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Bayron Biswas

2026-05-06T16:26:33Z

RethaT8259798: started a post.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 March 2023
| predecessor = [[Subrata Saha]]
| constituency = [[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi, Murshidabad]]
| majority = 22,986
| name = Bayron Biswas
| occupation = [[Businessman]], social worker, politician
| birth_place = Samserganj, [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|08|13}}
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2023–present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2023)
}}

'''Bayron Biswas''' (born 13 August 1982) is an Indian politician and [[social worker]] who is serving as an [[17th West Bengal Assembly|MLA]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]] in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debutant Sagardighi Congress MLA sworn in |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/debutant-sagardighi-congress-mla-sworn-in/cid/1924375 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Sagardighi Assembly constituency 2023 By Poll Result">{{cite news |date=2023 |title=Sagardighi Assembly constituency 2023 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2560.htm?ac=60 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726071202/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2560.htm?ac=60 |archivedate=26 July 2025 |accessdate=26 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]] and before joining that party, he was the sole MLA in [[West Bengal]] belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-22 |title=Lone West Bengal Congress MLA Bayron Biswas takes oath |url=https://theprint.in/india/lone-west-bengal-congress-mla-bayron-biswas-takes-oath/1464143/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Backed by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], he defeated the [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] candidate by 22,986 votes during the [[2023 elections in India|2023 bypoll in Sagardighi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Biswas takes oath: 'Will fight for the people' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/biswas-takes-oath-will-fight-for-the-people-8513535/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He joined TMC on 29 May 2023 in the presence of party general secretary [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]].<ref name="Newsmaker: A new house for Bayron Biswas, back to 0 for West Bengal Congress">{{cite news |date=30 May 2023 |title=Newsmaker: A new house for Bayron Biswas, back to 0 for West Bengal Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bayron-biswas-west-bengal-congress-tmc-8636303/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726070528/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bayron-biswas-west-bengal-congress-tmc-8636303/ |archivedate=26 July 2025 |accessdate=26 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="3 months after bypoll win, lone Congress MLA in West Bengal Bayron Biswas joins TMC">{{cite news |date=30 May 2023 |title=3 months after bypoll win, lone Congress MLA in West Bengal Bayron Biswas joins TMC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-months-after-bypoll-win-lone-congress-mla-in-west-bengal-joins-tmc/articleshow/100603113.cms?from=mdr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726071609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-months-after-bypoll-win-lone-congress-mla-in-west-bengal-joins-tmc/articleshow/100603113.cms?from=mdr |archivedate=26 July 2025 |accessdate=26 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Bayron}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Gukesh Dommaraju

2026-05-06T15:16:51Z

RethaT8259798: created basic info w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2006)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| name = Gukesh Dommaraju
| image = Gukesh in 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gukesh in 2025

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2006|05|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India

| country = India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2019)
| worldchampion = 2024–present
| peakrating = 2794 (October 2024)
| peakranking = No. 3 (March 2025)
| FideID = 46616543
}}

'''Gukesh Dommaraju''' (born 29 May 2006) is an Indian [[chess grandmaster]] and the reigning [[World Chess Champion]]. A [[chess prodigy]], Gukesh is the youngest undisputed{{efn|[[Ruslan Ponomariov]] was 91 days younger when he became the FIDE world champion in [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2002|2002]], but the [[FIDE#World Championship divided, 1993–2006|title was split at the time]].<ref>{{cite news |title=There is a younger 'world champion' than D Gukesh: The story of Ukraine's forgotten chess prodigy Ruslan Ponomariov |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/there-is-a-younger-world-champion-than-d-gukesh-the-story-of-ukraines-forgotten-chess-prodigy-ruslan-ponomariov-101734165378476.html |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 December 2024}}</ref>|name=Undisputed}} world champion; the youngest player to have surpassed a [[FIDE]] [[Elo rating system|rating]] of 2750, doing so at the age of 17; and the third-youngest to have surpassed 2700 [[Elo rating system|Elo]] at the age of 16. He earned the title of grandmaster at the age of 12 and is the [[List of youngest grandmasters|third-youngest grandmaster]] in chess history.

Gukesh started playing chess at the age of 7. He won the under-12 title at the [[World Youth Chess Championship]] in 2018, and multiple gold medals at the 2018 [[Asian Youth Chess Championship]]. He became an [[International Master]] in March 2017. On 15 January 2019, at the age of 12 years, 7 months, and 17 days, he became the second-youngest grandmaster in the history of the game, after [[Sergey Karjakin]]. He was part of the [[India at the 2022 Asian Games|Indian team]] that won the silver medal at the [[2022 Asian Games]] in the [[Chess at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team standard|men's team competition]].

Gukesh won the team bronze and the individual gold medal at the [[44th Chess Olympiad]] in 2022. In the September 2023 rating list, Gukesh became the top-rated Indian player, ending [[Viswanathan Anand]]'s 37-year record.<ref name="Menon">{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Anirudh |date=1 September 2023 |title=37 years – How the world changed as Anand stayed constant on top of Indian chess |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/chess/story/_/id/38303895/37-years-how-world-changed-viswanathan-anand-stayed-constant-top-indian-chess-d-gukesh |work=[[ESPN]] |access-date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223094631/https://www.espn.co.uk/chess/story/_/id/38303895/37-years-how-world-changed-viswanathan-anand-stayed-constant-top-indian-chess-d-gukesh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Watson">{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Leon |date=1 September 2023 |title=Gukesh Ends Anand's 37-Year Reign As India's Official Number 1 |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/gukesh-ends-anands-37-year-reign |website=[[Chess.com]] |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105081240/https://www.chess.com/news/view/gukesh-ends-anands-37-year-reign |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[45th Chess Olympiad]] in 2024, he won both team and individual gold medals. In 2024, he became the youngest winner of the [[Candidates Tournament 2024|Candidates Tournament]] and successfully challenged [[Ding Liren]] in the [[World Chess Championship 2024|World Chess Championship]], becoming the 18th and youngest undisputed world champion, at the age of 18 years and 195 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=12 December 2024 |title=Gukesh is youngest world chess champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/indias-gukesh-becomes-youngest-world-chess-champion/article68977631.ece |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==

=== Birth and background ===
Gukesh Dommaraju was born on 29 May 2006 in [[Chennai]] into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Kanukula |first=Sumanth |date=13 December 2024 |title=Celebrations in AP with Gukesh's victory.. His grandfather's hometown is somewhere in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/andhra-pradesh/who-is-gukesh-dommaraju-belongs-to-tamil-family-settled-in-chennai-his-grandfather-native-village-in-these-district-in-andhra-pradesh-article-116272311 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Times Now News]] |quote=Gukesh was born on May 29, 2006, in a Telugu family settled in Chennai. Gukesh's ancestors belonged to the joint Chittoor district. |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213130503/https://telugu.timesnownews.com/andhra-pradesh/who-is-gukesh-dommaraju-belongs-to-telugu-family-settled-in-chennai-his-grandfather-native-village-in-these-district-in-andhra-pradesh-article-116272311 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=మనోడే.. చదరంగ విశ్వవిజేత |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/chittoor-news/2/124223852 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Dommaraju Gukesh : కొడుకు కోసం డాక్టర్ వృత్తినే వదులుకున్నాడు..కట్ చేస్తే 18 ఏళ్లకే ప్రపంచాన్ని జయించాడు |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/sports/dommaraju-gukesh-india-s-youngest-chess-grandmaster-creates-history-as-world-champion-sjn-2663898.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref> His mother, Padmakumari, is a [[microbiologist]], and his father, Rajinikanth, is an [[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT]] surgeon who moved to Chennai to pursue his medical career.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Dommaraju Gukesh : He gave up his career as a doctor for his son..he conquered the world at 18 years old|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/sports/dommaraju-gukesh-india-s-youngest-chess-grandmaster-creates-history-as-world-champion-sjn-2663898.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Prasad RS |date=16 January 2019 |title=My achievement hasn't yet sunk in: Gukesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/my-achievement-hasnt-yet-sunk-in-gukesh/articleshow/67562543.cms |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802192747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/my-achievement-hasnt-yet-sunk-in-gukesh/articleshow/67562543.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Gukesh studied at the Velammal Vidyalaya School in [[Ayanambakkam|Mel Ayanambakkam]], Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2018 |title=Velammal students win gold at World Cadet Chess championship 2018 |url=http://chennaiplus.in/velammal-students-win-gold-at-world-cadet-chess-championship-2018/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090711/http://chennaiplus.in/velammal-students-win-gold-at-world-cadet-chess-championship-2018/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=Chennai Plus}}</ref>

Gukesh's family hails from the village of Chenchuraju Kandriga, near [[Satyavedu]] in the [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> His father later settled in Chennai to pursue a medical career, where he married Padmakumari.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2004 |title=జగజ్జేత మన గుకేశ్‌ {{!}} Dommaraju Gukesh becomes world chess champion |url=https://sakshi.com/telugu-news/sports/dommaraju-gukesh-becomes-world-chess-champion-2289815 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

=== Chess beginnings ===
Gukesh learned to play chess at the age of seven, and eventually began structured one-hour sessions three times a week.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lokpria Vasudevan |date=17 January 2019 |title=D Gukesh: Grit and determination personify India's youngest Grandmaster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/d-gukesh-grit-and-determination-personify-india-s-youngest-grandmaster-1433361-2019-01-17 |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091501/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/d-gukesh-grit-and-determination-personify-india-s-youngest-grandmaster-1433361-2019-01-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> He dropped out of school after Class IV (in [[primary school|elementary school]]) to focus on his chess career. In 2017, his father quit his job to travel with Gukesh to various tournaments; Gukesh was sponsored by his parents' friends at this time,<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Gukesh stopped regular school at class IV, no sponsor, father quit job, mother had to…: Story of youngest world champ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/gukesh-stopped-school-at-class-iv-no-sponsor-father-quit-job-mother-sole-bread-earner-story-of-youngest-world-champ-101734063688084.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> support about which he has often spoken since.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/sport/gukesh-dommaraju/amp|title=Gukesh Dommaraju, The Boy Who Foretold His Future|website=thewire.in}}</ref> His extraordinary talent was recognized institutionally early on, and he became one of the many beneficiaries of the robust Indian chess ecosystem.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c23vn7x4012o|title=Gukesh Dommaraju: How the Indian teenager became youngest world chess champion|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 December 2024|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213043941/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c23vn7x4012o|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gukesh's childhood coach, GM [[Vishnu Prasanna V.|Vishnu Prasanna]], restrained him from using [[Chess engine|chess engines]] for analysis and training during the formative years of his career, in what has been described as a "radical experiment", with goal of developing independent analytical skills and intuition; he started using engines after crossing the 2500 rating threshold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=How Gukesh was shaped by a radical ‘experiment’ proposed at age of 11 by his coach Vishnu Prasanna |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/how-gukesh-was-shaped-by-radical-experiment-age-11-vishnu-prasanna-9677457/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251015085509/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/how-gukesh-was-shaped-by-radical-experiment-age-11-vishnu-prasanna-9677457/ |archive-date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=Gukesh wins Candidates: The boy raised without chess engines who’ll challenge Ding Liren at World Championships |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/gukesh-wins-candidates-17-year-old-raised-without-chess-engines-ding-liren-world-chess-championships-9283580/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422014020/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/gukesh-wins-candidates-17-year-old-raised-without-chess-engines-ding-liren-world-chess-championships-9283580/ |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== 2015–2021: Beginnings ===
Gukesh won the under-9 section of the Asian School Chess Championships in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shubham Kumthekar |last2=Priyadarshan Banjan |date=2018 |title=Gukesh D: The story behind a budding talent |url=http://www.iiflwmumbaichess.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:gukesh%20d-the-story-behind-a-budding-talent&catid=8:news-event&Itemid=130 on=com_content&view=article&id=134:gukesh%20d-the-story-behind-a-budding-talent&catid=8:news-event&Itemid=130 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=IIFL Wealth Mumbai International Chess Tournament}}</ref> He won the [[World Youth Chess Championship]] in 2018 in the under-12 category.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2018 |title=Chess: India Gukesh, Savitha Shri bag gold medals in U-12 World Cadets Championship |url=https://scroll.in/field/902419/chess-indias-gukesh-savitha-shri-bag-gold-medals-in-u-12-world-cadets-championship |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Scroll.in |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511112517/https://scroll.in/field/902419/chess-indias-gukesh-savitha-shri-bag-gold-medals-in-u-12-world-cadets-championship |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2018 [[Asian Youth Chess Championship]], he won a record five gold medals in the under-12 events in individual rapid, blitz and classical formats, and the team rapid and blitz competitions.<ref>{{cite news |author=Prasad RS |date=13 March 2018 |title=Gukesh wins 5 gold medals in Asian Youth Chess Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/gukesh-wins-5-gold-medals-in-asian-youth-chess-championship/articleshow/63687428.cms |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330174334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/gukesh-wins-5-gold-medals-in-asian-youth-chess-championship/articleshow/63687428.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He completed the requirements for the title of [[International Master]] in March 2017 at the 34th [[Cappelle-la-Grande Open]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Prasad RS |date=13 March 2018 |title=Gukesh making all the right moves |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/gukesh-making-all-the-right-moves/articleshow/63289164.cms |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/gukesh-making-all-the-right-moves/articleshow/63289164.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15{{nbsp}}January 2019, Gukesh became the then [[List of youngest grandmasters|second-youngest grandmaster]] in the history of the game at the age of 12 years, 7 months, and 17 days, behind [[Sergey Karjakin]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Sagar |date=15 January 2019 |title=Gukesh becomes second youngest GM in history |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/gukesh-becomes-second-youngest-gm-in-history |access-date=15 January 2019 |work=ChessBase |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050035/https://en.chessbase.com/post/gukesh-becomes-second-youngest-gm-in-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Sagar |date=9 December 2018 |title=Gukesh with 2 GM norms and 2490 Elo is on the verge of becoming world's youngest GM |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Gukesh-2nd-GM-norm |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=ChessBase |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210111102/https://www.chessbase.in/news/Gukesh-2nd-GM-norm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The record has since been beaten by [[Abhimanyu Mishra]], making Gukesh the third-youngest.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hartmann |first=John |date=30 June 2021 |title=GM Abhimanyu Mishra is the Youngest GM in History! |url=https://new.uschess.org/news/gm-abhimanyu-mishra-youngest-gm-history |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=US Chess |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630171128/https://new.uschess.org/news/gm-abhimanyu-mishra-youngest-gm-history |url-status=live }}</ref>}} In June 2021, he won the Julius Baer Challengers Chess Tour, Gelfand Challenge, scoring 14 out of 19 points.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Rakesh |date=14 June 2021 |title=Gritty Gukesh wins Gelfand Challenge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/gritty-gukesh-wins-gelfand-challenge/article34815917.ece |access-date=18 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328030239/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/gritty-gukesh-wins-gelfand-challenge/article34815917.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2022–2023: Olympiad gold and Candidates qualification===
In August 2022, Gukesh won the individual gold medal on the first board in the [[Open event at the 44th Chess Olympiad|open event]] at the [[44th Chess Olympiad]] in Chennai with a score of 9 out of 11. He was part of the India-2 team which won the bronze medal in the same tournament.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2023 |title=Gukesh makes it 8/8 and dumps Caruana out of Top 10 |url=https://new.chess24.com/wall/news/gukesh-makes-it-8-8-and-dumps-caruana-out-of-top-10 |access-date=13 December 2024|work=Chess24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502025208/https://new.chess24.com/wall/news/gukesh-makes-it-8-8-and-dumps-caruana-out-of-top-10 |archive-date=2 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1915 |title=Uzbekistan youngsters surprise winners of 44th Chess Olympiad |work=[[FIDE]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809152957/https://www.fide.com/news/1915 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2022, he was part of the [[India at the 2022 Asian Games|Indian team]] that won the silver medal at the [[2022 Asian Games]] in the [[Chess at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team standard|men's team competition]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 April 2024 |title=Candidates Chess: Gukesh becomes youngest winner, to challenge for world title |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/candidates-chess-gukesh-becomes-youngest-winner-to-challenge-for-world-title/articleshow/109485704.cms |access-date=22 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422014921/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/candidates-chess-gukesh-becomes-youngest-winner-to-challenge-for-world-title/articleshow/109485704.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, Gukesh reached a [[FIDE]] [[Elo rating|rating]] of over 2700 for the first time with a rating of 2726, and became the third-youngest to do so after [[Wei Yi]] and [[Alireza Firouzja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/46616543/chart|title=Gukesh D, Rating Progress Chart|work=[[FIDE]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923153634/https://ratings.fide.com/profile/46616543/chart|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 July 2022 |title=Biel: Gukesh becomes third-youngest player to cross the 2700 mark |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/biel-chess-festival-2022-classical-r3 |work=[[Chessbase]] |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209075047/https://en.chessbase.com/post/biel-chess-festival-2022-classical-r3 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Aimchess Rapid tournament in October 2022, Gukesh became the youngest to beat [[Magnus Carlsen]], the reigning [[World Chess Champion]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gukesh, 16, youngest to beat World champion Carlsen |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/gukesh-16-youngest-to-beat-world-champion-carlsen-chess/20221017.htm |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ronald |first=Issy |date=17 October 2022 |title=Indian teenager becomes the youngest player to beat Magnus Carlsen as world champion |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/17/sport/donnarumma-gukesh-magnus-carlsen-chess-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2023, Gukesh became the youngest player ever to reach a rating of 2750, breaking Carlsen's record.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2023 |title=India's D Gukesh beats Magnus Carlsen's feat of youngest to reach Elo 2750 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/indias-d-gukesh-beats-magnus-carlsens-feat-of-youngest-to-reach-elo-2750/articleshow/102034046.cms |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the [[Chess World Cup 2023]] at [[Baku]], he advanced to the quarterfinals, where he lost to Carlsen.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title=2023 Chess WC Q/Fs: Pragg takes Erigaisi to tie-breaks; Gukesh, Vidit out |url=https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/38203203/2023-chess-world-cup-quarterfinals-r-praggnanandhaa-arjun-erigaisi-tie-breaks-magnus-carlsen-beats-gukesh-vidit-gujrathi-out |access-date=16 August 2023 |work=[[ESPN]] |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824005858/https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/38203203/2023-chess-world-cup-quarterfinals-r-praggnanandhaa-arjun-erigaisi-tie-breaks-magnus-carlsen-beats-gukesh-vidit-gujrathi-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In the September 2023 rating list, Gukesh surpassed [[Viswanathan Anand]] as the top-ranked Indian player, marking the first time in 37 years that Anand was not the top-ranked Indian player.<ref name="Menon"/><ref name="Watson"/>

In December 2023, Gukesh qualified for the [[Candidates Tournament 2024|2024 Candidates Tournament]], to be conducted to identify the challenger to [[Ding Liren]] for the [[World Chess Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 December 2023 |title=Gukesh confirms his Candidates spot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/gukesh-confirms-his-candidates-spot-101703957927677.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208153537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/gukesh-confirms-his-candidates-spot-101703957927677.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He finished 2nd in the [[2023 FIDE Circuit|FIDE Circuit]] behind [[Fabiano Caruana]], and took the qualifying spot reserved for the winner, as Caruana had already qualified through the Chess World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIDE World Championship Cycle |url=https://wcc.fide.com/fide_circuit.phtml |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=[[FIDE]] |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824200918/https://wcc.fide.com/fide_circuit.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the third-youngest player to qualify for a Candidates tournament, behind [[Bobby Fischer]] and Carlsen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/gukesh-confirms-his-candidates-spot-101703957927677.html|title=Gukesh confirms his Candidates spot|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=31 December 2023|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208153537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/gukesh-confirms-his-candidates-spot-101703957927677.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/candidates-tournament-2024-poll|title=Who will win the 2024 Candidates Tournament?|work=[[Chessbase]]|date=24 March 2024|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421055918/https://en.chessbase.com/post/candidates-tournament-2024-poll|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2024: Olympiad double gold and World Championship ===
[[File:Alireza Firouzja - Gukesh D, Candidates Tournament 2024 01.jpg|thumb|Gukesh (left) playing [[Alireza Firouzja]] at the [[Candidates Tournament 2024|2024 Candidates Tournament]]]]

In January, Gukesh finished in a four-way tie for the first place in the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2024]] with a score of 8½ in 13 rounds. He defeated [[Anish Giri]] in the semifinals before losing to [[Wei Yi]] in the finals of the tiebreaker.<ref>{{cite news |last=Carlos Alberto Colodro |date=29 January 2024 |title=Wei Yi brilliantly wins Tata Steel Masters in blitz playoff |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/tata-steel-chess-2024-r13 |access-date=27 September 2024 |work=[[ChessBase]] |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923001434/https://en.chessbase.com/post/tata-steel-chess-2024-r13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April, Gukesh was part of the eight-player [[Candidates Tournament 2024|Candidates Tournament]] held in [[Toronto]]. He won five games against [[R Praggnanandhaa]] and [[Vidit Gujrathi]] playing as Black, Firouzja playing as White, and [[Nijat Abasov]] playing as both Black and White. With a single loss coming against Firouzja, he finished with nine points from 14 rounds to win the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2024-fide-candidates-tournament-round-14|title=Gukesh Youngest Ever Candidates Winner, Tan Takes Women's By 1.5 Points|work=[[chess.com]]|date=18 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422005824/https://www.chess.com/news/view/2024-fide-candidates-tournament-round-14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Dylan Loeb McClain |title=The Next Winner of the World Chess Championship Could Be the Youngest Ever |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/24/crosswords/chess/gukesh-candidates-winner.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240425010801/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/24/crosswords/chess/gukesh-candidates-winner.html |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He was the youngest-ever winner of the Candidates tournament.<ref>{{cite news |author=Leonard Barden |date=26 April 2024 |title=Chess: Gukesh, 17, shocks favourites to become youngest challenger for title |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/apr/26/chess-gukesh-17-shocks-favourites-to-become-youngest-challenger-for-title |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923153701/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/apr/26/chess-gukesh-17-shocks-favourites-to-become-youngest-challenger-for-title |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Sunaadh Sagar |date=22 April 2024 |title=D Gukesh, aged 17, wins FIDE Candidates 2024; will play Ding Liren for World Champion title |url=https://www.espn.in/chess/story/_/id/39991714/fide-candidates-2024-india-gukesh-wins-draw-nakamura-round-14-youngest-chess-history-challenge-world-championship |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Grandmaster left red-faced: Brutal blunder as new chess king Gukesh crowned at just 18 |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/more-sports/grandmaster-left-redfaced-brutal-blunder-as-new-chess-king-gukesh-crowned-at-just-18/news-story/9b91605cab97a921a5b058f718ae5f8f |work=[[Fox Sports]] |date=12 December 2024 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>

In September, Gukesh took part in the [[45th Chess Olympiad|Chess Olympiad]] in [[Budapest]] as part of the Indian team. He did not lose a single match and won the individual gold medal with a score of nine across ten rounds. His performance on board one helped India to win their first-ever team gold medal at the Olympiad.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2024 |title=India wins historic double team gold at FIDE Chess Olympiad 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/9/23/india-wins-historic-double-team-gold-at-fide-chess-olympiad-2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |access-date=1 October 2024 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001135451/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/9/23/india-wins-historic-double-team-gold-at-fide-chess-olympiad-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the win, Gukesh entered the top-five in the FIDE rankings for the first time on 1 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=October 2024 FIDE Ratings: Gukesh Joins Arjun In World Top-5 |date=1 October 2024 |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/october-2024-fide-rating-list |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[chess.com]] |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001211314/https://www.chess.com/news/view/october-2024-fide-rating-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Erigaisi, Gukesh in top 5 rankings after historic Chess Olympiad; Ding Liren out of top 20 |date=October 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/arjun-erigaisi-d-gukesh-top-5-ranking-ding-liren-9598580/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001162444/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/arjun-erigaisi-d-gukesh-top-5-ranking-ding-liren-9598580/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2024 World Chess Championship]] was held in November–December 2024 between Gukesh and [[Ding Liren]]. Gukesh scored three wins against two wins for Ding, and nine draws in the 14 classical rounds of the match. He won the 14th and final game on 12 December 2024, and as a result, the World Chess Championship by a scoreline of 7½–6½.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2024 |title=World Chess Championship 2024, Gukesh vs Ding Game 14 LIVE: Gukesh becomes World Chess Champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/gukesh-vs-ding-world-chess-championship-game-14-live-updates-december-12-2024/article68976533.ece |access-date=12 December 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212090315/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/gukesh-vs-ding-world-chess-championship-game-14-live-updates-december-12-2024/article68976533.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2024 |title=Gukesh wins after Ding blunder, takes lead for first time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/gukesh-vs-ding-world-chess-championship-2024-game-11-live-score/article68961469.ece |access-date=12 December 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210092713/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/gukesh-vs-ding-world-chess-championship-2024-game-11-live-score/article68961469.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The win made him the youngest undisputed{{efn|name=Undisputed}} World Chess Champion, breaking the record previously held by [[Garry Kasparov]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=McClain |first=Dylan Loeb |date=12 December 2024 |title=Dommaraju Gukesh, 18, Becomes Youngest World Chess Champion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/12/sports/gukesh-world-chess-championship-2024.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barton |first=Jamie |date=17 December 2024 |title=Youngest ever chess world champion Gukesh Dommaraju returns home to rock star welcome in India |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/17/sport/gukesh-returns-india-chess-world-champion-spt/index.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> FIDE commented on Gukesh's gameplay as having "near-perfect accuracy", and Ding reacted that it was his best tournament of the year, and that he had no regrets in losing the title to Gukesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fide.com/news/3347|title=FIDE World Championship Game 14: Gukesh D crowned 18th World Champion|work=[[FIDE]] |date=13 December 2024|access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref> Gukesh’s team included grandmasters [[Grzegorz Gajewski]], [[Radosław Wojtaszek]], [[Jan-Krzysztof Duda]], [[Jan Klimkowski]], [[Pentala Harikrishna]], and [[Vincent Keymer]], along with his mental coach [[Paddy Upton]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gukesh becomes 18th undisputed world chess champion at 18!|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/world-championship-2024-g14|website=Chess News|date=2024-12-12|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref>

===2025===
On 17 January, Gukesh received the prestigious Major Dhyan Chand [[Khel Ratna Award]] from President [[Droupadi Murmu]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] for his World Championship accomplishment. He was 18 years, 7 months, and 20 days old when he received the award. He was also the youngest ever recipient of the award, breaking the record previously held by [[Abhinav Bindra]].

