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Ethnic groups in Karnataka

2026-05-04T11:56:48Z

RhysFrisina87: New new post basic info

{{Short description|Overview of ethnic groups resident in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Cowbells from Karnataka being played at Janapada Loka.oga|thumb|[[Cowbell]]s collected from various regions of Karnataka being played at [[Janapada Loka]]]]
[[Karnataka]] is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in the southern part of India. It was [[Unification of Karnataka|created]] on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the [[States Reorganisation Act]]. Karnataka is bordered by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Goa]] to the north-west, [[Maharashtra]] to the north, [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the east, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south-east, and [[Kerala]] to the south-west. The state covers an area of 74,122 sq mi (191,976 km2), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It comprises 30 [[Districts of India|districts]]. [[Kannada language|Kannada]] is the official language of Karnataka and {{as of|2011|alt=as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]}} is the mother tongue of 66.5% of the population.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|url=https://www.populationu.com/in/karnataka-population|title=Karnataka Population|publisher=populationU|access-date=2022-05-18}}</ref> The state has around 50 spoken languages of which 8 are endangered and two are critically endangered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-10 |title=Out of 10 endangered languages in Karnataka, 8 are potentially endangered: Survey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/out-of-10-endangered-languages-in-karnataka-8-are-potentially-endangered-survey/articleshow/21735561.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Various ethnic groups with origins in other parts of India have unique customs and use languages at home other than Kannada, adding to the cultural diversity of the state. Significant linguistic minorities in the state {{as of|2011|alt=in 2011}} included speakers of [[Urdu]] (10.8%), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (5.8%), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (3.5%), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (3.4%), [[Hindi]] (3.2%), [[Tulu language|Tulu]] (2.6%), [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (1.3%) and [[Malayalam]] (1.3%).<ref name="demographics" />

==Kannadigas==
{{main|Kannadigas}}

Kannadigas form the dominant ethnic group in Karnataka, making up to 67% of the total population of the state.<ref name="demographics"/> They are the native speakers of the Kannada language. Kannada is one of the [[official languages of India]] and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka.<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf|title=The Karnataka Official Language Act|work=Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=2007-06-29}}</ref> Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the Ministry of Culture, the [[Government of India]] officially recognised Kannada as a [[classical language]].<ref name="antiquity">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India |access-date=2008-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124306/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |archive-date=16 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="tag">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov12008/scroll2008110198257.asp |title=Kannada gets classical tag |work=DH News Service |publisher=Deccanhearld.com |access-date=2008-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103123315/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov12008/scroll2008110198257.asp |archive-date= 3 November 2008 }}</ref>

==Tuluva people==
{{Main|Tuluva}}
[[File:Tulunadu.svg|thumb|alt=]]
Tuluvas are the native speakers of [[Tulu language]]. They form the dominant ethnic community in the district of [[Dakshina Kannada]] of Karnataka, which is often termed as a single region called as [[Tulu Nadu]]. [[Yakshagana]], [[Nagaradhane]], [[Buta Kola|Bootha Kola]] and [[Aati kalenja]] are the distinctive features of Tuluva culture. Tuluvas follow a matrilineal system of inheritance known as [[Aliyasantana]] which has given them a unique cultural status. {{As of|2011|alt=As per the 2011 census}}, Tuluvas formed 2.61% of the total population of the state.<ref name="demographics"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulu, Kodava vanishing: Unesco |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/12657/tulu-kodava-vanishing-unesco.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Konkani people==
{{Main|Konkani people}}

The speakers of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] language are widely settled in the districts of [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] (Udupi and Dakshina Kannada were the erstwhile South Canara district).<ref name="konkani">{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=Konkani+population+in+Karnataka&pg=PA7|author= Manohararāya Saradesāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992
|year= 2000|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn= 9788172016647}}</ref> In [[Karwar]] Taluk (Uttara Kannada district) alone, Konkani language is spoken by about 78% of the population.<ref name="konkani" /> Significant population of Konkani people has also settled in [[Belgaum]], [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref name="konkani" /> {{As of|2011|alt=As per the 2011 census}}, speakers of Konkani form 1.29% of the total population of the state.<ref name="demographics" />

The [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin|Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]] who migrated from [[Portuguese India]], [[Konkani Muslims]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics]] are the major groups within Konkani speakers in the state. They are a major constituent of Karnataka based expatriates who live outside India and state.Different Konkani-speaking communities (like Saraswats, Catholics, etc.) have their own dialects. Even within the same town, speech can vary.

==Kodava people==
{{Main|Kodava people}}
[[File:Coorgi Dress Doll.jpg|upright|thumb|Dolls in Kodava attire]]
Kodava people are the native speakers of [[Kodava Takk|Kodava language]] and are of a martial race mainly settled in the district of [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701610300.htm|work=The Hindu|title=Kodava-speaking people seek one identity|access-date=5 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111002911/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701610300.htm|archive-date=11 January 2005|url-status=usurped}}</ref> {{As of|2011|alt=As per the 2011 census}}, the speakers of Kodava Takk make up up to 0.18% of the total population of the state.<ref name="demographics" /> According to Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy, apart from Kodavas, 18 other ethnic groups speak Kodava Takk in and outside the district including Heggade, Iri, Koyava, Banna, kudiya, Kembatti, and Meda.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/08/29/stories/2002082906010300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103165116/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/08/29/stories/2002082906010300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2013-01-03|work=The Hindu|title=Will Kodava find a place in Eighth Schedule?}}</ref>

First script for Kodava Thakk was found at Bhagamandala inscription dating back to 1370 AD. Later in the year 1887 Dr. Koravanda Appaiah invented a script for Kodava Thakk, Followed by Dr [[I. M. Muthanna|I.M.Muthanna]] in 1970, Kiran Subbaiah in 1980, Ponjanda Appaiah in 2003, Dr. Cox in 2005, Charles Henry in 2008.

A meeting which was held on 21 February 2022 by Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy at Madikeri officially accepted Dr. [[I. M. Muthanna|IM Muthanna]]'s script as the official script of [[Kodava language|Kodava Thakk]]. Thus, ending the debate for the need of a script for [[Kodava language|Kodava Thakk]]. Muthanna's script is widely used among masses in Kodagu. Kodava Script is used by a number of individuals in Kodagu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006031206840300.htm&date=2006/03/12/&prd=th&|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203133724/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006031206840300.htm&date=2006/03/12/&prd=th&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 December 2007|work=The Hindu|title=Debate on Kodava script continues }} German multi-linguist devises a script with 34 alphabets</ref>

==Lambani language==
The [[Lambadi|Lambani language]] is a [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani language]] spoken by the [[Banjara]] community. Lambanis are associated with the salt trade. They are a major minority in Uttar Karnataka District, in Bidar, Kalburgi, Vijayapura, Gadag, Haveri, Koppal, Vijayanagara, Raichur and Yadgiri. They also form a major minority in South Karnataka, in Davangere, Shimoga, Chitradurga, Chikkamagaluru, Hassan and Tumkur.

==Deccani people==
{{main|Deccani People|Deccani Urdu}}
In Karnataka, Urdu is spoken in the form of [[Dakhini|Dakhni]], as in the other states of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].
People speaking Urdu as their mother tongue form the second largest ethnic group in Karnataka (10.83% of the total population {{As of|2011|alt=as per the 2011 census}}),<ref name="demographics"/> the majority of whom are [[Muslim]]s (constituting 85.6% of the Muslim population in Karnataka {{As of|1991|alt=in the 1991 census}}<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2002/urduinkarnataka.html|author=A. R. Fatihi|work=Language in India, Volume 2: 2002-12-09|publisher=M. S. Thirumalai, Managing Editor, Language in India|title=Urdu in Karnataka|access-date=2022-05-18}}</ref>).
Places in Karnataka like [[Gulbarga]] and [[Bijapur]] during the [[Deccan Sultanates|Sultanate]] period served as the centres of Dakhni literature from 14th - 17th century. These literary activities led to the development of Urdu during the late Mughal period after the conquest of Bijapur in 1686 CE. The concentration of speakers of Urdu shows an uneven distribution over different districts in Karnataka. The difference in the numerical strength of Urdu speakers varies from a few hundred to thousands.<ref name="language"/> Almost 57.5% of the total Urdu population in Karnataka are bilingual. Kannada is the most preferred language among the Urdu speakers of Karnataka. About 43.5% of the total Urdu population has bilingualism in Kannada.<ref name="language"/>

==Marathi people==
{{Main|Marathi people}}

Marathi people are the native speakers of the [[Marathi language]], which serves as the official language of the adjoining state of [[Maharashtra]]. Marathi speakers are mostly found in the districts of [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]] and [[Bidar district|Bidar]] and {{As of|2011|alt=as per the 2011 census}} form 3.38% of the total population of the state.<ref name="demographics"/> The migration of Marathi speakers to Karnataka dates from the 17th century when the [[Maratha Empire]] was established.<ref name="demographics"/> Belgaum city was incorporated into the newly formed [[Mysore state]] (now Karnataka) with the passage of the ''[[States Reorganisation Act]]'' (1956), which reorganised India's states along [[natural language|linguistic]] lines, despite having a significant Marathi-speaking population;<ref name="belgaummajority1">{{cite news|author=Girish Kuber |title=District's always been bone of contention |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1309841,curpg-2.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913163621/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1309841%2Ccurpg-2.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2016 |work=The Economic Times|date=28 November 2005 |access-date=2006-11-01 }}</ref> two-thirds of the total population.<ref name="belgaummajority2e">{{cite news|author = Jaishankar Jayaramaiah|title = Karnataka caught in 'language' web|url = http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=109230|publisher = The Financial express|date = 21 November 2005|access-date = 2006-11-01|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070310192251/http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=109230|archive-date = 10 March 2007}}</ref> There are also considerable number of Marathi-speakers in Bangalore city.<ref name="Bangalore"/>

==Telugu people==
{{main|Telugu people}}

Telugu people are the third largest ethnic group in [[Bengaluru]] after Kannadigas and [[Tamils]], constituting 13.89% of the total population.<ref>{{cite news|title=The many tongues of Bengaluru|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/the-many-tongues-of-bengaluru/article7568755.ece|work=The Hindu|date=22 August 2015 |access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> The Telugu community is a prominent stakeholder in [[Real estate investing|Real estate]] in Bengaluru especially the eastern IT areas of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana crisis: Bangalore's realty sector sees huge fund flow from AP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/telangana-crisis-bangalores-realty-sector-2288425 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Tamil people==
{{See also|Tigala|Bangalore Karaga|Bangalore Tamil dialects|Hebbar Iyengar|Tamil inscriptions of Bangalore|1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka}}
[[File:Bharatanatyam_1.jpg|thumb|[[Bharatanatyam]] is a classical dance form of [[India]] which has its origin in south India, and it is immensely popular in Karnataka as well.]]

In Karnataka, Tamil speakers form 3.45% of the total population of the state.<ref name="demographics"/> There has been a recorded presence of Tamil-speaking people in Southern Karnataka since the 10th century.<ref name="landscapesp100">{{cite book|title=Landscapes of Urban Memory|pages=100–102|chapter=The Settlement of Tamil speaking Groups in Karnataka|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JXDD0gcHgoC&pg=PA100|author=Smriti Srinivas|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2004|isbn=8125022546}}</ref> During the eleventh century AD, the areas in and around Bangalore were a bone of contention between the Tamil-speaking [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the Kannada-speaking [[Western Chalukyas]].<ref name="landscapesp100" /> The Vaishnavite Brahmins of Southern Karnataka use the Tamil surname "Iyengar" and are believed to have migrated during the time of the 12th century Vaishnavite saint [[Ramanujacharya]]. Most Iyengars in Karnataka use sub-dialects of [[Iyengar Tamil]].

After the fall of [[Tipu Sultan]], a large [[British Army]] presence in the Cantonment area (Bangalore) attracted speakers of Tamil, who either were attached to the military or were military suppliers. The area was administered directly by the Madras Presidency, and was handed over to the Mysore State only in 1949.<ref name="Bangalore">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130054248/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 January 2008|author=Sharath S. Srivatsa|work=The Hindu|title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back… |access-date=2009-12-03}}</ref> Today, the erstwhile Cantonment area of Bangalore comprising [[Ulsoor]], [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]], Benson Town, Richard's Town, Frazer Town, Austin Town, Richmond Town, Cox Town, [[Murphy Town, Bangalore|Murphy Town]] and others still boast a large Tamil populace.<ref name="Bangalore"/> The boom in the textile industry in the early part of 20th Century also witnessed migration from the Madras Presidency. Some of the very well known mills of the time employed Tamil-speaking people in large numbers, who settled down in areas in and around Bangalore<ref name="Bangalore"/>

In 2011, Tamils constituted the third largest ethnolinguistic minority in Bangalore city making up 13.90% of the total population.<ref name="modernisationp16">{{cite book|title=Modernisation and ethnicity: locating the Telugu community in Bangalore|author=D. V. Kumar|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2006|pages=16|isbn=8183241077}}</ref> Today, Tamil speakers form an estimated 13.99% of the population of Bangalore city.<ref name="reuters_20070205">{{cite news|title=Riots police guard Bangalore over India water dispute|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSDEL133372|work=[[Reuters]]|date=5 February 2007}}</ref><ref name="bbc_20041126">{{cite news|title=Bollywood ban in language fight|work=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]|first=Habib|last=Beary|date=26 November 2004|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4046275.stm}}</ref> As of 1971, Tamil formed the second-largest mother tongue in [[Bangalore]] and [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]], third in [[Mysore]] and [[Shimoga]], fourth in [[Davanagere]] and fifth in [[Mangalore]].<ref name="indiacensus1971p669">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1971|pages=668–669|author=P. Padmanabha|publisher=Manager of Publications}}</ref>

There are also Tamil families from [[Sri Lankan Tamils in India|Sri Lanka]] who were originally of South Indian Tamil descent, settled in [[Sulya]] and [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] taluks of [[Dakshina Kannada district]] and are currently working in rubber plantations in the district.<ref name="dk2">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/sri-lankan-tamil-repatriates-to-finally-get-caste-certificates/article6208874.ece | title=Sri Lankan Tamil repatriates to finally get caste certificates | work=The Hindu| date=14 July 2014 | access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="cc">{{cite web | url=http://www.countercurrents.org/shaji230607.htm | title=Rubber Boom Raises Hope of Repatriates | publisher=Counter Currents | access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="dk1">{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/131215/sunday-times-2/unsettled-still-76508.html | title=Unsettled still | publisher=Sunday Times.Lk | access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref>

==Malayali people==
{{Main|Malayali}}

Malayalis are the native speakers of the [[Malayalam language]], which has official status in the state of [[Kerala]], and the union territories of [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref name="Mallu">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mal|title=Malayalam|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2007-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/ut_pondicherry.php|title=Principal languages of Pondicherry|access-date=2009-12-03}}</ref>

{{As of|2011|alt=As per the 2011 census}}, Malayalis form 1.27% of the total population of the state<ref name="demographics"/> Native Malayalam-speaking people are found in large numbers in the districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]] and [[Kodagu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.karnatakavision.com/dakshin-kannada.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504143354/http://karnatakavision.com/dakshin-kannada.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 May 2006|title=karnatakavision.com}}</ref><ref name="Malayalikodagu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/26/stories/2008112656840300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105143606/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/26/stories/2008112656840300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=Kodagu-Kerala association is ancient | location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/09/stories/2008120951660300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105143619/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/09/stories/2008120951660300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=Virajpet Kannada Sahitya Sammelan on 19 January | location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/12/31/stories/2001123103390300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020130180423/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/12/31/stories/2001123103390300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 January 2002|work=The Hindu|title=Govt. to start cultural centres }}</ref> In the early part of the 20th century, a large number of traders from the [[Malabar District|Malabar]] region settled in [[Bangalore]] for business reasons. It is also evident that Kodagu-Malabar association is ancient by the fact that people of Kodagu worshipped gods and goddesses common to the Malabari Malayali people.<ref name="Malayalikodagu"/> The [[Billava]] community of [[Kanara]] has close links with [[Thiyya|Thiyyas]] of [[Malabar Coast]] and they both revere [[Narayana Guru]]. In addition to Malayalam/Beary speaking Billava, there is also a similar community called Belchada who speaks a dialect of Malayalam called Malame.

==Others==
[[File:Golden temple at Khushalnagar in Karnataka.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Entrance to golden temple, Bylakuppe]]
Other ethnic groups settled in Karnataka include [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] (0.19%), [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] (0.14%), [[Odia people|Odias]] (0.10%), [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] (0.06%), [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] (0.04%), [[People of Nepal|Nepalis]] (0.03%) and [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] (0.03%).<ref name="demographics"/>

Another minor ethnic group are the [[Beary]]s, who follow [[Islam]] and are mainly settled in the coastal districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]].<ref>{{cite news|work=The Hindu|title=World Beary meet next year |date=2009-10-09}}</ref> They are the native speakers of [[Beary bashe]], a language made of Malayalam idioms with Tulu phonology and grammar.<ref name="studies-ix">{{citation | last=Upadhyaya | first=U. Padmanabha | title=Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India | journal=First All India Conference of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, 1973| publisher=Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra | year=1996 | isbn=81-86668-06-3 }}</ref> This dialect was traditionally known as Mappila Malayalam because of Bearys' close contact with Mappilas.<ref name="studies-ix" /> Due to vast influence of Tulu for centuries, it is today considered as a language, close to both Malayalam and Tulu.<ref name="studies-ix" /> The word ''Beary'' is said to be derived from the [[Tulu language|Tulu]] word ''byara'' which means trade or business, as this community were primarily traders. Since the major portion of this community people were involved in business activities, the local [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking majority called them ''Beary'' or ''Byari''.<ref>Ahmed Noori, Maikala p.17 (1960)</ref>

There is a small Tibetan settlement in [[Bylakuppe]], in [[Mysore district]]. This was the first and largest of the intentional [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibetan]] settlements in India, and was created in response to accommodate fleeing Tibetans due to the [[China|Chinese]] occupation of their homeland. The camp is home to some 14,000 Tibetans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vagabondjourney.com/90-in-002-tibetan-refugees-in-india.shtml|title=Tibetan Refugees in India}} Seekers of Refuge in a Land of No Return: Conversations with Tibetan Refugees in Bylakuppe</ref>

The [[Nawayath]] Muslims in [[Bhatkal]] is another linguistic group in state. They are a sub group within [[Konkani Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huralimath |first=Arunkumar |date=2017-09-24 |title=Bhatkal’s heritage houses a treat for the eye |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/karnataka/2017/Sep/24/bhatkals-heritage-houses-a-treat-for-the-eye-1661883.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Sankethi language]] spoken by [[Sankethi Brahmin|Sankethi Brahmins]] migrated from [[Sengottai]] to Southern Karnataka are another prominent group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Rehna |date=2019-06-10 |title=How a small South Indian community with a rich history is on a mission to revive Sankethi cuisine |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/chennai-south-indian/2019/Jun/10/how-a-small-south-indian-community-with-a-rich-history-is-on-a-mission-to-revive-sankethi-cuisine-15625.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Siddis of Karnataka|Siddis]] are found in the [[Western Ghats|ghat]] area of [[Uttara Kannada]] district, [[Dharwad district]] and [[Belgaum district]]. These people have [[Africa]]n ancestry, as a majority of these people were said to have come from [[Goa]], where they were imported from [[East Africa]] (mainly [[Mozambique]]) by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] as slaves.<ref name="Siddi">{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Siddis+of+Karnataka&pg=PA223|author=Shanti Sadiq Ali|title=The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788125004851}}</ref> They speak Are Marathi, a mixture of Marathi with the Konkani and Kannada languages.<ref name="Siddi"/>

The state has numerous tribal and endangered ethno linguistic groups such as [[Ravula|Yerava]], [[Hakkipikki]], [[Irula people|Irula]], [[Koraga language|Koraga]], [[Sholaga language|Soliga]], [[Jenu Kuruba]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-02 |title=10 languages in Karnataka endangered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/10-languages-in-karnataka-endangered/article4978614.ece |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Society of Karnataka]]

Koodal Azhagar Temple

2026-05-01T06:06:59Z

RhysFrisina87: place.

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Koodal Aḻagar Temple
| image = File:Koodalazhagar (13).jpg
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9|54|51.83|N|78|06|50.79|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| location = [[Madurai]]
| elevation_m = 145
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Viyooga Sundarrajan ([[Vishnu]])
* Mathuravalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| facade_direction =
| tower = Ashtanga Vimanam
| temple_tank = Hema Pushkarani
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = {{url|http://www.koodalalagartemple.tnhrce.in/}}
}}

'''Koodal Aḻagar Temple''' or "Koodal Allhagar Temple" in [[Madurai]], a city in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is a temple dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one among the 108 ''[[Divyadesams|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Viyooga Sundarrajan, and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Mathuravalli.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=1993}}</ref>

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower. The temple is originally believed to be built by the [[Pandyas]], with later additions by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and [[Madurai Nayak]]s kings who commissioned pillared halls and major shrines of the temple during the 16th century.

Koodal Aḻagar is believed to have appeared to slay the demon Somuka who abducted the four ''[[Vedas]]''. The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Four daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the fourteen-day annual Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June) being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Koodalazhagar (3).jpg|200px|left|thumb|Stucco image of presiding deity]]
As per Hindu legend, a ruler named Vallabhadeva went incognito everyday to know about the lives of people under him. During one of his visits, a scholar told him that the ultimate goal in life is to "collect provisions in summer and save for winter", which also meant that one should work during his younger days and save for his old age. Vallabadeva was not convinced and he set this as a competition among scholars to make him realize the true value of life. Vishnucitta, who would later go on to become [[Periazhwar|Periyalvar]], one of the twelve most revered saints of [[Vaishnava]] sect, came to [[Madurai]] from [[Srivilliputhur]]. He was believed to have been directed by the heavenly words of Vishnu and he expounded the sacred verses. He explained the concepts of Hitham and Purushartham from ''[[Vedas]]'' and proclaimed that attained the feet of [[Narayana]] could lead to salvation. Vallabhadeva was pleased with the explanation and he awarded a bag of gold to Visnucitta. It is believed that the current ''[[gopuram]]'' of [[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple|Srivilliputhur Temple]], was built by Periyalvar with the gold won.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=119–128|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref>

==History==
The inscriptions in the temple refer the presiding deity as Koodal Alagiya Perumal. There are inscriptions in the temple indicating generous gifts and endowments in the form of land, houses and gold to maintain and administer the temple. An inscription from the 8th century indicates the donation of granite stones for the construction of Ardha [[Mandapa]]. The temple was expanded during the rule of [[Madurai Nayaks]] in the 16th century. The [[Dwajasthambam|Dvajasthambam]] mandapam (flag staff) and mandapam before the Hema Pushkarani were constructed by the Nayaks. The Mathuravalli Thayar Shrine (Thayar) was constructed and the temple was renovated by Muthu K.R.V. Alagappa Chettiar of Devakottai in 1923. Since then, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref><ref name=M/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Koodalazhagar (17).jpg|270px|left|thumb|Image of ''Ashtanga Vimanam'' and gateway tower]]
Koodal Aḻagar temple covers an area of about {{convert|2|acre|hectare|abbr=on}} and has a five-tiered ''[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower) raising to a height of {{convert|125|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The temple is enclosed in a rectangular enclosure with huge granite walls. The central shrine has an elevated structure and houses the images of the presiding deity, Koodal Aḻagar, in three forms, namely sitting, standing and reclining postures.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=20}}</ref><ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|last=Anantharaman|first=Ambjuam|publisher=East West|edition=second|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8|page=127}}</ref><ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=15}}</ref> The image made of granite is sported in sitting posture and {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall. The images of Sridevi and [[Bhudevi]] are present in either sides of Koodal Aḻagar. The festival deity is named Vyuga Sundararajar and the image is {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall made of [[panchaloha]]. The [[vimana (tower)|vimana]], the shrine over the sanctum is Ashtanga in architecture, which has eight parts, namely, ''Adhistana'' (base), three ''Pada''s (struct), Prashthana (limb), Griva (leading struct), Shikara (cylindrical holder) and Stupi (top portion). The outer parts of the vimana has stucco images of sages, [[Dasavatara|Dashavataram]], [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]] and [[Varaha]], [[Lakshmi Narasimha]], [[Lakshmi Narayana]], and [[Narayana|Narayanamoorthy]]. The vimana is believed to be the work of [[Vishwakarma|Vishvakarma]], the divine architect. The shadow of the vimana does not fall on the ground. The Ashtanga Vimana is found in Mannar Koil, Ambasamudram, [[Uthiramerur]], [[Thirukoshtiyur]] and [[Cheranmadevi]] temples. The inner walls of the sanctum has paintings of the [[Guardians of the directions|Ashtadikpalakas]].<ref name=M/>

The shrine of the consort of Koodal Aḻagar, Mathuravalli, is located to the south of the main shrine. There are smaller shrines of Lakshmi Narasimha, [[Rama]], Lakshmi Narayana, and [[Krishna]] located close to the sanctum. The shrines of [[Andal]], Narasimha, and [[Manavala Mamunigal]] are found in separate shrines around the first precinct. The shrine of Andal has painting depicting puranic stories and inscriptions detailing devotional literature. The shrines of [[Garuda]], [[Anjaneya]], [[Ramanuja]], [[Vedanta Desika]] and [[Azhwars|Alvars]] are found in the second precinct. The pillars in the halls leading to the sanctum have small sculptures, in the second precinct. The second floor has a shrine dedicated to Suryanarayana standing along with goddesses.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=koodal+azhagar+temple&pg=PT373|pages=372–375|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2009|isbn=9788184950243|last=Knapp|first=Stephen}}</ref> The Teppakulam, the [[Pushkarni|temple tank]], is located outside the temple premises. It has a centre hall made of granite.<ref>{{cite news|title=Koodal Azhagar Temple tank to be renovated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/koodal-azhagar-temple-tank-to-be-renovated/article5731540.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=27 February 2014|location=Madurai|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[Periazhwar|Periyalvar]] obtained the name as he is believed to be an ardent worshipper of Vishnu. While coming out of Madurai, he was taken out in procession to Srivilliputhur and he got the divine vision of Vishnu at the instance. He started reciting his composition, ''[[Periya Tirumoli]]'', which was compiled in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam|Naalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'' by [[Manavala Mamunigal]]. Manavala decreed that the verses of Periyalvar starting with ''[[Tirupallantu]]'' should be the first and last verse while reciting Prabhandam in any sacred occasion in Vishnu temples. [[Ramanuja]], a proponent during the 10th century, believes that Tirupallandu originated at Madurai. Thus Koodal Aḻagar temple finds an indomitable position in Vaishnavite belief.
During [[Pralaya|Mahapralaya]], the great disaster, the devotees sought the abode of Vishnu in Madurai. It is believed that Vishnu stood as a bulwark against the impending disaster, giving him the name of the city as Naanmadakoodal or Koodal Nagar ('Koodal' in Tamil is bulwark).

The place is mentioned to be significant during four ages namely, ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' and ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. The temple has [[Navagrahas]], the nine planetary deities, which are otherwise found only in [[Shiva]] temples. It indicates Vaishnavite cultures during the medieval period.<ref name=M/>

==Literary mention==
[[File:Koodalazhagar (4).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Image of the temple tower]]
Historians are of the opinion that Koodal Aḻagar temple finds mention in [[Sangam literature]] (3 century BCE - 3 century CE) in works like ''Madurai Kanchi'' by Mangudi Marudan, ''[[Paripāṭal]]'', ''[[Kaliththokai]]'' and ''[[Silappatikaram]]''. ''Madurai Kanchi'' details the Thiruvonam festival celebrated in the temple. Koodal Aḻagar temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 5th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Periazhwar|Periyalvar]], [[Thirumalisai Alvar]] and [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar and ''Koodal Sthala Purana''.<ref name=M/>

''Koodal Purana'' details the origin of [[Vaigai river]] flowing through Madurai. It is believed that Vishnu stood up as [[Trivikrama]], with one of his foot rising to the skies and the foot reached [[Brahmaloka]], the abode of [[Brahma]]. Brahma was pleased to perform ablution to the raised foot and the water is believed to have emerged as a rivulet called Krithimala. A large number of banana trees sprang up in the place and it came to be known as Kadhalivana, a forest of banana trees.

Satyavrata, a ruler of Madurai was a staunch devotee of Vishnu. It is believed that once Vishnu came out of the river Krithimala as a fish ([[Matsya]] avatar, one of the [[avatar]]s of Vishnu) to teach ''[[Vedas]]'' to the ruler. From then on, the [[Pandyas]] started having fish as the symbol of the kingdom.<ref name=M/><ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Symbol of togetherness|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090601960400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127161333/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090601960400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2004|first=Sundararajan|last=S.|date=6 September 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>

==Religious practices==
[[File:Koodalazhagar (5).jpg|250px|thumb|Legend of Periyalvar]]
The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows the ''Vaikasana aagama''. In modern times, the temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, the [[Iyengar]] community. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m., and ''Aravanai Pooja'' at 6:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Koodal Aḻagar and Mathuravalli. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Koodal Azhagar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=697|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|year=1997|title=Iconographic Programme in Temple Cars: A Case Study of the Kūṭal Alakar Tēr|url=https://www.academia.edu/3308656|journal=East and West, ROme|volume=48.3-4|pages=48.3–4: 329–48}}</ref>

The fourteen day annual Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June) is the most prominent festival of the temple. The festive images of the temple are brought in chariot round the streets of the temple in various mounts during all the fourteen days.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Kumbhabhishekham==
[[File:Koodalazhagartemplegopura.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Gopuram|rajagopura]] on the [[Kumbhabhishekham]] day (20 January 2024), with the [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] in the background]]
The kumbabishegam of the temple was held on 20 January 2024.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLOd9xE_8lA மதுரை கூடல் நகர் கூடலழகர் பெருமாள் கோயில் கும்பாபிஷேகம், ஜோதி டிவி, 20 சனவரி 2024]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Koodal Azhagar Temple}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madurai]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Madurai]]

Erandol Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:57Z

RhysFrisina87: New first entry first draft...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Erandol
| map_image =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1977
| abolished = 2009
| reservation = None
}}
'''[[Erandol]] Lok Sabha constituency''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituency of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency was dissolved when the "[[Electoral boundary delimitation|Delimitation]] of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008", based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in 2002 was implemented in February 2008.

==Assembly segments==
Erandol Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments:
# [[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]
# [[Parola Assembly constituency|Parola]]
# [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]
# [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]]
# [[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]
# [[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1952-77 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| Sonusing Dhansing Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vijaykumar Naval Patil]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Uttamrao Laxmanrao Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Vijaykumar Naval Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| 2007^
| [[Vasantrao More]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards : seat does not exist''}}
|-
|}
^ by-poll

==See also==
* [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.9|75.3|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Sankar Subramanian

2026-04-27T19:00:45Z

RhysFrisina87: creating new entry

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Sankar Subramanian
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = S. Sankar Muthusamy Subramanian
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|01|13}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| residence =
| height =
| weight =
| years_active =
| handedness = Left
| event = Men's singles
| highest_ranking = 55
| date_of_highest_ranking = 6 May 2025
| current_ranking = 82
| date_of_current_ranking = 31 March 2026
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]] }}
{{MedalSilver| [[2022 BWF World Junior Championships|2022 Santander]] | [[2022 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Boys' singles]] }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 91814
| bwf_id = FAB33451-6397-4D5F-A520-E578682807F6
}}

'''S. Sankar Muthusamy Subramanian''' (born 13 January 2004)<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.Sankar Muthusamy SUBRAMANIAN {{!}} Profile |url=https://bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com/zh-cn/player/91814/s-sankar-muthusamy-subramanian |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com}}</ref> is an Indian [[badminton]] player from Tamil Nadu. He is a former [[BWF World Junior Ranking|world junior]] number 1 in the boys' singles.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=M. Ratnakar |title=New junior World No.1 Sankar wants to make it big at senior |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/new-junior-world-no-1-sankar-wants-to-make-it-big-at-senior-level/articleshow/93598725.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref>

Subramanian is from Chennai. He trains under Aravindan Samiappan at the Fireball Badminton Academy in Chennai which he joined in 2009.<ref name=":0" />

At the age of 17, he reached the finals of a senior tournament, the 2021 [[Uganda International]].<ref name="uga21">{{cite web |title=Varun Kapur, Malvika Bansod Beat Compatriots to Clinch Gold at 2021 Uganda International |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/varun-kapur-malvika-bansod-beat-compatriots-to-clinch-gold-at-2021-uganda-international-3487550.html |publisher=News 18 |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> In November 2022, he won the silver medal at the [[2022 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|2022 World Junior Championships]] at Santander, Spain.<ref name="wjc22">{{cite web |title=Sankar bags silver in BWF World Junior Championships |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/oct/31/sankar-bags-silver-in-bwf-world-junior-championships-2513438.html |publisher=New Indian Express |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keerthivasan |first=K. |date=2022-10-31 |title=Relive Sankar Muthusamy’s BWF World Junior Championships silver in Spain, through eyes of his family in Chennai |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/sankar-muthusamy-subramanian-family-watches-2022-bwf-world-junior-championships-final-silver-medal-spain/article66075383.ece |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, he won the Junior White Nights tournament in Russia. In the same year, he also won the Iran Junior international series.<ref name=":0" />

In March 2025, being ranked only 64th in the world, he beat the then world No. 2 [[Anders Antonsen]] 18-21, 21-12, 21-5 in 66 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Swiss Open badminton: Sankar Subramanian stuns world No 2 Anders Antonsen in a huge upset in Basel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/swiss-open-badminton-sankar-subramanian-stuns-world-2-anders-antonsen-9897415/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2025 |title=India's Sankar Subramanian Stuns World No. 2 Anders Antonsen In Swiss Open Quarter-Finals |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/indias-sankar-subramanian-stuns-world-no-2-anders-antonsen-in-swiss-open-quarter-finals-7973591 |access-date=27 April 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== World Junior Championships ===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#98FB98"
| align="center" | [[2022 BWF World Junior Championships - Boys' singles|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Palacio de Deportes de Santander]], [[Santander, Spain|Santander]], Spain
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Kuo Kuan-lin]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref name="wjc22"/>
|}

=== BWF International Challenge/Series (1 title, 2 runners-up) ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Uganda International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Varun Kapur]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–16, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref name="uga21"/>
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Luxembourg Open (badminton)|Luxembourg Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Ade Resky Dwicahyo]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" |
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Scottish Open (badminton)|Scottish Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Christophersen]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" |
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

=== BWF Junior International (2 titles) ===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | Russian Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saneeth Dayanand]]
| align="left" | 21–10, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Iran Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Ali Hayati]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, Sankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Rajesh Chithira

2026-04-27T08:08:21Z

RhysFrisina87: made post

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rajesh Chithira
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pathanamthitta, Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet, short story writer, novelist
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Unmathathakalude Crash Landingukal''|''Tequila''|''Ulipechu''|''Jigsaw Puzzle''|''Aadi and Athma''}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|Indian Ruminations Poetry Award|Bharat Murali Poetry Award|Galleria Award|Ezhuthola Award|Expatriate Book Trust Award|2011 Souhrudham Dot Com Award}}
| signature =
| website = {{URL|www.rajeshchithira.com}}
}}

'''Rajesh Chithira''' is an Indian poet, short story writer and novelist who writes in [[Malayalam]] language.<ref name="രാജാവ് നഗ്നനെന്ന് പറയാൻ ഭയമില്ലാത്തവർ">{{Cite web |title=രാജാവ് നഗ്നനെന്ന് പറയാൻ ഭയമില്ലാത്തവർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/2018/10/03/interview-with-rajesh-chithira.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="ജലസങ്കീര്‍ത്തനം, രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര എഴുതിയ കവിതകള്‍">{{Cite web |last=rasheed |title=ജലസങ്കീര്‍ത്തനം, രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര എഴുതിയ കവിതകള്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/literature-magazine/literature-five-poems-by-rajesh-chithira-pz7jbd |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="ചാവ് കടല്‍, രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര എഴുതിയ കവിതകള്‍">{{Cite web |last=rasheed |title=ചാവ് കടല്‍, രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര എഴുതിയ കവിതകള്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/literature-magazine/vaakkulsavam-malayalam-poem-by-rajesh-chithira-qqixlw |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> Born in [[Pathanamthitta]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]],<ref name="രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര യുടെ ‘ഇക്കോ സിസ്റ്റത്തിലെ പ്രാപ്പിടിയന്മാര്‍’ മികച്ച കവിത">{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Sweety |title=രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര യുടെ 'ഇക്കോ സിസ്റ്റത്തിലെ പ്രാപ്പിടിയന്മാര്‍' മികച്ച കവിത |url=http://epathram.com/gulfnews-2010/04/13/064842-award-for-rajesh-chithira.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> he has published anthologies containing poems and short stories such as ''Unmathathakalude Crash Landingukal'', ''Tequila'', ''Ulipechu'' and ''Jigsaw Puzzle'' and a children's novel, ''Aadi and Athma''.<ref name="Images of Dissimilarity">{{Cite web |title=Images of Dissimilarity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/jun/02/images-of-dissimilarity-749842.html |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 June 2015 }}</ref> He has received a number of awards which include Indian Ruminations Poetry Award, Bharat Murali Poetry Award, Galleria Award,<ref name="ഇന്ദു മേനോൻ, തോമസ് ജോസഫ്, വീരാൻകുട്ടി, രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര എന്നിവർക്ക് ഗലേറിയ സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്കാരം">{{Cite web |title=ഇന്ദു മേനോൻ, തോമസ് ജോസഫ്, വീരാൻകുട്ടി, രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര എന്നിവർക്ക് ഗലേറിയ സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്കാരം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/announcements/2017/03/28/06-tvm-galleria-awards-to-four.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref> Ezhuthola Award, Expatriate Book Trust Award, and Souhrudham Dot Com Award.<ref name="രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര യുടെ ‘ഇക്കോ സിസ്റ്റത്തിലെ പ്രാപ്പിടിയന്മാര്‍’ മികച്ച കവിത" /><ref name="Poems by Rajesh Chithira">{{Cite web |last=ML |date=2022-10-16 |title=Poems by Rajesh Chithira |url=https://www.modernliterature.org/poems-by-rajesh-chithira/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Modern Literature |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was Born to V. N. Ramachandran and Santhamma as their eldest son.<ref name="Rajesh Chithira, Author at Spillwords">{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Chithira, Author at Spillwords |url=https://spillwords.com/author/rajeshchithira/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Spillwords |date=23 November 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rajesh Chithira is married to Nisha and the couple has two daughters, Akshaya and Saimeera.<ref name="ആദി ആൻഡ് ആത്മ പുസ്തകത്തെ കുറിച്ച് നോവലിസ്റ്റ് രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര">{{Cite web |title=ആദി ആൻഡ് ആത്മ പുസ്തകത്തെ കുറിച്ച് നോവലിസ്റ്റ് രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/gulf/2021/11/03/rajesh-chithira-about-his-novel.html |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> He lives in [[Dubai]], in the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര യുടെ ‘ഇക്കോ സിസ്റ്റത്തിലെ പ്രാപ്പിടിയന്മാര്‍’ മികച്ച കവിത" /><ref name="ജലസങ്കീര്‍ത്തനം, രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര എഴുതിയ കവിതകള്‍"/>

== Selected bibliography ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:75%"
! scope="col" style="width:40%" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Form
|-
| ''Unmathathakalude Crash Landingukal''<ref name="ഉന്മത്തതകളുടെ ക്രാഷ് ലാന്റിംഗുകള്‍">{{Cite web |title=ഉന്മത്തതകളുടെ ക്രാഷ് ലാന്റിംഗുകള്‍ |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ഉന്മത്തതകളുടെ-ക്രാഷ്-ലാന്റിംഗുകള്‍/2124/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=KeralaBookStore.com |language=ml}}</ref> || 2011 || Poetry anthology
|-
| ''Tequila''<ref name="Tequila">{{Cite web |title=Tequila |url=https://www.indulekha.com/tequila-poetry-malayalam-english-rajesh-chithira?author_id= |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=www.indulekha.com |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017095211/https://www.indulekha.com/tequila-poetry-malayalam-english-rajesh-chithira?author_id= |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 2014 || Poetry anthology
|-
| ''Ulipechu''<ref name="ഈ പേച്ച് മൂർച്ചയുള്ള വീതുളിപ്പേച്ച്">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-22 |title=ഈ പേച്ച് മൂർച്ചയുള്ള വീതുളിപ്പേച്ച് |url=https://navamalayali.com/2016/11/23/ulippech-review-anishya/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=നവമലയാളി - NAVAMALAYALI |language=en-US}}</ref> || 2016 || Poetry anthology
|-
| ''Jigsaw Puzzle''<ref name="ജിഗ്സാ പസ്സൽ">{{Cite web |title=ജിഗ്സാ പസ്സൽ |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ജിഗ്സാ-പസ്സൽ/9731/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=KeralaBookStore.com |language=ml}}</ref> || 2017 || Short story anthology
|-
| ''Aadi and Athma''<ref name="ആദി ആൻഡ് ആത്മ പുസ്തകത്തെ കുറിച്ച് നോവലിസ്റ്റ് രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര" /><ref name="ആദി ആത്മ">{{Cite web |title=ആദി ആത്മ |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ആദി-ആത്മ/17200/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=KeralaBookStore.com |language=ml}}</ref> || 2021 || Children's novel
|-
| ''Kallimullinte Ocha''<ref name="KALLIMULLINTE OCHA കള്ളിമുള്ളിന്റെ ഒച്ച">{{Cite web |last=ചിത്തിര |first=RAJESH CHITHIRA രാജേഷ് |date=2023-01-01 |title=KALLIMULLINTE OCHA കള്ളിമുള്ളിന്റെ ഒച്ച |url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0C1JTK1RY/ref=cm_sw_r_apan_dp_KFF6T8DJ9N418NTKM30P |access-date=2023-04-16 |publisher=LOGOS BOOKS}}</ref> || 2023 || Poetry anthology
|}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Karunakaran (Malayalam writer)]]
* [[P. F. Mathews]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2021-08-19 |title=അഞ്ച് കവിതകൾ - Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/rachana/5-kavithakal-by-rajesh-chithira-838585 |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |title=രണ്ട് കവിതകൾ- രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/literature/randu-kavithakal-poem-rajesh-chithira/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |date=2015-01-28 |title=ആകാശത്തോളം പോന്ന ഉപമകൾ- രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര |url=https://navamalayali.com/2015/01/28/poetry-rajesh-chithira-feb/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=നവമലയാളി - NAVAMALAYALI |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Chithira |first=Rajesh |date=2022-11-23 |title=Fish and I |url=https://spillwords.com/fish-and-i/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Spillwords |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title=ഉച്ചവെയിലിന്‍ ഒച്ച |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/literature/uchaveylin-ocha-poem-rajesh-chithira/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=About Author Rajesh Chithira |url=https://keralabookstore.com/about-author/rajesh-chithira/1230/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=keralabookstore.com |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |title=Rajesh Chithira |url=https://www.indulekha.com/index.php?route=product/author/info&author_id=1451 |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=www.indulekha.com}}
* {{Cite web |date=2021-09-18 |title=രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര, Author at തസറാക് |url=https://thasrak.com/author/rajeshchithira/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=തസറാക് |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title=Rajesh Chithira Read latest Exclusive News, Articles, Top Stories Rajesh Chithira |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/author/rajesh-chithira/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |title=രാജേഷ് ചിത്തിര, Author at നവമലയാളി - NAVAMALAYALI |url=https://navamalayali.com/author/rajeshchithira/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=നവമലയാളി - NAVAMALAYALI |language=en-US}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajesh Chithira}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]

Sudeep Elamon

2026-04-24T19:22:10Z

RhysFrisina87: creating data

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudeep Elamon
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| years_active = 2017
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020) ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022)
}}

'''Sudeep Elamon''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director, [[cinematographer]] who works in the [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |title = 'Ayyappanum Koshiyum' was a learning curve for me, says cinematographer Sudeep Elamon|url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-sudeep-elamon-on-his-work-in-ayyappanum-koshiyum/article30870129.ece|publisher = thehindu |date = 20 February 2020 |accessdate = 1 February 2025 |language = English }}</ref> He won the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] for [[Best Cinematography]] for his work in ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite news |title = SIIMA awards: Check out Malayalam winners of 2019 and 2020 |url = https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/20/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list-2019-2020-films.html|publisher = onmanorama |date = 18 October 2021 |accessdate = 1 February 2025|language = English }}</ref>

==Career==
Sudeep's first [[directorial]] and [[director of photography]] was the film ''Sleeplessly Yours''.<ref>
{{cite news
|title = 'ഷൂട്ടിംഗിന് മുന്‍പ് മൂന്ന് ദിവസം ഞങ്ങള്‍ ഉറങ്ങാതെയിരുന്നു'; 'സ്ലീപ്പ്‌ലെസ്‌ലി യുവേഴ്‌സ്' സംവിധായകന്‍ പറയുന്നു
|url = https://www.asianetnews.com/iffk2018/interview-with-sleeplessly-yours-director-goutham-soorya-pjbzpp
|publisher = asianetnews
|date = 7 December 2018
|accessdate = 1 February 2025
|language = Malayalam
}}
</ref>
He became known for films like ''[[Pathinettam Padi]]'' (2018), ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020), ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |title = 'Content is the hero in PathinettamPadi'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/Nov/30/content-is-the-hero-in-pathinettam-padi-1714128.html |publisher = newindianexpress
|date = 30 November 2017|accessdate = 1 February 2025|language = English }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = 'ക്ലൈമാക്‌സില്‍ ഫൈറ്റ് ഡ്യൂപ്പിനെ ഉപയോഗിക്കാതെ, വേറാരെങ്കിലും അതിന് തയ്യാറാകുമോഎന്നറിയില്ല'
|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/sudeep-elamon-ayyappanum-koshiyum-sleeplessly-yours-1.4675488 |publisher = mathrubhumi |date = 8 April 2020
|accessdate = 1 February 2025|language = Malayalam }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = 'Jana Gana Mana' Box Office Collection Day 5: Prithviraj starrer soars high, earns Rs 20 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jana-gana-mana-box-office-collection-day-5-prithviraj-starrer-soars-high-earns-rs-20-crore/articleshow/91336326.cms
|publisher = timesofindia |date = 5 May 2022 |accessdate = 1 February 2025 |language = English }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+As cinematographer
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Pathinettam Padi]]'' || [[Shanker Ramakrishnan]] || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Finals (film)|Finals]]'' || Arun P. R. || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' || [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]] || Malayalam ||
|-
|rowspan =2|2022 ||''[[Aviyal (2022 film)|Aviyal]]''||Shanil||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' || [[Dijo Jose Antony]] || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]'' || Shruthi Sharanyam || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Malayalee from India]]'' || Dijo Jose Antony || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Madharaasi]]'' || [[A. R. Murugadoss]] || Tamil ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm9309471}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elamon, Sudeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Sushil Kumar Tibrewal

2026-04-21T22:59:44Z

RhysFrisina87: creating a biography

{{orphan|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sushil Kumar Tibrewal
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 29 January 2015
| term_end = 19 March 2017
| office1 = Vice-Chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Housing and Development Board
| term_start1 = 29 January 2015
| term_end1 = 19 March 2017
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| birth_date = 1 March 1957
| birth_place = Siswa, [[Maharajganj district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = Laxmi Devi Tibrewal
| children = 4 (2 daughters, 2 sons)
| profession = [[Politician]]
| portfolio = Vice-Chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Housing and Development Board during the [[Akhilesh Yadav]]'s government
}}
'''Sushil Kumar Tibrewal''' is an Indian politician affiliated with the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He served as the vice-chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Housing and Development Board and held the position of [[Minister of State]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] from 2015 to 2017 under Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite news |title=महराजगंज में बनेगा बाइपास: सुशील टिबड़ेवाल |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-12127793.html |newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=1 March 2015 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=महंगाई से परेशान हैं सभी वर्गों के लोग: सुशील टिबड़ेवाल |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-people-of-all-sections-are-troubled-by-inflation-sushil-tibrewal-22309598.html |newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=20 December 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sushil Kumar Tibrewal was born on 1 March 1957 in Siswa, [[Maharajganj district]], Uttar Pradesh. He completed his education at Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Smarak Inter College, Maharajganj, in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sushil Kumar Tibrewal |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4077 |website=Myneta.info |date=2022}}</ref><ref name=Rashtra/>

==Political career ==
Tibrewal is a senior leader of the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He served as vice-chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Housing and Development Board, a government agency responsible for housing development and urban planning from 2015 to 2017, during which he held the rank of [[Minister of State]].<ref>{{cite news |title=उ0प्र0 आवास एवं विकास परिषद की 234वीं बैठक |url=https://upavp.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/201905151653583737237%20Baithak%20Karvrat_030816.pdf |publisher=UPAVP, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] |date=3 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=महराजगंज- निचलौल 76 करोड़ और घुघली- शिकारपुर 27 करोड़ की लागत से 7 मीटर चौड़ी टू-लेन सड़क का होगा निर्माण |url=https://www.indonepalnews.in/?p=3696 |publisher=Indo Nepal News |date=3 January 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref> In the 2022 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election, he contested from the [[Siswa Assembly constituency]] on [[Samajwadi Party]] ticket and secured 64,942 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=सपा प्रत्याशी सुशील टिबड़ेवाल को जिताने के लिए सपा नेताओ ने लिया संकल्प |url=https://www.janmatnews.com/up-special-news/sp-leaders-took-a-pledge-to-make-sp-candidate-sushil-tibrewal-win/ |publisher=Janmat News |date=12 February 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

He has also been a member of several committees of [[Government of India]], including the Civil Aviation Committee of the North Zone, the Divisional Railway Users' Consultative Committee (DRUCC) of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]], and the [[Telephone Advisory Committees|Telephone Advisory Committee]] (TAC) in [[Gorakhpur]]. Tibrewal was the Chairman of Kendriya Upbhokta Sahakari Bhandar Limited in Maharajganj, a [[cooperative society]].<ref name=Rashtra>{{cite news |title=पूर्व मंत्री सुशील कुमार टिबड़ेवाल को सपा ने बनाया अपना उम्मीदवार |url=https://rashtrawadi.in/up-vidhan-sabha-election-sp-made-former-minister-sushil-kumar-tibrewal-its-candidate/ |publisher=Rashtrawadi |date=7 February 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Board of Advisors |url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/board-of-advisors |publisher=Dynamite News|date=3 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Akhilesh Yadav ministry]]
* [[List of people from Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibrewal, Sushil Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Maharajganj district]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Dhule Municipal Corporation

2026-04-20T07:05:56Z

RhysFrisina87:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Dhule, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Dhule Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 400px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| foundation = 30 June 2003
| body =
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Pratibha Chaudhari
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Kalyani Apalkar
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner
| leader3 = Amita Dagale Patil
| members = 74
| structure1 = India Maharashtra Dhule Municipal Corporation Election 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (50)'''
:*{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|50}}
''' Opposition (24)'''
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|10}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|8}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = {{url|http://www.dhulecorporation.org}}
}}

The '''Dhule Municipal Corporation''' is the governing body of the city of [[Dhule]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and police. Members from the state's leading various political parties hold elected offices in the corporation. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Dhule Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal_corporation_(India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Dh11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dh12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dh13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds

==List of Mayor==
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="text-align:center"
|+
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
! Election
! colspan="2" |Party
|-style="text-align:center"
|1
|Bhagwan Rambhau Karnkal
|30 December 2003
|3 November 2006
|{{ayd|30 December 2003|3 November 2006}}
|rowspan="2"|2003
|rowspan="2"|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
|2
|K. D. Mistry
|4 December 2006
|31 December 2008
|{{ayd|4 December 2006|31 December 2008}}
|-style="text-align:center"
|3
|Mohan Tulshiram Navle
|31 December 2008
|30 June 2011
|{{ayd|31 December 2008|30 June 2011}}
|rowspan="2"|2008
|-style="text-align:center"
|4
|Manjula Tulshiram Gavit
|1 July 2011
|30 December 2008
|{{ayd|1 July 2011|30 December 2013}}
|-style="text-align:center"
|5
|Jayshree Kamlakar Ahirrao
|31 December 2013
|30 June 2016
|{{ayd|31 December 2013|30 June 2016}}
|rowspan="2"|2013
|-style="text-align:center"
|6
|Kalpana Sunil Mahale
|1 July 2016
|1 January 2019
|{{ayd|1 July 2016|1 January 2019}}
|-style="text-align:center"
|7
|Chandrakant Sonar
|1 January 2019
|30 June 2021
|{{ayd|1 January 2019|30 June 2021}}
|rowspan="3"|2018
|rowspan="4"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
|8
|Pradeep Karpe
|17 September 2021
|1 January 2023
|{{ayd|17 September 2021|31 December 2023}}
|-style="text-align:center"
|9
|Pratibhatai Chaudhari
|6 February 2023
|6 September 2023
|{{ayd|6 February 2023|6 September 2023}}
|-style="text-align:center"
|10
|Mayadevi Pardeshi
|6 February 2026
|Present
|{{ayd|6 February 2026|}}
|rowspan="1"|2026
|}

==List of Deputy Mayor==
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="text-align:center"
|+
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
! Election
! colspan="2" |Party
|-style="text-align:center"
|1
|[[Shah Faruk Anwar]]
|2013
|2016
|{{ayd|17 September 2013|17 September 2016}}
||2018
|rowspan="1"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
|2
|Nagsen Borse
|2022
|2025
|{{ayd|05 December 2022|17 September 2025}}
|rowspan="1"|2022
|rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
|3
|Kalyani Apalkar
|2026
| Incumbent
|{{ayd|06 February 2026}}
|rowspan="1"|2026
|-style="text-align:center"
|}

==List of Chairman, Standing Committee==
== Administration==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Dhule Municipal Corporation.jpg|right|thumb|Dhule Municipal Corporation]]
The Dhule Municipal Corporation is headed by a Municipal Commissioner, generally a senior officer state cadre officer/an IAS officer. The commissioner wields the executive power of the house. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators to power.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Papalkar is Dhule’s new dist collector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/j-s-papalkar-appointed-as-dhules-new-district-collector/articleshow/112331472.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The corporators are responsible for overseeing that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place, and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. The mayor is the head of the house, who is usually from the majority party. All administrative business in the municipal corporation is conducted in Marathi.

