==Coordinates==<br />
DY365 under the following coordinates is on [[telecommunications]] satellite [[GSAT-30]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lyngsat.com/G-Sat-30.html | title=G-Sat 30 at 83.0°E - LyngSat }}</ref><br />
<br />
* Frequency : 3949&nbsp;MHz<br />
* Modulation : 8PSK, DVBS2<br />
* Symbol Rate: 3.673 MSPS<br />
* FEC : 5/6<br />
* Polarization: Horizontal<br />
* Codec : MPEG-4<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Assamese-language television channels]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.dy365.in Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Television channels of Assam}}<br />
{{Television news in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Television stations in Guwahati]]<br />
[[Category:Assamese-language television channels]]<br />
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media in Assam]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_India&diff=450393Emperor of India2026-03-21T08:23:02Z<p>RichyCapy: General cleanup and content improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Title used by British monarchs from 1876 to 1948}}<br />
{{about|the British title|other rulers considered emperors in the Indian subcontinent|List of Indian monarchs|the British battleship|HMS Emperor of India|the Indian title|Emperor of Hindustan}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox former monarchy <br />
| royal_title = Emperor<br />
| native_name = ''Kaisar-i-Hind''<br />
| coatofarms = Star-of-India-gold-centre.svg<br />
| coatofarmscaption = The [[Star of India (flag)#Emblem|Star of India]]<br />
| realm = India<br />
| border = imperial<br />
| image = King George VI LOC matpc.14736 (cleaned).jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = '''Last to reign<br />[[George VI]]'''<br />11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947<br />
| first_monarch = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]<br />
| last_monarch = [[George VI]]<br />(continued as [[List of heads of state of India#Monarch of India (1947–1950)|monarch of India]] and [[Monarchy of Pakistan|Pakistan]])<br />
| began = 1 May 1876<br />
| ended = 22 June 1948<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Emperor''' (or '''Empress''') '''of India''' was a title used by [[British monarch]]s from 1 May 1876 (with the [[Royal Titles Act 1876]]) to 22 June 1948<ref name="gazette1948-06-22a">{{London Gazette |issue=38330 |date=22 June 1948 |page=3647}} Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with the [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf Indian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. CH. 30.] ('Section 7: ...(2)The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words " Indiae Imperator " and the words " Emperor of India " and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm.'). According to this Royal Proclamation, the King retained the [[Style of the British sovereign#Styles of British sovereigns|style and titles]] 'George VI by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith'</ref><ref name="Act1947">''[[Indian Independence Act 1947]]'' (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30)</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Kenneth Fieldhouse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZHdAZDr-kYC&pg=PA37 |title=Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: Settler self-government, 1840–1900 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-313-27326-1 |page=37}}</ref> to signify their sovereignty over the [[British Indian Empire]] as its imperial [[head of state]]. The image of the Emperor or Empress appeared on [[Indian currency]], in government buildings, railway stations, courts, on statues, etc. Oaths of allegiance were made to the Emperor or Empress and the lawful successors by the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India|governors-general]], [[Princely State|princes]], governors, [[Chief Commissioner's Province|commissioners]] in India in events such as [[imperial durbar]]s.<br />
<br />
The title was abolished on 22 June 1948, with the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], under which [[George VI]] made a [[royal proclamation]] that the words "Emperor of India" were to be omitted in [[styles of address]] and from [[customary title]]s. This was almost a year after he became the [[titular head]] of the newly [[partition of India|partitioned]] and independent dominions of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1947. These were abolished upon the establishment of the [[Republic of India]] in 1950 and the [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] in 1956.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
{{See also|Style of the British sovereign}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Victoria Disraeli cartoon.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''New Crowns for Old'': Disraeli and Victoria in a cartoon mimicking a scene in [[Aladdin]] where lamps are exchanged. She made him [[Earl of Beaconsfield]] at this time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harold E. Raugh |title=The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&pg=PA122 |year=2004 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=122 |isbn=9781576079256 }}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
After the nominal [[Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] was deposed at the conclusion of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (10 May 1857 – 1 November 1858), the government of the [[United Kingdom]] decided to transfer control of [[British India]] and the [[princely state]]s from the mercantile [[East India Company]] (EIC) to [[British Crown|the Crown]], thus marking the beginning of the [[British Raj]]. The EIC [[East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873|was officially dissolved on 1 June 1874]], and the [[British prime minister]], [[Benjamin Disraeli]], decided to offer [[Queen Victoria]] the title "Empress of India" shortly afterwards. Victoria accepted this style on 1 May 1876. The first [[Delhi Durbar]] (which served as an imperial coronation) was held in her honour eight months later on 1 January 1877.<ref>L. A. Knight, "The Royal Titles Act and India", ''The Historical Journal'', Cambridge University Press, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1968), pp. 488–489.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:ImperialCrownOfIndia2.jpg|thumb|The [[Imperial Crown of India]]]]<br />
<br />
The idea of having Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India was not particularly new, as [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]] had already suggested it in 1843 upon becoming the [[governor-general of India]]. By 1874, [[Major General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Sir Henry Ponsonby]], the Queen's private secretary, had ordered English charters to be scrutinised for imperial titles, with [[Edgar the Peaceful|Edgar]] and [[Stephen, King of England|Stephen]] mentioned as sound precedents. The Queen, possibly irritated by the sallies of the republicans, the tendency to democracy, and the realisation that her influence was manifestly on the decline, was urging the move.<ref name="Knight 489">L. A. Knight, p. 489.</ref> Another factor may have been that the Queen's first child, [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]], was married to [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick]], the heir apparent to the [[German Empire]]. Upon becoming empress, she would outrank her mother.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Vicky, the Queen Britain never had |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2013/07/remembering-vicky-queen-britain-never-had |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=10 June 2021 }}</ref> By January 1876, the Queen's insistence was so great that Benjamin Disraeli felt that he could procrastinate no longer.<ref name="Knight 489" /> Initially, Victoria had considered the style "Empress of Great Britain, Ireland, and India", but Disraeli had persuaded the Queen to limit the title to India in order to avoid controversy.<ref>L. A. Knight, p. 488.</ref> Hence, the title ''Kaisar-i-Hind'' was coined in 1876 by the orientalist [[G.W. Leitner]] as the official imperial title for the British monarch in India.<ref>B.S. Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), ''The Invention of Tradition'' (1983), 165–209, esp. 201-2.</ref> The term ''Kaisar-i-Hind'' means emperor of India in the vernacular of the Hindi and Urdu languages. The word ''kaisar'', meaning 'emperor', is a derivative of the Roman imperial title {{lang|it|[[caesar (title)|caesar]]}} (via [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Ottoman Turkish]] – see {{lang|ota-Latn|[[Kaiser-i-Rum]]}}), and is cognate with the German title {{lang|de|[[Kaiser]]}}, which was borrowed from the Latin at an earlier date.<ref>See [[Michael Witzel|Witzel, Michael]], "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", p. 29, 12.1 [http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523094912/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf|date=23 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many in the United Kingdom, however, regarded the assumption of the title as an obvious development from the [[Government of India Act 1858]], which resulted in the founding of British India, ruled directly by [[the Crown]]. The public were of the opinion that the title of "queen" was no longer adequate for the ceremonial ruler of what was often referred to informally as the "Indian Empire". The new styling underlined the fact that the native states were no longer a mere agglomeration but a collective entity.<ref>L. A. Knight, pp. 491, 496</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:George V Signature.svg|thumb|George V's signature with the initials {{lang|la|R I}} ({{lang|la|Rex Imperator}})]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Epreuve de 1 cent en laiton représentant un rameau d' érable.jpg|thumb|A Canadian 1-cent coin with the inscription {{lang|la|Ind. Imp.}} ({{lang|la|Indiae Imperator}})']]<br />
<br />
When [[Edward VII]] ascended to the throne on 22 January 1901, he continued the imperial tradition laid down by his mother, Queen Victoria, by adopting the title Emperor of India. Three subsequent British monarchs followed in his footsteps, and the title continued to be used after India and Pakistan had become independent on 15 August 1947. It was not until 22 June 1948 that the style was officially abolished.<ref name="Act1947" /><br />
<br />
The first emperor to visit India was [[George V]]. For his imperial coronation ceremony at the [[Delhi Durbar]], the [[Imperial Crown of India]] was created. The Crown weighs {{convert|920|g|lb|abbr=on}} and is set with 6,170 diamonds, 9 emeralds, 4 rubies, and 4 sapphires. At the front is a very fine emerald weighing {{convert|32|carat|g}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edward Francis Twining |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvIOAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe |publisher=B. T. Batsford |year=1960 |page=169 |asin=B00283LZA6 |author-link=Edward Twining}}</ref> The King wrote in his diary that it was heavy and uncomfortable to wear: "Rather tired after wearing my crown for {{frac|3|1|2}} hours; it hurt my head, as it is pretty heavy."<ref>{{cite book |last=Brooman |first=Josh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyWgAAAAMAAJ |title=The World Since 1900 |publisher=Longman |year=1989 |isbn=0-5820-0989-8 |edition=3rd |page=96}}</ref><br />
<br />
The title "Emperor of India" did not disappear when British India became the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] (1947–1950) and [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (1947–1952) after independence in 1947. George VI retained the title until 22 June 1948, the date of a Royal Proclamation<ref name="RP">{{London Gazette |issue=38330 |date=22 June 1948 |page=3647}}</ref> made in accordance with Section 7 (2) of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], reading: "The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words {{lang|la|Indiae Imperator}} and the words "Emperor of India" and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm."<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf Indian Independence Act 1947], Section 7 (2)</ref> Thereafter, George VI remained monarch of Pakistan until his death in 1952, and of India until it became the [[India|Republic of India]] on 26 January 1950.<br />
<br />
[[British coins]], as well as those of the [[British Empire|Empire]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], had routinely included the abbreviated title {{lang|la|Ind. Imp}}. Coins in India, on the other hand, had the word ''empress'', and later ''[[king-emperor]]'' in English. The title appeared on coinage in the United Kingdom throughout 1948, with a further Royal Proclamation made on 22 December under the [[Coinage Act 1870]] to omit the abbreviated title.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38487|date=24 December 1948|page=6665}}</ref><br />
<br />
==List of title-holders==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Name<br />
!Birth<br />
!Reign<br />
!Death<br />
!Consort<br />
![[Imperial Durbar]]<br />
![[Royal House]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|120px]]<br />
|[[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]<br />
|24 May 1819<br />
|1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901<br />
|22 January 1901<br />
|''None''{{efn|Victoria's husband [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]] died on 14 December 1861.}}<br />
|[[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1877|1 January 1877]]<br>(''represented by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]]'')<br />
|[[House of Hanover|Hanover]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Eduard VII.jpg|120px]]<br />
|{{Nowrap|[[Edward VII]]}}<br />
|9 November 1841<br />
|22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910<br />
|6 May 1910<br />
|[[File:Queen Alexandra Portrait 1913.jpg|70px]]<br />
[[Alexandra of Denmark]]<br />
|[[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1903|1 January 1903]]<br>(''represented by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]]'')<br />
|[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:King George 1923 LCCN2014715558 (cropped).jpg|120px]]<br />
|[[George V]]<br />
|3 June 1865<br />
|6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936<br />
|20 January 1936<br />
|[[File:Queenmaryformalportrait edit3.jpg|70px]]<br />
[[Mary of Teck]]<br />
|[[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|12 December 1911]]<br />
|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br>{{small|(1910–1917)}}<br><hr />[[House of Windsor|Windsor]]<br>{{small|(1917–1936)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:HRH The Prince of Wales No 4 (HS85-10-36416).jpg|120px]]<br />
|{{Nowrap|[[Edward VIII]]}}<br />
|23 June 1894<br />
|20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936<br />
|28 May 1972<br />
|''None''<br />
|''None''{{efn|[[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward VIII abdicated]] after less than one year of reign.}}<br />
|Windsor<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:King George VI LOC matpc.14736 A (cropped).jpg|120px]]<br />
|[[George VI]]<br />
|14 December 1895<br />
|11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947<br />
|6 February 1952<br />
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth - NARA - 5730844.jpg|70px]]<br />
[[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]<br />
|''None''{{efn|A durbar was deemed expensive and impractical due to [[Poverty in India#Poverty prevalence and estimates|poverty]] and demands for [[Indian independence movement|independence]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Vickers|first=Hugo|title=Elizabeth: The Queen Mother|publisher=Arrow Books/Random House|year=2006|page=175|isbn=978-0-09-947662-7}}</ref>}}<br />
|Windsor<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Indian independence movement]]<br />
*[[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Emperors of India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Emperor of India}}<br />
[[Category:Monarchy of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Emperors of India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Heads of state of India]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Imperial titles]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth royal styles]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Odia_films_of_the_2010s&diff=512607List of Odia films of the 2010s2026-03-20T17:45:07Z<p>RichyCapy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Ollywood films}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]] in the 2010s:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Release date<br />
! Title<br />
! Director<br />
! width=45%|Cast<br />
! Note<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2010 in film|2010]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Diwana (oriya film)|Diwana]]||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Pintu Nanda]], [[Mihir Das]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Don (2010 film)|Don]]||[[Sudhanshu Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Aurosmitha]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Anita Das]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Tora More Jodi Sundara]]||[[Debu Pattnaik]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], Arpita Mukherjee, [[Archita Sahu]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Pintu Nanda]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Swayamsiddha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Other States / Orissa News : Oriya film selected for international fest |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/20/stories/2010102055600300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116080031/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/20/stories/2010102055600300.htm |archive-date=2010-11-16 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref>||[[Sudhanshu Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Sunil Kumar, [[Yukta]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Anita Das]], [[Pradyumna Lenka]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Megha Sabari Re Asiba Pheri]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Minaketan]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Kuna Tripathy]], [[Akhila Patnaik]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Sasura Ghara Zindabad]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Megha Ghosh]], [[Pushpa Panda]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Hadu]], [[Arabinda]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Pahili Raja]]||[[Tapas Sargharia]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Debasis]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Minaketan]], [[Jairam Samala]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Dil Tate Deichi]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Harihara Mahapatra]] || <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Sanju Aau Sanjana]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odisha News Today Team |title='Sanju Aau Sanjana' sweeps Tarang Cine Awards 2011 |url=http://www.odishanewstoday.com/entertainment/184-sanju-aau-sanjana-sweeps-tarang-cine-awards-2011.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322091415/http://www.odishanewstoday.com/entertainment/184-sanju-aau-sanjana-sweeps-tarang-cine-awards-2011.html |archive-date=2012-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.odishanewstoday.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Parijaat]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Usasi Misra]], [[Pintu Nanda]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Tu Thile Mo Dara Kahaku]]||[[Dilip Panda]] ||[[Mahashweta Roy]], [[Budhaditya]], [[Rali Nanda]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Raimohan]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Aama Bhitare Kichhi Achhi]]||[[Sushant Mani]] ||[[Shreya Gangooli]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Gloria Mahanty]], [[Ajit Das]], [[Anita Das]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Aalo Mora Kandhei]]||[[Himanshu Parija]] ||[[Akash Das Nayak]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Anita Das]], [[Mihir Das]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Prema Adhei Akshyara]]||[[Sudhakar Basanta]] ||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Riya Dey]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Harihara Mahapatra]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]]|| <br />
|-<br />
| || [[Mu Kana Ete Kharap]]||[[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], Arpita Mukherjee, [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Minaketan]], [[Satyaki Misra]]||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Ae Milana Juga Jugara]]||[[Ashok Kumar (director)|Ashok Kumar]] ||[[Rajdeep]], [[Elle (Ollywood actress)|Elle]], [[Pushpa Panda]], [[Chandan Kar]], [[Minaketan]], [[Nupura Ghosh]]||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Aakhi Palakare Tu]]||[[Rabindra Pradhan]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Babli]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Harihara Mahapatra]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Tate Bhala Pauchi Boli]]||[[Prashant Kumar]] ||[[Bobby Mishra]], [[Koel Mukherjee]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Mihir Das]], [[Jairam Samal]], [[Kuna Tripathy]]||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[To Akhire Mun]]||[[S.K. Muralidharan]] ||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Sweety]], [[Namrta Das]], [[BHara Patnaik]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Subha Vivaha]]||[[Jyotiprakash Das]] ||[[Akash Das Nayak]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Pupinder Singh]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Jairam Samal]], [[Tandra Roy]]||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Bhul Bujhibani Mate]]||[[Kunal Patnaik]] ||[[Debasis]], [[Amelie Panda]], [[Pintu Nanda]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Mihir Das]], [[Ajit Das]]||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Anjali (oriya film)|Anjali]]||[[Biswa Bhusan Mohapatra]] ||[[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]], [[Sampurna Chakraborty]], [[Deabasmitha]], [[Raj (Ollywood actor)|Raj]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Asibu Kebe Saji Mo Rani]]||[[Manaranjan Pal]] ||[[Akash Das Nayak]], [[Khushi Garvi]], [[Raimohan]], [[Mihir Das]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| || [[Om Namaha Shivaya]]||[[Rabindra Pradhan]] ||[[Nurul Islam Bablu|Bablu]], [[Rali Nanda]], [[Anita Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2011 in film|2011]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| 14 January || Loafer || [[Ashok Pati]] || [[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Budhaditya]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Jiban Panda]], [[Minaketan]], Priyanka, Lovely || Remake of Telugu Movie ''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 14 January || [[Most Wanted (2011 film)|Most Wanted]] || [[Susant Mani]] || [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Megha Ghosh]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 14 January || [[Chatire Lekhichi Tori Naa]] || [[Sanjay Nayak]] || [[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 25 February || [[Mana Mora Prajapati]] || [[Anama Charana Sahoo]] || [[Deepak]], [[Koel Banarjee]][[Mihir Das]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 11 March || [[Tu Mo Girlfriend]] || [[Avtar Singh (director)|Avtar Singh]] || Arindam Roy, [[Rupalekha]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 18 March || [[E Mana Khoje Mana Tiye]] || [[Ranjan Misra]] || Sunil Kumar, [[Tanmay Misra]][[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Roopali]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 3 April || [[Mate Bohu Kari Nei Jaa]]||[[Choudhary Bikash Das]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Mihir Das]], [[Pushpa Panda]], [[Ashrumochan Mohanty]], [[Aishwarya Pathy]], [[Malavika Bhhatacharya]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 29 April || [[Hero - Prema Katha]] || [[Dilip Panda]] || Arindam Roy, [[Mihir Das]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Chandan Kar]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 6 May || [[Tora mora katha heba chup chap]] || [[Rudra Narayan Mohanty]] || [[Swaraj]], [[Dilip Tarki]], Jyoti, [[Ashrumochan Mohanty]] ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Odia films by decade|2010s]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2010s films|Odia]]<br />
[[Category:2010s in Indian cinema|Films, Odia]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kufri,_India&diff=470086Kufri, India2026-03-17T10:33:51Z<p>RichyCapy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = <br />
| native_name = District 131 Himadri<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Hill Station<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Kufri hills.jpg | alt1 = <br />
| image2 = Kufri Simla Himachal India (4).jpg<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| image3 = 082 Kufri, Jan 1978 (51998130672).jpg<br />
| alt3 = <br />
| image4 = Temple at Kufri.jpg}}<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = '''From top, left to right:'''<br/> Views of distant mountains from Kufri; Kufri Fun World; Snow covered meadows on Mahasu peak; Mahasu Naag Temple atop of Mahasu peak<br />
| nickname = Snow Queen<br />
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Himachal Pradesh]]##Location in India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0979|N|77.2678|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 2289.048<br />
| population_total = 1148<br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Regional<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasu Pahari]] (Keonthali)<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref><br />
| Facebook Page = <br />
| official_name = Kufri<br />
}}{{Wide image|Shmla Panorama Updated.jpg|1000px|Views of distant Himalayan mountains from Kufri}}<br />
'''Kufri''' is a resort [[hill station]] in the district of [[Shimla district|Shimla]], India. It is located {{cvt|12|km}} from the state capital [[Shimla]] on the [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]] (also known as Hindustan-Tibet road). On the Kufri Avenue, the main thoroughfare, boutiques and restaurants mix with Indian-style hotels and souvenir shops are to look for during a visit.<br />
<br />
The name Kufri is derived from the word ''kufr'' meaning "lake" in the local language. The highest point in the surrounding region,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kufri, Places to visit in Kufri, Tourist Places in Kufri Tourism|url=http://www.nomadline.com/tourist-places-to-visit-in-kufri/|website=NomadLine.com, A traveller's Chronicle|publisher=NomadLine|accessdate=6 April 2016|language=en-US|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917050149/http://www.nomadline.com/tourist-places-to-visit-in-kufri|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufri has a Himalayan wildlife zoo which hosts rare antelopes, felines and birds including the [[Himalayan monal]], the state bird of Himachal Pradesh until 2007. During winter, a meandering path through the potato plantations turns into a popular ski track.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Beautiful mountains of Shimla.jpg|thumb|Views from Kufri]]<br />
Kufri is located at {{coord|31.10|N|77.25|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Kufri.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kufri |access-date=9 August 2008 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193741/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Kufri.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an average elevation of 2,720&nbsp;metres (8923&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The region around Shimla including Kufri was once a part of the Kingdom of [[Nepal]] until the area was ceded to the [[British Raj]] as part of the [[Sugauli Treaty]]. This region remained obscure from the rest of the world until the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] 'discovered' it in 1819.<br />
<br />
==Places of interest==<br />
[[File:National Highway 22 - Kufri 2014-05-08 1714.JPG|thumb|278px|Kufri with NH-5, Shimla]]Kufri Fun Campus an amusement park to enjoy the whole day. This park is equipped with various rides, pools and world's highest go-kart track.<br />
<br />
Kufri to the Mahasu Peak- the highest peak in Kufri.<br />
<br />
===Indira Tourist Park===<br />
The Indira Tourist Park is near the Himalayan Nature Park and provides panoramic view of the locations around.<br />
<br />
===Chini Bungalow===<br />
It is the Kufri bungalow which is very famous for its statues and architecture.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Bear at the Kufri zoo (2008).jpg|Bear in the Kufri zoo<br />
File:Himalayas from Kufri.jpg|Himalayas from Kufri<br />
File:Monal I IMG 4002.jpg|Male monal<br />
File:Road to Kufri, Shimla.jpg|Kufri Yak<br />
</gallery><br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Kufri}}<br />
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Shimla district]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedhika&diff=445270Vedhika2026-03-16T23:21:42Z<p>RichyCapy: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vedhika<br />
| image = Photos-Vedhika-Kumar-snapped-during-The-Body-promotions-2 (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Vedhika in 2019<br />
| birth_name = Vedhika Kumar<br />
| birth_place = 21 February 1988 (Age 38) <br />
[[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vedhika Kumar''', known [[mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Vedhika''', is an Indian actress and model who primarily works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] films. Vedhika is a recipient of an [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Award]] and two [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]], along with nominations for two [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/web-stories/top-10-glamorous-beach-looks-of-south-diva-vedhika-kumar/photostory/93328548.cms#_ga=2.20675960.1719394139.1659598915-2137241689.1659598915 |title=Top 10 glamorous looks of Vedhika|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vedhika started her acting career with the Tamil film ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''. She had her breakthrough with ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013). She later established a career with successful films such as ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014), ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' (2016), ''[[James & Alice]]'' (2016), ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' (2019) and ''[[Home Minister (film)|Home Minister]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dekhnews.com/kannada-shivalinga-2nd-week-10th-day-box-office-collection-worldwide-earning/ |title=Kannada Shivalinga 2nd Week 10th Day Box Office Collection Worldwide Earning |last=Kohli |first=Sonali |date=21 February 2016 |website=Dekh News |language=en-US |access-date=26 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222093933/http://www.dekhnews.com/kannada-shivalinga-2nd-week-10th-day-box-office-collection-worldwide-earning/ |archivedate=22 February 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-film-kanchana-3-hits-a-jackpot-mints-rs-100-crore-in-a-week/articleshow/69068381.cms?from=mdr |title=Tamil film 'Kanchana 3' hits the jackpot, mints Rs 100-crore in a week |date=27 April 2019 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603161404/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-film-kanchana-3-hits-a-jackpot-mints-rs-100-crore-in-a-week/articleshow/69068381.cms|archive-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Vedhika also made her debut in Hindi films with ''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/emraan-hashmi-announces-next-body-suspense-thriller-rishi-kapoor-sobhita-dhulipala-vedhika/|title=Emraan Hashmi announces his next, The Body, a suspense thriller with Rishi Kapoor, Sobhita Dhulipala, and Vedhika|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=8 November 2019|accessdate=15 November 2019|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115153949/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/emraan-hashmi-announces-next-body-suspense-thriller-rishi-kapoor-sobhita-dhulipala-vedhika/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Vedhika was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]]. In an interview, Vedhika revealed that her family hails from the border areas of [[Maharashtra]]–[[Karnataka]] states. Her mother tongue is [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SM |first=Shashiprasad |date=27 January 2016 |title=Shivarajkumar comes from a prestigious family but is so down-to-earth: Vedhika |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sandalwood/270116/a-vedhi-good-season.html |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |quote=I was brought up in Mumbai, but my grandparents hail from the border areas of Karnataka, and hence my mother tongue is Kannada. I speak the North Kannada dialect.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Early work and fluctuations (2006{{Ndash}}2012)===<br />
Early in her career, she was involved in modelling assignments and did a notable advert for biscuits alongside prominent actor [[Surya Sivakumar|Suriya]]. She was subsequently approached by [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] to essay the lead role in his production ''[[Madrasi]]'' and Vedhika accepted the role.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090202043734/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/01/30/stories/2009013050401600.htm Cinema Plus / Columns : My first break – Vedika]. ''The Hindu'' (30 January 2009). Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> After the release of ''Madrasi'', Vedhika went on to sign a big budget [[Hindi language]] film, ''Jai Santoshi Maa'', a remake of the [[Jai Santoshi Maa|1975 film of the same name]], but the film failed to subsequently materialize and Vedhika continued acting in South Indian films.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061207223931/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/15/stories/2006041500020100.htm Metro Plus Visakhapatnam / Cinema : Bollywood bound]. ''The Hindu'' (15 April 2006). Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> She went on to feature in [[Raghava Lawrence]]'s comedy horror ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'', but her role was minimal once again and the film went to become an average grosser commercially.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314182746/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14407536&ctid=5&cid=2429 Movie Review:Muni]. Sify.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> Her maiden Telugu venture was in ''[[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]]'', a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Sivakasi]]'', where her performance was described as "okay" and "average" by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/vijayadasami_moviereview.php |title=Reviews : Movie Reviews : Vijaya Dasami – Movie Review |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324234959/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/vijayadasami_moviereview.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Her first release in 2008, the [[Silambarasan]]-starrer ''[[Kaalai]]'', received negative reviews and became a commercial failure.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080127065422/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14593414&ctid=5&cid=2429 Movie Review:Kaalai]. Sify.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/16kaalai.htm Kaalai: A wasted effort]. Rediff.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> However, the film became notable for the dance number, "Kutti Pisase" with Vedhika's dancing being critically appreciated. She went on to appear in a second successive film which was panned by critics and which became a financial failure with a role in ''[[Sakkarakatti]]''. The long-delayed film featured [[Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj]] making his debut in the lead role and [[A. R. Rahman]] providing the soundtrack, however Vedhika's role was described as one of the sole positives from the project.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/26sss1.htm Review: Sakkarakkatti]. Rediff.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> Later that year, she starred in a Kannada film, ''[[Sangama (film)|Sangama]]'' opposite [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]]. In 2009, she appeared as the radio jockey Anjali in [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]'s ''[[Malai Malai]]'' with the film consequently going on to become a success commercially.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4859730.cms Vedhika is married to work]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> The film had little scope for Vedhika and reviews cited her role as "pure eye candy" whilst claiming she was "apt" for the role.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090803170732/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14902498&ctid=5&cid=2429 Movie Review:Malai Malai]. Sify.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> She made a comeback to Telugu films in the same year, with a role in the critically acclaimed ''[[Baanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-telugu-movie-review-baanam/20090916.htm|title=''Baanam'' is interesting|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=16 September 2009}}</ref> Her role won her plaudits, whilst her on screen presence with Nara Rohit was praised with a critic citing she gives "good company as the naïve girl" and it is "refreshing to see them together". After the release of ''Baanam'', Kumar took a sabbatical and did not sign any other films until, despite making an appearance in a notable advert with [[Karthi Sivakumar|Karthi]] for mobile company [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]]. She signed and next featured in the Telugu film ''Daggaraga Dooranga'' opposite [[Sumanth]], which opened to average reviews in August 2011.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110430143346/http://www.sify.com/movies/vedika-in-sumanth-starrer-news-news-le1qc3fhjcd.html Vedika in Sumanth starrer]. Sify.com (27 April 2011). Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
===Breakthrough and success (2013–present)===<br />