In January, Gukesh tied for first with [[R Praggnanandhaa]] in the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2025]] with a score of 8½ in 13 rounds. He lost 2–1 in the blitz tiebreaker.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Colodro |first=Carlos Alberto |date=3 February 2025 |title=Praggnanandhaa beats Gukesh in dramatic tiebreaker, wins Tata Steel Masters |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/tata-steel-chess-2025-13 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=[[ChessBase]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Amit |date=4 February 2025 |title=Praggnanandhaa, Arjun Erigaisi combine to deny Gukesh Tata Steel chess title on dramatic day in Wijk Aan Zee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/arjun-erigaisi-hands-gukesh-1st-loss-world-champion-tata-steel-chess-praggnanandhaa-9813761/ |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crowther |first=Mark |date=2 February 2025 |title=Praggnanandhaa wins the Tata Steel Masters after hugely dramatic final round and then a tie-break match |url=https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/87th-tata-steel-2025/praggnanandhaa-wins-the-tata-steel-masters-after-hugely-dramatic-final-round-and-then-a-tie-break-match |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=[[The Week in Chess]]}}</ref>

Gukesh participated in the [[Freestyle Chess Grand Slam Tour]], a series of [[Chess960]] tournaments. In February, he finished in eighth place in the [[Weissenhaus Freestyle Chess Grand Slam|first leg in Weissenhaus]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2025 |title=D Gukesh comes 8th but still wins hefty sum in Weissenhaus Freestyle Chess Grand Slam. How much did Magnus Carlsen get? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/d-gukesh-comes-8th-but-still-wins-hefty-sum-in-weissenhaus-freestyle-chess-grand-slam-how-much-did-magnus-carlsen-get-101739583975605.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215030548/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/d-gukesh-comes-8th-but-still-wins-hefty-sum-in-weissenhaus-freestyle-chess-grand-slam-how-much-did-magnus-carlsen-get-101739583975605.html |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In April, he finished eleventh in the [[Paris Freestyle Chess Grand Slam|second leg in Paris]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Colodro |first=Carlos Alberto |date=11 April 2025 |title=Freestyle Chess Paris: Carlsen, Keymer, Caruana and Nakamura in semis |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/paris-fcgs-2025-4 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=ChessBase}}</ref>

In May, Gukesh participated in the second leg of the [[Grand Chess Tour 2025]] in Romania, where he finished in a four way tie for sixth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levin |first=Anthony |date=16 May 2025 |title=Superbet Chess Classic Romania 2025: Praggnanandhaa Wins His 1st GCT Event After Blitz Playoffs |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/praggnanandhaa-wins-2025-gct-superbet-chess-classic-romania |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In May-June Gukesh participated in [[Norway Chess 2025]] this was to be his 1st Classical Tournament with [[Magnus Carlsen]] since becoming World Champion, Gukesh lost his round 1 game to Carlsen, and his round 2 game to [[Arjun Erigaisi]], in round 3 he scored a crucial win against [[Hikaru Nakamura]], his first, this was Nakamura's sole loss in the tournament, In round 6 Gukesh played Carlsen with the white pieces he was in a lost position but played a series of accurate move to equate , Carlsen blundered in an equal position to loss in a dramatic fashion, Gukesh's 1st win against Magnus and Magnus's only loss in the tournament, In round 7 he beat Erigaisi, Gukesh's 1st win against the long time rival, Going into last round he was still in 1st place contention but lost his game against [[Fabiano Caruana]] blundering a knight fork in an equal position, Gukesh finished the tournament on 3rd place behind Carlsen and Caruana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=Gukesh beats Nakamura in Norway Chess; Satwik-Chirag enter Singapore Open quarters: Indian Sports LIVE, May 29 |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/45367837/gukesh-beats-nakamura-norway-chess-sindhu-prannoy-satwik-chirag-singapore-open-indian-sports-live-may29 |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Levin (AnthonyLevin) |first=Anthony |date=1 June 2025 |title=Norway Chess 2025 Round 6: Gukesh Beats Carlsen From Losing Position |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2025-norway-chess-round-6 |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July Gukesh Participated at [[Grand Chess Tour 2025|Super United Rapid and Blitz Croatia]], In the Rapid section after losing his 1st Round game to [[jan-Krzysztof Duda|Duda]] he won his next five games against [[Alireza Firouzja|Alireza]], [[R Praggnanandhaa|Pragg]], [[Nodirbek Abdusattorov|Abdusattorov]], [[Fabiano Caruana|Caruana]] and [[Magnus Carlsen|Carlsen]] drawing the next 2 games and winning in last round to [[Wesley So]] finishing on 14/18 points 3 points above 2nd place Duda, In the Blitz section however he only scored 5.5/18 points, the total 19.5/38 got him 3rd place behind Carlsen and So.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lichess.org/broadcast/gct-2025-superunited-rapid--blitz-croatia/blitz-18/5EuE6SCO#players/46616543|title=GCT Croatia 2025 Lichess|website=Lichess}}</ref>

In the [[FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2025|Grand Swiss tournament 2025]], he finished in 41st place, winning four games against [[Etienne Bacrot]], [[Daniil Yuffa]], [[Gabriel Sargissian]] and [[Andrei Volokitin]], losing to [[Abhimanyu Mishra]], [[Nikolas Theodorou]], and [[Ediz Gurel]], and drew with [[Arjun Erigaisi]], [[Yagiz Kaan Erdogmus]], [[Robert Hovhannisyan]] and [[Divya Deshmukh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Swiss open Chess results| url=https://s3.chess-results.com/tnr1246285.aspx?lan=1&art=4&fedb=IND&turdet=YES&flag=NO&SNode=S0|website=Chess Results}}</ref>

In October, he helped the Superchess team win gold at 41st [[European Chess Club Cup]], winning individual board 1 gold himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s2.chess-results.com/tnr1250658.aspx?lan=1&art=81&turdet=YES&flag=30&SNode=S0|title=ECC 2025 board rankings|website=Chess results}}</ref>, This marked his first win since becoming world champion.

Later the same month, he finished last in the inaugural Clutch Chess: Champions Showdown among a field of 4 players.

As the reigning World Chess Champion, Gukesh played in the [[Chess World Cup 2025|Chess World Cup]] in November 2025 as the first seed. There, he was eliminated by [[Frederik Svane]] in the third round.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Leonard Barden |date=10 November 2025 |title=Chess: World champion Gukesh knocked out of $2mn World Cup |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2730472d-12c7-4970-8ffc-7f54cfd20268 |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2025 |title=Chess-World champion Gukesh suffers early World Cup exit |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/chess-world-champion-gukesh-suffers-early-world-cup-exit-2025-11-08/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

In late December, Gukesh participated in both the [[World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2025#|2025 FIDE World Rapid Championship]] and [[World Blitz Chess Championship 2025|2025 FIDE World Blitz Championship]]. He finished in 20th place during the FIDE World Rapid Championship with a score of 8.5/13.<ref>{{cite web |title=2025 FIDE World Rapid Chess Championship Results |url=https://www.chess.com/events/2025-fide-world-rapid-championships-open/results |website=Chess.com |publisher=Chess.com |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref> During the Open Swiss portion of the FIDE World Blitz Championship, Gukesh finished in 53rd with a score of 11/19,<ref>{{cite web |title=2025 Fide World Blitz Championship Open Results |url=https://www.chess.com/events/2025-fide-world-blitz-championships-open-swiss/results |website=Chess.com |publisher=Chess.com |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref> and did not qualify for the finals.

===2026===
Beginning in January and ending in February, Gukesh participated in the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2026]]. He finished in a three way tie for 8th place with a score of 6.5/13, but officially came in 10th after [[Sonneborn–Berger score|Sonneborn-Berger]] tiebreaks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Steel Chess 2026 Masters Standings |url=https://tatasteelchess.com/en/masters/standings |website=Tata Steel Chess |publisher=Tata Steel |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Gukesh's Prague Slump: What It Means for WCC 2026 |url=https://blog.shatranj.live/gukesh-prague-slump-wcc-2026 |access-date=2026-03-07 |publisher=Shatranj Live}}</ref>

In March Gukesh participated in the Masters portion of the [[Prague Chess Festival|2026 Prague International Chess Festival]]. Gukesh finished in 9th place out of 10 with a score of 3.5/10(+1-3=5), avoiding last place on tiebreaks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prague International Chess Festival Results |url=https://www.chess.com/events/2026-prague-chess-festival-masters/results |website=Chess.com |publisher=Chess.com |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

== Playing style ==
Gukesh plays a reactive game and is notable for his ability to calculate under time pressure, which often leads to complex tactical battles in his games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uschessacademy.com/blog/rising-star-international-chess|title=GM Gukesh Dommaraju: A Rising Star in International Chess|work=US Chess Academy|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> His mentor Anand describes him as having "incredible calculating abilities".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/sports/viswanathan-anand-gukesh-displays-incredible-calculating-abilities-at-chess-championship/article68922569.ece|title=Viswanathan Anand: Gukesh displays incredible calculating abilities at chess championship|work=[[Business Line]]|date=28 November 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> Carlsen regards Gukesh's style of play as "pure counter" and opined that Gukesh makes very few mistakes, which makes him "an extremely dangerous opponent under any circumstances".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.2700chess.com/players/gukesh_d|title=Gukesh D - 2700chess.com|work=2700chess.com|access-date=1 December 2024|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202050351/https://www.2700chess.com/players/gukesh_d|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raymond Keene]] writes that Gukesh's forte is his ability to keep the game alive, avoiding inferior positions while simultaneously avoiding liquidation to draws.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thearticle.com/can-gukesh-rule-the-world-at-18|title=Can Gukesh rule the world at 18?|work=TheArticle |publisher=The Article|date=April 2024}}</ref> His style has also borne comparison with former world champion [[Anatoly Karpov]]'s subtle, incremental, anaconda-like gains.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Boy to Man to Challenger: The Fiercest Battles of Gukesh D |url=https://www.houseofstaunton.com/from-boy-to-man-to-challenger-the-fiercest-battles-of-gukesh-d?srsltid=AfmBOop7O9hk4PiZULtsMytev2itHu7hgrel5jiPsYR6-HkErIS9oA1K |work=The House of Staunton |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

==Performance record==
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Legend
|-
|Classical international and national individual and team tournaments
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|Tournaments organized by [[FIDE]] (Olympiads, World Championships, World Cups, Grand Swiss and Candidates Tournaments)
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|Non-classical tournaments (Chess960, rapid and blitz)
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Online competitions ([[Chess.com]], Champions Chess Tour and FIDE online tournaments)
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Tournament and match results (2022–present)
!Year
!City
!Tournament
![[Time control|Time Control]]
!Wins
!Losses
!Draws
!Points
!Place
|-
| rowspan="22" |2022
|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Kanpur]]
|58th [[Indian Chess Championship]]
| rowspan="3" |Classical
|6
|0
|5
|8½/11
|2
|-
|{{flagdeco|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]]
|Bangladesh Premier League, Bangladesh Police Board 4
|8
|0
|2
|9/11
|'''First''' (Team) <hr> 3rd (Board 4)
|-
|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Delhi]]
|19th Delhi Open
|8
|1
|1
|8½/10
|2
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Online
|MPL Indian Chess Tour 1st Leg
|Rapid
|7
|4
|4
|{{abbr|25/45|3 points were awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}}
|3
|-
|{{flagdeco|ISL}} [[Reykjavík]]
|[[Reykjavik Open]]
| rowspan="5" |Classical
|4
|1
|4
|6/9
|17
|-
|{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[La Roda]]
|48th La Roda Open
|7
|0
|2
|8/9
|'''First'''
|-
|{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Menorca]]
|1st Menorca Open
|5
|0
|2
|6/7
|'''First'''
|-
|{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Formentera]]
|1st Sunway Formentera Open
|6
|0
|4
|8/10
|'''First'''
|-
|{{flagdeco|UAE}} [[Sharjah]]
|5th Sharjah Masters
|4
|1
|4
|6/9
|6
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Online
|MPL Indian Chess Tour 2nd Leg
|Rapid
|0
|2
|2
|{{abbr|2/12|3 points were awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}}
|Withdrew
|-
|{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Gijón]]
|14th Gijon City Closed
|Classical
|7
|0
|2
|8/9
|'''First'''
|-
|{{flagdeco|Switzerland}} [[Biel/Bienne]]
|55th [[Biel Chess Festival]]
|Classical <hr> Rapid <hr> Blitz <hr> Combined
|3 <hr> 2 <hr> 5 <hr> 10
|2 <hr> 2 <hr> 4 <hr> 8
|2 <hr> 3 <hr> 5 <hr> 10
|{{abbr|15|4 points were awarded for a win, 1½ for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}} <hr> {{abbr|7/14|2 points were awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}} <hr> 7½/14 <hr> 29½
|3 <hr> 4–5 <hr> 5 <hr> 3
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Chennai]]
|[[44th Chess Olympiad]], [[Open event at the 44th Chess Olympiad|Open Event]], [[India]] 2 {{nowrap|Board 1}}
|Classical
|8
|1
|2
|9/11
|3rd (Team) <hr> '''First''' (Board 1)
|-
|{{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Ankara]]
|Turkish Super League, Turkish Airlines Sports Club Board 1
| rowspan="2" |Classical
|5
|2
|3
|6½/10
|2nd (Team)
|-
|{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Linares, Jaén|Linares]]
|Spanish League Honour Division, C.A. Solvay Board 2
|4
|1
|2
|5/7
|'''First''' (Team)
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]
|Spanish Rapid Team Championship, SOLVAY A Board 5
|Rapid
|8
|1
|0
|8/9
|2nd (Team)
|-
|{{flagdeco|AUT}} [[Mayrhofen]]
|37th [[European Chess Club Cup]], Open section, CSU ASE Superbet Board 4
|Classical
|4
|2
|1
|4½/7
|6th (Team) <hr> 6th (Board 1)
|- style="background:lightgray;"
| rowspan="2" |Online
|[[Champions Chess Tour 2022#Preliminary stage 6|Aimchess Rapid Prelim]]
| rowspan="2" |Rapid
|8
|4
|3
|{{abbr|27/45|3 points were awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}}
|2–4
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|[[Champions Chess Tour 2022#Knockout stage 6|Aimchess Rapid KO]] Quarterfinal against [[Richárd Rapport]]
|1
|2
|1
|1½:2½
|Loss
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Kolkata]]
|[[Tata Steel India Chess Tournament#2022|Tata Steel India Chess Tournament]]
|Rapid <hr> Blitz
|3 <hr> 6
|3 <hr> 11
|3 <hr> 1
|4½/9 <hr> 6½/18
|5th <hr> 10th
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Online
|[[Speed Chess Championship]], Round of 16 against [[Magnus Carlsen]]
|Blitz
|7
|23
|0
|7:23
|Loss
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|AZE}} [[Baku]]
|[[Shamkir Chess#2022|8th Vugar Gashimov Memorial]]
|Rapid <hr> Blitz <hr> Combined
|2 <hr> 7 <hr> 9
|4 <hr> 9 <hr> 13
|3 <hr> 2 <hr> 5
|{{abbr|7/18|2 points were awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}} <hr> 8/18 <hr> 15/36
|7–8 <hr> 7 <hr> 8th
|-
| rowspan="33" |2023
|{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Wijk aan Zee]]
|[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2023|85th Tata Steel Masters]]
|Classical
|2
|4
|7
|5½/13
|12
|- style="background:lightgray;"
| rowspan="3" |Online
|[[Champions Chess Tour 2023#Airthings Masters|Airthings Masters]] Play-In
| rowspan="3" |Rapid
|6
|0
|3
|7½/9
|First
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Airthings Masters Match Play against [[Vladimir Kramnik]]
|2
|0
|0
|2:0
|Win
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|[[Champions Chess Tour 2023#Division I Play-off|Airthings Masters Division I]]
|
|
|
|
|5–6
|-
|{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Düsseldorf]]
|WR Masters
|Classical <hr> Rapid TB
|2 <hr> 1
|0 <hr> 2
|7 <hr> 0
|5½/9 <hr> 1/3
|2–3
|- style="background:lightgray;"
| rowspan="4" |Online
|[[Professional Rapid Online Chess League|Pro Chess League]]
|Rapid
|4
|2
|2
|5/8
|
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|[[Champions Chess Tour 2023#Chessable Masters|Chessable Masters]] Play-In
| rowspan="3" |Rapid
|5
|3
|1
|5½/9
|24
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Chessable Masters Match Play against Vladimir Kramnik
|0
|1
|1
|½:1½
|Loss
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Chessable Masters Division III
|
|
|
|
|25–32
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Berlin]]
|Armageddon Asia and Oceania
|Blitz
|
|
|
|
|'''First'''
|-
|{{flagdeco|Spain}} [[Menorca]]
|Menorca Open
|Classical <hr> Blitz TB
|5 <hr> 1
|0 <hr> 0
|4 <hr> 1
|7/9 <hr> 1½-½
|'''First'''
|-
|{{flagdeco|Sweden}} [[Malmö]]
|[[TePe Sigeman & Co chess tournament|TePe Sigeman & Co tournament]]
| rowspan="2" |Classical
|2
|1
|4
|4/7
|2–4
|-
|{{flagdeco|United Arab Emirates}} [[Sharjah]]
|6th Sharjah Masters
|3
|0
|6
|6/9
|3rd
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Stavanger]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Norway Chess#2023|11th Norway Chess]]
|Blitz
|2
|6
|1
|2½/9
|10
|-
|Classical <hr> Armageddon
|2 <hr> 5
|1 <hr> 1
|6 <hr> —
|{{abbr|14½/27|3 points were awarded for a classical win, 0 for a classical loss, 1½ for an Armageddon win, and 1 for an Armageddon loss.}}
|3rd
|- style="background:lightgray;"
| rowspan="3" |Online
|Junior Speed Chess Championship, Quarterfinal against [[Emin Ohanyan]]
| rowspan="3" |Blitz
|24
|5
|2
|25:6
|Win
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Junior Speed Chess Championship, Semi-final against [[Pranav V]]
|15
|9
|3
|16½:10½
|Win
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Junior Speed Chess Championship, Final against [[Raunak Sadhwani]]
|16
|9
|3
|17½:10½
|'''Win'''
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]]
|[[Global Chess League 2023|Global Chess League]], SG Alpine Warriors, Board 2
|Rapid
|1
|7
|2
|2/10
|4th (Team)
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]]
|[[Grand Chess Tour 2023#SuperUnited Rapid and Blitz Croatia|SuperUnited Rapid & Blitz Croatia]]
|Rapid <hr> Blitz <hr> Combined
|3 <hr> 9 <hr> 12
|2 <hr> 8 <hr> 10
|4 <hr> 1 <hr> 5
|{{abbr|10/18|2 points were awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}} <hr> 9½/18 <hr> 19½/36
|4 <hr> 6 <hr> 5th
|-
|{{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Ankara]]
|Turkish Super League, Turkish Airlines Sports Club Board 1
|Classical
|5
|0
|5
|7½/10
|'''First''' (Team)
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]]
|[[Chess World Cup 2023|Chess World Cup]]
|Classical <hr> Rapid
|4 <hr> 1
|1 <hr> 0
|5 <hr> 1
|
|5–8
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Düsseldorf]]
|[[World Rapid and Blitz Team Chess Championships#2023|World Rapid Team Championship]], Kompetenzakademie Allstars Board 3
|Rapid
|8
|1
|3
|9½/12
|11th (Team) <hr> 4th (Board 1)
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Kolkata]]
|[[Tata Steel India Chess Tournament#2023|Tata Steel India Chess Tournament]]
|Rapid <hr> Blitz
|2 <hr> 7
|2 <hr> 10
|5 <hr> 1
|4½/9 <hr> 7½/18
|6th <hr> 8th
|- style="background:lightgray;"
|Online
|[[Speed Chess Championship]], Round of 16 against [[Maxime Vachier-Lagrave]]
|Blitz
|7
|20
|3
|8½:21½
|Loss
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Berlin]]
|Armageddon Grand Finale
|Blitz
|
|
|
|
|5–6
|-
|{{flagdeco|China}} [[Hangzhou]]
|[[Chess at the 2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]], [[Chess at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team standard|Men's Team Standard]], [[India]] Board 1
| rowspan="2" |Classical
|3
|1
|4
|5/8
|2nd (Team)
|-
|{{flagdeco|Qatar}} [[Doha]]
|[[Qatar Masters Open#Qatar Masters 2023|Qatar Masters Open]]
|6
|2
|1
|6½/9
|8th
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|Isle of Man}} [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]]
|[[FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2023|Grand Swiss Tournament]]
|Classical
|2
|3
|6
|5/11
|81
|-
|{{flagdeco|England}} [[London]]
|[[London Chess Classic#2023 Classic: 1–10 December|13th London Chess Classic]]
| rowspan="2" |Classical
|3
|2
|4
|5/9
|3rd
|-
|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Chennai]]
|[[Chennai Grand Masters#2023|Chennai Grand Masters]]
|2
|0
|5
|4½/7
|'''First'''
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|Uzbekistan}} [[Samarkand]]
|[[World Rapid Chess Championship 2023|World Rapid Championship]]
|Rapid
|6
|2
|5
|8½/13
|25
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|[[World Blitz Chess Championship 2023|World Blitz Championship]]
|Blitz
|12
|8
|1
|12½/21
|38
|-
| rowspan="13" |2024
|{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Wijk aan Zee]]
|[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2024|86th Tata Steel Masters]]
| rowspan="2" |Classical
|6
|2
|5
|8½/13
|2
|-
|{{flagdeco|Germany}} Various
|Bundesliga West, Düsseldorfer SK Board 1
|3
|0
|0
|3/3
|'''First''' (Team)
|- style="background:Lavender;"
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Wangels]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Freestyle Chess G.O.A.T. Challenge]]
|Rapid
|3
|4
|0
|3/7
|6th
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|Classical <hr> Rapid TB
|1 <hr> 1
|3 <hr> 0
|2 <hr> 1
|2-4 <hr> 1½-½
|6th
|-
|{{flagdeco|Czechia}} [[Prague]]
|[[Prague Chess Festival#Masters 6|6th Prague Masters]]
|Classical
|2
|2
|5
|4½/9
|5–7
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|Canada}} [[Toronto]]
|[[Candidates Tournament 2024|Candidates Tournament]]
|Classical
|5
|1
|8
|9/14
|'''First'''
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|Poland}} [[Warsaw]]
|[[Grand Chess Tour 2024#Superbet Rapid and Blitz Poland|Superbet Rapid & Blitz Poland]]
|Rapid <hr> Blitz <hr> Combined
|2 <hr> 4 <hr> 6
|4 <hr> 11 <hr> 15
|3 <hr> 3 <hr> 6
|{{abbr|7/18|2 points were awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}} <hr> 5½/18 <hr> 12½/36
|8–10 <hr> 10 <hr> 10
|-
|{{flagdeco|Romania}} [[Bucharest]]
|[[Grand Chess Tour 2024#Superbet Romania Chess Classic|Superbet Romania Chess Classic]]
|Classical
|1
|0
|8
|5/9
|2–4
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]]
|[[Grand Chess Tour 2024#Zagreb Rapid & Blitz|SuperUnited Rapid & Blitz Croatia]]
|Rapid <hr> Blitz <hr> Combined
|3 <hr> 3 <hr> 6
|3 <hr> 11 <hr> 14
|3 <hr> 4 <hr> 7
|{{abbr|9/18|2 points were awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss.}} <hr> 5/18 <hr> 14/36
|7 <hr> 10 <hr> 7
|-
|{{flagdeco|United States}} [[St. Louis]]
|[[Sinquefield Cup#2024|11th Sinquefield Cup]]
|Classical
|0
|0
|9
|4½/9
|5–7
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|Hungary}} [[Budapest]]
|[[45th Chess Olympiad]], [[Open event at the 45th Chess Olympiad|Open Event]], [[India]] {{nowrap|Board 1}}
|Classical
|8
|0
|2
|9/10
|'''First''' (Team) <hr> '''First''' (Board 1)
|-
|{{flagdeco|Serbia}} [[Vrnjačka Banja]]
|39th [[European Chess Club Cup]], Open section, SuperChess Board 1
|Classical
|2
|1
|4
|4/7
|7th (Team) <hr> 9th (Board 1)
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]
|[[World Chess Championship 2024|World Chess Championship]] match against [[Ding Liren]]
|Classical
|3
|2
|9
|7½/14
|'''Win'''
|-
| rowspan="18" |2025
|{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Wijk aan Zee]]
|[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2025|87th Tata Steel Masters]]
|Classical
|5
|0
|5
|8½/13
|2
|- style="background:Lavender;"
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Wangels]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Weissenhaus Freestyle Chess Grand Slam]]
|Rapid
|0
|2
|7
|3½/9
|7–8
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|Classical <hr> Rapid TB
|0 <hr> 0
|3 <hr> 1
|3 <hr> 1
|1½-4½ <hr> ½-1½
|8th
|-
|{{flagdeco|Romania}} [[Bucharest]]
|[[Grand Chess Tour 2025|Superbet Chess Classic]]
|Classical
|1
|2
|6
|4/9
|9th
|- style="background:Lavender;"
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|France}} [[Paris]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Paris Freestyle Chess Grand Slam]]
|Rapid
|3
|7
|1
|3½/11
|11th
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|Classical
|0
|1
|1
|½-1½
|10–11
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|Poland}} [[Katowice]]
|Gukesh vs Duda
|Blitz
|1
|5
|0
|1-6
|Loss
|-
|{{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Stavanger]]
|[[Norway Chess 2025|13th Norway Chess]]
|Classical <hr> Armageddon
|4 <hr> 1
|4 <hr> 1
|2 <hr> —
|{{abbr|14½/30|3 points were awarded for a classical win, 0 for a classical loss, 1½ for an Armageddon win, and 1 for an Armageddon loss.}}
|3rd
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]]
|[[Grand Chess Tour 2025|SuperUnited Croatia Rapid & Blitz]]
|Rapid <hr> Blitz <hr> Combined
|6 <hr> 4 <hr> 10
|1 <hr> 7 <hr> 8
|2 <hr> 7 <hr> 9
|{{abbr|14/18|2 points for win, 1 point for draw, 0 points for a loss}}<hr> 5½/18 <hr> 19½/36
|'''First''' <hr> 10th <hr> 3rd
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|USA}} [[St. Louis]]
|[[Grand Chess Tour 2025|Saint Louis Rapid & Blitz]]
|Rapid <hr> Blitz <hr> Combined
|4 <hr> 4 <hr> 8
|3 <hr> 6 <hr> 9
|2 <hr> 8 <hr> 10
|{{abbr|10/18|2 points for win, 1 point for draw, 0 points for a loss}} <hr> 8/18 <hr> 18/36
|4th <hr> 7th <hr> 7th
|-
|{{flagdeco|USA}} [[St. Louis]]
|[[Sinquefield Cup|12th Sinquefield Cup]]
|Classical
|1
|2
|6
|4/9
|8th
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|Uzbekistan}} [[Samarkhand]]
|[[FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2025|FIDE Grand Swiss]]
|Classical
|4
|3
|4
|6/11
|{{abbr|41st|Final Positions decided by Average Rating of Opponents Cut 1 and then Buchholz Cut 1}}
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|USA}} [[St. Louis]]
|Clutch Chess - Champions Showdown
|Rapid (Day 1) <hr> Rapid (Day 2) <hr> Rapid (Day 3) <hr> Combined
|3 <hr> 0 <hr> 0 <hr> 3
|1 <hr> 3 <hr> 3 <hr> 7
|2 <hr> 3 <hr> 3 <hr> 8
|4/6<hr> {{abbr|3/12|2 points for win, 1 point for draw, 0 points for loss}} <hr> {{abbr|3/18|3 points for win, 1 point for draw, 0 points for loss}} <hr> 10/36
|'''First''' <hr> 4th <hr> 4th <hr> 4th
|-
|{{flagdeco|Greece}} [[Rhodes (city)|Rhodes]]
|[[European Chess Club Cup|European Club Cup]]
|Classical
|3
|0
|2
|4/5
|'''First''' (Team) <hr> '''First''' (Board 1)
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Goa]]
|[[FIDE World Cup 2025|World Cup]]
|Classical
|1
|1
|2
|—
|Top 64 (Eliminated in 3rd round)
|- style="background:Lavender;"
|{{flagdeco|India}} [[Mumbai]]
|[[Global Chess League 2025|Tech Mahindra Global Chess League]]
|Rapid <hr> Third Place Matches
|3 <hr> 1
|4 <hr> 1
|3 <hr> 2
|4½/10 <hr> 2/4
|3rd (Team)
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
| rowspan="2" | {{flagdeco|Qatar}} [[Doha]]
|[[World Rapid Chess Championship 2025|World Rapid Championship]]
|Rapid
|6
|2
|5
|8½/13
|20th
|- style="background:#D4F1C5;"
|[[World Blitz Chess Championship 2025|World Blitz Championship]]
|Blitz
|10
|7
|2
|11/19
|53rd
|-
| 2026
|{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Wijk aan Zee]]
|[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2026|88th Tata Steel Masters]]
|Classical
|3
|3
|7
|6.5/13
|10th
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background:white; color:black"
|+World Chess Championship 2024
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Rating !! colspan="14" |Match games !! rowspan="2" |Points
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14
|-
| align="left" | {{nowrap|{{flagathlete|Gukesh Dommaraju|IND}}}}|| 2783
|0|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|1|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|1|| style="background:black; color:white" |0
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |1
| '''7½'''
|-
| align="left" | {{flagathlete|[[Ding Liren]]|CHN}} || 2728
| style="background:black; color:white" |1
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |0
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|½|| style="background:black; color:white" |0
|1|| style="background:black; color:white" |½
|0
| '''6½'''
|}