== Corporation Election Results ==

=== 2026 Election Result ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
! Party name
! Party flag or symbol
! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|50px]]
| 50
|-
| 02
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|45px]]
| 08
|-
| 03
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|center|45px]]
| 05
|-
| 04
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|center|45px]]
|10
|-
| 05
| Independent
|
|01
|}

=== 2018 Election Result ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2013 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Dhule Municipal Corporation Result |url=http://www.lokmat.com/dhule/dhule-municipal-election-results-2018-live-counting-begins-short-span-time/ |accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|50px]] || 50
|-
| 02 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|45px]]|| 08
|-
| 03 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|45px]] || 06
|-
| 04 || [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)|| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|center|45px]]||04
|-
| 05 || Lok Sangram Party || [[File:No flag.svg|center|45px]] || 01
|-
| 06 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|center|45px]]|| 01
|-
| 07 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|center|45px]]|| 01
|-
| 08 || Independent || ||01
|}

=== 2013 Election Result ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperlokmat.in/Archive/epapernew.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20181211_5_3&arted=Jalgaon%20Main&width=517px/ |title=Dhule Municipal Corporation 2013 Result|accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|45px]] || 34
|-
| 02 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|center|45px]] || 11
|-
| 03 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|45px]] || 07
|-
| 04 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|50px]] || 03
|-
| 05 || Lok Sangram Party || [[File:No flag.svg|center|45px]] || 01
|-
| 06 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|center|45px]] || 01
|-
| 07 || [[Samajwadi Party]] |||| 03
|-
| 08 || [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)|| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|center|45px]] ||00
|-
| 09 || Independent || ||10
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Dhule]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Idrish Mondal

2026-04-20T06:58:42Z

RhysFrisina87: stub.

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Idrish Mondal
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1998
| predecessor1 = [[Devaranjan Sen]]
| successor1 = [[Mehbub Mondal]]
| constituency1 = [[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Galsi, Bardhaman]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children = [[Mehbub Mondal]]
}}
'''Idrish Mondal''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[All India Forward Bloc]]. He was the MLA of [[Galsi Assembly constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Mondal was born into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Mondal]]s in [[Galsi, Bardhaman]], [[West Bengal]]. He married Mahatabun Nesa Bibi. Their son [[Mehbub Mondal]] is also a politician.<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in India|page=355|publisher=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]|year=2006}}</ref>

==Career==
Mondal contested in the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as an [[All India Forward Bloc]] candidate for [[Galsi Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1991/galsi/|title=Galsi, 1991|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He was re-elected from the same constituency at the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1996/galsi/|title=Galsi, 1996|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Idrish}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

P. Balan

2026-04-20T06:53:35Z

RhysFrisina87: made new info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1930–2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Balan
| image =
| office1 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1987
| term_end1 = 1996
| predecessor1 = [[E. Padmanabhan]]
| successor1 = [[Girija Surendran]]
| constituency1 = [[Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency|Sreekrishnapuram]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1977
| term_end2 = 1979
| predecessor2 = [[P. P. Krishnan]]
| successor2 = [[V. C. Kabeer]]
| constituency2 = [[Ottapalam Assembly constituency|Ottapalam]]
| spouse = A. V. Bharathy
| children = 2
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|9|20}}
| birth_place = British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|8|6|1930|9|20}}
| death_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
}}

'''P. Balan''' (20 September 1930 - 8 June 2004) was an [[Indian National Congress]] politician from [[Kerala]], India. He represented [[Ottapalam Assembly constituency]] in 5th and [[Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency]] in the 8th and 9th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislative Assemblies]].

== Biography ==
P. Balan was born on September 20, 1930, the son of N. Sankaran Nair.<ref name="niyamasabha">{{cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m074.htm |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> As a child, he was sent to work at a wood cutting company by his family, due to poverty.<ref name="ed">{{Cite web |last=ബാബു |first=എസ് ജഗദീഷ് |date=2020-06-10 |title=കാലത്തെ തോല്‍പ്പിച്ച പി.ബാലന്‍ |url=http://exclusivedaily.in/p-balan/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=exclusivedaily news |language=en-GB}}</ref> But he escaped from that and later started his job as a sewing worker.<ref name="ed" />

Balan and his wife A. V. Bharathy have two daughters.<ref name="niyamasabha" /> He died on June 8, 2004, at a private hospital in [[Coimbatore]], following a respiratory illness.<ref name="niyamasabha" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2004-06-09 |title=പി. ബാലന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/2004/06/09/ker-pbalan.html |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=malayalam.oneindia.com |language=ml}}</ref>

== Political career ==
As a member of [[Indian National Congress]], Balan served as general secretary of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] and the president and secretary of Palakkad District Congress Committee.<ref name="niyamasabha" /> He also held several positions including member of Indian Coffee Board, president of INTUC and state president of Deseeya Karshaka Thozhilali Federation (National Agricultural Workers' Federation).<ref name="niyamasabha" />

Balan represented [[Ottapalam Assembly constituency]] in the 5th Kerala Legislative Assembly and [[Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency]] in the 8th and 9th Kerala Legislative Assemblies.<ref name="niyamasabha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balan, P.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1977–1979]]

Shimla Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:03Z

RhysFrisina87: creating a article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shimla Rural
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 64
| map_image = 64-Shimla Rural constituency.svg
| mla = [[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:78294}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Shimla Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Shimla|Shimla Rural]] is also part of [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Shimla Rural Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shimla-rural.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Virbhadra Singh]] || [[File:Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg|50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|rowspan="2"|
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla Rural}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikramaditya Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,269 |percentage=60.19% |change={{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Kumar Mehta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,409 |percentage=36.54% |change={{decrease}}6.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=293 |percentage=0.50% |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,860 |percentage=23.65% |change= {{increase}}14.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,597 |percentage=74.84% |change= {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,294 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla Rural<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikramaditya Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,275 |percentage=52.60% |change={{decrease}}18.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Pramod Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,395 |percentage=43.53% |change={{increase}}21.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M.D. Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=668 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=420 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushal Raj |party=Swabhiman Party |votes=325 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,880 |percentage=9.08% |change= {{decrease}}40.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,750 |percentage=74.74% |change= {{increase}}15.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,915 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shimla Rural}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,892 |percentage=71.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Rohal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,892 |percentage=21.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chand Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=1,171 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaurav Sharma |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=745 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushal Raj |party=Himachal Swabhiman Party |votes=491 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=232 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,000 |percentage=49.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,534 |percentage=59.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,326 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shimla]]
* [[Shimla district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.08|77.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shimla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sanvordem Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:40:32Z

RhysFrisina87: creating data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sanvordem
| mla = [[Ganesh Gaonkar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1989
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:29808}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =38
| map_image = File:Sanvordem constitution.svg
}}

'''Sanvordem Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Sanvordem is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Goa Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Mohan Amshekar]]<ref name=results1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3849-goa-1989/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1989 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|[[Vishnu Prabhu]]<ref name=results1994>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3850-goa-1994/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1994 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name=results1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3852-goa-1999/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Vinay Dinu Tendulkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=results2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3853-goa-2002/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Anil Salgaocar]]<ref name=results2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ganesh Gaonkar]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Deepak Pauskar]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| Ganesh Gaonkar<ref name=results2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Sanvordem<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ganesh Gaonkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,877 |percentage=44.77% |change={{increase}}7.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deepak Pauskar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,687 |percentage=25.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinayak Gawas |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,768 |percentage=14.20% |change={{decrease}}43.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vipin Naik |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=2,135 |percentage=8.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Gaonkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=846 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gangaram Lambor |party=Independent politician |votes=554 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khemalo Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes=383 |percentage=1.44% |change={{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=280 |percentage=1.06% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,190 |percentage=19.56% |change= {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,530 |percentage=89.02% |change= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,803 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Sanvordem<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deepak Pauskar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=14,575 |percentage=57.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ganesh Gaonkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,354 |percentage=36.86% |change={{decrease}}8.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Kirlapalkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=991 |percentage=3.91% |change={{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=305 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,221 |percentage=20.57% |change= {{increase}}10.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,377 |percentage=89.86% |change= {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,242 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Sanvordem<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ganesh Gaonkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,585 |percentage=45.31% |change={{increase}}26.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Anil Salgaocar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,294 |percentage=35.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramnath Alias Deepak Prabhu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,828 |percentage=12.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,328 |percentage=5.68% |change={{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Budho Gaonkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=309 |percentage=1.32% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,291 |percentage=9.81% |change= {{decrease}}25.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,361 |percentage=88.74% |change= {{increase}}11.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,305 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Sanvordem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anil Salgaocar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,705 |percentage=54.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinay D. Tendulkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,782 |percentage=19.24% |change={{decrease}}29.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jog Jagadish Raghunath |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,957 |percentage=15.04% |change={{increase}}14.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Tukaram Dessai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,766 |percentage=8.98% |change={{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Khusali Shigaonkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=275 |percentage=1.40% |change={{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Antao Menin |party=Shiv Sena |votes=149 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,923 |percentage=35.22% |change= {{increase}}16.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,657 |percentage=76.84% |change= {{increase}}5.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,551 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Sanvordem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vinay Dinu Tendulkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,195 |percentage=48.28% |change={{increase}}19.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salgaocar Anil Vassudeva |party=Independent politician |votes=5,084 |percentage=29.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadashiv Vaman Marathe |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,618 |percentage=15.42% |change={{decrease}}9.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Khushali Shigaonkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=470 |percentage=2.77% |change={{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghadi Govind Harischandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes=240 |percentage=1.41% |change={{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shet Arsekar Prashant Anant |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Gajanan Naik |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=157 |percentage=0.92% |change={{decrease}}10.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,111 |percentage=18.33% |change= {{increase}}14.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,974 |percentage=71.42% |change= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,755 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}19.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Sanvordem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vinay Dinu Tendulkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,600 |percentage=29.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Ganesh Chandru |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,924 |percentage=24.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadashiv Vaman Marathe |party=Independent politician |votes=2,921 |percentage=18.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Bicholkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,870 |percentage=11.90% |change={{decrease}}33.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shigoankar Naresh Khushali |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,459 |percentage=9.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Vassudev Dharmu |party=Shiv Sena |votes=416 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghadi Govind Harichandra |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=359 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=676 |percentage=4.30% |change= {{decrease}}6.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,719 |percentage=66.88% |change= {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,495 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Sanvordem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishnu Prabhu]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=7,256 |percentage=45.03% |change={{decrease}}12.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marathe Sadashiv Vaman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,580 |percentage=34.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ulhas Bhikaji Naik |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,052 |percentage=6.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghadi Govind Harichandra |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=5.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tate Ramavithal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=425 |percentage=2.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Ganesh Chandru |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Sonba Raghoba |party=Independent politician |votes=126 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,676 |percentage=10.40% |change= {{decrease}}11.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,112 |percentage=70.31% |change= {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,522 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Sanvordem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohan Amshekar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=8,737 |percentage=57.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desaimadhavrao Shivajirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,388 |percentage=35.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khedakar Yashwant Uttarm |party=Communist Party of India |votes=629 |percentage=4.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,349 |percentage=22.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,115 |percentage=71.05% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,765 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.27|74.11|display=title}}

[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]

Bhor Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:22:36Z

RhysFrisina87: added first post v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhor
| constituency_no = 203
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 203-Bhor.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Shankar Mandekar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =430,571
}}
'''Bhor Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Pune district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" /> It is a part of [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

While Anantrao Thopate has won this constituency 6-times, his son [[Sangram Anantrao Thopate|Sangram Thopate]] has won it 3 times. Both are members of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Sharad Pawar seeks to make peace with old rival Thopte for daughter’s sake |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/sharad-pawar-seeks-to-make-peace-with-old-rival-thopte-for-daughters-sake-2934833 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Mulshi taluka]], [[Velhe taluka]], [[Bhor taluka]] and ward nos. 157, 159 and 160 of [[Pune Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-11}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhor Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/bhor.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Namdeo Mohol
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Parashram Mali
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Shankar Bhelke
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Anantrao Thopate
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Sampatrao Jedhe
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="4" |Anantrao Thopate
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|Kashinath Khutwad
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Anantrao Thopate
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sangram Anantrao Thopate|Sangram Thopate]]
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Shankar Mandekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhor">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhor |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13203.htm |accessdate=12 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212044106/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13203.htm |archivedate=12 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shankar Mandekar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,26,455 |percentage = 43.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangram Anantrao Thopate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,06,817 |percentage = 36.86% |change={{decrease}}11.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuldeep Sudam Konde |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,065 |percentage = 10.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dagade Kiran Dattatray |party=Independent politician |votes = 25,601 |percentage = 8.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,720 |percentage = 0.94% |change={{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,638 |percentage = 6.78% |change= {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,92,547 |percentage = 67.94% |change= {{increase}}4.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,89,827}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,30,571|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sangram Anantrao Thopate]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,08,925 |percentage = 48.10% |change={{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuldeep Sudam Konde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 99,719 |percentage = 44.04% |change={{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aatmaram Jaywant Kalate |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,382 |percentage = 3.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhau Pandurang Margale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,929 |percentage = 2.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Prakash Matere |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,055 |percentage = 1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,827 |percentage = 0.81% |change={{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandharinath Sampat Sondkar |party=Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 1,469 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,206 |percentage = 4.07% |change= {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,28,360 |percentage = 63.13% |change= {{decrease}}5.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,26,436}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,61,734|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sangram Anantrao Thopate]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 78,602 |percentage = 36.25% |change={{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuldeep Sudam Konde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 59,651 |percentage = 27.51% |change={{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikram Kashinath Khutwad |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 50,165 |percentage = 23.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhamale Sharad Bajirao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,440 |percentage = 11.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,740 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Harshavardhan Arjun |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,533 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaluram Dnyanoba Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,352 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,951 |percentage = 8.74% |change= {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,18,602 |percentage = 68.71% |change= {{increase}}1.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,16,862}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,18,160|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=30 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sangram Anantrao Thopate]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,041 |percentage = 31.12% |change={{decrease}}24.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhamale Sharad Bajirao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 40,461 |percentage = 21.32% |change={{decrease}}17.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhumal Mansing Khanderao |party=Independent politician |votes = 26,676 |percentage = 14.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Darwatkar Revannath Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,899 |percentage = 11.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Garudkar Ravindra Baban |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 14,970 |percentage = 7.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Ramdas Chandere |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,696 |percentage = 7.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Shrikant Raghu |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 4,611 |percentage = 2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,580 |percentage = 9.79% |change= {{decrease}}6.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,89,928 |percentage = 66.79% |change= {{decrease}}2.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,89,744}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,84,384|ref = |change= {{increase}}75.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}24.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anantrao Thopate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 61,536 |percentage = 55.15% |change={{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhumal Mansing Khanderao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,102 |percentage = 38.63% |change={{increase}}34.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohidas Dhondiba Jadhav |party=Peoples Republican Party |votes = 2,299 |percentage = 2.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyaneshwar Tatyaba Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,173 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikawad Suryakant Namadeo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,921 |percentage = 1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,434 |percentage = 16.52% |change= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,11,607 |percentage = 68.84% |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,11,575}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,135|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Khutwad |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 50,063 |percentage = 51.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anantrao Thopate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,926 |percentage = 43.39% |change={{decrease}}9.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shobha Shrikant Pasalkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 4,249 |percentage = 4.40% |change={{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,137 |percentage = 8.42% |change= {{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,00,712 |percentage = 71.72% |change= {{decrease}}12.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,630}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,40,422|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anantrao Thopate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 57,055 |percentage = 53.19% |change={{decrease}}2.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Khutwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 40,023 |percentage = 37.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Dattatray Jagtap |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 5,298 |percentage = 4.94% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kambale Ramesh Nana |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,651 |percentage = 1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khutwad Bhagwan Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nalawade Dattatray Laxman |party=Independent politician |votes = 821 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Ashok Sopan |party=Independent politician |votes = 815 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,032 |percentage = 15.88% |change= {{decrease}}16.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,10,449 |percentage = 83.40% |change= {{increase}}10.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,07,263}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,32,427|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anantrao Thopate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,653 |percentage = 55.26% |change={{decrease}}11.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhavrao Tapare |party=Independent politician |votes = 21,429 |percentage = 22.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramnana Sonawane |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,583 |percentage = 9.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Walgude Mansing Haribhau |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 5,561 |percentage = 5.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Y. G. Alias Abasaheb Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,918 |percentage = 3.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kambale Ramesh Nana |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 1.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Jabbar Mahitab |party=Independent politician |votes = 826 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,224 |percentage = 32.33% |change= {{decrease}}3.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,246 |percentage = 72.32% |change= {{increase}}0.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,478}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,702|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anantrao Thopate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 52,038 |percentage = 67.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khatape Vasant Maruti |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 24,195 |percentage = 31.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kunte Dhondiram Balwant |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,261 |percentage = 1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,843 |percentage = 35.93% |change= {{increase}}27.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,228 |percentage = 72.14% |change= {{increase}}5.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,494}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,831|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}13.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anantrao Thopate |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,856 |percentage = 53.26% |change={{increase}}52.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatrao Ramchandra Jedhe |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 28,543 |percentage = 44.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Balu Kumbhar |party=Independent politician |votes = 732 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghadge Namdeo Pandurang |party=Independent politician |votes = 440 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,313 |percentage = 8.36% |change= {{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,203 |percentage = 66.63% |change= {{decrease}}5.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,571}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,854|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jedhe Sampatrao Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,225 |percentage = 42.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anantrao Narayan Thopate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,727 |percentage = 41.80% |change={{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Pandharinath Shivram |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,252 |percentage = 12.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kunte Dhondiram Balwant |party=Independent politician |votes = 866 |percentage = 1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Bhikaji Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 442 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Awchare Bajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 424 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 498 |percentage = 0.78% |change= {{decrease}}25.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,776 |percentage = 73.83% |change= {{increase}}12.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,936}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,445|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}18.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anantrao Thopate |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,401 |percentage = 61.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Usha Shamkant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,425 |percentage = 34.42% |change={{decrease}}32.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adsol Krishna Namdeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,991 |percentage = 4.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,976 |percentage = 26.72% |change= {{decrease}}15.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,839 |percentage = 61.17% |change= {{increase}}5.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,817}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,578|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. Bhelke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,888 |percentage = 66.43% |change={{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadasaheb Anandrao Rajeshshirke |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 8,983 |percentage = 23.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. K. Kambale |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,154 |percentage = 5.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Bapat |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,438 |percentage = 3.84% |change={{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,905 |percentage = 42.46% |change= {{decrease}}0.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,869 |percentage = 59.17% |change= {{increase}}4.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,463}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,757|ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Mahadeo Bhelke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,543 |percentage = 63.86% |change={{increase}}28.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaysing Parashuram Mali |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,890 |percentage = 21.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadasaheb Anandrao Rajeshshirke |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,251 |percentage = 8.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadavrao Krishna Konde |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,182 |percentage = 5.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,653 |percentage = 42.46% |change= {{increase}}12.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,888 |percentage = 52.79% |change= {{increase}}5.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,866}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,565|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mali Jayasing Parasharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,773 |percentage = 64.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohoi Namdeo Sadashiv |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,168 |percentage = 35.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,605 |percentage = 29.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,941 |percentage = 43.35% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,941}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,760|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.14|73.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Mufti Mehmood

2026-04-08T02:05:42Z

RhysFrisina87: new

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (1919–1980)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mehmood-ur-Rehman
| honorific_prefix = [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] [[Mufti]]
| office = Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province
| image = Mufti Mahmud & Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.jpg
| caption = Mahmud (left) pictured with President [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] of [[Bangladesh]]
| image_size =
| order = 8th
| term_start = 1 March 1972
| term_end = 15 February 1973
| predecessor = [[Sardar Bahadur Khan]]
| successor = [[Inayatullah Khan Gandapur]]
| governor = {{ubl|[[Arbab Sikandar Khan]]|[[Aslam Khattak]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad]]
| office1 = [[General Secretary]] of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
| term_start1 = 1968
| term_end1 = 1980
| predecessor1 = [[Ghulam Ghaus Hazarvi|Maulana Ghulam Ghaus Hazarvi]]
| president1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| successor1 = [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician, born 1953)|Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman]] (later elected as the President)
| constituency =
| office2 = President of [[Wafaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan]]
| term_start2 = 15 May 1978
| term_end2 = 14 October 1980
| predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]]
| successor2 = Muhammad Idrees Mirti
| office4 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start4 = 26 March 1977
| term_end4 = 5 July 1977
| constituency4 = NA-18 (D.I.
Khan)
| term_start5 = 14 April 1972
| term_end5 = 10 January 1977
| constituency5 = NW-13 (D.I.
Khan)
| term_start6 = 8 June 1962
| term_end6 = 7 June 1965
| constituency6 = NW-6 (D.I.
Khan-I)
| party = [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
| office7 = [[Chancellor (education)|Muhtamim]] of [[Jamia Qasim Ul Uloom|Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom]]
| term_start7 = 1974
| term_end7 = 1980
| predecessor7 = Maulana Muhammad Shafi Multani
| successor7 = Maulana Faiz Ahmed
| other_party =
| birth_date = 9 June 1919 (6 Rabi Us Sani 1337)
| birth_place = [[DI Khan|Panyala]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|NWFP]], [[British India]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]], Pakistan)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1980|10|14|1919|1}}
| death_place = [[Karachi, Sindh]], Pakistan
| occupation = {{ubl|Politician|Scholar|Teacher}}
| children = {{ubl|[[Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman]]|[[Maulana Lutf ur Rehman]]|[[Atta-ur-Rehman (politician)|Maulana Atta-ur-Rehman]]|Eng. Zia ur Rahman|Ubaid ur Rahman}}
| resting_place = [[Abdul Khel]], [[DI Khan]], KPK
}}
'''[[Mufti]] Mehmood-ur-Rehman''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|مفتی محمود الرحمان}}}}; 1919–1980) was a Pakistani [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] and [[Politician|statesman]] who was one of the founding members of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI).<ref name="storyofpakistan" /> He served as the first elected [[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and later on as the [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)#:~:text=Incumbent,Omar Ayub Khan&text=Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy-,The leader of the opposition is,as an alternative Prime Minister.|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly of Pakistan |url=https://na.gov.pk/en/opposition-leaders.php |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=na.gov.pk}}</ref><ref name="storyofpakistan">{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/mufti-mehmood/ |title=Profile of Mufti Mahmud|website= Storyofpakistan.com website|date= 5 January 2009|access-date=14 April 2023|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626125205/http://storyofpakistan.com/mufti-mehmood/}}</ref>

He led the opposition movement [[Pakistan National Alliance]] against [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], which eventually led to Bhutto's downfall. He was among the principal architects of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|1973 Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Chief Ministers Gallery |url=https://kp.gov.pk/page/khyber_pakhtunkhwa_chief_minister_s_gallery}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Born in January 1919, he was born into the ethnic [[Nasar (Pashtun tribe)|Nasar]] [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribe from Panyala, [[Dera Ismail Khan District]], [[colonial India]] (now Pakistan). His father, Maulana Khalifa Muhammad Siddiq, was a religious scholar and had permissions in all four orders of the Sufi Tariqa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مفکراسلام مفتی محمودؒ |url=https://juipak.org.pk/%D9%85%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%92/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=جمعیت علماءاسلام پاکستان |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ullah |first=Haroon |title=Vying for Allah's Vote: Understanding Islamic Parties, Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] |year=2013 |pages=92}}</ref>

He received his religious education at [[Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|UP]] and graduated from the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name="history2">{{cite book |author1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator=Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi |title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband (Volume 2) |page = 124 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Dar al-Ulum Deoband]] |url=https://archive.org/download/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband/HistoryOfTheDarulUloomDeoband-VolumeTwo1981.pdf |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

In 1941, he worked as a teacher in [[Isakhel]], [[Mianwali]].<ref name="storyofpakistan" /> On the advice of his teacher [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]] he settled down in [[Abdul Khel]], a town in [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]], and married into a [[Marwat]] Pashtun family there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مفکراسلام مفتی محمودؒ |url=https://juipak.org.pk/%D9%85%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%92/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=جمعیت علماءاسلام پاکستان |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the time of the [[Indian independence movement]] Mufti Mahmud [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of colonial India]] with the [[Indian National Congress]] and opposed the creation of Pakistan.<ref name=DT>{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/483189/dont-trust-maulana-fazlur-rahman/ |title=Don't trust Maulana Fazlur Rahman |date=14 October 2019|author=Yasser Latif Hamdani|newspaper=Daily Times (newspaper)|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Pirzada2000">{{cite book |last1=Pirzada |first1=Sayyid A. S. |last2=Pirzada |first2=Syed Sharifuddin |title=The Politics of the Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam Pakistan: 1971-1977 |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579302-4 |page=115|quote=Mufti Mahmud, in his speech on the occasion, pointed out that "the JUI was against a division of the country". He said that since the party had opposed the partition of India (linking with the stance of ...}}</ref><ref name="Raza2020">{{cite web |last1=Raza |first1=Atrooba |title=20 Muslim Leaders who opposed Pakistan Movement & Quaid-e-Azam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1ver5Tbg-U& |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/w1ver5Tbg-U |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Election Box |access-date=9 June 2020 |language=Urdu |date=21 March 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==In Pakistan==
He served as a ''[[Chancellor (education)|Muhtamim]]'' at [[Jamia Qasim Ul Uloom|Jamia Qasim-ul-Uloom]] in [[Multan]] and later in his career, he also held the positions of ''[[Head teacher|Chief Mudarras]]'' in charge of education, ''[[Grand Mufti|Chief Mufti]]'', and ''[[Sheikh]] [[Hadith|al-Hadith]]''. He issued at least 25,000 [[Fatwa]]s in his lifetime and his students included [[Muhammad Abdullah Ghazi|Maulana Abdullah Ghazi]], [[Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi]] and [[Noor Muhammad]].<ref name="storyofpakistan2">{{cite web |date=5 January 2009 |title=Profile of Mufti Mahmud |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/mufti-mehmood/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626125205/http://storyofpakistan.com/mufti-mehmood/ |archive-date=26 June 2014 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Storyofpakistan.com website}}</ref>

Mufti Mahmud was a critic of family planning programme of [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]'s government. He participated in the elections for the National Assembly for the first time under Ayub Khan's 'Basic Democracy Program' and defeated all his opponents in 1962.<ref name="storyofpakistan2" />

He also opposed the '[[One Unit|One Unit Scheme]]'.On 8 January 1968, in [[Dacca]], then in [[East Pakistan]], Mufti Mahmud was one of the key leaders of ''Jamhoori Majlis-e-Amal'' that opposed Ayub Khan's regime. In the 1970 general election, Mufti Mahmud had a landslide victory against Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in the [[Dera Ismail Khan]] constituency.<ref name="storyofpakistan2" />

After the 1970 general election in Pakistan, he became the president of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] founded by [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani|Maulana Shabir Ahmed Usmani]]. His party went into a coalition with the [[National Awami Party]] for the [[1970 Pakistani general election]]. In the 1970s, the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam received significant funding from [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Halverson-1182">{{cite book |last=Halverson |first=Jeffry R. |url=https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv |title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137473578 |page=[https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv/page/n126 118] |quote=By the 1970s, the JUI, under the leadership of Mawlana Mufti Mahmud (d. 1980) was a chief recipient of the aforementioned [[Wahhabite]]-[[Athari]] support from the Gulf monarchies, chiefly [[Saudi Arabia]]. |url-access=limited}}</ref>

On 1 March 1972, he was elected as the chief minister of the province of [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] during the [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] government in Pakistan.

During his tenure as chief minister, he instituted many reforms, such as prohibition against alcohol, making Urdu as the official language in government offices, ban on interest in financial transactions and declared Friday as the official holiday in his province.<ref name="storyofpakistan2" />

Mufti Mahmud played a vital role in [[Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Tehreek-e-Khatme Nabuwwat]], a religious movement which has highlighted the beliefs of the followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Pakistan, in 1953 and again in 1974. He led a team of Islamic scholars which worked for the declaration of Ahmadis as non-Muslims in 1974.

He and his cabinet resigned in protest at the dismissal of the NAP–JUI coalition government in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] on 14 February 1973.<ref name="storyofpakistan2" /> He vowed to launch an anti-government movement, and first formed the UDF (United Democratic Front), and later on [[Pakistan National Alliance]]: the largest opposition movement in the history of Pakistan against Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. In 1977, the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] launched nationwide street agitation against the rigging of Bhutto in 1977 General Elections. The same year Bhutto was removed in a Coup d'etat by Zia ul Haq.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A JOURNEY TO DISILLUSIONMENT Sherbaz Khan Mazari |url=https://sanipanhwar.com/Home/searchByAll |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=sanipanhwar.com}}</ref>

Towards the end of his life, he continued his endeavours for democracy, and in 1980 had started negotiations with his arch-rival [[Pakistan People's Party|PPP]], for a joint struggle against dictatorship.<ref name=":0" />

He supported the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Afghan jihad]] against the [[USSR]] in 1979.

==Death and legacy==
He died on 14 October 1980, in [[Karachi, Sindh]] at the age of 61. He was buried in Abdul Khel, [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]. His son [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician, born 1953)|Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman]] is a politician who leads the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI) party in Pakistan.<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/792378/in-defence-of-taliban-fazls-remarks-spark-furore-in-afghanistan/ In defence of Taliban: Fazl's remarks spark furor in Afghanistan] The Express Tribune (newspaper) published 17 November 2014, Retrieved 14 April 2023</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Books by him===
*''Tafsīr-i Maḥmūd'', translation of and commentary on the [[Qur'an]], in 3 volumes
*''Fatāvʹa Muftī Maḥmūd'', his [[fatwas]], in 11 volumes
*''Az̲ān-i saḥar: Maulānā Muftī Maḥmūd ke inṭerviyuz aur taqārīr kā majmūʻah'', collected speeches and interviews
*''K̲h̲ut̤bāt-i Maḥmūd: majmūʻah-yi taqārīr-i mufakkir-i Islām, Maulānā Muftī Maḥmūd'', collection of his speeches

===Books about him===
*''Savāniḥ-i ḥayāt: Muftī Maḥmūd, vazīr-i aʻlá-yi Sarḥad, janral sekraṭrī Jamʻiyat-i ʻUlamāʼ-yi Islām, Pākistān'' by [[Ziya ur-Rahman Faruqi]], 1972
*''Muftī Maḥmūd kī siyāsat'' by Nūrulḥaq Quraishī, 1974
*''Maulānā Mufti Mahmūd'' by Naʻim Āsī, 1977
*''Maulānā Muftī Maḥmūd ... kī siyāsī zindagī'' by Gul Nāyāb K̲h̲ān Citrālī, 2002
*''Mufakkir-i Islām, qāʼid-i Islāmī inqilāb Maulānā Muftī Maḥmūd ... ek darvesh siyāsatdān'' by Sayyid Anvar Qidvāʼī, 2003
*''Savāniḥ qāʼid-i millat Ḥaẓrat Maulānā Muftī Maḥmūd'' by ʻAbdulqayyūm Ḥaqqānī, 2003
*''Muftī Maḥmūd kā daur-i ḥukūmat'' by Ashfāq Hāshmī, 2004
*''Maulānā Muftī Maḥmūd ke ḥairat angez vāqiʻāt'' by Momin K̲h̲ān ʻUs̲mānī, 2009
*''Muftī-yi Aʻẓam Maulānā Muftī Maḥmūd kī ʻilmī, dīnī aur siyāsī k̲h̲idmāt'' by ʻAbdulḥakīm Akbarī, 2010
*''Afkār-i Maḥmūd : Shaik̲h̲ulhind Maulānā Maḥmūd Ḥasan va mufakkir-i Islām Maulānā Muftī Maḥmūd kī ḥayāt o k̲h̲idmāt kā ḥasīn tazkirah'' by Muḥammad Fārūq Quraishī, 2017

==See also==
*[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)]]
*[[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Abdul |last2=Qadoos |first2=Hafiz Abdul |date=2022 |title=Style and characteristics of Mufti Mehmood's tafseer "Tafseer e Mehmood |url=http://rahatulquloob.com/index.php/rahat/article/view/426 |journal=Rahat-ul-Quloob |language=ur |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=157–168 |doi=10.51411/rahat.6.2.2022/426 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2521-2869}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Manan |first1=Qazi Abdul |last2=Achakzai |first2=Abdul Ali |date=2022 |title=The thinker of islam, Mulana Mufti Mahmood's role in the movement for khatam-e Nabuwat |url=http://rahatulquloob.com/index.php/rahat/article/view/403 |journal=Rahat-ul-Quloob |language=ur |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=188–198 |doi=10.51411/rahat.6.1.2022/403 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2521-2869}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]
|years= 1972 – 1973
|before = [[Sardar Bahadur Khan]]
|after = [[Sardar Inayatullah Khan Gandapur|Inayatullah Gandapur]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box |title=[[Emir|Ameer]] of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
|years=1968 – 1980
|before=[[Abdullah Darkhawasti|Maulana Abdullah Darkhawasti]]
|after=[[Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman]]}}
{{end}}

{{Islamic scholars from Pakistan}}
{{Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmud, Mufti}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Pashtun politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:People from Dera Ismail Khan District]]
[[Category:Grand Muftis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1962–1965]]
[[Category:Pakistani political party founders]]
[[Category:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia]]
[[Category:Madrasa Shahi alumni]]
[[Category:Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia people]]
[[Category:Students of Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]]
[[Category:General secretaries of Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia]]
[[Category:Jamia Qasim Ul Uloom people]]
[[Category:People of the Soviet–Afghan War]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]

Government Securities Act, 2006

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

RhysFrisina87: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Government Securities Act, 2006
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Government securities and its management by the Reserve Bank of India and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/GOVTSA130312.pdf Act No. 38 of 2006]
| territorial_extent = Whole of [[India]]
| enacted_by =
| date_enacted = 30 August 2006
| date_commenced = 1 December 2007
| repeals = Indian Securities Act, 1920
| related = [[Public Debt Act, 1944]]; Government Securities Regulations, 2007
| status = in force
}}

The '''Government Securities Act, 2006''' is a legislation of the [[Parliament of India]], which aims to introduce various improvements in the [[government securities]] market and the management of government securities by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI).<ref name=InfoForce>{{cite news|title=Govt. Securities Act comes into force|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/govt-securities-act-comes-into-force/article1960616.ece|access-date=22 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 December 2007}}</ref>

==History==
The Public Debt Act, 1944 was an [[legislation|act]] which provided a legal framework for the issuance and servicing of [[government securities]] in India. It was considered outdated, and the Government Securities Act, 2006 was introduced to replace it.<ref name="Kapila(eds.)2007">{{cite book|author1=Raj Kapila|author2=Uma Kapila |title=Economic Developments in India : Volume - 116 Analysis, Reports, Policy Documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_Fp9DlQ1gQC&pg=PA115|year=2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-669-2|page=115}}</ref> The Act oversees government securities and their management by the RBI.<ref name="KapilaKapila2001">{{cite book|author1=Raj Kapila|author2=Uma Kapila|title=India's Banking and Financial Sector in the New Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rINpNx4L28C&pg=PA97|year=2001|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-223-6|page=97}}</ref> The second clause of Section 2 defines government securities as securities issued by the central or a state government for the purpose of raising a [[Government debt|public loan]].<ref name="Securities Contracts">{{cite web|title=Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956:Section 2|url=http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Acts/Securities%20Contracts%20%28Regulation%29%20Act,%201956/102120000000007938.htm|publisher=[[Indian Income Tax Department]] | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150222121101/http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Acts/Securities%20Contracts%20%28Regulation%29%20Act,%201956/102120000000007938.htm | archive-date=2015-02-22 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Public debt]]
* [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=FAQs: The Government Securities Act, 2006 and The Government Securities Regulations, 2007 |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=70 |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219021256/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=70 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}

{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2006]]
[[Category:Banking in India]]
[[Category:Government finances in India]]
[[Category:Government debt]]
[[Category:Financial history of India]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Portuguese Empire

2026-03-22T13:34:08Z

RhysFrisina87: slightly expand structure for accuracy and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Colonial empire between 1415 and 1999}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use British English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Portuguese Empire
| common_name = Portuguese Empire
| native_name = {{native name|pt|Império Português}}
| image_flag =
| flag_caption =
| image_flag2 =
| image_coat = Brasão de armas do reino de Portugal (1485).svg
| coat_alt = Portuguese shield
| national_anthem = "[[Hymno Patriótico]]" (1808–26) ''Patriotic Anthem''{{center|[[File:Hymno Patriotico.ogg]]}} "[[Hino da Carta]]" (1826–1910) ''Hymn of the Charter''{{center|[[File:Hino da Carta.ogg]]}} "[[A Portuguesa]]" (1910–1999) ''The Portuguese''{{center|[[File:Hino Nacional da Republica Portuguesa.ogg]]}}
| motto =
| image_map = PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png
| image_map_caption = Areas of the world that were part of the Portuguese Empire at some point in history
| capital = [[Lisbon]] (1415–1808) [[Rio de Janeiro]] ([[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|1808–1821]]) [[Lisbon]] (1821–1999)
| common_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| government_type = {{bulleted list|[[Monarchy]] (until 1910)|[[Republic]] (from 1910)}}
| religion = [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Roman Catholicism]] (majority religion, state religion until 1911)
| title_leader = [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Monarchs]]
| leader1 = [[John I of Portugal|John I]]
| year_leader1 = 1415–1433 (first)
| leader2 = [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]]
| year_leader2 = 1908–1910 (last)
| title_representative = [[List of Presidents of Portugal|Presidents]]
| representative1 = [[Manuel de Arriaga]]
| year_representative1 = 1911–1915 (first)
| representative2 = [[Jorge Sampaio]]
| year_representative2 = 1996–1999 (last)
| life_span = 1415–1999
| event_pre = [[Conquest of Ceuta]]
| date_pre = 1415
| event_start = [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|Sea route to India]]
| year_start = 1498
| event1 = [[Discovery of Brazil]]
| date_event1 = 1500
| event2 = [[Iberian Union]]
| date_event2 = 1580–1640
| event4 = [[Dutch–Portuguese War|Dutch-Portuguese War]]
| date_event4 = 1588–1654
| event5 = [[Portuguese Restoration War]]
| date_event5 = 1640–1668
| event6 = [[Siege of Mazagan (1769)|End of Moroccan territories]]
| date_event6 = 1769
| event7 = [[Independence of Brazil]]
| date_event7 = 1822
| event8 = [[Invasion of Goa|Loss of Indian provinces]]
| date_event8 = 1961
| event9 = [[Portuguese Colonial War]]
| date_event9 = 1961–1974
| event10 = [[Carnation Revolution]]
| date_event10 = 1974–1975
| event_end = [[Handover of Macau]]
| year_end = 1999
| title_deputy = [[List of prime ministers of Portugal|Prime Ministers]]
| deputy1 = [[Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela|Pedro de Sousa Holstein]]
| year_deputy1 = 1834–1835 (first)
| deputy2 = [[António Guterres]]
| year_deputy2 = 1995–1999 (last)
| p1 =
| s1 =
| event11 = [[Indonesian Occupation of East Timor]]
| date_event11 = 1974-1999
| today = 
}}
{{History of Portugal}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''Portuguese Empire{{efn|{{langx|pt|Império Português}}, {{IPA|pt|ĩˈpɛɾju puɾtuˈɣeʃ|pron}}; also known as the Portuguese Overseas (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português)|name=name}}''' was the first European [[colonial empire]], existing between 1415 and 1999. In conjunction with the [[Spanish Empire]], it ushered in the European [[Age of Discovery]]. It achieved a global scale, controlling vast portions of the [[Americas]], [[Africa]] and various islands in [[Asia]] and [[Oceania]]. It was one of the most powerful empires of the [[early modern period]], while at its greatest extent in 1820, covering 5.5 million square km ({{Convert|5.5|km2|sqmi|disp=output number only}} million square miles),<ref name="Taagepera502">{{cite journal |author=Rein Taagepera |date=September 1997 |title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=502 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053 |jstor=2600793 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228155503/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-28 |authorlink=Rein Taagepera |accessdate=2025-01-29}}</ref> making it among the [[List of largest empires|largest empires]] in history. Composed of [[colonialism|colonies]], [[Factory (trading post)#Portuguese feitorias (c. 1445)|factories]], and later [[Territory#Overseas territory|overseas territories]], it was the longest-lived colonial empire in history, from the [[conquest of Ceuta]] in North Africa in 1415 to the [[handover of Macau]] to [[China]] in 1999.<ref name="PageSonnenburg481">{{harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=481}}</ref><ref name="Brockeyxv">{{harvnb|Brockey|2008|p=xv}}</ref><ref name="JuangMorrissette894">{{harvnb|Juang|Morrissette|2008|p=894}}</ref>

In the wake of the [[Reconquista]], [[Portuguese maritime exploration|Portuguese sailors began exploring]] the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418–1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography, and maritime technology such as the [[caravel]], with the aim of finding a sea route to the source of the lucrative [[spice trade]]. In 1488, [[Bartolomeu Dias]] rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and [[Cape Agulhas]], and in 1498 [[Vasco da Gama]] reached India. In 1500, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], while on a voyage to India, [[Discovery of Brazil|reached what would later be Brazil]]. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing [[list of Portuguese colonial forts|forts]] and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of naval outposts connected [[Lisbon]] to [[Nagasaki]] along the coasts of Africa, the [[Middle East]], and [[South Asia]]. This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth (1500–1800) when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal's per-capita income.

When King [[Philip II of Spain]] (Philip I of Portugal) [[War of the Portuguese Succession|seized the Portuguese crown]] and Portuguese territories such as Brazil in 1580, there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent [[historiography]] as the [[Iberian Union]], although the realms continued to have separate administrations. As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain: the [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch Republic]], [[English overseas possessions|England]], and [[French colonial empire|France]]. With its smaller population, Portugal found itself unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts, and the empire began a long and gradual decline. Eventually, Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era of empire (1663–1825), until, as part of the wave of [[Decolonization of the Americas|independence movements]] that swept the Americas during the early 19th century, it [[Independence of Brazil|declared its independence]] in 1822.

The third era of empire covers the final stage of Portuguese colonialism after the independence of Brazil in the 1820s. By then, the colonial possessions had been reduced to [[Portuguese Africa (disambiguation)|forts and plantations along the African coastline]] (expanded inland during the [[Scramble for Africa]] in the late 19th century), [[Portuguese Timor]], and [[Enclave and exclave|enclaves]] in [[Portuguese India|India]] and [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]]. The [[1890 British Ultimatum]] led to the contraction of [[Pink Map|Portuguese ambitions in Africa]]. Under [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] (in office 1932–1968), the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|''Estado Novo'' dictatorship]] made some ill-fated attempts to cling on to its last remaining colonies. Under the ideology of [[pluricontinentalism]], the regime renamed its colonies "[[overseas province]]s" while retaining the [[Chibalo|system of forced labour]], from which only a small [[Assimilado|indigenous élite]] was normally exempt. In August 1961, the [[Republic of Dahomey|Dahomey]] annexed the [[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]], and in December that year [[Annexation of Goa|India annexed Goa, Daman, and Diu]]. The [[Portuguese Colonial War]] in Africa lasted from 1961 until the final overthrow of the ''Estado Novo'' regime in 1974. The [[Carnation Revolution]] of April 1974 in Portugal led to the hasty [[Portuguese Colonial War#Aftermath|withdrawal from its African colonies]] and to the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|1975 annexation of Portuguese Timor]] by Indonesia. Decolonisation prompted an exodus of [[Processo Revolucionário Em Curso#The retornados|Portuguese colonial settlers]] and [[Luso-Africans|mixed-race people]] from the colonies. Portugal returned [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] to China in 1999. The only overseas possessions to remain under Portuguese rule, the [[Macaronesian Portugal|Azores and Madeira]], whose native inhabitants were overwhelmingly Portuguese, had their [[Political status of the Azores|constitutional status]] changed from "[[overseas province]]s" to "[[autonomous regions]]". The [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP) is the cultural successor of the Empire, analogous to the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] for countries formerly part of the [[British Empire]].

== Origins (1139–1415) ==
{{Main|History of Portugal (1139–1415)}}
[[File:Porto April 2019-7.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Portuguese conquest of Ceuta|Conquest of Ceuta]] on 21 August 1415, led by [[Prince Henry the Navigator|Henry the Navigator]] (1394–1460), marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.]]

The origin of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] lay in the ''[[reconquista]]'', the gradual reconquest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] from the [[Al-Andalus|Moors]].<ref name="DiffieWinius301">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=301}}</ref> After establishing itself as a separate kingdom in 1139, Portugal completed its reconquest of Moorish territory by reaching [[Algarve]] in 1249, but its independence continued to be threatened by neighbouring [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] until the signing of the [[Treaty of Ayllón]] in 1411.<ref name="Newitt2005p15-17">{{harvnb|Newitt|2005|pp=15–17}}</ref>

Free from threats to its existence and unchallenged by the wars fought by other European states, Portuguese attention turned overseas and towards a military expedition to the Muslim lands of North Africa.<ref name=" Newitt19">{{harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=19}}</ref> There were several probable motives for their first attack, on the [[Marinid Dynasty|Marinid Sultanate]] (in present-day Morocco). It offered the opportunity to continue the Christian [[crusade]] against Islam; to the military class, it promised glory on the battlefield and the spoils of war;<ref name=" Boxer19">{{harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=19}}</ref> and finally, it was also a chance to expand Portuguese trade and to address Portugal's economic decline.<ref name="Newitt19"/>

In 1415 an attack was made on [[Ceuta]], a strategically located North African Muslim enclave along the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the terminal ports of the trans-Saharan gold and slave trades. The [[Conquest of Ceuta|conquest]] was a military success, and marked one of the first steps in Portuguese expansion beyond the Iberian Peninsula,<ref>[[#refAbernethy|Abernethy]], p. 4</ref> but it proved costly to defend against the Muslim forces that soon besieged it. The Portuguese were unable to use it as a base for further expansion into the hinterland,<ref name="Newitt21">{{harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=21}}</ref> and the trans-Saharan caravans merely shifted their routes to bypass Ceuta and/or used alternative Muslim ports.<ref name="DiffieWinius55">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=55}}</ref>

== First Empire (1415–1663) ==
{{Main|History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Portuguese discoveries}}

{{See also|European enclaves in North Africa before 1830}}
Although Ceuta proved to be a disappointment for the Portuguese, the decision was taken to hold it while exploring along the Atlantic African coast.<ref name="DiffieWinius55"/> A key supporter of this policy was [[Infante]] [[Dom (title)|Dom]] [[Henry the Navigator]], who had been involved in the [[Conquest of Ceuta|capture of Ceuta]], and who took the lead role in promoting and financing Portuguese maritime exploration until his death in 1460.<ref name="DiffieWinius56">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=56}}: Henry, a product of 15th-century Portugal, was inspired by both religious and economic factors.</ref> At the time, Europeans did not know what lay beyond [[Cape Bojador]] on the African coast. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach Asia by sea, both to reach the source of the lucrative [[spice trade]] and perhaps to join forces with the fabled Christian kingdom of [[Prester John]] that was rumoured to exist somewhere in the "Indies".<ref name="Boxer19"/><ref name="Anderson50">{{harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=50}}</ref> Under his sponsorship, soon the Atlantic islands of [[Madeira]] (1419) and [[Azores]] (1427) were reached and started to be settled, producing wheat for export to Portugal.<ref name="Coates60">{{harvnb|Coates|2002|p=60}}</ref>

Soon its ships were bringing into the European market highly valued gold, ivory, pepper, cotton, sugar, and slaves. The slave trade, for example, was conducted by a few dozen merchants in Lisbon. In the process of expanding the trade routes, Portuguese navigators mapped unknown parts of Africa, and began exploring the Indian Ocean. In 1487, an overland expedition by [[Pêro da Covilhã]] made its way to India, exploring trade opportunities with the Indians and Arabs, and winding up finally in Ethiopia. His detailed report was eagerly read in Lisbon, which became the best-informed centre for global geography and trade routes.<ref>L.S. Stavrianos, ''The World since 1500: a Global history'' (1966) pp. 92–93</ref>

=== Initial African coastline excursions ===
Fears of what lay beyond [[Cape Bojador]], and whether it was possible to return once it was passed, were assuaged in 1434 when it was rounded by one of Infante Henry's captains, [[Gil Eanes]]. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast.<ref name="DiffieWinius68">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=68}}</ref> In 1443, [[Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra|Infante Dom Pedro]], Henry's brother and by then regent of the Kingdom, granted him the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. Later this monopoly would be enforced by the [[papal bull]]s ''[[Dum Diversas]]'' (1452) and ''[[Romanus Pontifex]]'' (1455), granting Portugal the trade monopoly for the newly discovered lands.<ref name="Daus33">{{harvnb|Daus|1983|p=33}}</ref> A major advance that accelerated this project was the introduction of the [[caravel]] in the mid-15th century, a ship that could be sailed closer to the wind than any other in operation in Europe at the time.<ref name="Boxer29">{{harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=29}}</ref> Using this new maritime technology, Portuguese navigators reached ever more southerly [[latitude]]s, advancing at an average rate of one degree a year.<ref name="Russell-Wood1998p9">{{harvnb|Russell-Wood|1998|p=9}}</ref> [[Senegal]] and [[Cape Verde Peninsula]] were reached in 1445.<ref name="Rodriguez79">{{harvnb|Rodriguez|2007|p=79}}</ref>
[[File:Amina.jpg|thumb|16th century map showing Portuguese claims to Guinea and the castle [[Elmina Castle|São Jorge da Mina]]]]
The first [[feitoria]] trade post overseas was established in 1445 on the island of [[Arguin]], off the coast of Mauritania, to attract Muslim traders and monopolise the business in the routes travelled in North Africa. In 1446, [[Álvaro Fernandes]] pushed on almost as far as present-day [[Sierra Leone]], and the [[Gulf of Guinea]] was reached in the 1460s.<ref name="DiffieWinius469">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=469}}</ref> The [[Cape Verde]] Islands were discovered in 1456 and settled in 1462.