[[File:Photos-Celebs-grace-the-premiere-of-Kabzaa-5 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Vedhika at the premiere of Kabzaa]]<br />
<br />
The actress was signed up by director [[Bala (director)|Bala]] for ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013), an adaptation of the 1969 tragic novel [[Red Tea]], which saw her play a village girl opposite [[Adharvaa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/atharva-ready-bala%E2%80%99s-next-079|title=Atharva ready for Bala's next|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621145902/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/atharva-ready-bala%e2%80%99s-next-079|url-status=dead}}</ref> Critics raved about her performance as Angamma, with the critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted, "Vedhika plays the role of a young village belle to perfection", while ''[[Sify.com]]'' labelled that she delivered a "spellbinding performance".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-paradesi-is-exceptional/20130315.htm |title=Review: Paradesi is exceptional |work=Rediff.com |date=15 March 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paradesi-review-tamil-15023190.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316024312/http://www.sify.com/movies/paradesi-review-tamil-15023190.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2013 |title=Movie Review : Paradesi |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> Her second release in 2013, the Malayalam film ''[[Sringaravelan]]'', became one of the commercial successes of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Vedhika-to-romance-Dileep/articleshow/20893457.cms |title=Vedhika to romance Dileep |work=The Times of India |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> She then appeared in [[Vasanthabalan]]'s 2014 film ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'', which was set in the backdrop of Madras theatre scene of the 1920s, and featured her opposite [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/jun/12/vedhika-not-afraid-of-being-typecast-486212.html |title=Vedhika not afraid of being typecast |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/vedhika-interview-the-fairy-tale-princess/ |title=Vedhika Interview: The Fairy Tale Princess |date=24 November 2014 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616180713/http://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/vedhika-interview-the-fairy-tale-princess/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Portraying a character inspired by [[K. B. Sundarambal]], Vedhika called it was a "once-in-a-lifetime opportunity" and did extensive preparations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kaaviya-thalaivan-team-interview/article6665215.ece |title=The taste of success |first=Srinivasa |last=Ramanujam |date=5 December 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/aug/20/kaaviya-thalaivan-was-a-rewarding-experience-vedhika-650261.html |title='Kaaviya Thalaivan' was a Rewarding Experience: Vedhika |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated that she "shines in a substantial role".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141129/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-kaaviya-thalaivan-excellent-movie-straight|title=Movie review 'Kaaviya Thalaivan': An excellent movie straight from Balan's heart|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=29 November 2014|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vedhika played a possessed women opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in the 2016 Kannada film ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} The film emerged as one of the biggest commercial success of the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shivalinga-when-a-ghost-turns-sleuth/article8231798.ece|title=Shivalinga: When a ghost turns sleuth|date=13 February 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Bharadwaj|first1=K. V. Aditya}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh noted, "Vedhika shines in a demanding role, which gives her enough scope for versatility."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shivalinga/movie-review/50993120.cms|title=Shivalinga Movie Review |accessdate=13 November 2016|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Most of Vedhika's next releases were either commercial failures or average grosser, except for the Tamil film ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' (2019) and Kannada film ''[[Home Minister (film)|Home Minister]]'' (2022). In ''Kanchana 3'', she played the lead opposite [[Raghava Lawrence]], and the film was a success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/oviya-vedhika-team-up-with-lawrencce-in-kanchana-3/articleshow/60891104.cms |title=Oviya vedhika: Oviya, Vedhika team up with Lawrencce in 'Kanchana 3' |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110083057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/oviya-vedhika-team-up-with-lawrencce-in-kanchana-3/articleshow/60891104.cms |archive-date=10 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigil-petta-viswasam-kanchana-3-nerkonda-paarvai-kaithi-power-kollywoods-theatrical-takings-in-2019-to-rs-1000-cr-7736851.html|title=Bigil, Petta, Viswasam, Kanchana 3, Nerkonda Paarvai, Kaithi power Kollywood's theatrical takings in 2019 to Rs 1000 cr|work=[[Firstpost]]|accessdate=4 December 2019}}</ref> In ''Home Minister'' opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], she played an investigative reporter.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-25-yash-s-film-becomes-third-highest-grossing-indian-film-1947012-2022-05-09|title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection Day 25: Yash-starrer becomes third highest-grossing Indian film|work=India Today|accessdate=15 September 2022}}</ref> A Sharadhaa stated that she plays her part well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/apr/02/home-minister-movie-review-a-family-entertainer-that-addresses-an-important-issue-30623.html |title=Home Minister Movie Review: A family entertainer that addresses an important issue |date=2 April 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506015050/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/apr/02/home-minister-movie-review-a-family-entertainer-that-addresses-an-important-issue-30623.html |archive-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> In 2019, Vedhika also made her Hindi film debut with ''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]'' opposite [[Emraan Hashmi]]. The film was an official remake of the [[The Body (2012 film)|2012 Spanish film of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Nov/09/jeethu-josephs-the-body--gets-a-release-date-2059064.html|title=Jeethu Joseph's 'The Body' gets a release date|website=New Indian Express|access-date=15 November 2019|date=9 November 2019|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112072909/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/nov/09/jeethu-josephs-the-body--gets-a-release-date-2059064.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Filmfare]]'' wrote, "Vedika looks pretty and she does whatever she could with the ill-written material she was provided with."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Body Movie Review |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/the-body-movie-review-37882.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108144256/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/the-body-movie-review-37882.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Media image==<br />
[[File:Vedhika-Kumar-spotted-at-WE-VIP-Premium-Nightclub-And-Restro-Bar-1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Vedika in 2019]]<br />
<br />
In the [[Times of India|Chennai Times Most Desirable Women]] list, Vedhika was placed 20th in 2013 and 17th in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shruti Hassan- MOST DESIRABLE WOMEN OF CHENNAI |url=http://deccan-journal.com/content/sruthi-hassan-most-desirable-women-chennai |work=Deccan-Journal |accessdate=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214512/http://deccan-journal.com/content/sruthi-hassan-most-desirable-women-chennai |archivedate=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Times 25 Most Desirable Women in 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-25-most-desirable-women-in-2014/articleshow/46931711.cms|access-date=2021-12-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In its [[Times of India|Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women]] list, she was placed 10th in 2016 and 21st in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore Times Most Desirable Woman 2016: Srinidhi Shetty |access-date=27 February 2017 |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-most-desirable-woman-2016-srinidhi-shetty/articleshow/56732387.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire/articleshow/68012314.cms |title=Bangalore Times' Most Desirable Women of 2018: The queens of desire |work=Times of India |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> In 2024, Vedhika along with [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]], donated a mechanical elephant to a temple in [[Kannur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/actor-vedhika-become-sixth-celeb-peta-india-gift-mechanical-elephant-to-kerala-kannur-temple-2633702-2024-11-15 |title=Actor Vedhika, PETA India gift mechanical elephant to Kannur temple |work=India Today |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"| Year<br />
! scope="col"| Title<br />
! scope="col"| Role(s)<br />
! scope="col"| Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]'' || Anjali || rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2007 || ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' || Priya Ganesh || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]]'' || Devi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sakkarakatti]]'' || Reema || rowspan="2"|Tamil ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2008 ||''[[Kaalai]]''|| Brindha ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sangama (film)|Sangama]]'' || Lakshmi || [[Kannada]] || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Malai Malai]]'' || Anjali || Tamil || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Baanam]]'' || Subbalakshmi Panigrahi || rowspan="2"|Telugu || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Daggaraga Dooranga]]'' || Meenakshi || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' || Angamma || Tamil || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sringaravelan]]'' || Radha || [[Malayalam]] || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' || Ganakokilam' Vadivambal "Vadivu" || Tamil || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || Arathi || Malayalam || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || Satyabhaama "Satya" || Kannada || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[James & Alice]]'' || Alice || rowspan="2"|Malayalam || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]'' || Radhika || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Gowdru Hotel]]'' || Rishi's girlfriend || Kannada || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' || Priya || Tamil || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]'' || Ritu Jha / Isha Rawal || [[Hindi]] || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]'' || Sandhya || rowspan="2" | Telugu || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
| ''[[Bangarraju]]''<br />
| Menaka <br />
| Cameo appearance <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Home Minister (film)|Home Minister]]''<br />
| Surekha <br />
| Kannada <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2024 <br />
|''[[Razakar (film)|Razakar]]''<br />
| Shanthavva <br />
| Telugu <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Petta Rap]]'' <br />
| Janaki <br />
| Tamil <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fear (2024 film)|''Fear'']]<br />
|Sindhu and Indu<br />
|Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Vedhika-starrer Fear to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/17/teaser-of-vedhika-starrer-fear-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2025<br />
| ''[[Gana (film)|Gana]]'' <br />
| Sujatha<br />
| Kannada<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಪ್ರಜ್ವಲ್ ದೇವರಾಜ್ ಹೊಸ ಸಿನಿಮಾಕ್ಕೆ ನಾಯಕಿ ಫಿಕ್ಸ್; 'ಶಿವಲಿಂಗ' ಬೆಡಗಿ ಜೊತೆ 'ಡೈನಾಮಿಕ್ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್' ಡ್ಯುಯೆಟ್ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actress-vedhika-plays-female-lead-in-prajwal-devaraj-starrer-gana-movie/articleshow/88848943.cms |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedhika to play lead female role in Prajwal Devaraj-starrer Gana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jan/12/vedhikato-play-lead-female-role-in-prajwal-devaraj-starrer-gana-2405689.html |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gajaana]]''<br />
|Hema<br />
|Tamil<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2026<br />
| ''[[Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1]]'' <br />
| dancer<br />
| malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gajaana Movie Review : A high-concept idea gets lost in low-effort execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gajaana/movie-review/121051644.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! scope="col"| Year<br />
! scope="col"| Title<br />
! scope="col"| Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[Yakshini (TV series)|''Yakshini'']]<br />
|Maya <br />
|Telugu <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=From 'Krishnamma' to 'Yakshini', 6 must-watch OTT releases to stream on Netflix & Prime Video |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/from-krishnamma-to-yakshini-6-must-watch-ott-releases-to-stream-on-netflix-prime-video/articleshow/110908238.cms |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=Economic Times}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2014 || rowspan="4" |''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''|| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] ||[[Edison Awards (India)|Best Extreme Performance – Female]]|| {{Won}} <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=23|title = Edison Awards 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Techofes]] ||[[Techofes|Best Actress]]||{{Won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bstudios.co.in/paradesi2012/|title = PARADESI (2012)}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|[[Vijay Awards]]<br />
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]||{{Nom}} <br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=8th Annual Vijay Awards a grand success|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/8th-Annual-Vijay-Awards-a-grand-success/articleshow/37960678.cms|access-date=25 July 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 July 2014}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|[[61st Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] ||{{Nom}} <br />
|<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South--Winners-List/articleshow/38278063.cms | work=The Times of India | title=61st Filmfare Awards (South) winners list | access-date=26 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715172550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South--Winners-List/articleshow/38278063.cms | archive-date=15 July 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2015 || rowspan="5" |''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' || [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]||{{Nom}} <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-1.html|title = Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] <br />
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Best Extreme Performance - Female]]||{{Won}} <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/Feb/21/happy-birthday-vedhika-check-out-some-gorgeous-photos-of-the-diva-102104.html|title = Happy birthday Vedhika: Check out some gorgeous photos of the diva}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]] || [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] ||{{Nom}} <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2015 |title=Kaththi, Dhanush and Hansika Motwani shine at SIIMA 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2015-tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121162507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Vijay Awards]] || [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]||{{Nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |access-date=6 May 2015 |work=[[Sify]] |date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506043201/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=6 May 2015 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]||[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Best Actress]] ||{{Won}}<br />
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2016 || rowspan="2" |''[[James & Alice]]'' ||[[Asiavision Awards]] ||Performer of the Year ||{{Won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.html|title = Asiavision Movie Awards 2016 announced: and the winners are}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]||[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]||{{Nom}} <br />
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/|title = SIIMA Nominations: Theri, Janatha Garage, Maheshinte Prathikaram and Kirik Party lead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-01|title=6th SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Jr NTR bags Best Actor, Kirik Party wins Best Film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2017-jr-ntr-bags-best-actor-kirik-party-wins-best-film-1021817-2017-07-01|access-date=2021-09-28|website=India Today}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
||''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]] <br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=1466628}}<br />
* {{Instagram|vedhika4u}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
{{commons category|Vedhika Kumar}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vedhika}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Fattah_Mahmood&diff=453117Abdul Fattah Mahmood2026-03-15T23:17:34Z<p>RichyCapy: fix intro as per guidelines per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Malaysian politician}}<br />
{{Malay name|Abdul Fattah|Mahmood}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato']]<br />
| name = Abdul Fattah Mahmood<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|DJMK|MLA (Kelantan)}}<br />
| native_name = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|عبدالفتاح محمود}}}}<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = File:Dato' Fattah.png<br />
| caption = <br />
<br />
| office = Deputy Speaker of the <br> [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2018<br />
| term_end = 2023<br />
| monarch = Muhammad V<br />
| 1blankname = Speaker<br />
| 1namedata = [[Abdullah Ya'kub]]<br />
| 2blankname = [[Menteri Besar of Kelantan|Menteri Besar]]<br />
| 2namedata = [[Ahmad Yakob]]<br />
| successor = [[Mohamed Farid Mohamed Zawawi]]<br />
| constituency = Bukit Panau<br />
<br />
| office2 = Member of the <br> [[Kelantan State Executive Council]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2013<br />
| term_end2 = 2018<br />
| monarch2 = [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]]<br />
| 1blankname2 = Menteri Besar<br />
| 1namedata2 = Ahmad Yakob<br />
| 2blankname2 = Portfolio<br />
| 2namedata2 = Local Government, Housing, Health and Environment<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Takiyuddin Hassan]] <br> {{small|(Local Government)}} <br> [[Md Anizam Ab Rahman]] <br> {{small|(Housing, Environment)}} <br> [[Wan Ubaidah Omar]] <br> {{small|(Health)}}<br />
| successor2 = [[Izani Husin]] <br> {{small|(Local Government and Housing, Health)}} <br> [[Tuan Saripuddin Tuan Ismail]] <br> {{small|(Environment)}}<br />
| constituency2 = Bukit Panau<br />
<br />
| term_start3 = 2008<br />
| term_end3 = 2013<br />
| monarch3 = [[Ismail Petra of Kelantan|Ismail Petra]] {{small|(2008–2010)}} <br> Muhammad V {{small|(2010–2013)}}<br />
| 1blankname3 = Menteri Besar<br />
| 1namedata3 = [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]]<br />
| 2blankname3 = Portfolio<br />
| 2namedata3 = Human Development, Youth, Sports and Non-governmental Organisations<br />
| predecessor3 = Himself <br> {{small|(Youth and Sports)}} <br />
| successor3 = [[Mohamed Fadzli Hassan]] <br> {{small|(Human Development)}} <br> [[Ramli Mamat]] <br> {{small|(Youth Development, Sports &Non-governmental Organisations)}}<br />
| constituency3 = Bukit Panau<br />
<br />
| term_start4 = 2004<br />
| term_end4 = 2008<br />
| monarch4 = Ismail Petra<br />
| 1blankname4 = Menteri Besar<br />
| 1namedata4 = Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat<br />
| 2blankname4 = Portfolio<br />
| 2namedata4 = Women Development, Youth and Sports<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Muhammad Daud Iraqi]] <br> {{small|(Women's Affairs)}} <br> [[Hassan Muhamad]] <br> {{small|(Youth and Sports)}}<br />
| successor4 = [[Wan Ubaidah Omar]] <br> {{small|(Women Development)}} <br> Himself <br> {{small|(Youth and Sports)}}<br />
| constituency4 = Bukit Panau<br />
<br />
| constituency_AM5 = [[Bukit Panau (state constituency)|Bukit Panau]]<br />
| assembly5 = Kelantan State Legislative<br />
| term_start5 = 21 March 2004<br />
| term_end5 = <br />
| predecessor5 = Mat Yusof Mat Sah <br> ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])<br />
| successor5 = <br />
| majority5 = 426 (2004) <br> 4,183 (2008) <br> 3,740 (2013) <br> 4,291 ([[2018 Kelantan state election|2018]]) <br> 16,628 ([[2023 Kelantan state election|2023]])<br />
<br />
| office7 = Faction represented in [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| suboffice7 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]<br />
| subterm7 = 2004–2020<br />
| office8 = <br />
| subterm8 = 2020–<br />
| suboffice8 = [[Perikatan Nasional]]<br />
<br />
| subterm5 = <br />
| suboffice5 = <br />
| subterm6 = <br />
| suboffice6 = <br />
<br />
| birth_name = Abdul Fattah Mahmood<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|09|16|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Kampung Domis, [[Tanah Merah District|Tanah Merah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Malaysia]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| citizenship = [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]]<br />
| party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS)<br />
| other_party = [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN)<br />[[Muafakat Nasional]] (MN)<br />[[Gagasan Sejahtera]] (GS)<br />[[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR)<br />[[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA)<br />
| relations = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| profession = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]]<br />
| spouse = Fahimah Mahmood<br />
| children = 3<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Abdul Fattah bin Mahmood''' is a [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] politician who has served as Member of the [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Bukit Panau]] since March 2004. He is a member of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), a component party of the [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) coalition.<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"<br />
|+ [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=Malay|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><br />
!|Year<br />
!|Constituency<br />
!colspan=2|Candidate<br />
!|Votes<br />
!|Pct<br />
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)<br />
!|Votes<br />
!|Pct<br />
!|Ballots cast<br />
!|Majority<br />
!|Turnout<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |'''N26 [[Bukit Panau (state constituency)|Bukit Panau]]'''<br />
|{{Party shading/PAS}} | <br />
|{{nowrap|'''Abdul Fattah Mahmood'''}} ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']]) <br />
|align="right"| '''6,926''' <br />
| '''51.59%'''<br />
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br />
|Baharudin Yusof ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br />
|align="right" | 6,500<br />
| 48.41%<br />
| 13,861 <br />
| 426<br />
| 81.45%<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]<br />
|{{Party shading/PAS}} | <br />
|'''Abdul Fattah Mahmood''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']]) <br />
|align="right"| '''10,129''' <br />
| '''63.01%'''<br />
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br />
|Nik Kemaruzaman Sulong ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br />
|align="right" | 5,946<br />
| 36.99%<br />
| 16,337 <br />
| 4,183<br />
| 79.92%<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]<br />
|{{Party shading/PAS}} | <br />
|'''Abdul Fattah Mahmood''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']]) <br />
|align="right"| '''13,292''' <br />
| '''58.19%'''<br />
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br />
|Baharudin Yusof ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br />
|align="right" | 9,552<br />
| 41.81%<br />
| 23,103 <br />
| 3,740<br />
| 84.60%<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[2018 Kelantan state election|2018]]<br />
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} | <br />
|rowspan=2| '''Abdul Fattah Mahmood''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']]) <br />
|rowspan=2 align="right"| '''14,506''' <br />
|rowspan=2| '''52.40%'''<br />
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br />
|Dayang Saniah Awang Hamid ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br />
|align="right" | 10,215<br />
| 36.90%<br />
|rowspan=2| 28,171 <br />
|rowspan=2| 4,291<br />
|rowspan=2| 80.90%<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party shading/Keadilan}} |<br />
|Hisham Fauzi ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])<br />
|align="right" | 2,963<br />
| 10.70%<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Kelantan state election|2023]]<br />
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br />
|'''Abdul Fattah Mahmood''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br />
| align=right|'''22,582'''<br />
|'''79.14%'''<br />
|{{Party shading/PH}} |<br />
|Samsul Adabi Mamat ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])<br />
| align=right|5,954<br />
|20.86%<br />
|28,704<br />
|16,628<br />
|57.29%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
* {{Flag|Kelantan}}<br />
** [[File:My-KEL Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan 2006.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan|Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan]] (DJMK) – '''Dato'''' (2011)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Fattah Mahmood}}<br />
[[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Kelantan state executive councillors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]<br />
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Malaysia-politician-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cnemaspis_ganeshaiahi&diff=494694Cnemaspis ganeshaiahi2026-03-13T17:30:39Z<p>RichyCapy: Started the article and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of lizard}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = <br />
| taxon = Cnemaspis ganeshaiahi<br />
| authority = Narayanan, Pal, [[Larry Lee Grismer|Grismer]], & Aravind, 2023<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Cnemaspis ganeshaiahi''''', '''Ganeshaiah's dwarf gecko''', is a species of [[Diurnality|diurnal]], rock-dwelling, [[insectivorous]] [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=ganeshaiahi Cnemaspis ganeshaiahi]<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q118521399}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cnemaspis|ganeshaiahi]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2023]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Larry Lee Grismer]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Cnemaspis-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poddar_prem&diff=525738Poddar prem2026-03-07T07:25:37Z<p>RichyCapy: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Film of Bangladesh}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Poddar prem<br>Poddar valobasa <br />
| image =File:Poster of movie poddar valobasa-.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = an Official poster of 'Poddar valobasa ' for publicity <br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Harun-uj-jaman <br />
| writer = Harun-uj-jaman<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Mohammad Sah Alam<br />
| starring = <br />
| narrator = Harun-uj-jaman<br />
| cinematography = Mujibul haque<br>Babul Roy<br />
| editing = Sapon guho<br>Tauhid hossen coudhury <br />
| music = Sheikh sadi Khan<br> Osok dash<br />
| studio =Swapnachura film international<br />
| distributor =Swapnachura film international <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|09|20|India|2019|11|01|Bangladesh}}<br />
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/paddar-valobasha/movieshow/71202217.cms|title=Paddar Valobasha |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019-09-20 |newspaper=The Times of India|publisher= |access-date=3 September 2022 |quote=}}</ref><br />
| country = [[Bangladesh]]<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bangla]], [[odia language|Odia]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Poddar Prem''''' or '''''Padmar Prem''''' (also known as '''''Padmar Bhalobasha''''') is a [[Bangladeshi]] full-length [[drama]] [[film]] released in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/anando-nagar/239190/বাংলাদেশে-চলছে-আইরিন-অভিনীত-কলকাতার-ছবি|url-access=|title=Irene starrer Kolkata film is running in Bangladesh|last=|first=|author-link=|last2=|first2=|date=2019-11-02|orig-date=|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|editor2-last=|editor2-first=|editor2-link=|department=|website=Jugantor|series=|publisher=|agency=|location=|page=|pages=|at=|language=bn|script-title=|trans-title=|type=|format=|arxiv=|asin=<br />
|bibcode=|doi=|isbn=|issn=|jfm=|jstor=|lccn=|mr=|oclc=|ol=|osti=|pmc=|pmid=|rfc=<br />
|ssrn=|zbl=|id=|access-date=2022-07-11<br />
|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|via=|quote=}}<br />
</ref> The film tells the story of the life of a villager on the banks of the river [[Padma]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/564281/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E2%80%99|url-access= |title= coming iriner 'Poddar prem' in country {{!}} banglatribune.com|last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |date=2019-10-09 |orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |department= |website= Bangla Tribune|series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=bn |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=2019-11-04 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= }}</ref> The film is written, scripted and directed by Harun-uz-Zaman.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.ntvbd.com/entertainment/dhallywood/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E2%80%99|url-access= |title='Poddar prem' in 19 movie hall|last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |date=2019-10-09 |orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2=|department= |website=NTV Online|series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=bn |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=2022-07-11|url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= }}</ref> The [[film]] is produced by Mohammad Shah Alam under the banner of Swapnachura Film International.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/rangberang/2019/10/20/828722|title='Poddar prem' in bhojpuri|last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |date=2019-10-20|orig-date= |department= |website=Kalerkantho|series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=bn |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=2022-07-11|url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= }}</ref> The film is simultaneously made in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia language|Oriya]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] languages .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=197160&cat=5|url-access= |title=Now in Auditorium of country |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |date=2019-11-01|orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |department= |website= manobjomin|series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=bn |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=2022-07-11|url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/10/09/airin-s-padmar-prem-to-be-released-on-november-1|title=Airin's Padmar Prem to be released on November 1|last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |date=2019-10-09|orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |department= |website=Dhaka Tribune|series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=bn |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=2022-07-11|url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= }}</ref> On September 20, 2019, the film was released in [[West Bengal]], [[India]] .<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.rtvonline.com/entertainment/78178/এবার-দেশে-মুক্তি-পেল-সুমিত-আইরিনের-পদ্মার-প্রেম|url-access= |title=Now released Sumit-irin's 'Poddar prem' |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |date=2019-11-01|orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |department= |website=RTV Online|series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=bn |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=2022-07-11|url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/entertainment/news/bd/744759.details|title=Airin's Padmar Prem to be released on November 1|last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |date=2019-10-09|orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |department= |website=BanglaNews24.com|series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=bn |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=2022-07-11|url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deshrupantor.com/home/printnews/168258/2019-09-17|title=Airin-sumit's{{!}} Cimena will be released in Kolkata|last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |date=2019-09-17|orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |department= |website=www.deshrupantor.com|series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=bn |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=2022-07-11|url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Bangladesh-film-stub}}<br />
{{Bengali-film-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheshippu&diff=534900Sheshippu2026-03-07T05:07:11Z<p>RichyCapy: done</p>
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<div>{{About|the 2026 Malayalam film|the state of remaining|Remnant (disambiguation){{!}}Remnant}}{{Short description|2026 Indian Malayalam-language psychological drama film}}<br />
{{COI|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sheshippu<br />
| image = Sheshippu.jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional release poster<br />
| director = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Sreejith S. Kumar<br />
* Gritto Vincent<br />
}}<br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Sreejith S. Kumar<br />
* Gritto Vincent<br />
}}<br />
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Sreejith S. Kumar<br />
* Gritto Vincent<br />
}}<br />
| story = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Sreejith S. Kumar<br />
* Gritto Vincent<br />
}}<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Sajid Yahiya]]<br />
* Nithin Radhakrishnan<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Meenakshi Jayan<br />
* Rashid Rahman<br />
* Rajan Pootharakkal<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Denil Seby<br />
| editing = Dani Davis<br />
| music = Nixon Joy<br />
| studio = Cinema Pranthan Film Productions<br />
| distributor = [[Sun NXT]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|01|23}}<br />
| runtime = 85 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Sheshippu''''' ({{translation|The Remnant}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Psychological thriller|psychological]] [[drama film]] written and directed by debutants Sreejith S. Kumar and Gritto Vincent.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title='Sheshippu' OTT release: Malayalam psychological thriller streams with English subtitles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sheshippu-ott-release-malayalam-psychological-thriller-streams-with-english-subtitles/articleshow/127278670.cms |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film is produced by Sajid Yahiya and Nithin Radhakrishnan under the banner of Cinema Pranthan Film Productions, the makers of ''[[Pallotty 90's Kids]]''.<ref name="Gadgets360">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title=Sheshippu Now Streaming on SunNXT: Know Everything About Cast, Plot, and More |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/sheshippu-out-on-ott-know-where-to-watch-this-malayalam-film-online-10852799 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=Gadgets 360}}</ref> It stars Meenakshi Jayan and Rashid Rahman in the lead roles.<ref name="CinemaExpress">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2026 |title=IFFK award-winning Jagadish-Anagha Ravi starrer Appuram gets direct-to-digital premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/jan/01/iffk-award-winning-jagadish-anagha-ravi-starrer-appuram-gets-direct-to-digital-premiere-date |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Sheshippu (2026) |url=https://www.hollyreview.com/2026/01/sheshippu-2026-directed-by-shreejith-s.html |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=Holly Review |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film follows Pavi, a lonely ghostwriter residing in a remote hilly estate. His quiet existence is upended when he encounters Anju, a woman who has endured a harrowing ordeal and is visibly traumatized. As the two broken individuals navigate the aftermath of her trauma together, they forge an unexpected bond that explores themes of resilience, loneliness, and the suppressed emotions of human connection.<ref name="IFFK">{{Cite web |title=The Remnant / Sheshippu - IFFK |url=https://iffk.in/filmdetail/MTAwMzM3MTIwLjg0 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=IFFK.in}}</ref><ref name="HansIndia">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2026 |title='Sheshippu' review: A promising premise lost in a slow, uneven flow |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sheshippu-review-a-promising-premise-lost-in-a-slow-uneven-flow-1042131 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=The Hans India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Plainlist|* Meenakshi Jayan as Anju<br />