==Awards and nominations==
[[File:President of Bharat Smt. Droupadi Murmu confers Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award on Shri Gukesh Dommaraju.jpg|thumb|Gukesh receiving [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award]] from president [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 17 January 2025]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2023
| [[Asian Chess Federation]]
| Player of the Year
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Gukesh won the "Player of the Year" and "Best Young Achievers Male" awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/acf-confers-grandmaster-d-gukesh-with-player-of-the-year-award-8475513/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Times of India Sports Awards]]
| Chess Player of the Year
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=TOISA 2023: The chess wizards in the running for the trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/toisa-2023-the-chess-wizards-in-the-running-for-the-trophy/articleshow/107811295.cms |access-date=15 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2025
|[[Khel Ratna Award]]
|Spectacular Performance in Sports
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manu Bhaker, D Gukesh Among Four Champion Athletes Selected For Khel Ratna Award |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/manu-bhakar-d-gukesh-harmanpreet-singh-and-praveen-kumar-to-be-conferred-major-dhyan-chand-khel-ratna-award-9175230.html |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Times of India Sports Awards]]
|Sportsman of the Year
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Shahid |date=25 February 2025 |title=Gukesh receives Times of India Sportsperson of the Year 2024 award - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Gukesh-receives-Times-of-India-Sportsperson-of-the-Year-2024-award |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=ChessBase India}}</ref>
|-
|Chess Player of the Year Male
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Chess in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{FIDE}}
* {{Chess.com player}}
* {{Chessgames.com player}}
* {{lichess.org player}}
* {{365Chess.com player}}
* [https://prs.aicf.in/players/3375 D Gukesh] ID card at the [[All India Chess Federation]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|ach}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Ding Liren]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[World Chess Championship|World Chess Champion]]
| years = 2024–present
}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Chess|India}}
{{World Chess Championships}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}
{{Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dommaraju, Gukesh}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in chess]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Chess players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Telugu sportspeople]]
[[Category:World chess champions]]
[[Category:World Youth Chess Champions]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]

Chandrakirti

2026-04-23T14:22:40Z

RethaT8259798: created first stub basic info

{{Short description|Buddhist philosopher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Chandrakirti
|image = Candrakirti.gif
|caption = {{cjkv|t=月稱|p=Yuèchēng|j=Gesshō}}; {{bo|t=ཟླ་བ་གྲགས་པ་|w=zla ba grags pa|l=tàwa ʈʰàʔpa}}
|alias =
|dharma name =
|birth_date = {{circa|600 CE}}
|birth_place = South India
|death_date = {{circa|670 CE}}
|death_place =
|nationality =
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|school=[[Madhyamaka]]
|title =
|location =
|education = [[Nalanda]]
|reincarnation of =
|students =
|spouse =
|children =
}}
{{Buddhist Philosophy sidebar}}

'''Chandrakirti''' ({{IAST3|Candrakīrti}}; [[Sanskrit]]: चंद्रकीर्ति; {{CJKV|t=月稱}}; {{circa|600|650}}, meaning "glory of the moon" in Sanskrit) or "'''Chandra'''" was a [[Buddhist]] scholar of the [[Madhyamaka]] school who was based out of the monastery of [[Nalanda]]. He was a noted commentator on the works of [[Nagarjuna]] ({{circa|150|250 CE}}) and those of his main disciple, [[Aryadeva]]. He wrote two influential works on Madhyamaka, the ''[[Prasannapada|Prasannapadā]]'' and the ''[[Madhyamakāvatāra]]''.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}}

Chandrakirti does not seem to have been very influential during the 7th to 10th centuries, and his works were never translated into Chinese.<ref>Vose 2015, pp. 3-4.</ref>{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}} However, by the 11th and 12th centuries, his work became influential in the north, especially in [[Kashmir]] and in [[Tibet]]. Over time, Chandrakirti became a major source for the study of Madhyamaka philosophy in [[Tibetan Buddhism]].{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}} Chandrakirti's work was especially promoted by Tibetans like Rendawa Zhönnu Lodrö and his student [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]] as a way to counter the widespread influence of the [[Ratnagotravibhāga|Uttaratantra]], and the [[Rangtong and shentong|shentong]] views associated with it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wangchuk |first=Tsering |title=The "Uttaratantra" in the land of snows: tibetan thinkers debate the centrality of the Buddha-nature treatise |date=2017 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-6465-7 |location=Albany (N.Y.) |pages=109–112}}</ref>

As noted by Kevin A. Vose, Chandrakirti is seen by many Tibetan Buddhists as offering "the most thorough and accurate vision of [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna's]] [[Śūnyatā|emptiness]], which, in turn, most fully represents the final truth of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha's]] teaching."<ref name=":0">Vose 2015, pp. 2, 6.</ref> He is considered by Tibetans to be the main exponent of what they term the "[[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|Prāsaṅgika]]" sub-school of madhyamaka. However, this doxographical categorization only arose in Tibet during the 12th century.<ref name=":0" />

== Life ==
Very little is known about Chandrakirti's life, though Tibetan sources state that he was born in [[South India]], became a Buddhist [[Bhikkhu|monk]] and was a student of Kamalabuddhi (who was the student of [[Buddhapālita|Buddhapalita]]).{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}}<ref name=":9">Apple, James B. ''Candrakirti and Lotus sutra. Bulletin of the Institute of Oriental Philosophy'', Tōyō Tetsugaku Kenkyūjo Kiyō (The Journal of Oriental Studies), Tokyo No. 31, 2015, pp. 97-122.</ref> Tibetan sources like [[Buton Rinchen Drub|Bu ston]] and [[Taranatha]] state that Chandrakirti was active at [[Nalanda]], where he is said to have become an abbot.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}}<ref name=":2">Edelglass 2013</ref>

According to Karen Lang:<blockquote>According to Bus ton and Taranatha, Candrakirti was born in south India and entered a monastery, where he mastered all the Buddhist scriptures. Taranatha adds that he was born in Samanta during the reign of King Sila, the son of Sriharsa. He took a special interest in Nagarjuna's treatises and studied them with the disciples of two rival interpreters, [[Bhāviveka|Bhavaviveka]] and [[Buddhapālita|Buddhapalita]]. He preferred Buddhapalita's interpretations of Madhyamaka teachings and defended them in a famous debate with the grammarian Candragomin, who supported the idealist position of the [[Yogachara|Vijñanavada]] (Doctrine of Consciousness) school.<ref>Lang, Karen C. (2003). ''Four Illusions: Candrakīrti's Advice for Travelers on the Bodhisattva Path,'' pp. 10-11. Oxford University Press.</ref></blockquote>

Tibetan sources further add that during the latter period of his life, he returned to the South of India, where he stayed in the region of ''Koṅkuna''. During his time here, he is said to have worked to defeat and convert many non-Buddhists.<ref name="BrillEncyc">{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Karen |title=Candrakīrti |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ENBO/COM-2019.xml}}</ref>

===Debate at Nalanda===
Bu ston and Taranatha both reference a debate that took place at Nalanda between Chandrakirti and the poet-lay scholar, [[Chandragomin]].<ref name=":9" /> The debate started after Chandrakirti noticed Chandragomin delivering a lecture to a large crowd on the topics of [[Pāṇini|Pāṇinian grammar]], sūtra, and tantra. Chandrakirti invited Chandragomin to come with him to Nalanda, where he could be enrolled into the [[sangha]]. However, due to a disagreement, a debate ensued between the two, with Chandrakirti arguing for the [[Madhyamaka]] position and Chandragomin taking on the [[Yogacara]] view. This debate was said to have attracted a large crowd. Over the course of the debate, Chandrakirti failed to defeat Chandragomin's position, and he began to suspect that someone was secretly teaching Chandragomin. Legend even states that Chandragomin was being tutored by the bodhisattva, [[Avalokiteśvara]] himself. Both Bu Ston and Taranatha record that the debate only ended after seven years, although neither writer specifies who the winner was.<ref name= "BrillEncyc" />

==Philosophy==
Chandrakirti was a philosopher of the [[madhyamaka]] school of [[Nagarjuna]]. This school held that all phenomena (''[[dharmas]]'') were empty of intrinsic nature or self-existence ([[Sanskrit]]: ''[[svabhava|svabhāva]]''). This includes all Buddhist phenomena including the [[Buddhahood|Buddha]], the [[Four Noble Truths|four noble truths]] and [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvana]]. According to Chandrakirti, the apophatic method of madhyamaka is a thoroughgoing negation of all concepts, propositions (''pratijñā'') and [[View (Buddhism)|views (''dṛṣṭi'')]] which affirms neither existence nor non-existence. Due to this radical negation, madhyamaka is seen as a middle way which rejects all extreme views and positions.<ref name=":2" />

For Chandrakirti, even though all phenomena lack svabhāva, sentient beings impute svabhāva in their experience due to their ignorance about the true nature of reality. Ultimately, all phenomena are merely conceptual constructs (''prajñaptimatra'') which do not exist in themselves but are mentally imputed dependent designations (''prajñāptirupādāya'').<ref name=":2" />

[[Thupten Jinpa|Thubten Jinpa]] outlines what has been seen by commentators as the main philosophical ideas put forth by Chandrakirti as follows:<blockquote>(1) rejection of formal inference based on criteria grounded in objects facts of the world, relying instead on consequential reasoning that reveals logical contradictions and absurd consequences entailed by an opponent's positions, (2) rejection of the key tenets of the [[Buddhist logico-epistemology|Buddhist epistemology]] initiated by [[Dignāga|Dignaga]] and developed further by [[Dharmakirti]], (3) a radical understanding of the inaccessibility of ultimate truth through language and thought, (4) an understanding of conventional truth that appeals for its validity to everyday intuitions of the world instead of philosophical grounding, (5) a unique interpretation of Nagarjuna's statement about his having no thesis, and (6) the possible cessation of mind and mental factors in [[buddhahood]].<ref>[[Thupten Jinpa|Jinpa, Thupten]] (translator); [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]], 2021, p. 6.</ref></blockquote>

=== Two Truths ===
Like all madhyamikas, Chandrakirti defends a [[Two truths doctrine|theory of two truths]] with a strict [[Anti-foundationalism|anti-foundationalist]] character.<ref name=":7">Thakchoe 2017</ref> According to Chandrakirti, all things (''bhāva'') have two natures, the conventional and the ultimate.<ref name=":5">Ruegg 1981, p. 72.</ref><ref name=":7" />

The conventional truth ([[Samvrti|''saṁvṛti'']] ''satya'') is the fact that, provisionally speaking, phenomena have a nature or existence (''bhāva'').<ref name=":2" /> For example, a property of fire is heat and so on. This is the truth of the everyday world (''lokasaṁvṛtisatya'') and the truth of conventional transaction (''vyavahārasatya'').<ref name=":5" /> However, these conventional properties are not intrinsic natures or ''svabhāvas'' (even conventionally speaking), since for Chandra, even conventional truth is empty of intrinsic natures. This view differentiates Chandrakirti from other madhyamikas like [[Bhāviveka]] which affirm the ''conventional existence'' of intrinsic natures.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="ReferenceA">Padmakara Translation Group 2005, p. 28.</ref>

Regarding the ultimate truth (''paramārtha satya''), when fire is analyzed to find its ultimate nature, no independent essence is found that makes fire hot, and thus fire (and all things, including the most basic concepts like time and causality) have no ultimate essence or nature. This is the ultimate truth i.e. [[Śūnyatā|emptiness]] (''śūnyatā'') or the lack of self-existence (''niḥsvabhāva'').<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /> It is this very lack of inherent nature in conventional truth that allows it to change and have causal efficacy (''arthakriya'') and thus, to be a dependent arising (''[[pratītyasamutpāda]]'').<ref name=":7" />

==== The nature of conventional truth ====
The conventional is the "domain of mundane cognitive process, and is readily accessible for ordinary beings" according to Sonam Thakchoe.<ref name=":7" /> The conventional truth can be contrasted with conventional falsehood based on erroneous cognitions.<ref name=":5" /> Correct cognition is differentiated from false cognitions by sense faculties that are not impaired. A related distinction which Chandrakirti makes is that between worldly conventions (''lokasaṃvṛti''), which are epistemically reliable from the point of view of ordinary beings and conventions that do not reflect the world (''alokasaṃvṛti)'' and are thus deceptive even by worldly standards.<ref name=":7" />

"Conventional" ''(saṁvṛti)'' can also mean "covering" according to Chandrakirti and is also associated with delusion or ignorance ([[Avidyā (Buddhism)|''avidyā'']]).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> Furthermore, he also glosses the term as codependent (''paraparasaṃbhavana)'' and as being signified ''(saṁket)'' or worldly convention ''(lokavyavahāra).<ref name=":7" />''

The conventional truth, especially as experienced by ordinary people (who reify reality), is a concealing and deluded kind of truth which may act as an obstacle to understanding the ultimate.<ref name=":4">Hayes 2019</ref>''<ref name=":7" />'' From the ultimate point of view in fact, ''saṁvṛtisatya'' is not really true.<ref name=":5" /> Indeed, Chandrakirti explains that conventional phenomena are illusory and unreal and can be compared to a [[mirage]]. The only difference is that conventional phenomena have some causal efficacy from the mundane point of view (for example, water can help a thirsty person, a mirage cannot)''.<ref name=":7" />''

Furthermore, these conventional phenomena are to be differentiated from conventionally illusory entities, such as intrinsic natures or essences that are imputed on to things (which do not exist at all, even conventionally) and conventionally unreal entities (like the horns of a rabbit, which also do not exist at all)''.<ref name=":7" />'' The main difference between these latter two unreal phenomena is that the conventionally unreal entities are understood to be unreal by ordinary people, whereas intrinsic nature is not understood to be unreal by ordinary persons. Instead, ordinary persons impute intrinsic nature on to conventional phenomena (such as water etc.) and perceive them as being intrinsically real (only noble beings realize that this is illusory). As such, intrinsic nature is a conceptual fiction in the minds of ordinary beings.''<ref name=":7" />''

In spite of the unreality of the conventional, Chandrakirti states that the Buddha taught using language and conventional expressions as a way to guide people to the ultimate truth, which is beyond language and cannot be expressed through words.<ref name=":4" />

For Chandrakirti, the way that ordinary beings experience the conventional is very different from the way that awakened saints or noble beings (''āryas'') experience the conventional. Chandrakirti introduced the concept of ''mere convention'' (Tibetan: ''kun rdzob tsam'') to refer to how noble ones experience conventionality, which is quite different to what is held to be ''conventionally real'' or ''conventional true'' (''kun rdzob bden pa''). Ordinary beings grasp at and misconstrue phenomena as being intrinsically real, thus they experience conventional ''reality.'' Enlightened beings meanwhile, only experience a non-reified kind of appearance, which is perceived as being an unreal construct, like a reflected image.<ref name=":7" />

==== The nature of the ultimate truth ====
Chandrakirti defines ultimate reality as "the nature of things found by particular exalted cognitive processes (yeshes) of those who perceive reality." He further defines it as follows:<ref name=":7" /><blockquote>“Ultimate is the object, the nature of which is found by ''particular'' exalted cognitive processes of those who perceive reality. But it does not exist by virtue of its ''intrinsic objective reality'' (''svarūpatā'' / ''bdag gi ngo bo nyid'')."</blockquote>As such, the ultimate truth for Chandra is the nature of all conventional things that is found by a particular exalted perception which sees how things really are. However, as indicated by Chandra, this nature is also not truly real.<ref name=":7" />

According to Chandrakirti, the ultimate truth, emptiness, is seen as having two aspects: [[Anattā|selflessness]] of persons (''pudgalanairātmya'') and selflessness of phenomena (''dharmanairātmya''). Chandrakirti provides various arguments to show that persons, phenomena (dharmas) and emptiness itself are all unreal and empty.<ref name=":7" />

The ultimate truth, the lack of self-nature in all phenomena, also refers to the fact that phenomena do not arise or cease at all. Even though conventional phenomena appear to arise and pass away through dependent arising, this appearance is in fact unreal and illusory.<ref name=":7" /> Thus, for Chandrakirti, the wisdom which realizes the ultimate truth is the realization that phenomena (dharmas) do not arise or come into being from themselves, from another thing, from both themselves and another thing, or without a cause.<ref name=":4" /> Just like Nagarjuna, Chandrakirti refutes all positions regarding the arising of phenomena, summing up his position as follows:<blockquote>Entities do not arise causelessly, and they do not arise through causes like [[God]], for example. Nor do they arise out of themselves, nor from another, nor from both. They arise codependently.<ref name=":7" /></blockquote>In this sense then, all phenomena are intrinsically unreal and like illusions, since they truly are not what they appear to be.<ref name=":7" />

According to Chandrakirti, this very ultimate truth (i.e. emptiness and non-arising), is also empty, in the sense that it is also dependent on the provisional truth of dependent imputation. Another way to state this is that only what lacks inherent nature is dependently originated and causally efficacious.<ref name=":7" />

Chandrakirti explains the emptiness of emptiness as follows:<blockquote>The emptiness of intrinsic reality of things is itself called by the wise as ‘emptiness,’ and this emptiness also is considered to be empty of any intrinsic reality. The emptiness of that which is called ‘emptiness’ is accepted as ‘the emptiness of emptiness’ (''śūnyatāśūnyatā''). It is explained in this way for the purpose of controverting objectification of the emptiness as intrinsically real (''bhāva'').<ref name=":7" /></blockquote>Thus, according to Chandrakirti's doctrine of "the emptiness of emptiness", the ultimate truth is not some [[Absolute (philosophy)|absolute]] reality, existential [[Paul Tillich#God as the ground of being|ground]] or [[Ontology|ontological]] foundation, but refers to a mere absence of nature, and thus to the illusory and unreal character of things.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" />

Because of the unreality of the conventional and the ineffability of the ultimate, Chandrakirti holds that madhyamikas do not formally put forth any elaborate theory of the conventional truth apart from the ordinary worldly experience that is accepted by worldly convention or common consensus.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> According to Chandrakirti, theories which seek to explain the workings of the conventional truth (like the metaphysics of [[samkhya]] or [[Yogachara|yogacara]]) actually obscure and undermine our understanding of conventional truth, since it is at variance with direct experience. These theories also undermine our understanding of the ultimate truth (which is the very nature of our experience) since the ultimate cannot be understood conceptually and can only be accessed through the gateway of one's conventional direct experience.<ref>Padmakara Translation Group 2005, pp. 29-30.</ref>

=== ''Prāsaṅga'' and reasoning ===
Chandrakirti defended [[Buddhapālita]] and his Madhyamaka method against the views of [[Bhāviveka]]. According to Chandra, Madhyamikas should not use autonomous or independent inferences (''svatantrānumāna'') when debating an opponent.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}}<ref name=":3">Dunne, John. "Madhyamaka in India and Tibet"</ref> This method had been developed by the Buddhist epistemologist [[Dignāga]] and had been adopted by madhyamikas like [[Bhāviveka]].<ref>Hayes, Richard, "Madhyamaka", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/madhyamaka/>.</ref><ref name=":1">Vose 2015, p. 3.</ref> Bhāviveka had argued that to be able to accurately and effectively defend the madhyamaka view against its opponents, one needed to positively prove one's thesis by means of independent inferences (''svatantrānumāna'') in formal [[syllogism]]s (''prayoga'') which proved the madhyamika thesis in a self-contained manner independent of the views of non-madhyamika interlocutors.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Padmakara Translation Group 2005, pp. 20-21, 25.</ref> He therefore faulted [[Buddhapālita]]'s analysis of madhyamaka as inadequate.<ref>Padmakara Translation Group 2005, p. 25.</ref>