Expansion of [[sugarcane]] in Madeira started in 1455, using advisers from [[Sicily]] and (largely) [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] capital to produce the "sweet salt" that was rare in Europe. Already cultivated in [[Algarve]], the accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and Flemish traders keen to bypass Venetian monopolies. Slaves were used, and the proportion of imported slaves in Madeira reached 10% of the total population by the 16th century.<ref>Godinho, V. M. ''Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial'', Arcádia, 1965, Vol 1 and 2, Lisboa</ref> By 1480 [[Antwerp]] had some seventy ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. By the 1490s Madeira had overtaken Cyprus as a producer of sugar.<ref name="Ponting482">{{harvnb|Ponting|2000|p=482}}</ref> The success of sugar merchants such as [[Bartolomeo Marchionni]] would propel the investment in future travels.<ref name="Davis84">{{harvnb|Davis|2006|p=84}}</ref>

In 1469, after prince Henry's death and as a result of meagre returns of the African explorations, King [[Afonso V of Portugal|Afonso V]] granted the monopoly of trade in part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]] to merchant [[Fernão Gomes]].<ref name="BethencourtCurto232">{{harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=232}}</ref> Gomes, who had to explore {{convert|100|mi|km}} of the coast each year for five years, discovered the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, including [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], and found a thriving [[alluvial]] gold trade among the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders at the port then named [[Elmina|Mina]] (the mine), where he established a trading post.<ref name="White138">{{harvnb|White|2005|p=138}}</ref> Trade between Elmina and Portugal grew throughout a decade. During the [[War of the Castilian Succession]], a large [[Crown of Castile|Castilia]]n fleet attempted to wrest control of this lucrative trade, but were decisively defeated in the 1478 [[Battle of Guinea]], which firmly established an exclusive Portuguese control. In 1481, the recently crowned [[John II of Portugal|João II]] decided to build [[São Jorge da Mina]] in order to ensure the protection of this trade, which was held again as a royal monopoly. The equator was crossed by navigators sponsored by Fernão Gomes in 1473 and the [[Congo River]] by [[Diogo Cão]] in 1482. It was during this expedition that the Portuguese first encountered the [[Kingdom of Kongo]], with which it soon developed a rapport.<ref name="GannDuignan273">{{harvnb|Gann|Duignan|1972|p=273}}</ref> During his 1485–86 expedition, Cão continued to [[Cape Cross]], in present-day [[Namibia]], near the [[Tropic of Capricorn]].<ref name="DiffieWinius156">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=156}}</ref>
[[File:Portuguese Morocco.PNG|thumb|[[Morocco–Portugal relations|Portuguese possessions in Morocco]] (1415–1769)]]

In 1488, [[Bartolomeu Dias]] rounded the southern tip of Africa and reached [[Great Fish River]] on the coast of Africa,{{sfn|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=161}} proving false the view that had existed since [[Ptolemy]] that the Indian Ocean was [[land-locked]]. Simultaneously [[Pêro da Covilhã]], travelling secretly overland, had reached [[Ethiopia]], suggesting that a sea route to the Indies would soon be forthcoming.<ref name="Anderson59">{{harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=59}}</ref>

As the Portuguese explored the coastlines of Africa, they left behind a series of [[Padrão|padrões]], stone crosses engraved with the Portuguese coat of arms marking their claims,<ref name="Newitt47">{{harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=47}}</ref> and built forts and trading posts. From these bases, they engaged profitably in the slave and gold trades. Portugal enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the African seaborne slave trade for over a century, importing around 800 slaves annually. Most were brought to the Portuguese capital Lisbon, where it is estimated black Africans came to constitute 10 percent of the population.<ref name="Anderson55">{{harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=55}}</ref>

=== Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) ===
[[File:Spain and Portugal.png|thumb|The 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] meridian divided the world between the crowns [[Kingdom of Portugal|of Portugal]] and [[Crown of Castile|of Castile]].]]
{{Main|Treaty of Tordesillas}}

[[Christopher Columbus]]'s 1492 discovery for Spain of the [[New World]], which he believed to be Asia, led to disputes between the Spanish and the Portuguese.<ref name="McAlister73-75">{{harvnb|McAlister|1984|pp=73–75}}</ref> These were eventually settled by the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive [[duopoly]] between the Portuguese and the Spanish along a north–south meridian 370 [[League (unit)|leagues]], or {{convert|970|mi|km|-1}}, west of the Cape Verde islands.<ref name="BethencourtCurto165">{{harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=165}}</ref> However, as it was not possible at the time to correctly measure [[longitude]], the exact boundary was disputed by the two countries until 1777.<ref name="DiffieWinius174">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=174}}</ref>

The completion of these negotiations with Spain is one of several reasons proposed by historians for why it took nine years for the Portuguese to follow up on Dias's voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, though it has also been speculated that other voyages were in fact taking place in secret during this time.<ref name="DiffieWinius176">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=176}}</ref><ref name="Boxer36">{{harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=36}}</ref> Whether or not this was the case, the long-standing Portuguese goal of finding a sea route to Asia was finally achieved in a [[Discovery of the sea route to India|ground-breaking voyage]] commanded by [[Vasco da Gama]].<ref name="DiffieWinius176-185">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=176–185}}</ref>

=== The Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean ===
{{Main|Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|Portuguese India|Portuguese India Armadas|Indian Ocean trade#Portuguese period|Portuguese presence in Asia}}

[[File:Ignoto portoghese, ritratto di un cavaliere dell'ordine di cristo, 1525-50 ca. 02.jpg|thumb|[[Vasco da Gama]] (1469–1524)]]

The squadron of [[Vasco da Gama]] left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean, reaching [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] ([[Kozhikode]]), the capital of the kingdom ruled by [[Zamorin]]s, in south-western India in May 1498.<ref>[[#refScammell|Scammell]], p. 13</ref> The second voyage to India was dispatched in 1500 under [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]. While following the same south-westerly route as Gama across the Atlantic Ocean, Cabral made landfall on the Brazilian coast. This was probably an accidental discovery, but it has been speculated that the Portuguese secretly knew of Brazil's existence and that it lay on their side of the Tordesillas line.<ref name="McAlister75">{{harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=75}}</ref> Cabral recommended to the Portuguese King that the land be settled, and two follow up voyages were sent in 1501 and 1503. The land was found to be abundant in ''[[Paubrasilia|pau-brasil]]'', or brazilwood, from which it later inherited its name, but the failure to find gold or silver meant that for the time being Portuguese efforts were concentrated on India.<ref name="McAlister76">{{harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=76}}</ref> In 1502, to enforce its trade monopoly over a wide area of the [[Indian Ocean]], the Portuguese Empire created the [[cartaz]] licensing system, granting merchant ships protection against pirates and rival states.<ref name="DiffieWinius274,320-323">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=274, 320–323}}</ref>

Profiting from the rivalry between the [[Cochin kingdom|ruler of Kochi]] and the [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]], the Portuguese were well-received and seen as allies, as they obtained a permit to build the [[Fort Emmanuel|fort ''Immanuel'']] ([[Fort Kochi]]) and a trading post that was the first European settlement in India. They established a trading hub at [[Tangasseri]], [[Quilon]] (''Coulão'', [[Kollam]]) city in (1503) in 1502, which became the centre of trade in pepper,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296|title=Thangasseri, Kollam, Dutch Quilon, Kerala|website=Kerala Tourism|access-date=2014-09-01|archive-date=2014-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514011139/https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296|url-status=live}}</ref> and after founding manufactories at [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi) and [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (''Canonor'', Kannur), built a factory at [[Quilon]] in 1503. In 1505 King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] appointed [[Francisco de Almeida]] first [[Viceroy]] of Portuguese India, establishing the Portuguese government in the east. That year the Portuguese also conquered [[Kannur]], where they founded [[St. Angelo Fort]], and [[Lourenço de Almeida]] arrived in [[Ceylon]] (modern Sri Lanka), where he discovered the source of [[cinnamon]].<ref name="BethencourtCurto207">{{harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=207}}</ref> Although [[Cankili I]] of [[Jaffna]] initially resisted contact with them, the [[Jaffna kingdom]] came to the attention of Portuguese officials soon after for their resistance to missionary activities as well as logistical reasons due to its proximity with [[Trincomalee]] harbour among other reasons.<ref name="Abeyasinghe2">{{harvnb|Abeyasinghe|1986|p=2}}</ref> In the same year, Manuel I ordered Almeida to fortify the Portuguese fortresses in Kerala and within eastern Africa, as well as probe into the prospects of building forts in Sri Lanka and Malacca in response to growing hostilities with Muslims within those regions and threats from the Mamluk sultan.<ref name="Disney2009b128">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=128}}</ref>

[[File:Portuguese Carracks off a Rocky Coast.jpg|thumb|The carrack ''[[Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai]]'' epitomised the might and the force of the [[Portuguese Navy|Portuguese Armada]].]]

A Portuguese fleet under the command of [[Tristão da Cunha]] and [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] conquered [[Socotra]] at the entrance of the [[Red Sea]] in 1506 and [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] in 1507. Having failed to conquer [[Ormus|Ormuz]], they instead followed a strategy intended to close off commerce to and from the Indian Ocean.<ref name="DiffieWinius233,235">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=233, 235}}</ref> [[Madagascar]] was partly explored by Cunha, and [[Mauritius]] was discovered by Cunha whilst possibly being accompanied by Albuquerque.<ref name="Macmillan11">{{harvnb|Macmillan|2000|p=11}}</ref> After the capture of Socotra, Cunha and Albuquerque operated separately. While Cunha travelled India and Portugal for trading purposes, Albuquerque went to India to take over as governor after Almeida's three-year term ended. Almeida refused to turn over power and soon placed Albuquerque under house arrest, where he remained until 1509.<ref name="DiffieWinius237-239">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=237–239}}</ref>

Although requested by Manuel I to further explore interests in Malacca and Sri Lanka, Almeida instead focused on western India, in particular the [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] due to his suspicions of traders from the region possessing more power. The [[Mamluk|Mamlûk Sultanate]] sultan [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri]] along with the Gujarati sultanate attacked Portuguese forces in the harbor of [[Battle of Chaul|Chaul]], resulting in the death of [[Lourenço de Almeida|Almeida's son]]. In retaliation, the Portuguese fought and destroyed the Mamluks and Gujarati fleets in the sea [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] in 1509.<ref name="Disney2009b128-29">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=128–129}}</ref>

Along with Almeida's initial attempts, Manuel I and his council in Lisbon had tried to distribute power in the Indian Ocean, creating three areas of jurisdiction: Albuquerque was sent to the Red Sea, [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]] to South-east Asia, seeking an agreement with the Sultan of Malacca, and Jorge de Aguiar followed by Duarte de Lemos were sent to the area between the Cape of Good Hope and Gujarat.<ref name="DiffieWinius245-247">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=245–247}}</ref> However, such posts were centralised by Afonso de Albuquerque after his succession and remained so in subsequent ruling.<ref name="Subrahmanyam67-83">{{harvnb|Subrahmanyam|2012|pp=67–83}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Portuguese discoveries and explorationsV2en.png|[[Portuguese discoveries]] and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese [[spice trade]] routes (blue)
File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman.jpg|16th century Portuguese illustration from the [[Códice Casanatense]], depicting a Portuguese nobleman with his retinue in India
File:Portuguese Nau.png|16th century heavy Portuguese carrack
</gallery>

=== Trade with Maritime Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean ===
{{Main|Portuguese Macao|History of Goa|Portuguese Chittagong|Portuguese Malacca|Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago}}

==== Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia ====
{{See also|Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts|Malay-Portuguese conflicts|Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts}}
[[File:Retrato de Afonso de Albuquerque (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido.png|thumb|Second viceroy of India [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], credited with laying the foundations of Portuguese power in Asia]]

By the end of 1509, Albuquerque became viceroy of the [[East Indies]] with the capital at [[Velha Goa]], after the [[Cape route]] was discovered by Vasco da Gama. In contrast to Almeida, Albuquerque was more concerned with strengthening the navy,<ref name="Disney2009b129">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=129}}</ref> as well as being more compliant with the interests of the kingdom.<ref name="DiffieWinius238">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=238}}</ref> His first objective was to conquer Goa, due to its strategic location as a defensive fort positioned between Kerala and Gujarat, as well as its prominence for [[Arabian horse]] imports.<ref name="Disney2009b128-29"/>

[[Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)|The initial capture of Goa]] from the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur sultanate]] in 1510 was soon countered by the Bijapuris, but with the help of Hindu [[privateer]] [[Timoji]], on 25 November of the same year it was recaptured.<ref name="Shastry34-45">{{harvnb|Shastry|2000|pp=34–45}}</ref><ref name="Disney2009b130">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=130}}</ref> In Goa, Albuquerque began the first Portuguese [[Mint (coin)|mint]] in India in 1510.<ref name="deSouza220">{{harvnb|de Souza|1990|p=220}}</ref> He encouraged Portuguese settlers to marry local women, built a church in honor of [[St. Catherine of Alexandria|St. Catherine]] (as it was recaptured on her feast day), and attempted to build rapport with the Hindus by protecting their temples and reducing their tax requirements.<ref name="Disney2009b130" /> The Portuguese maintained friendly relations with the south Indian Emperors of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="Mehta291">{{harvnb|Mehta|1980|p=291}}</ref>

In April 1511, Albuquerque sailed to [[Malacca]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]],<ref name="Ricklefs23">{{harvnb|Ricklefs|1991|p=23}}</ref> the largest spice market of the period.<ref name="Kratoska2004p98">{{harvnb|Kratoska|2004|p=98}}</ref> Though the trade was largely dominated by the Gujarati, other groups such as the Turks, Persians, Armenians, Tamils and [[People of Ethiopia|Abyssinians]] traded there.<ref name="Kratoska2004p98"/> Albuquerque targeted Malacca to impede the Muslim and Venetian influence in the spice trade and increase that of Lisbon.<ref name="Gipouloux2011p301-302">{{harvnb|Gipouloux|2011|pp=301–302}}</ref> By July 1511, Albuquerque had captured Malacca and sent [[António de Abreu]] and [[Francisco Serrão]] (along with Ferdinand Magellan) to explore the Indonesian archipelago.<ref name="Newitt2005p78">{{harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=78}}</ref>

[[File:Iberian mare clausum claims.svg|thumb|left|Iberian '[[mare clausum]]' in the Age of Discovery. Albuquerque's strategy to encircle the Indian Ocean is shown.]]

The Malacca peninsula became the strategic base for Portuguese trade expansion with China and Southeast Asia. A strong gate, called the [[A Famosa]], was erected to defend the city and remains.<ref name="Ooi2009p202">{{harvnb|Ooi|2009|p=202}}</ref> Learning of Siamese ambitions over Malacca, Albuquerque immediately sent [[Duarte Fernandes]] on a diplomatic mission to the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Kingdom of Siam]] (modern Thailand), where he was the first European to arrive, establishing amicable relations and trade between both kingdoms.<ref name="Lach520-521">{{harvnb|Lach|1994|pp=520–521}}</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania by Barbara A. West. Infobase Publishing, 2009. p. 800</ref>

The Portuguese empire pushed further south and proceeded to discover Timor in 1512. [[Jorge de Menezes|Jorge de Meneses]] discovered [[New Guinea]] in 1526, naming it the "Island of the Papua".<ref name="QuanchiRobson2005">{{cite book |last1=Quanchi |first1=Max |last2=Robson |first2=John |title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwDzM94jGUC |year=2005 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6528-0 |page=xliii}}</ref> In 1517, [[João da Silveira]] commanded a fleet to [[Chittagong]],<ref>de Silva Jayasuriya, p. 86</ref> and by 1528, the Portuguese had established a [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong|settlement in Chittagong]].<ref name="Harris225">{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Jonathan Gil|title=The First Firangis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4i7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225|year=2015|publisher=Aleph Book Company|isbn=978-93-83064-91-5|page=225}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Portuguese eventually based their centre of operations along the [[Hugli River]], where they encountered Muslims, Hindus, and Portuguese deserters known as ''Chatins''.<ref>de Silva Jayasuriya, p. 87</ref>

==== China and Japan ====
{{See also|Chinese people in Portugal|Nanban trade|Slavery in Portugal|Portuguese Nagasaki|}}Jorge Álvares was the first European to reach China by sea, while the Romans were the first overland via Asia Minor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Twitchett |first1=Denis Crispin |last2=Fairbank |first2=John King |title=The Cambridge History of China |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-521-24333-9 |page=336|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref name="Edmonds2002">{{cite book |editor-last=Edmonds |editor-first=Richard L. |title=China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXoFscQ2QwsC |year= 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52403-2 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Ward2008">{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Gerald W.R. |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkJfbdTS--UC |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-531391-8 |page=37}}</ref><ref name="Gleason2007">{{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Carrie |title=The Biography of Tea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-54TjlhrfIC |year=2007 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7787-2493-3 |page=12}}</ref> He was also the first European to discover Hong Kong.<ref>''Hong Kong & Macau'', By Andrew Stone, Piera Chen, Chung Wah Chow Lonely Planet, 2010. pp. 20–21</ref><ref>''Hong Kong & Macau'' by Jules Brown Rough Guides, 2002. p. 195</ref> In 1514, Afonso de Albuquerque, the viceroy of the Estado da India, dispatched [[Rafael Perestrello]] to sail to China in order to pioneer European trade relations with the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://algarvedailynews.com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-in-the-far-east |title={{as written|Tne}} Portuguese in the Far East |publisher=Algarvedailynews.com |access-date=2013-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130144843/http://algarvedailynews.com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-in-the-far-east |archive-date=2013-01-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/119676.htm|title='Portugal's Discovery in China' on Display|website=www.china.org.cn|access-date=2013-05-03|archive-date=2022-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515055412/http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/119676.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the [[Battle of Tunmen]] in [[Tamão]] or [[Tuen Mun]]. In 1521, the Portuguese lost two ships at the [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] in [[Lantau Island]]. The Portuguese also lost two ships at [[Shuangyu]] in 1548 where several Portuguese were captured and near the [[Dongshan County|Dongshan Peninsula]]. In 1549 two Portuguese junks and [[Galeote Pereira]] were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they then reverse engineered and mass-produced in China such as [[matchlock]] [[musket]] [[arquebus]]es which they named [[Gun control in China#History|bird guns]] and [[breech-loading swivel gun]]s which they named as Folangji ([[Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as "Franks"|Frankish]]) cannon because the Portuguese were known to the Chinese under the name of Franks at this time. The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)]] and rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver [[taels]] to Ming China.<ref>pp. 343–344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&dq=Leonel+de+Sousa+Macau&pg=PA344 ''The Cambridge history of China'', Vol. 2 & 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213141214/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&lpg=PA344&dq=Leonel%20de%20Sousa%20Macau&pg=PA344#v=onepage&q=Leonel%20de%20Sousa%20Macau&f=false |date=2022-12-13 }}, Cambridge University Press, 1978, {{ISBN|0-521-24333-5}}</ref>

Despite initial harmony and excitement between the two cultures, difficulties began to arise shortly afterwards, including misunderstanding, bigotry, and even hostility.<ref name="smithsonianmag.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/portugal_exhibit.html |title=When Portugal Ruled the Seas | History & Archaeology | Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |access-date=2013-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225010332/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/portugal_exhibit.html |archive-date=2012-12-25 }}</ref> The Portuguese explorer [[Fernão Pires de Andrade#Andrade's brother and spoiled relations|Simão de Andrade]] incited poor relations with China due to his pirate activities, raiding Chinese shipping, attacking a Chinese official, and kidnappings of Chinese. He based himself at Tamao island in a fort. The Chinese claimed that Simão kidnapped Chinese boys and girls to be molested and cannibalised.<ref name="Jesus5">{{harvnb|Jesus|1902|p=5}}</ref> The Chinese sent a squadron of junks against Portuguese caravels that succeeded in driving the Portuguese away and reclaiming Tamao. As a result, the Chinese posted an edict banning men with Caucasian features from entering Canton, killing multiple Portuguese there, and driving the Portuguese back to sea.<ref name="Dodge226">{{harvnb|Dodge|1976|p=226}}</ref><ref name="Whiteway339">{{harvnb|Whiteway|1899|p=339}}</ref>

After the Sultan of Bintan detained several Portuguese under Tomás Pires, the Chinese then executed 23 Portuguese and threw the rest into prison where they resided in squalid, sometimes fatal conditions. The Chinese then massacred Portuguese who resided at [[Ningbo]] and [[Fujian]] trading posts in 1545 and 1549, due to extensive and damaging raids by the Portuguese along the coast, which irritated the Chinese.<ref name="Dodge226"/> Portuguese pirating was second to [[Japanese pirates|Japanese pirating]] by this period. However, they soon began to shield Chinese junks and a cautious trade began. In 1557 the Chinese authorities allowed the Portuguese to settle in Macau, creating a warehouse in the trade of goods between China, Japan, Goa and Europe.<ref name="Dodge226"/><ref name="Disney2009b175,184">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=175, 184}}</ref>

==== Spice Islands (Moluccas) and Treaty of Zaragoza ====
{{Main|Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago}}

[[File:Attributed to Kano Sanraku - Important Cultural Property Namban Screens - Google Art Project2.jpg|thumb|Portugal was the first European nation to [[Nanban trade|establish trade routes with Japan]] and [[Fernão Pires de Andrade|China]]. A significant portion of the crews on Portuguese ships on the [[Japan voyage]] were [[Catholic Church in India|Indian Catholics]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Interracial Intimacy in Japan|first=Gary P.|last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5|page=35}}</ref>]]

Portuguese operations in Asia did not go unnoticed, and in 1521 [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]] arrived in the region and claimed the Philippines for Spain. In 1525, Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonise the [[Moluccas islands]], claiming they were in his zone of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], since there was no set limit to the east. The expedition of [[García Jofre de Loaísa]] reached the Moluccas, docking at [[Tidore]]. With the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate, conflict was inevitable, leading to nearly a decade of skirmishes. A resolution was reached with the [[Treaty of Zaragoza]] in 1529, attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain.<ref name="Ooi2004p1340">{{harvnb|Ooi|2004|p=1340}}</ref> The Portuguese traded regularly with the [[Bruneian Empire]] from 1530 and described the capital of Brunei as surrounded by a stone wall.

==== South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea ====
{{See also|Persian–Portuguese war|Capture of Ormuz (1507)|Portuguese invasion of Bahrain|History of Kuwait|History of Bahrain|Qeshm Island|Bandar Abbas|Portuguese Oman|Portuguese Socotra|Portuguese Ceylon|Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts}}

The Portuguese empire expanded into the Persian Gulf, contesting control of the spice trade with the [[Ajuran Sultanate|Ajuran Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Albuquerque [[Capture of Ormuz (1507)|conquered]] the [[Huwala]] state of [[Ormus|Hormuz]] at the head of the Persian Gulf in 1515, establishing it as a vassal state. [[Aden]], however, [[Siege of Aden (1513)|resisted]] Albuquerque's expedition in that same year and another attempt by Albuquerque's successor [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] in 1516. In 1521 a force led by [[António Correia (admiral)|António Correia]] captured [[Bahrain]], defeating the [[Jabrid]] King, [[Muqrin ibn Zamil]].<ref>Juan Cole, ''Sacred Space and Holy War'', IB Tauris, 2007 p. 37</ref> [[Bahrain]] was under full Portuguese control by 1521, making it the first Middle Eastern country to be fully colonised by a European power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. H. |first=Salman |date=December 1, 2004 |title=Aspects of Portuguese rule in the Arabian Gulf, 1521-1622 |url=https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4212490 |access-date=29 December 2025 |website=Worktribe. University of Hull}}</ref> In a shifting series of alliances, the Portuguese dominated much of the southern Persian Gulf for the next hundred years. With the regular maritime route linking Lisbon to Goa since 1497, the [[island of Mozambique]] became a strategic port, and there was built [[Fort São Sebastião (Mozambique)|Fort São Sebastião]] and a hospital. In the Azores, the Islands Armada protected the ships en route to Lisbon.<ref name="O'Flanagan125">{{harvnb|O'Flanagan|2008|p=125}}</ref>

[[File:The Portuguese Fortress of Diu in the mid-16th century.png|thumb|The fortress of Diu, one of the most important Portuguese strongholds in India that was [[Siege of Diu (1538)|besieged by the Ottomans in 1538]].]]

In 1534, Gujarat faced attack from the [[Mughals]] and the Rajput states of [[Chitor]] and [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]. The Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the Portuguese, establishing an alliance to regain the country, giving in exchange [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]], [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Vasai|Bassein]]. It also regulated the trade of Gujarati ships departing to the [[Red Sea]] and passing through Bassein to pay duties and allow the horse trade.<ref name="Pearson1976pp74-82">{{harvnb|Pearson|1976|pp=74–82}}</ref> After Mughal ruler [[Humayun]] had success against Bahadur, the latter signed another treaty with the Portuguese to confirm the provisions and allowed the fort to be built in Diu. Shortly afterward, Humayun turned his attention elsewhere, and the Gujarats allied with the Ottomans to regain control of Diu and lay siege to the fort. The two failed sieges of [[Siege of Diu (1538)|1538]] and [[Siege of Diu (1546)|1546]] put an end to Ottoman ambitions, confirming the Portuguese hegemony in the region,<ref name="Pearson1976pp74-82"/><ref name="Malekandathil116-118">{{harvnb|Malekandathil|2010|pp=116–118}}</ref> as well as gaining superiority over the Mughals.<ref name="Mathew138">{{harvnb|Mathew|1988|p=138}}</ref> However, the Ottomans fought off attacks from the Portuguese in the Red Sea and in the [[Sinai Peninsula]] in 1541, and in the northern region of the Persian Gulf in 1546 and 1552. Each entity ultimately had to respect the sphere of influence of the other, albeit unofficially.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mesut|last1=Uyar|first2=Edward|last2=J. Erickson|title=A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk|publisher=ABC-CLIO| year=2003|isbn=0275988767|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfNBKHG7S8C&pg=PA76 }}</ref><ref>D. João de Castro [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap03sect01to05.html ''The Voyage of Don Stefano de Gama from Goa to Suez, in 1540, with the intention of Burning the Turkish Galleys at that port''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014142159/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap03sect01to05.html |date=2006-10-14 }} (Volume 6, Chapter 3, eText)</ref>

==== Sub-Saharan Africa ====
[[File:Theodore de Bry - Harbour scene (colorized).jpg|thumb|Portuguese [[carracks]] unload cargo in Lisbon. Original engraving by [[Theodor de Bry]], 1593, coloured at a later date]]

After a series of prolonged contacts with Ethiopia, the Portuguese embassy made contact with the [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopian (Abyssinian) Kingdom]] led by Rodrigo de Lima in 1520.<ref name=Abir86>Abir, p. 86</ref><ref>Appiah; Gates, p. 130</ref> This coincided with the Portuguese search for Prester John, as they soon associated the kingdom as his land.<ref>Chesworth; Thomas p. 86</ref> The fear of Turkish advances within the Portuguese and Ethiopian sectors also played a role in their alliance.<ref name=Abir86/><ref>Newitt (2004), p. 86</ref> The [[Adal Sultanate]] defeated the Ethiopians in the [[battle of Shimbra Kure]] in 1529, and Islam spread further in the [[Ethiopian Highlands|region]]. Portugal responded by aiding king [[Gelawdewos of Ethiopia|Gelawdewos]] with Portuguese soldiers and muskets. Though the Ottomans responded with support of soldiers and muskets to the Adal Sultanate, after the death of the Adali sultan [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] in the [[battle of Wayna Daga]] in 1543, the joint Adal-Ottoman force retreated.<ref>Black, p. 102</ref><ref name="Stapleton2013p121">{{harvnb|Stapleton|2013|p=121}}</ref><ref>Cohen, pp. 17–18</ref>

The Portuguese also made direct contact with the [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongolose]] vassal state [[Kingdom of Ndongo|Ndongo]] and its ruler Ngola Kiljuane in 1520, after the latter requested missionaries.<ref name="Mancall2007p207">{{harvnb|Mancall|2007|p=207}}</ref> Kongolese king [[Afonso I of Kongo|Afonso I]] interfered with the process with denunciations, and later sent a Kongo mission to Ndongo after the latter had arrested the Portuguese mission that came.<ref name="Mancall2007p207"/> The growing official and unofficial slave trading with Ndongo strained relations between Kongo and the Portuguese, and even had Portuguese ambassadors from São Tomé support Ndongo against the Kingdom of Kongo.<ref name="Thornton2000pp100-101">{{harvnb|Thornton|2000|pp=100–101}}</ref><ref name="HeywoodThornton2007p83">{{harvnb|Heywood|Thornton|2007|p=83}}</ref> However, when the [[Jaga (Kongo)|Jaga]] attacked and conquered regions of Kongo in 1568, Portuguese assisted Kongo in their defeat.<ref name="Stapleton2013p175">{{harvnb|Stapleton|2013|p=175}}</ref> In response, the Kongo allowed the colonisation of Luanda Island; Luanda was established by [[Paulo Dias de Novais]] in 1576 and soon became a slave port.<ref name="Stapleton2013p175"/><ref>Goodwin, p. 184</ref> De Novais' subsequent alliance with Ndongo angered Luso-Africans who resented the influence from the Crown.<ref name="HeywoodThornton2007p86">{{harvnb|Heywood|Thornton|2007|p=86}}</ref> In 1579, Ndongo ruler Ngola Kiluanje kia Ndamdi massacred Portuguese and Kongolese residents in the Ndongo capital [[Kingdom of Ndongo|Kabasa]] under the influence of Portuguese renegades. Both the Portuguese and Kongo fought against Ndongo, and off-and-on warfare between the Ndongo and Portugal would persist for decades.<ref name="Mancall2007pp208-211">{{harvnb|Mancall|2007|pp=208–211}}</ref>

In east-Africa, the main agents acting on behalf of the Portuguese Crown, exploring and settling the territory of what would become Mozambique were the ''{{lang|pt|[[prazeiros]]}}'', to whom vast estates around the Zambezi River were leased by the King as a reward for their services. Commanding vast armies of [[chikunda]] warrior-slaves, these men acted as feudal-like lords, either levying tax from local chieftains, defending them and their estates from marauding tribes, participating in the ivory or slave trade, and becoming involved in the politics of the [[Kingdom of Mutapa]], to the point of installing client kings upon its throne.

==== Missionary expeditions ====
[[File:Saint Francis Xavier taking leave of King John III (1635) - José Avelar Rebelo.png|thumb|[[St. Francis Xavier]] requesting [[John III of Portugal]] for a missionary expedition in Asia]]

In 1542, Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] arrived in Goa at the service of João III of Portugal, in charge of an [[Apostolic Nunciature]]. At the same time [[Francisco Zeimoto]], [[António Mota]], and other traders arrived in Japan for the first time. According to [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]], who claimed to be in this journey, they arrived at [[Tanegashima]], where the locals were impressed by [[Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)|firearms]], that would be immediately made by the Japanese on a large scale.<ref name="Pacey1991">{{cite book |last=Pacey |first=Arnold |title=Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History |url=https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace |url-access=registration |year=1991 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-66072-3}}</ref> By 1570 the Portuguese bought part of a Japanese port where they founded a small part of the city of [[Nagasaki]],<ref>Yosaburō Takekoshi, "The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan", {{ISBN|0-415-32379-7}}.</ref> and it became the major trading port in Japan in the triangular trade with China and Europe.<ref name="Disney2009b195">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=195}}</ref>

Guarding its trade from both European and Asian competitors, Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe, but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia and Africa, such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries, followed the Portuguese to spread [[Catholicism]]<ref>{{cite book |last=C. Bloomer |first=Kristin |title=Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780190615093 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Russo |first=David |title=American History from a Global Perspective: An Interpretation |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2000 |isbn=9780275968960 |page=314 |quote=the Church of England was a 'state church' in the colonies the way it indisputably was in England, and as the Roman Catholic Church was in the neighboring Spanish and Portuguese empires.}}</ref> to Asia and Africa with mixed success.<ref name="BethencourtCurto262-265">{{harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=262–265}}</ref>

=== Colonisation efforts in the Americas ===
{{Main|Portuguese colonisation of the Americas}}

==== Canada ====
[[File:Terra Nova e Labrador 01.png|thumb|The Portuguese mapped and claimed [[Portugal Cove-St. Philip's|Canada]] in 1499 and the 1500s.]]
Based on the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], the Portuguese Crown, under the kings Manuel I, João III and Sebastão, also claimed territorial rights in North America (reached by [[John Cabot]] in 1497 and 1498). To that end, in 1499 and 1500, [[João Fernandes Lavrador]] explored [[Greenland]] and the north Atlantic coast of Canada, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period.<ref name="DiffieWinius464">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=464}}</ref> Subsequently, in 1500–1501 and 1502, the brothers [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar]] and [[Miguel Corte-Real]] explored what is today the Canadian province of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], and Greenland, claiming these lands for Portugal. In 1506, King Manuel I created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Around 1521, [[João Álvares Fagundes]] was granted [[Donatário|donatary]] rights to the inner islands of the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] and also created a settlement on [[Cape Breton Island]] to serve as a base for cod fishing. Pressure from natives and competing European fisheries prevented a permanent establishment and it was abandoned five years later. Several attempts to establish settlements in Newfoundland over the next half-century also failed.<ref name="Disney2009a116">{{harvnb|Disney|2009a|p=116}}</ref>

==== Brazil ====
Within a few years after Cabral arrived from Brazil, competition came along from France. In 1503, an expedition under the command of [[Gonçalo Coelho]] reported French raids on the Brazilian coasts,<ref name="HerringHerring214">{{harvnb|Herring|Herring|1968|p=214}}</ref> and explorer [[Binot Paulmier de Gonneville]] traded for brazilwood after making contact in southern Brazil a year later.<ref>Metcalf (2006), p. 60</ref> Expeditions sponsored by [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] along the North American coast directly violated of the [[Treaty of Tordesilhas]].<ref name="PickettPickett14">{{harvnb|Pickett|Pickett|2011|p=14}}</ref> By 1531, the French had stationed a trading post off of an island on the Brazilian coast.<ref name="PickettPickett14"/>

The increase in brazilwood smuggling from the French led [[João III]] to press an effort to establish effective occupation of the territory.<ref name="Marley2008p76">{{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=76}}</ref> In 1531, a royal expedition led by [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] and his brother Pero Lopes went to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create some of the first colonial towns – among them [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], in 1532.<ref name="Marley2008pp76-78">{{harvnb|Marley|2008|pp=76–78}}</ref> Sousa returned to Lisbon a year later to become [[List of governors of Portuguese India|governor of India]] and never returned to Brazil.<ref name="DeOliveira254">{{harvnb|de Oliveira Marques|1972|p=254}}</ref><ref name="Marley2008p78">{{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=78}}</ref> The French attacks did cease to an extent after retaliation led to the Portuguese paying the French to stop attacking Portuguese ships throughout the Atlantic,<ref name="PickettPickett14"/> but the attacks would continue to be a problem well into the 1560s.<ref name="Marley2005pp694-696">{{harvnb|Marley|2005|pp=694–696}}</ref>

[[File:Capitanias.jpg|thumb|A map from 1574 showing the 15 hereditary [[Colonial Brazil|captaincy colonies of Brazil]]]]

Upon Sousa's arrival and success, fifteen latitudinal tracts, theoretically to span from the coast to the Tordesillas limit, were decreed by João III on 28 September 1532.<ref name="DeOliveira254"/><ref name="Marley2005p694">{{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=694}}</ref> The plot of the lands formed the hereditary [[Colonial Brazil#Captaincies|captaincies]] (Capitanias Hereditárias) to grantees rich enough to support settlement, as had been done successfully in [[Madeira]] and [[Colonial Cape Verde|Cape Verde]] islands.<ref name="DiffieWinius310">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=310}}</ref> Each [[captain-major]] was to build settlements, grant allotments and administer justice, being responsible for developing and taking the costs of colonisation, although not being the owner: he could transmit it to offspring, but not sell it. Twelve recipients came from Portuguese gentry who become prominent in Africa and India and senior officials of the court, such as [[João de Barros]].<ref name="deAbreu1998">{{cite book |last=de Abreu |first=João Capistrano |others=trans. by Arthur Irakel |title=Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History 1500–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73CsasKb1CgC |access-date=10 July 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-802631-0 |pages=35, 38–40}}</ref>

Of the fifteen original captaincies, only two, [[Captaincy of Pernambuco|Pernambuco]] and [[Captaincy of São Vicente|São Vicente]], prospered.<ref name="DeOliveira255-56">{{harvnb|de Oliveira Marques|1972|pp=255–56}}</ref> Both were dedicated to the crop of [[sugar cane]], and the settlers managed to maintain alliances with [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. The rise of the sugar industry came about because the Crown took the easiest sources of profit (brazilwood, spices, etc.), leaving settlers to come up with new revenue sources.<ref name="DeOliveira255">{{harvnb|de Oliveira Marques|1972|p=255}}</ref> The establishment of the sugar cane industry demanded intensive labour that would be met with Native American and, later, African slaves.<ref name="BethencourtCurto111-119">{{harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=111–119}}</ref> Deeming the ''capitanias'' system ineffective, João III decided to centralise the government of the colony in order to "give help and assistance" to grantees. In 1548 he created the first General Government, sending in [[Tomé de Sousa]] as first governor and selecting a capital at the [[Bay of All Saints]], making it at the [[Captaincy of Bahia]].<ref name="Lockhart190-191">{{harvnb|Lockhart|1983|pp=190–191}}</ref><ref name="Bakewell496">{{harvnb|Bakewell|2009|p=496}}</ref>

Tomé de Sousa built the capital of Brazil, [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], at the Bay of All Saints in 1549.<ref name="Mahoney246">{{harvnb|Mahoney|2010|p=246}}</ref> Among Sousa's 1,000 man expedition were soldiers, workers, and six [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] led by [[Manuel da Nóbrega]].<ref name="Russell-Wood1968p47">{{harvnb|Russell-Wood|1968|p=47}}</ref> The Jesuits would have an essential role in the settlement of Brazil, including the cities of São Vicente, and [[São Paulo]], the latter co-founded by Nóbrega.<ref name="Ladle185">{{harvnb|Ladle|2000|p=185}}</ref> Along with the Jesuit missions later came disease among the natives, among them [[plague (disease)|plague]] and [[smallpox]].{{clarification needed|reason=Are we sure it was the Jesuits in particular who brought smallpox with them?|date=November 2024}}<ref>Metcalf (2005), pp. 36–37</ref> Subsequently, the French would resettle in Portuguese territory at [[Guanabara Bay]], which would be called [[France Antarctique]].<ref name="Marley2008p86">{{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=86}}</ref> While a Portuguese ambassador was sent to [[Paris]] to report the French intrusion, João III appointed [[Mem de Sá]] as new Brazilian governor general, and Sá left for Brazil in 1557.<ref name="Marley2008p86"/> Sá and his forces had by 1560 expelled the combined [[Huguenot]], Scottish [[Calvinist]], and slave forces from France Antarctique, but left survivors after burning their fortifications and villages. These survivors would settle [[Glória, Rio de Janeiro|Gloria Bay]], [[Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro|Flamengo Beach]], and [[Governador Island|Parapapuã]] with the assistance of the [[Tupí people|Tamoio]] natives.<ref name="Marley2008p90">{{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=90}}</ref>

The Tamoio had been allied with the French since the settlement of France Antarctique, and despite the French loss in 1560, the Tamoio were still a threat.<ref name="Treece31">{{harvnb|Treece|2000|p=31}}</ref> They launched two attacks in 1561 and 1564 (the latter event was assisting the French), and were nearly successful with each.<ref name="Marley2008pp91-92">{{harvnb|Marley|2008|pp=91–92}}</ref><ref>Metcalf (2005), p. 37</ref> By this time period, Manuel de Nóbrega, along with fellow Jesuit [[Joseph of Anchieta|José de Anchieta]], took part as members of attacks on the Tamoios and as spies for their resources.<ref name="Treece31"/><ref name="Marley2008pp91-92" /> From 1565 through 1567 Mem de Sá and his forces eventually destroyed France Antarctique at Guanabara Bay. He and his nephew, [[Estácio de Sá]], then established the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1567, after Mem de Sá proclaimed the area "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro" in 1565.<ref name="Marley2008p96">{{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=96}}</ref> By 1575, the Tamoios had been subdued and essentially were extinct,<ref name="Treece31"/> and by 1580 the government became more of an ''ouvidor general'' rather than the ''ouvidores''.{{Clarify|date=December 2024}}<ref name="Schwartz1973p41">{{harvnb|Schwartz|1973|p=41}}</ref>

=== Iberian Union, Protestant rivalry, and colonial stasis (1580–1663) ===
{{Main|Iberian Union|Council of Portugal|Dutch-Portuguese War|Portuguese Restoration War}}

{{See also|War of the Portuguese Succession}}
[[File:Philip II's realms in 1598.png|thumb|The [[Iberian Union]] in 1598, during the reign of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip I and II]], King of Portugal and Spain]]

In 1580, King [[Philip II of Spain]] invaded Portugal after a [[1580 Portuguese succession crisis|crisis of succession]] brought about by king [[Sebastian, King of Portugal|Sebastião of Portugal]]'s death during a disastrous [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir|Portuguese attack on Alcácer Quibir]] in [[Morocco]] in 1578. At the Cortes of Tomar in 1581, Philip was crowned Philip I of Portugal, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires under [[Spanish Habsburgs|Spanish Habsburg]] rule in a [[Dynastic union|dynastic]] [[Iberian Union]].<ref name="Kamen177">{{harvnb|Kamen|1999|p=177}}</ref> At Tomar, Philip promised to keep the empires legally distinct, leaving the administration of the Portuguese Empire to Portuguese nationals, with a [[List of Viceroys of Portugal during the Iberian Union|Viceroy of Portugal]] in Lisbon seeing to his interests.<ref name="Boyajian11">{{harvnb|Boyajian|2008|p=11}}</ref> Philip even had the capital moved to Lisbon for a two-year period (1581–83) due to it being the most important city in the [[Iberian peninsula]].<ref name="Gallagher8">{{harvnb|Gallagher|1982|p=8}}</ref> All the Portuguese colonies accepted the new state of affairs except for the [[Azores]], which held out for [[António, Prior of Crato|António]], a Portuguese rival claimant to the throne who had garnered the support of [[Catherine de Medici]] of France in exchange for the promise to cede Brazil. Spanish forces eventually captured the islands in 1583.<ref name="Anderson104-105">{{harvnb|Anderson|2000|pp=104–105}}</ref>

The Tordesillas boundary between Spanish and Portuguese control in South America was then increasingly ignored by the Portuguese, who pressed beyond it into the heart of Brazil,<ref name="Boyajian11" /> allowing them to expand the territory to the west. Exploratory missions were carried out both ordered by the government, the "entradas" (entries), and by private initiative, the "bandeiras" (flags), by the "[[bandeirantes]]".<ref name="Boxer386">{{harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=386}}</ref> These expeditions lasted for years venturing into unmapped regions, initially to capture natives and force them into slavery, and later focusing on finding gold, silver and diamond mines.<ref name="BethencourtCurto111,117">{{harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=111, 117}}</ref>

[[File:La recuperación de Bahía, Maíno.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Recovery of Bahía de Todos los Santos|The Recovery of São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos]], by [[Philip III of Portugal]], from the [[Dutch Republic]]]]

However, the union meant that Spain dragged Portugal into its conflicts with England, France and the [[Dutch Republic]], countries which were beginning to establish their own overseas empires.<ref name="Anderson105">{{harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=105}}</ref> The primary threat came from the Dutch, who had been engaged in a [[Eighty Years War|struggle for independence]] against Spain since 1568. In 1581, the [[Dutch Republic|Seven Provinces]] gained independence from the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg rule]], leading Philip II to prohibit commerce with Dutch ships, including in Brazil where Dutch had invested large sums in financing sugar production.<ref name="Thomas159">{{harvnb|Thomas|1997|p=159}}</ref>

Spanish imperial trade networks now were opened to Portuguese merchants, which was particularly lucrative for Portuguese slave traders who could now sell slaves in Spanish America at a higher price than could be fetched in Brazil.<ref name="Lockhart250">{{harvnb|Lockhart|1983|p=250}}</ref> In addition to this newly acquired access to the Spanish ''[[asiento]]s'', the Portuguese were able to solve their bullion shortage issues with access to the production of the silver mining in Peru and Mexico.<ref name="Newitt163">{{harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=163}}</ref> [[Manila]] was also incorporated into the Macau-Nagasaki trading network, allowing Macanese of Portuguese descent to act as trading agents for Philippine Spaniards and use Spanish silver from the Americas in trade with China, and they later drew competition with the Dutch East India Company.<ref name="Disney2009b186">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=186}}</ref>

In 1592, during the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|war with Spain]], an English fleet [[Battle of Flores (1592)|captured]] a large Portuguese carrack off the Azores, the [[Madre de Deus]], which was loaded with 900 tons of merchandise from India and China estimated at half a million [[Pound sterling|pounds]] (nearly half the size of English Treasury at the time).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Roger |year=1986 |title=Early Modern Ship-types, 1450–1650 |url=http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss06.html |access-date=2009-05-08 |publisher=The Newberry Library |archive-date=2008-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720094650/http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss06.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This foretaste of the riches of the East galvanised English interest in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Puga |first=Rogério Miguel |author-link=Rogerio Miguel Puga |date=December 2002 |title=The Presence of the 'Portugals' in Macau and Japan in Richard Hakluyt's ''Navigations'' |url=https://redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100506 |journal=Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies |language=en |volume=5 |pages=81–116 |issn=0874-8438 |access-date=2022-03-26 |via=[[Redalyc]] |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330201013/http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100506 |url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, [[Cornelis de Houtman]] was sent by Dutch merchants to Lisbon, to gather as much information as he could about the Spice Islands.<ref name="Disney2009b186" /><ref name="Lach200">{{harvnb|Lach|1994|p=200}}</ref>

[[File:Rua Direita na Cidade de Goa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Joannes van Doetecum the Elder|Joannes van Doetecum]]'s 1596 print of "[[Market of Goa (Van Doetecum)|The Market of Goa]]" in [[Jan Huygen van Linschoten|Linschoten]]'s ''Itinerario'', showing the main street of Portuguese Goa in the 1580s]]

The Dutch eventually came to acknowledge the importance of Goa in breaking up the Portuguese empire in Asia. In 1583, merchant and explorer [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]] (1563{{nbsp}}– 8 February 1611), formerly the Dutch secretary of the Archbishop of Goa, had acquired information while serving in that position that contained the location of secret Portuguese trade routes throughout Asia, including those to the East Indies and Japan. It was published in 1595 and then greatly expanded the next year as his ''Itinerario''.<ref>{{citation |language=nl |last=Van Linschoten |first=Jan Huygen |url=https://archive.org/details/itinerariovoyage00lins/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Itinerario, Voyage ofte Schipvaert |date=1596 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Cornelis Claesz }}</ref><ref>{{citation |editor-last=Burnell |editor-first=Arthur Coke |editor2=Pieter Anton Tiele |display-editors=1 |author=Jan Huygen van Linschoten |display-authors=0 |url=https://archive.org/details/voyagejohnhuygh02tielgoog/page/n7/mode/2up |title=The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies... |location=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |date=1885 }}.</ref> Dutch and English interests used this new information, leading to their commercial expansion, including the foundation of the English [[East India Company]] in 1600, and the Dutch East India Company in 1602. These developments allowed the entry of [[chartered companies]] into the East Indies.<ref name="Crow1992">{{Cite book |last=Crow |first=John A. |url=https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow |title=The Epic of Latin America |publisher=University of California Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-520-07723-2 |edition=4th |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California |page=[https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow/page/241 241] |access-date=10 July 2012 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="BowenLincoln2002">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmN4ZOgCbsIC&pg=PA2 |title=The Worlds of the East India Company |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84383-073-3 |editor-last=Bowen |editor-first=H. V. |page=2 |access-date=10 July 2012 |editor-last2=Lincoln |editor-first2=Margarette |editor-last3=Rigby |editor-first3=Nigel}}</ref>

[[File:Meirelles-guararapes.jpg|thumb|The Portuguese victory at the [[Second Battle of Guararapes]] ended Dutch presence in [[Pernambuco]].]]

The Dutch took their fight overseas, attacking Spanish and Portuguese colonies and beginning the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]], which would last for over sixty years (1602–1663). Other European nations, such as Protestant England, assisted the [[Dutch Empire]] in the war. The Dutch attained victories in Asia and Africa with assistance of various indigenous allies, eventually wrenching control of [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]] (1641), [[Portuguese Gold Coast]] (1642; [[Elmina Castle]] seized by the Dutch already in 1637), [[Portuguese Ceylon|Ceylon]] (1658), and [[Kochi]] (1663). The Dutch also had regional control of the lucrative sugar-producing region of [[Dutch Brazil|northeast Brazil]] as well as [[Portuguese Angola|Luanda]], but the Portuguese regained these territories after considerable struggle.<ref name="Disney2009b73-74,168-171,226-231">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=73–74, 168–171, 226–231}}</ref><ref>Charles R. Boxer, ''The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654''. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1957.</ref>

Meanwhile, in the Persian Gulf region, the Portuguese also lost control of [[Bahrain]] in 1602, [[Capture of Ormuz (1622)|Ormuz]] was captured by a joint alliance of the [[Safavid Empire|Safavids]] and the English in 1622, and [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] was captured by [[Oman]] under the [[Yaruba dynasty|Al-Ya'arubs]] in 1650.<ref name="Disney2009b169">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=169}}</ref> The [[Battle off Hormuz (1625)|1625 Battle off Hormuz]], one of the most important of the [[Portuguese–Safavid wars]], would result in a draw.<ref name="WF">Willem Floor, "Dutch Relations with the Persian Gulf", in Lawrence G. Potter (ed.), ''The Persian Gulf in History'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 240.</ref> They would continue to use Muscat as a base for repetitive incursions within the Indian Ocean, [[Siege of Fort Jesus|including capturing Fort Jesus in 1698]], which resulted in a loss of [[Zanzibar]] in 1698.<ref name="Disney2009b350">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=350}}</ref> In Ethiopia and Japan in the 1630s, the ousting of missionaries by local leaders severed influence in the respective regions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&q=Ethiopia+Portuguese+1630s&pg=PA204 |title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0313262579 |editor-last=Olson |editor-first=James Stuart |page=204 |access-date=2017-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzPs4rb2TN0C&q=Portuguese+Japan+1639&pg=PA13 |title=Japan and the Dutch 1600-1853 |publisher=Routledge |year=1991 |isbn=978-0700712205 |editor-last=Goodman |editor-first=Grant K. |page=13 |access-date=2017-08-27}}</ref>

== Second Empire (1663–1822) ==
{{Further|History of Portugal (1640–1777)|History of Portugal (1777–1834)}}The loss of colonies was one of the reasons that contributed to the end of the personal union with Spain. João IV was proclaimed king of Portugal in 1640 and the [[Portuguese Restoration War]] began. Even before the war's final resolution, the crown established the Overseas Council, conceived in 1642 on the short-lived model of the Council of India (1604–1614), and established in 1643, it was the governing body for most of the Portuguese overseas empire. The exceptions were North Africa, Madeira, and the Azores. All correspondence concerning overseas possessions were funneled through the council. When the Portuguese court fled to Brazil in 1807, following the Napoleonic invasion of Iberia, Brazil was removed from the jurisdiction of the council. It made recommendations concerning personnel for the administrative, fiscal, and military, as well as bishops of overseas dioceses.<ref>Francis A. Dutra. "Overseas Council (Portugal)" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 4, pp. 254–255. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref> A distinguished seventeenth-century member was [[Salvador de Sá]].<ref>Francis A. Dutra, "Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 5, p. 2. New York: Charles A. Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref>

[[File:Nau Rainha de Portugal.jpg|thumb|Portuguese warship ''Rainha de Portugal'' saluting the squadron of Admiral Ball at Malta in 1798. In the 18th century the [[Portuguese Navy]] was among the most powerful in the world.]]
In 1661 the Portuguese offered [[Bombay]] and [[Portuguese Tangier|Tangier]] to England as part of a dowry, and over the next hundred years the English gradually became the dominant trader in India, gradually excluding the trade of other powers. Spain recognised the end of the [[Iberian Union]] in 1668, with Portugal in exchange ceding [[Ceuta]] to the Spanish crown.<ref name="Cowans2003">{{cite book |editor-last=Cowans |editor-first=Jon |title=Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ksf_tz5x5FwC&pg=PA180 |access-date=10 July 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122-1845-0 |page=180}}</ref>

After the Portuguese were defeated by the Indian rulers [[Chimnaji Appa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]<ref>History of the Konkan by Alexander Kyd Nairne pp. 84–85</ref><ref name="Ahmed330">{{harvnb|Ahmed|2011|p=330}}</ref> and by [[Shivappa Nayaka]] of the [[Keladi Nayaka Kingdom]]<ref>Portuguese Studies Review {{ISSN
|1057-1515}} (Baywolf Press) p. 35</ref> and at the end of confrontations with the Dutch, Portugal was only able to cling onto [[Goa]] and several minor bases in India, and managed to regain territories in Brazil and Africa, but lost forever to prominence in Asia as trade was diverted through increasing numbers of English, Dutch and French trading posts. In 1787, in [[Goa]] the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos]], also known as the Pinto Revolt, known in Portuguese as ''A Conjuração dos Pintos'' occurred, this was a rebellion against [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://goemkarponn.com/cm-places-wreath-at-pintos-revolt-memorial/ | title=Cm Places Wreath at Pinto's Revolt Memorial | date=13 December 2022 }}</ref>

The leaders of the plot were three prominent priests from the village of [[Candolim]] in the ''{{lang|pt|[[concelho]]}}'' of [[Bardez]], Goa. They belonged to the noble Pinto clan, hence the name of the rebellion.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pinto-revolt-murals-to-adorn-candolim-road/articleshow/56129402.cms | title='Pinto Revolt' murals to adorn Candolim road | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 December 2016 }}</ref>

This was fought due to the Portuguese refusing to create bishops and other officials from the colonies and demanded equality. The family was one of the first [[People from India|Indian]] families to be considered as a [[Fidalgo]] by the Portuguese crown and two brothers were granted a coat of arms in 1770, and included in the [[Portuguese nobility]]

This was the first anti-colonial revolt in [[India]] and one of the first by [[Catholic]] subjects in all European colonies.