* Rashid Rahman<br />
* Rajan Pootharakkal as Pavi<br />
* Albert Kottakkal<br />
* Skariah Babu}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film marks the directorial debut of Sreejith S. Kumar and Gritto Vincent, who previously collaborated on various short films and documentaries. The project was filmed over a 12-day schedule in a single location to maintain its atmospheric and isolated tone.<ref name="Asianet">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2025 |title=Interview: Sheshippu Movie Directed By Sreejith S Kumar and Gritto Vincent |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/celebrity-interviews/sheshippu-movie-directed-by-sreejith-s-kumar-gritto-vincent-interview-iffk-articleshow-2q3w4bu |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> It was officially selected for the "Malayalam Cinema Today" category at the 30th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK 2025).<ref name="OTTPlay">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title=Sheshippu out on OTT: Where to watch Meenakshi Jayan's recent acclaimed thriller online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sheshippu-out-on-ott-where-to-watch-meenakshi-jayans-recent-acclaimed-thriller-online/bc8d1aa917378 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref><br />
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== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
The film bypassed a traditional theatrical release after its festival run at IFFK 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Sheshippu (2026) |url=https://www.hollyreview.com/2026/01/sheshippu-2026-directed-by-shreejith-s.html |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=Holly Review |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Home Media ===<br />
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Sun NXT]]. The film premiered on the platform on 23 January 2026, featuring English subtitles for a global audience.<ref name="KeralaTV">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2026 |title=Sheshippu Malayalam Movie Direct OTT release on Sun NXT Platform |url=https://www.keralatv.in/sheshippu-movie-direct-ott-release-on-sun-nxt/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=Kerala TV}}</ref><br />
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== Reception ==<br />
''The Hans India'' noted that while the premise had potential, the narrative "struggles with a sluggish pace that makes its 85-minute runtime feel longer."<ref name="HansIndia" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s psychological drama films]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Chamak&diff=503467INS Chamak2026-03-06T11:21:27Z<p>RichyCapy: Created a page!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian missile attack ship}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
|image=INS Chamak (K95) fires a P-15 Termit missile.jpg<br />
|image_caption=INS ''Chamak'' (K95) fires a [[P-15 Termit]] missile.<br />
}}<br />
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|section2={{Infobox ship/career<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|country=India<br />
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}<br />
|name= INS ''Chamak''<br />
|namesake=<br />
|ordered=<br />
|builder= <br />
|laid_down= <br />
|launched= <br />
|acquired=<br />
|commissioned= 4 November 1976<br />
|decommissioned= 5 May 2005<br />
|in_service=<br />
|out_of_service=<br />
|struck=<br />
|reinstated=<br />
|honours=<br />
|fate= <br />
|status=Museum ship in [[Pune]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mapio.net/s/72306131/|title=NDA Road, Pune|website=Mapio|date=23 February 2007|accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref><br />
|notes=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|header_caption=<br />
|class= [[Chamak class missile boat]]<br />
|type= <br />
|displacement= 245 tons (full load)<ref name=in-chamak>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082432/http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |archivedate=2009-06-19 }}</ref><br />
|length= 38.6 meters<br />
|beam= 7.6 meters<br />
|draught= <br />
|draft=<br />
|propulsion= <br />
|speed= 37+ knots<br />
|range= <br />
|complement= 30<br />
|sensors= <br />
|armament=*4 × [[SS-N-2]]A Styx AShM<br />
*1 × [[SA-N-5]] SAM<br />
*2 × AK-230 30mm guns<br />
|armor= <br />
|aircraft= <br />
|aircraft_facilities=<br />
|notes=<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''INS ''Chamak'' (K95)''' (''Glitter'')<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95#:~:text=Noun,glitter%2C%20sparkle</ref> was the lead vessel of [[Chamak class missile boat|her class]] of [[fast attack craft]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-chamak/><ref name=br-osa-II>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |title=Bharat-Rakshak.com :: NAVY - Osa II Class |accessdate=2009-08-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209025043/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |archivedate=2010-02-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Photos of INS CHAMAK|date=27 May 2009|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/studioblossoms/3569217173/|publisher=Flicker}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Photos of INS CHAMAK|url=http://www.warbirds.in/galleries/wr/Maharashtra/Khadakvasla/Chamak|publisher=warbirds.in|accessdate=29 October 2011|archive-date=21 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421203644/http://www.warbirds.in/galleries/wr/Maharashtra/Khadakvasla/Chamak|url-status=dead}}</ref> The '''INS Chamak''' was first constructed throughout the 1970s, it had a displacement of 245 tons with its full load and measured about 38.6m long, it had a speed of over 37+ kts.<br />
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The '''INS Chamak''' was fully decommissioned on 5 May 2005 and was towed/sailed to [[Pune]] as a museum ship. INS Chamak was designed to be a modified version of the [[Osa-class missile boat|Project 205 Moskit-Class (Osa-class missile boats)]] of the Soviet Navy.<br />
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== Armaments ==<br />
The '''INS Chamak''' was armed with a standard [[AK-230|AK-230 30mm gun]], commonly used as a sea-gun piece for typically less armored and less capable of open sea deployment vessels, it was armed with the [[9K32 Strela-2|SA-N-5 SAM]] system modified to be capable of sea-type deployment, and the [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2A Styx (NATO Reporting Name: P-15 Termit)]] used for anti-ship deployments commonly used on weaker vessels, such as [[Warship|frigates and corvettes]].<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<references/><br />
<br />
{{Chamak-class missile boat}}<br />
{{coord|18.466616|73.765821|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chamak (K95)}}<br />
[[Category:Chamak-class missile boats]]<br />
[[Category:Fast attack craft of the Indian Navy]]<br />
[[Category:Museum ships in India]]<br />
[[Category:1976 ships]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{mil-ship-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyaar_Hai_Toh_Hai&diff=476447Pyaar Hai Toh Hai2026-03-02T05:29:09Z<p>RichyCapy: slightly adjusted details based on references and updated info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date= October 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pyaar Hai Toh Hai<br />
| image = Pyaar Hai Toh Hai's poster.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Pradeep R.K. Chaudhary<br />
| story = Mukul Sharma<br />
| writer = Mukul Shrama and Divya Pande<br />
| producer = Sanjjeev Kumar and Randhir Kumar<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Karan Hariharan <br />
* Paanie Kashyap <br />
* Abishek Duhan<br />
* Veen Harsh<br />
* [[Rohit Chaudhary]] <br />
}}<br />
| music = Anique and Bobby-Imran<br />
| cinematography = Sunita Radia<br />
| editing = Vikash<br />
| studio = Shreetara Cinevision Pvt Ltd<br />
| distributor = Jai Viratra Entertainment Limited<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|10|20}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/movies/pyaar-hai-toh-hai-movie-movieshow-103921918 | title=Pyaar Hai Toh Hai: Release Date, Trailer, Songs, Cast | date=25 September 2023 }}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
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'''''Pyaar Hai Toh Hai''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film starring Karan Hariharan<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/pyaar-hai-toh-hai/movieshow/102830317.cms | title=Pyaar Hai Toh Hai | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/son-of-singer-hariharan-karan-hariharan-set-to-make-debut-in-bollywood/wb20230803155615823823186 | title=Son of Hariharan in Bollywood: শানু-কন্যার পর এবার বলিউডে আত্মপ্রকাশ করছেন হরিহরণ-পুত্র | date=3 August 2023 }}</ref> and Paani Kashyap<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/paanie-kashyap-of-mirzapur-uttar-pradesh-enters-bollywood-with-debut-film-of-karan-hariharan-pyaar-hai-to-hai-2023-09-21 | title=मिर्जापुर की बेटी को मिला मुंबई में बड़ा मौका, हरिहरन के बेटे की डेब्यू फिल्म में हीरोइन }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/small-town-actor-paanie-kashyap-s-journey-from-college-prep-to-debut-film-learning-the-craft-in-different-domains-101691327414068.html | title=Paanie Kashyap: Dabbling in different domains helped me sustain and learn | date=6 August 2023 }}</ref> produced by Shreetara Cinevision Pvt Ltd. It was released in theaters on 20 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-unveils-trailer-of-karan-hariharan-and-paanie-kashyaps-pyaar-hai-to-hai/articleshow/103812371.cms?from=mdr | title=Amitabh Bachchan unveils trailer of Karan Hariharan and Paanie Kashyap's 'Pyaar Hai to Hai' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=20 September 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
The film revolves around the intense and thrilling journey of two childhood friends, Arman (Karan Hariharan) and Nimmo (Paanie Kashyap).{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}<br />
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==Cast==<br />
* Karan Hariharan as Arman<br />
* Paanie Kashyap<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-paanie-kashyap-says-outsiders-have-to-work-harder-to-get-noticed-in-bollywood-pyaar-hai-toh-hai-3064297 | title=Debutante actress Paanie Kashyap says 'outsiders have to work harder to get noticed' in Bollywood: 'I am still on...' }}</ref> as Nimmo<br />
* Abhishek Duhan as Vikas<br />
* Veen Harsh as Sikander<br />
* [[Rohit Chaudhary]] as Badri Bhaiya<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Under the Banner of Shreetara Cinevision Pvt Ltd, the film is a theatrical musical romantic drama produced by Sanjeev Kumar & Randhir Kumar, Co-produced by Sunita Radia & Arun Tyagi and directed by Pradeep R.K. Chaudhary. The film has been shot at various location of [[Rishikesh]], [[Dehradun]] and [[Mussoorie]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-actor-karan-hariharan-paani-kashyap-film-pyaar-hai-to-hai-title-song-and-trailer-release-23537795.html | title=Pyaar Hai Toh Hai: 'प्यार है तो है' का टाइटल सॉन्ग और ट्रेलर रिलीज, इस दिन दिखेगी करण-पानी की केमिस्ट्री - actor karan hariharan paani kashyap film pyaar hai to hai title song and trailer release }}</ref><br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=28549549}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aghora_Yoga&diff=484839Aghora Yoga2026-03-01T09:04:03Z<p>RichyCapy: creating article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Spiritual tradition originated in Northern India}}<br />
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{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
'''Aghora Yoga''' (also referred to as '''Aghor''') is a spiritual tradition that originated in Northern India around the 11th Century C.E. The word Aghor literally means "that which is not difficult or terrible"; according to its adherents, Aghor is a simple and natural state of consciousness, in which there is no experience of fear, hatred, disgust or discrimination.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonomaashram.org/teachings_aghor_yoga.php |title=Sonoma Ashram, an ashram in California for personal retreats, yoga and meditation |accessdate=2011-06-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926211652/http://www.sonomaashram.org/teachings_aghor_yoga.php |archivedate=26 September 2011 }}, Sonomaashram.org (accessed: Thursday 16 June 2011)</ref> Accordingly, believers contend that any time that humans experience a state of discrimination, we limit our wholeness and fall prey to disruptive emotions such as anger, fear, jealousy, greed, and lust.<ref>^, Sonomaashram.org</ref> The practices of Aghora Yoga today reflect reforms made in the 1960s, shifting the focus of Aghor to seeking a balanced life of selfless service and personal practice.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/encounter/stories/2006/1782966.htm Encounter: Aghoris], [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]</ref> Baba Bhagwan Ramji encouraged the practitioners of Aghor to follow the [[vamachara]] ("left-hand path") by embracing socially stigmatized and neglected people, such as street children and people with leprosy and other "untouchable" diseases. Today, the followers of Aghoreshwar Bhagwan Ramji have established a large network of schools, orphanages, medical clinics, or other social service projects.<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness''. Aghor Publications. {{ISBN|0-9670701-0-4}}. p.64</ref><br />
<br />
==Teachings and practices==<br />
The modern teachings and practices of Aghor are known as Aghor Yoga. Aghor Yoga can be practiced by anyone without regard to religious or ethnic background and irrespective of whether s/he adopts traditional Aghori dietary practices. The essence of Aghor Yoga is that fundamentally humans are each an individual whole, at one with divine consciousness. Aghor Yoga believes that by learning to identify with one's wholeness, one becomes free from a limited way of being. As a result, the energy that was previously invested in limitation becomes accessible for being directed towards the greater good.<ref name=autogenerated5>Encounter: Aghoris</ref><br />
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The teachings and practices of Aghor defy easy categorization. Some adherents classify Aghor as a non-dualistic (advaita) Hindu philosophy. Classic [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]] explains that only the one eternal Self – alternately referred to as God, Brahman, or Atman – is real. Accordingly, Aghor believes that all of humanity is a part of this higher Self. Beyond this, everything else in the universe is mere illusion (maya).<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.232</ref><br />
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The teachings of Aghor are meant to be universal, transcending all particularities of Hinduism or Indian culture. The contemporary Aghor lineage of Baba Kinaram includes people from many religious faiths and countries of origin, including the United States and Europe. The lineage also recognizes great spiritual beings of all religions (such as [[Moses]], [[Buddha]], [[Jesus]], and [[Mohammed]]) as abiding in the realized state of Aghor – that is existing in wholeness and at one with the Divine.<br />
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Aghor focuses on the idea of [[jivanmukta]], or reaching liberation from material issues in this lifetime. Thus, one does not have to die before reaching a state of Aghor.<ref name=autogenerated5 /><br />
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Any disciplined effort that one makes to connect with one's wholeness is called [[sadhana]] (spiritual practice). A consistent effort that is in tune with human nature, simple to comprehend, and easy to practice bears fruit. Such a spiritual practice is thought to connect one with fullness, and when one is full, that fullness overflows into the outward action of [[Selfless service|seva]]. Seva is the selfless service one contributes to the community and world. Sadhana and seva form the two foundational aspects of the Aghor Yoga Path.<ref name=autogenerated5 /><br />
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===Guru===<br />
A disciple of Aghor Yoga often relies on a [[Guru]] – a capable spiritual teacher – to provide guidance when forming their practice of [[sadhana]] and [[Seva (Indian religions)|seva]]. The Aghor definition of the word Guru is "remover of doubt." The Guru is meant to function both as a bridge between outward action and spiritual wisdom, as well as an example of realization of the Aghor path. One distinguishing feature of the Aghor Yoga path is that the Guru is very accessible to the students. A bridge does not just provide a means of passage between two realms of thought; it is also a lookout point from which one can see the blessings floating on a sustenance-giving river.<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.160</ref><br />
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The Guru is also believed to reside within all beings in the form of a higher [[Self]]. In order to form a conscious connection to one's own Self, a Guru is chosen for guidance. Eventually, it is hoped that an understanding of Gurupeeth (literally, the seat of the Guru) in oneself is formed.<br />
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There is no restriction of any kind in accepting a Guru. A Guru is a person in whose company one feels inspired and reminded of one's divinity and wholeness. In Aghor Yoga, a Guru is commonly a person who has walked the path and is willing and available to guide the practitioner in their own practice. <br />
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A Guru suggests a formal practice to the seeker. It is the responsibility of the seeker to cultivate their practice by aligning with the teachings. Though one is not required to follow the Guru's exact prescriptions, it is commonly accepted that one will pay careful attention to their Guru's teachings regarding spiritual practice and not try to modify or dilute them.<br />
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In Aghor Yoga the Guru instructs the seeker in the basics of sadhana (cultivation of a daily personal practice) and seva (their selfless service in the world). By incorporating the practices of sadhana and seva into everyday life, the student seeks to achieve a sense of peace and fulfillment through becoming better equipped to meet the challenges of modern life with calmness, grace and skill.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><br />
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The Guru starts the practitioner on the path of Aghor Yoga through formal initiation by giving a personal [[mantra]] (a sound, syllable, or group of words that, with repetition, become spiritually transformative). In Aghor Yoga, one's mantra is regarded as a personal friend with its own personality, presence and characteristic. A mantra is also a thread that connects the practitioner with the spiritual powerhouse of all the enlightened beings from the Aghor lineage, thus the practitioner gains a sense of belonging to the family of enlightened beings. It is said, "You are never alone after receiving a mantra." Developing a friendship with one's mantra becomes the preoccupation of the practitioner.<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.163</ref><br />
<br />
==Concepts and terminology==<br />
Students of the Aghor Yoga tradition seek to attain Aghor, a state of consciousness in which one does not experience fear, hatred, disgust, discrimination, or hunger.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> One who achieves Aghor does not view the world in dualistic terms such as "dead" and "alive" or "edible" and "inedible", and so does not cast judgment upon themselves or others. A person who conscientiously practices these virtues is called an Aughar.<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.221</ref><br />
<br />
With constant practice, when one is established unwaveringly in the state of Aghor consciousness, a person becomes an Avadhut – a spiritually realized human being. Anyone from any religious, spiritual or ethnic background who has come to abide in the state of Aghor consciousness, regardless of the path that led to this state, is an Avadhut.<ref name=autogenerated4>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.259</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The term "Aghor" has ancient origins which likely precede written history. One of the Five Faces of [[Shiva]] was known as Aghor. In the Shiva Purana, one of India's oldest legends, there is a hymn to the glory of Shiva by Pushpadanta, head of the Gandharva clan, called the Shiva Mahimnah Stotram. One of its Sanskrit verses reads:<br />
<br />
::::::::::{{Transliteration|sa|Aghoranna paro mantro}}<br />
::::::::::{{Transliteration|sa|Nasti tatvam Guro param.}}<br />
<br />
The translation is: The very name of Aghor (Shiva, or the one who has attained the state of Aghor) is a mantra that is above all other mantras. There is nothing higher to be known than the real nature of the Guru (spiritual teacher).<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Thus, the hagiographic roots of the Aghor tradition are traced to Lord [[Dattatreya]], an avatar of Shiva.<br />
<br />
Aghor tradition believes that Jagadguru Dattatreya propounded the tradition of Aghor later followed in the Sixteenth Century by the great saint [[Baba Keenaram]].<ref>Bhagwan Ram (2007). ''The Book of Aghor Wisdom''. Indica Books. {{ISBN|81-86569-66-9}}. p.36</ref> The life story of Baba Keenaram tells of his wandering for years until he attained complete knowledge upon encountering Bhagwan Dattatreya, who appeared to him in the [[Girnar]] Mountains, a holy place in [[Gujarat]] state in northwest [[India]].<ref name=autogenerated1>Bhagwan Ram (2007). ''The Book of Aghor Wisdom''. p.47</ref><br />
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Later in his life, Baba Keenaram settled in the holy city of [[Varanasi]] and wrote a book called ''Viveksar'', recognized now as the most authentic treatise on the principles of Aghor.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> He claimed that the contents of ''Viveksar'' were revealed to him by Lord Dattatreya. Through this revelation, he saw that the whole world, the whole universe, is situated in each human body, a vast world perfect in all respects. Baba Keenaram later established an ashram in Varanasi, called Krim Kund.<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.15</ref> He initiated many social reforms during the tumultuous times of the Moghul invasion when the Indian people were being persecuted.<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.73</ref> The early devotees of Aghor comprised a diffuse network of wandering ascetics who passed down their beliefs and practices through oral teaching in many different lineages.<br />
<br />
In the 1960s, the then-guru of the Baba Keenaram lineage, Baba Bhagwan Ramji (1937-1992), instituted reforms of the Aghor tradition, banning taboo substances such as alcohol, marijuana, and ashes. Baba Bhagwan Ramji "challenged his devotees to embrace polluted people instead of polluted substances."<ref>Barrett, Ron (2008). ''Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India''. University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-25218-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-520-25218-9}}. p.23</ref> Aghor instead became focused on social reform, maintaining a [[vamachara]] tradition of spirituality by helping people who have been shunned from mainstream society, such as lepers and orphans.<ref name=autogenerated5 /><br />
<br />
When Baba Bhagwan Ramji attained Aghor in this lineage, he was compared to Baba Keenaram because he had a strong sense of social responsibility, identifying himself with suffering humanity. Numerous accounts describe how he helped struggling people to battle social injustices.<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.74</ref><br />
<br />
===Lineage===<br />
The direct lineage of the twelve Aghoreshwars that began with Bhagwan Dattatreya extends from the sixteenth century until the present day.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonomaashram.org/teachings_lineage.php |title=Sonoma Ashram, an ashram in California for personal retreats, yoga and meditation |accessdate=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710062957/http://www.sonomaashram.org/teachings_lineage.php |archivedate=10 July 2010 }}, Sonomaashram.org (accessed: Thursday 16 June 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
# Baba Kalu Ram (Bhagwan Dattatreya) <br />
# Aghoraacharya Baba Keenaram (16th century)<br />
# Baba Bija Ram <br />
# Baba Dhouta Ram <br />
# Baba Gaibi Ram <br />
# Baba Bhavani Ram <br />
# Baba Jainarayan Ram <br />
# Baba Mathura Ram <br />
# Baba Saryu Ram <br />
# Baba Dal Singar Ram <br />
# Baba Rajeshwar Ram <br />
#Baba Bhagwan Ramji<br />
# Baba Siddharth Gautam Ram<ref name=autogenerated2 /><br />
<br />
==Today==<br />
The Aghor tradition, which originated as confined and reclusive, has transformed since Baba Bhagwan Ramji's reforms to Aghor Yoga practices. By changing practices that have traditionally been shunned by conventional norms, Aghor Yoga now has entered mainstream society. Today, Aghor Yoga focuses upon forming a balanced personal practice, placing importance on both sadhana (one's own spiritual practice) as well as [[Seva (Indian religions)|seva (selfless service)]].<ref name=autogenerated3 /><br />
<br />
===Baba Bhagwan Ramji===<br />
Recognizing the need for change within his society, Baba Bhagwan Ramji renewed the socially conscious spirit of Baba Kinaram when he established a new ashram named Awadhut Bhagwan Ram Kusht Sewa Ashram (The Awadhut Bhagwan Ram Leprosy Service Ashram) at Parao, Varanasi.<ref>Bhagwan Ram (2007). ''The Book of Aghor Wisdom''. p.29</ref> Baba Bhagwan Ramji dedicated Parao Ashram to helping the poor and the afflicted, and included a [[leprosy]] hospital within the ashram grounds. By shifting Aghor Yoga's focus to helping those who are suffering within society, Baba Bhagwan Ramji modernized the ancient Aghor tradition.<br />
<br />
In order to maintain the continuum of the Aghor tradition, Baba Bhagwan Ramji initiated one of his disciples, Baba Siddharth Gautam Ram, to be the head of Krim Kund and of the Aghor lineage. The Krim Kund and Parao ashrams are situated on the opposite sides of the [[Ganges River]] in Varanasi, India.<br />
<br />
Baba Bhagwan Ramji also established Sri Sarveshwari Samooh Ashram, a secular social service organization that has worked throughout northern India.<ref>Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness'' p.64</ref> The Aghor lineage now includes many Ashrams in various locations in India and a number of centers and Ashrams in other countries.<br />
<br />
During his life, Aghoreshwar Bhagwan Ramji also guided the reform of ancient Kina Ram [[Aghori]] practices.<ref>Barrett, Ron (2008). ''Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India''. p.23</ref><br />
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===Ashrams===<br />
All of the ashrams started by Baba Bhagwan Ramji and his disciples around the world are continually dedicated to service. Contemporary Aghor practices focus especially on providing help and services to those who are downtrodden.<br />
<br />
Sri Sarveshwari Samooh Ashram remains invested in social issues, notably working to eliminate the dowry system, offering free leprosy treatment, and providing free schooling for impoverished children.<ref>[aghoreshwar.org], Sri Sarveshwari Samooh Ashram (accessed: Monday 20 June 2011)</ref><br />
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The Sonoma Ashram in Sonoma, California, founded in 1990, is the current seat of Aghor Yoga in the United States. The mission of Sonoma Ashram is to foster spiritual growth in individuals.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><br />
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The Sonoma Ashram's sister ashram, Aghor Foundation, was established in 2001 on the bank of the Ganges River in the Varanasi, India and offers a safe home for orphaned and abandoned children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonomaashram.org/india_service_projects_bal_ashram.php |title=Sonoma Ashram, an ashram in California for personal retreats, yoga and meditation |accessdate=2011-06-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207011726/http://www.sonomaashram.org/india_service_projects_bal_ashram.php |archivedate=7 December 2011 }}, Sonomaashram.org (accessed: Thursday 16 June 2011)</ref> The Aghor Foundation also operates other social service projects, including the Anjali School, a tuition-free school for neighborhood children living in poverty and Vision Varanasi, a free eye clinic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonomaashram.org/aghor_foundation_about.php |title=Sonoma Ashram, an ashram in California for personal retreats, yoga and meditation |accessdate=2011-06-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025419/http://www.sonomaashram.org/aghor_foundation_about.php |archivedate=27 September 2011 }}, Sonomaashram.org (accessed: Thursday 16 June 2011)</ref> Notably, The Aghor Foundation also runs Project Shakti, which offers vocational training for underprivileged women in Varanasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonomaashram.org/india_service_projects_project_shakti.php |title=Sonoma Ashram, an ashram in California for personal retreats, yoga and meditation |accessdate=2011-06-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609145520/http://www.sonomaashram.org/india_service_projects_project_shakti.php |archivedate=9 June 2011 }}, Sonomaashram.org (accessed: Thursday 16 June 2011)</ref> The Aghor Foundation recently began to construct the Amrit Sagar Environmental Center, "a working model of the best environmental practices and a teaching center demonstrating… sustainable practices."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonomaashram.org/india_service_projects_amrit_sagar.php |title=Sonoma Ashram, an ashram in California for personal retreats, yoga and meditation |accessdate=2011-06-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609092117/http://www.sonomaashram.org/india_service_projects_amrit_sagar.php |archivedate=9 June 2011 }}, Sonomaashram.org (accessed: Thursday 16 June 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{portal|Hinduism}}<br />
* [[Aghori]] - a related [[Shaivism|Śaiva]] denomination<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Barrett, Ron (2008). ''Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India''. University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-25218-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-520-25218-9}}.<br />
* Bhagwan Ram (2007). ''The Book of Aghor Wisdom''. Indica Books. {{ISBN|81-86569-66-9}}. <br />
* Harihar Ram (1997). ''Oasis of Stillness''. Aghor Publications. {{ISBN|0-9670701-0-4}}. <br />
* Lorenzen, David. ''The Kapalikas and Kalamukas: Two Lost Shaivite Sects''. {{ISBN|0-520-01842-7}}.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* Aghor Foundation. Varanasi, India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025419/http://www.sonomaashram.org/aghor_foundation_about.php]<br />
* ''Encounter: Aghoris''. Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio National. 12 November 2006. [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/encounter/stories/2006/1782966.htm]<br />
* SonoMa Ashram. Sonoma, California. [http://www.sonomaashram.org/]<br />
* Sri Sarveshwari Samooh Ashram. Varanasi, India. [http://aghoreshwar.org]<br />
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{{Yoga}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]<br />
[[Category:Shaivism]]<br />
[[Category:Yoga styles]]<br />
[[Category:Religion in Varanasi]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Varanasi]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirli_State&diff=510041Kirli State2026-02-28T16:37:14Z<p>RichyCapy: Created new article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Princely state}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox former subdivision<br />
|native_name = <br />
|conventional_long_name =Kirli State <br />
|common_name =Kirli <br />
|nation = [[British India]]<br />
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]<br />
|era = <br />
|year_start =<br />
|date_start = <br />
|event_start= <br />
|year_end = 1948<br />
|date_end = <br />
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]<br />
|event1 = <br />
|date_event1 = <br />
|p1 =<br />
|s1 = India<br />
|flag_p1 = <br />
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br />
|image_flag = <br />
|image_coat = <br />
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg<br />
|image_map_caption = Location of Kirli in the Dang region<br />
|stat_area1 =54.39<br />
|stat_year1 =1931<br />
|stat_pop1 =1258<br />
|footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Kirli State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]] <ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 1 258 and an area of 21 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref><br />
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It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 51 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up</ref><br />
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== History ==<br />
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The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neieghbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states omly subjugated in 1839. In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref><br />
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In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 49 £ (490 Rupees) <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref><br />
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==Rulers==<br />
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The Rulers had the title of Naik <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 30, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref><br />
<br />
* Hapsing Lálsing fl. 1880 <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref><br />
* Cholu walad Apsingh Naik (b. 1861) 1886-f. 1893 <ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", p. 255 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n279/mode/2up</ref><br />
* Naik Koya Chhotu (b. 1879) April 16, 1904 - fl. 1927 <ref>The Indian states : corrected up to the 1st January 1927, p. 47, https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03160/page/47/mode/2up</ref><br />
* Naik Wadja Koya (b. 1902) March 23, 1928- fl. 1940 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balti_(food)&diff=462775Balti (food)2026-02-16T09:52:37Z<p>RichyCapy: expanded information after review</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Curry cooked and served in a wok}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Other uses|Balti (disambiguation){{!}}Balti}}<br />
[[File:Balti gosht.jpg|thumb|''Balti gosht'' with lamb in the thin pressed-steel balti bowl, in the United Kingdom]]<br />
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A '''balti''' or '''bāltī gosht''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|بالٹی گوشت}}}}, {{langx|hi|बाल्टी गोश्त}}) is a type of [[Curry in the United Kingdom|curry within the United Kingdom]] served in a thin, pressed-steel [[wok]] called a balti bowl. Balti curries are cooked quickly using [[vegetable oil]] rather than [[ghee]], over high heat in the manner of a stir-fry, and any meat is used off the bone. Balti sauce is based on [[garlic]] and [[onion]]s, with spices including [[turmeric]] and [[garam masala]]. The dish was developed in [[Birmingham]], England in the 1970s. A region of Birmingham with many balti restaurants has become known as the '''Balti Triangle'''. An application was made to the [[European Union]] to make "Birmingham Balti" a [[traditional speciality guaranteed]] product; the application failed because the allowed variations were not precisely defined.<br />
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== Origin ==<br />
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=== Baltistan ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Yedam and Khanum Balti, Selly Oak, Birmingham.jpg|thumb|upright|It is claimed that balti was invented in [[Birmingham]]. A balti house is shown.<ref name="Roy"/>]]<br />
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The food writer [[Pat Chapman (food writer)|Pat Chapman]] believed that balti [[curry]] could be traced to the area of [[Baltistan]], in Northern [[Kashmir]], and in 1998 published a book, ''Balti Bible'', about the supposed cuisine.<ref name="Roy"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Pat |author-link=Pat Chapman (food writer) |title=Pat Chapman's Balti Bible |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |location=London |year=1998 |isbn=0-340-72858-2}}</ref> Adil's restaurant in Stoney Lane, [[Sparkbrook]], a district of Birmingham, founded in 1977, called itself "the home of Balti Cuisine", stating that its dishes followed the traditions of Northern Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adilbalti.co.uk/ |title=Welcome to Adil — The Home of Balti Cuisine |publisher=Adil's |access-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518161430/http://www.adilbalti.co.uk/ |archive-date=18 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=BBCBalti>{{cite web |last=Warwicker |first=Michelle |title=What makes the Birmingham Balti unique? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18494918 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=15 November 2015 |quote="People like (it)... sizzling and hot and with the naan bread," said Mohammed Arif, owner of Adil Balti and Tandoori Restaurant, in the Balti Triangle in Birmingham. Mr Arif claims to be first man to introduce the balti to Britain—after bringing the idea from Kashmir—when he opened his restaurant in 1977. He said that before he "recommended the balti in the UK" in the late '70s, "there was different curry" in Britain, "not like this fresh cooking one".}}</ref> However, the Canadian food writer [[Colleen Taylor Sen]] states that balti's origins are unclear, as the food eaten in Baltistan "bears no resemblance" to balti curry.<ref name="Sen2009"/> A typical [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] dish is ''rdoong balay'', a stew made of ground wheat, potatoes, <!--blue and black -->peas, and spices.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Nisar |title=Eid Al-Fitr with a centuries-old stew |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2075911/%7B%7B |newspaper=[[Arab News]] |access-date=2 December 2025 |date=5 May 2022}}</ref><br />