Chandrakirti critiqued Bhāviveka on this point and argued that madhyamaka thinkers should instead only rely on ''prāsaṅga'' arguments (literally "consequence"), which mainly refers to [[Reductio ad absurdum|reductio arguments]] that seek to show how an opponent's views lead to absurd or unwanted consequences.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}}<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, these reductio arguments only refute the opponents position on the opponent's own terms. They do not put forth a counter-position in return nor do they commit the madhyamika to the principles and conclusions used in the course of the argument.<ref name=":10">Padmakara Translation Group 2005, p. 23.</ref> In this sense, the madhyamikas merely point out the absurdity of their opponents views without stating a position of their own, and merely indicate the truth indirectly.<ref name=":10" />

Chandrakirti states:<blockquote>Whoever speaks in terms of independently valid logical arguments (inferences) reaps some fault. We do not rely on them, because the only fruit of our arguments is the annulment of someone else's thesis.<ref name=":8">Dreyfus & McClintock 2015, p. 82.</ref> </blockquote>Chandrakirti argues that the idea that one ''must'' use the syllogistic arguments commits one to the acceptance of inherent natures or some other form of [[foundationalism]] or [[essentialism]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /> He also points out that Nagarjuna did not make use of such arguments and relied on ''prāsaṅga''. Chandrakirti sees figures like Bhāviveka as not really being madhyamikas, instead he sees them as logicians which "may take the side of the madhyamaka school out of a desire to parade the extent of his own dialectical skill." According to Chandrakirti, the philosophical practices of these logicians, motivated as they are by a desire for certainty and logic, becomes "an enormous reservoir where faults pile up one after another."<ref name=":8" /> Thus, Chandrakirti does not see Bhāviveka as being a madhyamika (unlike later Tibetan doxographers), but sees him as being a logician (''tārkika''), like other Buddhist thinkers such as Dignaga.<ref>Dreyfus & McClintock 2015, pp. 82-83.</ref>

Another problem which Chandrakirti sees with the idea that a madhyamika must use independent syllogisms is that a madhyamika interlocutor and any essentialist or realist opponent do not share a basic set of premises required for syllogistic reasoning. This is because they do not have the same idea of what it means for something to "exist" and therefore they cannot even agree on a set of basic premises on which to develop an independent syllogism.<ref>Newland 2009, p. 80.</ref><ref name=":3" /> The validity of any independent syllogism depends on the fact that the terminology it uses has the same meaning for both parties in the debate. However, this is impossible in a debate between a madhyamika and a realist according to Chandrakirti, since the very subject of debate is the nature of how the very objects of discussion are said to exist. Thus, a true madhyamika cannot put forth an independent syllogism which is not defective. Furthermore, if both parties use the same terminology but interpret them differently, they also lack a common understanding on which to ground a debate.<ref>Padmakara Translation Group 2005, pp. 26-27.</ref>

''Prāsaṅga'' arguments meanwhile, are mainly negative, and thus do not require the affirmation of any positive thesis or view, but merely deconstructs the arguments of one's opponent. As such, Chandrakirti thinks ''prāsaṅga'' arguments are more suited to the [[Apophasis|apophatic]] method of madhyamaka philosophy.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Indeed, according to Chandrakirti, madhyamaka presents no positive view at all and he cites Nagarjuna's ''Vigrahavyāvartanī'' in which he states "I have no thesis" in this regard.<ref name=":3" />

Chandrakirti also critiques the view of the non-madhyamika epistemologists like Dignāga for having failed to provide a sufficiently indisputable foundation for their premises and for having failed to respond to Nagarjuna's criticism of the foundations of pramana in the ''Vigrahavyāvartanī.<ref name=":4" />''

There is a further problem with the view of the logicians and this is that, for Chandrakirti, all cognitions involve ignorance from an ultimate point of view and thus no cognition is fully reliable. Because of this, meditation on emptiness does not rely on an object at all (even the idea or view of emptiness) and ultimate truth is thus said to be beyond the ordinary mind.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Padmakara Translation Group 2005, p. 24.</ref> However, there is a role for reasoning in Chandrakirti's thought. Reasoning is only useful for negating all views regarding existence and non-existence. Furthermore, reasoning must also negate itself, because it also relies on conceptual proliferation ([[Conceptual proliferation|''prapañca'']]), which is based on ignorance.<ref name=":3" /> Thus, for Chandrakirti, reasoning and conceptual thought cannot know the ultimate truth, because the ultimate is beyond all concepts and discursive proliferation (''prapañca'').<ref>Ruegg 1981, p. 75.</ref> However, reasoning ''can'' be used to understand the very limitations of reason and thought in explaining the ultimate and how any attempt at conceptually understanding the ultimate leads to contradictions. Reason can thus indirectly point to the ineffable ultimate truth (which can only be realized by another means, i.e. through wisdom, [[Jnana|''jñana'']]) by revealing what it is not.<ref>Padmakara Translation Group 2005, pp. 24-27.</ref>

=== Buddhahood ===
Chandrakirti's view of [[Buddhahood]] is related to his apophatic views. For Chandrakirti, a Buddha's knowing of emptiness is not really knowing anything at all. Instead, a Buddha's knowledge of emptiness is a non-knowing in which there is neither an object nor a mind engaged in the act of knowing the object. Because of this, Chandrakirti holds that for a Buddha, all mind and mental factors (''cittacaitta'') have ceased. Even though from the point of view of ordinary people, a Buddha seems to teach and engage in activities, from the point of view of a Buddha, no conscious decisions are being made and no cognition occurs.<ref name=":3" /> Yet, as Dunne notes, Chandrakirti thereby faces serious difficulties in explaining "the improbable state of affairs" by which a Buddha could teach and benefit sentient beings without any cognitive relation to the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dunne |first=J. D. |date=1996-01-01 |title=Thoughtless Buddha, Passionate Buddha |url=https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jaarel/LXIV.3.525 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |language=en |volume=LXIV |issue=3 |pages=525–556 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXIV.3.525 |issn=0002-7189|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Critiques of Yogācāra ===
In his ''[[Madhyamakāvatāra]],'' Chandrakirti also offered refutations of a number of Buddhist views such as those of the ''vijñānavāda'' ("consciousness doctrine") or [[yogācāra]] school.<ref>Fenner, Peter G. (1983). "Chandrakīrti's refutation of Buddhist idealism." ''Philosophy East and West'' Volume 33, no.3 (July 1983) University of Hawaii Press. P.251. Source: [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/fenner1.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027071225/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/fenner1.htm|date=2009-10-27}} (accessed: 21 January 2008)</ref> Chandrakirti understood this tradition as positing a kind of subjective [[idealism]].<ref name=":4" /> According to Chandrakirti, the [[Yogachara|yogācāra]] school fails to fully understand the empty nature of consciousness since they ontologically privilege consciousness over its objects. However, according to Chandrakirti, both are equally empty and neither have any ontological primacy or ultimate existence. Thus, for Chandrakirti, yogācāra fails to appreciate how everything, including consciousness, is conditioned and empty.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Chandrakirti also examines and refutes the basic theories of yogācāra, including the theory of [[Yogachara#The Three Natures and Emptiness|the three natures]] and the theory of the [[Yogachara#Ālaya-vijñāna|storehouse consciousness]].<ref name=":5" /> Chandrakirti cites the ''[[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra]]'' in order to argue that the storehouse consciousness is a provisional teaching of indirect meaning (''neyartha'').<ref name=":6">Ruegg 1981, p. 73.</ref> He also critiques the yogācāra denial of an external object (''bāhyārtha, bahirartha'') of knowledge and the yogācāra theory of ‘[[Svasaṃvedana|self-awareness]]’ (''svasamvedana, svasamvitti'').<ref name=":6" />

Furthermore, Chandrakirti interprets the various statements in the Mahayana sutras which seem to promote idealism in a different way than the yogācāra school. According to Chandrakirti, sutra teachings which state that "all is mind" and the like were taught by the Buddha as a way to counter the idea that our sufferings are caused by external forces and actors. According to Chandrakirti, to counter this wrong view and to help people understand that suffering mainly arises due to the way we understand our experience, the Buddha taught that all is mind (''citta-matra'') or idea/impressions (''vijñapti-matra''). Chandrakirti argues that it is a mistake to take this literally as an ontological statement and to conclude that only consciousness exists.<ref name=":4" />

==Major works==
Chandra's major works are:<ref name=":7"/>
*''Mūlamadhyamaka-vṛtti-prasannapadā'' (Clear-word Commentary on the Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way), known simply as the ''[[Prasannapada|Prasannapadā]]'' (Clear Words), A commentary on [[Nagarjuna]]'s [[Mulamadhyamakakarika|''Mūlamadhyamakakārikā'']].
* ''[[Madhyamakāvatāra]]'' (Introduction to Madhyamaka), along with an auto-commentary, the ''[https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=volume&vid=1113 Madhyamakāvatāra-bhāśya]''.<ref>''Ocean of Nectar: The True Nature of All Things'', Tharpa Publications (1995) {{ISBN|978-0-948006-23-4}}</ref> The ''Madhyamakāvatāra'' is used as the main sourcebook by most of the Tibetan monastic colleges in their studies of Madhyamaka.
* ''Catuúṣataka-ṭika'' (Commentary on the Four Hundred): a commentary on the ''Four Hundred Verses'' of [[Aryadeva]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Four Illusions: Candrakīrti's Advice to Travelers on the Bodhisattva Path|last = Lang|first = Karen C.|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2003}}</ref>
* ''Yuktiṣaṣṭhika-vṛtii'' (Commentary on the Sixty Stanzas on Reasoning), a commentary on Nagarjuna's ''[[Yuktiṣaṣṭhika]]''.
* ''Śūnayatāsaptati-vṛtti'' (Commentary on the Seventy Stanzas on Emptiness), a commentary on Nagarjuna's ''Śūnayatāsaptati''.
*''Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇa'' (Discussion on the Five Aggregates).

== Later Influence and Commentaries ==
Only one Indian commentary on Chandrakirti exists, a 12th-century commentary to the ''Madhyamakāvatāra'' by the Kashmiri pandit Jayānanda''.''<ref>Vose 2015, p. 6.</ref> An earlier Indian author, Prajñakaramati (950–1030) repeadately cites the ''Madhyamakāvatāra'' in his commentary on [[Shantideva|Shantideva's]] ''[[Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra]]''.<ref>Vose 2015, p. 21.</ref> The work of [[Atiśa|Atisha]] (982–1054), particularly his ''Introduction to the Two Truths'' (''Satyadvayāvatāra'')'','' cites Chandrakirti and defends his view which rejects the applicability of valid cognition (''[[pramana]]'') to ultimate truth.<ref>Vose 2015, p. 24.</ref>

Another late Indian author which seems to have held Chandrakirti's position is [[Maitripada|Maitrīpadā]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1007–1085) and he is held to be one of the sources of the [[Kagyu]] school's Prāsaṅgika lineage.<ref>Vose 2015, p. 28.</ref> Chandrakirti is also cited in some late Indian Buddhist tantric works, such as the ''Compendium of Good Sayings,'' indicating that he may have been influential among Indian tantric authors, especially among the Arya lineage of the ''[[Guhyasamāja Tantra|Guhyasamaja tantra]].'' The Arya lineage includes the works of tantric authors who go by the names Nagarjuna, Aryadeva and Chandrakirti (the last two can be dated to the 9th or 10th centuries) and who should not be confused with the earlier Madhyamaka philosophers.<ref>Vose 2015, pp. 29-30.</ref> Later Tibetan authors also began to believe that the tantric figures and the Madhyamaka philosophers were the same persons.<ref>Vose 2015, p. 31.</ref>

Another critical Indian author who refers to the work of Chandrakirti (and responds to it) is the later Bhāvaviveka or Bhāvaviveka II (author of the ''Madhyamakārthasaṃgraha'' and the ''Madhyamakaratnapradīpa''), not to be confused with the first [[Bhāviveka|Bhāvaviveka]] (c. 500 – c. 578) who pre-dates Chandrakirti and authored the ''[[Madhyamakahrdaya-karika|Madhyamakahrdaya]]'' and the ''Prajñāpradīpa''. According to Ruegg, this might be the same person as the tantric Bhavyakīrti (c. 1000).<ref>Vose 2015, p. 32.</ref>

The first Tibetan translation of Chandrakirti's ''Madhyamakāvatāra'' and its auto-commentary was completed by Naktso Lotsawa, a student of Atisha.<ref>[[Thupten Jinpa|Jinpa, Thupten]] (translator); [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]], 2021, p. 8.</ref> Another early Tibetan commentator on Chandrakirti was [[Patsab Nyima Drakpa|Patsab Nyima Drag]] (fl. 12th century), who also translator most of Chandra's major works.<ref>Dunne, John D. (2011). "Madhyamaka in India and Tibet." In ''Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy."'' Edited by J. Garfield and W. Edelglass. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 206-221.</ref><ref name=":11">Padmakara Translation Group 2005, p. 33.</ref> The logician Chapa Chökyi Sengé (12th century) is known for discussing the views of Chandrakirti and composing refutations of them in his defense of the epistemological tradition of Dharmakirti.<ref name=":11" /> Chapa's student, [[Mabja Changchub Tsöndrü]] (1109–1169) is also another important early figure who wrote on Chandrakirti.<ref name=":3" /> Mabja's work attempted to harmonize [[Dharmakirti|Dharmakirti's]] epistemology with Chandrakirti's Madhyamaka.<ref>Vose 2015, p. 9.</ref> Chandrakirti was categorized by [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetans]] as part of the Uma Thelgyur ({{bo|w=dbu ma thal 'gyur}}) school, an approach to the interpretation of [[Madhyamaka]] philosophy typically back-translated into [[Sanskrit]] as [[Prasaṅgika|{{IAST|Prāsaṅgika}}]] or rendered in English as the "Consequentialist" or "Dialecticist" school.<ref>[http://www.tamqui.com/buddhaworld/Candrak%C4%ABrti Candrakirti - Buddha World]. Accessed 29 January 2012.</ref>

The influence of these early commentators lead to the increased popularity of Chandrakirti in Tibet. Later important Tibetan Buddhist figures like [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]], [[Wangchuk Dorje, 9th Karmapa Lama|Wangchuk Dorje]] (the 9th [[Karmapa]]) and [[Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso|Jamgon Mipham]] also wrote commentaries on the ''Madhyamakāvatāra.''{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Other Chandrakirtis==
The Tibetan translation of ''[[Charyapada]]'' provided the name of its compiler as Munidatta, that its Sanskrit commentary is ''Caryāgītikośavṛtti'', and that its [[lotsawa]] "translator" was Chandrakirti. This is a later Chandrakirti, who assisted in Tibetan translation in the [[Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)|Later Transmission]] of Buddhism to Tibet.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The author of the ''Triśaraṇasaptati'' (Seventy Verses on Taking Refuge) is also called Chandrakirti, but this does not seem to be the same person as the 7th century Chandrakirti.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}} The same is the case with the author of the ''Madhyamakāvatāra-prajñ[[Madhyamakāvatāra|ā]].{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}}''

There is also another figure called Chandrakirti or Chandrakirtipada. This is the author of the ''Pradīpoddyotana,'' a commentary on the ''[[Guhyasamāja Tantra]].'' As such, he is sometimes called the "tantric Chandrakirti"''.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|loc=Entry for {{IAST|Candrakīrti}}}}''

==See also==
*[[Buddhapālita]]
*[[Bhāviveka]]
*[[Shantideva|Śāntideva]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Daniel A. Arnold|Arnold, Dan]] (2005), ''Buddhists, Brahmins and Belief: Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of Religion.'' Columbia University Press.
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E. Jr.|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Jr.|author-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|author-link2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400848058|location=Princeton|pages=165}}
*[[Georges Dreyfus|Dreyfus, Georges B.J.]]; McClintock, L. Sara (2015). ''Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?'' Simon and Schuster.
*[[John D. Dunne|Dunne, John.]] "Madhyamaka in India and Tibet" in Garfield, Jay; Edelglass, William (2010). ''The Oxford Handbook of World philosophy.'' Oxford University Press''.'' {{ISBN|9780195328998}}.
*Edelglass, William (2013). "Candrakirti", in A. Sharma (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Indian Religions'', DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1989-7
* [[Kelsang Gyatso|Gyatso, Kelsang]]. ''Ocean of Nectar: The True Nature of All Things'', a verse by verse commentary to Chandrakirti's ''Guide to the Middle Way'', Tharpa Publications (1995) {{ISBN|978-0-948006-23-4}}
*[[Richard Hayes (professor)|Hayes, Richard]] (2019), "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/madhyamaka/ Madhyamaka]", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
*Huntington, C. W. (2007), ''The Emptiness of Emptiness: An Introduction to Early Indian Madhyamaka.'' Motilal Banarsidass.
*[[Thupten Jinpa|Jinpa, Thupten]] (translator); [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]] (2021) ''Illuminating the Intent: An Exposition of Candrakirti's Entering the Middle Way.'' Simon and Schuster.
*Newland, Guy (2009). ''Introduction to Emptiness: As Taught in Tsong-kha-pa's Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path.'' Snow Lion. {{ISBN|9781559393324}}.
*Padmakara Translation Group (2005) ''Introduction to the Middle Way: Chandrakirti's Madhyamakavatara with Commentary by Ju Mipham''. Shambhala Publications.
*[[David Seyfort Ruegg|Ruegg, David Seyfort]] (1981). ''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India.'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
*Thakchoe, Sonam (2017), [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/twotruths-india/ "The Theory of Two Truths in India"], ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
*Vose, Kevin A. (2015) ''Resurrecting Candrakirti: Disputes in the Tibetan Creation of Prasangika.'' Simon and Schuster.

==External links==
* [http://www.fpmt.org/shop/product1.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=592&Category_ID=30 Geshe Jampa Gyatso - Masters Program Middle Way]
* Joe Wilson. Chandrakirti's Sevenfold Reasoning Meditation on the Selflessness of Persons
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027065730/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew26114.htm Candrakiirti's critique of Vijñaanavaada], Robert F. Olson, Philosophy East and West, Volume 24 No. 4, 1977, pp. 405–411
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027070749/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/duerl1.htm Candrakiirti's denial of the self], James Duerlinger, Philosophy East and West, Volume 34 No. 3, July 1984, pp. 261–272
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027071225/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/fenner1.htm Chandrakiirti's refutation of Buddhist idealism], Peter G. Fenner, Philosophy East and West, Volume 33 No. 3, July 1983, pp. 251–261
* [http://www.indology.net/article29.html "Philosophical Nonegocentrism in Wittgenstein and Chandrakirti"], [[Robert A. F. Thurman]], Philosophy East and West, Volume 30 No. 3, July 1980, pp. 321–337

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrakirti}}
[[Category:600 births]]
[[Category:650 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century Buddhist monks]]
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[[Category:Madhyamaka scholars]]
[[Category:Mahayana Buddhist writers]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]

Barua

2026-04-22T07:45:58Z

RethaT8259798: started a pg.

{{Short description|Assamese surname}}
{{For|the ethnic group|Barua people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
'''Barua''' (also spelt as ''Baroa'', ''Baruah'', ''Barooa'', ''Barooah'', ''Baroova'', ''Baroowa'', ''Borooah'', ''Baruva'', ''Baruwa'', ''Borooah'', ''Borua'', ''Boruah'') is a common [[Assamese people|Assamese]] surname shared by the Assamese communities. They mostly follow [[Hinduism]].

Barua surname is also used by the [[Barua people|Magh people]] of [[Chittagong]], [[Myanmar]] and [[West Bengal]] also known as Maramagyi. They follow [[Theravada Buddhism]] and are a different community from Assamese Hindu Baruas.

==In Assam Valley==
=== History ===
Originally, the ''Barua'' surname was used as a military rank in the [[Chutia kingdom|Sutiya kingdom]] held by individuals from the ''Buruk'' clan.<ref>"Surnames like Bora, Kataki, Saikia, Tamuli, etc. were found in Sutiya kingdom. It is stated in the Deodhai Buranji that when Ahom king Suhungmung attacked the Sutiya kingdom on the banks of Dihing river, the Sutiya army was led by one Manik Chandra Baruah. Deori folklores also mention the myths behind the creation of each of these titles. For instance, "Bora" was said to be derived from the "Buruk" clan and acted either as a military official or a temple guard..."{{harvcol|Baruah|2007|p=145}}</ref> The historical examples, such as ''Borhuloi Barua'', ''Gajraj Barua'', ''Manik Chandra Barua'' and ''Kasitora Barua'' were ''Sutiya'' officials.<ref>"The Sutiya army was led by ''Borhuloi Barua'' and ''Manikchandra Barua''."{{harvcol|Baruah|2007|p=129}}</ref><ref>Mahanta, Sukumar. ''Assam Buranji''. D.H.A.S., 1945, p. 10,
Another former Sutiya commander named ''Gajraj Barua'' who had sided with the Ahoms showed the enemies the exact way to the location where the king was hiding.</ref>

During the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] reign, ''Barua'' represented by the Tai word ''Phūu-Kāe''<ref>{{harvcol| Gogoi | 1991 |p=44}}</ref>(𑜇𑜥;𑜀𑜦𑜧; or literally: ''"Mediator or person who solves problems"'' in [[Ahom language]]), meant a superintending officer of the [[Paik system]] of the Ahom Administration who looked after the law and order of the state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kakoty |first1=Sanjeeb |title=Technology, Production And Social Formation in the Evolution of the Ahom State |date=2003 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=9788187498735 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Technology,+Production+And+Social+Formation+In+The+Evolution+Of+The+Ahom+State |language=en}}</ref>

Appointments as ''Barua''s were made irrespective of the paik's religion or ethnicity. Among other ethnic groups, there is mention of ''Sutiya Barua''s in several instances of [[Buranji]]s. For example, there was a Sutiya revolt against the monarchy led by a ''Sutiya Barua'' in 1673.<ref>{{harvcol|Borua|1930|p=229}}</ref> ''Ahom Barua'' was a position held by the family of the ''Sutiya Kataki'' who joined the Ahoms, after the defeat of Sutiyas;<ref>{{harvcol|Borbarua|1997|p=563}}</ref> while ''Sutiya Karhi Barua'' was an officer under whom the Sutiya archers of the king's palace were posted.<ref>{{harvcol|Borbarua|1997|p=561}}</ref> During the reign of [[Sutanphaa|Siva Singha]], the ''Dulia Barua'' and ''Kukurachuwa Barua'' were [[Sutiya people|Sutiya]]s.<ref>{{harvcol|Borbarua|1997|p=243}}</ref> Other examples of ''Sutiya Baruas'' include ''Moi Barua'' (Buruk-Chutia origin<ref>Bhuyan, S.K, ''Tungkhungia Buranji'', p. 61</ref><ref>Swarnalata, Barua, ''Chutia Jatir Buranji'', p. 226</ref>) and ''Aruwandhara Barua''.<ref>{{harvcol|Borbarua|1997|p=563}}</ref> The [[Kachari (tribe)|Kachari]], [[Sonowal Kachari people|Sonowal]] and [[Thengal Kachari people|Thengal]] ''Barua''s were of [[Sonowal Kachari|Kachari]] origin,<ref>{{harvcol|Borbarua|1997|pp=561–562}}</ref> while the others like ''Bapu'', ''Bez'' and ''Dewalia Barua''s were [[Assamese Brahmins|Brahmins]].<ref>{{harvcol|Borbarua|1997|pp=551–566}}.</ref> Besides these, during the [[Moamoria rebellion]], the [[Moamoria|Matak]] rebels also appointed ''Barua''s among themselves.<ref>{{harvcol|Borua|1930|p=303}}</ref>

===Present===
The rank bestowed upon the individuals within the Assamese community was adopted by and forms part of the continuum of the Assamese society of several groups – the [[Ahom people|Ahom]]s, the [[Assamese Brahmins|Brahmin]]s, the [[Kalita (caste)|Kalita]]s, the Koch, the [[Moran people|Moran]]s,<ref>"As we have argued in the previous chapters that one of the most important support base of ULFA comes from Motok-Moran community. Paresh Boruah, the CIC of ULFA; Anup Chetia, the general secretary; etc., belong to the Motok-Moran community." {{harvcol|Mahanta|2013|p=284}}</ref> the [[Moamoria|Motoks]],<ref>The Motock–Moran, known by a generic name of Moamariyas, are one of the proudest races in the history of Assam, especially in the later part of the 18th century and the early part of 19th century." {{harvcol|Mahanta|2013|p=199}}</ref> the Kacharis ([[Sonowal Kacharis|Sonowals]] and the [[Thengal-Kachari|Thengals]]),<ref>{{Citebook|last=Borboruah|first=Hiteswar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.451863|title=Ahomar Din Ed. 2nd|date=1997|pages=561–562}}</ref> besides the [[Sutiya people|Chutia]]s.