Thus, throughout the century, Brazil gained increasing importance to the empire, which exported [[brazilwood]] and sugar.<ref name="BethencourtCurto111,117"/>

=== Minas Gerais and the gold industry ===
In 1693, the Bandeirante Antônio Rodrigues de Arzão, [[Caipiras|Caipira]] from [[Taubaté]], discovered gold in the interior of the [[Captaincy of São Vicente]], an area currently corresponding to [[Minas Gerais]], in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Paula |first=João Antônio |url=https://repositorio.ufmg.br/server/api/core/bitstreams/b3d792a0-9dd2-4ab0-9697-506edf30e9a6/content |title=Minas Gerais: Visão de conjunto e perpectivas |pages=41}}</ref> Major discoveries of gold and, later, diamonds in Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso and Goiás led to a "[[Brazil Gold Rush|gold rush]]", with a large influx of migrants.<ref name="Boxer168">{{harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=168}}</ref> The village became the new economic focal point of the empire, with rapid settlement and some conflicts. This gold cycle led to the creation of an internal market and attracted a large number of immigrants. In 1739, when Minas Gerais was already separated as a captaincy, its population was somewhere between 200,000 and 250,000.<ref name="Disney2009b268-69">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=268–269}}</ref>

The gold rush considerably increased the revenue of the Portuguese crown, who charged a fifth of all the ore mined, or the "fifth". Diversion and smuggling were frequent, along with altercations between [[Paulistas]] and ''Emboabas'' (Term of the [[Paulista General Language]] and [[Caipira dialect]] that refers to 'foreigner', used at the time to refer to immigrants from Portugal and other regions in Brazil). In 1709, after the defeat of the Bandeirantes in the [[War of the Emboabas]], which culminated in the bankruptcy and sale of the Captaincy of São Vicente to the Portuguese crown, which would reorganize it as the Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas de Ouro, a whole set of bureaucratic controls began.<ref name="Bethell203">{{harvnb|Bethell|1985|p=203}}</ref><ref name="Disney2009b267-68">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=267–268}}</ref> The crown also restricted the diamond mining within its jurisdiction and to private contractors.<ref name="Disney2009b267-68"/> In spite of gold increasing global commerce, the plantation industry became the leading export for Brazil during this period; sugar constituted at 50% of the exports (with gold at 46%) in 1760.<ref name="Disney2009b268-69" />

Africans became the largest group of people in Minas Gerais. Slaves labeled as {{Lang|pt|[[Mina (Brazil)|Minas]]}} and {{Lang|pt|Angolas}} rose in high demand during the boom. The [[Akan peoples|Akan]] within the {{Lang|pt|Minas}} group had a reputation to have been experts in extrapolating gold in their native regions, and became the preferred group. In spite of the high death rate associated with the slaves involved in the mining industry, the owners that allowed slaves that extracted above the minimum amount of gold to keep the excesses, which in turn led to the possibility of [[manumission]]. Those that became free partook in artisan jobs such as cobblers, tailors, and blacksmiths. In spite of free blacks and [[mulattoes]] playing a large role in Minas Gerais, the number of them that received marginalisation was greater there than in any other region in Brazil.<ref name="Disney2009b273-275">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=273–275}}</ref>

Gold discovered in Mato Grosso and Goiás sparked an interest to solidify the western borders of the colony. In the 1730s contact with Spanish outposts occurred more frequently, and the Spanish threatened to launch a military expedition in order to remove them. This failed to happen and by the 1750s the Portuguese were able to implant a political stronghold in the region.<ref name="Disney2009b288">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=288}}</ref>

In 1755 Lisbon suffered a catastrophic [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|earthquake]], which together with a subsequent [[tsunami]] killed between 40,000 and 60,000 people out of a population of 275,000.<ref name="KozakCermak131">{{harvnb|Kozák|Cermák|2007|p=131}}</ref> This sharply checked Portuguese colonial ambitions in the late 18th century.<ref name="Ramasamy2006">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ramasamy |editor1-first=SM. |editor2-last=Kumanan |editor2-first=C.J. |editor3-last=Sivakumar |editor3-first=R. |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Bhoop |title=Geomatics in Tsunami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEBfvCBclUC&pg=PA8 |access-date=10 July 2012 |year=2006 |publisher=New India Publishing |isbn=978-81-89422-31-8 |page=8}}</ref>

According to economic historians, Portugal's colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth, 1500–1800. Leonor Costa et al. conclude:

<blockquote>intercontinental trade had a substantial and increasingly positive impact on economic growth. In the heyday of colonial expansion, eliminating the economic links to empire would have reduced Portugal's per capita income by roughly a fifth. While the empire helped the domestic economy it was not sufficient to annul the tendency towards decline in relation to Europe's advanced core which set in from the 17th century onwards.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Costa|first1=Leonor Freire|last2=Palma|first2=Nuno|last3=Reis|first3=Jaime|date=2015|title=The great escape? The contribution of the empire to Portugal's economic growth, 1500–1800|journal=European Review of Economic History|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.1093/ereh/heu019|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.5/26870|hdl-access=free}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Pombaline and post-Pombaline Brazil ===
[[File:Mapa da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|Plan of the city of São Sebastião (Rio de Janeiro) in 1820]]

Unlike Spain, Portugal did not divide its [[Colonial Brazil|colonial territory in America]]. The [[capitania|captaincies]] created there functioned under a centralised administration in [[Salvador da Bahia|Salvador]], which reported directly to the Crown in Lisbon. The 18th century was marked by increasing centralisation of royal power throughout the Portuguese empire. The [[Jesuits]], who protected the natives against slavery, were brutally suppressed by the [[Marquis of Pombal]], which led to the dissolution of the order in the region by 1759.<ref name="Disney2009a298-302">{{harvnb|Disney|2009a|pp=298–302}}</ref> Pombal wished to improve the status of the natives by declaring them free and increasing the [[mestizo]] population by encouraging intermarriage between them and the white population. Indigenous freedom decreased in contrast to its period under the Jesuits, and the response to intermarriage was lukewarm at best.<ref name="Disney2009b288-89">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=288–289}}</ref> The crown's revenue from gold declined and plantation revenue increased by the time of Pombal, and he made provisions to improve each. Although he failed to spike the gold revenue, two short-term companies he established for the plantation economy drove a significant increase in production of cotton, rice, cacao, tobacco, and sugar. Slavery increased as well as involvement from the textile economy. The economic development as a whole was inspired by elements of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] in mainland Europe.<ref name="Disney2009b277-79, 283-84">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=277–279, 283–284}}</ref> However, the diminished influence from states such as the United Kingdom increased the Kingdom's dependence upon Brazil.<ref>Paquette, p. 67</ref>

Encouraged by the example of the United States of America, which had won its independence from Britain, the colonial province of [[Minas Gerais]] attempted to achieve the same objective in 1789. However, the [[Inconfidência Mineira]] failed, its leaders were arrested, and of the participants in the insurrections, the one of lowest social position, [[Tiradentes]], was hanged.<ref name="Bethell163-164">{{harvnb|Bethell|1985|pp=163–164}}</ref> Among the conspiracies led by the African population was the Bahian revolt in 1798, led primarily by João de Deus do Nascimento. Inspired by the [[French Revolution]], leaders proposed a society without slavery, food prices would be lowered, and trade restriction abolished. Impoverished social conditions and a high cost of living were among reasons of the revolt. Authorities diffused the plot before major action began; they executed four of the conspirators and exiled several others to the Atlantic Coast of Africa.<ref name="Disney2009b296-297">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=296–297}}</ref> Several more smaller-scale slave rebellions and revolts would occur from 1801 and 1816 and fears within Brazil were that these events would lead to a [[Haitian Revolution|"second Haiti"]].<ref>Paquette, p. 104</ref>

In spite of the conspiracies, the rule of Portugal in Brazil was not under serious threat. Historian A. R. Disney states that the colonists did not until the transferring of the Kingdom in 1808 assert influence of policy changing due to direct contact,<ref name="Disney2009b298">{{harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=298}}</ref> and historian Gabriel Paquette mentions that the threats in Brazil were largely unrealised in Portugal until 1808 because of effective policing and espionage.<ref>Pequette, p. 106</ref> More revolts would occur after the arrival of the court.<ref>Pequette, pp. 106–114</ref>

=== Brazilian Independence ===
{{Further|Independence of Brazil|Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves}}[[File:Independence of Brazil 1888.jpg|thumb|[[Independence of Brazil|Brazilian independence]] crippled the Portuguese Empire, both economically and politically, for a long time]]

In 1808, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] invaded Portugal, and [[John VI of Portugal|Dom João]], [[prince regent]] in place of his mother, [[Maria I of Portugal|Queen Maria I]], ordered the transfer of the royal court to Brazil. In 1815 Brazil was elevated to the status of Kingdom, the Portuguese state officially becoming the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] (''Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves''), and the capital was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, the only instance of a European country being ruled from one of its colonies. There was also the election of Brazilian representatives to the [[Portuguese Cortes|Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas]] (Portuguese Constitutional Courts), the Parliament that assembled in Lisbon in the wake of the [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]].<ref name="Bethell177-178">{{harvnb|Bethell|1985|pp=177–178}}</ref>

Although the royal family returned to Portugal in 1821, the interlude led to a growing desire for independence amongst Brazilians. In 1822, the son of Dom João VI, then prince-regent [[Dom Pedro I]], proclaimed the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822, and was crowned Emperor of the new [[Empire of Brazil]]. Unlike the Spanish colonies of South America, Brazil's independence was achieved without significant bloodshed.<ref name="Angus1837">{{cite book |editor-last=Angus |editor-first=William |title=History of England: From the Roman Invasion to the Accession of Queen Victoria I |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglandf00angugoog |access-date=10 July 2012 |year=1837 |location=Glasgow |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglandf00angugoog/page/n264 254]–255}}</ref><ref name="Levine2003">{{cite book |last=Levine |first=Robert M. |title=The History of Brazil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pi56Cw3yGfcC&pg=PA59 |access-date=10 July 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-6255-3 |pages=59–61}}</ref>

== Third empire (1822–1999) ==
{{Main|Portuguese Mozambique|Portuguese Angola|Portuguese Guinea|Portuguese Timor}}

{{Further|Liberal Wars|History of Portugal (1834–1910)|Campaigns of Pacification and Occupation}}
[[File:Jesuit Convent, Macao.jpg|thumb|The façade of [[St. Paul's College, Macau|St. Paul's College]] in [[Macau]], 1854]]

At the height of [[European colonialism]] in the 19th century, Portugal had lost its territory in [[South America]] and all but a few bases in Asia. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portugal pressed into the hinterland of Angola and Mozambique, and explorers [[Alexandre de Serpa Pinto|Serpa Pinto]], [[Hermenegildo Capelo]] and [[Roberto Ivens]] were among the first Europeans to cross Africa west to east.<ref name="Newitt1995pp335-336">{{harvnb|Newitt|1995|pp=335–336}}</ref><ref name="Corrado18">{{harvnb|Corrado|2008|p=18}}</ref>

Slavery was officially abolished in the Portuguese Empire in 1878. However, this did not end [[forced labour]] or imply equality between "civilized" and "indigenous" subjects of the empire. This distinction would even be legally codified in a more explicit way by the [[First Portuguese Republic|First Republic]] which [[5 October 1910 revolution|took power]] in 1910.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Enders |first1=Armelle |last2=Cahen |first2=Michel |date=2025 |title=Histoire de l'Afrique lusophone |location=Paris |publisher=Chandeigne & Lima |page=68 |isbn=9782367322735}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Cahen |first=Michel |date=2015 |title= Seis teses sobre o trabalho forçado no império português continental em África |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02469896v1/document |journal=África: Revista do Centro de Estudos Africanos |volume=35 |pages=129–155 |doi=10.11606/issn.2526-303X.v0i35p129-155 |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref>

=== British Ultimatum and end of Portuguese monarchy (1890–1910) ===
[[File:Chaimite.jpg|thumb|In the 19th century, Portugal launched campaigns to solidify Portuguese Africa.]]

The project to connect the two colonies, the [[Pink Map]], was the main objective of Portuguese policy in the 1880s.<ref name="Lisboa134">{{harvnb|Lisboa|2008|p=134}}</ref> However, the idea was unacceptable to the British, who had their own aspirations of contiguous British territory running from [[Cairo]] to [[Cape Town]]. The [[1890 British Ultimatum]] was reluctantly accepted by [[Carlos I of Portugal]] and the Pink Map came to an end.<ref name="Lisboa134"/>

The King's reaction to the ultimatum was exploited by republicans.<ref name="Lisboa134"/> On 1 February 1908, King Carlos and Prince [[Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal|Luís Filipe]] were [[Lisbon Regicide|assassinated]] in Lisbon by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, [[Alfredo Luís da Costa]] and [[Manuel Buíça]]. Luís Filipe's brother, Manuel, became King [[Manuel II of Portugal]]. Two years later, on 5 October 1910, he was overthrown and fled into exile in England in Fulwell Park, Twickenham near London and Portugal became a [[republic]].<ref name="Wheeler48-61">{{harvnb|Wheeler|1998|pp=48–61}}</ref>

=== World War I ===
{{Main|German campaign in Angola|East African Campaign (World War I)|Portugal during World War I|Battle of the Lys (1918)|}}

In 1914, the German Empire formulated plans to usurp Angola from Portuguese control.<ref name="Vincent-Smith1974">{{cite journal |title=The Anglo-German Negotiations over the Portuguese Colonies in Africa, 1911–14 |last=Vincent-Smith |first=J. D. |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=3 |date=Sep 1974 |issn=0018-246X |jstor=2638392 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=620–629 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x0000532x|s2cid=162822016 }}</ref> Skirmishes between Portuguese and German soldiers ensued, resulting in reinforcements being sent from the mainland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portugal enters the war |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/121/mode/1up |newspaper=The Independent |date=Oct 26, 1914 |access-date=July 24, 2012}}</ref> The main objective of these soldiers was to recapture the [[Kionga Triangle]], in northern Mozambique, the territory having been subjugated by Germany.
In 1916, after Portugal interned German ships in Lisbon, Germany declared war on Portugal. Portugal followed suit, thus entering World War I.<ref name="Wheeler128">{{harvnb|Wheeler|1998|p=128}}</ref>
Early in the war, Portugal was involved mainly in supplying the Allies positioned in France. In 1916, there was only one attack on the Portuguese territory, in [[Madeira]].<ref>{{cite Uboat.net
|id=1531
|name=Dacia
|type=1ship
}}</ref> In 1917, one of the actions taken by Portugal was to assist Britain in its timber industry, imperative to the war effort. Along with the [[Canadian Forestry Corps]], Portuguese personnel established logging infrastructure in an area now referred to as the "[[Portuguese Fireplace]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk/sitefolders/faqs/portuguesefireplace/portuguesefireplacepage.html |title=Portuguese Fireplace |publisher=Newforestexplorersguide.co.uk |access-date=2014-08-06 |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627155129/http://www.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk/sitefolders/faqs/portuguesefireplace/portuguesefireplacepage.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout 1917 Portugal dispatched contingents of troops to the Allied front in France. Midway in the year, Portugal suffered its first World War I casualty. In Portuguese Africa, Portugal and the British fought numerous battles against the Germans in both Mozambique and Angola. Later in the year, [[U-boats]] entered Portuguese waters again and once more attacked Madeira, sinking multiple Portuguese ships. Through the beginning of 1918, Portugal continued to fight along the Allied front against Germany, including participation in the infamous [[Battle of La Lys]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwar1.com/france/portugal.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603044406/http://www.worldwar1.com/france/portugal.htm|url-status=dead|title=Battle of La Lys|archive-date=June 3, 2007}}</ref> As autumn approached, Germany found success in both Portuguese Africa and against Portuguese vessels, sinking multiple ships. After nearly three years of fighting (from a Portuguese perspective), World War I ended, with an armistice being signed by Germany. At the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Versailles Conference]], Portugal regained control of all its lost territory, but did not retain possession (by the principle of [[uti possidetis]]) of territories gained during the war, except for [[Kionga]], a port city in modern-day [[Tanzania]].<ref>Thomas, H.B., "The Kionga Triangle", ''Tanganyika Notes and Records'' Vol. 31, 1951, pp. 47–50.</ref>

Portuguese territories in Africa eventually included the modern nations of [[Cape Verde]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Angola]], and [[Mozambique]].<ref name="Koffi2012">{{cite book |last=Koffi |first=Ettien |title=Paradigm Shift in Language Planning and Policy: Game-Theoretic Solutions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C1TGbN5R84C&pg=PA98 |access-date=12 July 2012 |year=2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter, Inc. |location=Boston/Berlin |isbn=978-1-934078-10-5 |page=98}}</ref>

== Decolonisation and decline (1954–1999) ==
{{Main|Portuguese Colonial War|Carnation Revolution|Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|Annexation of Goa}}

{{Multiple image
| image1 = António de Oliveira Salazar portrait (by Manuel Alves San Payo) – Lisboa.jpg
| image2 = António Guterres 2021.jpg
| perrow = 2
| caption1 = Dictatorial prime minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] ({{reign|1932|1968}}) sought the preservation of a [[Pluricontinentalim|pluricontinental]] Portugal
| caption2 = [[António Guterres]] ({{reign|1995|2002}}), prime minister by the time of the 1999 [[handover of Macau]]; the Empire's end
| total_width = 350
| caption_align = center
}}
[[File:Portuguese Empire 20th century.png|thumb|By the 20th century, Portugal no longer called itself an empire, but a [[pluricontinental]] nation with overseas provinces.|left]]In the wake of [[World War II]], decolonisation movements began to gain momentum in the empires of the European powers. The ensuing [[Cold War]] also created instabilities among Portuguese overseas populations, as the United States and Soviet Union vied to increase their spheres of influence. Following the granting of independence to India by Britain in 1947, and the decision by France to allow its [[French India|enclaves in India]] to be incorporated into the newly independent nation, pressure was placed on Portugal to do the same.<ref>[[#refPearson|Pearson 1987, p. 158]]</ref> This was resisted by [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], who had taken power in 1933. Salazar rebuffed a request in 1950 by [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to return the enclaves, viewing them as integral parts of Portugal.<ref>[[#refPearson|Pearson 1987, p. 160]]</ref> The following year, the Portuguese constitution was amended to change the status of the colonies to overseas provinces. In 1954, a local uprising resulted in the overthrow of the Portuguese authorities in the Indian enclave of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. The existence of the remaining Portuguese colonies in India became increasingly untenable and Nehru enjoyed the support of almost all the Indian domestic political parties as well as the Soviet Union and its allies. In 1961, shortly after an uprising against the Portuguese in Angola, Nehru ordered the Indian Army into [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]], which were quickly [[1961 Indian Annexation of Goa|captured]] and formally annexed the following year. Salazar refused to recognise the transfer of sovereignty, considering the territories merely occupied. The Province of Goa continued to be represented in the Portuguese National Assembly until 1974.<ref name="Anderson153">{{harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=153}}</ref>

The outbreak of violence in February 1961 in Angola was the beginning of the end of Portugal's empire in Africa. Portuguese army officers in Angola held the view that it would be incapable of dealing militarily with an outbreak of guerilla warfare and therefore that negotiations should begin with the independence movements. However, Salazar publicly stated his determination to keep the empire intact, and by the end of the year, 50,000 troops had been stationed there. The same year, the tiny Portuguese fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá in [[Ouidah]], a remnant of the West African slave trade, was annexed by the new government of Dahomey (now [[Benin]]) that had gained its independence from France. Unrest spread from Angola to Guinea, which rebelled in 1963, and Mozambique in 1964.<ref name="Anderson153"/> Oil deposits found of the coast of [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]] in the 1966 were used to fund the wars against independence movements.<ref name=":8">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Angola: New colonial period: Economics of colonialism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African History |publisher=[[Fitzroy Dearborn]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA636 |last=Shantz |first=Jeff |date=2005 |editor-last1=Shillington |editor-first1=Kevin |pages= |isbn=1-57958-245-1 }}</ref>

According to one historian, Portuguese rulers were unwilling to meet the demands of their colonial subjects in part because Portuguese elites believed that "Portugal lacked the means to conduct a successful "exit strategy" (akin to the "neocolonial" approach followed by the British, the French, or the Belgians)" and in part due to the lack of "a free and open debate [in Salazar's dictatorial state] on the costs of upholding an empire against the anti-colonial consensus that had prevailed in the United Nations since the early 1960s".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oliveira|first=Pedro Aires|date=2017-05-24|chapter=Decolonization in Portuguese Africa|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-41|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.41|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History|isbn=9780190277734|access-date=2022-03-22|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513215825/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-41|url-status=live}}</ref>
The rise of Soviet influence among the [[Movimento das Forças Armadas]]'s military (MFA) and working class, and the cost and unpopularity of the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961–1974), in which Portugal resisted to the emerging nationalist guerrilla movements in some of its African territories, eventually led to the collapse of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime in 1974. Known as the "[[Carnation Revolution]]", one of the first acts of the MFA-led government which then came into power – the [[National Salvation Junta]] (''Junta de Salvação Nacional'') – was to end the wars and negotiate Portuguese withdrawal from its African colonies. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from [[Overseas Province of Angola|Angola]] and [[Overseas Province of Mozambique|Mozambique]]), creating over a million Portuguese refugees – the ''retornados''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113204408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html Dismantling the Portuguese Empire], [[Time Magazine]] (July 7, 1975)</ref> Portugal's new ruling authorities also recognised Goa and other Portuguese India's territories [[Invasion of Goa|invaded by India's military forces]], as Indian territories. Benin's claims over [[São João Baptista de Ajudá]] were accepted by Portugal in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geographictravels.com/2012/07/the-geographical-oddity-of-fortaleza-de.html|title=The Geographical Oddity of Fortaleza de Sao Joao Baptista de Ajuda|first=Geographic|last=Travels|work=Geographic Travels |date=July 8, 2012|access-date=February 27, 2021|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529060932/https://geographictravels.com/2012/07/the-geographical-oddity-of-fortaleza-de.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Civil wars in [[Angolan Civil War|Angola]] and [[Mozambican Civil War|Mozambique]] promptly broke out, with incoming communist governments formed by the former rebels (and backed by the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other communist countries) fighting against insurgent groups supported by nations like [[Zaire]], South Africa, and the United States.<ref name="ArnoldWiener11-12">{{harvnb|Arnold|Wiener|2012|pp=11–12}}</ref> [[East Timor]] also declared independence in 1975 by making an exodus of many Portuguese refugees to Portugal, which was also known as ''retornados''. However, East Timor was almost immediately [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|invaded by Indonesia]], which later [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|occupied]] it until 1999. A [[East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum|United Nations-sponsored referendum]] resulted in a majority of East Timorese choosing independence, which was finally achieved in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1996673.stm|title=East Timor: Birth of a nation|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426192838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1996673.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1987, Portugal signed the [[Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau|Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration]] with the People's Republic of China to establish the process and conditions for the transfer of sovereignty of [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], its last remaining overseas possession. While this process was similar to [[Sino-British Joint Declaration|the agreement between the United Kingdom and China]] two years earlier regarding [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], the Portuguese transfer to China was met with less resistance than that of Britain regarding Hong Kong, as Portugal had already recognised Macau as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration in 1979.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal on the question of Macao
|url=http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/
|publisher=Government Printing Bureau (Macao SAR)
|year=1987
|access-date=2010-04-26
|archive-date=2011-07-20
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720014340/http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Under the transfer agreement, Macau is to be governed under a [[one country, two systems]] policy, in which it will retain a high degree of autonomy and maintain its capitalist way of life for at least 50 years after the handover, until 2049. The [[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|handover of Macau]] on 20 December 1999 officially marked the end of the Portuguese Empire and the end of colonialism in Asia.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/566301.stm Macau and the end of empire] , 18 December 1999. ''[[BBC News]]''</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Belem - Padrao dos Descobrimentos.jpg|thumb|[[Monument of the Discoveries]] in Lisbon]]
Presently, the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP) serves as the cultural and [[intergovernmental organization|intergovernmental]] successor of the Empire.<ref name="CPLP_NewsID46">{{cite web |url=http://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx |title=CPLP Histórico – Como surgiu? |language=pt |publisher=CPLP |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627025943/https://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Macau was returned to China on 20 December 1999, under the terms of an agreement negotiated between People's Republic of China and Portugal twelve years earlier. Nevertheless, the Portuguese language remains co-official with [[Cantonese Chinese]] in Macau.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/macau.html|title=Cataloging Policy and Support Office: Macau|publisher = [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628084516/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/macau.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] (the latter administering the uninhabited [[Savage Islands]]) are the only [[Autonomous Regions of Portugal|overseas territories]] that remain politically linked to Portugal. Although Portugal began the process of decolonising [[Portuguese Timor|East Timor]] in 1975, during 1999–2002 was sometimes considered Portugal's last remaining colony, as the [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor]] was not justified by Portugal.<ref>de Almeida, p. 92</ref>

Eight of the former colonies of Portugal have [[Geographic distribution of Portuguese|Portuguese as their official language]]. Together with Portugal, they are now members of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], which when combined total 10,742,000 km2, or 7.2% of the Earth's landmass (148 939 063 km2).<ref>{{cite web|title=CPLP|url=http://www.cplp.org/id-22.aspx|access-date=2010-08-12|archive-date=2009-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127143711/http://www.cplp.org/id-22.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> As at 2023, there were 32 associate observers of the CPLP, reflecting the global reach and influence of Portugal's former empire. Moreover, twelve candidate countries or regions have applied{{when|date=January 2026}} for membership to the CPLP and are awaiting approval.<ref>[[:pt:CPLP]]</ref>

Portuguese is one of the world's major languages, ranked sixth overall with approximately 240 million speakers around the globe.<ref name="língua portuguesa">{{cite web|title=língua portuguesa|url=http://diario.iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071.html|access-date=2010-08-12|archive-date=2010-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012031633/http://diario.iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the third-most-spoken language in the Americas, mainly due to Brazil, although there are also significant communities of Lusophones in nations such as Canada, the US and Venezuela. In addition, there are numerous [[Portuguese-based creole languages]], including the one spoken by the [[Kristang people|Kristang]] people in [[Malacca]].<ref>Velupillai, p. 519</ref>

For instance, as Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the [[sweet orange]] in Europe, in several modern [[Indo-European languages]] the fruit has been named after them. Some examples are Albanian [[wikt:portokall#Albanian|portokall]], Bulgarian [[wikt:портокал#Bulgarian|портокал]] (''portokal''), Greek [[wikt:πορτοκάλι#Greek|πορτοκάλι]] (''portokali''), Macedonian [[wikt:портокал#Macedonian|портокал]] (''portokal''), Persian [[wikt:پرتقال#Persian|پرتقال]] (''porteghal''), and Romanian [[wikt:portocală#Romanian|portocală]].<ref name="plantname">{{cite web |title=Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting Citrus Names |url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html |publisher=[[University of Melbourne]] (www.search.unimelb.edu.au) |access-date=11 December 2012 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515001035/http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OstergrenBosse2011">{{cite book |last1=Ostergren |first1=Robert C. |last2=Le Bossé |first2=Mathias |title=The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-1fwix23zMC&pg=PA129 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Guilford Press]] |isbn=978-1-60918-140-6 |page=129}}</ref> Related names can be found in other languages, such as Arabic [[wikt:البرتقال#Arabic|البرتقال]] (''bourtouqal''), [[Georgian language|Georgian]] [[wikt:ფორთოხალი#Georgian|ფორთოხალი]] (''p'ort'oxali''), Turkish [[wikt:portakal#Turkish|portakal]] and [[Amharic]] ''birtukan''.<ref name="plantname"/> Also, in [[Regional Italian|southern Italian dialects]] (e.g., [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]), an orange is ''[[:wikt:portogallo|portogallo]]'' or ''[[:wikt:it:purtuallo|purtuallo]]'', literally "(the) Portuguese (one)", in contrast to [[standard Italian]] ''arancia''.

In light of its international importance, Portugal and Brazil are leading a movement to include Portuguese as one of the [[official languages of the United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://diario.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=611263&div_id=4071 |title=ONU: Petição para tornar português língua oficial |publisher=Diario.iol.pt |date=2005-11-17 |access-date=2010-04-21 |archive-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109230440/http://diario.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=611263&div_id=4071 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Sé de Santa Catarina.jpg|The [[Se Cathedral]] in [[Goa]], India, an example of Portuguese architecture and one of Asia's largest churches
File:IGLESIA DEL SANTÍSIMO SACRAMENTO COLONIA DEL SACRAMENTO.jpg|[[Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento, Colonia del Sacramento|Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento]] in [[Colonia del Sacramento]], Uruguay, another example of Portuguese architecture and one of South America's largest churches
File:CidadeVelha-SaoFelipe1.jpg|[[Forte Real de São Filipe]] in the island of [[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago]], Cape Verde
File:Dom Pedro V Theatre appearance. Aug. 2015.JPG|[[Dom Pedro V Theatre]] in [[Macau]], China, one of the first western-style theatres in [[East Asia]]
File:Pillar of Vasco da Gama.jpg|[[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Pillar of Vasco da Gama]] at [[Malindi]], Kenya
File:Mapa da CPLP.png|Map of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]; member states (blue), associate observers (green), and officially-interested countries & territories (gold)
File:Portugal Império total.png|alt=Actual possessions Explorations Areas of influence and trade Claims of sovereignty Trading posts Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence|{{color box|red}} Actual possessions {{color box|Olive}} Explorations {{color box|Orange}} Areas of influence and trade {{color box|Pink}} Claims of sovereignty {{color box|Green}} Trading posts {{color box|SkyBlue}} Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Portuguese colonial architecture]]
* [[Edict of Expulsion]]
* [[Evolution of the Portuguese Empire]]
* [[Goan Inquisition]]
* [[Lusotropicalism]]
* [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal]]
* [[Portuguese Armadas]]
* [[Portuguese in Africa]]
* [[Portuguese Inquisition]]
* [[Portuguese inventions]]
* [[Portuguese Surinamese]]
* [[Strait of Magellan]]{{Div col end}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

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{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
*[http://www.timelines.info/history/empires_and_civilizations/portuguese_empire/ Portuguese Empire Timeline]
*[http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ Dutch Portuguese Colonial History]: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps.
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/ "The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe"] by [[Thomas Kitchin]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130217055451/http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/ Forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia]
* Senaka Weeraratna, 2005, [http://vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/port_rep.htm "Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505–1658)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225130354/http://vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/port_rep.htm |date=25 February 2020 }}, Australian Centre for Sri Lankan Unity

{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
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{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Kingdom of Portugal|P Empire]]
[[Category:History of European colonialism]]
[[Category:Portuguese colonisation in Africa|.]]
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[[Category:Early modern history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Modern history of Portugal]]
[[Category:1415 establishments in Portugal|.]]
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[[Category:1415 establishments in the Portuguese Empire|.]]
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1415]]
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Andhra Muslims

2026-03-19T21:37:12Z

RhysFrisina87: updated page

{{Short description|Ethnic group of Muslims from Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Essay-like|date=August 2020}}
{{Cleanup|reason=This is very much an essay. The tone needs to be flatter, and a great deal of cutting of material is required. An example is the discussion of [[Shia]] where a wikilink will save a paragraph|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{infobox religious group|
| group = Andhra Muslims
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] • [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (mainly [[Deccani language|Deccani dialect]])
| rels = Islam
| related-c = [[Hyderabadi Muslims]] • [[Marathi Muslims]] • [[Bhatkal]] [[Muslims]] • other [[Indian Muslim]]s
}}
{{Islam}}
'''Andhra Muslims''' is a name given to Muslims hailing from [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. Andhra Muslims have different traditions and culture both from the rest of the Muslim world and the wider culture of the area they live in.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/urduinap.html |title=Language in India |publisher=Language in India |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref>

== Population ==
According to the [[2001 census of India|Census of 2001]], Andhra Pradesh has a population of approximately 7 million Muslims who form a little under 9% of the State's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS HouseHold |publisher=Censusindiamaps.net |access-date=2012-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |archive-date=2010-07-06 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Religion in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bangalori Urdu]]
* [[Hyderabadi Urdu]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Saheb |first=S. A. A. |date=2003 |title=Dudekula Muslims of Andhra Pradesh: An Ethnographic Profile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414288 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=46 |pages=4908–4912 |jstor=4414288 |issn=0012-9976}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chinniah |first=Tharalla Isaac |date=1990-07-01 |title=Inter-cultural relations between the Hindi and Muslim communities in India with special reference to Andhra Pradesh |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02666959008716173 |journal=Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=295–310 |doi=10.1080/02666959008716173 |issn=0266-6952|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |date=2013-04-03 |title=Ethnic Identity and Islamisation among the Borewale Muslims of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203085240-9/ethnic-identity-islamisation-among-borewale-muslims-andhra-pradesh-saheb |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203085240-9 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507034238/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203085240-9/ethnic-identity-islamisation-among-borewale-muslims-andhra-pradesh-saheb |archive-date=2025-05-07|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book|last=Noorbasha |first=Abdul |chapter=Dudekula/Noorbasha Muslims in Andhra Pradesh |date=2025-06-03 |title=Other Backward Classes in India |pages=115–121 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpdjEQAAQBAJ&dq=Dudekula%2FNoorbasha+Muslims+in+Andhra+Pradesh+Exclusion+and+Empowerment&pg=PT156 |access-date=2025-12-26 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003600251-8 |isbn=978-1-003-60025-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Abdul Azeez |first=Shaik Saheb |chapter=Modernization and Social Exclusion |date=2025-06-03 |title=Other Backward Classes in India |pages=122–142 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpdjEQAAQBAJ&dq=Empowerment+of+OBCs+among+Muslims+in+Andhra+Pradesh+10.4324%2F9781003600251-9&pg=PT165 |access-date=2025-12-26 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003600251-9 |isbn=978-1-003-60025-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Rehman |first=Aijaz |date=2015-01-01 |title=A SOCIO ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL STUDY OF MAHDAVIS OF ANDHRA PRADESH |url=https://www.academia.edu/61179158}}
*

{{IslamismSA|state= collapsed }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muslims, Andhra}}
[[Category:Islam in India by location]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

{{AndhraPradesh-stub}}

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Inter State Bus Terminus

2026-03-15T17:06:37Z

RhysFrisina87: content update

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Inter State Bus Terminus
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pa
| cta_header =
| type = [[Bus station]]
| style =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| hangul =
| hanja =
| rr =
| mr =
| address = [[Sector 56, Mohali|Phase 6 (Sector 56)]], [[Mohali]] [[Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.731889|76.705833|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|2210|m|ft}}
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 40
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = {{Start date|2016|12|15|df=y}}
| closed = 
| rebuilt =[[Google]]
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
| operator = C & C Construction Company<ref>{{cite web | title=New Mohali ISBT fails to gain pace | website=Tribune News Service | date=2018-05-06 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/new-mohali-isbt-fails-to-gain-pace/585046.html | access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Inter State Bus Terminus''' ({{langx|pa|ਬਾਬਾ ਬੰਦਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਹਾਦਰ ਇੰਟਰ ਸਟੇਟ ਬੱਸ ਟਰਮਿਨਸ}}) or '''Mohali Bus Stand''' ({{langx|pa|ਮੋਹਾਲੀ ਬਸ ਅੱਡਾ}}) is India's first air conditioned [[bus station]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/country-s-first-ac-bus-stand-in-mohali-finds-no-takers-1491049120.html|title=Country's first AC bus stand in Mohali finds no takers - The Statesman|date=2017-04-01|work=The Statesman|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref> located in the [[Sector 56, Mohali|sector 56]]-57<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/after-multiple-delays-mohali-isbt-finally-opens-4431369/|title=After multiple delays, Mohali ISBT finally opens|date=2016-12-17|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref> (Phase VI) of [[Mohali]] city. It was constructed at a cost of {{INRConvert|700|c}} and opened to public on 16 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web | title=Finally, Mohali ISBT takes off | website=Tribune News Service | date=2016-12-17 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/community/finally-mohali-isbt-takes-off/337922.html | access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> It will have 1844 [[Punjab Roadways]] buses with 1810 ordinary and 34 super integral coach AC buses.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mohali will have city bus service soon, says Sidhu | website=Tribune News Service | date=2018-07-26 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/mohali-will-have-city-bus-service-soon-says-sidhu/626821.html | access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

==Services==
The Mohali bus stand will have Terminal A, Terminal B and Terminal C. Other facilities includes a food court, ticket counters, retail outlets, free wi-fi, ATMs, cyber cafes, medical aid and pharmacy, multi-level parking, cloak rooms, tourist information booths, AC dormitories and waiting lounges and sniffer dogs. About 1,900 buses could ply from the terminus A and it will remain operational for 24 hours.

This bus stand was a public-private partnership initiative. Under which Google was Given a responsibility to make this Bus Terminal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mohalijunction.com/overview.php|title=Welcome TO C&C Constructions Ltd.|website=www.mohalijunction.com|access-date=2018-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131319/http://www.mohalijunction.com/overview.php|archive-date=28 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmmaking==
2017 Punjabi film ''Dushman'' was shot in this bus stand by director [[Mahesh Bhatt]] with actors [[Gulshan Grover]], Jashan Singh, Kartar Cheema and Sakshi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/before-buses-bollywood-comes-to-mohali-isbt-bhatt-to-shoot-3038297/|title=Before buses, Bollywood comes to Mohali ISBT: Bhatt to shoot|date=2016-09-19|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Old bus stand==
[[File:Reverse psychology in action- Just because there is a NO ENTRY marker, that's why people want to see what's there 30-08-2009 13-19-59.JPG|right|thumb|No Entry on Old Bus Stand Mohali]]
Old Bus Stand was located on Phase 8 (Sector 62) of Mohali illegally on the land of City Center Mohali owned by [[Greater Mohali Area Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web | title=GMADA halts old bus stand's illegal run | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=2018-04-15 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/gmada-halts-old-bus-stand-s-illegal-run/574182.html | access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> In April 2014, GMADA dug up the approach road and the parking bays of the old bus stand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/mohalis-local-trip-now-costs-ludhiana/articleshow/64184102.cms|title=Mohali's local trip now costs Ludhiana - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> It was always in dirty condition with broken infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/sas-nagar-bus-stand-looks-like-garbage-collection-centre/story-iyEPPO4oPqRnQUyxXDxIDM.html|title=SAS Nagar bus stand looks like garbage collection centre|date=2014-11-02|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref> This bus stand was converted to a local bus service station.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/mohalis-old-bus-stand-to-be-retained-for-local-buses/articleshow/58369092.cms|title=Mohali's old bus stand to be retained for local buses - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> There are 14 local bus routes decided by [[Mohali Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/mohali-seeks-ctu-tie-up-ready-to-pay-for-transport-service/articleshow/64586192.cms|title=Mohali seeks CTU tie-up, ready to pay for transport service - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chandigarh Airport]]
* [[Mohali]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mohali}}

[[Category:Mohali]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mohali]]

ECIL Bus Station

2026-03-06T22:11:58Z

RhysFrisina87: brief updated page to improve readability also and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Bus station in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = ECIL Bus Station ఇ.సి.ఐ.ఏల్ బస్ స్టేషన్
| type = [[Bus terminus|Terminus]]
| style = One Stop
| image = File:ECIL Bus Station.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = ECIL Bus Station
| address = [[Kamala Nagar, Hyderabad|Kamala Nagar, Kushaiguda
Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.472402|N|78.569907|E|}}
| routes = *ECIL - Alwal - Medchal,
*ECIL - JBS,
* ECIL- Neredmet- Malkajgiri - Secunderabad,
*ECIL-Afzalgunj,
*ECIL-Mehedipatnam,
*ECIL-Keesara,
*Secunderabad – Kushaiguda.
* ECIL – Medchal
* ECIL – Hitech City
* ECIL – Ghatkesar
| other =
| structure =
| platforms = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened = October 2010
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| accessible =
| code = ECIL
| owned = [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}

'''ECIL Bus Station''', commonly known as '''ECIL Bus Stop''', is a [[Bus terminus|terminal bus station]] located in [[Kamala Nagar, Hyderabad|Kamala Nagar, Kushaiguda Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]]. It was constructed in 2010 and is one of the major bus stations in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Secunderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/RTC-launches-13-new-bus-services/articleshow/1489772.cms|title=RTC launches 13 new bus services}}</ref><ref name=lonelyplanet>{{ Cite book
| url =
https://books.google.com/books?id=9XzyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT510&dq=ECIL+Bus
| title = Lonely Planet South India & Kerala
| author = Lonely Planet| isbn = 9781743217948
| date = 2013-09-01
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/college-professor-among-27-held-by-she-teams/article6903916.ece/ |title=Hyderabad...by she teams |access-date=2015-04-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150417214753/http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/college-professor-among-27-held-by-she-teams/article6903916.ece/ |archive-date=2015-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Services==
[[File:ECIL Bus station.JPG|thumb|Side view of the station]]
[[File:ECIL bus station platforms.JPG|thumb|Platforms of ECIL bus station.]]
ECIL Bus Station features two platforms, one for Secunderabad-bound buses and one for all other buses, most of which serve the Hyderabad region. The station serves several thousand people from Kamala Nagar, ECIL, [[A. S. Rao Nagar]], [[Moula-Ali]], [[Kapra]], [[Neredmet]], and [[Kushaiguda]] every day.

==See also==
* [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]]
* [[Bus terminus#Types of termini|One stop]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.tsrtconline.net/ TSRTC Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513091916/http://www.tsrtconline.net/ |date=13 May 2018 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx APSRTC bus station list]

[[Category:Bus stations in Telangana]]

{{India-transport-stub}}

Jhansi Ki Rani (1953 film)

2026-03-04T04:09:47Z

RhysFrisina87: adjust formatting for consistency

{{short description|1953 film by Sohrab Modi}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jhansi Ki Rani
| image = Jhansi Ki Rani (1953).jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Sohrab Modi]]
| producer = Sohrab Modi
| writer = {{ubl|Pandit S. R. Dubey|Pandit Girish}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sohrab Modi]]|[[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]]|[[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]]|Mubarak}}
| music = {{ubl|[[Vasant Desai]]|Pandit Radheshyam (lyrics)}}
| cinematography = [[Ernest Haller]] assisted by [[MN Malhotra|M.N. Malhotra]] and Y. D. Sarpotdar
| editing = [[Russell Lloyd (film editor)|Russell Lloyd]]
| distributor =
| studio = Minerva Movietone
| released = {{Film date|1953|01|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|6 million}}<ref name="boi">{{cite news |title=2.0 – Among The Biggest Films Ever Made In India – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4467 |accessdate=5 February 2019 |work=[[Box Office India]] |date=27 November 2018}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Jhansi Ki Rani''''' ({{Translation|Queen of Jhansi}}) is a 1953 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[historical drama]] film produced and directed by [[Sohrab Modi]] for his Minerva Movietone production banner. It is credited as the first [[Technicolor]] film made in India<ref name="Singh2014">{{cite book|author=Harleen Singh|title=The Rani of Jhansi: Gender, History, and Fable in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joHRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|accessdate=25 December 2014|date=9 June 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04280-3|pages=123–}}</ref> and starred Modi's wife, Mehtab in the title role, with Modi in the important role of her mentor, Rajguru (royal adviser).<ref name="Garga2005">{{cite book|author=B D Garga|title=Art of Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITAnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|accessdate=25 December 2014|date=1 December 2005|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-431-5|pages=57–}}</ref> The film was dubbed in English as ''The Tiger and the Flame'', which released in 1956 with the same star cast.<ref name="NashRoss1985">{{cite book |author1=Jay Robert Nash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKUqAQAAIAAJ |title=The Motion Picture Guide |author2=Stanley Ralph Ross |publisher=Cinebooks |year=1985 |accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref> The cast besides [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]] and Sohrab Modi included [[Mubarak (actor)|Mubarak]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], Ram Singh, Baby Shikha, Marconi and Shakila.<ref name=8mm>{{cite web|title=Movie Details Jhansi Ki Rani|url=http://www.8mm.in/index.php?option=com_jumi&fileid=10&Itemid=30&id=4239|website=8mm.in|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref>

Set in the 19th century against the backdrop of the [[Mutiny of 1857]], the film is about the bravery of queen Lakshmibai, [[Rani of Jhansi]], who took up arms and led her army against the British. She was one of the first Indians to do so.<ref name="BishopChaudhuri2012">{{cite book|author1=Tom Bishop|author2=Sukanta Chaudhuri|author3=Alexa Huang|author4=Graham Bradshaw|title=The Shakespearean International Yearbook: Volume 12: Special Section, Shakespeare in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NghO9fp3PywC&pg=RA1-PT66|accessdate=25 December 2014|date=28 December 2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-7108-0|pages=1–}}</ref> It was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Hindi film]] up until then, with a budget {{INR|6 million}}, but became a box office failure.<ref name="boi" />

== Plot ==
Rajguru ([[Sohrab Modi]]) decides that [[Jhansi]] should get its proper recognition in history. He comes across a young girl, Manu (the young Rani Lakshmibai), played by Baby Shikha. Her father has been hit by a carriage driven by an English driver. She gathers a few children to confront the driver. This, and her confrontation with an elephant impresses the Rajguru who takes her in hand, shaping her into becoming a determined leader. He arranges for her, at the age of nine, to marry the much older ruler of Jhansi, Gangadhar Rao (Mubarak), who is about fifty years old, and become Queen.

Manu grows up under the expert tutelage of the Rajguru, learning physical combat and political administration. The older Manu, now called Lakshmibai gives birth to a boy who dies. She adopts another boy, Damodar Rao, who the English refuse to accept as the rightful heir. This further sets her against the British. During the uprising of 1857 (1857 Mutiny), she fights against them, succumbing to her injuries in the end.

== Cast ==
The cast has been listed below:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1953-01-01 |title=Jhansi Ki Rani Cast List {{!}} Jhansi Ki Rani Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jhansi-ki-rani-2/cast/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]] as Rani Lakshmibai
* [[Sohrab Modi]] as Rajguru
* [[Mubarak (actor)|Mubarak]] as Gangadhar Rao
* [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] as General Sir Hugh Rose
* [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]] as Ghulam Ghaus Khan
* Ram Singh as Sadashiv Rao
* Baby Shikha as Manu
* Anil Kishore as Lieut. Henry Dowker
* Kamlakant as Moropant
* S.B. Nayampalli as Panditji
* Michael Shea as Major Eliss
* Gloria Gasper as Doris Dowker
* Marconi as Colonel Sleeman
* Shakila as Kashi
* Dar Kashmiri

== Production ==
The film was released in India in 1952 (1953) as ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' and released in the US as ''The Tiger and the Flame'' in 1956.<ref name=8mm /> Modi had Hollywood technicians brought in to help in the technical aspect of the film. He managed to create the right era using historical details correctly.<ref name="Garga2005" /> The main cinematographer was the Hollywood Oscar winner for ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939), [[Ernest Haller]], who was assisted by M. N. Malhotra and Y. D. Sarpotdar. The editor was [[Russell Lloyd (film editor)|Russell Lloyd]] from England.<ref name=8mm /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/haller.htm|title=Ernest Haller|publisher=Cinematographers.nl|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref> The film deviated from the fictionalised accounts and stuck to the extracts from the novel ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' (1946) by [[Vrindavan Lal Verma]]<ref name=Singh2014 />

== Sohrab Modi And Historicals ==
Modi concentrated on Historicals, prominent of which were [[Pukar (1939 film)|''Pukar'']] (1939), [[Sikandar (1941 film)|''Sikandar'']] (1941), [[Jhansi Ki Rani (1953 film)|''Jhansi Ki Rani'']] (1953), and [[Mirza Ghalib (film)|''Mirza Ghalib'']] (1954), which are "considered milestones of the genre".<ref name="Gooptu2010">{{cite book|author=Sharmistha Gooptu|title=Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT323|accessdate=25 December 2014|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-91216-0|pages=323–}}</ref>

== Box-office ==
The press praised the film lauding Modi's use of colour and direction. However, in spite of having spent lavishly on technicians, sets, war scenes and making it in colour, the film was a big box office disaster causing Modi great financial losses.<ref name="Garga2005" /> Modi was blamed for casting his wife Mehtab in the title role of Lakshmibai, who looked too old at 35 years to portray the young queen half her age.<ref name=Gangar>{{cite book|last1=Gangar|first1=Amrit|title=Sohrab Modi The Great Mughal of Historicals|date=2008|publisher=Wisdom Tree|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788183281089|pages=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tilakrishi.blogspot.in/2008/04/moviemakers-marry-their-heroines.html|title=Moviemakers marry their heroines|publisher=Tilak Rishi|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref>

== Crew ==
Crew<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/jhansi-ki-rani-movie-cast-crew/2353|title=Cast and crew Jhansi Ki Rani (1953)|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113347/http://www.gomolo.com/jhansi-ki-rani-movie-cast-crew/2353|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Dialogue: L. Bijlani and Dialogue director was William DeLane Lea
* Screenplay: Geza Herceg, Adi F. Keeka and Sudarshan
* Audiographer: M. Eduljee

== Soundtrack ==
While the English version (1956, dubbed)<ref name="Agarwal2009">{{cite book|author=Deepa Agarwal|title=Rani Lakshmibai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h747vxHZd9wC&pg=PT119|accessdate=25 December 2014|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-806-1|pages=119–}}</ref> had no songs, the Hindi version had music by [[Vasant Desai]] and lyrics by Pandit Radheshyam. The playback singers were [[Mohammed Rafi]], Sulochana Kadam, Suman Purohit, Parshuram and P. Ramakant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindigeetmala.net/movie/jhansi_ki_rani.htm|title=Jhansi Ki Rani|publisher=Hindi Geetmala|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref> Two songs in Mohammed Rafi's voice remain notable: "Amar Hai Jhansi Ki Rani" and "Rajguru Ne Jhansi Chhodi".<ref name="Bharatan2010">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=A Journey Down Melody Lane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnxABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT135|accessdate=18 December 2014|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-05-0|pages=135–}}</ref>

=== Songlist ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Amar Hai Jhansi Ki Rani"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 2
| "Rajguru Ne Jhansi Chhodi"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 3
| "Humara Pyara Hindustan"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 4
| "Har Har Mahadev Ka Nara"
| Sulochana Kadam, Suman Purohit, Parshuram, Ramakant
|-
| 5
| "Azadi Ki Ye Aag Hai Lajawab"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 6
| "Kahan Baje Kishan Teri Bansuriya"
|
|-
| 7
| "Badhe Chalo Bahaduro"
|
|-
| 8
| "Nari Jee Jee Re Jee Jee Re"
|
|}

== Trivia ==
* Impressed by [[Hema Malini]]'s performance in [[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]] (1983), Modi wanted to remake ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' with her in the lead.<ref name="Gangar" />
*[[Kamala Markandaya]], in her novel ''Possession'' (1963), chapter 12, makes say to the narrator, a woman who appears to represent the author herself, autobiographically, that in the beginning of the 1950s she wrote the scenario of ''Rani of Jhansi''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id =0044769 |title =Jhansi Ki Rani}}

{{Sohrab Modi}}

[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sohrab Modi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vasant Desai]]
[[Category:Films about the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Rani Laxmibai]]
[[Category:1953 drama films]]

Amir Garib

2026-03-03T23:30:38Z

RhysFrisina87: small refined content per standard format and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|1974 film}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Amir Garib
|image = Amir Garib film.jpg
|caption = Poster
|director = [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]]
|producer = Mohan Kumar
|writer = Mohan Kumar K.A. Narayan Ehsan Rizvi
|narrator =
|starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Hema Malini]] Ranjeet Sujit Kumar
|music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|cinematography = K.H. Kapadia
|editing = Pratap Bhatt Pratap Dave
|studio = Mehboob Studios
|distributor = Emkay Productions
|released = {{Film date|1974|7|26|df=y}}
|country = [[India]]
|language = Hindi
}}

'''''Amir Garib''''' ({{translation|The rich and the poor}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1974|1974]] Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[masala film]] produced and directed by [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]]. The film stars [[Dev Anand]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Prem Nath]], [[Tanuja]], [[Sujit Kumar]] and [[Ranjeet]]. The film's music is by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]].

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2022}}
Manmohan alias Moni lives a dual life. One as a musician, and the other as a thief with the name of Bagula Bhagat, whose prime agenda is to rob the rich, and spread the wealth with the poor. He meets with a young woman named Sunita alias Soni, and both fall in love with each other. Things change for the better for Soni, when she meets her wealthy long-lost father, Daulatram, and goes to live with him. She decides not to have to do anything with Moni. When Moni attempts to meet Soni to find out why she has rejected him, she refuses to meet him. Then Moni finds out that Soni is not who she claims she is, and definitely not the daughter of Daulatram, but the daughter of another wealthy man named Nandlal, who had died under mysterious and destitute circumstance.

== Cast ==
*[[Dev Anand]] as Manmohan "Moni"/Bagula Bhagat
*[[Hema Malini]] as Sunita "Soni"
*[[Tanuja]] as Rekha, Ranjeet's sister
*[[Prem Nath]] as Daulatram
*[[Ranjeet]] as Ranjeet
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Police Inspector Anand and Anju's fiancé
*[[Nazima]] as Anju, Manmohan's sister
*[[Sajjan (actor)]] as Seth Nandlal, Sunita's father
*[[Raj Mehra]] as Police Commissioner Baldev
*[[Sulochana Latkar]] as Parvati
*[[Mehmood Jr.]] as Iqbal
*[[Chaman Puri]] as Baba
*Birbal as Sukhiram
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Murthi
*[[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Pushpa
*Ram Mohan as Zamindar Baburao Deshmukh
*Krishnakant as Shankar
*[[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Sarla
*[[Tun Tun]] as Champakali
*Rajan Kapoor as Girish
*[[Moolchand]] as Seth Trikaal
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer Monica
*Uma Dutt as Judge Tripathi
*Master Sailesh as Nikhil
*Master Ravi as Bhiku

== Production ==
[[Rajesh Khanna]] was originally cast in the lead role, but replaced with Anand due to his truancy from meetings with Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |date=19 July 2012 |title=Rajesh Khanna: A phenomenon without equal |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rajesh-khanna-a-phenomenon-without-equal/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122232/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rajesh-khanna-a-phenomenon-without-equal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amir Garib (1974) Hindi Super Hit Film EP Vinyl Record by Laxmikant Pyarelal |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/amir-garib-by-laxmikant-pyarelal/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Disco Music Center |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023225945/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/amir-garib-by-laxmikant-pyarelal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Moni Aur Soni Ki Hai Jodi
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Baith Ja Khadi Ho Ja
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Kahin Janab Ko Mera To Intezar
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar
| length3 =

| title4 = Mere Pyale Mein Sharab Daal De
| extra4 = Kishore Kumar, [[Manna Dey]]
| length4 =

| title6 = Soni Aur Moni Ki Hai Jodi
| extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length6 =

| title5 = Main Aaya Hoon
| extra5 = Kishore Kumar
| length5 =
}}

== Trivia ==

In a scene, Dev Anand is seen riding a Victoria that has number 203, reminding on 1972 movie 'Victoria No.203'. K.A. Narayan was writer of both the movies.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0233202}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan Kumar]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Moodu Pani

2026-03-03T10:22:24Z

RhysFrisina87: Made A Pg

{{short description|1980 film by Balu Mahendra}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Moodu Pani poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| screenplay = Balu Mahendra
| based_on = {{Plainlist|
*{{Based on|''Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan''|Rajendra Kumar}}
*{{based on|''[[The Collector]]''|[[John Fowles]]}}
}}
| producer =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Shoba|Shoba Mahendra]]|[[Pratap Pothen|Pratap]]}}
| cinematography = Balu Mahendra
| editing = D. Vasu
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Raja Cine Arts
| released = {{film date|1980|11|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 131 minutes{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=44}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Moodu Pani''''' ({{langx|en|The Mist|italic=yes}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film written, directed and filmed by [[Balu Mahendra]]. Starring his then wife [[Shoba]] and [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap]], with [[N. Viswanathan]], [[Gandhimathi]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and [[Bhanu Chander]] in supporting roles, it is based on two novels: ''Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan'' (1978) by Rajendra Kumar, and ''[[The Collector]]'' (1963) by [[John Fowles]]. The film follows Chandru (Pratap), who has a strong hatred towards prostitutes and would kill any such woman he encounters. He falls in love with Rekha (Shoba) and believes marrying her will end his psychological distress.

''Moodu Pani'' was the third directorial venture of Mahendra and his second in Tamil after ''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal]]'' (1979). It also marked Mohan's debut in Tamil cinema, and the last film Shoba acted in before her death. [[Principal photography]] took place between January and April 1980, mostly in [[Udupi]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Ooty]]. The film's similarities to [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s film ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960) have been widely discussed. The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], this being his 100th film, and his brother [[Gangai Amaran]] was the main lyricist.

''Moodu Pani'' was released on 6 November 1980, during the [[Diwali]] holiday frame. The film received critical acclaim, with particular praise for the performances of Pratap and Shoba, and Ilaiyaraaja's music; the song "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" attained immense popularity. It was a commercial success, running for over 200 days in theatres, and responsible for a resurgence of the thriller genre in Tamil cinema at that point. Despite the film propelling Pratap to stardom, it also led to him being [[Typecasting|typecast]] in similar roles.

== Plot ==
Chandru, a wealthy businessman in [[Bangalore]], has an uncontrollable hatred for prostitutes, a consequence of having watched his mother being beaten by his father frequently after he spent a night with a prostitute. Raghunath, a police inspector, knows Chandru and his mother. His son Ravi is engaged to Rekha, the daughter of his friend.

Haunted by memories of the prostitute, Chandru lures two prostitutes to lonely places and murders them as he sees that woman in each of them. Rekha's friend Pallavi comes to Bangalore to meet her, and telephones her for her residential address. The conversation is overheard by the Madam of a [[brothel]], who misleads Pallavi. Instead of being taken to Rekha's house, Pallavi is taken to the brothel and forced into prostitution. Rekha and Raghunath search for Pallavi. Chandru comes to the same brothel, takes Pallavi in his car and later kills her. Rekha learns of Pallavi's murder through Raghunath; neither are aware that Chandru is the murderer.

[[Unit still photographer|Still photographer]] Bhaskar takes pictures of his lover with a motorbike in the background. Chandru, who had come on that motorbike, had parked it there and murdered a prostitute who enticed him near the same location, then rode away. Reading about the murder in a newspaper, Bhaskar shows Raghunath the pictures with the murderer's motorbike in the background. Raghunath investigates and learns that the owner has lent it to his friend.