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=== Balti cooking pot ===<br />
<br />
Sen suggests instead that the name of the food may have originated from the fact that it is cooked in a pot named a ''baltī'', similar to a [[karahi]].<ref name="Sen2009">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Colleen Taylor |title=Curry: A Global History |date=15 November 2009 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |isbn=978-1861897046 |page=50 |quote=Its origins are unclear. Some claim it originated in Baltistan, a province high in the Pakistan Himalayas, although the food there bears no resemblance to balti cuisine. Another explanation is that the word ''balti'' means bucket in Hindi, perhaps a reference to the wok-like pot called a ''karahi'' or ''karhai''.}}</ref><ref name="Khanna2013">{{cite book |last=Khanna |first=Vikas |title=Savour Mumbai: A Culinary Journey Through India's Melting Pot |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=[[Westland Books]] |isbn=978-9382618959 |page=327 |quote=Balti Gosht (Wok Cooked Mutton): Balti cooking has taken the UK by storm. ''Balti'' in Hindi means bucket, but here it refers to a small pot or ''kadhai'' (wok) in which a dish is cooked and served.}}</ref> The word "balti" is the [[Hindi]] for "bucket", from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{lang|pt|balde}} of the same meaning.<ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Yule |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Yule |chapter=Balty |page=54 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/hobsonjobson_query.py?qs=BALTY&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |title=Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive |title-link=Hobson-Jobson |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |year=1903 |edition=New |orig-year=1886}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700130200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226192245/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700130200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2004|title=Baltistan's mystery food |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 July 2003 |access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> It is claimed that the thin steel balti wok was, like the curry, invented and manufactured in Birmingham in the 1970s, differing from traditional heavy [[cast iron]] cooking pots.<ref name="McComb 2009"/><br />
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=== A piece of marketing ===<br />
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However, some balti restaurateurs of Birmingham have claimed that they invented the dish to please their white British clientele. The British-Pakistani scholar of culture [[Ziauddin Sardar]] describes the invention as a triumph of [[marketing]], making balti houses seem more authentic than "the bog-standard confines of curry and ''[[vindaloo]]''<!--his italics-->". Sardar comments that he personally cannot tell balti from other curries.<ref name="Sardar 2012">{{cite book |last=Sardar |first=Ziauddin |chapter=Eating Balti |year=2009 |title=Balti Britain: A Provocative Journey through Asian Britain |location=London |publisher=[[Granta Books]] |isbn=978-1847080820 |pages=11–37}}</ref> The scholar of food Parama Roy, citing Sardar, adds that the success of the marketing effort "is evidenced by the publication of the ''Balti Bible'' by Pat Chapman".<ref name="Roy">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Parama |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development Media, culture and representations |url=https://ebrary.net/173954/education/food_south_asian_diaspora |chapter=Food in the South Asian Diaspora |quote=[Ziauddin] Sardar notes with relish that the Balti food phenomenon is a superb feat of marketing, lifting the curry house 'from the bog-standard confines of curry and vindaloo' to give it a more upmarket sheen of authenticity. That such a gambit triumphed is evidenced by the publication of the Balti Bible by Pat Chapman}}</ref> The historian of food [[Lizzie Collingham]] and the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' concur that Pakistani restaurateurs invented balti in Birmingham.<ref name="Collingham 2007">{{cite book |last=Collingham |first=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |date=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz |page=232}}</ref><ref name="OED 2009">{{cite web |title=Wordhunt appeal list Balderdash Wordhunt |url=http://oed.com/bbcwordhunt/list.html#balti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709215254/http://www.oed.com/bbcwordhunt/list.html#balti |archive-date=9 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2009 |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}</ref> In 2014, the Indian cook [[Madhur Jaffrey]] described the balti style of cooking as a "craze with no authentic origins which will slowly die as people's tastes turn to more complex dishes".<ref name="Roy"/><br />
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== Dish ==<br />
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[[File:Chicken Balti Bhuna.jpg|thumb|Balti chicken [[takeaway]] with rice and [[naan]] in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland]]<br />
<br />
A balti curry as originally cooked in Birmingham is stir-fried in very hot [[vegetable oil]] rather than [[ghee]]. The base of the curry is [[onion]] or [[tomato]], mixed with [[garlic]] and [[ginger]], and spiced with [[cumin]], [[fenugreek]], [[garam masala]], and [[turmeric]]; the meat is usually chicken or lamb.<ref name="McComb 2009">{{cite news |first=Richard |last=McComb |title=Balti making a big comeback in Birmingham |newspaper=[[Birmingham Post]] |date=20 February 2009 |access-date=16 June 2016 |url=http://www.balti-birmingham.co.uk/about-balti/bpost-on-the-balti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024842/http://www.balti-birmingham.co.uk/about-balti/bpost-on-the-balti|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Collingham writes that despite the supposed Kashmir origin, "the restaurant balti unashamedly makes a virtue out of restaurant short cuts."<ref name="Collingham 2007"/> She describes the dish as using meat which has been marinated and then pre-cooked. A separately prepared sauce is "a version of Indian restaurant curry sauce".<ref name="Collingham 2007"/> She lists both onions and tomatoes as ingredients, and describes fresh [[coriander]] as "important".<ref name="Collingham 2007"/> The mix of oil-fried spices can be varied. Finally, she states that variations are created by adding a choice of alternative ingredients such as fenugreek, [[lentil]]s, or pieces of [[pineapple]].<ref name="Collingham 2007"/><br />
<br />
== Balti houses ==<br />
<br />
{{see also|Curry in the United Kingdom}}<br />
<br />
Balti restaurants are often known in Birmingham as 'balti houses'.<ref name="McComb 2009"/> These typically offer large ''karack'' [[naan]] bread pieces, to be shared by the whole table.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/birmingham--the-latest-hot-destination-for-foodies-525778.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204100757/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/birmingham--the-latest-hot-destination-for-foodies-525778.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2008 |first=Mark |last=Rowe |date=12 February 2006 |title=Birmingham, the latest hot destination for foodies |newspaper=[[The Independent]] }}</ref> Some 50<ref name="McComb 2009"/> balti houses were originally clustered along and behind the main road between [[Sparkhill]] and [[Moseley]], to the south of Birmingham city centre. This area, comprising Ladypool Road, Stoney Lane, and Stratford Road, is sometimes called the '''Balti Triangle''', as it contains a high concentration of balti restaurants. On 28 July 2005, a [[Birmingham Tornado (UK)|tornado]] caused extensive damage to buildings in the triangle,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/tornado |publisher=Birmingham City Council |title=Birmingham Tornado |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514001949/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/tornado |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> forcing many restaurants to close. Most reopened by the beginning of 2006 but by 2023 only four remained.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Jessica |date=2023-05-31 |title='The culture has changed': end of the boom for Birmingham's Balti Triangle |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/may/31/the-culture-has-changed-end-of-the-boom-for-birminghams-balti-triangle |access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bosley 2022">{{cite magazine |last=Bosley |first=Kirsty |title=A brief history of the Birmingham balti, and where to find it |url=https://www.thegoodfoodguide.co.uk/editorial/features/a-brief-history-of-the-birmingham-balti-and-where-to-find-it- |magazine=[[The Good Food Guide]] |access-date=13 December 2025 |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since the late 1990s, British supermarkets have stocked a growing range of prepacked balti meals, and the balti restaurant sector has faced increasing competition both from retail and from changes in customer tastes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/has-the-great-british-curry-house-finally-had-its-chips-1070723.html |title=Has the great British curry house finally had its chips? |website=[[The Independent]] |date=14 February 1999 |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://chaisamosa.net/index.php/business-update/20090306998/indian-restaurants-urge-british-government-to-help-as-recession-bites/menu-id-386html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813144957/http://chaisamosa.net/index.php/business-update/20090306998/indian-restaurants-urge-british-government-to-help-as-recession-bites/menu-id-386html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2010 |title=Indian restaurants seek government help as recession bites |website=Chai Samosa |date=6 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Application for EU protected status ==<br />
<br />
In 2012, the Birmingham Balti Association applied to the [[European Union]] to make "Birmingham Balti" a [[traditional speciality guaranteed]] (TSG) product, claiming that two features made it distinctive, namely cooking with vegetable oil, and incorporating each ingredient separately while the stir-frying.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2012 |title=Birmingham Balti curry seeks EU protected status |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18490695 |url-status=live |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208031921/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-18490695 |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> The application was pursued until 2016 but failed. The reason for rejecting the application was that the dish was not cooked to a standard recipe, or as the EU stated:<ref name="Probert 2016">{{cite news |last=Probert |first=Sarah |title=EU blasted for being 'anti British' after Birmingham fails to win protection for balti |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/eu-blasted-being-anti-british-11371244 |access-date=2 December 2025 |newspaper=[[Birmingham Mail|Birmingham Live]] |date=23 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Some different varieties of balti are allowed; those varieties are not definitively identified. The colour of the dish changes (either lighter brown or more reddish) depending on which ingredients are added. The additional ingredients and spices may but not have to be added. It is therefore not possible to determine what the final recipe to be followed is.<ref name="Probert 2016"/>}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Chicken tikka masala]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist|28em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* ''Curry Club Balti Curry Cookbook'', [[Piatkus]], London — {{ISBN|0-7499-1214-6}} & {{ISBN|0-7499-1342-8}} (1993)<br />
** republished as ''Modern Balti Curries'', [[John Blake Publishing]], London (2006)<br />
* ''[[Pat Chapman (food writer)|Pat Chapman]]'s Balti Bible'', [[Hodder & Stoughton]], London — {{ISBN|0-340-72858-2}} & {{ISBN|0-340-72859-0}} (1998)<br />
* ''2009 [[Cobra Beer|Cobra]] Good Curry Guide'', [[John Blake Publishing]], London — {{ISBN|1-84454-311-0}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Curry in the United Kingdom}}<br />
{{Pakistani dishes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:British cuisine]]<br />
[[Category:Culture in Birmingham, West Midlands]]<br />
[[Category:Curry in the United Kingdom]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka&diff=473642Caste system in Sri Lanka2026-01-28T04:23:14Z<p>RichyCapy: fix page and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Traditional social stratification}}<br />
The '''caste systems in Sri Lanka''' are social stratification systems found among the ethnic groups of the island since ancient times. The models are similar to those found in Continental India, but are less extensive and important for various reasons. Modern times Sri Lanka is often considered to be a casteless society in South Asia.<br />
<br />
The caste systems of Sri Lanka were historically not tied to the religious establishment but rather a tool to service the ruling elite -a model that was subsequently emulated within the European diaspora. At least three major, parallel caste systems exist in Sri Lankan society: [[Sinhalese people|''Sinhalese'']], [[Sri Lankan Tamils|''Sri Lankan Tamil'']] and [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|''Indian Tamils'']]''.''<ref name="IIDS">{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Kalinga Tudor |last2=Sivapragasam |first2=P.P. |last3=Thanges |first3=Paramsothy |date=2009 |title=Caste Discrimination and Social Justice in Sri Lanka: An Overview |url=http://idsn.org/fileadmin/user_folder/pdf/New_files/Publications_from_network/Caste_discrimination_and_social_justice_in_Sri_Lanka__IIDS_working_paper_.pdf |journal=Indian Institute of Dalit Studies |volume=III |access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
A universal welfare system that focused on providing education for everyone regardless of background has provided people from lower caste groups similar opportunities to enter jobs previously only frequented by those in upper-caste groups, with younger generations mostly rejecting any pressure to conform to caste-related jobs. The Civil War has also broken down caste barriers as they were seen as an obstacle toward ethnolinguistic unity.<ref name="IIDS" /><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The caste system or feudal of the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils display some similar traits, where both systems having comparable castes with similar occupations and status.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nubin|first=Walter|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4|pages=153}}</ref><br />
<br />
The interior [[arable land]] is largely dominated by the [[Govigama]] caste under the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] and by the [[Sri Lankan Vellalar|Vellalar]] under the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]], who are traditionally involved as [[Husbandman|husbandmen]] and form approximately half the population of their respective ethnicities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peebles|first=Patrick|title=Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka|date=2015-10-22|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-5585-2|pages=65}}</ref> The [[peasant]]s under them are the Sinhalese [[Bathgama]] and Tamil [[Sri Lankan Pallar|Pallars]].<ref name="sljh">{{Cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Eric P.|date=2014-12-09|title=Historical Aspects of Caste in the Kandyan Regions with Particular Reference to the non-Goyigama Castes of the Kägalla District|journal=Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities|volume=40|pages=21–54| doi=10.4038/sljh.v40i0.7229|issn=2279-3321|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Coast|coastal land]] is dominated by the [[Karava]]s under the Sinhalese and the [[Karaiyar]] under the Tamils. Both castes share a common origin with background in [[seafaring]], [[trade]] and [[warfare]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Swan|first=Bernard|title=Sri Lankan Mosaic: Environment, Man, Continuity, and Change|date=1987|publisher=Marga Institute, Sri Lanka Centre for Development Studies|pages=177}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last1=Markovits|first1=Claude|title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950|last2=Pouchepadass|first2=Jacques|last3=Subrahmanyam|first3=Sanjay|date=2006|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-231-4|pages=59}}</ref> The [[artisan]]s were collectively known as Navandanna by the Sinhalese and as [[Kammalar (caste)|Kammalar]] by the Tamils.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahroof|first=M. M. M.|date=2000|title=A Conspectus of Tamil Caste Systems in Sri Lanka: Away from a Parataxis|journal=Social Scientist|volume=28|issue=11/12|pages=40–59|doi=10.2307/3518280|jstor=3518280|issn=0970-0293}}</ref> They constituted of respective [[endogamous]] castes traditionally involved as [[blacksmith]], [[goldsmith]], [[coppersmith]], [[Carpentry|carpenters]] and [[Stonemasonry|stonemasons]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ceylon Journal of Child Health|date=1977|publisher=Ceylon Paediatric Association|pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Seneviratna|first1=Anuradha|title=World heritage city of Kandy, Sri Lanka: conservation and development plan|last2=Silva|first2=Nimal De|last3=Lanka)|first3=Madhyama Saṃskr̥tika Aramudala (Sri|date=1999|publisher=Central Cultural Fund|isbn=978-955-613-126-0|pages=56}}</ref> While [[Toddy Tapping|toddy tapping]] was largely in the hands of the Sinhalese [[Durava]] and Tamil [[Nalavar]], [[jaggery]] production was in the hands of the Sinhalese [[Dewa (people)|Vahumpura]] and Tamil [[Cantar caste|Cantars]].<ref name=":02" /> The traditional [[drummer]]s of both ethnicities, the Sinhalese [[Berava (caste)|Berava]] and Tamil [[Sri Lankan Paraiyar|Paraiyar]], have religious importance in [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]], respectively. The domestic castes of [[barber]]s and [[dhobi]]es were the respective Sinhalese Ambattaya and Hinnava, and Tamil [[Ambattan|Ambattar]] and [[Vannar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pranāndu|first=Mihindukalasūrya Ār Pī Susantā|title=Rituals, Folk Beliefs, and Magical Arts of Sri Lanka|date=2005|publisher=Susan International|isbn=978-955-96318-3-5|pages=459–460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lanka|first=Indian Heritage Foundation Sri|title=Indo-Lankans, their two hundred-year saga|date=2003|publisher=Indian Heritage Foundation|isbn=978-955-8790-00-7|pages=199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nyrop|first=Richard F.|title=Area Handbook for Ceylon|date=1971|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=103–108}}</ref><br />
<br />
Political power and wealth have largely replaced caste as the main factor in Sri Lankan social stratification, especially in the Sinhalese and Indian Tamil communities.<ref>[http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2014/09/28/caste-in-jaffna-and-india/ Caste in Jaffna And India, Review Article on Neville Jayaweera's Jaffna Exorcising the Past and Holding the Vision Dr Devanesan Nesiah (Sunday Leader 10.10.2014)]</ref> [[Ponnambalam Ramanathan]], under [[British Ceylon]], opposed extending voting rights to the people and urged reservation of franchise only to men of the [[Sri Lankan Vellalar|Vellalar]] caste.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cR89AAAAMAAJ|title=Domestic Conflicts in South Asia: Economic and Ethnic Dimensions|last1=Phadnis|first1=Urmila|author-link1=Urmila Phadnis|last2=Muni|first2=Sukh Deo|last3=Bahadur|first3=Kalim|date=1986|publisher=South Asian Publishers|isbn=9788170030713|pages=128}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sinhalese castes==<br />
{{See also|Category:Sinhalese castes}}<br />
In traditional Sinhalese society Buddhist monks are placed at the top. Irrespective of the birth caste of a monk, even the king had to show respect to them.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
The documented history of the island begins with the arrival of [[Prince Vijaya]] from India. Although the origin of Sri Lankan communities is unclear,<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8543296 | volume=67 | issue=6 | title=Genetic affinities of Sri Lankan populations | date=December 1995 | journal=Hum. Biol. | pages=843–66 | last1 = Kshatriya | first1 = GK}}</ref> [[genetic studies on Sinhalese]] have shown that most of the Sinhala community are genetically related to North Indians, with traces from South India too.<ref name="Genes">{{cite book |title=The History and Geography of Human Genes |first= Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza|last=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza|publisher=Princeton University |year=1996|isbn=978-0691029054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC&q=Sinhalese&pg=PP4 |pages=239–40}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 8543296 | volume=67 | title=Genetic affinities of Sri Lankan populations | date=December 1995 | journal=Hum. Biol. | pages=843–66 | last1 = Kshatriya | first1 = GK| issue=6}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v59/n1/full/jhg2013112a.html Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations, L Ranaweera, et al.; Journal of Human Genetics (2014)]</ref><ref>[http://www.island.lk/2008/07/20/features14.html Pre-Vijayan Agriculture in Sri Lanka, by Prof. T. W. Wikramanayake]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tqpdlaPiOyEC&q=retinue+palanquin A SHORT HISTORY OF LANKA by Humphry William Codrington, CHAPTER I; THE BEGINNINGS 'The princess and her retinue/dowry (service castes)']</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3MO_86VwNSkC&q=rice-farming%2F&pg=PA1 Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka By Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, p. 152-3]</ref> The [[Library of Congress]], claimed that about half of the Sinhalese population are ''Govigama''.<ref name="shsu.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/SriLanka.html|title=Traditional Sri Lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927020022/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/SriLanka.html|archive-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-11-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ancient Sri Lankan texts, such as the ''Pujavaliya'', ''Sadharmaratnavaliya'', ''Yogaratnakaraya'' and inscriptions, show that a feudal system namely existed among the Sinhalese. Evidence of this hierarchy can be seen during the 18th-century British-Kandyan period,<ref>'' Kadayimpoth'' - Boundary Books</ref> indicating its continuation even after the Kandyan monarchy ceased in 1815.<ref>Mahavansha</ref><ref>Sinhala Sanna ha Thudapath, Ananada this Kumara, Godage Publication,Second Edition,2006,pp 142,pp 137</ref><br />
Colonialism and foreign intervention in the dynastic conflicts of the island throughout history have also influenced the caste system, some such as [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]] suggesting even a re-arrangement of the occupational castes.<ref>Kandy Fights the Portuguese, C.Gaston Perera, Vijithayapa Publications, 2007.</ref><ref>An Historical Relation Of The Island Ceylon In The East Indies, Robert Knox, 1681, pp. 46 & 73</ref><br />
<br />
;Kandyan castes<br />
In the [[Central Highlands of Sri Lanka|Central Highlands]], many traditions of the [[Kingdom of Kandy]] were preserved from its 1815 collapse beyond independence in 1948 and the Land Reform Act of the 1970s. Although large agricultural landlords belonged to the [[Govigama]] caste, many now may not own land.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Most Govigama were however ordinary farmers and tenants as absolute land ownership was exclusive to the king until the British colonial period.<ref>{{cite book|title= Land: Feudalism to Modernity|url= http://pathfinderfoundation.org/pf-projects/on-going/economic-alert/44-land|archive-date= 2014-06-02|access-date= 2016-07-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140602211251/http://pathfinderfoundation.org/pf-projects/on-going/economic-alert/44-land|url-status= dead}}</ref> The most important feature of the Kandyan system was ''Rajakariya'' ("the king's work"), which linked each caste to occupation and demanded service to the court and religious institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title= An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East Indies by Robert Knox|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14346|date=2004-12-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
The "Duraya" was a loose categorization of lower Kandyan castes, comprising the castes of Vahumpura, Puda, Panna, Velli, Berava, possibly Henaya, and more. The group was interpreted by the British for their own administrative purposes and was used loosely.<ref name="sljh"/><br />
<br />
;Low Country Sinhalese castes<br />
There are still differences between the caste structures of the highlands and those of the low country, although some service groups were common to both in ancient Sri Lanka. The southwestern coast has three other castes (the [[Salagama]], the [[Durava]] and the [[Karava]]) in addition to the majority of ancient Govigama, which is common throughout the region. Some of these castes' ancestors are believed to have migrated from Southern India and have become important in the Sinhalese social system. The first-century BC Anuradhapura [[Abhayagiri vihāra|Abayagiri]] inscription referring to a ''Karava Devika'' may be the first reference to a specialized occupation.<ref name=Anuradhapura>{{cite web|title=The ancient 'Kaurava Pavilion' at Anuradhapura|first=Raaj|last=de Silva|publisher=De Fonseka Web|url=http://www.defonseka.com/k16.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220250/http://www.defonseka.com/k16.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref name="Paranavithana">{{cite web|title=Paranavithana S. 1970 Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol I Early Brahmi Inscriptions|url=http://www.royalasiaticsociety.lk/inscriptions/?q=node/237|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040511/http://www.royalasiaticsociety.lk/inscriptions/?q=node%2F237|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Sinhalese Castes and Sub-Castes during the later [[British Ceylon period|Colonial Period]]{{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=93-4}}{{sfn|Perera|1978|p=315-16}}<br />
|-<br />
! Caste <br />
!Sub-Caste!! Occupation !! Location !! Origin !! % of population !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |[[Goyigama]]|| [[Radala]]varu || King's officials || rowspan="9" |[[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || rowspan="9" |~50%{{sfn|De Silva|2014|p=201}}{{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=95}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ceylonese Mudaliyars|Mudaliyars]]|| Community leaders || ||<br />
|-<br />
|Patti<br />
|King's cowherds<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Katupulle<br />
|Clerical servants<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Nilamakkara<br />
|Temple servants<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Porovakara<br />
|King's Axemen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Vahal<br />
|Slaves<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Gattara<br />
|Outcastes <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Guruvo || Conch blowers || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karava]]<br />
| || Fisherman || rowspan="3" |[[Maritime Provinces (Ceylon)|Low Country]] || rowspan="3" |[[Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka|South India]]<br /><small>(13–18th Century)</small>{{sfn|De Silva|2014|p=121}}{{NoteTag|Salagama from the [[Coromandel Coast]]{{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=108}}}} || rowspan="3" |3/4 of Low Country population{{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=111}} || rowspan="3" |{{small|Achieved a higher status under<br />[[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese]] and [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch]] occupation.}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Salagama]]<br />
| || Weavers/Cinnamon peelers <br />
|-<br />
| [[Durava]]<br />
| || [[Coconut cultivators]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Navadanna]]<br />
| || Artisans || Island wide || || || {{small|Status used to be above that of the<br />Karava, Salagama & Durava}}{{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=112}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hannāli]]<br />
| || Tailors || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || || {{small|Virtually extinct}}{{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=114}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hunu]]<br />
| || [[Chunam]] burners || Island wide || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hēna]]<br />
| || Washers to high castes || Island wide || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vahumpura]]<br />
| || [[Jaggery]] makers || Island wide || || || {{small|Claims higher status in [[Anuradhapura period|Ancient periods]]}} {{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=117}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hinnā]]<br />
| || Washers to Salagama || [[Maritime Provinces (Ceylon)|Low Country]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Baḍahäla]]<br />
| || Potters || Island wide || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Panikki]]<br />
| || Barbers || [[Maritime Provinces (Ceylon)|Low Country]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bodhivansha caste|Velli-durayi]]<br />
| || Guardians of [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi|the sacred Bo tree]] || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Panna-durayi]]<br />
| || Possibly grass-cutters || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berava (caste)|Beravā]]<br />
| || [[Tom-tom drum|Tom-tom beaters]] || Island wide || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berava (caste)|Batgam Beravā]]<br />
| || [[Tom-tom drum|Tom-tom beaters]] || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kontadurayi]]<br />
| || Unknown || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]]|| || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bathgama|Batgam]]<br />
| || Possibly King's Palanquin bearers || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Olī]]<br />
| || Dancers || Island wide || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Palī]]<br />
| || Washers to low castes || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kinnaraya|Kinnara]]<br />
| || Mat weavers || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Galaha-beravā]]<br />
| || Funeral drummers and executioners || [[Kandyan Provinces|Kandyan]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rodiya|Rodi]] <br />
| || Beggars || || || 1,500–3000{{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=132}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kavikara]] <br />
| || Shrine dancers and chanters || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Demala-Gattara]] <br />
| || Tamil outcastes || [[Maritime Provinces (Ceylon)|Low Country]] || [[Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka|South India]]<br />{{small|(during [[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese rule]])}}{{sfn|Ryan|1953|p=136}} || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sri Lankan Tamil castes==<br />
{{See also|Category:Sri Lankan Tamil castes}}<br />
The caste system has stronger religious ties than its Sinhalese counterpart, although both systems have comparable castes.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |title=A Conspectus of Tamil Caste Systems in Sri Lanka: Away from a Parataxis |author=M. M. M. Mahroof |journal=Social Scientist |volume=28 |issue=11/12 |date=November–December 2000 |pages=40–59 |jstor=3518280 |doi=10.2307/3518280}}</ref> There are in the Sri Lankan Tamil caste system, distinctions between [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] societies and also the agricultural, coastal and artisanal societies.<br />
<br />
The agricultural society has mainly the castes of the [[Sri Lankan Vellalar]] who make more than half of the Tamil population in Sri Lanka, [[Nalavar]] and [[Koviyar]], where the Vellalar and the Koviyar castes are the dominating ones, particularly in Northern Sri Lanka. They constitute approximately half of the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] population and are the major land owning and agricultural caste.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50igCgAAQBAJ|title=Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka|last=Peebles|first=Patrick|date=2015-10-22|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442255852|pages=65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBqHDAAAQBAJ|title=The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Learning to Read Between the Lines|last=Bush|first=Kenneth|date=2003-12-09|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230597822|pages=52}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Northern and Western coastal societies are dominated by the [[Karaiyar]]s, who are traditionally a seafaring and warrior caste.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVX0DAAAQBAJ|title=Linguistic Rivalries: Tamil Migrants and Anglo-Franco Conflicts|last=Das|first=Sonia N.|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190461782|pages=236}}</ref> The [[Bharatha people|Paravar]] and the [[Thimilar]] are also among the coastal communities involved in fishing. The Paravars or Bharathas are traditionally found in the western part of the island in the [[Mannar District|Mannar region]], who many also are descendants from [[Paravar|South Indian Paravar]] traders and seamen who settled there under [[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese rule]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abeyasinghe |first=Tikiri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrQ9AAAAIAAJ |title=Portuguese Rule in Ceylon, 1594-1612 |date=1966 |publisher=Lake House Investments |isbn=978-0-8426-0780-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref> The [[Mukkuvar]]s, traditional [[Pearl hunting|pearl divers]] in western Sri Lanka, dominate greater parts of [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Sri Lanka]] where they are the major landowners also involved in agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-88AAAAIAAJ|title=Caste Ideology and Interaction|last=McGilvray|first=Dennis B.|date=1982-09-02|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521241458|pages=58–60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpyFAAAAMAAJ|title=The Debasement of the law and of humanity and the drift towards total war|last=(Jaffna)|first=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=1991|publisher=UTHR (Jaffna), University of Jaffna, Thirunelvely|pages=31}}</ref> The Mukkuvars are [[Sri Lankan Moors|largely Muslims]] or Roman Catholic in the [[Puttalam|Puttalam region]] of the western part of the island, and predominantly Hindus in the eastern part of the island.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussein |first=Asiff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka |date=2007 |publisher=Asiff Hussein |isbn=978-955-97262-2-7 |pages=222}}</ref><br />
<br />
The artisans, known locally as [[Kammalan|Kammalar]] or [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarma]] consists of the Kannar (brass-workers), Kollar (blacksmiths), Tattar (goldsmiths), Tatchar (carpenters), Kartatchar (sculptor).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEBuAAAAMAAJ|title=Tamils and Moors: caste and matriclan structure in eastern Sri Lanka|last=McGilvray|first=Dennis B.|date=1974|publisher=University of Chicago|pages=160}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC|title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia|last=David|first=Kenneth|date=1977-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110807752|pages=186}}</ref> Along with the Kammalar were the [[Ambattan|Ambattar]] (barbers), [[Kadaiyar]] (lime burners), [[Koviar]] (farmers), Kusavar (potters), Maraiyar (conch blowers), Nattuvar (musician), [[Nalavar]] (toddy-tappers), [[Sri Lankan Pallar|Pallar]] (farmers), [[Sri Lankan Paraiyar|Paraiyar]] (drummers and weavers), Turumbar (dhobies) and [[Vannar]] (dhobies) the [[Domestic worker|domestic servants]] termed as ''Kudimakkal''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC|title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia|last=David|first=Kenneth|date=1977-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110807752|pages=203}}</ref> The Kudimakkal gave ritual importance in marriage, funeral and other temple ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h94SAQAAIAAJ|title=Rituals, folk beliefs, and magical arts of Sri Lanka|last=Pranāndu|first=Mihindukalasūrya Ār Pī Susantā|date=2005|publisher=Susan International|isbn=9789559631835|pages=459}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TekcAAAAMAAJ|title=The Karāva of Ceylon: Society and Culture|last=Raghavan|first=M. D.|date=1961|publisher=K.V.G. De Sīlva|pages=87–88}}</ref><br />
<br />
A few slave castes exist as well. One caste called the Demalagattaru were an ancient caste of Tamil captives during times of war between Sinhalese and Tamil.<ref name="washington">{{Cite journal |last=Gilbert |first=William H. |date=1945 |title=The Sinhalese caste system of central and southern Ceylon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24531925 |journal=Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=69–87 |issn=0043-0439}}</ref><br />
<br />