===Baruas===

* [[Amulya Barua]] (1922–1946): Pioneered modern [[Assamese poetry]].
* [[Ananda Chandra Barua]] (1907–1983): Writer, poet, playwright, translator, journalist, an actor from Assam.
* [[Aimee Baruah]], actress
* [[Ananda Ram Baruah]] (1850–1889): [[Sanskrit]] scholar, sixth [[Indian Civil Service]] officer of India, and the first from Assam.
* [[Bhogeswar Baruah]] (1940–): Athlete, [[Asian Games]] gold medalist, [[Arjuna Award]] recipient.
* [[Bhubanmohan Baruah]] (1914–1998): Novelist, short story writer from Assam. He wrote many novels under the pen-name of ''Kanchan Baruah''.
* [[Binanda Chandra Barua]] (1901–1994): Noted Indian writer, poet of [[Assamese literature]]
* [[Birinchi Kumar Barua]] (1908–1964): Scholar, [[educationist]], writer, historian, [[linguist]], [[folklorist]].

* [[Chandradhar Barua]] (1874–1961): Eminent writer, poet, dramatist and lyricist from Assam.
* [[Debo Prasad Barooah]] (1930–2013): Eminent intellectual, academic, author, historian and the former Vice-Chancellor (the Chief Executive) of [[Gauhati University]].
* [[Dev Kant Baruah]]: President of the [[Indian National Congress]] at the time of Emergency (1975–1977).
* [[Gunabhiram Barua]] (1837–1894): An Assamese intellectual, ushered in new ideas about social reform in the early years of [[Colonial Assam|colonial rule in Assam]].
* [[Hem Barua (Tyagbir)|Hem Barua]] (Tyagbir) (1893–1945): [[Indian independence activist]], social worker, writer from [[Sonitpur district]] of Assam.
* [[Hem Barua]] (1915–1977): Prominent poet, politician from Assam.
* [[Hemchandra Barua]] (1836–1897): Prominent writer, [[social reformer]] of Assamese of the 19th century.
* [[Jagannath Barooah]]: Tea-Planter, popularly known for [[Jagannath Barooah College]].
* [[Jnanadabhiram Barua]] (1880–1955): Notable writer, dramatist, translator of Assam, and a participant in [[India's freedom struggle]].
* [[Kanaklal Barua]] (1872–1940): Prominent writer (mainly in English language), essayist, historian, and politician from Assam.
* [[Kanaklata Barua]]: [[Indian freedom fighter]] from Assam.
* [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]] (1868–1938): Assamese author, essayist, playwright, poet, and satirist.
* [[Navakanta Barua]] (1926–2002): Prominent Assamese novelist and poet.
* [[Padmanath Gohain Baruah]] (1871–1946): First president of [[Assam Sahitya Sabha|Assam Rhetorical Congress]], novelist, poet, dramatist, [[The Analyst|analyst]], and a thought provoking writer.
* [[Pradan Baruah]]: Indian politician, former member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam Legislative assembly]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] of [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] Lok Sabha.
* [[Rituparna Baruah]], Indian politician
* [[Rudra Baruah]] (1926–1980): Actor, composer, lyricist, singer and musician.

* [[Jahnu Barua]] – Internationally acclaimed film-maker.
* [[Jishnu Barua]]: Indian civil servant, 49th [[List of chief secretaries of Assam|Chief Secretary of Assam]]
* [[Joi Barua]] – Singer, musician, and lead vocalist from Assam.
* [[Parvati Prasad Baruva]]: Famous [[Assamese music]] composer, poet, lyricist, dramatist: an icon of Assamese literature.
* [[Pramathesh Chandra Barua]] (1903–1951): Famous actor, director, and screenwriter of [[Indian films]] in the pre-independence era.
* [[Pratima Barua Pandey]] (1935–2002): Famous [[folk singer]] and daughter of Pramathesh Chandra Baruah.
* [[Radha Govinda Baruah]] (1900–1977): Founder of the [[Assam Tribune]] Group, sports enthusiast, introduced Assam to the culture of sports.
* [[Siva Prasad Barooah]]: Pioneer tea planter, path-breaker in Assamese journalism, renowned philanthropist, politician and [[humanism|humanist]].






==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Baruah|first=Swarnalata|title=Chutia Jatir Buranji|date=2007}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Lila |title=The History of the system of Ahom administration |date=1991 |publisher=Punthi Pustak,the University of California |pages=44 |isbn=9788185094410 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtcsAAAAIAAJ&q=The+History+of+the+system+of+Ahom+administration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sud̈ostasien |title=Tai Culture: International Review on Tai Cultural Studies, Volume 6 |date=2001 |publisher=SEACOM Sud̈ostasien-Gesellschaft, 2001 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2H5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ahom+Barua+Phu-Ke}}
*{{cite book |last1=North East India History Association |first1=session |title=Proceedings of North East India History Association, Volume 7 |year=2008 |volume=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ahom+Barua+Phu-Ke}}
* {{Citation| last = Mahanta| first = Nani G.| title = Confronting the State: ULFA's Quest for Sovereignty|date=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications India| isbn = 9788132113270|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pdyGAwAAQBAJ&q=paresh+baruah+moran+community&pg=PA284}}
*{{cite book |last1=Borbarua |first1=Hiteswar |title=Ahomar Din |date=1997 |publisher=Assam Prakashan Parishad|pages= |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last1=Borua |first1=Gopal Chandra|title=Ahom Buranji |date=1930|publisher=Baptist Mission Press|pages= |isbn=}}

[[Category:Assamese-language surnames]]

Ramdurg State

2026-04-21T12:56:32Z

RethaT8259798: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name =Ramdurg State
|common_name =Ramdurg
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1799
|date_start =
|event_start =
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end = [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Maratha Empire
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Princely State of Ramdurg.svg
|flag_type = [[Flag of Karnataka#Ramdurg State|Flag]]
|image_coat =
|image_map = Sangli-Jamkhandi map.jpg
|image_map_caption = Ramdurg State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 = 438
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 37,848
|footnotes =
}}
'''Ramdurg State''' was one of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[princely state]]s ruled by the Bhave family during the [[British Raj]]. It was administered as part of the [[Deccan States Agency]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]], founded in 1799.<ref>''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908</ref> It was one of the former states of the [[Southern Maratha Country]] and its capital was at [[Ramdurg]].

Ramdurg State measured 438 square kilometers in area. According to the 1901 census, the population was 37,848.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_178.gif |title=''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 21, p. 172. "Rāmdurg State"}}</ref>

==Gallery==

[[File:Ramdurg Palace.jpg|thumb|center|Ramdurg Palace]]

[[File:Ramrao Venkatrao Bhave of Ramdurg.jpg|thumb|center|Ramrao Venkatrao Bhave in 1911, Last Ruler of Bhave State]]

==See also==
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Political integration of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Princely states of the Deccan States Agency}}{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|15.95|N|75.3|E|region:IN-KN_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:1742 establishments in India]]

{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Belagavi-geo-stub}}

Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi

2026-04-21T02:44:07Z

RethaT8259798: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Konduru Narayan Rao
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]](2019)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] ,[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=23 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paralakhemundi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/paralakhemundi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916958.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Result 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-assembly-election-result-2024-full-list-of-winners/3511557/ |website=Financial Express |publisher=India News Desk |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paralakhemundi Assembly Election results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/constituency-show/paralakhemundi |website=The Times Of India |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panigrahi, Rupesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Navyug Express

2026-04-20T22:10:53Z

RethaT8259798: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Tirunelveli–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from incorrect name}}
{{R from move}}
}}

Prakash Chandra

2026-04-20T08:37:55Z

RethaT8259798: new!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prakash Chandra
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]
| predecessor = [[Rishi Kumar]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| alma_mater = [[Magadh University]]
| profession = Politician, Businessman
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Prakash Chandra''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He was elected as a [[Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Obra constituency. He is a member of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRAKASH CHANDRA (Winner) OBRA (AURANGABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1759|access-date=2025-11-16|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chirag Paswan's LJP(RV) makes surprise gains in Bihar election results, Full list of winners|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-election-result-2025-lok-janshakti-party-ram-vilas-full-list-of-winners-chirag-paswan-sanjay-kumar-singh-mahua-101763108978211.html|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obra Election Result 2025 Highlights: Prakash Chandra of LJPRV Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/obra-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-assembly-seat-winner-leading-mla-margin-9706237.html|date=2025-11-16|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obra (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2025: Prakash Chandra of Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) Wins|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/obra-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-10363677/|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Prakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Amarpatan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:45Z

RethaT8259798: started new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amarpatan
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 66
| map_image = 66-Amarpatan.svg
| mla = [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Ramkhelawan Patel
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Satna district|Satna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
}}

'''Amarpatan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=1 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=2015-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Amarpatan (constituency number 66) is one of the 7 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Satna district]]. This constituency covers the entire Ramnagar [[tehsil]], Amarpatan [[nagar panchayat]] and part of Amarpatan tehsil of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=232, 250}}</ref>

Amarpatan is part of [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with six other Vidhan Sabha segments of this district, namely, [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]], [[Raigaon Assembly constituency|Raigaon]], [[Satna Assembly constituency|Satna]], [[Nagod Assembly constituency|Nagod]], [[Maihar Assembly constituency|Maihar]] and [[Rampur-Baghelan Assembly constituency|Rampur-Baghelan]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1951
| Lal Bihari Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Member <ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/amarpatan.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Ramhit Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Gulsher Ahmad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Ramhit Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Gulsher Ahmad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Ramhit Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2|[[Ramhit Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Shivmohan Singh
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Ramkhelawan Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Ramkhelawan Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Amarpatan<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:80949}}
|percentage = 43.72
|change = +10.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramkhelawan Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:74459}}
|percentage = 40.22
|change = +4.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chhangelal Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:21317}}
|percentage = 11.51
|change = -11.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1379}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6490}}
|percentage = 3.5
|change = +1.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185141}}
|percentage = 75.61
|change = -0.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Amarpatan<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramkhelawan Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:59836}}
|percentage = 35.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56089}}
|percentage = 33.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chhangelal Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:37918}}
|percentage = 22.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Om Prakash Gautam
|votes = {{formatnum:1908}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajiv Lochan Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:1625}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2380}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3747}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167254}}
|percentage = 76.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Amarpatan<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 48341
|percentage = 32.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramkhelawan Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 36602
|percentage = 24.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chhangelal Kol
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 35020
|percentage = 23.57
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh Tiwari
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 18113
|percentage = 12.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2968
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 148589
|percentage = 72.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.32|80.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Satna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

The Evangelistic Association of the East

2026-04-19T06:38:49Z

RethaT8259798: Adding post

{{Short description|Non-governmental organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Evangelistic Association Of the East
| full_name = The Evangelistic Association Of the East
| native_name = പൗരസ്ത്യ സുവിശേഷ സമാജം
| native_name_lang = [[ml]]
| logo = Logo of The Evangelistic Association of the East.png
| logo_size = 80px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = EAE_HeadOffice.jpg
| image_size = 400px
| image_alt =
| caption = The EAE Head Office at [[Perumbavoor]]
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation = EAE
| nickname =
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| named_after =
| formation = {{start date and age|1924|11|05}}
| founder = 'Malphono Nasiho' Geevarghese Corepiscopa Athunkal
| founding_location =
| type = Registered Societies (Non-Government)
| tax_id =
| registration_id = S.8/1949
| status = [[Non-profit organization]]
| purpose =
| professional_title =
| headquarters = Iringole (Post), [[Perumbavoor]], [[Ernakulam District]], [[Kerala]]
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|10|7|1.8516|N|76|29|34.8648|E|display=inline,title}}
| region_served = [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]]
| services = Education, Social Work, Gospel Team<ref>{{cite news |title=പൗരസ്ത്യ സുവിശേഷ സമാജം ജനറല്‍ കണ്‍വെന്‍ഷന്‍ തുടങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/malayalam-news/kothamamgalam-1.701255 |work=Mathrubhumi }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| methods =
| fields =
| membership =
| num_members_year =
| language =
| general_secretary = Jacob Thomas Thanugumpathickal<ref>{{cite news |title=അമേരിക്കൻ മലങ്കര അതിഭദ്രാസനാഭിമുഖ്യത്തിൽ വേദശാസ്ത്ര പഠനം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/us/2020/06/25/american-malankara-archdiocese-conducts-theology-course.html?fbclid=IwAR2cCLwaz026aqafVFCA79sxWWnZyDI9pPji4TJuaCxFsjMjyc4zZgkiNAo |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
| leader_title = Patron
| leader_name = [[Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II Patriarch]]
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = [[Mor Chrysostomos Markose Metropolitan]]
| leader_title3 = Vice President
| leader_name3 = Poulose Cor-Episcopo Parekkara
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| publication = Pourastya Suvisheeshakan Magazine, E.A.E Diocesan Voice Newsletter
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = [[Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch]]
| disbursements =
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| num_students =
| num_students_year =
| website = {{URL|http://www.eae1924.org/}}
| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}

'''The Evangelistic Association of the East''' is a registered [[non-governmental organization]] headquartered at [[Perumbavoor]], [[Kerala]] working in the [[educational]], [[Social Service|social service]] and [[spirituality]] sectors.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGO Darpan |url=https://ngodarpan.gov.in/index.php/home/statewise_ngo/2809/32/255? |website=ngodarpan.gov.in}}</ref> The organization consists of educational institutions, orphanages, and an archdiocese affiliated with [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] across South India.<ref>{{cite web |title=India |url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/directories/world/india/ |website=Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch |date=22 November 2014}}</ref> It was founded as the first missionary association of Syriac Orthodox Church in 1924 by 'Malphono Nasiho' Geevarghese Cor-Episcopa Athunkal(1902-1997) and later registered in 1949 under [[Indian Societies Registration Act]]. XXI of 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/societiesregistrationact.html|title=Ministry Of Corporate Affairs - societiesregistrationact|website=www.mca.gov.in|access-date=2015-10-23|archive-date=2019-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406113737/http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/societiesregistrationact.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The E.A.E Arch Diocese is under the direct control of [[Ignatius Aphrem II]], patriarch օf the Syriac Orthodox Church․<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syrian-orthodox.com/ |title=Syriac Orthodox Church Official Website |access-date=2015-10-23 |archive-date=2011-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903003405/http://www.syrian-orthodox.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leustean |first1=Lucian N. |title=Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317818663 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&dq=Evangelistic+Association+Of+The+East+Syrian+Orthodox+Jacobite&pg=PA585 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times13.com/eae-arch-diocese-perumbavoor-church-religious-organization|title=EAE Arch Diocese, Perumbavoor|website=www.times13.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=മർത്ത മറിയം വനിതാസമാജം സെമിനാർ |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/idukki/news/idukki-1.8217979 |work=Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==

=== Kerala ===

* Mar Stephen Vocational Higher Secondary School, Valakom, Kunnackal P.O. Muvattupuzha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mar Stephen Vhss Valakom School, Valakom, Ernakulam - Kerala |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/mar-stephen-vhss-valakom/32080900102 |website=iCBSE |language=en}}</ref>
* St. Thomas Higher Secondary School, Kelakom P.O. Thalassery, Kannur.<ref>{{cite web |title=schoolist |url=http://dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=13 |website=dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref>
* P. E. M. High School Thiruvanchoor P.O Kottayam Dist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pem Secondary School Thiruvanchoor, Ayarkkunnam, Kottayam - Kerala |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/pem-secondary-school-thiruvanchoor/32101100105 |website=iCBSE |language=en}}</ref>
* Uppukandom A.G.C.M.U.P. School, Airoorpadam P.O. Thrikkariyoor, Kothamangalam. Ernakulam Dist.
* Emmanuvel Upper Primary School, Kayanadu P.O. Muvattupuzha. Ernakulam Dist.<ref>{{cite web |title=UPPER PRIMARY SCHOOLS - ERNAKULAM |url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/rptPDF/UPSchool.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Emmanuel Ups Kayanad School, Marady, Ernakulam - Kerala |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/emmanuel-ups-kayanad/32080900602 |website=iCBSE |language=en}}</ref>
* St. Mary's Lower Primary School, Plamudy P.O. Kothamangalam, Ernakulam Dist.<ref>{{cite web |title=St.Mary'S Lps Plamudy School, Kottappady, Ernakulam - Kerala |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/st-mary-s-lps-plamudy/32080701406 |website=iCBSE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LOWER PRIMARY SCHOOLS - ERNAKULAM |url=http://www.ernakulam.nic.in/rptPDF/LPSchool.pdf |access-date=2018-06-08 |archive-date=2017-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702173440/http://ernakulam.nic.in/rptPDF/LPSchool.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Santhom Public School, Thungali, Vengoor P.O. Perumbavoor, Ernakulam Dist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santompublicschool.com/profile.html|title=:: SANTOM PUBLIC SCHOOL ::|website=www.santompublicschool.com|access-date=2015-10-26|archive-date=2015-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804023556/http://www.santompublicschool.com/profile.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Karnataka ===

* St. George Pre-University College, Nelliyady. P.O., South Kanara, Karnataka State. St. George High School, Nelliyady. P.O., South Kanara, Karnataka State.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. George P.U. College Nellyadi {{!}} Dakshinakannada Pre-University college Principals' Association |url=http://dkpucpa.com/college/st-george-p-u-college-nellyady/ |website=dkpucpa.com}}</ref>
* St. George English Medium High School, Nellyady, South Kanara, Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=55 schools register 100 pc results in SSLC in DK dist |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/161175/55-schools-register-100-pc.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=13 May 2011 |language=en}}</ref>
* St. George U.P.School, N. R. Pura P.O, Chikmagalur, Karnataka.

== EAE Archdiocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church==
This archdiocese mainly consists of churches in [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]. St. Thomas Church Malankarakunnu was the oldest church in Wayanad, Kerala, and was of E.A.E Archdiocese, but now under Malabar diocese.<ref>{{cite web |title=India |url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/directories/world/india/ |website=Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch |date=22 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=പൗരസ്ത്യ സുവിശേഷ സമാജം ജനറൽ കൺവൻഷൻ തുടങ്ങി |url=https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/ernakulam/local-news/2017/11/16/em-convention.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>

=== Kerala ===
====Kochi-Travancore Zone====
# St. Thomas Edessa Church Nedungapra, [[Perumbavoor]]
# St. George’s Emmanuel Church [[Peruva]], Karikkode, [[Kottayam]]
# St. George's Church Anakkal, Malampuzha, [[Palakkad]]
# St. George's Church Sharonkunnu, [[Pothanikkad]], [[Kothamangalam]], [[Ernakulam]]
# St. Mary's Church Kattikkayam, [[Thodupuzha]], [[Idukki]]
# St. Mary's Church, Thodupuzha<ref>{{cite news |title=വ്യത്യസ്തരായി തൊടുപുഴയിലെ യാക്കോബായക്കാർ, തർക്കമില്ലാതെ പള്ളി ഓർത്തഡോക്സിന് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/jacobite-gave-church-to-orthadox-in-thodupuzha-pznphk |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref>

====Malabar Zone====
# St. George’s Church, Aralam, [[Kannur]]
# [[St. Mary's Church Meenangadi|St. Mary’s Soonoro Syriac Orthodox Pilgrim Church Meenangadi]], [[Wayanad]]
# St. Mary's Soonoro Church, [[Kelakam, India|Kelakam]]
# St. Behanam's Church, Cheeral, [[Wayanad]]

====Kasaragod Zone====
# St. George’s Church, Kozhichal, [[Kannur]]
# St. Mary’s Soonoro Church Kottamala, [[Kasaragod]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/2070627/St-Mary-s-Jacobite-Syrian-Church-Kottamala-Nileshwar-Via-Kasargode-Dist-671314|title=St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church - Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref>
# St. George's Church Padanakkad, [[Kasaragod]]
# St. George's Church Manjakkadu, [[Kannur]]
# St. John's Church Poovathinkad, [[Kannur]]

===Karnataka===
====N.R Pura Zone====
# St. George's Church, [[Narasimharajapura]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Yen News(ಮೋರಾನ್ ಮೋ.ಇಗ್ನಾತಿಯೋಸ್ ಸ್ಮರಣೆ) |url=http://yennews.in/full_news_kannada.php?id=309 |work=yennews.in |archive-date=2019-02-26 |access-date=2019-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045734/http://yennews.in/full_news_kannada.php?id=309 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# St. Paul's Church, Muthinkoppa, [[Narasimharajapura]]
# St. Ignatius Church Susalavani, [[Narasimharajapura]]
# St. George's & St.John's Church Karugunda, [[Narasimharajapura]]
# St. Mary's Church, Vorkatte, [[Narasimharajapura]]
# St. Baselios Church, Gubbiga, [[Narasimharajapura]]
# St. Mary's Church, [[Hubli]]

====South Canara Zone====
# St. Mary's Soonoro Church, Renjiladi, [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]
# St. Thomas Church, [[Nelliyadi]]
# St. George’s Church Shibaje, [[Belthangady]]
# St. Mary's Church, Kunthoor, Perabe
# St. George’s Church, Addahole
# St. Simon's Church Ichilampady, [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]
# St. Mary's Church Kakkinje, [[Belthangady]]
# St. Mary's Church Beluvai, [[Udupi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
# Official Website: https://www.eae1924.org
# Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/EAE1924/

{{Non-governmental organizations in India}}
{{Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Evangelistic Association of the East, The}}
[[Category:Syriac Orthodox dioceses]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]

Jayamahal Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:08Z

RethaT8259798: Data

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Jayamahal
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]
|established = 1978
|abolished = 2008
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Jayamahal Assembly constituency''' was one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]] a south state of [[India]]. It was a part of [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref> It was replaced by [[Hebbal Assembly constituency]] in the 2008 [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/feb/02/a-lot-at-stake-for-bjp-congress-in-high-profile-battle-for-hebbal-887472.html | title=A Lot at Stake for BJP, Congress in High-Profile Battle for Hebbal | newspaper=The New Indian Express | date=2 February 2016 | access-date=20 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="3" | Jeevaraj Alva || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || S. M. Yahya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || R. Krishnappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[R. Roshan Baig]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jayamahal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. Roshan Baig]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,757 |percentage = 46.92% |change = {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Dr. Mumtaz Ali Khan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,877 |percentage = 24.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,560 |percentage = 21.98% |change = {{increase}}11.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pradeepkumar Reddy. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,437 |percentage = 3.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tulasiprakash. V |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 880 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavitha D. Davis |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 787 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,880 |percentage = 22.34% |change = {{increase}}15.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,991 |percentage = 48.53% |change = {{decrease}}6.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,991}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,381 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jayamahal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. Roshan Baig]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,990 |percentage = 45.54% |change = {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jeevaraj Alva |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 36,070 |percentage = 39.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,894 |percentage = 10.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syad Jaleel Ahamed |party = Independent politician |votes = 992 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. Balaraman |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 991 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Sathya |party = Independent politician |votes = 823 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mustak Ahamed |party = Independent politician |votes = 646 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,920 |percentage = 6.42% |change = {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,223 |percentage = 54.69% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,203}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4 |percentage = 0.00% |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,629 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jayamahal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 29,011 |percentage = 38.07% |change = {{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Yahya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,163 |percentage = 34.33% |change = {{decrease}}18.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abbas Ali Bohra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,810 |percentage = 16.81% |change = {{increase}}14.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Sathyanarayana Rao |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,715 |percentage = 3.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Khan |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,267 |percentage = 2.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Subbaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Joshuva Chella Dorai |party = Independent politician |votes = 538 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,848 |percentage = 3.74% |change = {{decrease}}16.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,490 |percentage = 54.25% |change = {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,212}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,194 |percentage = 1.54% |change = {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,831 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}5.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jayamahal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Yahya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,884 |percentage = 52.60% |change = {{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Prabhakar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,159 |percentage = 32.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Balliappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 5,883 |percentage = 7.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,470 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Ramu |party = Lok Dal (B) |votes = 1,081 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. M. Raju |party = Independent politician |votes = 612 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khalid Eqbal |party = Independent politician |votes = 507 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,725 |percentage = 19.75% |change = {{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,655 |percentage = 54.60% |change = {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,621}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,034 |percentage = 3.67% |change = {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,372 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.90 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jayamahal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jeevaraj Alva |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,768 |percentage = 51.95% |change = {{decrease}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. A. Samad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,172 |percentage = 41.17% |change = {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = I. Chander |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,643 |percentage = 2.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Syed |party = Lokdal |votes = 987 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khalid Nishu |party = Independent politician |votes = 424 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanaulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 403 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,596 |percentage = 10.79% |change = {{decrease}}16.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,931 |percentage = 53.56% |change = {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,147}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 784 |percentage = 1.27% |change = {{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,637 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jayamahal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jeevaraj Alva |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,622 |percentage = 60.92% |change = {{increase}}21.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Hameed Shah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,407 |percentage = 33.19% |change = {{increase}}30.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandiyan. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,463 |percentage = 2.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramakrishna Prasad |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 977 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahman Shariff |party = Independent politician |votes = 394 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,215 |percentage = 27.73% |change = {{increase}}22.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,759 |percentage = 60.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,469}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,290 |percentage = 2.16% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,212 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}21.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jayamahal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jeevaraj Alva |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,316 |percentage = 39.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Hameed Shah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,991 |percentage = 34.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniyappa |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 3,998 |percentage = 8.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniramaiah. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,772 |percentage = 8.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Khudus Anvar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,185 |percentage = 2.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lasani. N. A |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,101 |percentage = 2.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramalah. C |party = Independent politician |votes = 568 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chellaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 531 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manamad Mustak |party = Independent politician |votes = 307 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,325 |percentage = 5.04% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,333 |percentage = 62.00% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,159}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,174 |percentage = 2.48% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,341 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|13.003|77.589|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Sikh attacks on Delhi

2026-04-16T05:55:02Z

RethaT8259798: Adding info...