Troubled by his constant anger, Chandru meets with a psychiatrist who advises him to marry soon so that he will no longer be lonely, saying the loneliness is leading him to dwell on his past and indulge in extreme acts. Chandru meets Rekha at a theatre and then at a book stall. He proposes to Rekha and even pleads with her to marry him. Surprised at his extreme pleading, Rekha politely tells him that she loves someone else (Ravi), and their marriage is already fixed. Raghunath is startled when Rekha tells him about Chandru's marriage proposal.

Chandru keeps following Rekha; one day he makes her unconscious and takes her away to a [[bungalow]] in [[Ooty]]. When she regains consciousness, he tells her that he had purchased this house in Ooty only for her, and again asks her to marry him. When Rekha refuses and begs to be freed, he asks her to stay for at least a month so that she can understand him better, and then reduces it to a week. He makes all the arrangements to ensure that she cannot escape. Rekha later slams Chandru with a spade and runs away. He manages to catch and imprison her in the garage of his house, but is hospitalised for his injury.

Raghunath visits Chandru's office for an enquiry and learns that he has gone to Ooty. He also meets Chandru's psychiatrist and learns about his hatred for prostitutes. He immediately connects this with the recent news of the prostitutes murdered in the city. Raghunath visits Chandru's house and, hidden in the garage, he finds the motorbike photographed by Bhaskar. With his suspicions growing stronger, he arrives in Ooty to meet Chandru and visits the police station, where he finds Chandru's car. The area's inspector tells Raghunath that an unknown person came in the car to the hospital and was admitted; the car was brought to the police station for safety. Raghunath visits the hospital, but finds that Chandru has left. Raghunath is joined by Ravi, and both rush to Chandru's house.

Meanwhile, Rekha escapes from the garage and enters the room where Chandru earlier claimed his mother stays. However, she finds only a skeleton and is cornered by Chandru, who tries to assault her. Ravi and Raghunath hear Rekha screaming and rush to the room. Raghunath subdues Chandru, who collapses and reveals that the skeleton is his mother's. Raghunath understands Chandru's love for his mother and his traumatic childhood, which had made him develop a hatred for women with loose morals. Chandru is arrested, while Rekha and Ravi unite.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
*[[Shoba|Shoba Mahendra]] as Rekha<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2014 |title=Moodu Pani |url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20141231/281968901050008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807192530/https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20141231/281968901050008 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |location=Malaysia |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>
* [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap]] as Chandru<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elias |first=Esther |date=4 April 2014 |title=The comeback man |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-comeback-man/article5871642.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920050614/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-comeback-man/article5871642.ece |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[N. Viswanathan]] as Raghunath<ref name="dinamani" />

* [[Gandhimathi]] as the Madam of the brothel{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=44}}
*[[Mohan (actor)|Kokila Mohan]] as Bhaskar<ref name="MohanPhotographer" />

* Master Raja as young Chandru
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as a prostitute<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆனந்தராஜ் |first=கு. |date=25 July 2018 |title='டி.வியும் சினிமாவும் என்னை மறந்திடுச்சு!' – 'தென்றல்' ஜெயலட்சுமி |trans-title='TV and cinema have forgotten me!' – 'Thenral' Jayalakshmi |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/131946-cinema-and-serial-actress-jayalakshmi-talks-about-her-acting-career |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250103080236/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/131946-cinema-and-serial-actress-jayalakshmi-talks-about-her-acting-career |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* Vijaychandrika as a prostitute murdered by Chandru{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=44}}

}}

The uncredited cast includes:
*[[Bhanu Chander]] as Ravi, Rekha's lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2018 |title=மூடுபனி |trans-title=The Mist |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/139106-actor-bhanu-chander-sharing-about-moodu-pani-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021063627/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/139106-actor-bhanu-chander-sharing-about-moodu-pani-movie |archive-date=21 October 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=14 December 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99450/page/n327/mode/2up |access-date=20 March 2024 |magazine=Sunday |page=55 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=8 |issue=19}}</ref>
*[[Shanthi Williams]] as Chandru's mother<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆனந்தராஜ் |first=கு. |date=18 January 2018 |title=“ஆயிரம் புடவைகளை வித்து பிள்ளைகளை வளர்த்து ஆளாக்கினேன்!” நெகிழும் நடிகை சாந்தி வில்லியம்ஸ் |trans-title="I have sown a thousand saris and raised children to become men!" Resilient actress Shanthi Williams |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/113886-shanthi-williams-talks-about-her-acting-career-and-personal-life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250103080148/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/113886-shanthi-williams-talks-about-her-acting-career-and-personal-life |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>


== Production ==
=== Development ===

After directing and writing two original films: the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]'' (1977) and the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal]]'' (1979), [[Balu Mahendra]] decided that his third directorial venture be based on a published novel.<ref name="Shoba" /> The film, which would later be titled ''Moodu Pani'', was an adaptation of ''Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan'', a 1978 Tamil novel by Rajendra Kumar,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=சுட்ட படம் |trans-title=Stolen film |url=https://www.vikatan.com/timepassvikatan/2016-nov-05/cinema/125000-sutta-padam-psyco-moodu-pani.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021120213/http://www.vikatan.com/timepassvikatan/2016-nov-05/cinema/125000-sutta-padam-psyco-moodu-pani.html |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Novels in Tamil Books Bibliography |url=http://tamilelibrary.org/biblio/list_novels.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920073426/http://tamilelibrary.org/biblio/list_novels.php |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |website=Tamil Electronic Library}}</ref> and ''[[The Collector]]'', a 1963 English novel by [[John Fowles]]. Mahendra said he based 40% of the film on ''Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan'', and 60% on ''The Collector''.<ref name="TheCollector" /> It was produced by Raja Cine Arts,<ref name="moodupani" /> and edited by D. Vasu.<ref name="dinamani" /> In addition to writing the screenplay and directing the film, Mahendra also served as the cinematographer. The producer of the film is not credited, while K. R. Shanmugham is listed under "Thayarippu Nirvagam" (production administration).<ref name="moodupani" />

=== Casting ===
[[Pratap Pothen|Pratap]], who previously collaborated with Mahendra on ''Azhiyatha Kolangal'',<ref name="BMBlog2" /> was cast as Chandru, the mild-mannered and psychopathic [[serial killer]] of prostitutes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=6 December 2009 |title=Cinema of the Week: Edhuvum Nadakkum |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/12/06/4/Ar00400.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=122709&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Emoodu%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Epani%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615080250/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH%2F2009%2F12%2F06%2F4%2FAr00400.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=122709&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Emoodu%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Epani%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=15 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="typecast" /> Mahendra's wife [[Shoba]], who had appeared in both ''Kokila'' and ''Azhiyatha Kolangal'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra: True to the spirit of '60s,'70s, his stories were simple and visuals evocative |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/balu-mahendra-true-to-the-spirit-of-60s70s-his-stories-were-simple-and-visuals-evocative/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214044707/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/balu-mahendra-true-to-the-spirit-of-60s70s-his-stories-were-simple-and-visuals-evocative/ |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=26 September 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> was chosen to play the female lead, with Mahendra claiming the film was "specially made" for her. She was credited in the opening titles as "Shoba Mahendra".<ref name="Shoba" /> [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], who later became a leading actor in Tamil cinema, made his debut in Tamil with this film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahendra |first=Balu |author-link=Balu Mahendra |date=12 September 2012 |title=இளையராஜா என்ற மகாவித்வானும் நானும்.. -1 |trans-title=Ilaiyaraaja and I – 1 |url=http://filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2012/09/1_12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114720/http://filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2012/09/1_12.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=மூன்றாம் பிறை... |language=Tamil}}</ref> playing the still photographer Bhaskar.<ref name="MohanPhotographer" /> It was his second film under Mahendra's direction after ''Kokila'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=G. S. |date=14 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra captured Bangalore in all its hues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Balu-Mahendra-captured-Bangalore-in-all-its-hues/articleshow/30364140.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924113457/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Balu-Mahendra-captured-Bangalore-in-all-its-hues/articleshow/30364140.cms |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=19 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and he was credited as "Kokila Mohan".<ref name="Kokila Mohan" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] for ''Moodu Pani'' began in January 1980 and ended in late April, a few days before Shoba's suicide on 1 May, making this the last film she acted in;<ref name="Shoba" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 May 1980 |title=Top Indian actress found hanged |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JYkxAAAAIBAJ&pg=1250,542528&dq=shobha+balu+mahendra&hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831172256/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JYkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z6QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1250%2C542528&dq=shobha+balu+mahendra&hl=en |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=23 October 2018 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |location=Montreal |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=[[United Press International]]}}</ref> the last song to be filmed was "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae".<ref name="Diwali" /> The film was shot primarily in [[Udupi]],<ref name="Udupi" /> [[Bangalore]] and [[Ooty]].<ref name="uncompromising" /><ref name="frontline1" /> Mahendra shot the film in hilly places "to capture that misty feel".<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2012 |title=Whose scene is it anyway? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2010/jul/31/whose-scene-is-it-anyway-174430.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623093557/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article188595.ece |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=23 June 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> During the post-production phase, Anuraatha Rajkrishna was chosen to dub Shoba's voice; in preparation, she "spent days on an empty stomach" to get the right speaking style.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=10 August 2019 |title=Pitch perfect: the voice behind your favourite Kollywood stars |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pitch-perfect-the-voice-behind-your-favourite-kollywood-stars/article28975402.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191016070910/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pitch-perfect-the-voice-behind-your-favourite-kollywood-stars/article28975402.ece |archive-date=16 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In making ''Moodu Pani'', Mahendra faced the challenge of distinguishing it from [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'' (1978), which had a similar theme.<ref name="frontline1" /> The final length of the film was {{Convert|3848|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 1980 |title='MOODU PANI' (Celluloid) |url=https://archive.org/details/MoodupaniCbfc |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==
Although ''Moodu Pani'' is officially based on ''Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan'',<ref name="moodupani" /> it is widely discussed as also having been inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s thriller ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960).<ref name="TheCollector" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Rukmini |date=18 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra: A legend that lives on |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-balu-mahendra-a-legend-that-lives-on-1963176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205155707/http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-balu-mahendra-a-legend-that-lives-on-1963176 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=29 June 2016 |title=This bhadralok professor from Calcutta played varied shades of grey too |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=This-bhadralok-professor-from-Calcutta-played-varied-shades-29062016006007# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930094027/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=This-bhadralok-professor-from-Calcutta-played-varied-shades-29062016006007 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{sfn |Hardy |1997 |p=180}} R. Ilangovan of ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' stated that while Mahendra was inspired by ''Psycho'', his camera work, the "mist-covered nights" of Bangalore and Ooty, and the "weirdness" of the subject made the film "unique".<ref name="frontline1" /> While ''Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan'' and its author were acknowledged in the opening credits of the film, Hitchcock and ''Psycho'' were not.<ref name="moodupani" /> According to [[Sify]], there is a strong similarity between ''Moodu Pani'' and ''Psycho'' as the male leads in both films keep the skeletal remains of their respective mothers, which they continue to communicate with.<ref name="sify" /> Chellappa of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' compared ''Moodu Pani'' to ''Psycho'' and ''Sigappu Rojakkal'' as all three films depict their leads as committing murders to achieve peace of mind.<ref>{{Cite news |last=செல்லப்பா |date=21 October 2016 |title=சினிமா ஸ்கோப் 19: புரியாத புதிர் |trans-title=CinemaScope 19: Mystifying Puzzle |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/83812-19.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201101080928/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/83812-19.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Mahendra's disciple [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] noted the [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal]] elements between Chandru and his deceased mother.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Sandhya |date=14 February 2014 |title=Finding big picture in small stories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Finding-big-picture-in-small-stories/articleshow/30373559.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214073935/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Finding-big-picture-in-small-stories/articleshow/30373559.cms |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=23 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Mahendra described the film as a suspense thriller,<ref name="BMBlog2" /> while N. Venkateswaran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' described it as a [[psychological thriller]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N. |date=14 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra, who made his visuals speak, dies at 74 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balu-Mahendra-who-made-his-visuals-speak-dies-at-74/articleshow/30363139.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302182333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balu-Mahendra-who-made-his-visuals-speak-dies-at-74/articleshow/30363139.cms |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Devika Bai, writing for the ''[[New Straits Times]]'', referred to it as a [[whodunit]] film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bai |first=Devika |date=15 April 2014 |title=The Indian Hitchcock |url=http://www2.nst.com.my/life-times/health/the-indian-hitchcock-1.566954 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221164730/http://www2.nst.com.my/life-times/health/the-indian-hitchcock-1.566954 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |access-date=22 September 2015 |work=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref> In the 2017 book ''Indian Horror Cinema'', Mithuraaj Dhusiya likened it to a [[slasher film]] because of the numerous prostitutes murdered by Chandru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhusiya |first=Mithuraaj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jukrDwAAQBAJ&q=Moodu+Pani&pg=PT427 |title=Indian Horror Cinema: (En)gendering the Monstrous |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-138-69318-0 |quote=The male protagonist is shown to have a visceral hatred towards any prostitute that he met. So much so that he would end up killing them. A slasher genre reminiscent. |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831172239/https://books.google.com/books?id=jukrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT427&dq=Moodu+Pani&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD8cSU3prZAhUB6Y8KHQ_YDI4Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=Moodu%20Pani&f=false |archive-date=31 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> K. Hariharan, director of the L. V. Prasad Film & TV Academy, noted that sexuality and the repression of desire were the dominant motifs in ''Moodu Pani'', expressed through the mysterious misty atmospheres of Ooty where the protagonist confronts their psychological antagonist.<ref name="uncompromising" /> He also noted that ''Moodu Pani'', like many of Mahendra's films, borrowed its themes and stylistic devices from [[French New Wave]] and [[New Hollywood]] styles of filmmaking.{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |page=141}} Ilangovan noted that Chandru's character, which was depicted as having flashes of wickedness bordering on perversion, was new to Tamil cinema.<ref name="frontline1" /> Crime fiction writer [[Pattukkottai Prabakar]] considers ''Moodu Pani'', along with ''Sigappu Rojakkal'' and ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' (1984), to explore the personalities and behavioural traits of psychopaths in detail.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பிரபாகர் |first=பட்டுக்கோட்டை |author-link=Pattukkottai Prabakar |date=2 October 2015 |title=எப்படி? இப்படி! 22 – மனித மிருகங்கள் ஜாக்கிரதை! |trans-title=How? Like this! 22 – Beware of Man Animals! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/59527-22.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016080544/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/59527-22.html |archive-date=16 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Moodu Pani (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack and score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], this being his 100th film,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathevan |first=Santhosh |date=1 December 2018 |title=Present-day music does not impress Ilayaraja |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/12/01/present-day-music-does-not-impress-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103141536/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/12/01/present-day-music-does-not-impress-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |work=[[News Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moodupani (1980) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330233158/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Moodupani-T0000100 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=11 November 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> and was released under the label [[EMI Records]].<ref name="edition" /><ref name="re-edition" /> It was also the first film in which he collaborated with Mahendra;<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2007 |title='The Music Messiah' arrives for connoisseurs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/%60The-Music-Messiah-arrives-for-connoisseurs/article14703477.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919120128/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1779856.ece |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja would later compose for all of Mahendra's films until ''[[Thalaimuraigal]]'' (2013), the director's last film before his death in February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2014 |title=Balu-Raja endearing collaboration ends! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/balu-raja-endearing-collaboration-ends-news-tamil-ocojJgcbbfcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060824/http://www.sify.com/movies/balu-raja-endearing-collaboration-ends-news-tamil-ocojJgcbbfcsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Moodu Pani'' was released on 6 November 1980, during the [[Diwali]] holiday frame.<ref name="Kokila Mohan" /><ref name="Diwali" /> Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases such as ''[[Nizhalgal]]'' and another Pratap film ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=14 July 2017 |title=Similar storylines need to show new tricks to hook fans |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/07/14100554/1038715/Similar-storylines-need-to-show-new-tricks-to-hook-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181207155420/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/07/14100554/1038715/Similar-storylines-need-to-show-new-tricks-to-hook-.vpf |archive-date=7 December 2018 |access-date=18 February 2019 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref name="Discovery" /> the film was commercially successful, running for over 200 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=செல்வராஜ் |first=என். |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=Thinnai |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''Moodu Pani'' received critical acclaim,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=16 September 2016 |title=Before Prithviraj and Dhanush: 5 South actors who moved to direction |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/prithviraj-lucifer-mohanalal-kamal-haasan-dhanush-pratap-prakash-raj-341427-2016-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923110549/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prithviraj-lucifer-mohanalal-kamal-haasan-dhanush-pratap-prakash-raj/1/765717.html |archive-date=23 September 2016 |access-date=23 September 2016 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=13 February 2014 |title=The Best Films of Balu Mahendra |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm#2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173900/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm#1 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=14 February 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 2}}</ref> with critics praising the performances of Pratap and Shoba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=22 July 2008 |title=Now, a film on the Vadapalani murders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Now-a-film-on-the-Vadapalani-murders/articleshow/3261683.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601021932/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Now-a-film-on-the-Vadapalani-murders/articleshow/3261683.cms |archive-date=1 June 2014 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=3 May 2002 |title=It's a heavy price to pay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300330300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211033014/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300330300.htm |archive-date=11 December 2008 |access-date=27 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in its review dated 30 November 1980, said that half the dialogues in the film were spoken by the camera, and felt that when there was great cinematography, there was no need for screenplay and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 November 1980 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ''மூடுபனி'' |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Moodu Pani'' |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Soundara Kailasam of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for various aspects, including Shoba's performance, Ilaiyaraaja's music, the fewer songs, and the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கைலாசம் |first=செளந்தரா |date=23 November 1980 |title=மூடுபனி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1980/nov/23-11-1980/p32.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220803101437/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1980/nov/23-11-1980/p32.jpg |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=8 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the cinematography, direction, acting and music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=17 November 1980 |title=மூடுபனி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_26/4.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531142729/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_26/4.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{Blockquote|text=For some reason, despite names like Balu Mahendra and Yesudas being associated with this song, people get reminded of me when they listen to this. I have no idea what I did so well in this song to deserve that. This was also my last song with Shoba. I remember how we looked into the sky just before the line, 'Panneerai Thoovum Mazhai'. Balu Mahendra made me listen to this song for the first time in [[My Fortune, Chennai|Chola Sheraton]]. I learned just then that he got married to Shoba. I told him that this song was so beautiful, that it was a great wedding gift for him from Ilaiyaraaja.|author=Pratap|title=on the song "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae"|source=''The Hindu''.<ref name="Salute" />}}
After ''Sigappu Rojakkal'', there was a resurgence of the thriller genre in Tamil cinema, as evidenced by films like ''Moodu Pani''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |year=2010 |title=Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema |url=https://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809043053/http://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |magazine=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]] |language=en |issue=52}}</ref> According to film producer and writer [[G. Dhananjayan]], the film "inspired a generation to take up film-making".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=13 February 2014 |title=Poetry through lens |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Ekalavya-Balu-Mahendra-Dronacharya-craftsmen-cinematographer/articleshow/30354805.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623094029/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Poetry-through-lens/articleshow/30354805.cms |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=23 June 2016 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''The Times of India'' stated that Mahendra "changed the landscape of Tamil cinema with his distinctive visuals and eclectic films" such as ''Moodu Pani''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=27 November 2011 |title=Tribute show for Balu Mahendra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tribute-show-for-Balu-Mahendra/articleshow/10892906.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928041020/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tribute-show-for-Balu-Mahendra/articleshow/10892906.cms |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=28 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Following Mahendra's death, K. S. Sivakumaran of ''[[Ceylon Today]]'' described the film as "halfway between [[art film|artistic]] and merely entertaining."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivakumaran |first=K. S. |date=20 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra wrote poems on celluloid |url=http://www.ceylontoday.lk/13-56483-news-detail-balu-mahendra-wrote-poems-on-celluloid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705191645/http://www.ceylontoday.lk/13-56483-news-detail-balu-mahendra-wrote-poems-on-celluloid.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=5 October 2014 |work=[[Ceylon Today]]}}</ref> Pratap recalled in January 2015 that it was the simultaneous release of ''Moodu Pani'' and ''Varumayin Niram Sivappu'' that made him a star.<ref name="Discovery" /> However, both ''Varumayin Niram Sivappu'' (which depicted Pratap as an eccentric director obsessed with an actress) and ''Moodu Pani'' led to him being [[Typecasting|typecast]] in similar roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=7 March 1982 |title=Pratap: Being a great actor is impossible |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1190937283949580290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103102651/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1190937283949580290 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |work=[[Sunday Mid-Day]] |pages=29–30 |language=en}}</ref> "Both roles caught the public imagination, and I admit I cashed in when I was offered similar stuff. Now, unless I'm offered an unreasonable amount of money, I doubt I'll accept these roles," he said in 2014.<ref name="typecast" />

In ''[[Iruvar Mattum]]'' (2006), Azhagu (Abhay) keeps the skeletal remains of his mother and frequently talks to her; Sify compared this plot detail to that of ''Moodu Pani'' and ''Psycho''.<ref name="sify" /> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'', in her review of ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' (2003) a film about a mentally deranged woman ([[Saritha]]) who saves an accident victim ([[Jayaram]]) from death, nurses him in her own home and also falls in love with him, but holds him captive there, stated that the film had "shades" of ''Moodu Pani''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=21 February 2003 |title=Julie Ganapathy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/21/stories/2003022101120200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225182043/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/21/stories/2003022101120200.htm |archive-date=25 February 2008 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Veera (actor)|Veera]] stated that he watched ''Moodu Pani'' in preparation for his role as a psychopath in the thriller ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2011 |title='Kamal sir's role in Sigappu Rojakkal is by far the best' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-sir-s-role-in-sigappu-rojakkal-is-by-far-the-best-news-tamil-lcrjB8aheibsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113954/http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-sir-s-role-in-sigappu-rojakkal-is-by-far-the-best-news-tamil-lcrjB8aheibsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Reviewing ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' (2014), K. Siddharth of Sify praised its cinematographer [[Jeeva Shankar]] for "showcasing Ooty in trademark [Balu Mahendra's] way" in the style of ''Moodu Pani''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddharth |first=K. |date=8 September 2014 |title=Amara Kaaviyam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amara-kaaviyam-review-tamil-pcmbwUeiajbfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809111546/http://www.sify.com/movies/amara-kaaviyam-review-tamil-pcmbwUeiajbfi.html |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

In ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008), when [[Suriya]]'s character first sees [[Sameera Reddy]]'s character and [[Love at first sight|falls in love]] with her, he takes his guitar and performs "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=26 September 2008 |title=Tribute to dads |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tribute-to-dads/articleshow/3527321.cms? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919115900/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tribute-to-dads/articleshow/3527321.cms |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=22 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=6 June 2008 |title=Interview: Gautam "Vasudev" Menon |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/06/05/interview-gautam-vasudev-menon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710055938/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/06/05/interview-gautam-vasudev-menon/ |archive-date=10 July 2010 |access-date=26 September 2015 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> Pratap expressed appreciation for Suriya's version of the song in a May 2015 interview, saying that he had "enjoyed it".<ref name="Salute" /> In June 2014 during Ilaiyaraaja's 71st birthday, singers [[Shweta Mohan]] and [[Aalap Raju]] collaborated to make a video in which they performed some of Ilaiyaraaja's songs as a tribute to him; one song was "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kurian |first=Shiba |date=7 June 2014 |title=Shweta Mohan and Aalap Raju team up |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Shweta-Mohan-and-Aalap-Raju-team-up/articleshow/36188516.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611123933/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Shweta-Mohan-and-Aalap-Raju-team-up/articleshow/36188516.cms |archive-date=11 June 2014 |access-date=19 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Although no [[release print|print]] of ''Moodu Pani'' is known to survive,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N. |date=20 March 2011 |title=The chronicler of Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-chronicler-of-Kollywood/articleshow/7745961.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919121207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-chronicler-of-Kollywood/articleshow/7745961.cms |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=13 January 2014 |title=It is immaterial whether you are working with a star or a non-star |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/It-is-immaterial-whether-you-are-working-with-a-star-or-a-non-star/articleshow/28706448.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215103234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/It-is-immaterial-whether-you-are-working-with-a-star-or-a-non-star/articleshow/28706448.cms |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> the film is still available on home video.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=24 January 2011 |title=Irretrievable loss: Early Tamil film reels disappearing fast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Irretrievable-loss-Early-Tamil-film-reels-disappearing-fast/article15530782.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111090539/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/irretrievable-loss-early-tamil-film-reels-disappearing-fast/article1119245.ece |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N. |date=29 April 2012 |title=Missing the Fine Print |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/04/29&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00404&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020538/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/04/29&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00404&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=31 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="moodupani">{{Cite AV media |title=Moodu Pani |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Raja Cine Arts |year=1980 |place=India}}</ref>
<ref name="MohanPhotographer">{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=14 September 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n453/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230322163733/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n453/mode/2up |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2024 |magazine=Sunday |page=41 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=8 |issue=10}}</ref>
<ref name="TheCollector">{{Cite news |last=வெங்கட்ராமன் |first=கார்த்திகேயன் |date=14 October 2016 |title='ராமாயணத்தை சினிமாவாக எடுக்க ஆசை'-இயக்குனர் பாலு மகேந்திரா |trans-title='I am interested in adapting the ''Ramayana'' for the screen' – Director Balu Mahendra |url=https://www.dinamani.com/specials/cinemaexpress/2016/oct/14/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88--%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE-2580420.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029101958/http://www.dinamani.com/specials/cinemaexpress/2016/oct/14/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88--%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE-2580420.html |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamani">{{Cite news |last=Shakti |first=Uma |date=13 May 2016 |title=மூடுபனி |trans-title=The Mist |url=https://www.dinamani.com/specials/cinemaexpress/2016/may/13/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-2507956.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516163817/http://www.dinamani.com/cinemaexpress/2016/05/13/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF/article3429109.ece |archive-date=16 May 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="Kokila Mohan">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=9 October 2019 |title=டைட்டிலில் 'கோகிலா' மோகன் |trans-title='Kokila' Mohan in the titles |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/519326-mohan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010040657/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/519326-mohan.html |archive-date=10 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Shoba">{{Cite magazine |last=Pais |first=Arthur |date=15 June 1980 |title=Shoba's last film |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12100/page/n583/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231230124442/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12100/page/n583/mode/2up |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |magazine=Sunday |page=35 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=7 |issue=50}}</ref>
<ref name="Diwali">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2018 |title="பொண்ணு செட்டில் ஆயிட்டா; நான் வாழ்க்கையை அதுபோக்குல விட்டு ரசிக்கிறேன்!" - பிரதாப் போத்தன் : 'அப்போ இப்போ' பகுதி 14 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/127425-appo-ippo-series-part-14-director-pratap-k-pothen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021065042/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/127425-appo-ippo-series-part-14-director-pratap-k-pothen |archive-date=21 October 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Udupi">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Ilaiyaraaja interview: 'Why should filmmakers know about music creation?' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-composer-ilayaraaja-interview-on-his-75th-birthday/article24045311.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718104130/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-composer-ilayaraaja-interview-on-his-75th-birthday/article24045311.ece |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="uncompromising">{{Cite news |last=Hariharan |first=K. |date=15 February 2014 |title=The uncompromising spirit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-uncompromising-spirit/article5690444.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216034317/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-uncompromising-spirit/article5690444.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=5 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="frontline1">{{Cite web |last=Ilangovan |first=R. |date=21 March 2014 |title=Visual poet |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/visual-poet/article5749641.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306174845/http://www.frontline.in/other/obituary/visual-poet/article5749641.ece |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=22 September 2015 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BMBlog2">{{Cite web |last=Mahendra |first=Balu |date=19 September 2012 |title=இளையராஜா என்ற மகாவித்வானும் நானும்.. -2 |trans-title=Ilaiyaraaja and I – 2 |url=http://filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2012/09/2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115520/http://filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2012/09/2.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=மூன்றாம் பிறை... |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="edition">{{Cite web |last=[[Ilaiyaraaja]] |year=1980 |title=Moodu Pani (The Mist) |url=http://img600.imageshack.us/img600/1376/moodupani3.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135816/http://img600.imageshack.us/img600/1376/moodupani3.jpg |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=[[Gramophone Company|The Gramophone Company of India Ltd.]]}}</ref>
<ref name="re-edition">{{Cite web |last=Ilaiyaraaja |year=1981 |title=Moodu Pani (The Mist) |url=http://img4.imageshack.us/img4/3066/moodupani4.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141720/http://img4.imageshack.us/img4/3066/moodupani4.jpg |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=The Gramophone Company of India Ltd.}}</ref>
<ref name="Salute">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=9 May 2015 |title=Salute to Ilaiyaraaja, the king |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/salute-to-ilaiyaraaja/article7188356.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920115654/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/salute-to-ilaiyaraaja/article7188356.ece |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Discovery">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=3 January 2015 |title=KB: Kollywood's Discovery Channel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501063135/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="typecast">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=18 October 2014 |title=Hundred, not out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hundred-not-out/article6514825.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203125715/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hundred-not-out/article6514825.ece |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=19 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2006 |title=Iruvar Mattum |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/iruvar-mattum-review-tamil-pclwhLdbedeec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920051931/http://www.sify.com/movies/iruvar-mattum-review-tamil-pclwhLdbedeec.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=Phil |author-link=Phil Hardy (journalist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agfHUakbj5kC |title=The BFI Companion to Crime |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-304-33215-1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Balu Mahendra}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1980s psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s serial killer films]]
[[Category:1980s slasher films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Film noir]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Mahendra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]

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2026-03-03T02:38:26Z

RhysFrisina87: creating new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2011}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shikohabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1|N|78.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Dara-Shikoh
| named_for = Dara-Shikoh (Shikoh-abad)
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 4
| area_total_km2 = 750.11
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 163
| population_total = 107,404
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 3
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283135
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-5676
| registration_plate = UP-83
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| translit_lang2 =
| area_water_sq_mi = 12
| blank1_name_sec1 =
}}
'''Shikohabad''' is a city and a [[municipal board]] in the [[Firozabad district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

[[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]], a famous Hindu pilgrimage centre dedicated to [[Shiva]], and also a famous [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Jain Tirth]] on the banks of [[River Yamuna]], is situated 22 kilometres south of Shikohabad.

An ancient village Dakhinara was located at 2.5 km from etah chauraha at shikohabad to mustafabad road.

In village dakhinara a temple on Mustafabad road that is an ancient temple, this temple is more than 250 years old, but it was recustucted in 1960.

The city lies in the cultural region of [[Braj]] and the local language is [[Brajbhasha]].

==Geography==
Shikohabad is located at {{Coord|27.1|N|78.6|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Shikohabad.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Shikohabad, India|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|163|m}}. The river Sirsa flows between the main city and pass out the railway station.

==History==
[[File:Dara Shukoh's hunting lodge outside Agra.jpg|thumb|A View of Shekoabad, Dara Shukoh's hunting lodge outside Agra, ca. 1783, by [[William Hodges]]]]
The old name of Shikohabad was Mohammad Mah (the name still exists as Mohmmad mah near Tahsil and Kotwali). Shikohabad is named after [[Dara Shikoh]], the eldest brother of [[Emperor Aurangzeb]]. In its present form, the town has hardly any recognisable evidence of that era. Shikohabad was ruled under the estate of [[Labhowa]] from 1794 to 1880. As written by Matthew Atmore, [[Jadaun]] [[Rajputs]] are here in huge numbers and other cities in [[Firozabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matthew Atmore Sherring |url=http://archive.org/details/hindutribesandc00shergoog |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes - The JS^dus are very numerous in the two districts of Mathuri; and Agra, where it embraces a population of upwards of thirty thousand persons. In Agra, the chief settlement is in the Ferozab&d pargannah^ especially round Kotlah, where the tribe is very influential. |date=1872 |publisher=Trubner and co.; [etc ., etc.] |others=Oxford University |pages=251–252 |language=English}}</ref> The Rajas of Labhowa of [[Jhala (clan)|Jadon]], later [[Jhalawar|Jhala]] Dynasty were well known to the Mughal rulers and their generals and along with them controlled over {{convert|100|km2|sqmi}} of this area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/crumbling-yadav-bastion|title=Crumbling Yadav Bastion|work=OPEN Magazine}}</ref> According to British historian Matthew Atmore Sherring [[Phatak]] [[Ahir]]s alone have 21 villages in Shikohabad.<ref>Hindu Tribes and Castes, Volume 1 page 336</ref><ref name="Matthew Atmore Sherring">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/hindutribesandc00shergoog | quote=Ahirs. | title=Hindu Tribes and Castes, Volume 1 | publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company | author=Matthew Atmore Sherring | year=1872 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindutribesandc00shergoog/page/n365 336]}}</ref><ref>Top Famous Temple of Shikohabad - https://www.bhaktibharat.com/en/list/top-famous-temple-of-shikohabad</ref>

==Accessibility==
Shikohabad is well connected with other cities by roadways as well as railways. This city is connects with cities like Agra, Firozabad, Mathura, New Delhi, Noida, Etawah, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Kolkata by National Highway 19 (formerly known as NH-2) and it also connects through [[Agra Lucknow Expressway]] through which is connected to [[Agra]], [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]] [[Mainpuri]], [[Etawah]]. It is {{cvt|66|km}} from [[Agra]], {{cvt|22|km}} from [[Firozabad ]], {{cvt|66|km}} from [[Etawah]], {{cvt|50|km}} from [[Mainpuri]] and {{cvt|296|km}} from [[New Delhi]] via [[Yamuna Expressway]]. Shikohabad Railway Station is located on Delhi Mugalsarai main line of North Central Railway having direct connection to [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Agra]], [[Etawah]], [[Kanpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mainpuri]] and [[Farrukhabad]]. It is also well connected by road with all major cities of the [[States of India|state]] and [[region]]. It is further connected to Etah via SH-85 and to Mainpuri via SH-84.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
| align = left
| source = [[2011 Census of India]]<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| 1901 | 10798
| 1911 | 11383
| 1921 | 10374
| 1931 | 11865
| 1941 | 14061
| 1951 | 19502
| 1961 | 23458
| 1971 | 31442
| 1981 | 47083
| 1991 | 62829
| 2001 | 88161
| 2011 | 107404
}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Shikohabad had a population of 107,404, in 18,622 households. This population was 52.9% male (56,794) and 47.1% female (50,610). The 0-6 age group numbered 13,458 (7,457 male and 6,091 female), or 12.5% of the total population. 14,798 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 13.8% of the total. The city's literacy rate was 80.0% (counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|214-5}}

==Education==
As of 2009, Shikohabad has 88 schools teaching at the primary level and 16 schools teaching at the secondary level. There were no public libraries; the closest was in Firozabad.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|330-2}}

== List of villages in Shikohabad block ==
The following 107 villages are counted as part of Shikohabad CD block:<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|194-6}}
# [[Abbaspur, Firozabad|Abbaspur]]
# [[Adhampur]]
# [[Aimadidauli]]
# [[Angadpur]]
# [[Armarajat]]
# [[Aronj]]
# [[Asdeomai Nurpur]]
# [[Aslempur Biran]]
# [[Asraoli]]
# [[Asva, India|Asva]]
# [[Atapur]]
# [[Badanpur Karkha]]
# [[Bahoranpur, Shikohabad|Bahoranpur]]
# [[Bakalpur]]
# [[Bariyarmau]]
# [[Basdeomai]]
# [[Bharhaipura]]
# [[Bidarkha]]
# [[Birhammadbad Lachhapur]]
# [[Burhabharatra]]
# [[Burharai]]
# [[Chamrauli, Firozabad|Chamrauli]]
# [[Chehari]]
# [[Chharichhapper]]
# [[Chhichhamai]]
# [[Chitaoli]]
# [[Dahini, India|Dahini]]
# [[Dakhinara]]
# [[Dargapur Mohanipur]]
# [[Dhadhau]]
# [[Dhanpura]]
# [[Dharau Himmatpur]]
# [[Dikhtauli]]
# [[Diwaichi]]
# [[Fatehpur Karkha]]
# [[Gagai, India|Gagai]]
# [[Galamai]]
# [[Garhi, Shikohabad|Garhi]]
# [[Govindpur, Firozabad|Govindpur]]
# [[Haibatpur Karkha]]
# [[Harganpur, Firozabad|Harganpur]]
# [[Hariha]]
# [[Indumai]]
# [[Itauli]]
# [[Jafrabad, Firozabad|Jafrabad]]
# [[Jalalpur Marghati]]
# [[Jamalipur]]
# [[Jaslai]]
# [[Jeora]]
# [[Jhangirpurgalrai]]
# [[Jijauli, Firozabad|Jijauli]]
# [[Kalyanpur Angadpur]]
# [[Karanpur, Firozabad|Karanpur]]
# [[Khushalpur, Firozabad|Khushalpur]]
# [[Kirthara Mohammedpur]]
# [[Kishanpur Armarajat]]
# [[Kishanpur Mohammadabad]]
# [[Kutakpur Harganpur]]
# [[Latumai]]
# [[Maiyamai]]
# [[Makhanpur]] (census town)
# [[Meoli, Firozabad|Meoli]]
# [[Mohabbataheer]]
# [[Mohammadpur Bahari]]
# [[Mohammadpur Jhum Jhum]]
# [[Mohammadpur Labhaua]]
# [[Mohammadpur Sarai Jabai]]
# [[Mohammdpur Nawada]]
# [[Mohinipur]]
# [[Mubarakpur Khas]]
# [[Nagla Balua]]
# [[Nagla Chanda]]
# [[Nagla Saidlal]]
# [[Nagla Umer]]
# [[Naglabajdar]]
# [[Naoli]]
# [[Nasirpur, Shikohabad|Nasirpur]]
# [[Naushehra, Firozabad|Naushehra]]
# [[Nihalpur]]
# [[Nivkheria]]
# [[Nizampur Garhuma]]
# [[Owari, India|Owari]]
# [[Rahal, Uttar Pradesh|Rahal]]
# [[Rahchati]]
# [[Rajopura]]
# [[Rajpur Balai]]
# [[Ramnager Rajpur Balai]]
# [[Ranua Khera]]
# [[Rapari]]
# [[Rasulpur, Firozabad|Rasulpur]]
# [[Rithara]]
# [[Rudhau]]
# [[Rupaspur]]
# [[Salempur Bariar Mau]]
# [[Samonhon]]
# [[Sarhupur]]
# [[Saurakh]]
# [[Sekhupur Garhi]]
# [[Shahpur, Firozabad|Shahpur]]
# [[Shahzadpur Didauli]]
# [[Shaihajalpur]]
# [[Sikandarpur, Firozabad|Sikandarpur]]
# [[Sujawalpur, Firozabad|Sujawalpur]]
# [[Tara Mai]]
# [[Tatarpur]]
# [[Ubati]]
# [[Urmara Kirar]]

{{see also|List of cities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Shikohabad
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|79.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|18.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|1.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhs]]|light orange|0.2}}
<nowiki>{bar percent|Others†|black|1.0}}</nowiki>
|caption=Distribution of religions 
Includes[[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800819-shikohabad-uttar-pradesh.html Shikohabad Population Census 2011–2022]

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shikohabad]]

An Open Letter to Honey Singh

2026-02-27T00:40:01Z

RhysFrisina87: added the biography added tags

{{Short description|Rap video by Rene Sharanya Verma}}
{{italic title}}
'''''An Open Letter to Yo Yo Honey Singh''''' is a 3.5-minute [[rap]] [[video]] featuring Rene Sharanya Verma, a student of [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], performing at Café Zingo Star in [[Greater Kailash-II]] organised by Delhi Poetry Slam, an initiative that aims to "restore the art of spoken word into the everyday culture of the Capital".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/words-of-wonder/article5455560.ece/ |title=Words of Wonder |last=Bhattacharya |first=Budhaditya |date=13 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=13 December 2013 |quote=Organised by Delhi Poetry Slam, an initiative that aims to “restore the art of spoken word into the everyday culture of the Capital”, the event brings together poets and performers from various backgrounds. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218084351/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/words-of-wonder/article5455560.ece |archive-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IE-20150204">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/dont-mess-with-her-2/|title=Don't Mess with Her |last= Lakhani |first=Somya |date=4 February 2015 |newspaper= [[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=4 February 2015 |quote=Verma never anticipated that a rap she performed in front of 30 people in Delhi would go viral, and that her inbox would be full of people congratulating her.}}</ref> She performed before a 30-person audience.<ref name="IE-20150204"/> The subject of the slam was "Portrait of a Lady". The rap number was composed in one hour at the cafe.<ref name="NDTV-20150203">{{cite news |url= http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/my-rap-rebuttal-to-yo-yo-honey-singh-a-college-students-story-736596 |title=My Rap Rebuttal to Yo Yo Honey Singh: A College Student's Story |last=Rawat |first=Gargi |date=3 February 2015 |work=[[NDTV]] |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> The video has been uploaded to YouTube using the handle "Delhi Poetry Slam".<ref name="YT video">{{cite AV media |date=28 January 2015 |title=Open Letter to Honey Singh |medium=YouTube video |publisher=Delhi Poetry Slam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Soazvqpr53U}}</ref> The addressee referred to in the title is Indian artist [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]. Besides challenging Singh, the video criticizes extant value systems in the media, advertising and the arts that demean women and treat women as [[Objectification|commodities]], instead of [[Dehumanization|persons]].<ref name="IE-20150204" />

==Context==
Honey Singh is an Indian rapper whose work has been perceived as being vulgar, [[misogyny|misogynist]], promoting [[violence against women]] and a bad influence on youth.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Yo Yo Honey Singh: A vulgar obsession or our own creation?|url = http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/12/31/yo-yo-honey-singh-a-vulgar-obsession-or-our-own-creation/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130102154739/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/12/31/yo-yo-honey-singh-a-vulgar-obsession-or-our-own-creation/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 January 2013|website = Reuters Blogs|date=31 December 2012|accessdate=1 January 2016|first = Sankalp|last = Phartiyal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The biggest problem with Yo Yo Honey Singh: Bollywood's embrace of him|url = http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/the-biggest-problem-with-yo-yo-honey-singh-bollywoods-embrace-of-him-574960.html|website = Firstpost|date=1 January 2013|accessdate=1 January 2016|last=Chintamani|first=Gautam }}</ref> There have been reactions in prose to Singh, such as from [[Annie Zaidi (writer)|Annie Zaidi]], who wrote her own "An Open Letter to Honey Singh" in January 2013,<ref name="TSG-20130105">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/an-open-letter-to-honey-singh-2 |title=An open letter to Honey Singh|last= Zaidi|first=Annie|date=5 January 2013|work=The Sunday Guardian|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> and Sandipan Sharma, who wrote "Thanks for the crassness: An open letter to Honey Singh from a parent" in July 2014.<ref name="HT-20140723">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/thanks-for-the-crassness-an-open-letter-to-honey-singh-from-a-parent/article1-1242802.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205105646/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/thanks-for-the-crassness-an-open-letter-to-honey-singh-from-a-parent/article1-1242802.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2015|title=Thanks for the crassness: An open letter to Honey Singh from a parent|last=Sharma|first=Sandipan|date=23 July 2014|work=The Hindustan Times|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>

==Review==
In part, the work is a response to the perceived misogyny in Singh's work. Verma said in an interview that on initially hearing Singh's "[[Blue Eyes (Yo Yo Honey Singh song)|Blue Eyes]]" it "hooked" her, but that when she "paid attention to the lyrics" she realized they were "very problematic".<ref name="BBC-20150202">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-31087812|title=Yo Yo Honey Singh: The Indian student who took on 'misogynist' rapper|last=Yadav|first=Shalu|date=2 February 2015|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' said that Verma uses phrases in Singh's works to express her disgust, and appreciates that the message Verma wishes to convey that every woman is intrinsically good the way she is.<ref name="Femina-20150130">{{cite news|url=http://femina.in/women/women-like-you/an-open-letter-to-honey-singh-3361.html|title=An open letter to Honey Singh|date=30 January 2015|newspaper=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> The target is not only Singh but also [[Eve teasing|eve teasers]], who were the template for works such as Singh's.<ref name="CNN-IBN-20150129">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-this-woman-raps-out-an-open-letter-to-honey-singh/525525-79.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201020455/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-this-woman-raps-out-an-open-letter-to-honey-singh/525525-79.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2015|title=Watch: This woman raps out an open letter to Honey Singh|date=29 January 2015|work=IBNLive|publisher=[[Cable News Network]]|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> Although there have been other protests against Singh's work, including petitions and an open letter written by Annie Zaidi in ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'', Verma's rap number uses the same artistic format as Singh and incorporates some of his own lyrics.<ref name="FP-20150130">{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/are-you-a-fking-transformer-delhi-students-anti-honey-singh-rap-is-epic-win-2071539.html|title='Are you a f***king transformer?' Delhi student's anti-Honey Singh rap is epic win|date=30 January 2015|work=[[First Post]]|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> Verma's work has been considered as an example of Indian women confronting adversities.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rap Against Rape: How India's Young Women Are Using YouTube Video To Stand Up For Themselves|url = http://www.ibtimes.com/rap-against-rape-how-indias-young-women-are-using-youtube-video-stand-themselves-2090776|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]| date=10 September 2015 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> Verma's work has been cited as an example of a [[spoken word]] performance being used as a revolutionary tool,<ref name="HT-20150810">{{Cite web|title = I'm not 'ambaran di queen' or 'kudi namkin': The spoken word|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/i-m-not-ambaran-di-queen-or-kudi-namkin-the-spoken-word/story-YHDKa5STDS4CRdiHzsePhK.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=10 August 2015|accessdate=1 January 2016|last=Bhasin |first=Simar}}</ref> and as parodying Singh while attacking the sexism in Singh's rap.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rap on the knuckles - Mumbai Mirror -|url = http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Rap-on-the-knuckles/articleshow/48407504.cms|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> Subsequently the video of another work of hers received over 180,000 hits on YouTube and was the subject of media attention,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Student Who Rapped About Honey Singh Says This About Periods|url = http://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/after-open-letter-to-yo-yo-honey-singh-heres-what-she-has-to-say-about-menstruation-773295|website =NDTV.com|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Because it's natural. Period|url = http://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/72/5864/Pimp-Your-Cause/Because-its-natural-Period|newspaper=Indian Weekender|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = En Inde, un slam contre la honte autour des règles|url = http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/2015/06/19/inde-slam-contre-honte-autour-regles-259838|website = Rue89| date=19 June 2015 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> in which she was described as someone who had confronted Singh,<ref>{{Cite web|title = My period is not my shame: Girl who challenged Yo Yo Honey Singh says in new video!|url = http://www.india.com/stream/my-period-is-not-my-shame-girl-who-challenged-yo-yo-honey-singh-says-in-new-video-423934/|website = India.com|date = 16 June 2015|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> and "slamming"<ref>{{Cite web|title = After slamming Yo Yo Honey Singh, Rene Sharanya Verma now has a poetic message about periods for Indian girls|url = http://www.folomojo.com/after-slamming-yo-yo-honey-singh-rene-sharanya-verma-now-has-a-poetic-message-about-periods-for-indian-girls/|website = Folomojo| date=13 June 2015 |accessdate=1 January 2016|language = en-US}}</ref> and "knocking the wind out of" him.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Girl Who Knocked The Wind Out Of Honey Singh Is Back. This Time Rapping About Her Periods!|url = http://www.indiatimes.com/videocafe/the-girl-who-knocked-the-wind-out-of-honey-singh-is-back-this-time-rapping-about-her-periods-233607.html|newspaper=[[India Times]]| date=14 June 2015 |publisher=indiatimes.com|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref> She was featured on ''The Arts Hour'' for the [[BBC World Service]] presented by [[Nikki Bedi]], with her rap number "Reclaim the night".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Delhi rapper, Rene Sharanya Verma performs 'Reclaim the Night', The Arts Hour - BBC World Service|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p032v0zj |first1=Nikki |last1=Bedi |work=The Arts Hour |date=18 September 2015 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= BBC The Arts Hour {{!}} India Blog |url= http://blog.britishcouncil.org.in/tag/bbc-the-arts-hour/ |website = blog.britishcouncil.org.in |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>

==Social media==
The video was uploaded to [[YouTube]] on 28 January 2015.<ref name="YT video" /> It went [[viral video|viral]] on social media and had received about a million hits on YouTube by 2 February 2015.<ref name="BBC-20150202" /> As of August 10, 2015, the video had received over 1.6 million hits.<ref name="HT-20150810">{{Cite web|title = I'm not 'ambaran di queen' or 'kudi namkin': The spoken word|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/i-m-not-ambaran-di-queen-or-kudi-namkin-the-spoken-word/story-YHDKa5STDS4CRdiHzsePhK.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=10 August 2015|accessdate=1 January 2016|last=Bhasin |first=Simar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Soazvqpr53U |title=An Open Letter to Honey Singh |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Soazvqpr53U An Open Letter to Honey Singh Video] [[YouTube]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Open Letter to Honey Singh}}
[[Category:2015 YouTube videos]]
[[Category:Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
[[Category:Indian music industry]]
[[Category:Sexism in India]]
[[Category:2010s viral videos]]

Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T03:35:45Z

RhysFrisina87: made entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary near Dimapur in Nagaland, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category =
| image =
| image_caption = Forested slopes within the sanctuary
| map = India Nagaland#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| map_alt = Location of Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary in Nagaland, India
| location = Dimapur district, Nagaland, India
| nearest_city = Dimapur
| coordinates = {{coord|25.857100|93.719400|display=inline,title|region:IN-NL|name=Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary}}
| area_km2 = 4.70
| established = 1986
| governing_body = Forest Department, Government of Nagaland
| designation = Wildlife sanctuary
| website =
}}

'''Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] in the [[Dimapur]] district of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]]. The sanctuary spans approximately 4.7 km² (470 hectares) and was notified as a wildlife sanctuary in 1986 to conserve remnant forest patches and native wildlife in the western Nagaland landscape.<ref name="AllRes2016">{{cite web |title=Potentials of Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism Development in Nagaland |url=https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue9/PartC/2-8-109-988.pdf |publisher=International Journal of Applied Research |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>

==History==
Rangapahar was created from portions of the former Rangapahar Reserved Forest and formally notified as a wildlife sanctuary in 1986. Being one of the closest legally protected forest patches to [[Dimapur]] city, it has formed an important local conservation area since notification.<ref name="AllRes2016" />

Despite notification, the sanctuary and adjacent reserved forests have faced persistent pressures from encroachment and land-use change. Media reporting has at times highlighted how encroachment complicated efforts to effectively protect forest lands in the Rangapahar area.<ref name="ETEncroach2008">{{cite news |title=Encroachment hindering setting up of wildlife sanctuary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/encroachment-hindering-setting-up-of-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/2987167.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
The sanctuary occupies low hills and undulating terrain near Dimapur. Vegetation is typical of semi-evergreen and mixed deciduous hill forests of the [[Indo-Burma|Indo–Myanmar]] biodiversity hotspot. The region experiences a monsoonal climate with heavy rains during the southwest monsoon and drier winters.<ref name="AllRes2016" />

==Flora and fauna==
Avifauna in the sanctuary include [[Woodpecker|woodpeckers]], [[Hornbill|hornbills]], cuckoos and other resident and migratory species. Mammals reported from the sanctuary and neighbouring forest patches include various deer species, primates, squirrels and other small to medium mammals.<ref name="AllRes2016" /> The region also hosts the endangered [[Hoolock gibbon|hoolock gibbons]].<ref name="Choudhury2006">{{cite web |title=Distribution and status of hoolock gibbons in Northeast India |url=https://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/PC20.hoolock.pdf |publisher=Primate Specialist Group |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>

==Threats and conservation==
The major threats are illegal encroachment, expansion of agriculture, grazing and edge effects from nearby urbanisation. These pressures have historically reduced effective forest cover and complicated management of the sanctuary.<ref name="ETEncroach2008" />

==Nagaland Zoological Park==
The Rangapahar forest landscape includes the [[Nagaland Zoological Park]], established in 2008 and managed by the Nagaland Forest Department. The zoo has been active in regional conservation work and ex-situ initiatives and is affiliated with the Central Zoo Authority.<ref name="CZAAR">{{cite web |title=Annual Report: Nagaland Zoological Park |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/AR_nagalandzoo_2223.pdf |publisher=Central Zoo Authority |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="NagForest">{{cite web |title=Nagaland Zoological Park, Rangapahar |url=https://forest.nagaland.gov.in/nagaland-zoological-park/ |publisher=Forest Department, Government of Nagaland |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>

The zoo has participated in conservation milestones such as captive-breeding and rewilding efforts for regionally important species.<ref name="ETTortoise2025">{{cite news |title=In a first, ten captive-bred critically endangered Asian Giant Tortoise to be rewilded in Nagaland |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/in-a-first-ten-captive-bred-critically-endangered-asian-giant-tortoise-to-be-rewilded-in-nagaland/amp_articleshow/96360654.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=20 December 2022 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>

==Public engagement and tourism==
The sanctuary and zoological park host outreach activities, including Wildlife Week events for students, aimed at building local conservation awareness. Being close to Dimapur, Rangapahar receives visits from bird watchers, school groups and local tourists; visitors are advised to follow Forest Department guidelines to minimise disturbance.<ref name="FreeStudentNZP">{{cite news |title=Free student entry to NZP during Wildlife Week |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/free-student-entry-to-nzp-during-wildlife-week |newspaper=Morung Express |date=29 September 2025 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://forest.nagaland.gov.in/nagaland-zoological-park/}} Nagaland Zoological Park — Forest Department, Government of Nagaland
* Central Zoo Authority — Annual Report (Nagaland Zoo).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/AR_nagalandzoo_2223.pdf|title=CZA Annual Report|access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Dimapur district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1986]]
[[Category:Protected areas of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagaland]]