Other Sri Lankan Tamil castes of importance are the eastern Vellalars, [[Cantar caste|Cantar]] (oil-presser), [[Iyer]] (priests), [[Madapalli]] (former royal cooks), [[Seerpadar]] descendents of Chola Queen Seerpaatha thevi (udaiyars,poodies,land owners, worriers,cultivators), kaikolar (cotton-weavers), [[Siviyar]] (royal palanquin bearers)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv0jwgEACAAJ|title=A True and Exact Description of the Great Island of Ceylon |last=Phillius|first=Baldaeus|date=1960|publisher=Ceylon Branch of the royal Asiatic Society|pages=371}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2luAAAAMAAJ|title=The Yalpana-vaipava-malai, Or, The History of the Kingdom of Jaffna|author=Pulavar, M.M. and Brito, C.|date=1999|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120613621|pages=57}}</ref> and [[Maravar]] (Warrior).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McGilvray|first=Dennis B.|date=1983|title=Paraiyar Drummers of Sri Lanka: Consensus and Constraint in an Untouchable Caste|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=10|issue=1|pages=97–115|jstor=644706|doi=10.1525/ae.1983.10.1.02a00060|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66Hu-9OPWL4C|title=The Ceylon Gazetteer: Containing an Accurate Account of the Districts, Provinces, Cities, Towns ... &c. of the Island of Ceylon|last=Chitty|first=Simon Casie|date=1834|publisher=Cotta Church Mission Press|pages=55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0cqAAAAMAAJ|title=Modern Ceylon Studies|date=1975|publisher=University of Ceylon|volume=4|pages=28}}</ref> The [[Sri Lankan Chetties]], traditional merchants, along with the [[Bharatha people]], traditional sea-traders, are both colonial South Indian migrant castes and listed as their own ethnicities in Sri Lankan census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf|title=Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka|date=2012|publisher=Department of Census and Statistics|access-date=2017-12-20|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202454/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Coast Veddas]], found mainly in Eastern Sri Lanka are considered a Tamil caste among the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFBuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Vanishing aborigines: Sri Lanka's Veddas in transition|last1=Samarasinghe|first1=S. W. R. de A.|last2=Studies|first2=International Centre for Ethnic|last3=utviklingshjelp|first3=Norway Direktoratet for|date=1990|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies in association with NORAD and Vikas Pub. House|pages=70|isbn=9780706952988}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka|village deities of the Sri Lankan Tamils]] are also shaped by the caste structure. The [[Sri Lankan Moors]] don't practice the caste system, however, follow a ''matriclan'' system which is an extension of Tamil tradition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klem |first1=Bart |title=Islam, Politics and Violence in Eastern Sri Lanka |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=2011 |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=730–753 |jstor=41302391|doi=10.1017/S002191181100088X |s2cid=27739665 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/52570/1/2011_KlemB_Klem_2011_JAS.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Indian Tamil castes==<br />
The [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkāppiyam Porulatikaram]] indicating the four-fold division is the earliest Tamil literature to mention caste.<ref name="History">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tX4wzIUY3QC|title=A Social History of Early India|last=Chattopadhyaya|first=Brajadulal|publisher=CSC and Pearson Education|year=2009|isbn=9788131719589|pages=30–37}}</ref> [[Sangam literature]] however mentions only five [[Sangam period#People|''kudis'']] associated with the five {{Transliteration|ta|[[Sangam landscape|tinais]]}}.<ref name=History/><ref name="society">{{cite news |title=Early Tamil society was free of caste |first=B|last=Kolappan|newspaper=The Hindu|year=2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/early-tamil-society-was-free-of-caste/article7262547.ece}}</ref> Colonialism also had influenced the caste system.<ref name="Baldaeus">{{cite web|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/philip-baldaeus-didnt-see-a-big-ethnic-difference-in-ceylon/|title=Philip Baldaeus Didn't See A Big Ethnic Difference In Ceylon|last=Fernando|first=Laksiri|year=2013|publisher=Colombo Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=Colonial>{{cite book |title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India |first=Ulrike |last=Schröder|publisher=Primus |year=2012 |isbn=978-9380607214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbISha_aGocC&q=vellalar |page=72,93–113,278}}</ref><br />
<br />
Indian Tamils or Tamils of Indian origin ([[Hill Country Tamils]], who were Indians brought to the island by the [[British Empire|British]] as [[indentured labor|indentured labour]]) and the group of Indian Tamil people who migrated to Sri Lanka as merchants also follows the [[Indian caste system]] form which is called ''jāti''. Their caste structure resembles that of a [[Tamil Nadu]] village.<br />
<br />
Those who are considered to be of higher castes occupy the first row of line rooms, and that sect includes Maravar, Kallar, Agamudaiyar, Mudaliyar (kaikolars), Mutharaiyar (Watch mans) etc. They perform respectable jobs such as factory work and grinding of tea as minor labour work, on the other hand, they are also involved in business activities. Even though they belong to the labour category under the British rule and post-independence of the country, they were influential among conductors, tea makers, k''anganese'' (or supervisors), and other officials. The workers considered low caste live in the dwellings that are away from the centre and these dwellings are called ''distant'' or ''lower lines''. This group consists of [[Paraiyar]]s, [[Sakkiliar]], washers and barbers. The yard sweepers and changes of clothes are in the lowest rank.<ref name="R">{{cite conference|first=V|last=Radhakrishnan|title=Indian origin in Sri Lanka: Their plight and struggle for survival|book-title=Proceedings of First International Conference & Gathering of Elders|publisher=International Center for Cultural Studies, USA|url=http://www.iccsus.org/IstConf/111.html|access-date=2008-01-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320050247/http://www.iccsus.org/IstConf/111.html|archive-date=2008-03-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Caste discrimination ==<br />
Historically, caste-based discrimination was widespread in the island, influencing social relations, political representation, and access to economic resources across both the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] and [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] communities. Recording caste information in censors had been stopped in 1911 and caste information was removed from [[birth certificate]]s in the early 20th century.The [[Constitution of Sri Lanka]] guarantees equality before the law and the ''Prevention of Social Disabilities Act of 1957'' explicitly prohibit caste discrimination.<ref name="IIDS" /> Among the Sinhalese caste distinctions have diminished in urban areas, they remain relevant in matters such as marriage, temple patronage, and local leadership in parts of the [[Kandy District]] and the southern lowlands. Within the Sri Lankan Tamil community, caste hierarchies were more rigidly maintained, with the landowning Vellālar caste historically exercising social dominance and political leadership, while low-casts groups faced systemic exclusion from temple entry, education, and inter-caste marriage. In 1968, public agitation by oppressed castes took place over temple-entry in [[Jaffna]], led to violent confrontations drawing attention to the persistence of caste oppression Tamil society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pfaffenberger |first=Bryan |date=1990 |title=The Political Construction of Defensive Nationalism: The 1968 Temple-Entry Crisis in Northern Sri Lanka |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/political-construction-of-defensive-nationalism-the-1968-templeentry-crisis-in-northern-sri-lanka/E6CB11349759513233EC35DAE1107568 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=78–96 |doi=10.2307/2058434 |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* ''[[Aggañña Sutta]]''<br />
* [[Social class in Sri Lanka]]<br />
* [[Caste system in India]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=De Silva |first1=K. M. |title=A history of Sri Lanka |date=2014 |publisher=Vijitha Yapa Publications |location=Colombo |isbn=978-955-8095-92-8 |edition=[Revised.]}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=Bryce |title=Caste in modern Ceylon |date=1953 |publisher=Rutgers University Press; New Jersey |location=New Jersey |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7514}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Perera |first1=H. T. D. |title=Causes of educated unemployment in developing countries: The case of Sri Lanka. |date=1978 |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847893/ |journal=Doctoral dissertation}}<br />
* Social Change in 19th century Ceylon. Patrick Peebles. 1995, Navrang {{ISBN|81-7013-141-3}}<br />
* The adaptable peasant: agrarian society in western Sri Lanka under Dutch rule, 1740–1800, Nirmal Ranjith Dewasiri, {{ISBN|90-04-16508-8}}, p.&nbsp;201<br />
* Paranavithana S. 1970 Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol I Early Brahmi Inscriptions<br />
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14346 An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East Indies by Robert Knox]<br />
* [http://idsn.org/country-information/sri-lanka/ The International Dalit Solidarity Network: The Caste System in Sri Lanka]<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213309/http://www.defonseka.com/k07.htm Caste System in Ceylon, defonseka.com]<br />
* [http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13181.html Caste amongst Sinhalese]<br />
* [http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13182.html Caste amongst Tamils]<br />
<br />
{{Politics of Sri Lanka navbox}}<br />
{{Kingdom of Kandy topics}}<br />
{{Asia in topic|Caste system in}}<br />
{{Social class}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sinhalese castes]]<br />
[[Category:Caste system in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Society of Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Feudalism in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Caste system by country|Sri Lanka]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherrapunji&diff=465429Cherrapunji2026-01-21T00:57:26Z<p>RichyCapy: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Redirect|Sohra|places in Iran|Sohra, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Sohra, Iran}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Cherrapunji<br />
| native_name = Sohra<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = Cherrapunji.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Sohra has held the record for highest rainfall multiple times in the past.<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Meghalaya<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.284|N|91.721|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 1430<br />
| population_total = 14816<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = 397<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| area_code = 03637<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://sohra.gov.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| blank_name = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]<br />
| blank_info = {{convert|11777|mm|in}}<br />
| blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Cherrapunji''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Cherrapunji.ogg|ˌ|tʃ|ɛ|r|ə|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|dʒ|i|,_|-|ˈ|p|ʊ|n|-}}), also known as '''Sohra''',<ref name=orig1/> is a sub-divisional town (Proposed District) in the [[East Khasi Hills district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Meghalaya]]. It was the traditional capital of ''ka hima Sohra'' (Khasi tribal kingdom).<br />
<br />
Sohra has often been credited as being the wettest place on Earth, but currently, nearby [[Mawsynram]] holds that distinction. Sohra still holds the all-time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year, however. It received {{convert|9300|mm|in ft}} in July 1861 and {{convert|26461|mm|in ft}} between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/10000/greatest-monthly-rainfall- |title=Most annual rainfall |access-date=2012-05-07 |work=Guinness World Records}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===Etymology ===<br />
<br />
The original native name for this town in [[Khasi language]] is {{Lang|kha|Sohra}} (soh-ra), which was mispronounced "Cherra" by the 19th century [[British raj|British colonisers]]. Later, the suffix ''"punjee"'', a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] term meaning "a cluster of villages", was added by people from [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|the plains]], and the name evolved into ''Cherrapunji'', meaning "land of oranges" in some interpretations, popularized by tourists from other parts of India. It has again been officially renamed to its original form, ''Sohra''.<ref name=orig1>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-04 |title=Cherrapunjee gets new name - Sohra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cherrapunjee-gets-new-name-sohra/story-au2KwKygLAgm0JzgSFbf3N.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== History ===<br />
<br />
The history of the [[Khasi people]] – native inhabitants of Sohra– may be traced from the early part of the 16th century. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, these people were ruled by their tribal ''<nowiki/>'Syiems'' (rajas or chiefs) of Khyriem' in the [[Khasi Hills]]. <br />
<br />
The main pivot on which the entire superstructure of Khasi society rests is the matrilineal system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Sugato |date=December 16, 2022 |title=The Khasis: A Matrilineal Society in India's Northeast |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/the-khasis-a-matrilineal-society-in-indias-northeast/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Khasi hills came under British authority in 1833 with the submission of the last of the important Syiem, Tirot Sing Syiem.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
There is a monument to David Scott (British Administrator in NE India, 1802–1831) in the town's cemetery.<br />
<br />
Despite abundant rainfall, Sohra faces an acute water shortage and the inhabitants often have to trek very long distances to obtain potable water.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news<br />
| first = Subir<br />
| last = Bhaumik<br />
| title = World's wettest area dries up<br />
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2977169.stm<br />
| format = stm<br />
| work = South Asia News<br />
| location = Calcutta<br />
| date = 2003-04-28<br />
| access-date = 2008-02-21<br />
}}</ref> Irrigation is hampered due to excessive rain washing away the [[topsoil]] as a result of human encroachment into the forests. Recent developments of rain-water harvesting techniques in the area have greatly helped the town and its neighbouring villages.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
<br />
===Education===<br />
====Colleges====<br />
*Ramkrishna Mission College, Sohra<br />
*[[Sohra Government College]]<br />
<br />
Sohra has the [[National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya]] near Saitsophen, which offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral degrees. <br />
Independent schools like the [[Ramkrishna Mission]] School and government-run schools like the Thomas Jones School have been set up in and around the town. <br />
<br />
===Media===<br />
<br />
Sohra has an [[All India Radio]] relay station known as Akashvani Sohra. It broadcasts on FM frequencies.<br />
<br />
===Tourism===<br />
<br />
Tourism is main economic activity, and Sohra is used as a base town and central hub for tourists who visit the nearby tourist places such as the mountains, valleys, viewpoints, caves, rivers, waterfalls, and traditional bridges.{{fact|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
Sohra is also known for its [[living root bridges|living bridges]]. Over hundreds of years the people have developed techniques for growing roots of trees into large bridges. The process takes 10 to 15 years and the bridges typically last hundreds of years, with the oldest one, still in active use, being over 500 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridge to Nature: Amazing Indian Living Root Bridges |url=http://webecoist.com/2009/10/21/bridge-to-nature-amazing-indian-living-root-bridges/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129174355/http://webecoist.com/2009/10/21/bridge-to-nature-amazing-indian-living-root-bridges/ |archive-date=29 November 2011 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=WebEcoist}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Transport===<br />
<br />
[[Shillong Airport]], 80 km north, is the only operational civilian airport in Meghalaya with the domestic flights within [[Northeast India]]. [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]], 165 km north in [[Assam]] state, is major airport for the regional, national and international air connectivity.<br />
<br />
SH-5 (Meghalaya State Highway 5) connects Sohra to Shillong, and Shillong is further connected to [[Guwahati]] by the [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH-6]].<br />
[[File:1947-Khasi states.png|thumb|450px|Historic Khasi states in Meghalaya]]<br />
<br />
[[Guwahati railway station]], 165 km north, is the nearest railway station which connects to the rest of India. Once the under-construction [[Tetelia–Byrnihat line]] (Shillong) is completed, it will bring the rail connectivity closer to Sohra.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{climate chart<br />
|Sohra, India<br />
|7.2 |15.7 |11<br />
|8.9 |17.3 |46<br />
|12.5 |20.5 |240<br />
|14.5 |21.7 |938<br />
|16.1 |22.4 |1214<br />
|17.9 |22.7 |2294<br />
|18.1 |22.0 |3272<br />
|18.2 |22.9 |1760<br />
|17.5 |22.7 |1352<br />
|15.8 |22.7 |549<br />
|12.3 |20.4 |72<br />
|8.3 |17.0 |29<br />
|maxprecip=3272<br />
|float=right<br />
|clear=right<br />
|source=[ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42515.TXT NOAA]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[Shillong Plateau]] is an uplifted horst-like feature, bounded by the E-W Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) to the North, the N–S Jamuna fault in the west, and the NW–SE kopilli fracture zone in the east.<br />
<br />
Sohra has an average elevation of {{convert|1430|m|ft}} and sits on a plateau in the southern part of the Khasi Hills, facing the plains of [[Bangladesh]]. The plateau rises {{convert|660|m|ft}} above the surrounding valleys.<br />
<br />
Soils on the plateau are poor owing to [[deforestation]] and [[Washout (erosion)|washout]] caused by heavy rainfall. Owing to winter droughts, the vegetation in this location is even [[xerophytic]] in spite of the town's fame as an extremely wet place. Additional pressure on local [[ecosystem]]s is created by the rapid increase of the population – from a Sohra-area population of 7,000 in 1960, it grew to over 10,000 by 2000.<ref name="wondermondo">{{cite web |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/India/Meghalaya/Cherrapunji.htm |title=Cherrapunji (Sohra) |access-date=2010-08-29 |date=2010-08-28 |publisher=Wondermondo}}</ref><br />
<br />
The valleys around Sohra, however, are covered with lush and very diverse vegetation, containing numerous endemic species of plants, including the [[Meghalaya subtropical forests]].<br />
<br />
There are some interesting living root bridges in villages near Sohra like the [[Umshiang Double-Decker Root Bridge|Umshiang Root Bridge]], Mawsaw root bridge, Ritymmen root bridge, and the Double Decker root bridge at Nongriat village.<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
<br />
Cherrapunji has a mild [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwb''), with [[monsoon]]al influences typical of India. Although Sohra has very wet, warm summers, it has dry, mild winters. The city's annual rainfall average stands at {{convert|11777|mm|in}}.<ref name="weather1">{{cite web |url=https://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/i/IN42515.html |title=Cherrapunji, India: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data |website=climate-charts.com |access-date= 11 January 2021}}</ref> This figure places it behind only nearby [[Mawsynram]], Meghalaya, whose average is {{convert|11873|mm|in}}. Sohra receives both the southwest and northeast [[monsoon]]al winds, giving it a single monsoon season. It lies on the [[windward]] side of the Khasi Hills, so the resulting [[orographic lift]] enhances precipitation. In the winter months it receives the northeast monsoon showers that travel down the [[Brahmaputra]] valley. The driest months are November, December, January, and February.<br />
<br />
Temperatures average {{convert|11.5|°C|1}} in January and {{convert|20.6|°C|1}} in August, and the annual mean is {{convert|17.3|°C|1}}<br />
<br />
Sohra holds two [[Guinness Book of Records|Guinness]] world records for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single year: {{convert|26471|mm|in}} of rainfall between August 1860 and July 1861 and for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single month: {{convert|9300|mm|in}} in July 1861.<ref>Guinness World Records 2005; pg-51 {{ISBN|0-85112-192-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| location = Cherrapunji (1991–2020, extremes 1902–present)<br />
| metric first = Y<br />
| single line = Y<br />
| Jan record high C = 26.7<br />
| Feb record high C = 28.9<br />
| Mar record high C = 30.6<br />
| Apr record high C = 28.3<br />
| May record high C = 30.9<br />
| Jun record high C = 29.9<br />
| Jul record high C = 30.3<br />
| Aug record high C = 30.3<br />
| Sep record high C = 33.1<br />
| Oct record high C = 32.1<br />
| Nov record high C = 28.7<br />
| Dec record high C = 25.6<br />
|year record high C = 33.1<br />
| Jan high C = 17.2<br />
| Feb high C = 18.8<br />
| Mar high C = 21.4<br />
| Apr high C = 22.7<br />
| May high C = 23.1<br />
| Jun high C = 23.1<br />
| Jul high C = 22.9<br />
| Aug high C = 23.6<br />
| Sep high C = 23.9<br />
| Oct high C = 24.0<br />
| Nov high C = 21.8<br />
| Dec high C = 18.8<br />
|year high C = 21.8<br />
| Jan mean C =12.3<br />
| Feb mean C =14.1<br />
| Mar mean C =17.0<br />
| Apr mean C =18.7<br />
| May mean C =19.9<br />
| Jun mean C =20.6<br />
| Jul mean C =20.6<br />
| Aug mean C =21.1<br />
| Sep mean C =21.0<br />
| Oct mean C =20.0<br />
| Nov mean C =16.9<br />
| Dec mean C =13.8<br />
| year mean C =<br />
| Jan low C = 6.6<br />
| Feb low C = 8.7<br />
| Mar low C = 12.1<br />
| Apr low C = 14.4<br />
| May low C = 16.1<br />
| Jun low C = 17.7<br />
| Jul low C = 18.1<br />
| Aug low C = 18.2<br />
| Sep low C = 17.6<br />
| Oct low C = 15.3<br />
| Nov low C = 11.4<br />
| Dec low C = 8.2<br />
|year low C = 13.7<br />
| Jan record low C = -1.0<br />
| Feb record low C = 0.3<br />
| Mar record low C = 0.6<br />
| Apr record low C = 3.9<br />
| May record low C = 3.3<br />
| Jun record low C = 9.2<br />
| Jul record low C = 10.0<br />
| Aug record low C = 9.0<br />
| Sep record low C = 12.4<br />
| Oct record low C = 7.8<br />
| Nov record low C = 3.7<br />
| Dec record low C = 1.7<br />
|year record low C = -1.0<br />
| Jan avg record high C = 20.6<br />
| Feb avg record high C = 22.2<br />
| Mar avg record high C = 25.3<br />
| Apr avg record high C = 26.0<br />
| May avg record high C = 26.5<br />
| Jun avg record high C = 26.8<br />
| Jul avg record high C = 26.9<br />
| Aug avg record high C = 27.6<br />
| Sep avg record high C = 27.9<br />
| Oct avg record high C = 27.5<br />
| Nov avg record high C = 25.6<br />
| Dec avg record high C = 21.9<br />
| year avg record high C = 28.9<br />
| Jan avg record low C = 3.2<br />
| Feb avg record low C = 4.9<br />
| Mar avg record low C = 8.1<br />
| Apr avg record low C = 10.4<br />
| May avg record low C = 12.4<br />
| Jun avg record low C = 15.3<br />
| Jul avg record low C = 16.4<br />
| Aug avg record low C = 16.6<br />
| Sep avg record low C = 15.6<br />
| Oct avg record low C = 11.8<br />
| Nov avg record low C = 8.0<br />
| Dec avg record low C = 5.2<br />
| year avg record low C = 3.0<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 15.5<br />
| Feb rain mm = 53.7<br />
| Mar rain mm = 364.1<br />
| Apr rain mm = 792.4<br />
| May rain mm = 1297.1<br />
| Jun rain mm = 2608.1<br />
| Jul rain mm = 2665.4<br />
| Aug rain mm = 1768.7<br />
| Sep rain mm = 1089.7<br />
| Oct rain mm = 461.4<br />
| Nov rain mm = 49.3<br />
| Dec rain mm = 10.2<br />
|year rain mm = 11175.8<br />
|unit rain days = 2.5 mm<br />
| Jan rain days = 1.4<br />
| Feb rain days = 2.5<br />
| Mar rain days = 7.4<br />
| Apr rain days = 16.1<br />
| May rain days = 20.7<br />
| Jun rain days = 25.2<br />
| Jul rain days = 27.8<br />
| Aug rain days = 24.1<br />
| Sep rain days = 18.2<br />
| Oct rain days = 7.6<br />
| Nov rain days = 1.6<br />
| Dec rain days = 0.8<br />
|year rain days = 153.5<br />
| Jan humidity = 69<br />
| Feb humidity = 66<br />
| Mar humidity = 68<br />
| Apr humidity = 79<br />
| May humidity = 85<br />
| Jun humidity = 92<br />
| Jul humidity = 94<br />
| Aug humidity = 92<br />
| Sep humidity = 89<br />
| Oct humidity = 80<br />
| Nov humidity = 70<br />
| Dec humidity = 70<br />
| year humidity = <br />
|source 1 = India Meteorological Department<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf<br />
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020<br />
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]<br />
| access-date = April 8, 2024<br />
}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = December 2016<br />
| page = M157<br />
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref><br />
|source 2 = NOAA (humidity),<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/CSV/CHERRAPUNJEE_42515.csv<br />
| title = Cherrapunji Climate Normals 1991–2020<br />
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]<br />
| access-date = April 8, 2024<br />
}}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1><br />
{{cite web<br />
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42515<br />
| title = Normals Data: Cherrapunji – India Latitude: 25.25°N Longitude: 91.73°E Height: 1313 (m)<br />
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency<br />
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Causes of high rainfall===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date = December 2014}}<br />
<br />
Sohra receives rains from the [[Bay of Bengal]] arm of the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|Indian summer monsoon]]. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of Bangladesh for about 400&nbsp;km. Thereafter, they hit the Khasi Hills which rise abruptly from the plains to a height of about 1,370&nbsp;m above [[mean sea level]] within 2 to 5&nbsp;km. The geography of the hills with many deep valley channels encompassing the low-flying (150–300&nbsp;m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area converges over Sohra. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up the steep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastens the cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of the rain is the result of air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extreme amount of rainfall is perhaps the best-known feature of [[Orographic precipitation#Orographic|orographic rain]] in northeastern India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuttippurath|first1=J|last2=Murasingh|first2=S|last3=Stott|first3=P A|last4=Sarojini|first4=B Balan|last5=Jha|first5=Madan K|last6=Kumar|first6=P|last7=Nair|first7=P J|last8=Varikoden|first8=H|last9=Raj|first9=S|last10=Francis|first10=P A|last11=Pandey|first11=P C|date=2021-01-22|title=Observed rainfall changes in the past century (1901–2019) over the wettest place on Earth|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=2|pages=024018|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abcf78|bibcode=2021ERL....16b4018K|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
Occasionally, cloudbursts can occur in one part of Sohra while other areas may be totally or relatively dry, reflecting the high spatial variability of the rainfall. Atmospheric humidity is extremely high during the peak monsoon period.<br />
<br />
The major part of the rainfall at Sohra can be attributed to the orographic features. When the clouds are blown over the hills from the south, they are funneled through the valley. The clouds strike Sohra perpendicularly and the low flying clouds are pushed up the steep slopes. It is not surprising to find that the heaviest rainfalls occur when the winds blow directly on the Khasi Hills.<br />
<br />
A notable feature of monsoon rain at Sohra is that most of it falls in the morning. This could be partly due to two air masses coming together. During the monsoon months, the prevailing winds along the [[Brahmaputra]] valley generally blow from the east or the northeast, but the winds over [[Meghalaya]] are from the south. These two winds systems usually come together in the vicinity of the Khasi Hills. Apparently, the winds that are trapped in the valley at night begin their upward ascent only after they are warmed during the day. This partially explains the frequency of morning rainfall. Apart from orographic features, [[atmospheric convection]] plays an important role during the monsoon and the period just preceding it.<br />
<br />
==People==<br />
<br />
===Culture===<br />
<br />
The native inhabitants living in and around Sohra are known as Khasi people. Their society is a [[matrilineality|matrilineal]] one. The children take on the surname of the mother.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swer |first=Daryll |date=2023-05-29 |title=An Interesting Folk Tale Behind the Khasi Matrilineal System |url=https://www.daryllswer.com/an-interesting-folk-tale-behind-the-khasi-matrilineal-system/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Daryll Swer |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Demographics===<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart <br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Religion in Cherrapunji (2011)<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW17C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |accessdate=14 November 2020}}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Christianity]]<br />
|value1 = 71.36<br />
|color1 = Blue<br />
|label2 = Niam Khasi<br />
|value2 = 24.40<br />
|color2 = Yellow<br />
|label3 = [[Hinduism]]<br />
|value3 = 3.97<br />
|color3 = Orange<br />
|label4 = [[Islam]]<br />
|value4 = 0.08<br />
|color4 = Green<br />
|label5 = Others<br />
|value5 = 0.19<br />
|color5 = Gray}}<br />
<br />
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Sohra had a population of 10,086, with males 48.75% of the total population and females 51.25%. It has an average literacy rate of 74%, equal to the national average of 74.5%, with a male literacy rate of 72.4% and a female one of 73.9%.<br />
<br />
Most of the people in the town overwhelmingly follow [[Christianity]], with significant followers of indigenous Niam Khasi, [[Hinduism]] and a very small [[Muslim]] population.<ref name="religion"/><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:NohKaLikai Falls V2 Wiki.jpg|NohKaLikai Falls Aerial View<br />
File:Nohkalikai Falls.JPG|Nohkalikai falls<br />
File:Nohkalikai falls.jpg|Seven Sisters' falls<br />
File:Bangladesh view point by Kamalapathi.jpg|Bangladesh View Point in Sohra<br />
File:Bengladesh Plains, View FromThangkharang Cherrapunjee 105.JPG|Another view of Bangladesh plains from Sohra<br />
File:Khasi tribe para dance.jpg|Khasi children c. 1944<br />
</gallery> <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Tourism in Northeast India]]<br />
* [[Rainfall#Wettest known locations|Wettest places on Earth]]<br />
** [[Big Bog, Maui]], in Hawaii and among one world's wettest place<br />
** [[Lloró]], in Colombia and among one world's wettest place<br />
** [[Quibdó]], in Colombia and among one world's wettest place<br />
** [[Villa Puerto Edén]], in Chile and among one world's wettest place<br />
** [[Yakushima]], in Japan and among one world's wettest place<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== Sources and external links==<br />
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Cherrapunji}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100704080658/http://www.cherrapunjee.com/ cherrapunjee.com]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121002052449/http://www.geox.com/amphibiox/ Interactive Film Documentary by Geox - Testing A New Waterproof Shoe In The Rainiest Place On Earth]<br />
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/for-a-rainy-day-2/ 'For a Rainy Day', The Indian Express, 20 April 2008, by Arjun Razdan]<br />
<br />
{{Meghalaya}}<br />
{{Tourism in India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in East Khasi Hills district]]<br />
[[Category:Weather extremes of Earth]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Meghalaya]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khushalchand&diff=509865Khushalchand2026-01-08T05:13:38Z<p>RichyCapy: Created a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Gujarati politician and jeweler (1680–1748)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
'''Khushalchand Lakshmichand Jhaveri''' (1680–1748) was an Indian jeweler and financier in late [[Gujarat Subah|Mughal Gujarat]] and the nagarsheth (chief merchant) of [[Ahmedabad]]. He played a key role in power struggles in Ahmedabad for the control of Gujarat in the early 18th century, and financially supported various factions over his lifetime.<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
Khushalchand (b. 1680), was the son of [[Shantidas Jhaveri]]'s third son Lakshmichand, and was the first documented member of his family to be the nagarsheth (chief merchant) of Ahmedabad, and the title thereafter remained with his descendants.{{Sfn|Tripathi|Mehta|1978|p=483, 489}}{{Sfn|Sheth|2024|p=xxi}}<br />
<br />
Kushalchand's family were [[Oswal]] [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Bania (caste)|Vaniyas]].{{sfn|Sheth|2024|p=6}}<br />
<br />
=== Alliance with Hamid Khan ===<br />
In the power struggle between the rebel Hamid Khan (former deputy governor of Gujarat for his uncle, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]], former (absentee) governor of Gujarat) and the Mughal imperialist Shuja‘at Khan (appointed deputy governor of Gujarat for Mubariz-ul-Mulk, Sarbuland Khan Bahadur, appointed (absentee) governor of Gujarat), Khushalchand sided with the rebel Hamid Khan. In 1724, Khushalchand secretly opened the gates of Ahmedabad in the middle of the night to let Hamid Khan and his Maratha allies into the city, leading to the death of the Ibrahim Quli Khan, brother of the already-slain Shuja‘at Khan. For his actions, Khushalchand was labelled a traitor by [[Shamal Bhatt]] in his poem ''Rustam no Saloko'', from which it is learned the local population generally preferred the stability of the Mughal imperialist forces to the chaos of Hamid Khan and the Marathas.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=408-413, 422}}{{Sfn|Sheth|2024|p=193-198}}<br />
<br />
After defeating and slaying Shuja‘at Khan's brother Rustam Ali Khan in battle, Hamid Khan returned to Ahmedabad in 1725 with his Maratha allies Kanthaji and [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad|Pilaji]]. Thereupon Hamid Khan agreed to give the [[chauth]] of the [[pargana]]s' north of the [[Mahi River]] to Kanthaji and south of the Mahi to Pilaji. However, Khushalchand was able to save the city from the Maratha looters by paying them off with his own money. For his gracious act, the mahajans or merchant guilds of the city (including Hindus, Muslims, and Europeans) promised to give Khushalchand and his descendants in perpetuity four [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] on every hundred rupees worth of goods entering or leaving the city that were stamped in the municipal weighing yard.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=416-421}}{{Sfn|Sheth|2024|p=198-200}}<br />
<br />
In April 1725, news reached Sarbuland Khan (the (absentee) governor of Gujarat) in Delhi that his deputy (Shuja‘at Khan) and deputy's brothers had been defeated and killed by the rebel Hamid Khan, and so resolved to govern the province in person. In response Hamid Khan began war preparations against the more experienced Mughal commander. On 3 June 1725, Khushalchand raised 500,000 rupees from local bankers insured by his own gold reserves, and gave the amount ot Hamid Khan, hoping to eventually be repaid and given special privileges. By 25 June, Hamid Khan summoned Khushalchand to the [[Bhadra Fort|Bhadra fort]] and asked him to raise an additional 10,00,000 rupees, either from the people of Ahmedabad or his own pocket. Khushalchand's agents went around the city trying to raise at least 1,00,000, however many people refused once they learned Hamid Khan was the one requesting the amount. By 9 July, 5,00,000 rupees had been raised but not without many citizens fleeing the city. By August, Hamid Khan's soldiers took their sizeable pay wages directly from Khushalchand.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=425}}{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=424}}<br />
<br />
=== Alliance and Fallout with Sarbuland Khan ===<br />
In December 1725, Sarbuland Khan reached Ahmedabad and Hamid Khan fled. Khushalchand met with the governor and switched allegiances to his side. In January 1726, Sarbuland Khan summoned Khushalchand and ordered him to place a 9% tax on every house in the city, and raise an amount of 5,00,000 rupees from the city bankers within 25 days. To raise the amount, Khushalchand began mortgaging ''ijāra''s (temperorary revenue rights) to mansabdārs (rank-holding officials) who could make advance payments. At another point, Khushalchand gave Asaf Khan 3,00,000 rupees for his towns security and soldiers' drinks, which angered Sarbuland Khan.{{Sfn|Sheth|2024|p=208-210}}<br />
<br />