{{Short description|Common in the second half of the 18th century}}
{{pp|1=ecp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sikh attacks on Delhi
| place = Delhi, Mughal Empire
| partof = the Mughal–Sikh wars
| image =
| caption =
| result = Sikh victory
*Plunder of Mughal, Rohilla and Rajput territories
*Sikh hegemony over the Gangetic [[doab]]
| date = February 1764 – 12 March 1788
| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] [[Sikh Confederacy]] [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px]] [[Rohillas]] (from 1787) '''Co-belligirents''' [[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|20px]] [[Bharatpur State|Jats of Bharatpur]] (1764-1765) {{tree list}}
*[[Cis-Sutlej states]]
**[[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Patiala State]] (1779-1781)
**[[Jind State|Jind]] (1775-1776)
{{tree list/end}}
'''Supported by''' [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]][[Mughal Empire|Mughal Nobles]] (1775-1788)
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px]] [[Rohillas]] (until 1787) [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|24px]] [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] (1784-1788) '''Supported by''' [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Patiala State]] (1764-1768)<ref name="Gupta 1944">{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259|title=History of the Sikhs|publisher=The Minerva Bookshop|year=1944|volume=II|author-link=Hari Ram Gupta}}</ref> [[Jind State|Jind]] (1781)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=69-70}}</ref>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}
| commander1 = '''Leaders:''' '''[[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] [[Baghel Singh]] [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]]'''{{hidden|Commanders|[[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] [[Tara Singh Ghaiba]]{{WIA}} [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]][[Charat Singh]] [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] Sahib Singh<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" /> [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] Dyal Singh<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" /> [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] Laja Singh<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" /> [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] Rae Singh Bhangi [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] Karam Singh [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] [[Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya|Haqiqat Singh]] [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya|Jai Singh]] [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] Ratan Singh{{KIA}} [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] Gurdit Singh [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px]] [[Zabita Khan]](1775-1778) [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px]] [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]]{{executed}} (from 1787) [[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|25px]] [[Maharaja Jawahar Singh|Jawahar Singh]] (until 1765) [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh]] (1779-1781) [[Jind State|Raja Gajpat Singh]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Gangaram <ref name="Gupta 1944"/> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Bhawani Singh <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=69-70}}</ref> 

}}
| commander2 = '''Leaders:''' '''[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Shah Alam II]]{{surrender}}'''{{hidden|Commanders|
[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Najib ad-Dawlah]]{{Natural Causes}} [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px]] [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] (until 1787) [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px]] [[Zabita Khan]]{{Natural Causes}} (1770-1775, 1778-1785) [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]]{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]]Prince Mirza Shikoh{{surrender}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]]{{Natural Causes}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Rahimadad Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Najaf Quli Khan]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Abdul Ahad Khan [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Afzal Khan <ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" /> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Nasir-ul-mulk<ref name="Gupta 1944"/> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Daler Khan<ref name="Gupta 1944"/> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Taza Beg Khan{{executed}}<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" /> [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Sayyid Hasan Khan{{executed}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Mir Mansu{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Mirza Shafi Khan [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Shah Nizam ud-din [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Gangaram{{AWOL}}{{surrender}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Bhawani Singh{{AWOL}}{{surrender}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Abu Qasim Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Rahimdad Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Dilawar Ali [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Qalandhar Ali [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Sheikh Haidar{{WIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Khalli Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Begam Samru]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Mir Baqar{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Mir Kallan{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Inayat Ali{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Murtaza Khan [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Afrisiyab Khan [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Fazal Ali Khan{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|24px]] [[Mahadaji Shinde| Mahadaji Sindhia]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|24px]] Madho Rao Phalke{{surrendered}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|24px]] Rane Khan [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|24px]] Bagru Rao '''Supported by''' [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Ala Singh]] [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh]] (until 1768) [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] Bhoja Singh Gajpat Singh (1781)
}}
}}

'''Sikh attacks on Delhi''' were a number of attacks and raids carried out by the [[Sikhs]] on the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] capital of [[Shahjahanabad|Delhi]] in the second half of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series |pages=97}}</ref> The Sikhs attacked Delhi 19 times between 1766 and 1788.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Syed |first=Muzaffar H. |title=History of Indian Nation: Medieval India |publisher=K. K. Publications |year=2022 |volume=2 |pages=197 |chapter=Later Mughals: Sikh Raids |quote=Trouble with the Sikhs was endless; they raided as far as Delhi practically every year for money and possessions. They entered Delhi three times in 11 years from 1772 to 1783–in 1772, 1778 and 1783 with underhand help from the then wazirs of Shah Alam Il There was ongoing warfare with the Sikhs who were marauding in eastern Punjab and plundering the Rohilla, Mewar (Rajput) and Jat lands. During Shah Alam's reign the Sikhs fought not just with the Mughals, but with the Marathas, Rajputs, and Rohillas.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780199756551 |location=U.S.A. |pages=216 |chapter=Notes pp. [129–132] |quote=By the end of 1786, Sikh raids extended toward Delhi and the upper Gangetic plains, still nominally under Mughal protection, but also an area from which the Rohilla Afghans and Marathas collected periodic tribute.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=Satish Chandra |title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri. |year=1986 |pages=5–7 |chapter=The Ascendency of the Sikhs}}</ref>

==Background==
Sikhs were very scornful towards Delhi due to the following reasons.

* The Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] tortured [[Guru Arjan Dev]] to death.
* [[Guru Hargobind]] was imprisoned in the fort of [[Gwalior Fort|Gwalior]] by Jahangir.
* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] was beheaded on the orders of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] at [[Chandni Chowk]].
* [[Guru Gobind Singh]] suffered a lot at the hands of Delhi. He lost his four sons, two in the [[Battle of Chamkaur]] and two were [[Immurement|bricked alive]] by [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)]].
* [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] was executed on the orders of Mughal Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] in Delhi.
* The Sikhs suffered massacres like [[Chhota Ghallughara|Chota Ghalughara]] and other persecutions in [[Punjab]] under the Mughal rulers.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/n580/mode/2up?q=firoz |title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century |pages=578–581}}</ref>

==Prelude==
Following [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'s retirement to Afghanistan after his [[Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Seventh Invasion]] in 1765, the Sikhs were left as the indisputable masters of eastern and central Punjab. They quickly exploited the power vacuum left by Abdali and began annual incursions and raids into territories held by Hindu or Muslim chiefs. Just a year prior, they had defeated the Mughal Faujdar, [[Zain Khan Sirhindi|Zain Khan]], in the climactic [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)|Battle in Sirhind]] in January of 1764, where Zain Khan Sirhindi was killed. The Sikhs would then seize the city and its surrounding areas, distributing the newly conquered territories amongst themselves and consolidating their power rapidly. The capture of Sirhind not only shattered the remnants of the Mughal power in Punjab but also provided the Sikh sardars a launching point for further raids into the rich areas of the Gangetic Doab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=47-62 |url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&dq=kasur+pashtun&pg=PA21|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|last=Lansford|first=Tom|date=2017-02-16|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847604|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

==First Attack==
After defeating the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]], the Sikhs would start their biannual raids into the Gangetic doab by February of 1764, where the Budha Dal under Jassa Singh Ahluwallia alongside other notable sardars, crossed the [[Sutlej River|Satluj]] with a force numbering around 4,000-40,000 horsemen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&dq=kasur+pashtun&pg=PA21|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|last=Lansford|first=Tom|date=2017-02-16|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847604|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jadunath Sarkar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMhAAAAMAAJ&q=abdali+qizilbash+panipat |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol. 2 |author=Jadunath Sarkar |date=27 April 1966 |page=396 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094849/https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMhAAAAMAAJ&q=abdali+qizilbash+panipat |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sikhs immediately commenced by plundering nearby cities and villages such as Shamli, Kandah, Mirpur, Ambli, Deoband, Muzzafnagar, Jawalpur, Kankhal, Landaurah, Najibabad, Nagina, Moridabad, Chandausi, Anupshahr, Garkhmuketshar and notably, Saharanpur by February of 1764.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=47-62 |url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&dq=kasur+pashtun&pg=PA21|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|last=Lansford|first=Tom|date=2017-02-16|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847604|language=en}}</ref> During their attack, they had acquired an unnumerable amount of booty, devastated the country greatly and had taken away various captives to be sold for ransom.

At this time, [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib Ad-Dawlah]], the then-dictator of Delhi, was concerned with other affairs, primarily regarding the Jats under their nascent leader, [[Jawahar Singh]], who started to prepare for a future campaign against him. Najib was well-aware of Jawahar's intentions and tried to pacify him, being unsuccessful in doing so, much to his dismay.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMhAAAAMAAJ&q=abdali+qizilbash+panipat |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol. 2 |author=Jadunath Sarkar |date=27 April 1966 |page=388 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094849/https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMhAAAAMAAJ&q=abdali+qizilbash+panipat |url-status=live }}</ref>

Upon hearing of the Sikh invasion, Najib preferred to buy them off by paying a blackmail worth 11 lakhs worth of rupees to them, which the Sikhs would accept (due to the Taruna Dal marching on Lahore). The Sikhs would then hastily retire across the Satluj and return to the Punjab, leaving Najib's northern territories unmolested, but the Rohilla chief's pride was shattered. While not a complete success, the Sikhs plundered a considerable amount of money, and new raids would resume shortly after.<ref name="Mittal-1986" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=47-62 |url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref> According to Dr Ganda Singh, the Sikhs had been instigated to attack by the envoys of the Jat raja, Jawahar Singh, who brought to notice that "Najib had struck terror into their country".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==Second attack==
===Jat-Rohilla Contest near Delhi===
[[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]], the greatest and most famous of the Jat rajas, was accidentally killed in a battle with Najib near the Yamuna on the 25th December, 1763. His son and successor, [[Jawahar Singh]], as well as the entire Jat nation, harboured intense resentment towards Najib and vowed revenge on him for the death of their leader. The young Jawahar Singh made preparations for a [[punitive]] campaign to restore his nation's pride; however, he knew that by itself, he would not be able to overpower Najib lest he share a similar fate to his father. As a result, he hired 20,000 Maratha and up to 12,000-15,000 Sikh horsemen <ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Jadunath">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMhAAAAMAAJ&q=abdali+qizilbash+panipat |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol. 2 |author=Jadunath Sarkar |date=27 April 1966 |page=464-465 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094849/https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMhAAAAMAAJ&q=abdali+qizilbash+panipat |url-status=live }}</ref> and also managed to enlist the help of the prominent Maratha Chief, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], for the upcoming campaign.<ref name="Sir Sarkar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMhAAAAMAAJ&q=abdali+qizilbash+panipat |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol. 2 |author=Jadunath Sarkar |date=27 April 1966 |page=463-464 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094849/https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMhAAAAMAAJ&q=abdali+qizilbash+panipat |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=49-51|url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref>

[[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib Khan]], meanwhile, was frightened by the young prince's movements and by foresight, he sought help from his ally and sponsor, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]], sending his envoy Meghraj to Kandhar in 1764. Najib then tried to pacify the raja, but ultimately to no avail, as Jawahar stuck to his resolution and by November of 1764, he marched to Delhi itself and besieged the Rohilla chief.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=135-136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=458-459 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref>

===Second Invasion across the Yamuna (November-December 1764)===
Taking advantage of Najib's precarious position, the Sikhs once more crossed the Yamuna at Buriya Ghat. They began attacking the districts of Saharanpur, Meerut and Bijnor, which were left vulnerable due to Najib's absence from the north. The Sikhs successfully plundered these areas and temporarily occupied them without much resistance. In their search for plunder, the Sikhs even penetrated remote villages located in the lower hills for it. While Najib Khan was besieged in Delhi, he had sent Hafiz Rahmat Khan with a force of 6,000 to resist the invaders; however, out of fear, he retreated to Delhi to aid Najib, leaving the locals at the mercy of the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=47-48 |url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref>

===Sikh-Jat alliance (1765)===
[[Battle of Delhi (1764)|Jawahar's Siege on Delhi]] was prolonged due to the lukewarm nature of his ally, [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malharrao]], who was more inclined towards Najib (due to him wanting to profit from both sides) and the faithlessness of the former wazir, [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=467-469 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref> These men, alongside other prominent commanders within the Jat army, had secretly conspired in correspondence with Najib and sought to bring about the demise of [[Jawahar Singh|Jawahar]]. Malhar Rao had previously restrained his troops from helping Jawahar during the first skirmishes in November of 1764 and remained a silent spectator, an ally only in name.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=467 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref> Losing faith in his Maratha allies, Jawahar sought help from the main body of Sikhs under [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], who would arrive with a 12,000-15,000-strong army in January of the following year. Upon their arrival at Barari Ghat, the Raja crossed the Yamuna River and would interview them soon after. However, during these negotiations, differences would quickly arise with the Jat raja, as some of the raja's diplomats and huqqa bearers would be abused and mistreated by the Sikhs (due to his attendants carrying tobacco).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=464-465 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=47-50|url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref>
The Sikhs also offered a prayer and uttered the following:
<blockquote>"O God, Jawahar Singh, son of Suraj Mal, follower of Guru Nanak, has taken shelter with the Khalsa and with your blessings, he seeks to avenge the death of his father."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=137-138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> </blockquote>
[[Jawahar Singh]], however, was unfamiliar with the Khalsa's customs and traditions and was unaware of the restrictions on tobacco in [[Sikhism|Sikhi]], hence he felt displeased when his attendants would be barred from entrance by the Khalsa. His discomfort was clearly a result of his own ignorance, but due to the dire situation he was in, he decided not to make an issue out of it and bore all the insults silently.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

At last, it was planned that the Khalsa would attack Delhi from the north via Sabzi Mandi and encamp north and west of the Jats, who would also be accompanied by the Marathas. The Sikh horsemen were to scour the country from north to west and to cut the provisions line, preventing Najib from gaining any supplies. The Sikhs would ride out every day and attempt to approach the walls of Delhi, being met by the Rohillas, who would fire at them from the cover of ruined houses. The battle became an exchange of musket fire at close range, ending in no clear victor and resulted in heavy casualties on both sides. However, the Sikhs possessed no artillery, and therefore, they could not assault the fort. Many sikhs who attempted to breach the walls were all shot down swiftly by Najib's men. Progress halted until 25th January 1765, when a major battle occurred between the Sikhs, aided by the Jats and Najib's men, on a hill near Sabzi Mandi, where the battle ended in an indecisive manner with great losses on both sides. Another major battle was fought on February 5, 1765, where the Rohilla army was routed and forced to retreat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=465-466|url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=48-49|url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref>

Additionally, there sparked rumours that [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] was going to cross the Indus and come to his ally, [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib's]] rescue, which caused the Sikhs to withdraw a large portion of their armies towards Lahore. Eventually, [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malhar Rao]] and Imad publicly joined Najib against Jawahar, who recognised his dire situation and inability to inflict a defeat on Najib, eventually deciding to retire to his own territory. The remaining Sikhs, upon hearing of Abdali's arrival in Lahore, "went off all at once" without asking for leave from the Jat raja.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=468-469 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref>

==Third attack==
Following the retreat of the [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] troops from the Punjab in March 1765, the Sikhs would spend 6 months gathering harvests and consolidating their newfound power in the region until the end of the rainy season. In September of 1765, they would gather at [[Amritsar]] and decided to invade the estates of [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib Khan]], Abdali's plenipotentiary and the Dictator of Delhi. They divided themselves into two bodies, marching past [[Sirhind]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=163-164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=51|url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref> The Taruna Dal crossed the Yamuna at Barari Ghat, entering the district of Saharanpur, while the Budha Dal, consisting of 25,000 horsemen under [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], would attack the areas north of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=395-396 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=51 |url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

At this time, [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib]], with an army of 10,000 horsemen, was busy subduing rebellious villages in the Bhiwani and Rohtak areas and had succeeded in imposing his authority in the areas near Narnual. Upon hearing of the Sikh invasion and their levying of blackmail across his domains, Najib advanced to meet them and handled the situation with such "skill and persistence" as was to be expected from one of the greatest generals of his time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=473 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref>
Alongside him, the Raja of Bhatner and [[Amar Singh of Patiala]], the grandson and successor of [[Ala Singh|Alha Singh]], joined the [[Rohilla|Ruhela]] sardar against the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=52 |url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=396-397 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref>
Meanwhile, the Sikhs had ravaged the country for plunder and partially to test Najib's capabilities. However, their depredations were short-lived as they retreated across the [[Sutlej|Satluj]] to Amritsar in early October of 1765 to celebrate Diwali.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=164-165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

===Battle of Shamli (December 1765)===
By December 1765, the Sikhs returned to the Gangetic doab after celebrating Diwali and resumed plundering Najib's territory. He had prepared in their absence and met to oppose them at Shamli, {{convert|20|km}} east of [[Karnal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=53|url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Many skirmishes occurred between the sides throughout the battle. A bloody battle raged for the entire day and about four hours after nightfall, resulting in the death of several [[Rohilla]] chieftains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> The Sikhs took shelter on sugarcane plantations and used their [[matchlock]]s to intermittently harass the Rohillas and retreat. This continued for three hours into the night until the Sikhs retired to their camp for rest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=165-166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=53 |url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref> The following day, Najib marched purposefully towards the Sikhs. His right flank was under his brother, Sultan Khan; his left flank was under his son, [[Zabita Khan]]; the vanguard was under Karam Khan; and the rearguard was under his other brother, Afzal Khan. Najib was also accompanied by chief of artillery Zain Khan, who provided him with small guns. He could not advance much further because the Sikhs surrounded him, and fighting began an hour after dawn. The battle raged until noon, when a dry [[nullah]] prevented Najib's loaded carts from marching any further. The Sikhs ambushed Zabita Khan, clashing with him in a mango grove with heavy losses on both sides.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=53-54|url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=165-166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

They hoped that by keeping the Rohillas engaged in combat, they would have time to cross the river. The Sikhs were attacked en route by Sadiq Khan, who was surrounded and relieved with difficulty by his brother Sa'dat Khan and Afzal Khan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=400 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref> Najib continued his advance despite heavy casualties. The battle raged until late in the afternoon, when they approached the Yamuna river where the Sikhs had moved their baggage. The Sikhs attacked the Rohilla rear, and Najib's men begged him to let them attack. Another battle followed. The Sikhs, seeing Najib's flag, emptied their matchlocks and were dispersed from the hill; at night, they retreated across the river with their supplies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwallia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjab University, Patiala |page=165-166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol II (1754-1771) |date=1966 |publisher=Central Archealogical Library, Archealogical Survey of India |page=400 |url=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/671}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs Vol III- Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manhoharlal |pages=53-54 |url=https://sikhbookclub.com/Book/History-of-Sikhs-Vol-33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/n475/mode/2up?q=firoz |title= Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century |page= 532 }}</ref><ref name="Mittal-1986">{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=Satish Chandra |title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri. |year=1986 |pages=7-9|chapter=The Ascendency of the Sikhs}}</ref>

==Fourth attack==
On 18 January 1774, the Sikhs invaded Delhi for the fourth time. They plundered [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]] and the Mughal nobility.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mital |first=Sattish |title=Harayana, A Historical Perspective |year=1986 |isbn=8171560830 |pages=7}}</ref>

==Fifth attack==
In October 1774, the Sikhs attacked and ravaged Delhi.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

==Sixth attack==
In 1775, Sikh forces assembled near [[Karnal]], forming three main divisions commanded by leaders Rae Singh Bhangi, [[Tara Singh Ghaiba]], and [[Baghel Singh]]. On 22 April, they crossed the [[Yamuna River]] via Begi Ghat near [[Kunjpura]]. [[Zabita Khan]], a local leader, hastily abandoned Garhi Duhtar and retreated to his fortified stronghold, Ghausgarh.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

The Sikhs first confronted the Turkomans of [[Lakhnauti]], followed by an assault on Gangoh, where they exacted a tribute of 60,000 rupees. Moving to [[Ambehta]], they demanded 5,000 rupees but accepted 2,000 after negotiations. [[Nanauta]] suffered significant destruction, with parts of the town burned, and accounts describe civilians lamenting the loss of household goods. [[Deoband]] became the next target, where resistance led by Taza Beg Khan prompted a prolonged siege. After breaching the town via mining tactics, the Sikhs executed Khan with brutal methods, sparking fierce street battles with Afghan defenders that lasted two weeks. The town eventually surrendered, paying 12,000 rupees, with Rae Singh Bhangi imposing an annual levy of 600 rupees. A local tradition recounts the abduction of a young boy, Qalandar Bakhsh, later ransomed by his grandfather through diplomatic intervention.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

[[Zabita Khan]], recognising the futility of prolonged conflict, negotiated a truce by paying 50,000 rupees and forged an alliance with the Sikhs against Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. The combined forces advanced toward Delhi, pillaging settlements like Miranpur, Kaithorah, [[Shamli]], [[Kairana]], [[Kandhla]], and [[Meerut]] before recrossing the [[Yamuna]] at Kutana Ghat. By late April, reports highlighted Sikh disruptions near [[Delhi]], compounded by Maratha threats, urging collaborative action from regional powers.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

Raids persisted into July, with Sikh forces burning areas like [[Paharganj]] and [[Jaisinghpur]], clashing with imperial troops. [[Zabita Khan]] pushed south to [[Khurja]] but faced defeat by Najaf Khan at Meerut, forcing a retreat. By 24 July, the Sikhs withdrew across the Yamuna near Sonepat and Panipat, concluding their campaign.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=61}}</ref>

==Seventh attack==
The seventh attack happened in November 1776. The [[Grand Vizier|prime minister]] of the Mughal empire, Najaf Khan, was taken by surprise.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

==Eighth attack==
The eighth raid happened in September 1778. Sahib Singh encamped near the [[Shalimar Gardens, Delhi|Shalimar garden]]. The Mughals invited the Sikhs to a feast.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

==Ninth attack==
On 1 October 1778, which was [[Dussera|Dushera]] day, the Sikhs attacked Delhi and all the way to Rakabganj. They destroyed a [[Mosque]] which was created on the site of a previously destroyed [[Gurdwara]].<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" /> The Sikhs remained in Delhi for one month after capture.