Jo Paul Ancheri

2026-02-13T02:40:03Z

RhysFrisina87:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jo Paul Ancheri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1975|8|2}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], Kerala, India
| height = 1.75 m
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (assistant coach)
| years1 = 1992–93
| clubs1 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBT]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1993–94
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1994–97
| clubs3 = [[JCT FC|JCT Football Club]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 1997–98
| clubs4 = [[FC Kochin|FC Cochin]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 1998–99
| clubs5 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 1999–01
| clubs6 = [[FC Kochin|FC Cochin]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7 = 2001–02
| clubs7 = [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 = 7
| years8 = 2002–04
| clubs8 = [[JCT FC|JCT Football Club]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| years9 = 2004–05
| clubs9 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
| nationalyears1 = 2002
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 1993–2005
| nationalteam2 = [[Indian national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 41
| nationalgoals2 = 11<ref>{{cite web|first=Subrata|last=Dey|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/india-recintlp.html|title=India – Record International Players|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321143659/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/india-recintlp.html|archive-date=21 March 2019|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
| manageryears1 = 2012–2013
| managerclubs1 = [[Eagles FC]]
| manageryears2 = 2024–2025
| managerclubs2 = [[Forca Kochi FC]] (assistant)
| manageryears3 = 2025
| managerclubs3 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]] (assistant)
| manageryears4 = 2026–
| managerclubs4 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (assistant)
}}

'''Jo Paul Ancheri''' (born 2 August 1975) is an [[India|Indian]] [[association football|football]] [[coach (sport)|coach]] and former player, currently working with [[Super League Kerala]] club [[Forca Kochi FC]]. He also had captained the [[India national football team]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnaswamy|first=Karthik|title=He's unstoppable|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article593599.ece|accessdate=15 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 August 2010|archive-date=20 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720070503/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article593599.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named the [[AIFF Player of the Year]] by the [[All India Football Federation]] in 1994 and 2001.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jo Paul Ancheri named Player of the Year|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/31/stories/2001123101711800.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125070154/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/31/stories/2001123101711800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|accessdate=15 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 December 2001}} - {{cite web|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/awards.php |title=AIFF award|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217141248/http://the-aiff.com/awards.php |archivedate=17 February 2009 }}</ref> He recently worked as a Malayalam [[Sports commentator|commentator]] and pundit on [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports Malayalam]] with the leading commentator [[Shaiju Damodaran]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Sports to air AFC Asian Cup in six languages|website= Rapid TV News |url=https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2018123054611/star-sports-to-air-afc-asian-cup-in-six-languages.html|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721054348/https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2018123054611/star-sports-to-air-afc-asian-cup-in-six-languages.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is currently assistant coach of [[Indian Super League]] club [[Odisha FC|Odisha]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Thrissur]], Kerala, Ancheri began his professional career in 1992 playing for [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|State Bank of Travancore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/jo_paul_ancheri-profile-9166-15.htm |title=Jo Paul Ancheri|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831173449/https://www.veethi.com/india-people/jo_paul_ancheri-profile-9166-15.htm |archivedate=31 August 2021|accessdate= 31 August 2021}}</ref> He went on to play for many leading football clubs including [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]], [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Jaydeep |last=Basu |url=https://www.newsclick.in/legendary-football-coach-sukhwinder-singh-shifts-canada-good |title=Legendary Football Coach Sukhwinder Singh Shifts to Canada for Good |publisher=News Click India |website=newsclick.in |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130095420/https://www.newsclick.in/legendary-football-coach-sukhwinder-singh-shifts-canada-good |archive-date=30 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/minerva-punjab-fc-rope-in-sukhwinder-as-technical-director/articleshow/65028498.cms|title=Minerva Punjab FC rope in Sukhwinder as technical director|date=17 July 2018|access-date=26 September 2023|location=Chandigarh|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718015832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/minerva-punjab-fc-rope-in-sukhwinder-as-technical-director/articleshow/65028498.cms|archive-date=18 July 2018|first=Pratyush|last=Raj|url-status=live|agency=TNN}}</ref> [[FC Kochin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflteams/2002-03/indianbank.html|title=Indian Bank Chennai FC players|website=Indian Football.de|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030616152656/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflteams/2002-03/indianbank.html|archive-date=16 June 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]. He was a versatile player who could play in any position including [[Defender (association football)|defender]], [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|defensive midfielder]], [[midfielder]], and [[Forward (association football)|striker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.com/data/halloffame/ancheri_jo_paul.html |title=HALL OF FAME |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119034358/http://www.indianfootball.com/data/halloffame/ancheri_jo_paul.html |archivedate=19 November 2008 |website=Indian Football|accessdate= 25 September 2021}}</ref> With JCT Mills Phagwara, he won the [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97 National Football League]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Indian Club Football: How Financially Sustainable Is Football In India?|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/indian-club-football-how-financially-sustainable-is-football-in-india/|website=The Hard Tackle|date=8 July 2011|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125910/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/indian-club-football-how-financially-sustainable-is-football-in-india/|archive-date=14 January 2015}} - {{cite web|last=Ganguly|first=Abhishek |title=AIFF disbands Pailan Arrows outfit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/AIFF-disbands-Pailan-Arrows-outfit/articleshow/22149611.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=30 August 2013|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920163058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/AIFF-disbands-Pailan-Arrows-outfit/articleshow/22149611.cms|archive-date=20 September 2014|url-status=live}} - {{cite web|last=Ajgoankar|first=Ashlesh|title=Indian Football: Can Kerala Produce Next I.M. Vijayan?|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-can-kerala-produce-next-i-m-vijayan/|website=The Hard Tackle|date=18 January 2013|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101110236/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-can-kerala-produce-next-i-m-vijayan/|archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

==International career==
Ancheri made his senior international debut for India against [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]] on 14 September 1994 in a 4–2 win, when he scored a goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3119/Jo_Paul_Ancheri.html |title=Jo Paul Ancheri|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418185120/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3119/Jo_Paul_Ancheri.html |archivedate=18 April 2021|website=National Football Teams|accessdate=31 August 2021}}</ref> Ancheri was also a member of the Indian team for the [[Nehru Cup|Nehru Gold Cup]] in [[Calcutta]], and of the under-23 side, which took part in the pre-Olympic tournament. He later suffered a knee injury for the rest of the season and came back with the colours of [[FC Kochin]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/article/article061.html |title=Jo Paul Ancheri — A tough ride to the top|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112150055/http://www.indianfootball.de/article/article061.html |archivedate=12 January 2020 |website=Indian Football|accessdate=31 August 2021}}</ref>

Ancheri played in a number of tournaments such as [[FIFA]] World Cup qualifiers, the [[SAFF Championship]], and the [[South Asian Games]], and helped the team win the [[SAFF Championship|South Asian Football Federation Cup]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/saffgold99.html|title=South Asian Gold Cup 1999 (Margoa, Goa)|access-date=28 December 2020|archive-date=28 October 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028070855/http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/saffgold99.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://geeksapk.com/|title=SAFF Gold Cup 1999|publisher=SAFF|access-date=28 December 2020|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525100137/https://saffederation.org/saff-gold-cup-1999/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was part of the [[Syed Naeemuddin]]-managed Indian team that participated in the [[1998 Asian Games]] in [[Bangkok]] and reached the second round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1998 Bangkok|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1998-bangkok|access-date=24 August 2021|website=Sportskeeda|date=25 August 2014 |archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081549/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1998-bangkok|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1998asiangames.html|access-date=24 August 2021|website=Indian Football|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219181315/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1998asiangames.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

With India, he appeared in the [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC first round|2002 World Cup Qualifiers]], when India defeated teams like United Arab Emirates, Brunei and Yemen. India secured 11 points from 6 matches, the same as Yemen, but finished behind them due to an inferior goal difference.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|title=The Indian Senior Team at the 2002 World Cup Qualifiers|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/2002worldcupq.html|access-date=18 January 2021|website=Indian Football|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819165359/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/2002worldcupq.html}}</ref> In that year, Ancheri was part of the [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]-led Indian team that won the [[LG Cup (association football)|LG Cup]], defeating the host nation [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] 3–2.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/10foot.htm|title=India win LG Cup football|website=Rediff|date=10 August 2002|access-date=20 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204061422/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/10foot.htm|archive-date=4 December 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> He later appeared in the [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]], when India finished as runners-up behind Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|title=Afro-Asian Games 2003|website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|access-date=3 July 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090609175750/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/asafrgam01.html| archive-date= 9 June 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
In August 2025, he was appointed assistant coach of [[Super League Kerala]] club [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]].<ref> {{cite instagram|postid=DNnp-n-BrHB|title=ജോ ഏട്ടായി ഈ സീസൺ മ്മക്ക് പൊളിച്ചടുക്കണ്ടേ... 😌🥳 A Name That Echoes Through Football History… A Hero that Inspires Generations – Jo Paul Ancheriy..!🔥 Welcome Jo To The Magic FC Family.. ❤️ Our New Assistant Coach - Jo Paul Anchery 😎|user=thrissurmagicfc|author-link=Thrissur Magic FC|date=21 August 2025|accessdate=3 October 2025}}</ref>

==International goals==
 Source : <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/ind-ancheri-intl.html|title=Jo Paul Ancheri - International Appearances}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Jo Paul Ancheri
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first''
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || rowspan=1| 14 September 1994 || rowspan=1| [[Khalifa International Stadium]], [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] || rowspan=1| {{fb|BAN}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || rowspan=1 align=center| 4–2 || rowspan=2| 1994 Qatar Independence Cup
|-
| 2. || rowspan=1| 21 September 1994 || rowspan=1| [[Khalifa International Stadium]], [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] || rowspan=1| {{fb|Oman}} || align=center| n/a || rowspan=1 align=center| 1–4
|-
| 3. || rowspan=1| 7 September 1997 || rowspan=1| [[Dasarath Rangasala Stadium]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] || rowspan=1| {{fb|MDV}} || align=center| '''2'''–0 || rowspan=1 align=center| 2–2|| rowspan=2| [[1997 SAFF Gold Cup]]
|-
| 4. || rowspan=1| 13 September 1997 || rowspan=1| [[Dasarath Rangasala Stadium]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] || rowspan=1| {{fb|MDV}} || align=center| '''1'''–0 || rowspan=1 align=center| 5–1
|-
| 5. || rowspan=1| 24 November 1999 || rowspan=1| [[Tahnoun bin Mohammed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[UAE]] || rowspan=1| {{fb|UZB}} || align=center| '''2'''–1 || rowspan=1 align=center| 2–3|| rowspan=1| [[2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| 6. || rowspan=1| 29 July 2000 || rowspan=1| [[Filbert Street]], [[Leicester]], [[England]] || rowspan=1| {{fb|BAN}} || align=center| '''1'''–0 || rowspan=1 align=center| 1–0|| rowspan=1|Friendly
|-
| 7. || rowspan=2| 4 May 2001 || rowspan=2| [[Althawra Sports City Stadium]], [[Sanaa]], [[Yemen]] || rowspan=2| {{fb|YEM}} || align=center|'''1'''–1 || rowspan=2 align=center| 3–3 || rowspan=4| [[2002 FIFA World Cup qualification - AFC first round|2002 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| 8. || align=center|'''2'''–2
|-
| 9. || 11 May 2001 || [[Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium]], [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], [[Brunei]] || {{fb|BRU}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 1–0
|-
| 10. || 20 May 2001 || [[Bangalore Football Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], [[India]] || {{fb|BRU}} || align=center|'''4'''–0 || align=center| 5–0
|-
| 11. || rowspan=1| 3 June 2004 || rowspan=1| [[Gelora Bung Karno Stadium]], [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] || rowspan=1| {{fb|IDN}} || align=center| '''1'''–1 || rowspan=1 align=center| 1–1|| rowspan=1|Friendly
|-
|}

==Honours==
'''JCT Mills'''
* [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]: [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Ravi |title=JCT wins inaugural Philips NFL title |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970317/07650773.html |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 March 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970420235957/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970317/07650773.html |archive-date=20 April 1997}} - {{cite news |title=Fairplay bonus for JCT |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970320/07950253.html |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970421012412/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970320/07950253.html |archive-date=21 April 1997}}</ref>
* [[Indian Federation Cup]]: 1996
* [[Durand Cup]]: 1996

'''FC Kochin'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: 1997<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/durandcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Durand Cup|access-date=22 February 2021|website=Indian Football |archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627235237/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/durandcup.html|url-status=live}} - {{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-gokulam-kerala-fc-fc-kochin-im-vijayan-joe-paul-ancheri/article29310022.ece|title=When two Durand champions got together|access-date=22 February 2021|website=The Hindu|date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125002253/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-gokulam-kerala-fc-fc-kochin-im-vijayan-joe-paul-ancheri/article29310022.ece|url-status=live}} - {{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. K. Ajith|date=24 August 2019|title=Durand Cup: Gokulam Kerala FC's win reinvigorates Kerala football |work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/durand-cup-gokulam-kerala-fcs-win-over-mohun-bagan-reinvigorates-kerala-football/article29245714.ece|access-date=30 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730132629/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/durand-cup-gokulam-kerala-fcs-win-over-mohun-bagan-reinvigorates-kerala-football/article29245714.ece|url-status=live}} - {{Cite web|date=27 October 1997|title=Durand Cup win by FC Kochin signals football's shift from amateur to professional status|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19971027-durand-cup-win-by-fc-kochin-signals-footballs-shift-from-amateur-to-professional-status-832369-1997-10-27|access-date=30 July 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730134421/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19971027-durand-cup-win-by-fc-kochin-signals-footballs-shift-from-amateur-to-professional-status-832369-1997-10-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[IFA Shield]]: runner-up 1997<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the IFA-Shield|website=Indian Football |access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083403/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html|url-status=live}} - {{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|title=India — List of IFA Shield Finals|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=31 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031142319/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Football Association|Kerala State Championship]]: 1997

'''Mohun Bagan'''
* [[Indian Federation Cup]]: 1998
* [[IFA Shield]]: 1998, 1999

'''East Bengal'''
* IFA Shield: 2001
* Durand Cup: 2001, 2002

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997]], [[1999 SAFF Gold Cup|1999]], [[2005 SAFF Gold Cup|2005]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/saffgold05.html |title=South Asian Gold Cup 2005 (Karachi, Pakistan) |last=Zlotkowski |first=Andre |date=6 March 2008 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224024944/http://rsssf.com/tabless/saffgold05.html |url-status=live }}</ref> runner-up: [[1995 SAARC Gold Cup|1995]]; third place: [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 1995 South Asian Games|1995]]; Bronze medal: [[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999]]
* [[Afro-Asian Games]] silver medal: [[Football at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|title=Afro-Asian Games 2003|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130141/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|archive-date=28 September 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Karel|last2=Stokkermans|date=2001}}</ref>

'''India U-23'''
* [[LG Cup (association football)|LG Cup]]: 2002<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-beat-vietnam-to-win-lg-cup-football/articleshow/18684987.cms|title=India beat Vietnam to win LG Cup football|website=The Times of India|date=10 August 2002 |access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207133818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-beat-vietnam-to-win-lg-cup-football/articleshow/18684987.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/hcmccup.html#02 |title=Ho Chi Minh City Cups |website=[[RSSSF]] |accessdate=19 September 2022 }}</ref>

'''Maharashtra'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]] runner-up: [[1999–2000 Santosh Trophy|1999–2000]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra snares Kerala in its den |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/maharashtra-snares-kerala-in-its-den/article28013093.ece |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 April 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929135112/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |archive-date=29 September 2023 |first=A |last=Vinod |location=Thrissur }}</ref>

'''Individual'''
* [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards|AIFF Player of the Year]]: 1994, 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html|title=AIFF PLAYER OF THE YEAR — FROM STARTING |publisher=Kolkata Football|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823101258/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html|archive-date=23 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jeje Lalpekhlua is 2016 AIFF Player of the Year |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7722 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227132308/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7722 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All India Football Federation Awards: Sunil Chhetri and Bala Devi win Player of the Year Trophy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/all-india-football-federation-awards-sunil-chhetri-and-bala-devi-win-player-of-the-year-trophy-240310-2015-02-14 |access-date=26 September 2020 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926234124/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/all-india-football-federation-awards-sunil-chhetri-and-bala-devi-win-player-of-the-year-trophy-240310-2015-02-14 |archive-date=26 September 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of India international footballers]]
*[[List of India national football team captains]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.sikardeals.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|title=All time Indian XI|date=23 November 2016|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201149/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal}}
*{{cite web
|url = http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19991208/isp08032.html
|title = FC Kochin rope in coach Chathunni
|website = expressindia.indianexpress.com
|publisher = The Indian Express
|date = 7 December 1999
|first1 = Ravi
|last1 = Menon
|location = Kochi
|access-date = 28 January 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140219071340/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19991208/isp08032.html
|archive-date = 19 February 2014
}}
*{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/a-futile-exercise-to-say-the-least/article29636257.ece/|title=A futile exercise, to say the least|first1=A.|last1=Vinod|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=4 May 2002|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111140426/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/a-futile-exercise-to-say-the-least/article29636257.ece|archive-date=11 January 2024}}

==External links==
*{{Soccerway|jo-paul-ancheri/285508}}
*[https://indianhotdeal.com/jo-paul-ancheri-full-biography/ Biography] at indianhotdeal.com
*{{NFT player|3119}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancheri, Jo Paul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Sree Kerala Varma College alumni]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Men's association football utility players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Association football commentators]]
[[Category:Indian sports commentators]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]

Aranmula Boat Race

2026-02-10T11:05:57Z

RhysFrisina87: cleanup

{{Short description|Annual snake boat race in Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=February 2009}}
{{confusing|date=February 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Aranmula Boat Race
| native_name = Aranmula Vallam Kali
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| image = Kerala boatrace.jpg
| caption = Aranmula Uthrattathi Boat Race
| status = Active
| genre = Festival
| date = [[Uttara Bhādrapadā|Utthrattathi]] [[Nakshatra]] in the Malayalam Calendar month of [[Chingam]] (/ accordingly)
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = Annually
| venue = [[Pampa River]], [[Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple]]
| location = [[Aranmula]] [[Pathanamthitta District]], Kerala
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|19|40|N|76|41|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| years_active =
| first = 1972
| founder_name =
| last = 
| prev = 09 September 2025
| next = 27 September 2026
| participants = Currently 52 palliyodams
| attendance =
| area =
| budget =
| patron =
| organised = Palliyoda Seva Sangham
| filing = 
| people =
| member =
| website = {{URL|http://aranmulavallamkali.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The Aranmula Boat Festival is one of the oldest river boat festivals in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is held annually during the [[Onam]] season (August–September) at [[Aranmula]], a village near the Sree Parthasarathy Temple, which is dedicated to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]], in the [[Pathanamthitta]] district of Kerala. The festival is known for its ceremonial procession of snake boats ([[Palliyodam]]s), which glide in pairs along the Pampa to the rhythm of traditional boat songs known as Vanchipattu. The oarsmen, dressed in white mundu and turbans, row in unison to the chants and drumbeats, creating a vibrant spectacle. Each boat is decorated with golden lace at the prow, a flag, and an ornamental umbrella at the centre, adding to the pageantry of the event.

Although the festival has ancient origins, snake boat races were officially introduced to its programme in 1972, giving rise to the modern name Aranmula Boat Race. The event draws thousands of spectators to the riverbanks every year. In 2019, a total of 52 snake boats participated in the festival.

==Aranmula temple==
[[Aranmula]] is about 128 km from [[Trivandrum]], capital city of [[Kerala]]. It is situated on the banks of the river [[Pamba River|Pampa]] in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala. The famous temple at [[Aranmula]] is dedicated to Sree Parthasarathy of Lord [[Krishna]] as the divine charioteer of [[Arjuna]]. A rough estimate puts the age of this temple to 1700 years.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Palliyodams (snake boats)==
{{Main|Palliyodam}}
[[File:Kerala boatrace.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Aranmula Uthrattathi Boat Race]]
[[Palliyodam]]s are [[Aranmula]]’s unique [[snake boat]]s ''([[Chundan Vallam]])'' which devotees hold in reverence, considering it as the divine vessel of the presiding deity in Sree Parthasarathy temple. These Palliyodams belong to different ''Karas'' (rustic parts) on the banks of river [[Pamba River|Pampa]]. The first Palliyodam was built by Nedumprayar kara situated near Aranmula.Each Palliyodam will usually have 4 helmsmen, rowers and singers. It is decorated with golden lace. There will be a flag and two or three ornamental [[umbrella]]s.

===Construction===
Locating a suitable tree preferably Anjili, cutting it down and bringing to the location for construction is the first step. Selecting an auspicious day and time work begins. All these are according to [[Vedas]], an ancient treatise on building of wooden boats. These boats are about 100 to 138 ft in length, with the rear portion towering to a height of about 20 ft. and a long tapering front portion. When completed it resembles a snake with its hood raised. Its hull is built of planks precisely 83 feet in length and six inches wide.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===Care of a snake boat===
Every year the boats are oiled mainly with fish oil, [[coconut]] shell, and carbon to keep the wood strong and the boat slippery in the water. The village carpenter carries out annual repairs and people take pride in their boat, which is named after and represents their village.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===Getting onto a snake boat===
#Only men of the village are allowed to be in the boat.
#Dress. White loin cloth ([[Mundu]]) and [[turban]].
#No shirt and footwear.

Traditionally it will be commanded by a Kaarnavan / Karanaadhan (Village leader) with ''First Adanayampu'' and under him there will be three main oarsmen who control the movement of the boat with 12 feet long main rudder-oar ''(Adanayampu)''. Sitting two in row along the length of the Boat there will be the oarsmen, They row in rhythm of the [[Vanchippattu]] (boatman's song). Standing on the platform in the middle of the boat, the main singer will lead the [[Vanchippattu]]. A few singers will be with the main leader while others will stand at the middle between the oarsmen.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===Vanchipattu===
The singers lead the [[Vanchippattu]] (boatman's song) which the oarsmen will repeat and they move the oars in circular form according to its rhythm. Usually the selection will be from "Kuchela Vrythom Vanchipattu".

Example: (in Malayalam)
Note that The oar should make one full circle between the dashes (-).
:''Singers'' – Paranja-thangane thanney-
:''Oarsmen'' – Thei thei -thakathei thei thom-
:''Singers'' – Paranja-thangane thanney-
:''Oarsmen'' – Thithi tha thi- thei thei,
:''Singers'' – Paranja-thangane thanney – paathirava-yallo Pathni
:''Oarsmen'' – Paranja-thangane thanney – paathirava-yallo Pathni
:''All together'' – Ohh thei tha- thaka tha thiki thaka thom
:::: Theeya Thitho thitho thikithom
:''Singers'' – Kuranj-onnurangatte njan
:''Oarsmen'' – Thei thei -thakathei thei thoy-
:''Singers'' – Kuranj-onnurangatte njan
:''Oarsmen'' – Thitha tha thi- thei thei,
:''Singers'' – Kuranj-onnurangatte njan ulak -irezhum

The Malayaraya community inhabiting the upper reaches of Western ghats at present, have many Vanjippattu songs included in their literature which are used in their artforms such as Kolakali and Ivarkali.<ref>Harigovindam – Vanjippattu songs collected by melukara Shivankutty Ashan, Editor: Rajesh Kumar K, Pages 111, 329–332</ref> The presence of such songs which are exclusively used in the Aranmula tradition could be because Malayarayars were once the non-brahmanical, vama/Kaulachara "karmis" of Aranmula Appan or mahavishnu as attested by "Thirunizhalmala," one of the oldest poems in Malayalam language and it's creator Ayiroor Govindan.<ref name=pd>Padakkalputhamekel- Thirunizhalmalapadhanam, Rajesh Kumar K, Manjalkkuri (Jinesh Jills George) Pages 13–28</ref>

Malayarayars praise "Thiruvaranmula Appan" and "Ayiroor Bhagavati" in their traditional songs. They are believed to have left the plains for mountains after their defeat at Chotty sometime between AD 1407 and 1419. Malayaraya/ Malaya country known as "Maleam" in certain 17th century European maps of Malabar lying east of Chotti was transferred to Poonjar by the victoriousThekkumkur rajas.<ref name=pd/>

The last few lines of "Bana Yudham" reveals the true antiquity of Aranmula Vanjippattu tradition.

വഞ്ചിരാമൻ (രാമവർമ്മ കുലശേഖരപ്പെരുമാൾ ?) മന്ത്രിമാരിൽ (നാല് തളി ?)

മുൻപനാകും മഹാവീരൻ

പഞ്ചബാണാംബുജവീരൻ അംബുജനേത്രൻ

നെഞ്ചിലേറ്റം മോദമോടെ വഞ്ചിതന്നിൽ പാടുവാൻ

ചഞ്ചലം കൂടാതെ നല്ല വഞ്ചിയുണ്ടാക്കി<ref>Malayarayarude Anushtanaganangal by shylaja Narayanan Page 81</ref>

Malayarayas have no historical memory about their presence in Ayiroor, the relationship with Aranmula temple or "Vanjippattu". These facts have came into light through some studies concluded quite recently.

==Festivals==
A number of colourful festivals rich in traditions are held at [[Aranmula]] temple every year. The most important festival is the traditional palliyodam [[regatta]] (boat festival). Three important events take place in which the Palliyodams participate. All these are solemn religious custom and there were no competitive races.

===Thiruvonam===
On [[onam|Thiruvonam]] day people of [[Kerala]] celebrate it with a feast. [[Aranmula]] celebrations begin with the arrival of Thiruvonathoni (special boats) from [[Kattoor, Pathanamthitta|Kattoor]]. For a sumptuous meal for the Lord at [[Aranmula]], a boat with the necessary provisions, and an ever-burning lamp, set off its journey from the temple at [[Kattoor, Pathanamthitta|Kattoor]] at 6 pm so that it could reach [[Aranmula]] temple by 4 am the next day, the Thiruonam day. At 6 pm long main rudder-oar (Adanayampu) will be presented to the temple at [[Kattoor, Pathanamthitta|Kattoor]] and then it will be handed over to the leading oarsman. Mr. [[Bhattathiri]] of Mangaatt [[Illam]] with 18 men will get into the boat and it will begin its journey to [[Aranmula]]. The boat is expected to float according to the speed of the current. The sound of the [[nagaswaram]] (musical pipe) could be heard from a distance. People from all walks of life, age and religion will assemble on the river bank and they will float lighted lamps on the river welcoming the Thiruvonathoni. It is believed that the palliyodams were built to protect this Thiruvonathoni. So early morning on [[onam|Thiruvonam]] day all these palliyodams will accompany the Thiruvonathoni.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===Uthrittathi===
It is considered that ‘’Uthrittathi’’ day is the anniversary of the installation of the idol consecrated in the south, by [[Pandava]]s. So on that day, there will be a [[Snake boat]] [[regatta]] in front of the [[Aranmula]] temple.

===Aranmula Vallasadya===
[[File:Sadhya DSW.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A Typical [[Onam]] Feast. Onam is a major festival of Kerala.]]
Another important event is the ''Aranmula Valla[[sadya]]'' (banquet). It is served to the oarsmen of [[snake boat]]s at the Parthasarthy temple premises and at nearby dining hall and auditorium. it starts in mid July (karkitakam) and will last till September.( kanni month) 254 valla[[sadya]]s were held in 2008 besides the mega feast on Ashtami Rohini. For this mega feast as many as 50,000 people from different parts of the state took part. Rice with 68 side dishes were served at the [[Sadya]] on banana leaves including the following side dishes.<ref>Desabhimani, 30 December 2008. {{full citation needed|date=January 2019}}</ref>
Valla sadya is performed with a strict style. First, one who offers the feast has to invite the ''karanathan''. On the day he has to put two 'nirapara's down the 'kodimaram' flag post, with betel, and tobacco and [[areca nut]]. Around 11 o'clock the boat people will come in the decorated boat with vallapattu. They are welcomed with thalappoli and these offerings, and are marched with rhythmic slogans first in front to the god and then to the separate hall arranged for the feast. They are treated with whatever they ask, and after the feast they are sent back following up to the river.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

:Adaprathaman. (Pudding); Aravana payasam. (Pudding made from rice, jaggery and ghee); Aval (flattened rice); Avial (Mixed vegetable curry); Banana chips; Chammanthi powder (Chutney with chillies); Chukku vellum (dried ginger water); Curd; Ellunda (gingelly ball); Fried banana; Ghee; Ginger curry; Holy water from river [[Pampa]]; Kaalhen (curry made from curds); Kaalipazham payasam (Pudding made of banana); Kalkandum (Sugar candy); Kadala Prathaman (made of Bengal gram); Kychadi (Curry made of rice and gram); Mango curry; Munthiri pachadi (Curry made of grapes); Olen, (mixed curry); Pacchadi (A vegetable curry); Paal payasm (Pudding made of Milk); Pachamoru; Pulisserry (Curry prepared with thick and sour buttermilk); Resam; Red Cheera Thoran (made with a variety of amaranthus); Sambar; Thakara Thoran (Thoran with cassia tora); Unniappam.

===Palliyodoms that took part in September 2016===

(Maximum number of men allowed in the boat and total length of the [[snake boat]]s are given in brackets.)
#[[Arattupuzha]]. (139, .. )
#[[Ayroor]] (125, 143’)
# [[Chennithala]]. (80, 117).
#Cherukol Sri Padmanabha Dasa Palliyodom. (110, 99’)
#Edanad. (.., 146)
#Edappavur. (110, 123)
#Edappavur –Peroor (110, 142’)
#[[Edasserimala]]. (.., 139).
#[[Edasserimala]]- East.. (85, 139).
#[[Edayaranmula]]. (140

#Edayaranmula- East. (100, 146’)
#[[Kadapra]]. (.., ..)
#Keezhvanmazhi (110, 139)
#[[Kattoor, Pathanamthitta|Kattoor]] (80, 140’)
#Keezhukara. (135, 142’). Stern Height 20’, the tallest among all
#Kodiattukara. (80, ..)
#[[Koipram]] (100, 139). 89 years old.
#[[Kottathur]]. (60, ..)
#[[Kozhencherry]] (100, 133’)
#[[Kuriannoor]]. (100, 139’)
#Lhaha. (95, 140’)
#Malakkara (110, 143’)
#[[Mallappuzhassery]] (.., 99’)
#Mangalam. (85, ..)
#Melukara (.., 142’)
#[[Maramon]]. (100, 142)
#Mundan Kavu (112, …). One hundred years old.
#Muthuvazhi. (65, ..)
#Nedumprayar. (.., 142’)
#Nellickal, (.., 137’)
#Othara (81, 124’)
#Poovathur East. (77, 124)
#Poovathur West (104, 129’)
#Prayaar
#Punnamthottam (140, 144’)
#[[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]. (.., 121’)
#Thekkemuri (112, 137’)
#[[Thottapuzhassery]]. (85, ..)
#Thymaravumkara. (64, 124)
#Umayattukara. (110, 120’)
#Vanmazhi. (70, 120).
#Venpala (.., 125’)
:::[[Aranmula]] regatta (Vallam Kali) is part of the cultural heritage of Kerala state as a whole and [[Aranmula]] in particular.

==See also==
* [[Aranmula kottaram]]
* [[Chundan Vallam]]
* [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]]
* [[Vallam Kali]]
* [[Onam]]
* [[Cuisine of Kerala]]
* [[Aranmula]]

==Other renowned boat races in Kerala==
* [[President's Trophy Boat Race]]
* [[Champakulam Moolam Boat Race]]
* [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]]
* [[Payippad Jalotsavam]]
* [[Kumarakom Boat Race]]
* [[Kallada Boat Race]]
* Pampa Boat Race, Neerettupuram
* [[Gothuruth Boat Race]] since 1938, Ernakullam<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-18|title=Gothuruth Boat Race, Kerala, India|url=http://gothuruthboatrace.com/|access-date=2021-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518075839/http://gothuruthboatrace.com/|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aranmula Boat Race}}
*http://www.aranmula.net
* [http://snakeboatrace.com/ Snake Boat Race]
*http://www.aranmulavallamkali.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718011708/http://aranmulavallamkali.com/ |date=18 July 2019 }}
*[http://aranmulakannadi.org/2010/08/aranmula-vallamkali-2010/ Aranmula Vallamkali 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130223134452/http://aranmulakannadi.org/2010/08/aranmula-vallamkali-2010/ |date=23 February 2013 }}
*[http://www.keralatourism.org/ Aranmula]
*[https://picasaweb.google.com/102696491785443160760/SnakeBoat A foreigner's experience of Aranmula snake boats – Onam 2011]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Boat races in Kerala]]
[[Category:Boat festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Aranmula]]
[[Category:Pamba River]]
[[Category:Onam]]

Jairam Shivji

2026-02-07T23:00:46Z

RhysFrisina87: done.

{{Infobox person
| name = Jairam Shivji
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = c. 1792
| birth_place = [[Mundra]], Kutch, India
| death_date = 1866
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Merchant and banker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Jairam Shivji''' (c. 1792–1866) was an Indian merchant and banker from [[Kutch]], India, who operated from [[Zanzibar]] and [[Muscat]]. Having almost monopolized the entire Zanzibar market, he was the wealthiest person in [[East Africa]] during his career there.<ref name="Goswamijstor">{{Cite journal|last=Goswami|first=Chhaya R.|date=2006|title=Professor J.C. Jha Memorial Prize Essay: The ivory trade at Zanzibar and the role of Kutchis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148011|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=67|pages=921–935|issn=2249-1937|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=McDow|first=Thomas F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7tTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89|title=Buying Time: Debt and Mobility in the Western Indian Ocean|date=2018|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-8214-4609-6|location=|pages=89|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mehta">{{Cite journal|last=Mehta|first=Makrand|date=2001|title=Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora: Major Historical Trends|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410637|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=36|issue=20|pages=1738–1747|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==Biography==
Jairam Shivji was born in 1792 into a [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]] family in [[Mundra]], Kutch.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=204}}{{efn-ua|Not in [[Lakhpat]] as mentioned by Nicolini.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=204}}}} His father Shivji Topan was a merchant operating from Muscat, who had accompanied the [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan of Oman]] on an expedition to maintain his influence in East Africa in 1785 along with another merchant named Vansanji Haridas Bhimani.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=204}}

During the period of exponentially growing trade with the western world, the [[Omani Sultanate]] contracted various authorities and firms to collect custom duties at various places.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=204}} Shivji Topan secured a contract to collect custom duties in [[Zanzibar]] in 1819. The competing firm of Bhimanis received the contract in 1833 for MT$70,000 but Shivji Topan regained the contract in 1835 for MT$84,000.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=205}}

Shivji joined his father and uncle Madhavji Topan as an apprentice and later succeeded his father. He secured the contract at Zanzibar for MT$1,10,000. He further obtained contracts in mainland at [[Mombasa]] and at [[Marima]] in 1837.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=205}} He also received contracts at [[Mafia]] and [[Lindi]] in the 1840s though they were continued as sublets of local governors. By 1850, he had contracts for collecting custom duties for all businesses from [[Cape Delgado]] to [[Mogadishu]]. He subsequently consolidated the custom collection for the Omani Sultanate and controlled commerce on the one thousand mile long coastline. His head office was located at Zanzibar and the local custom collectors were Kutchi Banias. They were also known as ''Port Indians'' or ''Banian Forodha''. Later they were known as 'Jiram Sewji'.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|pp=206-207}}

Shivji had employed 150 guards to defend Zanzibar and the custom office was located at Furzani quarters near salt bazaar. His officials included Laddha Damji at Zanzibar, Laxmidas at [[Mombasa]], Trikamdas at [[Pagini]], Ramji Pragji at [[Bagamoyo]], his nephew Pisu at [[Pemba Island]] and Kisandas at [[Kilwa]].{{sfn|Goswami|2016|pp=206-207}}

The Omani Sultan could draw funds from his firm by writing ''Barwa''s (chits) and it increased their dependency on him. The Sultan had turned down higher bids for custom contract in 1841 in favour of Jairam Shivji who continued to increase revenue for him. The revenue reached MT$2,20,000 by 1856. The contract help him by dominating the business in Zanzibar.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=207}} By 1850s, Shivji had offices in Zanzibar, the Persian Gulf, Muscat, Mundra and Mandvi. He also had offices in the Fort and Bazargate of Bombay. They had an association with a monastery in Mandvi where a draft issued in Zanzibar can be encashed.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=207-208}}

Sultan Sayyid Said had forbidden the killing of cows in the vicinity of his house during the [[Eid al-Fitr]], to respect Shivji's religious beliefs.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=207}}

==Death and legacy==
Shivji died on 25 August 1866.{{sfn|Goswami|2016|p=}} He came to be known as Swahili and his family adopted the surname Swali. A street near his house in Mundra became known as Swali Sheri.<ref name="Khan2013">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Saeed|date=27 September 2013|title=Mundra town has a Swahili Street|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mundra-town-has-a-swahili-street/articleshow/23117661.cms|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170929005033/http://www.grfdt.com/PublicationDetails.aspx?Type=Articles&TabId=8075 Zanzibar, the Land of Jasmin and Langi Langi!]}}
*{{cite news |title=Omani Sultans banked on Kutchi moneybags {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Omani-Sultans-banked-on-Kutchi-moneybags/articleshow/11249924.cms |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Goswami|first=Chhaya|title=Globalization before Its Time: The Gujarati Merchants from Kachchh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9GECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148|date=18 February 2016|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-85890-70-3}}

[[Category:1790s births]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:Kutchi people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Expatriates in Oman]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Africa]]
[[Category:Zanzibari people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:People from Cutch State]]

Cathedral High School, Bengaluru

2026-02-04T02:14:51Z

RhysFrisina87: New basic stub more to come...

{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=March 2015}}
{{One source|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox school
| seal_image =
| image = [[File:CHS-SCHOOL.png|200px]]
| picture_caption =
| image_size =
| name = Cathedral High School, Bangalore, Karnataka
| logo =
| motto = ''Forward in Faith''
| established = {{start date and age|1866}}
| founder = [[Samuel Thomas Pettigrew (East India Company chaplain)|Samuel Thomas Pettigrew]]
| principal = Dr. D. Alwin Rajan
| grades = The School: Nursery - Class 10th 
The Pre-University College: Class 11th and 12th
| type = [[Christian]] [[Private School]]
| houses = Pettigrew {{color box|blue}} Richmond {{color box|red}} Courpalais {{color box|yellow}} Stracey {{color box|green}} Whistance {{color box|purple}}
| colors = {{color box|green}}{{color box|white}}
| publication = The Cathedralite
| mascot =
| information =
| website = {{Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Cathedral High School''' in [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]] is a co-educational institute affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] '''(CISCE)'''. It forms a part of Institutions in the city that are run by the [[Church of South India]] under [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central Diocese]]. It was established at 1866 and is one of the oldest educational institutions in State being over 160 years since establishment. It is located in Central Business District of the city on Richmond road. The Institution is located on one {{convert|14|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus, it shares the block with CSI-KCD All Saints Church. It also houses the Cathedral Pre-university College in the same campus and it is affiliated to the [[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board|Karnataka School Examination and Assessment Board]] ('''KSEAB''').<ref>{{Cite web |title=One moment, please... |url=http://www.cathedralhighschool.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519041631/http://www.cathedralhighschool.in/ |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=cathedralhighschool.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}

{{coord|12.9667|77.6078|type:edu_region:IN-KA|display=title}}

[[Category:Church of South India schools]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1866]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in India]]

Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir

2026-01-24T03:54:12Z

RhysFrisina87: Made Entry

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Mrityunjay
| alt =
| caption = Matrimandir Varanasi
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi
| map_caption = Temple location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| coordinates = {{coord|25.317645|82.973914|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = मृत्युंजय महादेव मंदिर
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| location = Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir also known as Ravaneshwar, Chowk 36/10, Islamistan, [[Visheshwarganj]], Varanasi
| elevation_m = 73.14 <ref name="Elevation">{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=Elevation finder|accessdate=2 March 2015|url=http://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm}}</ref>
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals= [[Mahashivratri]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 18th century
| creator =
| website = 
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Ravaneshwar Mandir''' ([[Hindi]]: रावणेश्वर मंदिर) (also known as Ravaneshwar) is one of the most famous temples in the holy city of [[Varanasi]]. This temple has great historical and cultural importance in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir">{{cite news|title=Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir|publisher=Varanasi.org|accessdate=2 March 2015|url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/mrityunjay-mahadev-temple-varanasi}}</ref><ref name="Indian temples">{{cite news|title=Indian temples|publisher=Temple Travel|accessdate=2 March 2015|url=http://www.templetravel.net/2013/04/mritunjay-mahadev-temple-in-varanasi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101858/http://www.templetravel.net/2013/04/Ravaneshwar-in-varanasi.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ravaneshwar">{{cite news|title=Mrityunjay Mahadev|publisher=varanasi-temples.com|accessdate=2 March 2015|url=http://varanasi-temples.com/category/shiva-temples/main-shiva-temples/mrityunjay-mahadev/}}</ref><ref name="Temples">{{cite news|title=Temples|publisher=myvaranasicity.com|accessdate=2 March 2015|url=http://myvaranasicity.com/about/markandeya-mahadevkaithi}}</ref>

==History==
The smaller shrines within the temple are said to be thousands of years old. However the current building was constructed in the 18th century, Mrityunjay Mahadev houses a [[Shivling]] and a well. It is believed that the temples keeps all its devotees away from unnatural death and cures illnesses. [[Shiva]] is worshiped as ''Mrityunjay Mahadev'' ("the great god who is victorious over death") here, by devotees who perform '''Mrityunjay paath'''. It is also believed that [[Dhanvantari]], [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]] and the god of [[Ayurvedic]] medicine, poured all his medicines in the well, giving it the healing power.<ref name="Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir"/><ref name="Ravaneshwar" />

==Location==
Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir is situated in Daranagar, [[Visheshwarganj]], [[Varanasi]]. The temple is 1.7 kilometers West of Gola Ghat, 1.1 kilometers North of Pancha Ganga Ghat and 500 meters South-East of ''Kotwali''.<ref name="Location">{{cite news|title=Location|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=2 March 2015|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Mrityunjaya+Mahadev+Temple/@25.322127,83.005778,16z/data=!4m5!1m2!2m1!1sMrityunjay+Mahadev+Temple+Varanasi!3m1!1s0x398e2e3d7dd1fb31:0x15ea53adbe61e75a}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
It is believed that the temples keeps all its devotees away from unnatural death and cures illnesses when the devotees perform "Mrityunjay path" and sprinkle water from the well (called koop) on themselves.<ref name="Ravaneshwar"/>

==See also==
* [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]
* [[Hindu temples in Varanasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Temples in Varanasi}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Varanasi]]

Indus Towers

2026-01-18T14:10:25Z

RhysFrisina87: slightly refine content for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian telecommunications tower company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indus Towers Limited
| logo = Indus Towers logo.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt = Logo of Indus Towers
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|534816}}|{{NSE|INDUSTOWER}}}}
| ISIN = INE121J01017
| industry = [[Telecommunications]]
| predecessor = [[Bharti Infratel]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2007|11}}
| hq_location = [[Cyber City, Gurgaon|DLF Cyber City]]
| hq_location_city = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.industowers.com/contact/ |website=Indus Towers |access-date=21 May 2023 |date=28 March 2018}}</ref>
| num_locations = 219,736 towers<ref>{{cite web |title=Home page |url=https://www.industowers.com/ |website=Indus Towers |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>
| num_locations_year = FY24
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl|N. Kumar (chairman)|Prachur Shah (MD & CEO)<ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.industowers.com/investor/corporategovernance/#board-of-directors |website=Indus Towers |access-date=21 May 2023 |date=7 May 2019}}</ref>}}
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|30123|c}}
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|13154|c}}
| income_year = 2025
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|9932|c}}
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets = {{up}} {{INRConvert|63168|c}}
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{up}} {{INRConvert|32498|c}}
| equity_year = 2025
| owners = {{ubl|[[Bharti Airtel]] (51.03%)<ref name = "shareholding"/>}}
| num_employees = 3,554<ref name="AR22">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/bb10a6b9-94b9-45ba-ad71-8a803ad3ff9d.pdf |website=Indus Towers |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = FY24
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://www.industowers.com/}}
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

'''Indus Towers Limited''' is an Indian [[telecommunications]] infrastructure company offering passive [[Infrastructure as a service|infrastructure services]] to [[Mobile network operator|mobile network operators]] and other wireless services providers. Headquartered in [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], Indus Towers was incorporated in November 2007 by [[Bharti Infratel]] (a subsidiary of [[Bharti Airtel]]), [[Vodafone India|Vodafone Essar]], and [[Idea Cellular]], to provide shared telecom infrastructure to telecom operators on a non-discriminatory basis.

Bharti Infratel merged with Indus Towers on 19 November 2020, creating one of the largest [[Cell site|mobile tower]] infrastructure operators in the world.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2020 |title=Largest tower company in world outside China! Indus Towers, Bharti Infratel merger complete |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/telecom/largest-tower-company-indus-towers-bharti-infratel-merger-complete/story/422492.html}}</ref> Post-merger, Bharti Airtel held a 36.73% stake in Indus Towers, with [[Vodafone|Vodafone Group Plc]] holding 28.12%,<ref name=":0" /> and 3.1% shares held by [[Providence Equity]].<ref name="shareholding" />

Currently Indus Towers is a subsidiary of Bharati Airtel after the latter increased it's stake to 50.005% & Vodafone Group Plc exited the company

Indus Towers Limited has over 192,874 towers and 342,831 co-locations and a nationwide presence covering all 22 telecom circles.<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Ishita |title=Indus Towers Q3 net profit up 2% at ₹1,360 crore |url=https://www.industowers.com/investor/company-profile/|publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=28 January 2021}}</ref> It has the widest coverage in India and has already achieved 289,000 tenancies, a first in the telecom tower industry globally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/merger-to-give-vodafone-idea-more-negotiating-powers-in-divesting-indus-tower-stake/articleshow/57761645.cms|title=Merger to give Vodafone, Idea edge in divesting Indus Towers stakes|last1=Sengupta|first1=Devina|date=2017-03-22|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-07-25|last2=Banerjee|first2=Niharika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/indus-towers-to-invest-rs-100-crore-to-set-up-500-new-sites-across-india/articleshow/55683542.cms|title=Indus Towers to invest Rs 100 crore to set up 500 new sites across India|last=Aulakh|first=Gulveen|date=2016-11-29|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref> Some of its major customers include Airtel, Bharti Hexacom, [[Jio]] and [[Vodafone Idea Ltd|Vi]].<ref name="livemint.com" />

== History ==
Indus Towers Limited was founded in November 2007 by [[Bharti Infratel]], [[Vodafone India|Vodafone Essar]], and [[Idea Cellular]], with the goal of merging their passive infrastructure assets across 16 telecom circles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-20 |title=Indus raises Rs 10000 crore to pay off loans |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/indus-raises-rs-10000-crore-to-pay-off-loans/articleshow/5252771.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It was incorporated with an objective to provide shared telecom infrastructure to telecom operators on a non-discriminatory basis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/teri-and-indus-towers-jointly-ink-mou-on-developing-innovative-renewable-energy-solutions/318567/|title=TERI and Indus Towers jointly ink MoU on developing innovative renewable energy solutions|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Bharti Infratel held a 42% stake in the company, with [[Vodafone|Vodafone Group Plc]] holding 42% and [[Vodafone Idea]] holding 11.15%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2020-11-20 |title=Bharti Infratel, Indus merger complete; VIL gets ₹3,760 cr in cash for 11.15% holding in Indus |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/bharti-infratel-indus-merger-complete-vil-gets-3760-cr-in-cash-for-1115-holding-in-indus/article33138890.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The remaining 4.85% stake was held by private equity firm [[Providence Equity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Navadha Pandey, Rhik |date=2018-04-25 |title=Infratel, Indus merge to form a tower giant |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/GwT2LjndrV3OzfTncD20nM/Bharti-Infratel-Indus-Towers-announce-merger-to-create-tele.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bharti Infratel merger ===

In 2017, reports suggested that Bharti Infratel was looking to acquire the 53% stake in Indus Towers, owned by Vodacom Group and Vodafone Idea.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/PjsOVZLNNhskBfdWgEbHnK/Bharti-Infratel-said-to-sound-out-banks-to-fund-8-billion-I.html|title=Bharti Infratel said to sound out banks to fund $8 billion Indus Towers deal|last=Alexander|first=George Smith|date=2017-06-01|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref> However, in July, the head of Vodafone stated that they were "actively considering" a float of their stake in Indus Towers. Vodafone went on to deliver a formal mandate to both [[Bank of America Merrill Lynch]] and [[Morgan Stanley]] to finalize buyers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/tower-sale-plan-of-vodafone-idea-gathers-steam-ahead-of-merger/articleshow/59394089.cms|title=Tower sale plan of Vodafone, Idea gathers steam ahead of merger|last1=Parbat|first1=Kalyan|date=2017-07-01|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-07-25|last2=Kalesh|first2=Baiju}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Vodafone-India-Idea-merger-on-fast-track-Individual-towers-to-be-sold-at-the-earliest/articleshow/59399370.cms|title=Vodafone India-Idea merger on fast track: Individual towers to be sold at the earliest|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref>

[[Bharti Airtel]] (Bharti Infratel's parent company), Vodafone Group, and Vodafone Idea announced on 25 April 2018 that they had signed an agreement to [[Mergers and acquisitions|merge]] Bharti Infratel with Indus Towers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merger of Bharti Infratel and Indus Towers: creating a listed pan-India tower company |url=https://www.vodafone.com/news/technology-news/merger-of-bharti-infratel-and-indus-towers |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Vodafone.com}}</ref> Under the terms of the agreement, Bharti Infratel will transfer 1,565 of its own shares for each Indus Towers share valuing the latter at $10 billion. Other major shareholders in Indus Towers such as Idea Cellular and Providence Equity Partners would be provided an option to cash out.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Bharti Infratel, Indus merging to form $14.6 billion... |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indus-towers-bharti-infratel/indias-bharti-infratel-indus-merging-to-form-14-6-billion-telecom-tower-giant-idUSKBN1HW0C8 |website=Reuters |accessdate=29 March 2019 |language=en |date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Prior to the merger, shareholding in Indus Towers was Bharti Infratel (42%), Vodafone Group (42%), Idea Cellular (11.15%) and Providence Equity Partners (4.85%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Devina |title=Bharti Infratel-Indus Towers merger likely to complete in the first quarter of next fiscal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/bharti-infratel-indus-towers-merger-likely-to-complete-in-the-first-quarter-of-next-fiscal/articleshow/67456706.cms |website=The Economic Times |accessdate=29 March 2019 |date=9 January 2019}}</ref>

The merger was originally planned to go through before October 2019. However, due to delays in approvals, it was postponed to December 2019 by when the [[Department of Telecommunications]] (DoT) was supposed to give its permission. Owing to further delays by the DoT and the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] the deadline was extended multiple times to 24 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2020 |title=Bharti Infratel-Indus Towers merger may finally go through: Here's what the deal could look like |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/telecom/bharti-infratel-indus-tower-merger-may-finally-go-through-heres-what-the-deal-could-look-like-6108991.htm |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leo |first=Leroy |date=23 April 2020 |title=Lockdown delays Bharti Infratel-Indus Towers merger, deal postponed for 4th time |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/lockdown-delays-bharti-infratel-indus-towers-merger-deal-postponed-for-4th-time-11587648419533.html |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref>

The DoT approved the merger on 21 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-21 |title=DOT approves merger of Indus Towers with Bharti Infratel |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/dot-approves-merger-of-indus-towers-with-bharti-infratel-806888.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The merger received [[foreign direct investment]] approval and was due to be completed by 31 August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2020 |title=Vodafone Idea to divest stake in Indus Towers after Infratel merger |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/vodafone-idea-to-divest-stake-in-indus-towers-after-infratel-merger-5486241.html |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> The merger was approved by Bharti Infratel’s board on 1 September, and by Vodafone Group in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-05 |title=Vodafone lenders approve merger of Indus Towers with Bharti Infratel |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/vodafone-lenders-approve-merger-of-indus-towers-with-bharti-infratel/articleshow/78490553.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The merger was completed on 19 November 2020. Vodafone Idea received {{INRConvert|3760.1|c}} as cash compensation for its 11.15% stake. Post-merger, Bharti Airtel received a 36.73% stake in the merged entity and Vodafone Group held a 28.12% stake.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=19 November 2020 |title=Bharti Infratel, Indus Towers merger done; VIL sells Indus stake for ₹3,760 cr |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bharti-infratel-indus-towers-merger-complete-vodafone-idea-sells-indus-stake-for-rs-3-760-cr-11605806024934.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The remaining shares are held by private equity firm Providence Equity Partners (3.1%) and public shares (35.2%).<ref name = "shareholding">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-19 |title=Bharti Infratel, Indus Towers complete merger process |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/bharti-infratel-indus-towers-complete-merger-process/article33135455.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> The merger made Indus Towers the second largest telecom tower infrastructure operator in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Deepali |last2=Barman |first2=Arijit |title=Bharti Infratel ringing in a merger with Indus to create world's largest telco |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indus-set-to-merge-with-bharti-infratel-to-create-worlds-largest-towers-co/articleshow/63904128.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Vodafone Group sells entire stake in Indus ===

On June 19 2024 UK’s Vodafone Group Plc said that it has sold an 18% stake. Out its 21.05% holding — in Indus Towers for Rs 15,300 crore. The stake sale proceeds will be used to clear bulk of the UK company’s existing lender dues relating to $1.8 billion of borrowings secured against its Indian assets.