Eventually in September 1726, news reached the emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] in Delhi that Khushalchand and his rival/cousin, the silk merchant Ganga Das,{{Sfn|Tripathi|Mehta|1978|p=487}} were raising money from the local people. Muhammad Shah ordered Sarbuland Khan to send the two merchants to Delhi, but instead Sarbuland Khan got another loan of 1,00,000 rupees from Khushalchand. In only eighteen months, Sarbuland Khan had become bankrupt due to financial mismanagement, and could not even afford to pay his soldiers good wages in comparison to Hamid Khan a year before. On 16 September, Sarbuland Khan asked Khushalchand for another loan, but Khushalchand replied that the governor should ask other bankers in the city. Sarbuland Khan became irritated upon hearing this, and angrily told him that Khushalchand could have jewelry from the treasury and his son as collateral and a 25% interest rate on the loan, to which Khushalchand agreed. On 28 September, Khushalchand was summoned to the Bhadra regarding an earlier loan of 60,000 rupees Sarbuland Khan had requested of him. Khushalchand had gone to other bankers in the city asking to be lent the money, but the bankers refused and complained to Sarbuland Khan. Sarbuland Khan was angry that Khushalchand had asked others for the amount Sarbuland Khan requested, thereby letting people know of Sarbuland's insolvency. Sarbuland Khan slapped Khushalchand a couple times, had him jailed, and ordered him to pay a fine of several hundred thousand rupees to be let go. He also stripped Khushalchand of his title of nagarsheth, and gave it to his rival cousin Ganga Das. During his week in jail, Khushalchand was whipped and ordered to bring out all of his wealth. In October, Khushalchand was personally beaten in jail by Sarbuland, and had 2,00,000 rupees forcibly taken from him. By late October, Khushalchand's lawyers wrote to the imperial Mughal court in [[Shahjahanabad]] that Sarbuland Khan was tyrannically torturing Khushalchand, but Khushalchand's enemies also wrote to Delhi that it was by Khushalchand's previous support of Hamid Khan that had ruined the province. The emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] ordered Sarbuland Khan to investigate the matter, but Sarbuland Khan made a report signed by [[Qadi|Qazi]], Muslim religious elites, merchants, bankers, and public that accused Khushalchand of treachery sentenced him to life in prison.{{Sfn|Sheth|2024|p=209-216}} Khushalchand's enemies offered a 1,00,000 loan to Sarbuland Khan if he publicly humiliated Khushalchand. Eventually on the advice of Ali Muhammad Khan, Khushalchand was released on a fine of 60,000 rupees, and Khushalchand escaped to Delhi.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=428}}<br />
<br />
=== Return to Ahmedabad under Abhai Singh ===<br />
Eventually Sarbuland Khan was removed from his position as governor and replaced with Maharaja [[Abhai Singh of Marwar]], who appointed Ahmad Bohra as nagarsheth. In 1732, Khushalchand returned from Delhi with a [[firman]] of Samsam-ud-daulah, the [[Amir al-umara]] of the empire, that he was to be reinstated as nagarsheth. Abhai Singh, not wanting to lose face by dismissing his own appointee to the position, made Ahmad Bohra nagarsheth of the Muslims and Khushalchand Jhaveri that of the Hindus. However, Ahmad Bohra and Abhai Singh's deputy and treasurer, Ratan Singh, were levying illegal fines and extractions upon the people of the city which Khushalchand opposed. For two years Khushalchand and Ahmad butted heads, with Ahmad complaining to Ratan Singh and Khushalchand allying with Momin Khan and Jawan Mard Khan. Eventually Ratan Singh called a meeting where Ahmad Bohra charged Khushalchand with crimes, and Ratan Singh had him exiled from the city.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=457-458}}{{Sfn|Tripathi|Mehta|1978|p=487-488}}<br />
<br />
=== Imprisonment by Rangoji ===<br />
Eventually Khushalchand returned to city around the time Abhai Singh was removed from the position of governor and replaced by Momin Khan. Upon Momin Khan's death, Ahmedabad came under the control of his cousin Fida-ud-din Khan, his son Muftakhir Khan, and the Maratha Rangoji. The three then arrested Khushalchand and forced him to pay a 100 rupees in fines a day in order to pay government officials. In 1743, Khushalchand escaped imprisonment during the chaos of a city battle between Fida-ud-din Khan and Muftakhir Khan against Rangoji.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=480, 483}}{{Sfn|Tripathi|Mehta|1978|p=489}}<br />
<br />
=== Death ===<br />
In 1748, Khushalchand died of natural causes, and was succeeded by his eldest son Nathushah as nagarsheth, and later by Vakhatchand (third son of Khushalchand).{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=499}}{{Sfn|Tripathi|Mehta|1978|p=489}}{{Sfn|Sheth|2024|p=xxi}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Shantidas Jhaveri]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Commissariat|first=M.S.|title=A History of Gujarat|volume=II The Mughal Period: From 1573 to 1758|year=1957|publisher=Orient Longmans|url=https://archive.org/details/bk885}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Dwijendra |first2=M. J. |last2=Mehta |title=The Nagarsheth of Ahmedabad: The History of an Urban Institution in a Gujarat City |location=Hyderabad |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |date=1978 |pages=481–96 |jstor=44139386}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sheth |first=Sudev |title=Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2024}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khushalchand}}<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br />
[[Category:1748 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1680s births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian jewellers]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian Jains]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Gujarat Subah]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_Bijapur_Naxal_attack&diff=4833582025 Bijapur Naxal attack2026-01-03T06:02:45Z<p>RichyCapy: creating info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|2025 Bijapur clash}}<br />
<br />
{{Short description|Maoist attack in Chhattisgarh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Bijapur Naxal attack<br />
| partof = the [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]<br />
| date = 6 January 2025<br />
| place = [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India<br />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]<br />
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}<br />
| units2 = [[District Reserve Guard]] (DRG)<br />
| strength1 = <br />
| strength2 = <br />
| casualties1 = None<br />
| casualties2 = 9 killed (8 security personnel, 1 civilian driver)<br />
| notes = The attack was carried out using an IED weighing 60–70 kg; it was the largest assault on security forces in the state in two years<br />
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Naxalite insurgency}}{{Campaignbox India terrorism}}<br />
| result = Maoist victory<br />
*Government intensifies anti-naxal and maoist operation<br />
}}<br />
<br />
On 6 January 2025, an attack occurred in [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh]], India, where nine individuals were killed, including eight security personnel from the [[District Reserve Guard]] (DRG) and a civilian driver.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian police officers killed in Chhattisgarh Maoist attack |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indian-police-officers-killed-in-chhattisgarh-maoist-attack/a-71226557 |work=dw.com |date=6 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113191545/https://www.dw.com/en/indian-police-officers-killed-in-chhattisgarh-maoist-attack/a-71226557 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eight policemen, driver killed in Maoist attack in central India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/ten-policemen-feared-killed-bomb-blast-central-india-tv-report-says-2025-01-06/ |work=Reuters |date=6 January 2025}}</ref> The attack was carried out by Naxalites, who planted an [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) weighing between 60 and 70 kg.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Drolia |first1=Rashmi |title=How did 70kg IED go undetected? SOP questions swirl around after Maoist attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bijapur-maoist-attack-questions-around-sop-swirl-after-reds-blow-up-convoy/articleshow/117004039.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 January 2025 |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107075539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bijapur-maoist-attack-questions-around-sop-swirl-after-reds-blow-up-convoy/articleshow/117004039.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the largest assault by Maoist insurgents on security forces in the state of Chhattisgarh in the past two years.<ref>{{cite news |title=9 killed after Naxals blow up security vehicle with IED in Chhattisgarh's Bijapur |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/9-including-8-chhattisgarh-cops-killed-after-naxals-blow-up-suv-with-ied-in-bijapur/3708531/ |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=6 January 2025 |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107061032/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/9-including-8-chhattisgarh-cops-killed-after-naxals-blow-up-suv-with-ied-in-bijapur/3708531/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nine killed in roadside bomb attack in central India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/6/nine-killed-in-roadside-bomb-attack-in-central-india |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=6 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Attack ==<br />
The attack took place on the Bedre-Kutru Road at approximately 2:15 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] near Ambeli village, within the Kutru police station area in Bijapur district. The DRG personnel were returning to their base in [[Dantewada]] after participating in a three-day anti-[[Naxalism|Naxalite]] operation in [[Abujhmarh]] that had resulted in the deaths of five [[Maoists in India|Maoists]]. The vehicle they were traveling in, a [[Mahindra Scorpio|Scorpio]], was destroyed by a powerful [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) planted by the [[Naxals]].<ref name=A>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Rishabh |title=9 killed as Naxals blast security personnel's vehicle in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-bijapur-naxal-ied-blast-security-personnel-dead-injured-125010600653_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=6 January 2025 |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107061032/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-bijapur-naxal-ied-blast-security-personnel-dead-injured-125010600653_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The explosion caused a [[crater]] about 10 feet deep and 25–30 feet wide in the road and threw the vehicle carrying the security personnel into the air.&nbsp;Debris from the blast was found stuck in trees as high as 25 feet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh: 8 jawans, 1 driver killed in IED blast near Ambeli in Bijapur |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/chhattisgarh-8-jawans-1-driver-killed-in-ied-blast-near-ambeli-in-bijapur |website=Free Press Journal |date=6 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Naidu |first1=Jayprakash S |title=Chhattisgarh: Maoists ambush securitymen on way back from operation, 9 killed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-naxal-attack-bijapur-police-vehicle-blown-up-9762756/lite/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=7 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Inspector General of Police for Bastar Range, Sundarraj P, confirmed that the IED was likely a "command IED," which is manually triggered from a distance. This particular device was believed to have been planted well in advance, as evidence suggested that grass had grown over the wires connected to it.<ref name=A/><br />
<br />
== Casualties ==<br />
All nine individuals, who were members of the [[District Reserve Guard]] and a civilian driver aboard the vehicle, were killed instantly in the IED blast. Their bodies were dismembered and placed on plastic sheets for evacuation. After the attack, reinforcements were sent to the scene, and security forces began a search operation in the surrounding area.<ref name=cnbc>{{cite news |title=Naxals blow up security personnel vehicle in Chhattisgarh, 9 killed |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/chhattisgarh-bijapur-naxals-ied-attack-on-police-personnel-security-vehicle-casualties-19535201.htm |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=6 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reactions ==<br />
Chhattisgarh Chief Minister [[Vishnu Deo Sai]] expressed his condolences to the families of the deceased and condemned the attack as a cowardly act stemming from frustration among Naxals due to ongoing counter-insurgency operations.<ref name=A/><br />
<br />
India's Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] vowed to eliminate [[Naxalism]] from the country by March 2026 and asserted that the sacrifice of those killed by extremists in Chhattisgarh would not be in vain.<ref name=b>{{cite news |title=Amit Shah vows to eliminate Naxals by March 2026 after Chhattisgarh attack |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/amit-shah-vows-to-eliminate-naxals-by-march-2026-after-chhattisgarh-attack-125010600883_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=6 January 2025}}</ref> Shah expressed his deep sorrow in a post on [[Twitter|X]] in [[Hindi]], stating, 'I am deeply saddened by the news of the loss of DRG soldiers in the IED blast in Bijapur (Chhattisgarh). I express my deepest condolences to the families of the brave soldiers. It is impossible to express this grief in words, but I assure the sacrifice of our soldiers will not go in vain. We will end Naxalism from India by March 2026.'<ref name=b/><br />
<br />
The [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]], condemned the attack, stating, 'The Maoist attack on security forces in Bijapur, Chhattisgarh is condemnable. I express my heartfelt condolences to the bereaved families of the brave soldiers who made the ultimate sacrifice for the security of the nation. Our country is committed to completely eradicating Maoists.'<ref>{{cite news |last1=Drolia |first1=Rashmi |title=Bijapur maoist attack: President Droupadi Murmu expresses condolence on 8 jawans killed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/president-droupadi-murmu-expresses-condolence-on-8-jawans-killed-in-bijapur-maoist-attack/articleshow/117007754.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109152140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/president-droupadi-murmu-expresses-condolence-on-8-jawans-killed-in-bijapur-maoist-attack/articleshow/117007754.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Speaker of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] and former Chief Minister [[Raman Singh]] condemned the attack, stating, 'Whenever big operations are carried out against them, these Naxalites resort to cowardly attacks. I express my condolences to the families of the jawans who lost their lives in this attack. The significant steps being taken by the Chhattisgarh government and the central government will further strengthen these efforts.'<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sonkar |first1=Lav |title=Bijapur IED blast: बीजापुर में 8 जवान शहीद, पूर्व सीएम डॉ. रमन सिंह ने कहा… |url=https://www.patrika.com/bijapur-news/bijapur-ied-blast-8-soldiers-martyred-in-bijapur-former-cm-dr-raman-singh-said-19292792 |publisher=[[Patrika.com|Patrika]] |date=6 January 2025 |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107064016/https://www.patrika.com/bijapur-news/bijapur-ied-blast-8-soldiers-martyred-in-bijapur-former-cm-dr-raman-singh-said-19292792 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=A/><br />
<br />
Other leaders who paid their condolences include Chhattisgarh Deputy Chief Minister [[Arun Sao]],<ref name=b/> Chhattisgarh Governor [[Ramen Deka]],<ref name=cnbc/> Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha [[Rahul Gandhi]], Lok Sabha MP [[Priyanka Gandhi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi Vadra condole demise of security personnel in Bijapur Naxal attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-and-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-condole-demise-of-security-personnel-in-bijapur-naxal-attack-101736203259999.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 January 2025 |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108173926/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-and-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-condole-demise-of-security-personnel-in-bijapur-naxal-attack-101736203259999.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Congress President [[Mallikarjun Kharge]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rahul Gandhi, Kharge condole soldiers' death in Naxal attack; target govt |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-kharge-condole-soldiers-death-in-naxal-attack-target-govt-125010601266_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=6 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
In December 2025, Maoist Central Committee member Ganesh Uike, who carried a bounty of over ₹1 crore, was killed in a joint security operation by Odisha Police's Special Operation Group along with CRPF and BSF in Kandhamal district.<ref>{{cite news |title=हिडमा के बाद एक करोड़ का इनामी टॉप नक्सली गणेश उइके भी एनकाउंटर में ढेर |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/security-forces-killed-top-naxalite-ganesh-uikey-encounter-odisha-ntc-rpti-2422266-2025-12-25 |work=Aaj Tak |date=25 December 2025 |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Road incidents in 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijapur Naxal attack, 2025}}<br />
[[Category:2025 road incidents in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:January 2025 in India]]<br />
[[Category:January 2025 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in 2025]]<br />
[[Category:2025 mass murders]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2025]]<br />
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Road incidents in India]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) attacks]]<br />
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|2025 attack]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2025]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sev_puri&diff=465455Sev puri2025-12-11T04:58:21Z<p>RichyCapy: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian snack food}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox food<br />
| name = Sev puri<br />
| image = Sev puri with sweet curd.JPG<br />
| image_alt = Small balls of thin dough are topped with sev and coriander leaves. Chutney is in the filling.<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| place_of_origin = [[Mumbai]] or [[Pune]], India<br />
| region = India<br />
| creator = <br />
| course = <br />
| type = [[Chaat]]<br />
| served = <br />
| main_ingredient = Small [[Puri (food)|puri]], [[Sev (food)|sev]], [[potatoes]], [[chickpea]]s<br />
| variations = Dahi puri<br />
| similar_dish = {{hlist|[[Panipuri]]|[[bhelpuri]]}}<br />
| calories = <br />
| other = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sev puri''' (also known as '''lala puri'''<ref name="Vijayakar" />{{efn|The term ''lala puri'', after cricketer [[Lala Amarnath]], is used by the restaurant of the [[Cricket Club of India]]. There is no difference between lala puri and sev puri.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mulani |first=Rhea |date=24 July 2022 |title=CCI, the home of chicken manchurian, has more stories in its kitchen |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/cci-club-the-home-of-chicken-manchurian-has-more-stories-in-its-kitchen-brabourne-stadium-churchgate/ |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Condé Nast Traveller]]}}</ref>}}) is an Indian snack and a type of [[chaat]], resembling [[panipuri]]. It consists of small, round [[puri (food)|puri]]s or flat [[papri]]s topped with a filling and garnished with [[sev (food)|sev]]. The filling varies; it may include potatoes and chickpeas. The dish originated in either [[Pune]] or [[Mumbai]]. '''Dahi puri''' is a variant of sev puri that uses [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yoghurt) as a topping. Both sev puri and dahi puri are popular dishes in the [[street food of India]], especially [[Street food of Mumbai|in Mumbai]].<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
[[File:Sev Puri.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Thin crisps of dough are topped with sev|Sev puri made with flat [[papri]]s]]<br />
Sev puri is a [[chaat]] made from a small [[puri (food)|puri]] that is hollowed and filled, similar to [[panipuri]].<ref name="Elsa">{{Cite news |last=Elsa |first=Evangeline |date=May 17, 2021 |title=Pani puri and chaat: Everything you need to know about the great Indian leveller |url=https://gulfnews.com/food/pani-puri-and-chaat-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-great-indian-leveller-1.1613487889043 |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> Flat [[papri]] may be used instead of round puri.<ref name="Dalal" /> It is loaded with a filling that may include diced or mashed [[potatoes]], [[chickpea]]s, and [[tomato]]es,<ref name="Elsa" /> although there is no fixed recipe.<ref name="Dalal">{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Tarla|author-link=Tarla Dalal|title=Chaat Cookbook.|year=2000|publisher=Gardners Books|isbn=978-81-86469-62-0|pages=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbGBPsahi28C}}</ref> The dish is then garnished with the signature ingredient, [[sev (food)|sev]], which is thin, crunchy noodles.<ref name="Elsa" /> Many types of sev puri add other ingredients in the fillings, such as [[paneer]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--not stated--> |date=7 July 2023 |title=Mumbai Street Food Diaries: Paneer Sev Puri |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/videos/mumbai-street-food-diaries-paneer-sev-puri/videoshow/101546187.cms |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Times of India|Times Food]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sev puri is usually served without sauce.<ref name="Elsa" /> It uses similar ingredients to [[bhelpuri]] but does not contain [[puffed rice]], instead being served on top of puris.<ref name="Vijayakar" /><br />
<br />
[[File:Savoury baskets of Fun 1.JPG|thumb|alt=Small balls of thin dough are cracked open for a filling and topped with yoghurt.|Dahi puri]]<br />
Dahi puri (also called ''dahi sev puri'' or ''dahi batata puri'') is a variant of sev puri whose filling is topped with [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yoghurt) and [[chaat masala]].<ref name="Medora" /> Dahi puri may be made with the mini puri shells which are also used for panipuri,<ref name="Bladholm">{{Cite book |last=Bladholm |first=Linda |title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified |date=12 August 2000 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |url=https://archive.org/details/indiangrocerysto00blad/page/58/mode/2up?q=bhature |url-access=registration |page=167 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |isbn=1580631436}}</ref> or with small, flat puris.<ref name="Trefler">{{Cite book |last=Trefler |first=Caroline |title=Essential India |publisher=[[Fodor's Travel Publications]] |year=2011 |isbn=9781400005291 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400005291/page/346 |url-access=registration |page=346 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The filling of dahi puri is based on bhelpuri<ref name="Medora" /> and is similar to that of panipuri.<ref name="Bladholm" /> It is stuffed with potatoes or chickpeas and is garnished with sev, [[moong dal]], and coriander leaves. Some popular chutneys used with dahi puri include [[coriander]] leaf, [[tamarind]], and [[date (fruit)|date]].<ref name="Trefler" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shilcutt|first=Katharine|date=2013-03-19|title=Here, Eat This: A Beginner's Guide to Indian Cuisine|url=https://www.houstonpress.com/restaurants/here-eat-this-a-beginners-guide-to-indian-cuisine-6409314|access-date=2020-08-11|website=[[Houston Press]]}}</ref> Sour dahi is used to complement sweet and spicy flavours of the chutneys.<ref name="Medora">{{Cite news |last=Medora |first=Sabrina |date=1 April 2019 |title=How Snacks From Mumbai’s Streets Come to Life in Columbia Heights |url=https://dc.eater.com/2019/4/1/18285724/bombay-street-food-photos-dishes-columbia-heights |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Eater (website)|Eater]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History and consumption==<br />
<!--[[File:Sev Puri 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Sev puri is commonly served as a [[street food]].]]--><br />
According to food writer [[Kunal Vijaykar]], sev puri was invented in [[Mumbai]] by North Indian migrants, as a form of North Indian chaat,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Kunal |author-link=Kunal Vijaykar |date=27 November 2022 |title=What the Fork: What Makes the Bombay Sandwich a Truly Mumbai Dish, Writes Kunal Vijayakar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/what-the-fork-what-makes-the-bombay-sandwich-a-truly-mumbai-dish-writes-kunal-vijayakar-6480733.html |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref> and its ingredients are rooted in the [[farsan (food)|farsan]] snacks of [[Gujarati cuisine]].<ref name="Vijayakar">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Kunal |author-link=Kunal Vijaykar |date=23 June 2018 |title=Maska Maarke: An ode to the bhel puri walla bhaiyya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maska-maarke-an-ode-to-the-bhel-puri-walla-bhaiyya/story-yl7seR9GO3419GFCyfriiP.html |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It may have been invented by Gujarati migrants in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kishore |first=Moushmi |date=2 June 2016 |title=Snack time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/snack-time/article5100496.ece |access-date=10 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However, according to Vinay MR Mishra of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', sev puri and dahi puri both originated in the city of [[Pune]].<ref name="Mishra" /><br />
<br />
Sev puri and dahi puri are popular street foods across India; dahi puri is available in every major city.<ref name="Mishra">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Vinay MR |date=30 May 2022 |title=Pune’s got creativity! From badminton to Sev Puri...ideas that were born in the city |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/punes-got-creativity-from-badminton-to-sev-puri-ideas-that-were-born-in-the-city-101653906898114.html |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Remedios|first=Trina|title=Street food: Fast, yummy, healthy?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/Street-food-Fast-yummy-healthy/articleshow/12159425.cms|access-date=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=6 March 2012}}</ref> Supermarkets also stock ready-to-eat packets of sev puri and similar snacks like bhelpuri.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: A gastronomic's paradise!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/food-reviews/28197690_1_world-cuisine-restaurants-thai-pavilion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615130100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/food-reviews/28197690_1_world-cuisine-restaurants-thai-pavilion|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 July 2009}}</ref> Sev puri and dahi puri are popular in the [[street food of Mumbai]],<ref name="Dalal" /><ref name="Trefler" /> available across the city.<ref name="Vijayakar" /> Sev puri is famously sold by street vendors at the city's [[Juhu Beach]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sood |first=Akhil |date=1 June 2019 |title=Golgappa, pani puri, phuchka: the little world of chaat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/golgappa-pani-puri-phuchka-the-little-world-of-chaat/article27374154.ece |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian dishes}}<br />
{{Mumbai topics}}<br />
{{Street food}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Puri (food)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fast food]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Street food in India]]<br />
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondipora&diff=500827Gondipora2025-11-27T12:20:33Z<p>RichyCapy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gondipora<br />
| nickname = <br />
| native_name_lang = ks<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = not known.<br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Panchayat<br />
| governing_body = Village council<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = گۄنٛدپورؠکؠ<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sex Ratio<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken Language<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 193411<br />
| registration_plate = JK04<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = The Village Council Of Gundipur<br />
| native_name = Gondpor<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gondipora''' or '''Gondpor''' is a village in tehsil [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]] of district [[Budgam district|Budgam]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir.]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Registrar|first1=India Office of the|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTlAAAAAMAAJ&q=narawarah|title=Census of India, 1971: Series 8: Jammu & Kashmir|last2=General|first2=India Office of the Registrar|date=1972|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Educational institutions ==<br />
<br />
* Govt. HS School Gondipora.<br />
<br />
* Govt. MS School Gondipora.<br />
<br />
* Salfia Secondary Institute Gondipora.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Rathsoon]].<br />
* [[Aripanthan]].<br />
* [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir]].<br />
* [[Ohangam]].<br />
* [[Sonapah]].<br />
* [[Wanihama]].<br />
* [[Meerpora]].<br />
* [[Kandoora|Kandour.]]<br />
* [[Arizal, Jammu and Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
{{Budgam district}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Shakti&diff=467615Lok Shakti2025-11-24T08:45:00Z<p>RichyCapy: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian political party (1997–2003)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian Political Party<br />
| party_name = Lok Shakti<br />
| party_logo = <br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Lok Shakti}}<br />
| founder = [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]<br />
| leader = [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]<br />
| secretary = <br />
| loksabha_leader = <br />
| rajyasabha_leader = <br />
| foundation = 1997<br />
| dissolution = 2003<br />
| merged = [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
| split = [[Janata Dal]] <br />
| eci = dissolved party<br />
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]] <br/> (1998-2003) <br />
| position =<br />
| loksabha_seats = <br />
| rajyasabha_seats = <br />
| youth = <br />
| ideology = <br />
| colours = <br />
| headquarters = <br />
| publication = <br />
| symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Coconut Tree.png|150px]]<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lok Shakti''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] People's Power) was a political party in India. Lok Shakti was one of several parties that were formed when the [[Janata Dal]] crumbled in the mid-1990s. LS was formed in February 1997 after [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] was expelled from [[Janata Dal]]. Lok Shakti emerged as a major party in [[Karnataka]]. It was a founding member of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041026005253/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl1520/15200380.htm Frontline: A divided party]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramakrishna Hegde launches Lok Shakti to keep Deve Gowda on tenterhooks|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19970315-ramakrishna-hegde-launches-lok-shakti-to-keep-deve-gowda-on-tenterhooks-831192-1997-03-15|access-date=2021-07-29|website= India Today|date=15 March 1997 }}</ref> It eventually merged with [[Janata Dal (United)]] .<br />
<br />
== Merger ==<br />
<br />
Before the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general election]], the faction led by then [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]] [[J. H. Patel]] lent support to the NDA, leading to the split in the [[Janata Dal]]. This caused the formation of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] under [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], who wanted to remain equidistant from both national parties, and [[Janata Dal (United)]] under [[Sharad Yadav]].<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/06jdu.htm Samata Party breaks away from JD (U)]</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Janata Dal (United)]] was formed with the merger of the [[Sharad Yadav]] faction of the Janata Dal, the Lok Shakti and the [[Samata Party]].<ref>[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423006701900.htm Janata Parivar's home base]</ref> On 30 October 2003, the [[Samata Party]] led by [[George Fernandes]] and [[Nitish Kumar]] merged with the [[Janata Dal]]. The merged entity was called [[Janata Dal (United)]] with the arrow symbol of [[Janata Dal (United)]] and the green and white flag of the [[Samata Party]]. But [[Election Commission of India]] refused the merger of [[Samata Party]]. [[Brahmanand Mandal]] became the [[President (corporate title)|president]], but he was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and not physically well so Uday Mandal<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uday Mandal – SAMATA PARTY|url=https://samataparty.org/uday-mandal/|access-date=2022-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> became President<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-19|title=उदय मंडल बने समता पार्टी के कार्यकारी अध्यक्ष|url=https://www.gaamgharnews.com/uday-mandal-becomes-working-president-of-samta-party/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Gaam Ghar|language=en-US}}</ref> and took charge of the Samata Party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBCHindi|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2004/03/printable/040320_politics_delhi|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The uniting force is believed to be the components' common opposition to [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in Bihar especially after the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] welcomed [[Samata Party]] rebels like [[Raghunath Jha]] into the party.<br />
<br />
== Party Presidents ==<br />
[[Snigdha Suwalka]]<br />
== General Secretary ==<br />
[[Abdul Samad Siddiqui]]<br />
<br />
== State Units ==<br />
<br />
=== Karnataka ===<br />
<br />
==== Presidents ====<br />
[[Jeevaraj Alva]] (1999)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bangalore|first=PARVATHI MENON in|title=The fallout in Karnataka|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30257767.ece|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
{{National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{Janata Parivar parties}}<br />
[[Category:1997 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1999]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1997]]<br />
[[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-party-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blyth%27s_kingfisher&diff=492039Blyth's kingfisher2025-09-30T08:52:04Z<p>RichyCapy: Started the post from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of bird}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| status = NT<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Alcedo hercules'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22683024A92973795 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683024A92973795.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><br />
| image = Blyth's kingfisher.jpg<br />
| genus = Alcedo<br />
| species = hercules<br />
| authority = [[Alfred Laubmann|Laubmann]], 1917<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Blyth's kingfisher''' ('''''Alcedo hercules''''') is the largest [[kingfisher]] in the genus ''[[Alcedo]]''. Named for [[Edward Blyth]], the species has also been known as ''Alcedo grandis'' and as the great blue kingfisher. Between {{convert|22|and|23|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} long, the kingfisher has deep rufous underparts with a blackish blue breast patch, and brilliant cobalt blue or azure upperparts, tinged with purple. The wings are a dark blackish green, with blue speckles and tips to some of the feathers. The bill of the male is entirely black, while the female has a dark red lower mandible. The species is distinguished from the similar [[blue-eared kingfisher]] (''Alcedo meninting'') and [[common kingfisher]] (''Alcedo atthis'') by its greater size, heavy black bill, and dark [[Lore (anatomy)|lores]].<br />
<br />
The species breeds between the months of March and June. It builds nests at the end of tunnels dug in the banks of streams or ravines. Four to six eggs are laid, with both sexes incubating. A shy bird, it frequents small waterways, feeding on fish and insects caught by diving from a shrub close to the water. It is found along streams in evergreen forest and adjacent open country between {{convert|200|and|1200|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}, mainly between {{convert|400|and|1000|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. The species ranges from Nepal through India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Even within its preferred habitat the density of the species is low, and the population, though not thoroughly surveyed, is believed to be small, and declining further. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] classifies it as "[[near threatened]]".<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