==Tenth attack==
On 12 April 1781, after attacks by the Mughals on the Sikhs, the Sikhs marched toward Delhi. They sacked [[Baghpat]] and laid waste to [[Khekada|Khekra]]. The Sikhs managed to intercept letters of Najaf Khan, and an alarm was raised in Delhi. On the 13th they stormed [[Sardhana]] and [[Mawana]]. They pillaged [[Muradnagar]]. Manu Lal, the vaki of [[Begum Samru|Begam Samru]], sought immediate aid. Najaf Khan ordered Afrasiyab Khan to march on the Sikhs, but they refused unless they were paid. Najaf had no money.<ref name="Hari Ram Gupta-1944">{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=126–130}}</ref>

On the 16th, the Sikhs attacked [[Patparganj]] and [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]], which were the suburbs of Delhi. People over 50 miles South of Delhi were terrified. Other Sikh armies conquered [[Sheikhpura]] and Barnawa. The amil of the place was wounded and fled. On the 17th, Najaf Khan marched to Karinana to protect his own estate. Najaf Khan marched with many generals against the Sikhs as they continued to conquer the area around Delhi. Murtaza Khan and Gazi Khan had 4,100 troops ready to march against the Sikhs.<ref name="Hari Ram Gupta-1944" />

On the 20th, the Sikhs crossed the [[Yamuna]] back into their own territory and started selling looted property and goods. On the 24th, 500 more Sikhs crossed the river, with 300 of them carrying booty. A skirmish occurred when Mir Mansu attacked the Sikhs, eventually dying in battle.<ref name="Hari Ram Gupta-1944" />

==Eleventh attack==
On 28 March 1782, Najaf Khan ordered Shafi to march against the Sikhs with an army of 10,000. Najaf Khan would die soon after giving the orders. Shafi attacked the Sikhs for two months before being summoned to Delhi and negotiating with the Sikhs. As September began and the rainy season ended, the Sikhs raided and looted everything from Delhi to [[Haridwar district|Hardwar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=137}}</ref>

==Twelfth attack==
[[File:Historic stone slab of Mughal throne.jpg|thumb|Slab of Mughal throne placed in the [[Ramgarhia Bunga]]<ref name="SC1">{{Cite web |title=sikhchic.com | The Art and Culture of the Diaspora | Restoration of The Bunga Ramgharia |url=https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=2532&cat=14 |accessdate=6 February 2023 |website=www.sikhchic.com}}</ref><ref name="SH1">{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/Amritsar/Amritsar.htm |publisher=sikh-heritage.co.uk}}</ref>]]
In 1783, a body of 40,000 Sikhs camped at Delhi. Prince Mirza Shikoh was defeated and fled. The Sikh soldiers were divided into 3 groups. Two groups of 5,000 Sikhs each deployed at [[Majnu-ka-Tilla]] and [[Ajmeri Gate]]; whereas 30,000 Sikhs under [[Baghel Singh]], [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] and [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] camped at a place known as [[Tees Hazari]] before attacking [[Red Fort]]. The Sikhs defeated the Mughals in the [[Battle of Delhi (1783)]] and captured Delhi.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sg_9N_AHbMC&pg=PA89 |title=Views and Reviews |first=Jasbir Singh |last=Sethi |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |isbn=9788190825986 }}</ref><ref name="fenechmcleod54">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=54 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Singha|editor-first=H. S|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 }}</ref><ref name="Bhagata 1993 271–282">{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|pages= 271–282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA271|quote=Baghel Singh, Baghel Singh took the leadership of karorisingha misl.}}</ref> [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] was placed on the takht of Delhi as Badshah Singh of Delhi but [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] objected that without [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]] meeting no one can be placed on the throne, and instead enchained the throne and brought it back to the [[Ramgarhia Bunga]], where it still sits today.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/n475/mode/2up?q=firoz |title= Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century
|page= 475 }}</ref> Mughals agreed to construct 7 Sikh Gurudwaras in Delhi for Sikh Gurus.<ref name="google1" /><ref name="fenechmcleod54" />{{sfn|Singha|2000}}<ref name="Bhagata 1993 271–282" /> Mughal slab from Delhi was roped with horse and brought to Amritsar in Punjab.<ref name="SC1" /><ref name="SH1" />

===Gurdwaras constructed by Baghel Singh in Delhi===
* [[Gurdwara Mata Sundri]]<ref name="randhir">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCyYDQAAQBAJ&q=1783+sikh+delhi&pg=PT62 |title=Sikh Shrines in India |first=G.S |last=Randhir |year=1990|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=9788123022604 }}</ref>
* [[Gurdwara Bangla Sahib]]
* [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib|Gurdwara Rakab Ganj]]
* [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib|Gurdwara Sis Ganj]]<ref name="encyc">{{cite book |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism|author=H. S. Singha|publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000|isbn=81-7010-301-0 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=Gurudwara+Shish+Ganj&pg=PA187 }}</ref>
* Gurdwara [[Majnu Ka Tilla]]<ref>{{cite news |title=A Gurdwara steeped in history |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/A-Gurdwara-steeped-in-history/articleshow/10552745.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 Mar 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Majnu ka Tila and the romance of sepak takraw |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/majnu-ka-tila-and-the-romance-of-sepak-takraw/823358/0 |publisher= Indian Express|date= 28 Jul 2011}}</ref>

==Thirteenth attack==
In December 1784, the Sikhs raided and plundered the neighbourhoods of Delhi on instigation of Najaf Quli Khan. The Sikh quickly retreated before any counterattack.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=165}}</ref>

==Fourteenth attack==
In January 1786, the Sikhs and [[Gurjar|Gujars]] raided the territory from [[Panipat]] to Delhi. Sikhs numbering nearly 5,000 had plundered villages near Ghausgarh. The Sikh further ravaged [[Meerut]], [[Hapur]], and Gharmuktesar. Ravjoli Sindha marched to the Sikhs with 7,000 cavalry and 10 cannons. The Sikhs marched back to their own territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=194}}</ref>

==Fifteenth attack==
On 27 July 1787, 500 Sikhs plundered everything from [[Agra]] to Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=206}}</ref>

==Sixteenth attack==
The sixteenth attack happened in August 1787. The Sikhs once more attacked Shahdara. The Sikhs fought with the imperial guards and defeated them. The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] General Madho Rao Phalke marched against the Sikhs and fought them. In the fight, many men drowned in the river, with a large number being killed or wounded. Shah Nizum-ud-Din and Deshmukh watched the violence and decided to join in. They attacked the Sikhs with many bullets but retreated later on. Phalke surrendered while the rest of the generals fled.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

==Seventeenth attack==
The Sikh with Ghaulam Qadir attacked the Red Fort on 30 October 1787.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

==Eighteenth attack==
In early 1788, [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir's]] territory was unprotected. The Sikhs attacked the territory, which included Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280259 |title=History Of The Sikhs 1769 1799 Vol Ii |date=1944 |pages=213–214}}</ref>

==Nineteenth attack==
On the night of 12 March 1788, the Sikhs with Najaf Quli Khan attacked the tent of Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and slaughtered his men. The emperor managed to save himself by fleeing to a heavily guarded tent.<ref name="Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century" />

==See also==
* [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Battle of Delhi (1757)|Maratha capture of Mughals]]
* [[Maratha conquest of North-west India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military history of Delhi]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikh Confederacy]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th century in Delhi]]

Pandit Prithi Nath College

2026-04-05T12:07:27Z

RethaT8259798: new

{{Short description|College of Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Pandit Prithi Nath College, Kanpur
|native_name = PPN College
|latin_name =
|logo =
|seal_image =
|image =
|image_size = 265px
|caption =
|motto = To mould minds of young towards attainment of wisdom.
|motto_translation =
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|location = [[The Mall, Kanpur|Mall Road]], [[Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh]], India
|coordinates =
|established = 1959
|affiliation = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csjmkanpuruniversity.in/KANPUR_NAGAR.php |title=Welcome to Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Kanpur |accessdate=2015-09-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925052710/http://www.csjmkanpuruniversity.in/KANPUR_NAGAR.php |archivedate=2015-09-25 }}</ref>
|president = Yogendra Swarup
|principal = Anoop Kumar Singh
|faculty =
* Art: 29
* Science: 26
* Commerce: 10+
*Business Administration:04
|administrative_staff = 63 (Teaching)+25 (non teaching)
|key_people =
|students =
|yearbook =
|website = {{URL|http://ppncollege.org/}}
|city = }}

'''Pandit Prithi Nath College''' (PPN College) is an educational institution in [[Kanpur]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]]. It is affiliated with [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]] (CSJM University), Kanpur.

==Location==
It is located on [[The Mall, Kanpur|Mall Road (Mahatma Gandhi Marg)]] between Parade Market and [[British India Corporation|Lal Imli Mills]] in the heart of Kanpur.

==Affiliation ==
*Agra University - July 1959
*Kanpur University (At Present CSJM University Kanpur) - 1966–Present

==Notable alumni==
* [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], Indian socialist revolutionary and independence fighter
* [[Rajeev Shukla]], Chairman, [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL)
* [[Naresh Uttam Patel|Naresh Uttam]], State President, Uttar Pradesh, [[Samajwadi Party]]
* [[Sone Lal Patel]], Founder, [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
* [[Amitabh Bajpai]], MLA

==Faculties and courses==
*Arts - (BA, MA)
*Science - (Bsc, Msc)
*Commerce - (Bcom, Mcom)
*Business Administration (BBA)
*Computer & IT (BCA)

==Infrastructure & Fest==
The college organises a Youth Festival each year, which comprises various activities including photography, debate, singing and dancing.

==Amenities==
The college has a newly opened auditorium with a total capacity of 150+ students. There is a newly opened "e-library containing thousands of books for all the courses (BA, Bsc, Bcom, etc.) and an offline library for extensive reading and issue of books. There are laboratories of various types: physics, chemistry, biology and computers.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* http://ppncollege.org/
* [https://www.inextlive.com/admission-in-ppn-college-will-get-those-students-who-get-more-than-90-percent-marks-213480 jagran.com]

[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Unisoo, Langate

2026-04-02T18:23:41Z

RethaT8259798: Adding info...

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Unisoo
| official_name = Langate
| native_name = Handwara
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village Langate
| translit_lang1 = Handwara
| translit_lang1_type = Kupwara
| translit_lang1_info =
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| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_mapsize =
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_outside =
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| coordinates = {{coord|34.3791|N|74.3723|E|display=inline,title}}
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| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type3 = Division
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kupwara]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Handwara]]
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| elevation_m = 1950
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| population_total = 1360
| population_as_of = 2011
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| utc_offset = +5:30
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| postal_code = 193302
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}}
'''Unisoo''' is a [[Nagar panchayat|notified area]] and a village in [[Langate]] Tehsil of the [[Kupwara district|Kupwara District]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is located {{convert|20|km}} South from the district headquarters of Kupwara and {{convert|66|km}} from the summer capital of the union territory, [[Srinagar]].

[[Category:Villages in Kupwara district]]

Kulpi (community development block)

2026-03-28T00:24:51Z

RethaT8259798: small changes

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kulpi
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Kulpi in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Kulpi community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.0815|N|88.2449|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kulpi]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Baburmahal, Belpukur, Chandipur, Dhola, Gajipur, Iswaripur, Kamarchak, Karanjali, Keoratala, Kulpi, Rajarampur, Ramkishore, Ramkrishnapur, Ramnagar Gazipur
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 210.83
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 283,197
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 16,552
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 75.49 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 956 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Kulpi''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
[[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi|Harinarayanpur]] is an archaeological site in this CD block.<ref name=chakraborty>{{cite web | url = https://www.academia.edu/35437885| title = Archaeological Sites of Lower Deltaic Region of West Bengal and Their Context: Some Preliminary Observations| first = Sharmi| last= Chakraborty | publisher = Academia.edu | access-date = 3 January 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Kulpi CD block is located at {{coord|22.0815|N|88.2449|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.

Kulpi CD block is bounded by [[Diamond Harbour I]] and [[Magrahat I]] CD blocks in the north, [[Mandirbazar (community development block)|Mandirbazar]], [[Mathurapur I]] and [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]] CD blocks in east, [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]] CD block in the south, [[Haldia (community development block)|Haldia]] and [[Sutahata (community development block)|Sutahata]] CD blocks in [[Purba Medinipur district]], across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Kulpi CD block has an area of 210.83 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 14 [[gram panchayat]]s, 195 gram sansads (village councils), 182 [[mouza]]s and 172 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas. [[Kulpi#Police station|Kulpi]] and [[Dhola, Kulpi#Police station|Dholahat]] police stations serve this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Kulpi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Kulpi CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Baburmahal, Belpukur, Chandipur, Dhola, Gajipur, Iswaripur, Kamarchak, Karanjali, Keoratala, Kulpi, Rajarampur, Ramkishore, Ramkrishnapur and Ramnagar Gazipur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Kulpi CD block had a total population of 283,197, of which 266,645 were rural and 16,552 were urban. There were 144,773 (51%) males and 138,424 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 39,378. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 84,020 (29.67%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 315 (0.11%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Kulpi CD block had a total population of 242,760, out of which 124,825 were males and 117,935 were females. Kulpi CD block registered a population growth of 14.70 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 79,993 formed around one-third the population. [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,366.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-date =21 January 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Kulpi CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Berandari Bagaria]] (10,748) and [[Dhola, Diamond Harbour|Dhola]] (5,804).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Kulpi CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Manoharpur (5,206), Karimnagar (5,443), Ishwaripur (4,427), Dakshin Akraberia (4,238), Chandipur (6,982), Durganagar (4,274), Arunnagar (4,604), Belpukuria (13,011) and Lakshmipur (23,956).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Kulpi CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Kulpi (2,000), Uttar Gazipur (2,575) and Karanjali (3,400).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Kulpi CD block was 184,054 (75.49% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 102,033 (81.76% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 82,021 (68.91% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 12.85%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Kulpi CD block had a total literacy of 67.74 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 79.15 per cent female literacy was 55.59 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kulpi CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.55 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.42 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.55% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.42% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kulpi CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|60.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|38.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.42}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.11}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 172,726 and formed 60.01% of the population in Kulpi CD block. Muslims numbered 114,964 and formed 38.90% of the population. Others numbered 1,507 and formed 0.53% of the population. Amongst the others, Christians numbered 1,186.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus were 63.22% of the population, while Muslims and Christians were 36.35% and 0.39% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Kulpi CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 52.64%, a high level of poverty, next only to 64.89% of [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]] CD block and close to 50.32% of [[Canning II]] CD block. In the north-east and mid central portion of the district, all CD blocks, with the exception of Kulpi CD block, had poverty rates below 30%. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Kulpi CD block'''
|value1 = 9.17
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 37.82
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 8.92
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 44.10
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Kulpi CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 8,586 and formed 9.17%, agricultural labourers numbered 35,411 and formed 37.82%, household industry workers numbered 8,351 and formed 8.92% and other workers numbered 41,294 and formed 44.10%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 93,642 and formed 33.07% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 189,555 and formed 66.93% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 172 inhabited villages in Kulpi CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 171 villages (90.42%) have drinking water supply. 31 villages (18.02%) have post offices. 141 villages (81.98%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 38 villages (22.09%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 64 villages (37.21%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (2.23%) have agricultural credit societies and 10 villages (5.81%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946.Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Kulpi CD block, 3,855.09 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 1,187.58 acres or 30.81% of the vested land was distributed. The total number of patta (document) holders was 4,769.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 79 fertiliser depots, 22 seed stores and 56 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Kulpi CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Kulpi CD block produced 2,845 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 1,561 hectares, 8,031 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2,059 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Pisciculture===
In Kulpi CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 1,950 hectares, engaging 21,547 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 7,670 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Kulpi CD block had offices of 8 commercial banks.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress
regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Kulpi CD block has 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Udairampur railway station|Udairampur]], [[Kulpi railway station|Kulpi]], [[Karanjali railway station|Karanjali]], [[Nischintapur Market railway station|Nischintapur Market]] and [[Nischintapur railway station|Nischintapur]] are stations on the [[Sealdah South section]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-namkhana-local-34792/14397/325/9534 | title = 34792 Sealdah-Namkhana Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 22 April 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Kulpi CD block had 208 primary schools with 18,284 students, 5 middle schools with 676 students, 15 high schools with 5,684 students and 17 higher secondary schools with 12,855 students. Kulpi CD block had 1 general degree college with 282 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 100 students and 398 institutions for special and non-formal education with 17,695 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Kulpi CD block, amongst the 172 inhabited villages, 23 villages did not have a school, 57 villages had two or more primary schools, 35 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 23 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Dhola Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Dhola, Diamond Harbour|Dhola]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dholamahavidyalaya.in/ | title = Dhola Mahavidyalaya | publisher = DM | access-date = 24 April 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Kulpi CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 4 primary health centres and 4 private nursing homes with total 68 beds and 15 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 33 family welfare subcentres. 4,219 patients were treated indoor and 172,533 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Kulpi CD block, 1 village had a community health centre, 5 villages had primary health centres, 29 villages had primary health subcentres, 4 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 2 villages had veterinary hospitals, 20 villages had medicine shops and out of the 172 inhabited villages 99 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Kulpi Block Primary Health Centre, Kulpi CD block, [[Kulpi]], with 15 beds, is the major government medical facility in Kulpi CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Dakshin Jagadishpur (with 6 beds), Belpukur (with 10 beds), Ramkishorepur (with 6 beds) and Jamtalhat (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]

Future of the Indian Navy

2026-03-27T11:56:46Z

RethaT8259798: minor fixed structure for clarity and improved wording

{{short description|Indian Navy's focus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|thumb|Naval Ensign of India]]
The [[Indian Navy]] has been focusing on developing indigenous platforms, systems, sensors and weapons as part of the nation's modernisation and expansion of its maritime forces. As of December 2024, the Navy has a strength of over 130 warships and 251 aircraft and helicopters while the force plans to have between 155 and 160 warships by 2030 and between 175 and 200 warships by 2035.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=19 September 2024 |title=Indian Navy to get 88 ships and subs; preferred security partner in IOR: Rajnath Singh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navy-to-get-88-ships-and-subs-preferred-security-partner-in-ior-rajnath-singh-3198223 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fw">{{Cite news |title=India to commission 2 frontline warships & a sub in New Year in big boost to blue-water capabilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-commission-2-frontline-warships-a-sub-in-new-year-in-big-boost-to-blue-water-capabilities/articleshow/116650145.cms |access-date=2024-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> According to the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]'s statement in December 2020, [[India]] has transformed from a buyer's navy to a builder's navy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 September 2014|agency=IANS|title=Indian Navy has transformed from buyer to builder: Naval Chief|url=http://zeenews.India.com/news/nation/Indian-navy-has-transformed-from-buyer-to-builder-naval-chief_1465102.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222185942/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/Indian-navy-has-transformed-from-buyer-to-builder-naval-chief_1465102.html|archive-date=22 December 2014|publisher=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Sayan|date=2020-12-05|title=Navy Day, 2020: Year-End wrap-up on our sentinels of the sea|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/navy-day-2020-year-end-wrap-up-on-our-sentinels-of-the-sea-1502939147.html|access-date=2020-12-06|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref> The Indian Navy plans to commission a vessel every six weeks from 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parul |first=Prakriti |date=2026-01-03 |title=Indian Navy Plans to Induct a Warship Every Six Weeks |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/top-5/indian-navy-plans-to-induct-a-warship-every-six-weeks-163304/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Sunday Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

== Summary ==

=== Fleet modernisation and expansion ===
[[File:Twin carrier Demonstration by Indian Navy.jpg|thumb|Indian Navy [[carrier battle group]] in formation, demonstrating twin carrier operations (March 2024)]]As of 22 September 2025, 54 ships of the Indian Navy are under construction in various stages (early fabrication to sea trials) with 10 ships expected to be commissioned this year itself and the rest scheduled to enter service by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-09-22 |title=Indian Navy scales up indigenous shipbuilding with 54 vessels under construction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-navy-scales-up-indigenous-shipbuilding-with-54-vessels-under-construction/article70081584.ece |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These contracts have a combined value of around {{INRConvert|99500|c|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref name="sw">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=India eyes 200 warships, submarines by 2035 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-eyes-200-warships-submarines-by-2035/articleshow/123757072.cms |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The ships are being constructed in India across 6 shipyard,<ref name="fw"/> while the last Indian warship of foreign origin, {{INS|Tamal}}, from Russia was commissioned in July 2025.<ref name="fc"/><ref name="cj"/> The Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for 74 additional warships (65 surface ships and 9 submarines),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-02 |title=Indian Navy pushes Maritime Capability Perspective Plan target to 2032 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-pushes-maritime-capability-perspective-plan-target-to-2032/articleshow/125723041.cms |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> worth {{INRConvert|2.35|lc|lk=|year=2025}}, have been accorded by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]]'s Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), which is chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]. Further, multiple programmes are yet to be cleared by the Ministry. This includes the first phase of four 10,000 tonnes [[Project 18-class destroyer|next-generation destroyers]] and an [[aircraft carrier]].<ref name="sw"/>

By 31 October 2025, the Navy commissioned 10 warships and a submarine while four more ships are scheduled to be delivered by December-end. Moreover, the Navy expects the delivery of 19 and 13 ships in 2026 and 2027, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-10-31 |title=Navy monitors every Chinese ship entering Indian Ocean Region, says Navy Vice-Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-are-monitoring-every-chinese-vessel-entering-indian-ocean-says-indian-navy-vice-chief/article70225827.ece |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The service was inducting one warship at an average interval of 40 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-04 |title=Indian Navy adding one new indigenous warship or submarine every 40 days: Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-adding-one-new-indigenous-warship-or-submarine-every-40-days-admiral-dinesh-k-tripathi/articleshow/125086363.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The Navy is expected to have a fleet of 150–160 warships by 2030,<ref name="fw"/> which will further expand to over 200 naval vessels by 2035. The Navy's force level could reach up to 230 surface combatants and submarines by 2037 against today's 140 ships including 17 [[diesel-electric submarine]]s and 2 nuclear [[ballistic missile submarines]].<ref name="sw"/> In April 2025, the Indian Navy also signed a contract to procure 26 [[Dassault Rafale|Dassault Rafale M]] [[fighter aircraft]] for its [[aircraft carrier]]s to enhance its [[Indian Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Arm]], with deliveries scheduled to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title=India, France sign Rs 63,000 crore mega deal to buy 26 Rafale Marine aircraft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-france-sign-rs-63000-mega-deal-to-buy-26-rafale-marine-aircraft/articleshow/120691233.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2025-04-28 |title=India Orders 26 Rafale Marine carrier-based aircraft for $7.5 billion |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/04/india-orders-26-rafale-marine-carrier-based-aircraft-for-7-5-billion/ |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The increasing interest of the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] in the Indian Ocean region<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Anantha |date=27 October 2014 |title=Experts see several implications to Chinese submarine's visit to Colombo |url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/naval-experts-see-several-implications-to-chinese-submarine-s-visit-to-colombo-1547342.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030155310/http://news.oneindia.in/feature/naval-experts-see-several-implications-to-chinese-submarine-s-visit-to-colombo-1547342.html |archive-date=2014-10-30 |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref> has led the Indian Navy to invest more in [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] ships, such as the [[Kamorta-class corvette|''Kamorta''-class corvette]], long-range [[Maritime patrol aircraft|maritime reconnaissance aircraft]] such as the [[Boeing P-8I Neptune]] and ships such as the [[Saryu-class patrol vessel|''Saryu''-class patrol vessel]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rahmat|first=Ridzwan|date=24 July 2014|title=Indian Navy receives fourth Saryu-class OPV|url=http://www.janes.com/article/41200/Indian-navy-receives-fourth-saryu-class-opv|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222193824/http://www.janes.com/article/41200/Indian-navy-receives-fourth-saryu-class-opv|archive-date=22 December 2014|publisher=Janes}}</ref> and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s such as the [[IAI Heron#Heron Mk2|IAI Heron Mk2]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-12-01 |title=After Op Sindoor, India goes in for more Heron Mk IIs; Israel frontrunner for mega MALE drones deal |url=https://theprint.in/defence/after-op-sindoor-india-goes-in-for-more-heron-mk-iis-israel-frontrunner-for-mega-male-drones-deal/2795656/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-12-01 |title=Indian armed forces to procure more satellite-linked Heron Mk II UAVs under emergency procurement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-armed-forces-to-procure-more-satellite-linked-heron-mk-ii-uavs-under-emergency-procurement/article70346863.ece |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However the lack of a strong submarine fleet has diminished its capabilities to some extent.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|author-link=Ajai Shukla|date=October 2014|title=A powerful surface navy lacks sub punch|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/a-powerful-surface-navy-lacks-sub-punch-114100101407_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030153237/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/a-powerful-surface-navy-lacks-sub-punch-114100101407_1.html|archive-date=2014-10-30}}</ref> Post-Chinese intrusions into [[Ladakh]] in 2020, it has been announced that the Indian Navy plans to upgrade the military facilities in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] on the eastern seaboard as well as [[Lakshadweep]] on the western seaboard, with the aim of having a network of island airbases in both the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]] which provides an infrastructure which will guarantee freedom of navigation and overflight to all Indian territories.<ref name="INForwardPosture">{{cite web|author=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=19 July 2020|title=Navy's forward posture against PLA aggression in Ladakh muscles out Chinese threat on high seas|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-s-forward-posture-against-pla-aggression-in-ladakh-muscles-out-chinese-threat-on-high-seas/story-mRYUXdkrCmGQznQod5lWFK.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719210543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-s-forward-posture-against-pla-aggression-in-ladakh-muscles-out-chinese-threat-on-high-seas/story-mRYUXdkrCmGQznQod5lWFK.html|archive-date=19 July 2020|access-date=20 July 2020|work=Hindutan Times}}</ref>

On 5 September 2025, the Ministry of Defence published the [https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/en/technology-perspective-and-capability--roadmap Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap 2025]. The document unveiled plans for the Indian Navy to operate at least 10 [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-propelled surface ships]] including an aircraft carrier, {{INS|Vishal}}.<ref name="Pubby">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2025-09-05 |title=Defence Min unveils 15-year roadmap: Nuclear-powered warships, hypersonic missiles, more on the horizon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-min-unveils-15-year-roadmap-nuclear-powered-warships-hypersonic-missiles-more-on-the-horizon/articleshow/123705469.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-05 |title=India eyes nuclear-powered carrier, home-built navy jets in 15-year defence plan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/india-eyes-nuclear-powered-carrier-home-built-navy-jets-15-year-defence-plan-2025-09-05/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

=== Indigenisation ===
As for [[Make in India|indigenisation]], the Indian Navy is following the "Roll-on Plan for 2023-26" while the progress is being monitored by Centre for Indigenisation & Self Reliance (CISR) at [[Coimbatore]]. The CISR has two Indigenisation Units (IUs) with one at [[Visakhapatnam]], whose area of responsibility includes the [[Eastern Naval Command]] & [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] and the other at [[Mumbai]] to supervise [[Western Naval Command]]. Three aspects are recognised for evaluating the indigenous content of a ship which includes Float ([[Hull (watercraft)|Hull]] and its related fittings and components), Move (Engines, Complete propulsions systems, etc.) and Fight (Sensor suites and Weapon systems) categories. As of October 2024, 90%, 60% and 50% of the respective categories have been indigenised. The Navy also plans to increase the indigenous content on already-commissioned frontline warships like [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']], [[Kalvari-class submarine (2015)|''Kalvari''-class submarine]], [[Talwar-class frigate|''Talwar''-class frigate]] and [[Deepak-class fleet tanker]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2024-10-27 |title=Indian Navy's 262 indigenous projects under advance stage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/27/indian-navys-262-indigenous-projects-under-advance-stage#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17300823387037&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/27/indian-navys-262-indigenous-projects-under-advance-stage |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Indian Navy is also planning to acquire the [[HAL TEDBF]], an indigenous fighter aircraft currently under development, for its aircraft carriers in the 2030s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=18 February 2025 |editor-last=Abbas |editor-first=Ajmal |title=Amid China concerns, India ramps up its 5th gen fighter jet programs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-navy-army-fighter-jets-tedbf-amca-defence-ministry-2681848-2025-02-18 |access-date=28 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref>

On 1 July 2025, the Indian Navy commissioned its last warship of foreign origin, {{INS|Tamal}}, in Russia. All the following warships will be constructed indigenously by Indian shipyards.<ref name="cj">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-02-25 |title=Tamal, India's last imported warship, likely to be commissioned in June |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamal-indias-last-imported-warship-likely-to-be-commissioned-in-june/article69262725.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830083409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamal-indias-last-imported-warship-likely-to-be-commissioned-in-june/article69262725.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2025-08-30 |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="fc">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=INS Tamal, latest stealth frigate commissioned into Indian Navy |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2141361 |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> Additionally, the Navy also plans a fleet of 13 destroyers and 20 frigates equipped with over 300 [[BrahMos]] [[Supersonic cruise missile]]s combined by 2030. While each of the new destroyers are equipped with 16 BrahMos launchers each, except for four of six {{Sclass|Delhi|destroyer|4}} and {{Sclass|Rajput|destroyer|1}} which are equipped with eight BrahMos launchers each and {{INS|Rana|D52}} and {{INS|Mysore|D60}}, each of the 20 frigates will be equipped with eight BrahMos launchers. Meanwhile, the latter two of the {{Sclass|Talwar|frigate|1}}s belonging to the [[Talwar-class frigate#Batch-I|first batch]] are being upgraded with BrahMos systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-08-26 |title=Indian Navy to equip entire fleet with BrahMos supersonic missile by 2030 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-to-equip-entire-fleet-with-brahmos-supersonic-missile-by-2030-2776906-2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Index ==
{{legend2|#CAE00D}} This indicates that construction OR procurement has been initiated for at least 1 vessel of this class. {{legend2|#e3d9ff}} This indicates that a Request For Information (RFI) has been issued OR commercial negotiations are underway for at least 1 vessel of this class. {{legend2|#FFE4B5}} This indicates that the ship class is being considered for future induction, but has not yet been formally approved for procurement.