On 5 December, Vodafone Group Plc sold the remaining 3.05% stake permanently exiting the company. The stake sale will be used to pay $101 million owed to indian banks & the remaining money will be used to subscribe to preferred shares of Vodafone Idea which will be used to reduce vi's outstanding debt with Indus Towers.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharti Enterprises}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Bharti Airtel]]
[[Category:Vodafone]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Rais Khan

2026-01-16T09:50:27Z

RhysFrisina87: enhanced formatting additionally and added references based on references

{{short description|Pakistani musician (1939-2017)}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| name = Rais Khan
| honorific_suffix = [[Pride of Performance]], [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
| image = Ustad Rais Khan.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Khan performing in 2013
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| native_name = استاد رئیس خان
| native_name_lang = urd
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|11|25}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Indore State]], [[British India]]
| origin =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|5|6|1939|11|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = Instrumentalist
| instrument = [[Sitar]]
| years_active = 1948 – 2017
| label =
| associated_acts =
}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Pride of Performance|Pride of Performance Recipient]] by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 2005 [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Crescent of Excellence) Award by the [[Government of Pakistan]] in 2017
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = [[Pakistan]]
| date = 2005
| presenter = [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[President of Pakistan]]
}}

[[Ustad]] '''Rais Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|رئیس خان}}}}&lrm;; 25 November 1939{{spaced ndash}}6 May 2017) was a Pakistani [[sitarist]]. At his peak he was regarded as one of the greatest sitar players of all time.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Adnan|first1=Ally|title=Indus Raag|url=https://thefridaytimes.com/02-May-2014/indus-raag|access-date=26 January 2024|newspaper=The Friday Times newspaper|date=2 May 2014|archive-date=26 January 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126222506/https://thefridaytimes.com/02-May-2014/indus-raag|quote=One of the greatest sitar players of all times, Rais Khan is hands-down the most melodic sitar player in the world today.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Kuldeep |date=January 13, 2012 |title=A tale of two recitals |work=[[The Hindu]] newspaper |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-tale-of-two-recitals/article2796741.ece |access-date=1 February 2023 |quote=Rais Khan who in his heyday was considered among the most skilful sitar players in the country.}}</ref> He continued performing till his last days. He moved from India to Pakistan in 1986, where he took up Pakistani citizenship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shehzad |first=Mohammad |date=7 June 2017 |title=Music: The narcissim of Rais Khan |work=Dawn newspaper |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1337210 |access-date=1 February 2023 |quote=Probably, this could have been another reason (besides his Pakistani wife Bilqees Khanum’s inability to live in Bombay) for him to migrate to Pakistan and accept [[Pakistani citizenship]].}}</ref>

In 2017, Khan was awarded Pakistan's third highest civilian honour, the [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Crescent of Excellence) Award by the [[Government of Pakistan]].<ref name=Tribune3 />

==Personal life==
Rais Khan was born on 25 November 1939 in [[Indore]], [[Indore State]], [[British India]], to an [[Urdu-speaking]] family.<ref name="Profile">{{cite news |date=18 November 2012 |title=Profile: The string maestro |work=Dawn newspaper |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/764879 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=Newsline>{{cite news|title=Interview: Ustad Rais Khan|url=https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/interview-ustad-rais-khan/|access-date=1 February 2023|newspaper=Newsline magazine|date=March 2016|author=Zahra Chughtai}}</ref> His [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]] family had produced numerous sitar players, beginning with Ustad [[Imdad Khan]], the first sitar player to be recorded. He grew up in [[Bombay]]. His training began at a very young age, on a small coconut shell sitar.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/10/29/stories/2005102900260200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927222816/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/10/29/stories/2005102900260200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2011|title='Today, music is about cloning' (interview with Rais Khan)|date= 29 October 2005|work=[[The Hindu]] newspaper|access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> In 1986 he moved to Pakistan, seven years after marrying his fourth wife – a [[Pakistani]] singer named [[Bilqees Khanum]]. In 1979, the two met for the first time at an event by the [[Sabri Brothers]] in Karachi. Rais Khan had four sons:<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news |last1=Salman |first1=Peerzada |date=7 May 2017 |title=OBITUARY: The sitar has fallen silent |work=Dawn newspaper |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1331622 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Sohail Khan, [[Cezanne Khan]], Farhan Khan and Huzoor Hasnain Khan.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |last1=Lodhi |first1=Adnan |date=7 May 2017 |title=Renowned sitarist Ustad Raees Khan passes away |work=The Express Tribune newspaper |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1403595/renown-sitarist-ustad-raees-khan-passes-away/ |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Rais Khan belonged to the [[Mewati gharana]] (classical music lineage),<ref name=Newsline/> which is connected to [[Indore gharana]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=James Sadler|title=Sitar Music in Calcutta: An Ethnomusicological Study|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|isbn=9788120812109|pages=26–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP5Wzqq7I80C&pg=PA28|access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Profile"/> and the "beenkar baz [[gayaki]] ang" (singing style combined with rudra veena approaches) carried out by Rais Khan's father Mohammed Khan, a [[rudra veena]] player and a sitarist.<ref name="Profile"/> "Belonging to the Mewati gharana which goes back to the Mughal period, it produced famous singers Haddoo, Hasso and Nathu Khan, and later singers such as [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], as well as sitarists and sarod players."<ref name="Profile"/>
<blockquote>
"The famous Indian sitar player Ustad Vilayat Khan is his maternal uncle who came to live with them when Vilayat's father died. Rais Khan denies there is any friction between them, contrary to the rumours that exist even today. He praises [[Ravi Shankar]], said to be a rival too, as a brilliant musician who has introduced the sitar to the world."<ref name="Profile"/>
</blockquote>
Despite his extensive [[meend]] work and the [[Swara|gandhar]] pancham sitar style he used, Rais Khan's [[alap]]i, gatkari and [[gamak]]i work was different in approach, pacing, and even technique, from the [[Imdadkhani gharana|Etawah]] style. Amongst the ''khayal'' and ''dhrupad'' doyens, Rais Khan's gharana had the classical music lineage containing the masters Haddu Khan, Hassu Khan, Nathan Khan,<ref name="Profile"/> Bande Ali Khan, Babu Khan, Wazir Khan, Waheed Khan, Murad Khan, Latif Khan, Majid Khan, Nazeer Khan, Amanat Khan and [[Rajab Ali Khan]] of [[Dewas]].<ref>Amit Adiecha – "History of Sitar," and the CD "Melodious Sitar of Rais Khan" – Chhanda Dhara 1993</ref>

As Rais Khan's mother was a singer and his father was a beenkar (veena player), a unique combination of [[khyal]] (the most popular classical vocal style), [[dhrupad]] (the older and more orthodox classical form) and [[thumri]] (lyrical semi-classical form) – 'angs' (approaches) developed in his playing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manuel|first1=Peter Lamarche|title=Ṭhumrī in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120806733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlNShmx3x68C&pg=PA173|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Profile"/>

He gave his first public concert at Sunderbai Hall in the presence of the then [[Governor of Bombay]] Sir Maharaja Singh.<ref>[http://www.icmcdfw.org/bios/raisKhan.htm Rais Khan profile] Retrieved 31 December 2018</ref><ref name="Tribune"/> In 1955, Khan was chosen to represent India in the International Youth Festival in Warsaw, where 111 countries took part in the string instrument conference.<ref name="Profile"/> He has also performed at the [[Kennedy Center]]. While in India, he played film music for Talat Mahmood, [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref name="Profile"/> In India, he played a key role by his association with film composers like Khayyam, [[Madan Mohan]] which resulted in many super-hit songs.<ref name="Obituary"/> He had toured extensively throughout the world.<ref name="Tribune"/>

He was also a vocalist and was the first sitar player to record the super-hit song "Ghungroo Toot Gaye" for [[BBC]] London in 1978 as an instrumental song with the sitar.<ref name="Profile"/> This song was originally written by [[Qateel Shifai]], music by [[Nisar Bazmi]] for a Pakistani film ''Naz'' (1969).<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani film database 1969|url=http://cineplot.com/pakistani-film-database-1969/|publisher=Cineplot.com website|archive-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011063632/http://cineplot.com/pakistani-film-database-1969/|url-status=dead|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> Like his uncle [[Vilayat Khan]], whose music had exercised considerable influence on him, he often sang and demonstrated compositions on the sitar. Rais and [[Bismillah Khan]] ([[shehnai]] player) used to collaborate and perform together in live concerts as a duo,<ref name="Obituary"/> like the one at [[India Gate]] in [[New Delhi]] on 23 November 2001.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 2009 |title=A superb recital by sitar maestro |work=The News International newspaper|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/168566-a-superb-recital-by-sitar-maestro |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163324/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/168566-a-superb-recital-by-sitar-maestro |archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref>

For sometime, Rais Khan stopped performing, but returned in the 1980s and was invited by [[Ali Akbar Khan]] to perform in California.

Rais Khan sometimes performed with his son Farhan,<ref name="Obituary"/> as he did in a 2009 performance for [[Pakistan Television]] (PTV) produced TV show ''Virsa- Heritage Revived'', accompanied by [[Tari Khan]] on [[tabla]]. In 2012, he performed at the [[Nehru Centre]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Surekha |first1=S |date=20 January 2012 |title=Strike a chord with 'chocolate' Ustad |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://m.mid-day.com/articles/strike-chord-chocolate-ustad/151190 |access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> In 2014, he performed "Hans Dhuni" and "Mein Sufi Hoon" (with [[Abida Parveen]]) in [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 7)|season 7]] of ''[[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)|Coke Studio Pakistan]]''.<ref name="Geo">{{cite news |date=7 May 2017 |title=Sitar maestro Ustad Raees Khan passes away |work=Geo TV News website|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/140814-Sitar-maestro-Ustad-Raees-Khan-passes-away |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

==Death==
After a prolonged illness, Rais Khan died on 6 May 2017 in Karachi at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani sitar maestro Ustad Raees Khan dead at 77|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pakistani-sitar-maestro-ustad-raees-khan-dead-at-77-3429208.html|access-date=31 December 2018|work=Firstpost (India)|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=7 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Geo"/> In 2012, one major Pakistani English-language newspaper commented about his declining health, "He proudly says that his decades old habit of smoking 115 cigarettes a day, which is the reason for his declining health, came to an abrupt end four years ago when the doctor ordered him to stop."<ref name="Profile"/>

Shortly after his death in 2017, [[National Academy of Performing Arts]] (NAPA) held a musical night in tribute to Rais Khan.<ref name=Tribune3>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/1417091/tuneful-tribute-ustad-rais-khan A tuneful tribute to Ustad Rais Khan] The Express Tribune newspaper, Published 23 May 2017, Retrieved 1 February 2023</ref>

On his death, Urdu writer [[Anwar Maqsood]] remarked that “God had given him a rare gift. His fingers had that rare touch.”<ref name="Obituary"/> In a tweet, Indian singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]] called Khan “''sitar ke jaadugar''” (lit. magician of sitar).<ref name=Tribune3/>

==Legacy==
Khan taught many disciples including his sons, [[Farhan Rais Khan|Farhan]] and [[Suheil Rais Khan|Suheil]], his cousin, [[Siraj Khan]], and others.<ref name="Profile"/><ref name=Newsline/><ref name=Tribune3/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1894665 | title=Starbuzz: Notes of Inheritance | date=2 March 2025 }}</ref>

Khan is regarded as one of the most influential sitarists of the post-Independence era of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/interview-ustad-rais-khan/ | title=Interview: Ustad Rais Khan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/legendary-sitarist-rais-khan-dies/articleshow/58567771.cms | title=Legendary sitarist Rais Khan passes away | work=The Times of India | date=11 May 2017 }}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Pride of Performance]] by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 2005.<ref name="Tribune"/><ref name="Geo"/><ref name=Newsline/>

*[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Star of Excellence) by the [[Government of Pakistan]] in 2017.<ref name=Tribune3/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rais}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Hum Award winners]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Indore]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Pakistan]]
[[Category:People who lost Indian citizenship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Pakistani sitar players]]
[[Category:Mewati gharana]]

Pithalaipatti

2026-01-06T13:27:16Z

RhysFrisina87: made a article

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Notability|date=February 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| native_name =
{{Coord|10|20|40|N|77|54|56|E|display=title}}
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 624002
| registration_plate = TN-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| name = Anumantharayan Kottai
}}

'''Pithalaipatti''' is a village located in [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is at a distance of 8 km from [[Dindigul|Dindigul city]]. The area postal pin code is 624002.<ref name="s473">{{cite web | title=Postal Code (Zip Code) of Pithalaipatti, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India | website=India TV News | date=2025-02-17 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/dindigul/pithalaipatti | access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref>

The economy of the village is based on Textile industry and agriculture. The source of agriculture in the village is Kudaganaru river.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://exciseandservicetax.nic.in/sermon/servlet/loc_code_repx_location_locality?p1=BEGAMPUR@DINDIGUL@TAMIL+NADU Central Excise and Service Tax Location Code] Government of India

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pithalai Patty}}
[[Category:Villages in Dindigul district]]

{{Dindigul-geo-stub}}

Aman Kumar Kadyan

2025-12-10T18:31:46Z

RhysFrisina87: added basic biography w/ refs

{{Short description|India Taekwondo athlete (born 1999)}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Aman Kumar Kadyan
| image = Aman Kumar Kadyan.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|7 December 1999}}
| birth_place = [[Jhajjar]] [[Haryana]]
| height = 5 ft 7 in
| weight = 54 KG
| website =
| country = India
| sport = [[Taekwondo]]
}}
'''Aman Kumar Kadyan''' (born 7 December 1999) is an Indian taekwondo athlete who has represented India in multiple major international competitions. He is the first Indian athlete to compete in both the World Taekwondo Grand Prix Series (Rome 2022) and the World Taekwondo Grand Slam Champions Series (Wuxi 2020). Kadyan has achieved a career-high world ranking of 17th and is also ranked 6th in Asia.

== Career ==

Kadyan began his professional career representing India in the men’s –54 kg division, later competing in –58 kg as well. He reached a career-best world ranking of 17th, becoming one of India's highest-ranked taekwondo athletes. <ref>{{cite web |title=TaekwondoData – Aman Kumar |url=https://www.taekwondodata.com/aman-kumar.awtb.html |access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>

In 2020, he became the first Indian athlete to participate in the '''World Taekwondo Grand Slam Champions Series''' held in Wuxi, China, which served as a qualification pathway for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. He later became the first Indian to compete in the '''World Taekwondo Grand Prix Series''' in Rome in 2022. <ref>{{cite news |title=Taekwondo star Aman Kadyan: Success isn’t an overnight process |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/taekwondo-star-aman-kadyan-success-isn-t-an-overnight-process-101651742632996.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>

Kadyan represented India at the '''Asian Qualification Tournament for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games''' in Taian, China, competing in the men’s 68 kg category. He also competed in the '''2023 World Taekwondo Championships''' in Baku, Azerbaijan, in the men’s 54 kg division.

In 2019, he became the '''first Indian athlete to win the China Open title'''. He later won the gold medal at the '''Riga Open 2025''' in Latvia <ref>{{cite news |title=The Golden Benchmark: Aman Kadyan’s breakthrough at the Riga Open 2024 |url=https://indiasportshub.com/the-golden-benchmark-aman-kadyans-strategic-breakthrough-at-the-riga-open-2024/ |access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref> and secured a bronze medal at the '''Balkan Open 2025''' in Bulgaria.

Earlier in his career, Kadyan won a '''bronze medal at the Asian Region President’s Cup (Taiwan 2018)''' and a '''silver medal at the Oceania Region President’s Cup (Australia 2019)'''.

He also earned a silver medal at the '''38th National Games of India'''. <ref>{{cite news |title=Aman Kadyan wins Bronze at Russian Open |url=https://thebridge.in/amp/taekwondo/aman-kadyan-bronze-russian-open-2021-25506 |work=The Bridge |access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>
Kadyan has accumulated numerous medals across various World Taekwondo ranking tournaments.

== Major international competitions ==
* World Taekwondo Grand Slam Champions Series — Wuxi, China (2020)
* World Taekwondo Grand Prix Series — Rome, Italy (2022)
* Asian Qualification Tournament for Paris 2024 Olympic Games — Taian, China (68 kg)
* World Taekwondo Championships — Baku, Azerbaijan (2023, 54 kg)
* China Open — Champion (2019)
* Asian Region President's Cup — Bronze (Taiwan, 2018)
* Oceania Region President's Cup — Silver (Australia, 2019)
* Riga Open — Gold (Latvia, 2025)
* Balkan Open — Bronze (Bulgaria, 2025)
* Russian Open — Bronze (2021) <ref>{{cite news |title=Aman Kadyan wins Bronze at Russian Open |url=https://thebridge.in/amp/taekwondo/aman-kadyan-bronze-russian-open-2021-25506 |access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
* '''World Ranking:''' 17th
* '''Asian Ranking:''' 6th

== Training ==
Kadyan trains at the '''Peace Taekwondo Academy''' in Gurugram, Haryana, under coach '''Sayad Hassan Rezay''' of Afghanistan.

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadyan, Aman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:1999 births]]

Chanda (fish)

2025-12-09T14:17:42Z

RhysFrisina87: New a entry from scratch

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Chanda
| image_caption = Chanda nama
| image = AmbassisNamaBeavan.png
| authority = Hamilton, 1822
| synonyms = *''Bogoda'' {{small|[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1853}}
*''Hamiltonia'' {{small|Swainson, 1839}}
}}

'''''Chanda''''' is a genus of fish in the family [[Ambassidae]], the [[Asiatic glassfish]]es. The name is an allusion to the local name for glassfishes in India, though this common name is used across several genera.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/cichliformes8/ | title = Order CICHLIFORMES: Families AMBASSIDAE, GRAMMATIDAE, PLESIOPIDAE, OPISTOGNATHIDAE, POLYCENTRIDAE, EMBIOTOCIDAE and PHOLIDICHTHYIDAE | access-date= 31 March 2025 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 10 February 2025}}</ref> Before recent expansion, the genus was formerly monotypic including only ''C. nama'', and both species and genus were first described by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] in 1822.<ref>{{FishBase genus|genus=Chanda|month=March|year=2025}}</ref>

==Species==
The [[Catalog of Fishes]] lists 13 species:<ref>{{Catalog of Fishes |genus=Chanda |access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Chanda alleni]]'' {{small|(Datta & Chaudhuri, 1993)}}
*''[[Chanda baculis]]'' {{small|Hamilton, 1822}} (Himalayan glassy perchlet)
*''[[Chanda bistigmata]]'' {{small|(Geetakumari, 2012)}}
*''[[Chanda nama]]'' {{small|Hamilton, 1822}} (Elongate glassy perchlet)
*''[[Chanda notata]]'' {{small|(Blyth, 1860)}}
*''[[Chanda pulcinella]]'' {{small|(Kottelat, 2003)}} (Humphead glassy perchlet)
*''[[Chanda ranga]]'' {{small|Hamilton, 1822}} (Indian glassy perchlet)
*''[[Chanda robertsi]]'' {{small|(Datta & Chaudhuri, 1993)}}
*''[[Chanda serrata]]'' {{small|(Dishma & Vishwanath, 2015)}}<ref name=Dishma2015>{{cite journal |author=Mayanglambam, D. |author2= Vishwanath, W. |year=2015|title=''Parambassis serrata'', a new species of glassperch (Teleostei: Ambassidae) from the Kaladan drainage, India|journal=Zootaxa|volume= 4040 |issue=5 |pages=583–588 |pmid= 26624693 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4040.5.7 }}</ref>
*''[[Chanda siamensis]]'' {{small|Fowler, 1937}} (Indochinese glassy perchlet)
*''[[Chanda tenasserimensis]]'' {{small|(Roberts, 1995)}}
*''[[Chanda vollmeri]]'' {{small|(Roberts, 1995)}}
*''[[Chanda waikhomi]]'' {{small|(Geetakumari & Basudha, 2012)}}<ref name=Geetakumari2012>{{cite journal |author=Geetakumari, K. |author2= Basudha, C. |year=2012 |url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2012/November/o306026xi123327-3332.pdf |title=''Parambassis waikhomi'', a new species of glassfish (Teleostei: Ambassidae) from Loktak Lake, northeastern India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume= 4 |issue=14|pages= 3327–3332 |doi= 10.11609/JoTT.o3060.3327-32 }}</ref>
;Synonyms
*''Chanda lala'' {{small|Hamilton, 1822}} valid as ''[[Pseudambassis lala]]'' {{small|(Hamilton, 1822)}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q9188802}}

[[Category:Ambassidae]]
[[Category:Fish genera]]

Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi

2025-12-04T22:00:10Z

RhysFrisina87:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Sacred Heart Cathedral
| native_name = सेक्रेड हार्ट कैथेड्रल
| image = Sacred Heart Cathedral (New Delhi).jpg
| caption = Sacred Heart Cathedral
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Catholic]]
| status = [[Cathedral]]
| architect = [[Henry Medd]]
| functional status = Active
| website = [http://sacredheartcathedraldelhi.org/ sacredheartcathedraldelhi.org]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi]]
| archbishop = [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]]
| priest = Fr. Francis Swaminathan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sacredheartcathedraldelhi.org/Parish_Prist_msg.aspx/|title=Cathedral Church New Delhi|website=sacredheartcathedraldelhi.org}}</ref>
}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
{{Coord|28.628699|77.206651|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}
The '''Cathedral of the Sacred Heart''' is a [[Catholic]] cathedral belonging to the [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite]] and one of the oldest church buildings in [[New Delhi]], India. Together with [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]], and the [[Convent of Jesus and Mary (Delhi)|Convent of Jesus and Mary school]], it occupies a total area of approximately 14 acres near the south end of Bhai Vir Singh Marg Road in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]].<ref name=hto>{{cite news |title=Imperial Impressions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/imperial-impressions/story-yyIP5Yi2stPSWIfq45cG0L.html |publisher=Hindustan Times|date=30 August 2011 }}</ref>

Construction began in 1930, financed by the colonial officers of the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sacredheartcathedraldelhi.org/History.aspx|title=Cathedral Church New Delhi|website=sacredheartcathedraldelhi.org}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:New Delhi - Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur - 15.jpg|thumb|left|Interior towards the main altar and fresco depicting the Last Supper]]
[[File:New Delhi - Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur - 11.jpg|thumb|left|Side chapel with cross and statue of the Virgin]]
The church building was designed by British architect [[Henry Medd]], and is based on [[Italian architecture]]. A facade of white pillars supports the [[Canopy (building)|canopy]], and on each side of the cathedral's entrance porch, there are circular arcaded turrets rising above the roof. The interior has a towering curved roof, polished stone floors and broad arches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicparishes.net/IN/DEL/SacredHeartCathedral/ |title=Catholic Parishes Network |accessdate=2010-09-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110023611/http://www.catholicparishes.net/IN/DEL/SacredHeartCathedral/ |archivedate=2010-11-10 }}</ref>

Behind the marble altar in the [[apse]] is a large fresco depicting the [[Last Supper]]. To the left in the side chapel is a large crucifix, next to it a statue of the [[Virgin Mary]].

The major ceremonies held at the Cathedral are [[Easter]] and [[Christmas]]. The most important of the festivities during Christmas is the Feast of the Holy Family of [[Nazareth]] and the Christmas Vigil Service an hour before midnight [[Christmas Eve]]. Various cultural and social programs are also organized throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Delhi - Cathedral of The Sacred Heart New Delhi India | website=Travel to India, India Travel Guide, India Travel Packages, Traveling to India, Indian Travel Guide | date=1997-10-10 | url=http://www.bharatonline.com/delhi/religious-places/churches/sacred-heart.html | access-date=2020-10-22}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://sacredheartcathedraldelhi.org/ Official homepage of Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi]

[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1935]]
[[Category:Cathedrals in New Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

Sardharo

2025-10-31T17:11:21Z

RhysFrisina87:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Sindh, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Sardharo Shiv temple|image=Shiv Temple, Sardharo.jpg|alt=|caption=Sardharo Shiv temple or Sardharo Dham|map_type=Sindh|coordinates=|coordinates_footnotes=|map_caption=|native_name={{nq|شِو مندِر}}|oriya=|country=[[Pakistan]] {{flagicon|Pakistan}}|state=[[Sindh]]|district=[[Tharparkar]]|locale=[[Umerkot]]|elevation_m=|elevation_footnotes=|deity=[[Shiva]]|primary_deity_Godess=|utsava_deity_God=|utsava_deity_Godess=|Direction_posture=|Pushakarani=|Vimanam=|Poets=|Prathyaksham=|festivals=[[Shivaratri]]|architecture=[[Hindu temple#Nagara Architecture of North Indian temples|Hindu temple]]|architect=|temple_quantity=1|monument_quantity=|inscriptions=|established=|year_completed=|creator=|temple_board=|governing_body=|website=}}{{Hinduism}}
'''Sardharo Shiv temple''' ({{Langx|ur|{{nq|سردھارو شیو مندر}}}}), also known as '''Sardharo Dham,''' is a [[Hindu]] temple situated in the [[Karoonjhar Mountains]], in the [[Tharparkar]] district in the [[Sindh]] Province of [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=The importance of preserving the Karoonjhar Mountains |url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/90407/the-importance-of-preserving-the-karoonjhar-mountains?amp=1 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> It is a complex comprising four Hindu temples, a samadhi and a pond.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A temple in Thar {{!}} Footloose {{!}} thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/940573-a-temple-in-thar |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Karonjhar_temple_2_(asad_aman).jpg|thumb|Sardharo temple in Karoonjhar Mountains]]
According to the legend, Lord [[Shiva]] once stayed at the site and a tributary of River Ganga, who resides in his hair, once fell in the pond.<ref name=":1" /> Its also believed that a tributary of the [[Ganges|Ganga]] once flowed into the temple pond.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasar |first=Qurat |title=Where the desert breathes |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

Another legendis that, [[Thar Desert]] was once a sea, where the Hindu deity Rishi Parasara chose to perform a prolonged period of worship that spanned hundreds of years, seeking eternal enlightenment. However, Rishi Parasara lost his invocation as he committed a grave sin by engaging in sex with his daughter, which led to the sea drying up. The Sardharo River, named after the Hindu sadhus who bathed in its waters, was believed to be a permanent river, but it too dried up over time, with the local Hindus attributing this phenomenon to the accumulation of human sins.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hilltop of neglect {{!}} Footloose {{!}} thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/558309-hindu-temples-hilltop-of-neglect |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

Another legend associated with the temple is that, the site where the temple now stands was once a dense forest with deer. One day, a female deer became entangled in a Googral tree, remaining stuck for days until its eventual death. In its next life, it was reborn as a blind lady in the Royal family of [[Gujarat]]. Despite her family's efforts to cure her illness, she remained unwell until she caught the scent of moong from Barooriya village, a place she had once gazed upon as a deer. It was then that she revealed the only way to restore her health: to bury her skull, still stuck in the Googral tree, in the pond at the Shiva temple in Sardharo. The Googral tree still stands near the temple.<ref name=":1" />

== Significance ==
[[File:Parkari_language_written_in_sardharo_nagarparkar_sindh_Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Old [[Parkari Koli language|Parkari language]] written on the temple walls]]
The temple has one of the two springs in the Karoonjhar mountains, the other is in the Achelswar temple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=muhammad.azeem |date=2019-11-13 |title=SHC restrains companies from mining in Karoonjhar Mountains |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2099122/shc-restrains-companies-mining-karoonjhar-mountains?amp=1 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The shrine's main festival is the annual fair known as ''Shiv Ka Mela'', that happens in the month of February. Another fair happens annually in the 15th of October on full moon day.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Hinduism in Pakistan]]
* [[Goswamiparshotam Gir Chela Goswami Nihal Gir|Shiv temple, Hyderabad]]
* [[Shri Hinglaj Mata temple]]
{{col div end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Hindu temples in Pakistan}}{{Cultural heritage sites in Sindh|state=autocollapse}}

Mahesh Sri Ramkrishna Ashram Vidyalaya (higher secondary)

2025-10-28T03:38:05Z

RhysFrisina87: Made Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox school
| name = Mahesh Sri Ramkrishna Ashram Vidyalaya (HS)
| location = 40, Ramkrishna Road, Mouza- Mahesh Post: [[Rishra]], [[Serampore]] – 712248 West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.730271|N|88.347421|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| established = 2 January 1952
| athletics = Football, cricket, field.
| colors = Black, white
| Current Headmaster =
}}

'''Mahesh Sri Ramkrishna Ashram Vidyalaya (Higher Secondary)''' is an educational institution in [[Hooghly District]] of West Bengal, India. Swami Premghanananda founded the institute in 1952 at [[Rishra]]. The institution got the affiliation from the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|W.B.B.S.E.]] in 1959 as a Madhyamik (secondary) school. And the affiliation from Higher Secondary Council in 2005 as a higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hooghlydistrict.info/mahesh-sri-ramkrishna-ashram-vidyalaya-hooghly-district.html | title=Hooghlydistrict.info }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://in.wowsome.com/school/mahesh-sri-ramkrishna-ashram-vidyalaya-in-rishra-west-bengal/124903/ |title=Mahesh Sri Ramkrishna Ashram Vidyalaya in Rishra, West Bengal |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135516/http://in.wowsome.com/school/mahesh-sri-ramkrishna-ashram-vidyalaya-in-rishra-west-bengal/124903/ |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://secondary-schools.findthebest.in/l/94740/Mahesh-Sri-Ramkrishna-Ashram-Vidyalaya-in-Hugli-West-Bengal {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> At present the school has five sections (one nursery, two primary schools, one secondary and one higher secondary) under one umbrella.

== History ==
Swami Premghanananda was disciple of second president of [[Belur Math]] [[Shivananda|Swami Shivananda Maharaj]]. In 1941, he started publishing a monthly magazine 'Kishore Sava' with the help of some active youths. Later, in 1943, the magazine grew up to be 'Kishore Bangla Press' & its office was set up at 25, Balram Dey street, Kolkata. In December 1950, a meeting was held in presence of president Shyamananda at the office of 'Kishore Bangla' about formation of an educational institution. It was decided that Sri Ramkrishna Ashram would be established in Mahesh, directed by Swami Premghanananda.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Mahesh Sri Ramkrishna Ashram Vidyalaya was registered on 17 September' 1951 (Registration No – 19979/400 of 1951–1952).<ref>{{Cite web|title=NGO Directory|url=https://ngolist.net/mahesh-shri-ramakrishna-ashram/}}</ref> Swami Premghanananda died at 7:45 am on 22 April 1956. He was 56 years old.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Swami Asitananda was 2nd president and principal of the institution after the death of Swami Shyamananda. Swami Muktatmananda became the third president in 1973. Swami Avishthananda was selected as next president in November 1989. Committee decided Dandiswami Damodar as president after death of Swami Avishthananda in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni Association History|date=2 December 2013|url=https://msrkac.wordpress.com/history/}}</ref>

== Subjects ==
As of 2020, the following subjects (including optional) are taught in higher secondary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Council of Higher Education|url=https://wbchse.nic.in/admin/school_details.php?hp=17238}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|1.
|BENGALI (A)
|-
|2.
|BIO-SCIENCE
|-
|3.
|CHEMISTRY
|-
|4.
|ECONOMICS
|-
|5.
|ENGLISH (B)
|-
|6.
|GEOGRAPHY
|-
|7.
|HISTORY
|-
|8.
|MATHEMATICS
|-
|9.
|PHILOSOPHY
|-
|10.
|PHYSICS
|-
|11.
|POLITICAL SCIENCE
|-
|12.
|SANSKRIT
|-
|13.
|STATISTICS
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.msrkavhs.org}}

[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Schools in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Serampore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Prostitution in Kolkata

2025-10-27T22:43:30Z

RhysFrisina87: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|One of the largest sex industries in Asia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
'''Prostitution in Kolkata''' (formerly '''Calcutta''') is present in different forms and [[Kolkata]]'s [[sex industry]] is one of the largest in Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Catrin Evans and Helen Lambert|title = The limits of behaviour change theory: Condom use and contexts of HIV risk in the Kolkata sex industry|journal = [[Culture, Health & Sexuality]] |volume = 10|number = 1|pages = 27–41|year = 2008|publisher = [[Taylor & Francis]]|doi = 10.1080/13691050701561393 |pmid=18038279|s2cid = 24642896}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1177/1049732316669338 | title=Ethical and Safety Issues in Doing Sex Work Research: Reflections from a Field-Based Ethnographic Study in Kolkata, India | date=2017 | last1=Sinha | first1=Sunny | journal=Qualitative Health Research | volume=27 | issue=6 | pages=893–908 | pmid=27651071 | pmc=5865471 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1 = Ghosal, Sayantan |author2= Jana, Smarajit |author3= Mani, Anandi |author4=Mitra, Sandip |author5= Roy, Sanchari|title = "Sex Workers, Stigma and Self-Image: Evidence from Kolkata Brothels"|journal = [[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]|pages = 1–45|year = 2020|volume= 104 |issue= 3 |issn = 0034-6535|doi = 10.1162/rest_a_01013 |s2cid = 229182008|url = https://doi.org/10.1162/rest\_a\_01013 }}</ref> [[Prostitution]] may be [[brothel]]-based or non-brothel based as in the case of [[call girl]]s. India is regarded as having one of the largest commercial [[sex industry|sex trades]] globally.<ref name="India_sex">{{Cite journal|last1=Dalla|first1=Rochelle L.|last2=Kreimer|first2=Lee M.|date=13 October 2016|title="After Your Honor is Gone…": Exploration of Developmental Trajectories and Life Experiences of Women Working in Mumbai's Red-Light Brothel Districts|journal=Sexuality & Culture|volume=21|issue=1|pages=163–186|doi=10.1007/s12119-016-9388-4|s2cid=146803616|issn=1095-5143|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/famconfacpub/182|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kolkata has many [[red-light district]]s, out of which [[Sonagachi]] is the largest red-light district in Asia with more than 50,000 commercial [[sex worker]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Sex workers and the cost of safe sex: the compensating differential for condom use among Calcutta prostitutes|journal = [[Journal of Development Economics]]|volume = 71|number = 2|pages = 585–603|year = 2003|issn = 0304-3878|doi = 10.1016/S0304-3878(03)00025-7|url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387803000257|author = Vijayendra Rao and Indrani Gupta and Michael Lokshin and Smarajit Jana |s2cid = 153608532|url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref name="sdas">{{cite journal|author = Satarupa Dasgupta|title = Participation as a Health Communication Strategy in HIV/AIDS Intervention Projects: an Examination of a Project Targeting Commercial Sex Workers in India |journal = Atlantic Journal of Communication|volume = 27|number = 2|pages = 139–151|year = 2019 |publisher = [[Routledge]]|doi = 10.1080/15456870.2019.1574535|s2cid = 150465047}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1177/0975425316655653 | title=Reading Kolkata's Space of Prostitution as a Political Society | date=2016 | last1=Mishra | first1=Swasti Vardhan | journal=Environment and Urbanization Asia | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=267–276 | bibcode=2016EnUrA...7..267M }}</ref> According to a 2019 study by the Indian Journal of Public Health reported that West Bengal had the highest number of female sex workers (FSWs) in India, contributing nearly 25% of the country's total estimated 1.82 million FSWs. This suggests that around 455,000 FSWs were in West Bengal at that time.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_46_20 | doi-access=free | title=Size Estimation of high-risk groups for hiv infection in india based on data from national integrated bio-behavioral surveillance and targeted interventions | date=2020 | last1=Aridoss | first1=Santhakumar | last2=Arumugam | first2=Elangovan | last3=Kangusamy | first3=Boopathi | last4=Sahu | first4=Damodar | last5=Adhikary | first5=Rajatashuvra | last6=Kumar | first6=Pradeep | journal=Indian Journal of Public Health | volume=64 | issue=5 | pages=S39–S45 | pmid=32295955 }}</ref>

==Prostitute population==
The total number of prostitutes in [[Kolkata]] is unknown. Some estimates state that there are more than 60,000 brothel-based women and girls in prostitution in Kolkata.<ref name="saribari1">{{cite web |url=http://www.saribari.com/getinvolved/learnmore.html |title=Facts on Human Trafficking |website=www.saribari.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719000143/http://www.saribari.com/getinvolved/learnmore.html |archive-date=19 July 2009 }}</ref><ref name="merinews1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/plight-of-prostitutes-in-kolkata/137536.shtml |title=Plight of prostitutes in Kolkata |website=Merinews.com |access-date=23 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205031109/http://www.merinews.com/article/plight-of-prostitutes-in-kolkata/137536.shtml |archive-date=5 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/trafficked-girls-from-ne-end-up-in-kolkata-brothels|title=Trafficked girls from NE end up in Kolkata brothels|first=SANJOY|last=RAY|date=15 September 2010|website=assamtribune.com}}</ref>

The population of prostitutes in [[Sonagachi]] constitutes mainly of Nepalese, Bangladeshi and Indian women trafficked from north eastern and neighboring states, many who are trafficked into the area by their boyfriends or family.<ref name="merinews1"/> Some sources estimate that are 30,000 Bangladeshi women in the brothels of Kolkata.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shahidullah|first1=Shahid M.|title=Crime, Criminal Justice, and the Evolving Science of Criminology in South Asia: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-50750-1|page=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLeRDgAAQBAJ&q=30%2C000+Bangladeshi+women+in+the+brothels+of+Kolkata.&pg=PA230|language=en}}</ref>

According to some sources the most common form of trafficking consists in offering false promises or some offer of help out of a dead-end or crisis situation, force is used later after the prostitutes have already been sold. "''Mashi''s (brothel owners/older sex workers) use friendship, sympathy, also veiled threats to convince the women that it is now in their best interest to conform and begin working."<ref name="saribari1"/> The Crime Branch of Delhi Police has recovered one girl from Rabindra Sarani, Sonagachi who was missing along with eight other female inmates from Sanskar Ashram in [[Dilshad Garden]] since December 2, 2018. Eight out of these nine girls were originally from Nepal, while the ninth girl was from [[Bhagalpur]], Bihar. These girls had been rescued from a brothel in G.B. Road," police said.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subhas |first1=Biswajit |title=police rescue girl from red light area in kolkata |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/police-rescue-girl-from-red-light-area-in-kolkata-351304?infin}}</ref>

==History of prostitution==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
{{see also|Prostitution in colonial India}}
A farcical short-drama book named ''Beshyaleela'' ( বেশ্যালীলা ) was printed in the middle of the year 1880 written by an anonymous writer ( অজ্ঞাতনামা ). It is not very familiar or much discussed book till now. In this drama, a good description can be found about the negative attitudes shown by the then existing 19th century educated Bengali ''Babu'' class of people towards the prostitutes and the prostitution. From the first half of the 19th century, centering on Sonagachhi, a huge organised prostitution area surrounding Cornwallis Street (Now [[Bidhan Sarani]]) on the east, and [[Chitpur]] on the west were formed. Although many areas in Calcutta were inhabited by those prostitutes outside those areas also. On the south it was [[Kalighat]] to [[Khidirpur]] dock areas, in the middle-Calcutta it was Kalinga-Fenwick Bazar, on the far south in Kareya area many girls from different social-classes of Hindu-Muslim-Christian communities were engaged with this profession. More than that, there was no clear 'mark' or 'boundary-line' between the 'gentleman areas' and the 'prostitutes areas'. Many areas had scattered or mixed up population of those two kinds. Rather, many areas could be termed as 'half-gentleman' areas, where normal gentleman's families and various types of prostitutes co-existed side by side. From the middle of the 19th century, the British colonial administration, Christian Missionaries, and native English-knowing educated 'Victorian' Indian gentlemen started campaign against prostitutes. This was their part of the project of social 'sanitation' process for creating the so-called 'gentle-society'. Under the leadership of Mr. Kaliprasanna Singha, the 'Vidyotsahini Sabha' ( বিদ্যোৎসাহিনী সভা ) submitted one mass-petition in the Indian Legislative Council.

==Red-light districts==
{{multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width=250
| image1 = Sonagachi jon gresham 1.jpg
| image2 = Sonagachi jon gresham 2.jpg
| footer = A scene in [[Sonagachi]], Kolkata's [[red light district]], 2005.
}}

===Bowbazar===
{{see also|Bowbazar}}
Bowbazar has a [[red-light district]] where about 15,000 [[prostitute]]s work.<ref name="YOUTH PARTNERSHIP PROJECT">{{cite web |title=Vulnerability of Children Living in the Red Light Areas of Kolkata, India |url=http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/YPP_Research_indial.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074514/http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/YPP_Research_indial.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2018 |publisher=[[End Child Prostitution and Trafficking]] |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=July 2010}}</ref> The surrounding areas are inhabited by slum dwellers, truckers and migrant labourers. The adjacent Tiretta Bazar area is mainly a loading{{spaced ndash}}unloading point with offices or [[warehouse|godowns]] of a large number of transport companies. The area is very unsanitary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cry.org/whatwedo/storiesofhopej.html |title=Jabala Jaag |access-date=16 August 2007 |publisher=CRY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208171354/http://www.cry.org/whatwedo/storiesofhopej.html |archive-date=8 December 2007 }}</ref>

===Garia===
{{see also|Garia}}
There is a small red-light district in [[Garia]].<ref name="Madison Leigh Rose" /> There were plans to build a home for retired sex workers in the area.<ref name="Garia">{{cite web |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Himika |title=Garia home for aged sex workers - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Garia-home-for-aged-sex-workers/articleshow/1333287.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=18 February 2002}}</ref>

===Kalighat===
{{see also|Kalighat}}
In south Kolkata, there is a red light district in the neighbourhood of [[Kalighat]]. Located around the banks of the [[Adi Ganga]] canal, an estimated 1,000 to 1,500 prostitutes live and work there.<ref name="porterfolio">{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=Harsimran |title=Living in the Shadows |url=http://porterfolio.net/uploads/article/file/6273/Al_Jazeera__Living_in_the_Shadows.pdf |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201723/http://porterfolio.net/uploads/article/file/6273/Al_Jazeera__Living_in_the_Shadows.pdf }}</ref> Kolkata has emerged as a hub for the trafficking of girls, who often arrive from [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Assam]] and [[Burma]]. From Kolkata they are often sold again to brothels in Mumbai (Bombay) or Chennai (Madras). Some will go on to the [[Middle East]], Africa and Europe.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4055143.stm | work=BBC News | first=Matthew | last=Grant | title=Girl-trafficking hampers Aids fight | date=30 November 2004}}</ref> Many of the women in Sonnagachi were forcedly taken away from their homes; some were tricked and others sold into prostitution by their friends and families; most of them are illiterate.<ref>[http://across.co.nz/CalcuttaSexSlaves.html Prostitutes Calcutta Sex Slaves]. Across.co.nz (7 November 2005). Retrieved on 23 October 2011.</ref>

===Kidderpore===
{{see also|Kidderpore}}
The red-light district in [[Kidderpore]] is the third largest in Kolkata.<ref name="Madison Leigh Rose">{{cite web |last1=Rose |first1=Madison Leigh |title=Red Light City: Sex Workers' Experiences of the City of Joy |url=https://madisonleighrose.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/red-light-city-sex-workers-experiences-of-the-city-of-joy/ |website=Madison Leigh Rose |access-date=16 December 2018 |language=en |date=27 August 2012}}</ref> [[NGO]] ''Apne Aap'' has a support centre in the area and has made two films about life in Kidderpore's red-light district: ''Kali'' and ''Shaadi Ka Shart Shauchalaya''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghose |first1=Chandreyee |title=When dreams find voice, it's time to say fatafati |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/when-dreams-find-voice-it-s-time-to-say-fatafati/cid/1486119 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=16 December 2018 |language=en |date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

===Lebu Bagan===
There is a small, little known red-light district in north Kolkata called Lebu Bagan. About 100 prostitutes work there in four streets.<ref name="porterfolio" />

===Sonagachi===
{{See also|Sonagachi}}
The largest [[red-light district]] in Kolkata, is Sonagachi, it is also the largest red-light district in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-songachi-changes-colours-visitors-drawn-by-art-not-lust/articleshow/64811133.cms|title=As Songachi changes colours, visitors drawn by art, not lust|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=July 2018 }}</ref> The area came to be known as Sona Gachi from a Sufi saint Sona Ghazi whose tomb (mazaar) is located in the locality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF2003/Briski/Briski.html|title=Prostitutes and AIDS in India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015110455/http://aliciapatterson.org/APF2003/Briski/Briski.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 |publisher=[[Alicia Patterson Foundation]]}}</ref> It is an area with several hundred multi-storey brothels, and around 10,000 sex workers.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4055143.stm Girl-trafficking hampers Aids fight] BBC news. 30 November 2004</ref> Sonagachi is located in North-Kolkata near the intersection of [[Chittaranjan Avenue]] Sova Bazar and Beadon Street, just north of the [[Marble Palace (Kolkata)|Marble Palace]]. The Prostitute Population mostly consists of woman's from poor regions of neighboring states and border regions. Previously there were many local prostitutes in Sonagachi. But now [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]], Bihari, Odia and Khamia-Nepalese prostitutes have gained in number. According to class-division, the red-light areas of Kolkata are also divided into four different classes: poor-class, lower-class, middle-class, and rich-class. For example, The red-light area which once existed opposite to the diagonal angle of Khanna Cinema Hall was of 'poor-class'. When they contacted customers, they asked them "''Khat-e na Chot-e''" ? Which means, "Do you want to sleep in wooden cot or on jute-sheet spread over the floor?" As customers wished, the fee varied according to their choice. The lower-class and middle-class of prostitute areas were scattered around Haarkaata Gully and near Chetla/Kalighat bridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sex workers from Sonagachi call SC verdict 'step towards life of dignity' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sex-workers-from-sonagachi-call-sc-verdict-step-towards-life-of-dignity/article65467197.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=27 May 2022}}</ref>

Several [[non-government organization]]s and government organizations operate here for the prevention of [[sexually transmitted diseases]] (STD) including [[AIDS]]. Sonagachi project is a prostitute's cooperative that operates in the area and empowers sex workers to insist on [[condom]] use; a relatively low percentage of prostitutes in this district (5.17% of the 13,000 prostitutes in Sonagachi) are estimated to be HIV positive.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-sonagachi-keeping-hiv-away-a-daily-battl/550109/ In Sonagachi, keeping HIV away a daily battle]. Indian Express (2 December 2009). Retrieved on 23 October 2011.</ref> However, these efforts are hindered by [[human trafficking]]: refusal of clients to wear condom, and women controlled by third parties are forced to oblige.

According to some sources, prostitutes from Sonagachi who test HIV positive are not told about the results, and live with the disease without knowing about it "because the [[Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee|DMSC]] is worried that HIV positive women will be ostracized."<ref name="tomvater1">[http://www.tomvater.com/india/welcome-to-sonagachi-%E2%80%93-calcutta%E2%80%99s-largest-brothel-area-is-thriving/ Welcome to Sonagachi – Calcutta's largest brothel area is thriving] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011152855/https://www.tomvater.com/country/india/welcome-to-sonagachi-calcuttas-largest-brothel-area-is-thriving |date=11 October 2022 }}. Tom Vater (12 May 2004). Retrieved on 23 October 2011.</ref> Some prostitutes in Sonagachi have stated that "the clients, at least three quarters of them" refuse to use condoms and "If we force them to use the condom, they will just go next door. There are so many women working here, and in the end, everyone is prepared to work without protection for fear of losing trade."<ref name="tomvater1"/>

===Tollygunge===
{{see also|Tollygunge}}
Tollygunge is a small red-light district located near [[Prince Anwar Shah Road]].<ref name="YOUTH PARTNERSHIP PROJECT" />

==Street prostitution==
Street prostitutes work in Esplanade Crossing,<ref name="Rickshaw pullers">{{cite web |title=Rickshaw pullers |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/212182/16/16_chapter%2011.pdf |website=Shodhganga |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref> opposite of cinema 'Metro' and in the street between Elite Cinema Hall and Regal Cinema Hall, Jagat Cinema near [[Sealdah]] station and under Sealdah flyover,<ref name="Rickshaw pullers" /> and another place is Ultadanga flyover and railway foot over bridge, [[Kalighat]]<ref name="Rickshaw pullers" /> and [[Garia]].<ref name="Garia" /> Also a very small level high class escort service operates here, mostly college student or housewives or executives. Generally they use hotels booked by client or the flat of their [[pimp]].

[[Male prostitutes]] often pick up clients in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], particularly in front of the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Aditya |last2=Gupta |first2=Jayanta |title=C'mon baby, light my fire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cmon-baby-light-my-fire/articleshow/8275240.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=20 September 2001}}</ref>

==Call girls==
Call girls operate independently and through [[pimps]] or escort agencies. Prostitution is operated from many beauty parlours and [[massage parlors]] in the city.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/29kolkata.htm Kolkata cop's wife in prostitution racket] Rediff.com</ref><ref name="Telegraph Call Girl">{{cite news |title=New girls on the block|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070401/asp/calcutta/story_7359586.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112195013/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070401/asp/calcutta/story_7359586.asp |archive-date=12 November 2007 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph |first1=Nabamita |last1=Mitra |first2=Chandreyee |last2=Chatterjee |first3=Sanjoy |last3=Chattopadhyaya |date=1 April 2007}} ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' – 1 April 2007</ref> Pimps (commonly called agents) in [[nightclub]]s, [[Public house|pubs]], star hotels and floorboys acting as agents generally keep catalogues with pictures of the call girls.<ref name="Telegraph Call Girl"/> The girls operate in places like flats, hotels, etc.<ref name="NLM Gateway">{{cite web|title=Hidden sex trade -callgirls of kolkatta |website=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] Gateway |url=http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/102256441.html |access-date=10 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429061725/http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/102256441.html |archive-date=29 April 2007 }}</ref> Generally the call girls go to the rooms in star hotels. However, when the client cannot provide a place of convenience, the agents provide one and the place is generally decided on before.<ref name="Telegraph Call Girl"/>

Call girls in Kolkata may come from middle class, upper middle class and upper-class families. They may be executives, housewives, college students or actresses.<ref name="Telegraph Call Girl" /><ref name="NLM Gateway"/>

The [[Kolkata Police]] have connections with many call girls working as their informers. Many criminals like to spend time with the girls. Hence some call girls are used by the police to get information about suspected criminals.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060630165136/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/calcutta/story_6197678.asp Call girl aide to catch criminals- 230 escorts brought into the detective department fold] ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' – 12 May 2006</ref>

[[Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee]] (DMSC), which runs the Sonagachi project and several similar projects in [[West Bengal]], lobbies for the recognition of [[sex workers' rights]] and full legalization.<ref>[http://www.durbar.org durbar.org], homepage of the [[Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee]]
</ref> DMSC hosted India's first national convention of sex workers on 14 November 1997, in Kolkata, entitled 'Sex Work is Real Work: We Demand Workers Rights'.<ref>[http://www.nswp.org/rights/dmsc/indiaconf.html Sex work is real work: We demand workers rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212230342/http://www.nswp.org/rights/dmsc/indiaconf.html |date=12 December 2006 }}, announcement of the 1997 sex worker convention</ref>

==In popular culture==
''[[Born into Brothels]]'', a 2004 American documentary film about the children of prostitutes in Sonagachi, won the [[Academy Award for Documentary Feature]] in 2004.<ref name="NY Times">{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/299929/Born-Into-Brothels/details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228114417/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/299929/Born-Into-Brothels/details |archive-date=28 December 2007 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2007 |title=NY Times: Born into Brothels |access-date=23 November 2008}}</ref>

The documentary entitled ''Tales of The Night Fairies'' by Prof. Shohini Ghosh and Dr. Sabeena Ghadioke from Asia's leading Media institute [[AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre]], is about the Sonagachi area. It has won the Jeevika Award for the best documentary feature on livelihood in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |title=Welcome to AJK Mass Communication Research Centre |publisher=Ajkmcrc.org |date= |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304083532/http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref>

Popular actor [[Kamal Haasan]]'s movie ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' has a storyline based on the Sonagachi. The film won three awards at the [[41st National Film Awards]]. It received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] and [[H. Sridhar]] and K. M. Surya Narayan received the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |publisher=Iffi.nic.in |date= |access-date=2 December 2013|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180123051732/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf }}</ref> It also won [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for Best Film.