Blyth's kingfisher was [[Species description|described]] by the English zoologist and curator at the Asiatic Society of Bengal [[Edward Blyth]] in 1845 and given the [[binomial name]] ''Alcedo grandis''.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Blyth | first=Edward | author-link=Edward Blyth | year=1845 | title=Notices and descriptions of various new or little known species of birds | journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | volume=14 | issue=1 | pages=173–212 [190] | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40131961 }}</ref><ref name="BeolensWatkins20142">{{cite book |author1=Bo Beolens|author2=Michael Watkins|author3=Michael Grayson|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Birds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En4wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT166|date=28 August 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4729-0574-1 |pages=166–}}</ref> Unfortunately, this name was preoccupied as it had already been introduced for another species by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his ''Systema naturae'' of 1788.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=la | place=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=458 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25751678 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1945 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5 | volume=5 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=171 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480182 }}</ref> In 1917, the German naturalist Alfred Laubmann proposed the substitute binomial name ''Alcedo hercules'' to replace the preoccupied name.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Laubmann | first=Alfred | year=1917 | title=Ein neuer Name für Alcedo grandis Blyth | journal=Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern | volume=13 | page=105 | language=de | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8754065 }}</ref> Blyth's kingfisher is most closely related to the [[blue-eared kingfisher]] (''Alcedo meninting'').<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Andersen | first1=M.J. | last2=McCullough | first2=J.M. | last3=Mauck III | first3=W.M. | last4=Smith | first4=B.T. | last5=Moyle | first5=R.G. | year=2017 | title=A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands | journal=Journal of Biogeography | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=1–13 | doi=10.1111/jbi.13139 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2018JBiog..45..269A }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/rollers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=3 December 2017 }}</ref> It has also been referred to as the great blue kingfisher.<ref name="FryFry2010">{{cite book | last1=Fry | first1=C. Hilary| last2=Fry | first2=Kathie| last3=Harris | first3=Alan | year=2010 | title=Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | isbn=978-1-4081-3525-9 | pages=223–224 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:AlcedoGrandis.jpg|thumb|An image created between 1868 and 1871]]<br />
Blyth's kingfisher is between {{convert|22|and|23|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} in length, making it the largest of the ''[[Alcedo]]'' kingfishers. The wing of the male is between {{convert|9.6|and|10.2|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} long, and that of the female between {{convert|9.5|and|10.3|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FryFry2010"/> On the male, the feathering on the head is black, with shiny tips of bright blue. It has a neck patch that is whitish or buff in colour, as is the chin. The breast and belly are rufous, except for a dark blackish-blue patch on the breast.<ref name=HBW>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Collar|first1=N.|year=2017|title=Blyth's Kingfisher (''Alcedo hercules'')|editor-last1=del Hoyo|editor-first1=J.|editor-last2=Elliott|editor-first2=A.|editor-last3=Sargatal|editor-first3=J.|editor-last4=Christie|editor-first4=D.A.|editor-last5=de Juana|editor-first5=E.|encyclopedia=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive|publisher=Lynx Edicions|location=Barcelona, Spain|doi=10.2173/bow.blykin1.01 |s2cid=216422221 |url=http://www.hbw.com/species/blyths-kingfisher-alcedo-hercules|access-date=1 September 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The legs and feet of the bird are also red. The bill is entirely black in the male, while the female has a red base to the [[mandible]]. The [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] of the bird is reddish brown. The [[Lore (anatomy)|lores]] of the bird are black, and have a buff coloured streak above them. The back of the bird from [[Bird#Anatomy and physiology|mantle]] to the tail [[Covert feather|coverts]] is a bright [[cobalt blue]] or azure, with a tinge of purple towards the rump and the tail coverts. When the bird is at rest, the upper parts may appear brownish black. The tail itself is a darker [[ultramarine]] blue. The wings and the [[scapula]]r feathers are a dark greenish black. The feathers of the upperwing coverts have cobalt-blue tips, while the underwing coverts are dark rufous-red. The lesser and median coverts have prominent speckles of cobalt. Any distinctive features in the plumage of the juvenile are not known.<ref name="FryFry2010"/><ref name=HBW/><ref name="GrimmettInskipp2016">{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Grimmett |first2=Carol |last2=Inskipp |first3=Tim|last3=Inskipp|first4=Hem Sagar|last4=Baral|title=Birds of Nepal: Revised Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrUDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|date=22 September 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing| isbn=978-1-4729-2568-8|pages=178–}}</ref><br />
<br />
The species is morphologically similar to the [[blue-eared kingfisher]] (''Alcedo meninting''), but in comparison is substantially larger. Its bill is heavier and longer than that of the blue-eared kingfisher, and is entirely black. Its crown and wings are less brilliant as those of the smaller bird, and it may be distinguished by the speckles of light blue on its crown and wing coverts.<ref name="Robson2015">{{cite book|author=Craig Robson|title=Birds of South-East Asia: Concise Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew50CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|date=13 August 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4729-2425-4|pages=48–}}</ref> The dark ear coverts set it apart from the [[common kingfisher]] (''Alcedo atthis''), which has rufous ear-coverts.<ref name="FryFry2010"/> It is similar to the female [[blue-banded kingfisher]] (''Alcedo euryzona''), but the two species do not overlap in their range.<ref name="FryFry2010"/><br />
<br />
The call of the species is described as a loud "pseet", less shrill but louder and more hoarse than that of the common kingfisher, and similar but louder to that of the blue-eared kingfisher.<ref name=HBW/><ref name="Robson2015"/> One of the calls made by the [[slaty-backed forktail]] (''Enicurus schistaceus'') is sometimes mistaken for the call of Blyth's kingfisher.<ref name="Clement2016">{{cite book|author=Peter Clement|title=Robins and Chats |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgdoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA458 |date=28 January 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-5596-7|page=458}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Behaviour and ecology==<br />
[[File:AlcedoHercules.jpg|thumb|Blyth's kingfisher feeding, painted in 1897]]<br />
The breeding period of Blyth's kingfisher is chiefly between April and May, extending to March and June. The nests are built at the end of a tunnel in a muddy bank, next to either a stream or a ravine in the forest. The tunnel extends straight, then rises, before descending to the chamber in which the nest is. This chamber is between {{convert|15|and|20|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|10|and|13|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} high. The width of the tunnel is typically {{convert|8|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}: the length varies with the soil, ranging from {{convert|45|to|60|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} in hard soil to {{convert|2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} in sandy soil. Between four and six eggs are laid, incubated by both parents. The parents sit very tight; nests become covered in [[Feces|faecal matter]]. The periods of incubation and fledging are not known.<ref name="HBW" /><br />
<br />
The species feeds on fish and insects it catches by diving in water bodies. Unlike other ''Alcedo'' kingfishers, Blyth's kingfisher dives from a shrub close above the water, rather than from an exposed vantage point.<ref name="FryFry2010"/> The species is presumed not to migrate. It is described as a shy bird.<ref name="HBW" /><br />
<br />
==Habitat and distribution==<br />
Blyth's kingfisher frequents small rivers and waterways in evergreen forest, hilly regions, or deep ravines. It is sometimes found near streams near well-wooded farmland. Its elevational range is chiefly between {{convert|400|and|1000|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} above sea level, extending to a minimum of {{convert|200|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} and a maximum of {{convert|1200|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HBW" /><br />
<br />
The density of the species is low across its range. In China, it is known to be found in the [[Mengyang Nature Reserve]] in [[Yunnan]], and in the [[Nonggang National Nature Reserve]] and [[Diding Nature Reserve]] in [[Guangxi]] province. It is also known to be present in [[Hainan]]. In Vietnam the species is found in [[French protectorate of Annam|Annam]] and western [[Tonkin]], in which regions it is fairly common. In northern Laos and the [[Annamite mountains]], it may be locally common. It is also found in Myanmar, where its density varies considerably, and is either a visitor or a rare resident in northwestern Thailand. It is rare in Bhutan in northeastern India, and a vagrant in Bangladesh and eastern Nepal.<ref name="HBW" /> Its range in northeast India includes the eastern [[Himalayas]], up to {{convert|1200|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Negi1992">{{cite book |author=Sharad Singh Negi |title=Himalayan Wildlife, Habitat and Conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W88pkms1dXEC&pg=PA81 |year=1992 |publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-85182-68-1 |pages=81–}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Status and conservation==<br />
The population of Blyth's kingfisher has not been quantified globally. In China, the species is estimated to have fewer than 100 breeding pairs.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> The species occurs at a low density even within a favorable habitat. The habitats it favors are being degraded and fragmented by human activity. Other potential threats to the species include water pollution in the rivers it inhabits and anthropogenic disturbance such as deforestation.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> No specific conservation actions are known to have been taken to protect the species. Due to the presence of human disturbance, its population is thought to be in slow decline. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] categorizes the species as "near threatened"; it has previously classified the species as "vulnerable."<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Alcedo hercules|Blyth's Kingfisher}}<br />
{{Wikispecies|Alcedo hercules|Blyth's Kingfisher}}<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231701/http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=413 Oriental Bird Images: ''Blyth's Kingfisher'']}} Selected images<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q832565}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alcedo|Blyth's kingfisher]]<br />
[[Category:Birds of Hainan]]<br />
[[Category:Birds of Northeast India]]<br />
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Birds described in 1917|Blyth's kingfisher]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramesh_Chandra_Sai&diff=529252Ramesh Chandra Sai2025-09-29T23:29:45Z<p>RichyCapy: Stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| image =<br />
| constituency = [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]<br />
| term_start = 2019<br />
| term_end = 2024<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo<br />
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Ramesh Chandra Sai''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Athmallik Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athamallik Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Athamallik Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/athamallik-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Athamallik Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/athamallik-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916528.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sai, Ramesh Chandra}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haryana_Football_Association&diff=502315Haryana Football Association2025-09-29T21:50:11Z<p>RichyCapy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State governing body of Football in Haryana}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox sport governing body<br />
|name = Haryana Football Association<br />
|abbrev = HFA<br />
|logo = <br />
|sport = [[Association football|Football]]<br />
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon image|..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Haryana]]<br />
|founded = <br />
|aff = [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF)<br />
|headquarters = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]<br />
|membership = 22 district associations<br />
|president = Suraj Pal Amu<br />
|secretary = Shaffali Nagal<br />
|url = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Haryana Football Association''' (HFA) is the governing body of [[association football|football]] in [[Haryana]], [[India]]. It is affiliated with the [[All India Football Federation]], the national governing body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haryana Football Association |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/506 |website=All India Football Federation |access-date=22 February 2022 }}</ref> It sends state teams for [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].<br />
<br />
==State teams==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
===Men===<br />
* [[Haryana football team]]<br />
* [[Haryana under-20 football team]]<br />
* [[Haryana under-15 football team]]<br />
* [[Haryana under-13 football team]]<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
===Women===<br />
* [[Haryana women's football team]]<br />
* [[Haryana women's under-19 football team]]<br />
* [[Haryana women's under-17 football team]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Affiliated district associations==<br />
All 22 districts of [[Haryana]] are affiliated with the '''Haryana Football Association'''.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! No. !! Association !! District<br />
!President<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Ambala District Football Association || [[Ambala district|Ambala]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || Bhiwani District Football Association || [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || Charkhi Dadri District Football Association || [[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || Faridabad District Football Association || [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || Fatehabad District Football Association || [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || Gurgaon District Football Association || [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || Hisar District Football Association || [[Hisar district|Hisar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || Jhajjar District Football Association || [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || Jind District Football Association || [[Jind district|Jind]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || Kaithal District Football Association || [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || Karnal District Football Association || [[Karnal district|Karnal]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 12 || Kurukshetra District Football Association || [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || Mahendragarh District Football Association || [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || Nuh District Football Association || [[Nuh district|Nuh]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || Palwal District Football Association || [[Palwal district|Palwal]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || Panchkula District Football Association || [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 17 || Panipat District Football Association || [[Panipat district|Panipat]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || Rewari District Football Association || [[Rewari district|Rewari]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || Rohtak District Football Association || [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 20 || Sirsa District Football Association || [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || Sonipat District Football Association || [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 22 || Yamunanagar District Football Association || [[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Competitions==<br />
===Club level===<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
====Men's senior====<br />
* Haryana Men's Football League<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
====Women's senior====<br />
* Haryana Women's Football League<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Indian state football associations]]<br />
*[[Football in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Football in India}}<br />
{{Indian state football associations}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Football governing bodies in India]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_women_in_dance&diff=504267Indian women in dance2025-09-26T23:33:43Z<p>RichyCapy: Made redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Women in dance#India]]<br />
{{redirect category shell|<br />
{{R to section}}<br />
{{R with history}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian women in dance}}<br />
[[Category:Indian female dancers| ]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022%E2%80%9323_Real_Kashmir_FC_season&diff=4829952022–23 Real Kashmir FC season2025-09-09T00:19:17Z<p>RichyCapy: creating a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox football club season<br />
| club = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]<br />
|manager = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] <br> ''(until 1 February 2023)'' <br> {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gifton Noel-Williams]] <br> ''(from 8 February 2023)''<br />
|mgrtitle = Head coach<br />
|chairman = {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Chattoo<br />
|stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]], [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
|league = [[I-League]]<br />
|league result = '''[[2022–23 I-League|5th]]'''<br />
|cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]<br />
|cup1 result = ''[[2023 Indian Super Cup#Second qualifying round|Qualifiers]]''<br />
|season = [[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23]]<br />
|league topscorer = [[Samuel Kynshi]] <br> (6 goals)<br />
|season topscorer = [[Samuel Kynshi]] <br> (6 goals)<br />
|highest attendance = 4,123 (vs [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]])<br />
|lowest attendance = 538 (vs [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]])<br />
|average attendance = 2,859<br />
|largest win = 2–0 <br> (vs [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] (H), 19 November 2022, I-League) <br> 4–2 <br> (vs [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] (H), 8 February 2023, I-League) <br> 2–0 <br> (vs [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] (A), 26 February 2023, I-League)<br />
|largest loss = 2–0 <br> (vs [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (A), 20 January 2023, I-League) <br> 2–0 <br>(vs [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]] (A), 27 January 2023, I-League)<br />
|prevseason = [[2021–22 Real Kashmir FC season|2021–22]]<br />
|nextseason = [[2023–24 Real Kashmir FC season|2023–24]]<br />
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder<br />
| pattern_ra1 = _blackborder<br />
| pattern_b1 = _blackcollar<br />
| pattern_sh1 = <br />
| pattern_so1 = <br />
| leftarm1 = F6DD28<br />
| body1 = F6DD28<br />
| rightarm1 = F6DD28<br />
| shorts1 = 020202<br />
| socks1 = F6DD28<br />
| pattern_la2 = _whiteborder<br />
| pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder<br />
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar<br />
| pattern_sh2 = <br />
| pattern_so2 = <br />
| leftarm2 = 2943B2<br />
| body2 = 2943B2<br />
| rightarm2 = 2943B2<br />
| shorts2 = FCFCFC<br />
| socks2 = 2943B2<br />
|updated = 11 March 2023<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2022–23 season''' is the sixth season in [[Real Kashmir FC]]'s existence, and their fifth season in [[I-League]]. This season of the I-League witnesses the return of the home-away format of the matches similar to that of the [[2019–20 I-League]] season after a break of two years due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2022 |first=Marcus |last=Mergulhao |title=No change in ISL format for next season, Super Cup set to return |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/no-change-in-isl-format-for-next-season-super-cup-set-to-return/articleshow/89932146.cms |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302171857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/no-change-in-isl-format-for-next-season-super-cup-set-to-return/articleshow/89932146.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== First-team squad ==<br />
{{updated|29 September 2022}}<br />
{{Fs start}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep Singh]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=[[Richard Osei Agyemang]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Balwinder Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=GHA|pos=MF|name=Wadudu Yakubu}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=GHA|pos=FW|name=Ibrahim Nurudeen}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Samuel Kynshi]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Owais Bashir}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Nestor Dias}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Adnan Ayub}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Mohammad Inam}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Phrangki Buam]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Loken Meitei]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Parveez Hussain Parray}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Joyner Lourenco]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Kamalpreet Singh]]}}<br />
{{fs mid}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Rupert Nongrum]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Jestin George]]|other=on loan from [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=GHA|pos=FW|name=[[Ernest Boateng]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Paolenmang Tuboi}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jayraj Ghelani}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Reuben Letkhontinchon}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shahid Nazir}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder Singh]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Sanjiban Ghosh]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sarineo Fernandes}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Prateek Kumar Singh]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=49|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Girik Khosla]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=51|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Imran Arshid}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=88|nat=TJK|pos=MF|name=[[Nuriddin Davronov]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Jerry Pulamte]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shahnawaz Bashir}}<br />
{{Fs end}}<br />
<br />
== Contract Extension ==<br />
<br />
=== New contracts ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |'''Date'''<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |'''Position'''<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |'''No.'''<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |''' Player'''<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; |'''Ref.'''<br />
|-<br />
|21 September 2022<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |MF<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |17<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samuel Kynshi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|28 September 2022<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |DF<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |27<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Paolenmang Tuboi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Transfers ==<br />
<br />
=== Transfers in ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; "<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Date from<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Position<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Nationality<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Name<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | From<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Fee<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202;" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 12 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|GK<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 13 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|TJK}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Nozim Babadjanov|Nozim Babadzhanov]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|BHR}} [[Al-Ahli Club (Manama)|Al-Ahli]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 14 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Mohammad Inam<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 15 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Loken Meitei]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 16 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|GHA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Issahak Seidu<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 17 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Kamalpreet Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 17 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Shahid Nazir<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hindustan FC]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 18 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 18 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} Swaraj FC<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 19 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Jestin George]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| [[Loan (sports)#Association football|Loan transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 20 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|GK<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Sanjiban Ghosh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 20 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Parveez Hussain Parray<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hindustan FC]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 21 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 22 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Jerry Pulamte]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sagolband United<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 22 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Owais Bashir<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jammu & Kashmir Football Association|J & K FA]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 23 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Balwinder Singh<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Viva Chennai FC|Viva Chennai]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 24 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 25 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Alocious Muthayyan<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
| Undisclosed Fee<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 26 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Girik Khosla]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 27 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|GK<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Prateek Kumar Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 27 September 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Nestor Dias<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2 October 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Reuben Letkhontinchon<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha B]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3 October 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|GHA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Wadudu Yakubu<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[King Faisal Babes F.C.|King Faisal Babes]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4 October 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|GHA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Ibrahim Nurudeen<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|TOG}} [[AS Togo-Port]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 6 October 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 12 October 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|GHA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Moro Lamine|Lamine Moro]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Newroz SC|Newroz]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 3 November 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |Jayraj Ghelani<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} Goalorious Mothers<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 4 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Phrangki Buam]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 5 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|TJK}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Nuriddin Davronov]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 10 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Rupert Nongrum]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 16 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|GHA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Ernest Boateng]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|SLO}} [[FC DAC 1904 Dunajská Streda|DAC Dunajská Streda]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 18 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|GHA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Richard Osei Agyemang]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ashanti Gold S.C.|Ashanti Gold]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 18 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Joyner Lourenco]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br />
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Promoted from Real Kashmmir FC Reserves ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |No.<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Name<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Nationality<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Position(s)<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Date of Birth (Age)<br />
! style="background:#F6DD28; color:#020202; text-align:center;" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
|Imran Arshid<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}}<br />
|GK<br />
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|4|11}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Imran Arshid Mata promoted to Senior Team! The youngest boy in our club who has been promoted to senior team at the age of 16. Welcome Imran to the Senior Team|url=https://twitter.com/realkashmirfc/status/1576968365092245504|date=3 October 2022|access-date=12 December 2022|website=@realkashmirfc}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Transfers out===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:120px;"| Date from<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Position<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Nationality<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:150px;"| Name<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:200px;"| To<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:110px;"| Fee<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:25px;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Prakash Sarkar]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|SCO}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Mason Robertson]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Bhupendar Singh<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br />
| Loan Return<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| GK<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Niraj Kumar<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br />
| Loan Return<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bawlte Rohmingthanga]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|BRA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Tiago Adan]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Marsaxlokk F.C.|Marsaxlokk]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Surchandra Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lalchhawnkima]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Abhash Thapa]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Thomyo Shimray<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Saikat Sarkar<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sena Ralte]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} FC Bethlehem<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Mir Zahid<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} STFC Natipora<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Shahanwas Basheer<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|ESP}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Fran González (footballer, born 1989)|Fran Gonzalez]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Terrassa FC|Terrassa]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Pratesh Shirodkar]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Malemngamba Meitei]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Forward Club<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Aaqib Amin<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Koushik Sarkar]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| GK<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Subham Roy<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Ponif Vaz]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Rishik Shetty<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[United SC|United]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Abdul Jack Yule<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|KOR}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Park Jong-oh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| MF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Ragav Gupta<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 November 2022<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| GK<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bilal Khan (footballer)|Bilal Khan]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Abdul Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| Released<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arunfoot.com/defender-abdul-hakku-returns-to-gokulam-kerala-fc/ | title=Defender Abdul Hakku returns to Gokulam Kerala FC! | date=30 December 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| FW<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|GHA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| Issahak Seidu<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1 January 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DF<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|GHA}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Moro Lamine|Lamine Moro]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| Released<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pre-season==<br />
<br />
== Competition ==<br />
<br />
=== Overview ===<br />
{{legend2|#BBF3BB|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{legend2|#FFFFBB|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{legend2|#FFBBBB|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{Fb overview2<br />
|c1=[[2023 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]<br />
|fm1={{end date|2023|04|06|df=y}}<br />
|lm1={{end date|2023|04|06|df=y}}<br />
|sr1=[[2023 Indian Super Cup#Second qualifying round|Qualifiers]]<br />
|w1=0<br />
|d1=0<br />
|l1=1<br />
|f1=0<br />
|a1=6<br />
|c2=[[2022–23 I-League|I-League]]<br />
|fm2={{end date|2022|11|13|df=y}}<br />
|lm2={{end date|2023|03|11|df=y}}<br />
|sr2=[[2022–23 I-League#Fixtures and results|Matchday 1]]<br />
|fp2='''5th'''<br />
|w2=9<br />
|d2=7<br />
|l2=6<br />
|f2=27<br />
|a2=25<br />
|u={{Start date|2023|03|11|df=y}}<br />
|s= [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/real-kashmir/37566/ Soccerway]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== I-League ===<br />
{{Main|2022–23 I-League}}<br />
<br />
==== League table ====<br />
{{:2022–23 I-League|showteam=REK}}<br />
<br />
==== League Results by Round ====<br />
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b<br />
<br />
|header = Match<br />
|label1 = Ground<br />
| res1 = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|A]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan|A]]/[[Cooperage Ground|A]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|A]]/[[Chhatrasal Stadium|A]]/[[EMS Stadium|A]]/[[Tilak Maidan|A]]/[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium|A]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|A]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|H]]/[[Deccan Arena|A]]/[[Ambedkar Stadium|A]]<br />
|label2= Result<br />
| res2= W/W/D/L/W/W/L/L/L/D/D/L/D/L/W/D/W/W/W/D/D/W<br />
|label3= League Position<br />
| res3= 5/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/3/4/5/5/5/7/7/7/7/6/5/5/5/5<br />
<!-- --><br />
<br />
|text_H=Home|text_A=Away<br />
|color_W=green1|text_W=Win<br />
|color_D=yellow1|text_D=Draw<br />
|color_L=red1|text_L=Loss<br />
|color_1=green2|color_2-3=green3|color_4=yellow2<br />
<br />
|updated = 11 March 2023<br />
|source = [https://i-league.org/points-table/i-league/ I-League]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Matches ====<br />
'''Note''': I-League announced the fixtures for the 2022–23 season on 1 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=Hero I-League 2022-23 to kick-off on November 12 |url=https://i-league.org/hero-i-league-2022-23-to-kick-off-on-november-12/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=i-league.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 1<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|11|13|df=y}} <br />
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]<br />
| score = 0–1<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14329 Report]<br />
| goals1 = * N. Akoijam {{yel|72}}<br />