The Malayalam film ''[[Calcutta News (film)|Calcutta News]]'' depicts the story of women being trafficked and forced to become sex worker in Sonagachi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/9460.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071014032426/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/9460.html|archive-date= 14 October 2007|title= review of the film Calcutta News}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Prostitution in India]]
* [[Prostitution in Asia]]
* [[Prostitution in Mumbai]]
* [[All Bengal Women's Union]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* Mishra, Swasti Vardhan. "Reading Kolkata's Space of Prostitution as a Political Society." [[Environment and Urbanization ASIA]] 7, no. 2 (September 2016): 267–76. {{doi|10.1177/0975425316655653}}
* {{cite book|title= Dangerous Outcast: The Prostitute in Nineteenth Century Bengal |author=Banerjee, S.|isbn=978-8-170-46119-7|lccn=lc98908088|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GtDN|year=1998|publisher= [[Seagull Books]] }}
* Cornish, Flora, and Riddhi Banerjee. "How Do Relationships Between Peer Educators and Sex Workers Lead to Increased Condom Use?: A Social Capital Interpretation of the Sonagachi Project." Indian Anthropologist 43, no. 1 (2013): 51–64. {{JSTOR|41920141}}
* [[Catharine A. MacKinnon|MacKinnon, Catharine A.]] "15. Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequality". Butterfly Politics, Cambridge, MA and London, England: [[Harvard University Press]], 2017, pp. 162–180. {{doi|10.4159/9780674977761-016}}
* {{cite book|title=Dangerous Sex, Invisible Labor: Sex Work and the Law in India|author=[[Prabha Kotiswaran|Kotiswaran, P.]]|isbn=978-0-691-14251-7 |lccn=2010052069|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkikIdKkz4QC|year=2011|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] }}
* {{cite book|title="Professional" Abortion Seekers: The Sex-workers of Kolkata| author=Ghosh, S. |isbn=978-8-1-890-4224-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-k_EPgAACAAJ | year=2003 |publisher=Abortion Assessment Project-India, Health watch Trust, Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes }}
* {{cite book|title=Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Oceania|isbn=978-0-739-13277-7|lccn=2010043820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0uRsGnTMnwC|year=2011|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Discourse on Rights in India: Debates and Dilemmas|author1=Nanda, B. |author2=Ray, N.|isbn=978-0-429-82714-3| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwtpDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Trafficking in Women and Children in India|author1=Nair, P.M. |author2=Sen, S. | isbn=978-8-125-02845-1|lccn=2006561197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xFnEyqFupUC|year=2005|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]}}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 16254542 | doi=10.1097/01.olq.0000175399.43457.28 | volume=32 | title=Evaluation of sexually transmitted diseases/human immunodeficiency virus intervention programs for sex workers in Calcutta, India | pmc=2903624 | year=2005 | journal=Sex Transm Dis | pages=680–4 | last1 = Gangopadhyay | first1 = DN | last2 = Chanda | first2 = M | last3 = Sarkar | first3 = K | last4 = Niyogi | first4 = SK | last5 = Chakraborty | first5 = S | last6 = Saha | first6 = MK | last7 = Manna | first7 = B | last8 = Jana | first8 = S | last9 = Ray | first9 = P | last10 = Bhattacharya | first10 = SK | last11 = Detels | first11 = R | issue=11 }}
* Tamang, Anand. A study of trafficked Nepalese girls and women in Mumbai and Kolkata, India / [principal investigator, Anand Tamang ; research director, John Frederick]. Kathmandu : Terre des hommes Foundation, 2005 (2006 printing). viii, 50 p.; 30 cm. HQ240.B6 T35 2005 {{ISBN|9994656678}} {{LCCN|2008307461}}.
* Sinha, Indrani, 1950–2015. Mothers for sale : women in Kolkata's sex trade / Indrani Sinha and Shamita Das Dasgupta. Kolkata : Dasgupta Alliance, 2009. xix, 267 p. ; 22 cm. HQ240.C3 S49 2009 {{ISBN|978-8-182-11051-9}} {{LCCN|2009341771}}.
* {{cite journal | pmid = 30662179 | doi=10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_84_18 | volume=43 | title=Predictors of Inconsistent Condom Use among Female Sex Workers: A Community-Based Study in a Red-Light Area of Kolkata, India | pmc=6319282 | year=2018 | journal=Indian J Community Med | pages=274–278 | last1 = Bandyopadhyay | first1 = K | last2 = Banerjee | first2 = S | last3 = Goswami | first3 = DN | last4 = Dasgupta | first4 = A | last5 = Jana | first5 = S | issue=4 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 29409491 | doi=10.1186/s12914-018-0148-4 | volume=18 | title=Does the Stockholm Syndrome affect female sex workers? The case for a "Sonagachi Syndrome" | pmc=5802051 | year=2018 | journal=BMC Int Health Hum Rights | article-number=10 | last1 = Karan | first1 = A | last2 = Hansen | first2 = N | issue=1 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 27170035 | doi=10.1007/s10461-016-1412-z | volume=20 | title=Consistent Condom Use by Female Sex Workers in Kolkata, India: Testing Theories of Economic Insecurity, Behavior Change, Life Course Vulnerability and Empowerment | pmc=5016559 | year=2016 | journal=AIDS Behav | pages=2332–2345 | last1 = Fehrenbacher | first1 = AE | last2 = Chowdhury | first2 = D | last3 = Ghose | first3 = T | last4 = Swendeman | first4 = D | issue=10 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 30462688 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0207055 | volume=13 | title=Gender disparities in depression severity and coping among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kolkata, India | pmc=6248946 | year=2018 | journal=PLOS ONE | article-number=e0207055 | last1 = Swendeman | first1 = D | last2 = Fehrenbacher | first2 = AE | last3 = Roy | first3 = S | last4 = Das | first4 = R | last5 = Ray | first5 = P | last6 = Sumstine | first6 = S | last7 = Ghose | first7 = T | last8 = Jana | first8 = S | issue=11 | bibcode=2018PLoSO..1307055S | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 32452748 | doi=10.1080/13691058.2020.1740793 | volume=23 | title=Examining hopes, aspirations, and future plans of women in non-brothel-based sex work in Kolkata, India | year=2021 | journal=Cult Health Sex | pages=913–926 | last1 = Sinha | first1 = S | last2 = Prasad | first2 = I | issue=7 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 25583373 | doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0404-1 | volume=44 | title="Whatever I have, I have made by coming into this profession": the intersection of resources, agency, and achievements in pathways to sex work in Kolkata, India | pmc=4382371 | year=2015 | journal=Arch Sex Behav | pages=1011–23 | last1 = Swendeman | first1 = D | last2 = Fehrenbacher | first2 = AE | last3 = Ali | first3 = S | last4 = George | first4 = S | last5 = Mindry | first5 = D | last6 = Collins | first6 = M | last7 = Ghose | first7 = T | last8 = Dey | first8 = B | issue=4 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 27651071 | doi=10.1177/1049732316669338 | pmc=5865471 | volume=27 | title=Ethical and Safety Issues in Doing Sex Work Research: Reflections From a Field-Based Ethnographic Study in Kolkata, India | year=2017 | journal=Qual Health Res | pages=893–908 | last1 = Sinha | first1 = S | issue=6 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 33596735 | doi=10.1177/0956462420983992 | volume=32 | title=Successful integration of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis into a community-based HIV prevention program for female sex workers in Kolkata, India | pmc=8091404 | year=2021 | journal=Int J STD AIDS | pages=638–647 | last1 = Jana | first1 = S | last2 = Ray | first2 = P | last3 = Roy | first3 = S | last4 = Kadam | first4 = A | last5 = Gangakhedkar | first5 = RR | last6 = Rewari | first6 = BB | last7 = Moses | first7 = S | last8 = Becker | first8 = ML | issue=7 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 15491952 | doi=10.1521/aeap.16.5.405.48734 | volume=16 | title=The Sonagachi Project: a sustainable community intervention program | year=2004 | journal=AIDS Educ Prev | pages=405–14 | last1 = Jana | first1 = S | last2 = Basu | first2 = I | last3 = Rotheram-Borus | first3 = MJ | last4 = Newman | first4 = PA | issue=5 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 30598930 | doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_192_17 | volume=7 | title=HIV/AIDS epidemic in West Bengal: An overview | pmc=6259504 | year=2018 | journal=J Family Med Prim Care | pages=898–902 | last1 = Ganguly | first1 = S | last2 = Chakraborty | first2 = D | last3 = Goswami | first3 = DN | issue=5 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 18686555 | volume=26 | title=Sex-trafficking, violence, negotiating skill, and HIV infection in brothel-based sex workers of eastern India, adjoining Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh | pmc=2740670 | year=2008 | journal=J Health Popul Nutr | pages=223–31 | last1 = Sarkar | first1 = K | last2 = Bal | first2 = B | last3 = Mukherjee | first3 = R | last4 = Chakraborty | first4 = S | last5 = Saha | first5 = S | last6 = Ghosh | first6 = A | last7 = Parsons | first7 = S | issue=2 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 9454057 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78070-3 | volume=351 | title=Model for sexual health found in India's West Bengal | year=1998 | journal=Lancet | page=46 | last1 = Kumar | first1 = S | issue=9095 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Evans | first1 = C | last2 = Lambert | first2 = H | date = Jan 2008 | title = The limits of behaviour change theory: condom use and contexts of HIV risk in the Kolkata sex industry | url = | journal = Cult Health Sex | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 27–42 | doi = 10.1080/13691050701561393 | pmid = 18038279 }}
* {{cite journal | pmid = 32509679 | doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1196_19 | volume=9 | title=Sociobehavioural matrix and knowledge, attitude and practises regarding HIV/AIDS among female sex workers in an international border area of West Bengal, India | pmc=7266195 | year=2020 | journal=J Family Med Prim Care | pages=1728–1732 | last1 = Sinha | first1 = A | last2 = Goswami | first2 = DN | last3 = Haldar | first3 = D | last4 = Choudhury | first4 = KB | last5 = Saha | first5 = MK | last6 = Dutta | first6 = S | issue=3 | doi-access=free }}
* Ghosh, Swati. "Empowerment of Sex Workers: The Kolkata Experience." [[Economic and Political Weekly]], vol. 41, no. 13, Economic and Political Weekly, 2006, pp. 1289–91, {{JSTOR|4418032}}.
* Sarkar, K., B. Bal, R. Mukherjee, S.K. Niyogi, M.K. Saha, and S.K. Bhattacharya. "Epidemiology of HIV Infection among Brothel-Based Sex Workers in Kolkata, India." ''Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition'' 23, no. 3 (2005): 231–35. {{JSTOR|23499323}}.
* Bandyopadhyay, Aparna. "CHRONICLES OF LOVE, BETRAYAL AND PROSTITUTION IN LATE COLONIAL BENGAL." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 75, [[Indian History Congress]], 2014, pp. 723–28, {{JSTOR|44158453}}.
* Nag, Moni. "Sex Workers in Sonagachi: Pioneers of a Revolution." [[Economic and Political Weekly]], vol. 40, no. 49, Economic and Political Weekly, 2005, pp. 5151–56, {{JSTOR|4417483}}.
* Evans, Catrin, and Helen Lambert. "The Limits of Behaviour Change Theory: Condom Use and Contexts of HIV Risk in the Kolkata Sex Industry." ''Culture, Health & Sexuality'', vol. 10, no. 1, [[Taylor & Francis]], Ltd., 2008, pp. 27–42, {{JSTOR|20460978}}.
* [[Prabha Kotiswaran|Kotiswaran, Prabha]]. "Born Unto Brothels: Toward a Legal Ethnography of Sex Work in an Indian Red-Light Area." [[Law & Social Inquiry]], vol. 33, no. 3, [ [[American Bar Foundation]], Wiley], 2008, pp. 579–629, {{JSTOR|20108776}}.
{{Refend}}

{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{West Bengal topics}}

{{Portal bar|India|human sexuality|Prostitution|Sex work|Feminism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prostitution in Kolkata}}
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Red-light districts in India]]

Sonapur, Bhandup

2025-07-28T11:55:15Z

RhysFrisina87: creating stub

{{moresources|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sonapur
| official_name = Sonapur, Bhandup West
| settlement_type = Urban
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 400078
| registration_plate = MH- 03 ([[Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs]])
| coordinates = {{coord|19.16|N|72.93|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| pushpin_label_position = Left
}}
'''Sonapur''' is an urban area in [[Bhandup]], [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra state of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getpincode.info/sonapur-bhandup-west-mumbai-mumbai-maharashtra|title=Pincode of Sonapur Bhandup West Mumbai Mumbai Maharashtra_|last=|first=|date=|website=Getpincode.info|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mumbai]]

Jamnapari

2025-07-24T08:46:39Z

RhysFrisina87: reworked references and added references

{{Short description|Breed of goat}}
{{Infobox goat breed
| name = Jamnapari
| image = JamunapariGoat02.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| status = {{ubl|[[FAO]] (2007): not at risk{{r|barb|page=146}}|[[DAD-IS]] (2021): not at risk{{r|dad}}}}
| altname = {{ubl|Jamunapari|Etawah|Chambal Queen|Chakarnagar Pari|Ram Chagol}}
| country = India
| distribution = {{ubl|[[Uttar Pradesh]]|[[Madhya Pradesh]]|Indonesia|Bangladesh}}
| standard =
| use = [[goat's milk|milk]]
| weight =
| maleweight = average 45 kg
| femaleweight = average 38 kg
| height =
| maleheight = average 78 cm
| femaleheight = average 75 cm
| type =
| skincolour =
| woolcolour =
| facecolour =
| horns =
| beard =
| tassels =
| note =
}}

[[File:Jamnapari goat.jpg|thumb|Jamnapari goat in Nepal]]
'''Jamnapari''', '''Jamunapari''' or '''Jumnapari''' is an Indian [[list of goat breeds|breed]] of [[domestic goat]] originating in the [[Braj]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{r|dad|acharya}} It has been exported to [[Indonesia]], where it is known as the '''Etawah'''.{{r|cabi|page=388}} It is bred for both [[Goat's milk|milk]] and [[goat's meat|meat]].{{cn|date=March 2021}} The name is derived from the [[Yamuna]]<ref name="fao">[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/X6532E/X6532E03.htm "2.3 Goat Breeds".]</ref> river.

== History ==

The Jamnapari originated in the [[Etawah District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and is particularly associated with the [[tehsil]] of [[Chakarnagar]].{{r|dgj}} It is one of the ancestors of the [[Anglo-Nubian]].{{r|dgj}}

In India there were an estimated 580,000 of the breed in the 1972 census, although less than 5000 were thought to be purebred.<ref name="fao" />

== Characteristics ==
There is a large variation in color but the typical Jamnapari is white with patches of tan on the neck and head. Their heads tend to have a highly convex nose, which gives them a parrot-like appearance. They have long flat drooping ears which are around {{Convert|25|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} long. Both sexes have [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]]s. The udder has round, conical teats and is well developed.<ref name="fao" /> They also have unusually long legs.<ref>Shelton, Maurice (1978). [https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(78)83680-7/abstract "Reproduction and Breeding of Goats".]</ref>

The Jamnapari male can weigh up to {{Convert|40|kg|abbr=on}}, while females can reach around {{Convert|30|kg|abbr=on}} depending upon climates and environmental condition.

The average lactation yield per day has been found to be slightly less than two kilograms. Jamnapari meat is said to be low in cholesterol.<ref>Wariman, Noor H. [http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/state_news/news.php?id=265837&cat=et "Jihad Ternak Planning To Export Jamnapari Goats".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194936/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/state_news/news.php?id=265837&cat=et |date=2016-03-03 }} Accessed August 13, 2008.</ref>

During the winter they spend more than 90% of their time grazing, although this falls to around 55% in the hot Indian summer. The breed browses on bushes, tree leaves and the top of grasses rather than typical ground grazing.{{r|dgj}} Their mean heart rate was found to be 127 ± 3.46 in one study.<ref>N. H. Mohan1, D. Niyogi2, H. N. Singh3. [http://www.vetsci.org/2005/pdf/295.pdf "Analysis of normal electrocardiograms of Jamunapari goats".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728154649/http://www.vetsci.org/2005/pdf/295.pdf |date=2011-07-28 }} ''[[Journal of Veterinary Science]]''.</ref>

Rates of conception are high, nearly 90%. Triplets and quadruplets are common. The average age of first conception is 18 months.{{r|dgj}}

== See also ==

* [[Black Bengal goat]]

== References ==
{{commonscat|Jamunapari}}
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=acharya>R.M. Acharya (1982). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030201215932/http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6532E/X6532E02.htm ''Sheep and goat breeds of India'']. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 30. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived 1 February 2003.</ref>

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>

<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780647944}}.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[https://fao-dadis-breed-detail.firebaseapp.com/?country=IND&specie=Goat&breed=Jamunapari Breed data sheet: Jamunapari / India (Goat)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2021.</ref>

<ref name=dgj>P. K. Rout, A. Mandal, M. K. Singh, R. Roy, N. Sharma and G.F.W. Haenlein (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011230539/http://www.dairygoatjournal.com/issues/82/82-3/PK_Rout.html Jamunapari - A Dairy Goat Breed in India]. ''Dairy Goat Journal''. '''82''' (3): 37–39. Archived 11 October 2007.</ref>

}}

[[Category:Dairy goat breeds]]
[[Category:Meat goat breeds]]
[[Category:Goat breeds originating in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Goat breeds originating in India]]
[[Category:Goat breeds]]

Abhijeet Shah

2025-06-10T16:58:28Z

RhysFrisina87:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Timarni Assembly constituency|Timarni]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Sanjay Shah
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Abhijeet Shah''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Timarni Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timarni Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Timarni Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/timarni-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Timarni, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/timarni-constituency-s12aed2008a134/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Abhijeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Valluvar (caste)

2025-05-24T16:40:40Z

RhysFrisina87: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About|the social group|the Indian poet and philosopher|Thiruvalluvar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Valluvar''' is a caste associated with the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. They are the hereditary priests of the [[Pallar]]s and [[Paraiyars]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="casteandtribes303">[[#Castes and Tribes of Southern India|Castes and Tribes of Southern India]], Pg 303</ref><ref name="saints_goddesses_kings">{{cite book | title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900| last=Bayly| first=susan| year=2004| pages=387|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=siLzp_4Dwb4C&q=saints+and+goddesses |publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0521891035}}</ref><ref name="charred_lullabies">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bR_1TjNkxFkC&q=charred+lullabies|title=Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropography of Violence| last=Daniel| first=E. Valentine| year=1996| pages=30| publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691027730}}</ref><ref name="astro_magazine">{{cite book | title=Astrological Magazine| year=1986| pages=259}}</ref><ref name="ghuryep361">{{cite book | title=Caste and Race in India| last= Ghurye| first= G. S. | pages=361| authorlink= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJMs-r0FY50C&q=caste+and+race+in+india+ghurye|year=1991| publisher= Popular Prakashan| location=Bombay| isbn= 9788171542055}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Valluvars are believed to have been the priests of the [[Pallava|Pallava kings]] before the introduction of [[Brahmins]] and for sometime after their arrival.<ref name="casteandtribes303" /> The exalted position of Valluvars in the social hierarchy during those times is indicated by inscriptions which refer to Valluvars in a respectful manner.<ref name="casteandtribes304">[[#Castes and Tribes of Southern India|Castes and Tribes of Southern India]], Pg 304</ref> Moreover, the Tamil saint [[Thiruvalluvar]] is believed to have been a member of this community<ref name="encyclopedia_religions">{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of Religions Or Faiths of Man Part 3: V. 3| last=Forlong| first=J. G. R.| year=2003| pages=432| publisher=Kessinger Publishing| isbn=0766143090}}</ref> and there is a subsect of Valluvars claiming descent from him.<ref name="casteandtribes304" /><ref name="charred_lullabies" /><ref name="astro_magazine" /> The Valluvars are also called Pandaram or Valluva Pandaram.<ref name="casteandtribes310">[[#Castes and Tribes of Southern India|Castes and Tribes of Southern India]], Pg 310</ref> The priests of the Valluvars are sometimes called Vellala Pandaram, Thiruvalluva Nayanar.<ref name="casteandtribes310" />

== Culture and practices==
Owing to their occupation as priests, all males over twelve wore the sacred thread.<ref name="casteandtribes310" /> The Valluvars were also noted for their abstinence from beef.<ref name="casteandtribes310" />

Valluvars were an [[untouchability|untouchable caste]].<ref name="Untouchable_Community">{{cite book | title=An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus |last=Moffatt| first=Michael| year=2015| pages=103| publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deliege |first=Robert |date=1992 |title=Replication and Consensus: Untouchability, Caste and Ideology in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803599 |journal=Man |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=155–173 |doi=10.2307/2803599 |jstor=2803599 |issn=0025-1496|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="moffat_TamilCaseStudy">{{cite journal|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=43d2f27151813d7ff466b82429ebc9c67ed8fcf3|title=Untouchables and the caste system: a Tamil case study|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|first1=Michael|last1=Moffat|access-date=2025-03-07}}</ref>

Valluvars follow both [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. Saivite and Vaishnavite Valluvars dine together, but not intermarry.<ref name="casteandtribes304" /> A particular class of Valluvars officiated as priest at Paraiyar funerals.<ref name="casteandtribes304" /> This particular class of Valluvars was known as Paraiya Tadas and were regarded as inferior by other sections of Valluvars.<ref name="casteandtribes304" /> Another section of Valluvars wear a necklace of ''[[tulsi]]'' beads and are known as Alvar Dasari or Tavadadhari.<ref name="casteandtribes304" /> The affairs of the community are handled by a caste-council.<ref name="casteandtribes306">[[#Castes and Tribes of Southern India|Castes and Tribes of Southern India]], Pg 306</ref> The community is headed by a ''Kolkaran'' or a ''Kanakkan''.<ref name="casteandtribes306" /> There are the hereditary astrologers of the Indian temple town of [[Vaithiswaran Koil]] and are considered experts in ''Nadi'' astrology.<ref name="nadi_astrology">{{cite news | last=Raghavan | first=M. | title= Turning over old leaves | date= | url =http://www.thesundayindian.com/20072008/storyd.asp?sid=5194&pageno=1 | work =The Sunday India | accessdate = 2008-09-20}}</ref><ref name="slaves_of_soil_southern_india">{{cite book | title=Slaves of the Soil in Southern India | last=B. Pandian| first=Thomas| year=1895| pages=24| publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>

The Valluvars generally officiate in Paraiyar marriages<ref name="slaves_of_soil_southern_india" /> and funerals. During such occasions, Valluvar priests used to chant Sanskrit ''shlokas''.<ref name="slaves_of_soil_southern_india" />

== Notable people ==
* [[Thiruvalluvar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India Volume VII| last=Thurston| first=Edgar| authorlink= Edgar Thurston|author2=K. Rangachari | year=1909| publisher=Government Press| location=Madras|ref= Castes and Tribes of Southern India}}{{Unreliable source inline|date=March 2025}}

[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil society]]

2019–20 Ranji Trophy Plate Group

2025-01-28T20:41:05Z

RhysFrisina87:

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2019–20 Ranji Trophy Plate Group
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate = {{start date|2019|12|9|df=y}}
| todate = {{end date|2020|2|15|df=y}}
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, awarded to the winners
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host = {{flag|India}}
| champions =
| count =
| participants = 10
| matches =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2018–19
| previous_tournament = 2018–19 Ranji Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
{{2019–20 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]] was the 86th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the [[first-class cricket]] tournament that took place in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27100900/ranji-trophy-set-finish-march-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-gets-pre-ipl-auction-window |title=Ranji Trophy set to finish in March; Mushtaq Ali T20s gets pre-IPL auction window |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> It was contested by 38 teams, divided into four groups, with ten teams in the Plate Group.<ref name="BCCI-pr">{{cite web |url=http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/5d1b1400c82f1-BCCI%20Domestic.pdf |title=BCCI Domestic Schedule 2019–20 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912164935/http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/5d1b1400c82f1-BCCI%20Domestic.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The group stage ran from 9 December 2019 to 15 February 2020.<ref name="BCCI-pr"/> The top team in the Plate Group progressed to the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]] of the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/mushtaq-ali-trophy-to-be-held-ahead-of-ipl-auction-as-bcci-announces-domestic-schedule/articleshow/70058827.cms |title=Mushtaq Ali Trophy to be held ahead of IPL auction as BCCI announces domestic schedule |work=Times of India |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref>

In January 2020, in the round six fixture between [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] and [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]], Manipur were bowled out for only 27 runs in their first innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ranji-trophy-manipur-folded-for-27-as-meghalaya-secure-innings-win/articleshow/73443903.cms |title=Ranji Trophy: Manipur folded for 27 as Meghalaya secure innings win |work=Times of India |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-plate-group-round-6-day-3-plate-group-report-manipur-meghalaya-manan-vohra-chandigarh/article30609505.ece |title=Ranji Trophy: Manipur folds for 27 as Meghalaya secures innings win |work=Sportstar |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> On 12 February 2020, the fixture between [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]] and [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] was the 60,000th first-class cricket match to be played.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28727284/r-ashwin-362-wickets-most-70-tests |title=Are R Ashwin's 362 wickets the most after 70 Tests? |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/news/60,000_not_out_landmark_first_class_match_ranji_trophy.html |title=60,000 not out: Landmark first-class match set for Ranji Trophy |work=The Cricketer |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

In the final round of matches, [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] qualified from the Plate Group, after beating [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] inside two days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/goa-storm-into-ranji-trophy-quarters-rout-mizoram-inside-two-days/story-7yMw6PorEuQg4JPwlhs5ZL.html |title=Goa storm into Ranji Trophy quarters, rout Mizoram inside two days |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2019–20 Ranji Trophy Plate Group}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–12 December 2019
| team1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 173 (68.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shasheem Rathour]] 31 (86)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 6/50 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 300 (79.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 70 (74)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vivek Kumar]] 5/51 (19 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 196 (71.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vikash Ranjan]] 85[[not out|*]] (172)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 4/57 (19.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 70/0 (11.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Paras Dogra]] 42[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]]
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Akshay Totre and Belur Ravi
| motm = [[Sagar Udeshi]] (Pondicherry)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203458.html Scorecard]
| result = Pondicherry won by 10 wickets
| notes = [[Nishant Kumar (cricketer)|Nishant Kumar]], [[Shivam Kumar]], [[Sabir Khan (Indian cricketer)|Sabir Khan]] (Bihar), [[Ashith Rajiv]] and [[A Aravinddaraj]] (Pondicherry) all made their first-class debuts.
* [[Vinay Kumar]] (Pondicherry) took his 400th wicket in the Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/vinay-kumar-ranji-trophy-wickets-400-second-fastest-puducherry-bihar/article30278523.ece |title=Ranji Trophy: Vinay Kumar becomes second-fastest to 400 wickets |work=Sport Star |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–12 December 2019
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 147 (44.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Techi Neri]] 45 (75)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] 5/26 (11.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 503/2[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (76 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arslan Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arslan Khan]] 233[[not out|*]] (236)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Techi Doria]] 1/33 (3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 183 (54.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 81 (94)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 6/50 (14.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm = [[Arslan Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arslan Khan]] (Chandigarh)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203459.html Scorecard]
| result = Chandigarh won by an innings and 173 runs
| notes = [[Arslan Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arslan Khan]], [[Shivam Bhambri]], [[Raman Bishnoi]] (Chandigarh), [[Kengo Bam]], [[Yab Niya]] and [[Karkir Taye]] (Arunachal Pradesh) all made their first-class debuts.
* [[Arslan Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arslan Khan]] scored the first century by a batsman for Chandigarh in first-class cricket,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/plan-was-to-make-ranji-debut-count-arslan-khan/articleshow/72463094.cms |title=Plan was to make Ranji debut count: Arslan Khan |work=Times of India |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> and went on to score his maiden double century in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/globalgame/chandigarh_batsman_arslan_khan_ranji_trophy_double-century_debut.html |title=Chandigarh batsman Arslan Khan opens first-class career with Ranji Trophy double-century |work=The Cricketer |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–12 December 2019
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 136 (58.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Lee Yong Lepcha]] 56 (117)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Lakshay Garg]] 3/23 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 436/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (105.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] 134 (239)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishwar Chaudhary]] 2/96 (24 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 374 (111.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 135 (158)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Felix Alemao]] 3/76 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 75/1 (18.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] 49[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 1/23 (9 overs)

| venue = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm = [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] (Goa)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203460.html Scorecard]
| result = Goa won by 9 wickets
| notes = [[Aditya Kaushik]] (Goa) and [[Bhushan Subba]] (Sikkim) both made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–12 December 2019
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 65 (16 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 34 (35)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 8/22 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 289 (80.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Bonny Chingangbam]] 89 (161)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Bobby Zothansanga]] 5/92 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 290 (75.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[KB Pawan]] 124[[not out|*]] (172)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] 2/16 (5.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 69/4 (17.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jayanta Sagatpam]] 16[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 2/26 (6 overs)

| venue = Videocon Academy Ground, [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Mukund Mandale and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm = [[Rex Rajkumar]] (Manipur)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203461.html Scorecard]
| result = Manipur won by 6 wickets
| notes = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]], [[Al Bashid Muhammed]], [[Ajay Lamabam]] (Manipur) and [[Parvez Ahmed]] (Mizoram) all made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–12 December 2019
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 285 (96.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 125 (145)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 7/53 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 136 (45.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nagaho Chishi]] 33[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 9/52 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 142 (48.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dipu Sangma]] 36[[not out|*]] (70)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 6/54 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 181 (62 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Aosashi Longchar]] 44 (76)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 4/60 (29 overs)

| venue = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium|Nagaland Cricket Stadium]], [[Dimapur]]
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Sanjay Kumar Singh and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]]
| motm = [[Puneet Bisht]] (Meghalaya)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203462.html Scorecard]
| result = Meghalaya won by 110 runs
| notes = [[Aosashi Longchar]], [[Bohoto Yeptho]], [[Nagaho Chishi]] (Nagaland), [[Wallam Kynshi]], [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] and [[Akash Choudhary]] (Meghalaya) all made their first-class debuts.
* [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] (Meghalaya) took the third-best figures in Indian domestic first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/sports/cricket/sanjay-yadav-records-third-best-bowling-figures-in-indian-first-class-cricket-history-meghalaya-all-rounder-takes-952-in-2019-20-ranji-trophy-match-against-nagaland-1394094.html |title=Sanjay Yadav Records Third-Best Bowling Figures in Indian First-Class Cricket History; Meghalaya All-Rounder Takes 9/52 in 2019–20 Ranji Trophy Match Against Nagaland |work=Latestly |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>
}}

===Round 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 December 2019
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 65 (31.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Bibek Diyali]] 22 (51)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sagar Trivedi]] 5/20 (8.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 446/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (88.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 117 (140)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishwar Chaudhary]] 5/145 (28.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 112 (43 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Bibek Diyali]] 24 (68)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 4/21 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = Cricket Association Pondicherry Ground 2, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and Kamlesh Sharma
| motm = [[Sagar Trivedi]] (Pondicherry)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203477.html Scorecard]
| result = Pondicherry won by an innings and 269 runs
| notes = [[Sagar Trivedi]] (Pondicherry) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 December 2019
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 203 (68.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 81 (148)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Darshan Misal]] 3/16 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 463 (143.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] 179 (287)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Abhay Negi]] 5/90 (29 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 252 (81 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 51 (86)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] 6/72 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Abhijit Bengeri and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]]
| motm = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] (Goa)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203478.html Scorecard]
| result = Goa won by an innings and 8 runs
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 December 2019
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 116 (50.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 44 (108)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 7/25 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 400 (95.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 148 (242)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sultan Karim]] 3/87 (20 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 216 (79.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Narisingh Yadav]] 85 (115)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Stuart Binny]] 3/64 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = Videocon Academy Ground, [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sivasubramaniyan Shankar]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] (Nagaland)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203479.html Scorecard]
| result = Nagaland won by an innings and 68 runs
| notes = [[Thomas Moirangthem]] (Manipur) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 December 2019
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 344 (92 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 179 (179)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Bobby Zothansanga]] 4/62 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 620/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (142 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 307[[not out|*]] (408)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Akhilesh Sahani]] 4/175 (38 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 417/5 (103.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 205[[not out|*]] (272)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Pratik Desai]] 2/111 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = Cricket Association Pondicherry Siechem Ground, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Pranav Joshi and Arun Kumar Basa
| motm = [[Taruwar Kohli]] (Mizoram)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203480.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Taruwar Kohli]] (Mizoram) scored his second [[List of Ranji Trophy triple centuries|triple century in the Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-2019-20-live-score-round-2-day-3-tamil-nadu-kerala-vidarbha-mumbai-saurashtra-andhra-delhi-hyderabad-punjab/article30345249.ece |title=Ranji Trophy 2019–20 Round 2, Day 3: Bengal beats Kerala, Himachal beats Tamil Nadu- As it happened |work=SportStar |access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 December 2019
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 420 (116.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ankit Kaushik]] 117 (205)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 5/71 (33 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 115 (49.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Babul Kumar]] 67 (143)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 6/24 (12.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 175/6 (71 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Nishant Kumar (cricketer)|Nishant Kumar]] 70 (115)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 3/68 (25 overs)

| venue = [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
| toss = Bihar won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Saurabh Dhote and [[Sadashiv Iyer]]
| motm = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] (Chandigarh)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203476.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Anirudh Kanwar]] (Chandigarh) and [[Shashi Shekhar]] (Bihar) both made their first-class debuts.
* [[Ankit Kaushik]] (Chandigarh) scored his maiden century in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-domestic/ranji-trophy/ankits-unbeaten-ton-helps-home-team-post-274/5-against-bihar/articleshow/72864453.cms |title=Ankit's unbeaten ton helps home team post 274/5 against Bihar |work=Times of India |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
}}

===Round 3===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–28 December 2019
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 73 (27.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Lalhruaizela]] 20 (29)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 4/6 (7.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 458/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (86 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 200 (220)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sumit Lama]] 2/76 (16 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 113 (33.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Pratik Desai]] 45 (54)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 3/24 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = Videocon Academy Ground, [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Rajeev Godara and Rajesh Timaney
| motm = [[Paras Dogra]] (Pondicherry)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203495.html Scorecard]
| result = Pondicherry won by an innings and 272 runs
| notes = [[Sumit Lama]] (Mizoram) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–28 December 2019
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 196 (87 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 43 (107)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Karkir Taye]] 4/25 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 143 (47 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 53 (77)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ajay Lamabam]] 4/23 (8 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 215 (75 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 60[[not out|*]] (91)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Techi Neri]] 5/28 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 184 (65.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 84 (146)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 6/58 (18 overs)

| venue = Jalan Outdoor Stadium, [[Dibrugarh]]
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Mukund Mandale and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]]
| motm = [[Rex Rajkumar]] (Manipur)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203497.html Scorecard]
| result = Manipur won by 84 runs
| notes = [[Gelson Singh]] (Manipur) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–28 December 2019
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 269 (74.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 94 (99)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Nagaho Chishi]] 2/26 (7 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 296 (61.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Stuart Binny]] 135 (108)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishwar Chaudhary]] 5/133 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 133 (35.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Bibek Diyali]] 42 (61)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Nagaho Chishi]] 4/20 (6.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 113/1 (12.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 45 (23)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mandup Bhutia]] 1/24 (3 overs)

| venue = [[KIIT Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Saurabh Dhote and VM Dhokre
| motm = [[Stuart Binny]] (Nagaland)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203498.html Scorecard]
| result = Nagaland won by 9 wickets
| notes = [[Tejosel Yiethun]] and [[Vino Zhimomi]] (Nagaland) both made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–28 December 2019
| team1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 326 (112 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Babul Kumar]] 160 (291)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Felix Alemao]] 4/74 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 470 (129.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] 135 (206)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 6/99 (39)

| score-team1-inns2 = 162/1 (49 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Indrajit Kumar]] 71[[not out|*]] (163)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Darshan Misal]] 1/31 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm = [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] (Goa)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203494.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 26–29 December 2019
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 455/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (121.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ankit Kaushik]] 148[[not out|*]] (205)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Aditya Singhania]] 2/103 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 148 (48.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 84 (102)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] 5/30 (15.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 121 (29.4 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 54 (65)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 4/44 (11 overs)

| venue = Mangaldoi Sports Association Ground, [[Mangaldoi]]
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Vinod Seshan]] and Arun Kumar Basa
| motm = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] (Chandigarh)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203496.html Scorecard]
| result = Chandigarh won by an innings and 189 runs
| notes = [[Tengchan Sangma]] (Meghalaya) made his first-class debut.
}}

===Round 4===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 January 2020
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 400/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (70.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Manan Vohra]] 121 (140)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Nagaho Chishi]] 5/80 (17.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 135 (58.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 38[[not out|*]] (87)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] 5/39 (15 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 26/0 (8 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Aosashi Longchar]] 14[[not out|*]] (16)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium|Nagaland Cricket Stadium]], Sovima
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] and [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]]
| motm = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] (Chandigarh)
| rain = No play was possible on day 1 due to a wet outfield.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203515.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Temjentoshi Jamir]] (Nagaland) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 January 2020
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 329 (81 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] 155 (186)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Karkir Taye]] 3/75 (19.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 141 (48.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Samarth Seth]] 29 (61)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 4/35 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 32/0 (13 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kamsha Yangfo]] 20[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = Vikas Cricket Ground, [[Cuttack]]
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Rajesh Timaney and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm = [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] (Sikkim)
| rain = No play was possible on days 1 and 2 due to a wet outfield.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203516.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Nabam Tempol]] (Arunachal Pradesh) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 January 2020
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 378 (112.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Pratik Desai]] 192 (210)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 5/107 (46 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 262 (66 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Babul Kumar]] 85 (138)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 5/78 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 68 (31.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[KB Pawan]] 46 (98)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Abhijeet Saket]] 7/12 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 188/4 (32.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Indrajit Kumar]] 98[[not out|*]] (93)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Bobby Zothansanga]] 2/45 (9 overs)

| venue = [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]]
| toss = Bihar won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Akshay Totre and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm = [[Abhijeet Saket]] (Bihar)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203512.html Scorecard]
| result = Bihar won by 6 wickets
| notes = [[Lakhan Raja]], [[Shabbir Khan]] (Bihar) and [[Lalruatdika]] (Mizoram) all made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 January 2020
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 106 (32.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Al Bashid Muhammed]] 43[[not out|*]] (88)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vijesh Prabhudessai]] 6/14 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 553/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (130.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sumiran Amonkar]] 115 (164)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 2/78 (19 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 88 (42.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 29 (44)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] 6/52 (19.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Sanjay Kumar Singh and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] (Goa)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203513.html Scorecard]
| result = Goa won by an innings and 359 runs
| notes = [[Vaibhav Govekar]] (Goa) and [[Karam Dharmendra]] (Manipur) both made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 January 2020
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 65 (39.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 43 (97)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 5/10 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 80 (29.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 27 (32)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 8/31 (12.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 63 (26 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 28 (61)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 5/27 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 49/5 (12.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Arun Karthik]] 13 (11)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Abhay Negi]] 3/15 (6 overs)

| venue = Mangaldoi Sports Association Ground, [[Mangaldoi]]
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Mukund Mandale and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm = [[Vinay Kumar]] (Pondicherry)
| rain = No play was possible on day 1 due to a wet outfield.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203514.html Scorecard]
| result = Pondicherry won by 5 wickets
| notes =
}}

===Round 5===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–14 January 2020
| team1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 431 (130.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Indrajit Kumar]] 134 (248)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Bishworjit Konthoujam]] 3/66 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 94 (38.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Bonny Chingangbam]] 23 (50)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Abhijeet Saket]] 7/43 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 154 (43.5 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 77[[not out|*]] (94)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shivam Kumar]] 4/68 (18 overs)

| venue = South Dinajpur District Sports Association Cricket Ground, [[Balurghat]]
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm = [[Indrajit Kumar]] (Bihar)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203533.html Scorecard]
| result = Bihar won by an innings and 183 runs
| notes = [[Atulya Priyankar]] (Bihar) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–14 January 2020
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 534/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (140.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 166 (288)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Techi Neri]] 3/144 (41 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 460 (118.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 267[[not out|*]] (329)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 5/123 (43.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 259/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (62 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yogesh Takawale]] 73[[not out|*]] (113)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Akhilesh Sahani]] 3/91 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 152/4 (35 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 36[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 2/19 (8 overs)

| venue = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium|Nagaland Cricket Stadium]], Sovima
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Akshay Totre and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm = [[Rahul Dalal]] (Arunachal Pradesh)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203534.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Shashwat Kohli]] (Arunachal Pradesh) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–14 January 2020
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 264 (86.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 84 (109)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] 4/53 (16.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 360 (97.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 99 (122)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 4/89 (31.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 69/3 (26 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] 30[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] 2/18 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Sanjay Kumar Singh and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] (Chandigarh)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203530.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] (Chandigarh), [[Puran Giri]] and [[Ruben Lepcha]] (Sikkim) all made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–14 January 2020
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 270 (87.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] 121 (202)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ashith Rajiv]] 5/45 (15.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 260 (65.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 194 (209)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Felix Alemao]] 6/73 (19.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 255 (92 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] 66 (154)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sagar Trivedi]] 4/56 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 184 (65.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Fabid Ahmed]] 56 (109)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Felix Alemao]] 5/72 (18 overs)

| venue = Cricket Association Pondicherry Ground 2, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm = [[Felix Alemao]] (Goa)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203532.html Scorecard]
| result = Goa won by 81 runs
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–15 January 2020
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 662/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (125 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 254[[not out|*]] (228)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[G Lalbiakvela]] 3/150 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 114 (56.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Lalruatdika]] 24 (44)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Aditya Singhania]] 4/30 (11 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 123 (41.1 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 77 (118)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Aditya Singhania]] 6/40 (12.1 overs)

| venue = Videocon Academy Ground, [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Mukund Mandale and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] (Meghalaya)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203531.html Scorecard]
| result = Meghalaya won by an innings and 425 runs
| notes =
}}

===Round 6===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–22 January 2020
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 201 (59.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 113 (152)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 5/78 (23.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 139 (40 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] 44 (61)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[G Lalbiakvela]] 8/56 (15 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 179 (39 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 55 (72)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ishwar Chaudhary]] 5/70 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 163 (42.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 37 (48)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 6/52 (14.2 overs)

| venue = [[KIIT Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
| toss = Sikkim won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]]
| motm = [[Taruwar Kohli]] (Mizoram)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203552.html Scorecard]
| result = Mizoram won by 78 runs
| notes = [[Nitesh Gupta]] (Sikkim) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–22 January 2020
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 209 (46.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sagar Trivedi]] 79[[not out|*]] (72)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Nabam Tempol]] 5/61 (17.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 192 (60.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Samarth Seth]] 67 (107)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 6/51 (17.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 351 (73.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 81[[not out|*]] (123)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Nabam Tempol]] 7/104 (23.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 72 (26.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Samarth Seth]] 12 (25)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 5/25 (7.4 overs)

| venue = Cricket Association Pondicherry Siechem Ground, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Sanjay Kumar Singh and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm = [[Nabam Tempol]] (Pondicherry)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203548.html Scorecard]
| result = Pondicherry won by 296 runs
| notes = [[Takam Tallum]] (Arunachal Pradesh) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–22 January 2020
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 251 (80.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] 90 (191)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] 5/64 (21.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 580/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (150 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shivam Bhambri]] 157 (284)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] 3/95 (20 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 253/6 (118 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sumiran Amonkar]] 64 (290)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 2/35 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]]
| motm = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] (Chandigarh)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203549.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Jaskaranvir Singh]] (Chandigarh) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–22 January 2020
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 235 (67.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 90 (180)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Homendro Kabrambam]] 3/29 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 27 (18.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Bonny Chingangbam]] 7 (27)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 6/12 (9.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 92 (27 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 23 (21)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 5/35 (12 overs)

| venue = Mangaldoi Sports Association Ground, [[Mangaldoi]]
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Mukund Mandale and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]]
| motm = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] (Meghalaya)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203550.html Scorecard]
| result = Meghalaya won by an innings and 116 runs
| notes = [[Purajit Mandal]] (Meghalaya), [[Rajkumar Jotish]] and [[Ajit Singh (cricketer)|Ajit Singh]] (Manipur) all made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–22 January 2020
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 166 (63.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Imliwati Lemtur]] 41 (72)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Abhijeet Saket]] 3/19 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 509/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (123.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[MD Rahmatullah]] 106 (161)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 3/81 (24 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 444/4 (91.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rongsen Jonathan]] 200[[not out|*]] (231)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Vivek Kumar]] 2/122 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium|Nagaland Cricket Stadium]], Sovima
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm = [[Vikash Ranjan]] (Bihar)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203551.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Chopise Hopongkyu]] (Nagaland) made his first-class debut.
}}

===Round 7===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–30 January 2020
| team1 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 169 (55.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Lee Yong Lepcha]] 48 (81)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 4/41 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 91 (25 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 25 (23)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishwar Chaudhary]] 6/39 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 266 (84.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 71 (95)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 4/41 (16.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 112 (36.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sultan Karim]] 24[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Palzor Tamang]] 6/65 (13 overs)

| venue = Vikas Cricket Ground, [[Cuttack]]
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm = [[Ishwar Chaudhary]] (Sikkim)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203570.html Scorecard]
| result = Sikkim won by 232 runs
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–30 January 2020
| team1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 208 (66.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 72 (84)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Aditya Singhania]] 4/59 (18.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 179 (77.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 63 (85)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shivam Kumar]] 4/69 (23 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 361/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (123 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yashasvi Rishav]] 150 (364)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mark Ingty]] 1/3 (4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 138/2 (30 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 48[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shivam Kumar]] 2/49 (10 overs)

| venue = [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]]
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Sanjay Kumar Singh and Akshay Totre
| motm = [[Ashutosh Aman]] (Bihar)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203566.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Basukinath Mishra]], [[Yashasvi Rishav]], [[Sarfaraz Ashraf]], [[Amod Yadav]] (Bihar) and [[Pringsang Sangma]] (Meghalaya) all made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–30 January 2020
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 134 (37.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Arslan Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arslan Khan]] 42 (65)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 6/32 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 113 (29.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 49 (58)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] 7/46 (15 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 102/3 (22 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Manan Vohra]] 52 (55)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Damodaran Rohit]] 2/9 (2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] (Chandigarh)
| rain = No play was possible on days 2 and 3.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203567.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–30 January 2020
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 243 (83 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sedezhalie Rupero]] 105[[not out|*]] (253)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[G Lalbiakvela]] 5/55 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 318/3 (94 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[KB Pawan]] 129[[not out|*]] (225)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Nagaho Chishi]] 1/50 (20 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Ground]], [[Calcutta]]
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Mukund Mandale and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]]
| motm = [[G Lalbiakvela]] (Mizoram)
| rain = No play was possible on day 3.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203568.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Lalfakzuala Renthlei]] (Mizoram) and [[Oren Ngullie]] (Nagaland) both made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–30 January 2020
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 589/2[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (124 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vaibhav Govekar]] 160 (210)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shashwat Kohli]] 1/54 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 83 (43.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kamsha Yangfo]] 22 (89)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Darshan Misal]] 4/24 (10.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 170 (49.2 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 68 (98)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] 6/71 (18 overs)

| venue = Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground, [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] (Goa)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203569.html Scorecard]
| result = Goa won by an innings and 336 runs
| notes =
}}

===Round 8===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–7 February 2020
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 109 (41.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 77 (130)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 4/18 (12.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 587/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (110.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Uday Kaul]] 212[[not out|*]] (273)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sumit Lama]] 2/76 (14.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 122 (37 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[KB Pawan]] 28 (37)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Arpit Pannu]] 3/30 (7 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Sanjay Kumar Singh and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm = [[Uday Kaul]] (Chandigarh)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203584.html Scorecard]
| result = Chandigarh won by an innings and 356 runs
| notes = [[Kunal Mahajan]] (Chandigarh), [[Uday Kumar Abhay]] and [[Henry Lalsangzuala]] (Mizoram) all made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–7 February 2020
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 490 (102.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Fabid Ahmed]] 233 (268)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 2/69 (17.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 138 (31.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 33 (35)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 5/42 (13.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 111 (35.4 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kangabam Singh]] 28 (27)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Alagh Prathiban]] 5/64 (16.4 overs)

| venue = Videocon Academy Ground, [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Mukund Mandale and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]]
| motm = [[Fabid Ahmed]] (Pondicherry)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203585.html Scorecard]
| result = Pondicherry won by an innings and 241 runs
| notes = [[Gemson Singh]], [[Somorjit Salam]], [[Basir Rahman]], [[Shamir Khan]] (Manipur), [[Alagh Prathiban]] and [[Parandaman Thamaraikannan]] (Pondicherry) all made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–7 February 2020
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 174 (47.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 85 (109)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ishwar Chaudhary]] 5/48 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 128 (47 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] 44 (70)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Abhay Negi]] 7/42 (17 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 155 (51 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tengchan Sangma]] 31 (66)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Palzor Tamang]] 4/21 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 135 (44 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 76[[not out|*]] (123)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 5/51 (16 overs)

| venue = Mangaldoi Sports Association Ground, [[Mangaldoi]]
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Amit Bansal and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Abhay Negi]] (Meghalaya)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203586.html Scorecard]
| result = Meghalaya won by 66 runs
| notes = [[Shaisngi Lyngdoh]] (Meghalaya) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–7 February 2020
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 318 (105.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vaibhav Govekar]] 71 (138)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 4/51 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 176 (67.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 64 (93)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Amulya Pandrekar]] 5/31 (21 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 221/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (41 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] 68[[not out|*]] (63)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Stuart Binny]] 2/29 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 134 (36.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Stuart Binny]] 58 (64)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Vijesh Prabhudessai]] 3/13 (6 overs)

| venue = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium|Nagaland Cricket Stadium]], Sovima
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and Rajeev Godara
| motm = [[Amulya Pandrekar]] (Goa)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203587.html Scorecard]
| result = Goa won by 229 runs
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–7 February 2020
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 351 (112.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 190 (229)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 4/82 (35.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 291 (85.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[MD Rahmatullah]] 140 (242)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kengo Bam]] 5/67 (30.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 163 (71.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Dalal]] 35 (86)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 6/66 (28.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 227/4 (67 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[MD Rahmatullah]] 113[[not out|*]] (148)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Nabam Tempol]] 3/33 (14 overs)

| venue = [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]]
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm = [[MD Rahmatullah]] (Bihar)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203588.html Scorecard]
| result = Bihar won by 6 wickets
| notes = [[Rakesh Kumar (cricketer)|Rakesh Kumar]] (Arunachal Pradesh) and [[Nikhil Anand]] (Bihar) both made their first-class debuts.
}}

===Round 9===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–15 February 2020
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 490/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (77.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Smit Patel]] 236 (195)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[G Lalbiakvela]] 3/91 (16.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 109 (40.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 50[[not out|*]] (113)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Amulya Pandrekar]] 3/17 (8 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 170 (65 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[KB Pawan]] 111[[not out|*]] (172)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] 5/39 (16 overs)

| venue = [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Ground]], [[Calcutta]]
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Saurabh Dhote and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]]
| motm = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] (Goa)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203602.html Scorecard]
| result = Goa won by an innings and 211 runs
| notes = [[Smit Patel]] (Goa) scored his maiden double century in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ranji-trophy/goa-mizoram-plate-group-match-smit-patel-maiden-double-century/article30801439.ece |title=Ranji Trophy 2019–20: Smit Patel maiden double ton puts Goa on top |work=SportStar |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–15 February 2020
| team1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 176 (62.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Stuart Binny]] 59 (88)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 3/44 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 625/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (145.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 175 (220)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 3/86 (23 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 254 (67.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rongsen Jonathan]] 93 (86)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Santha Moorthy]] 5/79 (19.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = Cricket Association Pondicherry Siechem Ground, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| toss = Nagaland won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Abhijit Bengeri and [[Belur Ravi]]
| motm = [[Santha Moorthy]] (Pondicherry)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203603.html Scorecard]
| result = Pondicherry won by an innings and 195 runs
| notes = [[Ramachandran Ragupathy]], [[Santha Moorthy]] (Pondicherry) and [[Walling Imomenba]] (Nagaland) all made their first-class debuts.
* [[Santha Moorthy]] (Pondicherry) became the oldest bowler to take a [[five-wicket haul]] on first-class debut, aged 40 years and 155 days.<ref name="oldest">{{cite web|url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/indian-cricketer-breaks-125-year-old-world-record/ |title=Indian cricketer breaks 125-year-old world record |work=BD Crictime |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–15 February 2020
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 672/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (141 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 200[[not out|*]] (171)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sheiteendra Singh]] 4/69 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 63 (26.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Bishworjit Konthoujam]] 18 (11)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 5/19 (7 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 204 (43.4 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Basir Rahman]] 97 (123)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] 7/52 (10.4 overs)

| venue = Videocon Academy Ground, [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] (Chandigarh)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203604.html Scorecard]
| result = Chandigarh won by an innings and 405 runs
| notes = [[Bishworjit Konthoujam]], [[Sunil Salam]], [[Sheiteendra Singh]] and [[Sunil Singh (cricketer)|Sunil Singh]] (Manipur) all made their first-class debuts.
* This was the 60,000th first-class cricket match to be played.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ranji-trophy-60000-first-class-match-record-manipur-vs-chandigarh-1645742-2020-02-12 |title=60,000 and counting: Landmark Ranji Trophy match in Kolkata |work=India Today |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/stats-ranji-trophy-game-marks-the-60000th-match-in-first-class-cricket/ |title=Stats: Ranji Trophy game marks the 60000th match in First-class cricket |work=CricTracker |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–15 February 2020
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 576/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (135.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 250 (267)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kengo Bam]] 3/97 (22.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 222 (67.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Samarth Seth]] 82[[not out|*]] (98)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 3/61 (23.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 106 (29.2 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Samarth Seth]] 67 (52)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] 4/24 (9 overs)

| venue = Jalan Outdoor Stadium, [[Dibrugarh]]
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Pranav Joshi and Arun Kumar Basa
| motm = [[Puneet Bisht]] (Meghalaya)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203605.html Scorecard]
| result = Meghalaya won by an innings and 248 runs
| notes = [[Nafees Siddique]] and [[Aryan Bora]] (Meghalaya) both made their first-class debuts.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–15 February 2020
| team1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| team2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 305 (95.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shasheem Rathour]] 103 (101)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ishwar Chaudhary]] 5/92 (28.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 272 (78.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] 140 (200)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 5/77 (25.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 417/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (123.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Babul Kumar]] 195 (304)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lee Yong Lepcha]] 3/93 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 69/1 (38 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chitiz Tamang]] 32[[not out|*]] (90)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] 1/24 (15 overs)

| venue = [[DRIEMS Ground]], [[Cuttack]]
| toss = Sikkim won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Sanjay Kumar Singh and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm = [[Vikash Ranjan]] (Bihar)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203606.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}
{{2019–20 in Indian cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2019-20}}
[[Category:2019 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2019–20]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Meenakshi Patil

2024-04-01T11:22:55Z

RhysFrisina87: Made New Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1947–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
'''Meenakshi Patil''' (1947 – 29 March 2024) was an Indian politician who served as Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Alibag Assembly constituency]] from 1995 to 1999, 1999 to 2004 and 2009 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLAs from Alibag |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/elections/assembly-election/maharashtra/alibag/previous-result/amp/ |website=Lokmat Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alibag Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/alibag-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Result University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alibag (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/alibag-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Patil was born in 1947,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenakshi Prabhakar Patil |url=https://myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=2518 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> and died on 29 March 2024, at the age of 76.<ref>[https://www.mumbailive.com/en/politics/former-state-minister-meenakshi-patil-passes-away-at-the-age-of-76-83488 Former State Minister Meenakshi Patil Passes Away At The Age Of 76]</ref> She was the niece of [[Datta Narayan Patil]], former opposition leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Former Maharashtra Opposition leader Dattatrey Patil passes away |url=https://www.netindian.in/news/people/former-maharashtra-opposition-leader-dattatrey-patil-passes-away |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=NetIndian |language=en}}</ref> She was from the [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affidavit |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/meenakshi%20prabhakar%20patil.pdf |website=Chief Election Officer, Maharastra Government}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Women members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Peasants and Workers Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:People from Raigad district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Nagla Fateh Khan

2023-12-10T17:15:07Z

RhysFrisina87:

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagla Fateh Khan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.20932|N|78.76808|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.08
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 873
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nagla Fateh Khan''' ({{IAST|Naglā Fateh Khān}}) is a village in [[Ghiror]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 873, in 121 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Nagla Fateh Khan had a population of 873, in 121 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|73}} This population was 53.5% male (467) and 46.5% female (406). The 0-6 age group numbered 114 (58 male and 56 female), or 13.1% of the total population. No residents were members of Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|64-5}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Nagla Fateh Khan as having a population of 428 people, in 61 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|130-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Nagla Fateh Khan as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 239 people (134 male and 105 female), in 40 households and 18 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 318 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lxx}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Nagla Fateh Khan had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|73-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Malatipur

2023-04-20T00:52:06Z

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#REDIRECT [[Malatipur railway station]]

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Bandaduka

2023-04-15T04:28:18Z

RhysFrisina87: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bandadka]]

Bhiwandi (Lok Sabha constituency)

2022-07-29T15:32:48Z

RhysFrisina87: adjust structure after review as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency]]

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Memari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-22T10:24:45Z

RhysFrisina87: brief reworked information for consistency also and added references for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Memari Assembly constituency]]

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