| goals2 = * I. Seidu {{goal|53}}<br />
* [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury|Chowdhury]] {{yel|90+1}}<br />
* [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder]] {{yel|90+6}}<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| location = [[Imphal|Imphal, Manipur]]<br />
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 7,580<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = Ibrahim Nurudeen (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 2<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|11|19|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 2–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14336 Report]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Moro Lamine|Moro]] {{goal|20}}<br />
* [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder]] {{yel|34}}<br />
* I. Seidu {{yel|51}}<br />
* [[Jestin George|George]] {{yel|70}}<br />
* [[Jerry Pulamte|Pulamte]] {{goal|77}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Martín Cháves|Cháves]] {{yel|10}}<br />
* M. Assisi {{yel|66}}<br />
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 4,000<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Moro Lamine|Lamine Moro]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Jatinder Singh<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 3<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|11|22|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 0–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14341 Report]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Moro Lamine|Moro]] {{yel|45+1}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] {{yel|44}}<br />
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 3,500<br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]] (Gokulam Kerala)<br />
| referee = Dipu Roy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 4<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|11|28|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 0–3<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14349 Report]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder]] {{yel|30}}<br />
* I. Nurudeen {{goal|75}}<br />
* W. Yakubu {{yel|88}}<br />
* [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury|Chowdhury]] {{yel|90+2}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Quan Gomes|Gomes]] {{yel|43}}<br />
* [[Ponif Vaz|Vaz]] {{yel|45+2}}<br />
* [[Joseph Clemente|Clemente]] {{yel|62}}<br />
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 4,123<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = [[Samuel Kynshi]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = V Eshwar Rao<br />
| note = Initially, Real Kashmir won 1–0, but the scoreline was overturned by the AIFF after Churchill Brothers filed a protest due to an illegal substitution made by Real Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/churchill-bros-win-appeal-get-three-points-for-real-kashmirs-illegal-substitution/articleshow/97829774.cms|title=Churchill Bros win appeal, get three points for Real Kashmir's illegal substitution|date=12 February 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 5<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|12|01|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 3–2<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14353 Report]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Jestin George|George]] {{yel|29}}<br />
* [[Nozim Babadjanov|Babadzhanov]] {{goal|34}}<br />
* W. Yakubu {{goal|58}}<br />
* [[Moro Lamine|Moro]] {{goal|63}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Komron Tursunov|Tursunov]] {{goal|30}}<br />
* N. Singh {{yel|38}}<br />
* S. Johnson Singh {{goal|45+1}}<br />
| team2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 4,038<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Moro Lamine|Lamine Moro]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Lalit Singh Rawat<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 6<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|12|06|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 2–1<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14358 Report]<br />
| goals1 = * I. Nurudeen {{goal|61|90+4}} {{yel|90+4}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Asheer Akhtar|Akhtar]] {{goal|12}}<br />
* [[Ramhlunchhunga]] {{yel|59}}<br />
* [[Arijit Bagui|Bagui]] {{yel|60}}<br />
* [[Mohamed Awal|Awal]] {{yel|90+8}}<br />
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 3,950<br />
| result = W <br />
| motm = Ibrahim Nurudeen (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Lakshay<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 7<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|12|12|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 0–1<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14367 Report]<br />
| team2 = [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep]] {{sent off|2|5|49}}<br />
* [[Moro Lamine|Moro]] {{sent off|2|27|76}}<br />
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{yel|60}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Pranjal Bhumij|Bhumij]] {{goal|21}}<br />
* K. Lhungdim {{yel|65}}<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 3,446<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] (RoundGlass Punjab)<br />
| referee = Jatinder Singh<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 8<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|12|16|df=y}} <br />
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
| score = 1–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14374 Report]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Sairuat Kima|Kima]] {{yel|13}}<br />
* [[Abiola Dauda|Dauda]] {{yel|49}}<br />
* [[Marcus Joseph|Joseph]] {{goal|57}} {{yel|81}}<br />
* [[Safiul Rahaman|Rahaman]] {{sent off|0|84}}<br />
* [[Abhishek Ambekar|Ambekar]] {{yel|90+8}}<br />
| goals2 = * I. Nurudeen {{yel|60}}<br />
* W. Yakubu {{sent off|0|85}}<br />
* [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder]] {{yel|85}}<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| location = [[Kolkata|Kolkata, West Bengal]]<br />
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]<br />
| attendance = 1,850<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]] (Mohammedan)<br />
| referee = Srikant Bohidar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 9<br />
| date = {{Start date|2022|12|22|df=y}} <br />
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]<br />
| score = 2–1<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14381 Report]<br />
| goals1 = * A. Gaikwad {{goal|24}}<br />
* K. Khongsit {{yel|42}}<br />
* [[Banpynkhrawnam Nongkhlaw|Nongkhlaw]] {{yel|66}}<br />
* A. Khan {{goal|90|p}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Jestin George|George]] {{goal|17}} {{yel|89}}<br />
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{yel|86}}<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]<br />
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 840<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = Aman Gaikwad (Mumbai Kenkre)<br />
| referee = Akashkumar Kamleshkumar Mehta<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 10<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|01|09|df=y}} <br />
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]<br />
| score = 0–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14387 Report]<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| goals1 = * Lalramsanga {{yel|45+1}}<br />
| goals2 = <br />
| location = [[Aizawl|Aizawl, Mizoram]]<br />
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 2,000<br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = Ibrahim Nurudeen (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Jehrul Islam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 11<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|01|12|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]<br />
| score = 1–1<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14389 Report]<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| goals1 = * S. Lotjem {{goal|54}}<br />
* [[Akeem Abioye|Abioye]] {{yel|62}}<br />
| goals2 = * I. Nurudeen {{yel|34}}<br />
* [[Jestin George|George]] {{yel|52}}<br />
* [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder]] {{yel|58}}<br />
* W. Yakubu {{yel|62}}<br />
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{yel|63}}<br />
* [[Samuel Kynshi|Kynshi]] {{goal|90+5}}<br />
| location = [[New Delhi|New Delhi, Delhi]]<br />
| stadium = [[Chhatrasal Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 556<br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = [[Samuel Kynshi]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Kynsanphar Lyngdoh Nongum<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 12<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|01|20|df=y}} <br />
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| score = 2–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14399 Report]<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| goals1 = * [[Thahir Zaman|Zaman]] {{goal|35}}<br />
* R. Raju {{yel|36}}<br />
* [[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan]] {{yel|45+5}}<br />
* [[Jobby Justin|Justin]] {{goal|86}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Agyemang]] {{yel|45+5}}<br />
| location = [[Kozhikode|Calicut, Kerala]]<br />
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 2,864<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = [[Omar Ramos]] (Gokulam Kerala)<br />
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 13<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|01|24|df=y}} <br />
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br />
| score = 0–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14404 Report]<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = * W. Yakubu {{yel|20}}<br />
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{yel|78}}<br />
* [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury|Chowdhury]] {{yel|89}}<br />
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]<br />
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]<br />
| attendance = 1,931<br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = [[Lamgoulen Hangshing]] (Churchill Brothers)<br />
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 14<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|01|27|df=y}} <br />
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]<br />
| score = 2–0<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14407 Report]<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| goals1 = * [[Juan Mera (footballer)|Mera]] {{goal|41}}<br />
* [[Brandon Vanlalremdika|Vanlalremdika]] {{goal|63}}<br />
* [[Krishananda Singh|Krishananda]] {{yel|65}}<br />
* [[Hmingthanmawia|Valpuia]] {{yel|79}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Agyemang]] {{yel|40}}<br />
* [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep]] {{yel|55}}<br />
* [[Jestin George|George]] {{yel|73}}<br />
* [[Kamalpreet Singh|Kamalpreet]] {{yel|74}}<br />
* [[Nuriddin Davronov|Davronov]] {{yel|80}}<br />
| location = [[Panchkula|Panchkula, Haryana]]<br />
| stadium = [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 300<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] (RoundGlass Punjab)<br />
| referee = K Ramdasan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
|date = <s>{{Start date|2023|02|01|df=y}}</s><br />
|time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|round = <s>15</s><br />
|score = Postponed<br />
|report =<br />
|team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
|goals1 =<br />
|goals2 =<br />
|team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]<br />
|stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
|location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
|attendance = <br />
|referee =<br />
|motm =<br />
|note = This match was postponed due to the heavy snowfall in Srinagar.<br />
|result = V<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 15<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|02|08|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 4–2<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14421 Report]<br />
| team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{goal|17}} {{yel|45+1}}<br />
* [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Agyemang]] {{goal|20||71}}<br />
* [[Girik Khosla|Khosla]] {{yel|22}}<br />
* [[Jestin George|George]] {{goal|83}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Gómez]] {{goal|22}}<br />
* S. Khotam {{goal|55|p}}<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 2,236<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Richard Osei Agyemang]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Mrutyunjay L Amatya<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 16<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|02|11|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 2–2<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14425 Report]<br />
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Agyemang]] {{goal|10}} {{yel|63}}<br />
* [[Rupert Nongrum|Nongrum]] {{yel|45+1}}<br />
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{goal|90+3}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Jourdaine Fletcher|Fletcher]] {{goal|13}}<br />
* [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Agyemang]] {{goal|71|o.g.}}<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 2,100<br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = Sweden Fernandes (NEROCA)<br />
| referee = Surojit Das<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 17<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|02|18|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 3–2<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14432 Report]<br />
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Samuel Kynshi|Kynshi]] {{goal|27||49}}<br />
* I. Nurudeen {{yel|62}}<br />
* [[Ernest Boateng|Boateng]] {{goal|86}}<br />
* [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury|Chowdhury]] {{yel|90}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Mirlan Murzayev|Murzaev]] {{goal|14}}<br />
* C. Davis {{goal|33}}<br />
* [[Marcus Joseph|Joseph]] {{yel|75}}<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 2,513<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Samuel Kynshi]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Akashkumar Kamleshkumar Mehta<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 18<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|02|21|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 2–1<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14412 Report]<br />
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Jestin George|George]] {{goal|79}}<br />
* [[Samuel Kynshi|Kynshi]] {{goal|84}} {{yel|84}}<br />
| goals2 = * Lalramsanga {{goal|75}}<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 538<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Samuel Kynshi]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = V Eshwar Rao<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 19<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|02|26|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]<br />
| score = 0–2<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14440 Report]<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = * [[Nuriddin Davronov|Davronov]] {{yel|2}}<br />
* [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Agyemang]] {{goal|30}}<br />
* [[Phrangki Buam|Buam]] {{goal|77}}<br />
* [[Jestin George|George]] {{yel|85}}<br />
| location = [[Imphal|Imphal, Manipur]]<br />
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 1,845<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Richard Osei Agyemang]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 20<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|02|df=y}} <br />
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 1–1<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14446 Report]<br />
| team2 = [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]<br />
| goals1 = * [[Samuel Kynshi|Kynshi]] {{goal|68}}<br />
* [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Agyemang]] {{yel|78}}<br />
| goals2 = * S. Negi {{yel|3}}<br />
* A. Rajan {{yel|32}}<br />
* [[Banpynkhrawnam Nongkhlaw|Nongkhlaw]] {{goal|90+4}}<br />
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]<br />
| attendance = 1,000<br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 21<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|05|df=y}} <br />
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]<br />
| score = 2–2<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17409 Report]<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| goals1 = * [[Thounaogam Dinesh Singh|Dinesh]] {{goal|86}} {{yel|90+8}}<br />
* R. Gabriel {{goal|90+1}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Samuel Kynshi|Kynshi]] {{goal|19}}<br />
* [[Nuriddin Davronov|Davronov]] {{yel|69}}<br />
* W. Yakubu {{yel|83}}<br />
* [[Ernest Boateng|Boateng]] {{goal|84}}<br />
| location = [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Telangana]]<br />
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]<br />
| attendance = 240<br />
| result = D<br />
| motm = [[Samuel Kynshi]] (Real Kashmir) <br />
| referee = C R Srikrishna<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = 22<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|11|df=y}} <br />
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br />
| score = 0–1<br />
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17766 Report]<br />
| team2 = Real Kashmir<br />
| goals1 = * M. Assisi {{yel|45+1}}<br />
* [[Pintu Mahata|Mahata]] {{yel|85}}<br />
| goals2 = * [[Ernest Boateng|Boateng]] {{goal|7}} {{yel|71}}<br />
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{yel|72}}<br />
* [[Joyner Lourenco|Lourenco]] {{yel|82}}<br />
* [[Prateek Kumar Singh|Prateek]] {{yel|90+4}}<br />
| location = [[New Delhi|New Delhi, Delhi]]<br />
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 536<br />
| result = W<br />
| motm = [[Ernest Boateng]] (Real Kashmir)<br />
| referee = K Ramdasan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Super Cup ===<br />
{{Main|2023 Indian Super Cup}}<br />
<br />
After finishing 5th in the [[2022–23 I-League|I-League]], Real Kashmir will have to play a qualifier against 6th-ranked [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] to earn a place in the group stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kerala-to-host-hero-super-cup-in-april |title=Kerala to host Hero Super Cup in April |website=the-aiff.com |date=24 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Matches ====<br />
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
<br />
==== Qualifiers ====<br />
<br />
{{football box collapsible<br />
| round = '''Q-4'''<br />
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|06|df=y}} <br />
| time = 20.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| team1 = Real Kashmir<br />
| score = 0–6<br />
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/18409 Report]<br />
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br />
| goals1 = <br />
| goals2 = * [[Martín Cháves|Cháves]] {{goal|6|p}}<br />
* [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal|36|p|45+1||59||61}}<br />
* [[Sardor Jakhonov|Jakhonov]] {{goal|75}}<br />
| location = [[Manjeri|Manjeri, Kerala]]<br />
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]<br />
| attendance = 1,708<br />
| result = L<br />
| motm = [[Ansumana Kromah]] (Churchill Brothers)<br />
| referee = Pranjal Banerjee<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
<br />
===Goal Scorers===<br />
{{updated|26 February 2023}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|No.<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Pos.<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Nat.<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|I League<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|IFA Shield<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Super Cup<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 1<br />
| 11<br />
| MF<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} <br />
| [[Samuel Kynshi]]<br />
| |4||0||0||'''4'''<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| DF<br />
| {{flagicon|GHA}} <br />
| [[Richard Osei Agyemang]]<br />
| |4||0||0||'''4'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 3<br />
| 9<br />
| FW<br />
| {{flagicon|GHA}} <br />
| Ibrahim Nuruddin<br />
| |3||0||0||'''3'''<br />
|-<br />
| 24<br />
| DF<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} <br />
| [[Jestin George]]<br />
| |3||0||0||'''3'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 5<br />
| 6<br />
| MF<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} <br />
| [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]<br />
| |2||0||0||'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
| 25<br />
| DF<br />
| {{flagicon|GHA}} <br />
| [[Moro Lamine|Lamine Moro]]<br />
| |2||0||0||'''2'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"| 7<br />
| 8<br />
| MF<br />
| {{flagicon|GHA}} <br />
| [[Wadudu Yakubu]]<br />
| |1||0||0||'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| FW<br />
| {{flagicon|TJK}} <br />
| [[Nozim Babadjanov|Nozim Babadzhanov]]<br />
| |1||0||0||'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
| FW<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} <br />
| [[Phrangki Buam]]<br />
| |1||0||0||'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
| 26<br />
| FW<br />
| {{flagicon|GHA}} <br />
| [[Ernest Boateng]]<br />
| |1||0||0||'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
| 37<br />
| FW<br />
| {{flagicon|GHA}} <br />
| [[Isahak Seidu]]<br />
| |1||0||0||'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
| 99<br />
| FW<br />
| {{flagicon|IND}} <br />
| [[Jerry Pulamte]]<br />
| |1||0||0||'''1'''<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
|colspan="5"| Own Goals ||0||0||0||'''0'''<br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
|colspan="5"| '''Total'''||'''24'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''24'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Real Kashmir FC season}}<br />
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football]]<br />
[[Category:Real Kashmir FC seasons]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malavazhiyattam&diff=515355Malavazhiyattam2025-08-07T13:18:15Z<p>RichyCapy: Article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian folk dance}}<br />
{{Infobox dance<br />
| name = Malavazhiyattam<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = മലവാഴിയാട്ടം (Malayalam)<br />
| etymology = <br />
| genre = Indian folk dance<br />
| signature = <br />
| instruments = [[Chenda]], [[Elathalam]]<br />
| inventor = <br />
| year = <br />
| origin = [[Kerala]], India<br />
}}<br />
'''Malavazhiyattam''' also known as '''Malavayiyattam''' '''Kariniliyattam''' or '''Cheruniliyattam''' is a ritualistic folk art of the [[Paraiyar|Paraya community]] in [[Kerala]], India. It is music and drama performed to please Malavazhi, a mother goddess worshiped by the Parayas and installed in their homes.<br />
<br />
==Myth==<br />
During the [[Hindu mythological wars|Devasura war]], the defeated [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] took shelter of Lord Shiva. One of the [[Asura]]s shot an arrow at Shiva who was performing penance for the victory of the devas.<ref name="Malayala Pacha">{{cite book |last1=t |first1=susmitha |title=പറയ സമുദായത്തിന്റെ അവതരണ കലകളും സാംസ്കാരിക സത്വവും (Performing arts and cultural essence of Paraya community) |date=August 2015 |publisher=Malayala Pacha Magazine |pages=68–75}}</ref> Malavazhi and Mookan Chatan are siblings who emerged from the [[third eye]] of Lord Shiva, who opened his eyes in anger at the interruption of his penance.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> Malavazhi is also called Cherunili and Karineeli and Mookan Chatan is called Mani and Muthappan.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> <br />
<br />
Karineeli and Mani, who went to the [[devaloka]] to find out who their father was, were chased away by the devas.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> They left devaloka and spent their childhood in Kalladikode Malavara, famous for ancient magic. Walking around there, once they met Shiva requested him to accept their paternity and show them the way of life. At first Shiva was not ready for that, but when they showed their divine power he accepted and blessed them as children.<ref name="sivadas">{{Cite web |last=Sivadas |first=C.D. |title=മലവാഴിആട്ടം |date=17 August 2011 |url=https://www.puzha.com/blog/nattariv-cd_sivadas-purattu_jan7/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |language=ml |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302134653/https://www.puzha.com/blog/nattariv-cd_sivadas-purattu_jan7/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, they travel westward and after wandering around in different places in the country, they finally built a black fort and a cave with black stone at Kallatikod Karimala.<ref name="sivadas" /> After building a temple on the Kallatikotan hill, it is believed that these deities wandered all over Kerala, taking grain from a Pulaya woman of the Kuttadan field and bullocks from Kongan Chetti as vehicles for travel.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/><br />
<br />
Another myth says that Malavazhi and Kalladi Muttappan, who are among the thirty-three crore sub-deities of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], were born to Shiva and Parvati.<ref name="Keralakaumudi">{{cite news |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi |title=വിളക്കാട്ടുപാടം ആറുക്കണയിൽ മലവായിആട്ടം ഭക്തിസാന്ദ്രം |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=771291&u=local-news-thrissur |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043741/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=771291&u=local-news-thrissur |url-status=live }}</ref> It is believed that the ancestors of the Chempath Vatiri clans of Valakkattupadam settled the deities in Pavaratti in Valakkattupadam.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/><br />
<br />
It is also believed that Malavazhi or Malavarathamma is the presiding deity of ''Mala'' (the mountain) and she is the worship idol of all the ''Muthappans'' (a demigod).<ref name="puzha1"/> One can become a ''Muthappan'' only by serving Malavazhi and mastering [[Mantra|mantras]] and illusions.<ref name="puzha1"/><br />
<br />
According to another popular myth Malavarathamma and Kalladi Muthappan were born to god Udipanath Udi [[Bhagavan]]'s (also known as Nallachan) third eye. Goddess Muthi (Malavazhi) and Muthan, who bought the boons from Nallachchan, settled in a beautiful shrine in Tirumala, Kalladikode.<br />
<br />
==Ritual dance drama==<br />
Malavazhiyattam is a ritualistic dance drama performed once a year by the Paraya community of [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] districts in Kerala, India.<ref name="puzha1">{{cite web |last1=Varavoor |first1=Prashanth |title=അവതരണങ്ങളിൽ അപമാനിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന അനുഷ്ഠാനകലകൾ |date=August 2011 |url=https://www.puzha.com/blog/magazine-prasanth_varavoor-essay1_nov3/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043738/https://www.puzha.com/blog/magazine-prasanth_varavoor-essay1_nov3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Malavazhi is the mother goddesses who are installed in the homes of the Parayas and worshiped by them. Malavazhiyattam is performed to please the deities through music and drama.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Athira |title=Malayalam docu-fiction 'Thevan' pays tribute to folk artiste Thevan Peradipurathu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/docu-fiction-on-folk-artiste-thevan-directed-by-najma-naseera-majeed/article65254898.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 March 2022 |language=en |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043739/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/docu-fiction-on-folk-artiste-thevan-directed-by-najma-naseera-majeed/article65254898.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It starts at night and continues till the next morning.<br />
<br />
===Character and costumes===<br />
There are two main characters namely Malavazhi and Mookan Chathan. Malavazhi is a female character and Mani or Mookan Chathan is male. In Malavazhiyattam ritual dance both have equal importance.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/><br />
<br />
Malavazhi's costume in is characterized by a crown made of coconut leaves and a flower garland.<ref name="Keralaliterature">{{cite web |title=മലവാഴി |url=https://keralaliterature.com/mudrakal-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3/malavazhi-h-k-l-r%C2%A2/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302050748/https://keralaliterature.com/mudrakal-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3/malavazhi-h-k-l-r%C2%A2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While performing in the concept of Malavazhi, as a ritual the performer bites a chicken and drinks some drops of its blood.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/><br />
<br />
Malavarathamma's form is described as wearing a sword in her right hand, a stick in her left hand, and [[Silambu|silamb]] on her feet.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> Malavazhi has similarities to the characters in ritual dances like Karinkali and Thira of central Kerala.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> Red, black and white silk cloths are squeezed and a metallic waist ornament aramani is worn over it.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> Other ornaments include traditional breast ornaments like Marthali, Marvattom, and Mulakkut.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> On both sides of the ears, wooden ears are worn, metallic fang like tooth and traditional bracelets are also worn.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> In addition to the silk costume, peacock feather is also worn on the head.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> Face art is done with rice powder, turmeric powder and charcoal powder.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/><br />
<br />
Mookan Chathan, the comic character, has a beard made of fibers (''vanchis'') and sometimes a mask (''poymukha'') on his face.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> He also wears red silk and wears aramani over it. There will be a bundle on the head and two sticks in the hand.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> If there is no mask then face arts are done with rice powder or turmeric powder.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> Mani's main job is to entertain the audience by singing songs that make them laugh.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> Mani's comedy and songs often give way to subtle social criticism.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/><br />
<br />
===Instruments===<br />
Leather percussion instruments like [[Chenda]], small type of flute and an ancient instrument known as maram is used in Malavazhiyattam.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> Metallic instrument [[Elathalam]] is also used.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/> The player keep the chenda tilted and strike the left and right sides alternately.<ref name="Malayala Pacha"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://dspace.christcollegeijk.edu.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1346/16/CCATMHI020.pdf A Special Reference To Malavazhiyattam of Paraya's In Thrissur]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
<br />
{{Culture of Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ritual dances]]<br />
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jais&diff=505308Jais2025-08-06T08:15:42Z<p>RichyCapy: Created entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{other uses|JAIS (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Jais<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| other_name = Jayas<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = Jais kanchana.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.25|N|81.53|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = Hazrat Meer Imaduddin Qilchi<br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]<br />
| governing_body = Jais Municipal Council<br />
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson<br />
| leader_name = Manisha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/NewWinnerList2023.aspx|title=2023 UP Municipal Election results|work=ECI Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/IndividualULBResult2023.aspx|title=2023 UP Municipal Election detailed results|work=ECI Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=12 July 2023}}</ref><br />
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 101<br />
| population_total = 26735<ref name="POP"/><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=11 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 229305<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = STD code 5313<br />
| registration_plate = UP-36<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Jais''', also spelled '''Jayas''', is a city with a [[municipal board]] in [[Amethi district]] (formerly in [[Raebareli district]]) in the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Jais is located at {{Coord|26.25|N|81.53|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Jais.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Jais, India|publisher= |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 101&nbsp;metres (331&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} Indian census, Jais has a population of 26,735 people. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Jais' literacy rate is 62.42%, lower than the national average of 67.68%. Male literacy is 70% and female literacy is 54.54%. In Jais, 13.39% of the population is under six years of age.<ref name="POP">{{Cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800958-jais.html | title=Jais Nagar Palika Parishad City Population Census 2011-2020 &#124; Uttar Pradesh}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
Jais has two railway stations on the [[Indian Railways]] network: Bahadurpur and Kasimpur. The bus station is at Sultanpur-Raebareli road. The nearest airport [[Fursatganj Airfield]] is 19.3&nbsp;km away, and the nearest international airport [[Ayodhya Airport]] is 70&nbsp;km away.<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
===Institute of National Importance===<br />
[[File:Main Hostel Building.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology]]]]<br />
The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas set up the [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology]] at Jais. It has been accorded "[[Institute of National Importance]]" status and a governance structure similar to that available to [[IITs]]. It admits undergraduate students from the rank list of students who have qualified JEE (Advanced) Examination.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/jee-advanced-2014-list-of-participating-institutions/1/367622.html | title=JEE Advanced 2014: List of participating institutions | access-date=5 April 2020 | archive-date=22 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622031025/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/jee-advanced-2014-list-of-participating-institutions/1/367622.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<!-- ONLY ADD PEOPLE HERE IF THEY ALREADY HAVE A WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE --><br />
* [[Malik Mohammad Jayasi]], a poet who wrote ''[[Padmavat]]'' and ''Akhravat''. In ''Padmavat'' Jayasi expresses his deep reverence to Chishti Sufi Master Syed [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]] and his descendants.<ref>''Love's subtle magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition'', 1379-1545; Oxford University Press 2012 by Aditya Behl</ref> ''Jayasi Samarak'' (Jaisi Memorial) has been constructed in his memory.<br />
* [[Syed Sibtey Razi]], former [[Governor of Jharkhand]]. He is a senior leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] and has served in the [[Government of India]] and Uttar Pradesh in various capacities.<br />
* [[Leela Mishra]], film actress, notable for playing the role of Mausi in the [[Bollywood]] classic ''[[Sholay]]''.<br />
<br />
===Sadaat of Jais===<br />
The Oudh family of Sayyids of Jais, well known for [[Khandan-e-Ijtihad|Mujtahids of Lucknow]], settled in [[Rae Bareli]] during the thirteenth century.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=CVbAUPGSLMXqrQeO8oHACw&id=OLzYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Sayyids+of+Jais&q=thirteenth+century The tribes and castes of the North Western India, Volume 4], William Crooke, Cosmo Publications, 1975</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Jaisi]]<br />
*[[Jaiswal (disambiguation)|Jaiswal]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Amethi district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Amethi district]]</div>RichyCapyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuppur&diff=511228Kuppur2025-07-26T13:35:56Z<p>RichyCapy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kuppur<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Village panchayat<br />
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil|Block]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dharmapuri]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dharmapuri.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Village Panchayats &#124; Dharmapuri District, Government of Tamil Nadu &#124; India}}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type5 = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]<br />
| subdivision_name5 = Kuppur<br />
| government_type = Village Panchayat<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| population_total = 5,483<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 636704<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 91-4346<br />
| registration_plate = TN 29<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kuppur''' is a [[village panchayat]] in the [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}<br />
It is located in the Dharmapuri area of the Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu. This Panchayat falls under the Paprirettipatti Legislative Assembly Constituency and Dharmapuri Lok Sabha Constituency. This panchayat has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. 7 Panchayat Council members are elected from these.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Dharmapuri district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Dharmapuri district]]<br />
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}</div>RichyCapy