==Submarines==

===Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN)===

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;"|Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;"|No. of Boats
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;"|Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;"|Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Arihant-class submarine|''Arihant'' class]]
| [[File:Arihant 1.jpg|200px]]
| [[Ballistic missile submarine|Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)]]
| 4<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=30 August 2024 |title='More advanced': 10 key points on India's second nuclear sub INS Arighat |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/more-advanced-10-key-points-on-india-s-second-nuclear-sub-ins-arighat-124083000620_1.html |access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>
| {{IND}}
| Planned displacement of 7,000 tonnes<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundhra |first=Shreya |date=2 January 2022 |title=Boosting Indian Navy's Firepower, DRDO Launches Nuclear Submarine With 'Vertical Launch System' |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-navy-launches-3rd-arihant-class-nuclear-submarine/ |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref> for S4 & S4* vessels<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-10 |title=From India Today magazine: A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|2 Active<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-29|title=India commissions INS Arighat: Know all about Navy's 2nd nuclear-powered submarine|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-commissions-ins-arighat-know-all-about-navys-2nd-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/112900556.cms|access-date=2024-08-29|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
1 Sea trials completed<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2026 |title=India's 3rd Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarine To Enter Service Soon |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-3rd-nuclear-ballistic-missile-submarine-ins-aridhaman-to-enter-service-in-april-may-2026-11070962/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
1 Sea trials underway<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-29|title=CHAKRA EXCLUSIVE: India's fourth SSBN sails out for sea trials|url=https://chakranewz.com/critical-technologies/trending/chakra-exclusive-india-rsquo-s-fourth-ssbn-sails-out-for-sea-trials|access-date=2025-12-30|website=Chakranewz|language=en}}</ref>
| Second flight of 2 submarines with eight [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] of [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|SLBMs]] as against four VLS on the first two submarines.<ref name="India Today32">{{cite news |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=7 December 2017 |title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html |archive-date=11 December 2017 |access-date=11 December 2017 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Due to development delays of [[S5-class submarine|S5-class]], another submarine is planned under this class.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=29 August 2024 |title=India gets second nuclear-powered missile submarine, INS Arighaat commissioned |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-gets-second-nuclear-powered-missile-submarine-ins-arighat-commissioned-11724937592039.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5| {{sclass|S5|submarine|4}}
|[[File:An artistic drawing of the S5-class SSBN.png|200px]]
|[[Ballistic missile submarine|Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)]]
|4-6
|{{IND}}
|13,500 tonnes
|Planned
| In December 2025, it was reported that construction of the first two S5 SSBNs had commmenced with four of the submarines expected to be commissioned by late 2030s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 |title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/india-building-deadly-force-nuclear-missile-submarines-42532|title=India is Building a Deadly Force of Nuclear-Missile Submarines|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=2019-01-27|website=The National Interest|language=en|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=India's S5 SSBN to Armed with 12 SLBM Launch Tubes, K5 Missile, and 190 MW Reactor |url=https://defence.in/threads/indias-s5-ssbn-to-armed-with-12-slbm-launch-tubes-k5-missile-and-190-mw-reactor.9857/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Nuclear Attack Submarines (SSN)===

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;"|Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;"|No. of Boats
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;"|Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;"|Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Akula-class submarine#Chakra III|Chakra III (Akula-class)]]
|[[File:AkulaProjekt971U right.png|200x200px|INS Chakra]]
| [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|Nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN)]]
| 1
| {{RUS}}
| 12,770–13,800 tons
| Under construction
| On 7 March 2019, India and Russia signed a $3 billion deal for the lease of another Akula-class submarine for 10 years. The submarine, dubbed ''Chakra III'', was expected to be delivered in 2025,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=India, Russia To Sign $3 Billion Nuclear Sub Deal This Week|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/india-russia-to-sign-3-billion-nuclear-sub-deal-this-week/|website=The Diplomat|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305145949/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/india-russia-to-sign-3-billion-nuclear-sub-deal-this-week/|archive-date=5 March 2019|date=5 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2019-03-07 |title=India, Russia sign deal on nuclear submarine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-russia-sign-deal-on-nuclear-submarine/article26461024.ece |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> but was later delayed to 2028.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-24 |title=India launches its latest nuclear submarine with 75% indigenous tech: Here's what the new S4 means for regional security |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-launches-its-latest-nuclear-submarine-with-75-indigenous-tech-heres-what-the-new-s4-means-for-regional-security/articleshow/114547188.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-04 |title=Govt fact checks report claiming India, Russia sealed USD 2-billion submarine deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-russia-seal-2-billion-submarine-deal-ahead-of-vladimir-putins-delhi-visit-2830622-2025-12-04 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Project 75 Alpha|Project 77]]||
| [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|Nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN)]]
| 6<ref name="toioct24">{{cite news |title=India clears two mega defence projects for 2 indigenous nuclear submarines and 31 Predator drones|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-clears-two-mega-defence-projects-for-2-indigenous-nuclear-submarines-31-predator-drones/articleshow/114095147.cms |date=2025-10-25 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-07-03}}</ref> 
| {{IND}}
| 10,000 tonnes<ref name="toioct24"/>
| 2 Approved<ref name="toioct24"/>
| The Government of India had approved the construction of six such submarines in February 2015.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} These submarines will be designed by the Indian Navy's Warship Design Bureau and indigenously built in the Shipbuilding Centre at Visakhapatnam. The [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] cleared the construction of 2 such submarines in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Centre clears deal to build 2 nuclear submarines, purchase 31 predator drones |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nuclear-submarine-deal-centre-31-us-predator-drone-indian-army-navy-2614341-2024-10-09 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="toioct24" />
|}

===Conventional Submarines (SSK)===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;"|Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;"|No. of Boats
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;"|Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;"|Note
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5| {{sclass|Kalvari|submarine|4||2015}}
| [[File:INS Khanderi at sea.jpg|alt=INS Khanderi|frameless|200x200px]]
| [[Attack submarine]]
| 3
| {{IND}}
{{FRA}}
| 1,800 tonnes
| Planned
| Contract for 3 more submarines of the [[Kalvari-class submarine (2015)|Kalvari class]] submarines under consideration,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=Navy gets escape training facility for Kalvari-class submarines |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/navy-gets-escape-training-facility-for-kalvari-class-submarines-101726326362298.html#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17263288864582&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Fmumbai-news%2Fnavy-gets-escape-training-facility-for-kalvari-class-submarines-101726326362298.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=Submarine escape training facility 'Vinetra' commissioned at Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence/submarine-escape-training-facility-vinetra-commissioned-at-visakhapatnam/3610972/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> however it is likely to be scrapped in favor of modified [[Type 214 submarine|Type 214]] submarines under [[Project-75 (India) submarine acquisition project|P-75I]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's submarine shake-up: French-origin subs put on hold to favour next-gen German underwater craft? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/10/14/indias-submarine-shake-up-french-origin-subs-put-on-hold-to-favour-next-gen-german-underwater-craft.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #e3d9ff| {{sclass2|Project 75I|submarine|4}}
|
| [[Attack submarine]]
| 6
| {{IND}}
{{DEU}}
|3,000 – 4,000 tonnes
| 6 Approved
| Cost negotiations underway;<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-23 |title=Defence Ministry invites MDL for negotiating India's biggest ever deal on January 27 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-invites-mdl-for-negotiating-indias-biggest-ever-deal-on-january-27/articleshow/117492070.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> to be designed by [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders|MDL]]-[[TKMS]] based on enlarged [[Type 214 submarine|Type 214]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-31 |title=India, Germany close to signing $8 bn P75I submarine deal, pact likely by March-end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/india-germany-close-to-signing-8-bn-p75i-submarine-deal-pact-likely-by-march-end/articleshow/127809827.cms |access-date=2026-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5| {{sclass2|Project 76|submarine|4}}
|
| [[Attack submarine]]
| 12
| {{IND}}
|3,000 tonnes
| Planned
| Project cleared by defence ministry in June 2024. Feasibility study conducted by DRDO.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-06-30 |title=DRDO takes up preliminary study on development of indigenous conventional submarine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-takes-up-preliminary-study-on-development-of-indigenous-conventional-submarine/article68352888.ece |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Approval from the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) due as if February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-02-22 |title=DRDO indigenous submarine proposal to go for CCS approval in couple of months; eight years for first sub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-indigenous-submarine-proposal-to-go-for-ccs-approval-in-couple-of-months-eight-years-for-first-sub/article69251317.ece |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;"|Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;"|No. of Boats
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;"|Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;"|Note
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5|[[Indian Navy Swimmer Delivery Vehicle|Swimmer Delivery Vehicle]]
|
| [[Midget submarine]]
| 10
| {{IND}}
| 150 tonnes
| Planned
|Indian Navy will acquire at least 10 midget submarines for use as [[Swimmer Delivery Vehicle]]s. These submarines will be used for conducting underwater special operations by [[MARCOS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-26 |title=6 Made-in-India Submarines for Navy for 53,000 Crores |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/6-made-in-india-submarines-for-navy-for-53-000-crores-684137 |website=NDTV}}</ref> The project is worth {{INRConvert|2000|c|year=2014}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Dhruv |date=2024-05-15 |title=Mazagaon Dock Limited Unveils Midget Submarine 'Arowana' On Its 250th Anniversary |url=https://bharatshakti.in/mazagaon-dock-limited-unveils-midget-submarine-arowana-on-its-250th-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| Extra Large Unmanned Underwater Vessel
|
|[[Unmanned underwater vehicle]]
|12<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2025-04-20 |title=India's High Endurance AUV Program Undergoes Developmental Trials |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/04/indias-high-endurance-auv-program-undergoes-developmental-trials/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|>100 tonnes
|Planned
|[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] cleared {{INRConvert|2500|c|lk=on|year=2024}} project for development and procurement of [[XLUUV]]s under Make-1 category in September 2024. Shall be capable of [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|ISR]], [[anti-submarine warfare]], [[anti-surface warfare]] and [[Mine warfare vessel|mine warfare]] (mine laying and mine clearing).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Defence Ministry clears Navy's Rs 2,500 crore plan for unmanned vessels with capabilities to attack submarines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-clears-navys-rs-2500-crore-plan-for-unmanned-vessels-with-capabilities-to-attack-submarines/articleshow/113266858.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2023-04-24 |title=India Initiates Development of Massive Armed XLUUV |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/04/india-initiates-development-of-massive-armed-xluuv/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> Construction of ''Jalkapi'' XLUUV by Krishna Defence and Allied Industries Ltd (KDAIL) in [[Halol]], [[Gujarat]] began with the plate-cutting ceremony on 10 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-06-11 |title=Construction of India's Largest Unmanned Submarine 'Jalkapi' Begins in Halol, Gujarat |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/06/11/construction-of-indias-largest-unmanned-submarine-jalkapi-begins-in-halol-gujarat/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Ships==

===Aircraft carriers===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Name
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;"|Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;"|No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;"|Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;"|Note
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5| [[Vikrant-class]]
| [[File:IAC1_Vikrant_with_INS_Kolkata_(D63)_during_sea_trial_(cropped).jpg|200px]]
| 1
| {{IND}}
| 45,000 tonnes
| Planned

|Indian Navy had been pushing for a 65,000 tonne carrier, but the demand has been put on hold due to expenses and technologies needed on board. So now Navy is considering another 45,000-tonne class carrier, same as [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]], but with more indigenous systems and better propulsions.{{citation needed |date=July 2025}}
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5| {{INS|Vishal}}
|
| 1
| {{IND}}
| 75,000 tonnes
| Planned
|The ship will have a displacement of 75,000 tonnes and carry 54 fighters, 4 fixed-wing AEW&C aircraft, 8-10 helicopters & UAVs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=2015-07-17 |title=India specifies 65,000-tonne aircraft carrier, with catapult |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-specifies-65-000-tonne-aircraft-carrier-with-catapult-115071700032_1.html |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaGrone |first=Sam |date=2015-07-21 |title=India Asks International Defense Firms for Help With New Aircraft Carrier Design |url=https://news.usni.org/2015/07/21/india-asks-international-defense-firms-for-help-with-new-aircraft-carrier-design |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=USNI News |language=en-US}}</ref> It is also expected to be equipped with 2 [[electromagnetic catapult]]-based [[CATOBAR]] system.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-23 |title=India now puts aircraft carrier plan on fast track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-now-puts-aircraft-carrier-plan-on-fast-track/articleshow/46336472.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Aarav |date=2024-08-24 |title=India's EMALS Breakthrough: DRDO and HAL Push the Boundaries of Naval Aviation Technology |url=https://pune.news/defence/indias-emals-breakthrough-drdo-and-hal-push-the-boundaries-of-naval-aviation-technology-218579/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=PUNE.NEWS |language=en}}</ref> However, the propulsion system, whether [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]]<ref name="completion date">{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=7 November 2016 |title=Navy's second home-built carrier will be nuclear, but will come only in 2030s |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/navy-s-second-home-built-carrier-will-be-nuclear-but-will-come-only-in-2030s-116110600818_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107154731/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/navy-s-second-home-built-carrier-will-be-nuclear-but-will-come-only-in-2030s-116110600818_1.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |work=Business Standard |location=New Delhi}}</ref> or powered by [[integrated electric propulsion]] system,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=2017-10-27 |title=Navy drops cherished dream of nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/navy-drops-cherished-dream-of-nuclear-powered-aircraft-carrier-117102700031_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601145110/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/navy-drops-cherished-dream-of-nuclear-powered-aircraft-carrier-117102700031_1.html |archive-date=2024-06-01 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Saurav |date=2018-08-30 |title=Navy's eagerness to buy $20 billion aircraft carrier cuts into funds for Army & Air Force |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/navys-eagerness-to-buy-20-billion-aircraft-carrier-cuts-into-funds-for-army-air-force/108323/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> is still being chalked out. Though, Navy confirmed its plans to operate a nuclear aircraft carrier in 2025.<ref name="Pubby"/><ref name="Reuters"/>
|}

===Amphibious warfare ships===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;"|Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:16%;"|Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;"|No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;"|Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;"|Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Landing Platform Docks (LPD) of the Indian Navy|Future Landing Platform Dock]] (LPD)
|
| [[Landing helicopter dock]]
| 4
| {{IND}}
| 32,000 tonnes<ref name="aw">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-24 |title=MoD clears mega acquisitions of S-400 air defence missiles & amphibious warships among other projects worth Rs 79,000 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mod-clears-mega-acquisitions-of-s-400-air-defence-missiles-amphibious-warships-among-other-projects-worth-rs-79000-crore/articleshow/124770562.cms |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| 4 Approved
| Indian Navy has released RFI for 4 LPDs to be made by Indian shipyards. [[Integrated electric propulsion|Integrated Full Electric Propulsion]] (IFEP) is expected. Ships will have 4×[[AK-630]] with [[Electro-optical targeting system|Electro Optical]] [[Fire-control system|Fire control system]], 8x Medium Machine Gun, 6×Heavy Machine Gun, Advanced towed decoy system, 16×[[Surface-to-surface missile|SSM]], 32×[[VL-SRSAM]], 2×Heavy Lift Helicopters, 12×Special Ops Helicopters , 2×NSUAS or Fixed-Wing Naval Drones etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/RFI%20for%20Procurement%20of%20four%20LPD%20for%20Uploading.pdf?download=1 |title=RFI for the procurement of four LPD |website=Indian Navy |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) granted on Oct 23, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-22 |title=समुद्री सीमाओं पर भारत का दबदबा! LPD के साथ नए हैवी हेलिकॉप्टर की खरीद का रास्ता खुला; ₹20,000 करोड़ का मेगा प्लान |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/national/indian-navy-opens-procurement-of-new-heavy-helicopters-along-with-lpd-20000-crore-plan/2971614 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> As per AoN, all 4 LPDs are to have a displacement of more than 32,000 tonnes.<ref name="aw"/>
|-
|style="background: #e3d9ff|High Speed Landing Craft
|
|[[Landing Craft]]
|6
|{{IND}}
|285 tonnes
|Planned
|In September 2017, the Navy issued a RFI to acquire six landing craft capable of supporting assault missions and transporting equipment, vehicles & troops.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy Landing Craft RFI|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/tender_document/RFI%20-%20HSLC%20-%2020%20Sep%2017.pdf|publisher=Indian Navy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gurung|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|date=14 July 2018|title=4 shipyards in battle for 6 hi-speed landing craft|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/4-shipyards-in-battle-for-6-hi-speed-landing-craft/articleshow/61679581.cms|access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref>
|}

===Destroyers (DDG)===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;"|Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;"|Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;"|No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;"|Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;"|Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;"|Note
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5| {{sclass|Project 18|destroyer|4}}
||[[File:Next_Generation_Destroyer.png|200px]]
|[[Stealth ship|Stealth]] [[guided missile destroyer]]
|10-12
|{{IND}}
|13,000 to 14,000 tonnes
|Planned
|A planned class of 10-12 Project 18 class destroyers, as a follow-on of Visakhapatnam class.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2023-12-02 |title=Next-gen destroyers on drawing board, Twin Engine Deck Based Fighters expected by 2032, says Navy |url=https://theprint.in/defence/next-gen-destroyers-on-drawing-board-twin-engine-deck-based-fighters-expected-by-2032-says-navy/1868213/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=India to become 175-warship Navy with bigger destroyers in the next decade, says Chief |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-to-become-175-warship-navy-with-bigger-destroyers-in-the-next-decade-says-chief-2793206 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=Indian Navy Expanding to Meet China Threat, Better Team With Allies |url=https://news.usni.org/2022/07/20/indian-navy-expanding-to-meet-china-threat-better-team-with-allies |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=USNI News}}</ref>
|}

===Frigates (FFG)===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;" |No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;" |Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;" |Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;" |Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Nilgiri-class frigate (2019)|Nilgiri-class]]
| [[File:INS Nilgiri (F33), Himgiri (F34) and Udaygiri (F35) sailing in unison.jpg|200x200px]]
| [[Stealth ship|Stealth]] [[guided missile frigate]]
| 7
| {{IND}}
| 6,670 tonnes
|3 Active
1 Delivered 3 Launched
| Out of the 4 remaining ships, two are being constructed by [[Mazagon Dock]] and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] each.
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| {{sclass|Talwar|frigate|0}}
| [[File:Bow INS Tushil(F70).jpg|alt=INS Tushil|200x200px|INS ''Talwar'']]
| [[Stealth ship|Stealth]] [[guided missile frigate]]
| 2
| {{IND}}
| 4,035 tonnes
| 2 Launched
| The two pending vessels are from the ship class's Batch 4 and are being constructed by [[Goa Shipyard]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-09-21|title=Goa Shipyard begins production of stealth frigates for Navy, delivery likely by 2026|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-shipyard-begins-production-of-stealth-frigates-for-navy-delivery-likely-by-2026/articleshow/78243966.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2024-07-26 |title=India's Goa Shipyard Launches 'Triput' First of Two Follow-on Talwar class frigates |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/07/indias-goa-shipyard-launches-triput-first-of-two-follow-on-talwar-class-frigates/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Frigate of Project built by Goa Shipyard Limited launched |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/second-frigate-of-project-built-by-goa-shipyard-limited-launched20250322230351/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5| {{sclass|Project 17B|frigate|0}}
|
|[[Stealth ship|Stealth]] [[guided missile frigate]]
|7–8
|{{IND}}
| 8,000 tonnes
|Planned<ref>{{Cite web |title=India unleashes major defence orders in September'24; paving way for military modernization, space exploration |url=https://aninews.in/news/business/india-unleashes-major-defence-orders-in-september24-paving-way-for-military-modernization-space-exploration20241013141043/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|The project, worth {{INRConvert|70000|c|lk=on|year=2024}}, was cleared by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Navy's Rs 70,000-crore warship project, Army's 1,700-tank proposal to be approved |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-indian-army-warship-tank-proposal-approval-defence-ministry-dac-2592549-2024-09-03 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title=Defence Acquisition Council accords preliminary approval for 10 procurement proposals worth ₹1.44 lakh crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-approves-procurement-of-frcvs-air-defence-fire-control-radars-dornier-228-aircraft/article68601298.ece |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Request for Proposal]] expected soon as of 8 July 2025.<ref name="aa">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-07-07 |title=17 warships, nine submarines await approval |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/07/17-warships-nine-submarines-await-approval |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Corvettes===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;" |No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;" |Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;" |Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:70%;" |Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]]
| [[File:INS Mahe (P80) at sea.jpg|left|200x200px|frameless]]
| [[Corvette]]
([[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]])
| 16
| {{IND}}
| 890–1,490 tonnes
| 4 Active
10 Launched

2 Under Construction
| Designed for [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] roles in coastal waters.
Out of the pending ships of this class, seven are being constructed by GRSE (Arnala ''sub-class'') and eight by Cochin Shipyard (''Mahe sub-class'').<ref name="cls-011221">{{cite tweet|number=1466022114914275331|user=cslcochin|title=Steel-Cutting ceremony of two Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASWSWC), being built for Indian Navy, was carried out by Commodore V Ganapthy, Warship Production Superintendent, Indian Navy.This is the 4th and 5th in the series of 8 vessels|date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Himatsingka|first1=Anuradha|date=29 April 2019|title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 April 2019|title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 cr contract for anti-submarine|work=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-cr-contract-for-anti-submarine-119043001141_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=OfficialGRSE|number=1344612952377233409|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers tops off year 2020 with "Delivery" of the "Last of Eight LCU Project" & "Start Production" of the First Ship of Eight ASWSWC Project|date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Next Generation Missile Vessels (NGMVs)|Next Generation Missile Vessels]]
|
| [[Corvette]]
([[Anti-surface warfare|ASuW]])
| 6
| {{IND}}
| 1,437 tonnes
| 1 under construction 5 planned
| The contract for acquisition of six Next Generation Missile Vessels (NGMV) was signed with Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) at a cost of Rs 9,805 crore. The delivery of ships is scheduled to commence from March 2027 .<ref name="pib.gov.in">{{cite news|title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD signs Rs 19,600 crore contracts with Indian shipyards for acquisition of 11 Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels & six Next Generation Missile Vessels for Indian Navy|newspaper=PIB India|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1912286|access-date=30 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Next generation corvette]]
|[[File:Next Generation Corvette.png|frameless|186x186px]]
| [[Corvette]]
| 8
| {{IND}}
| 3,500 tonnes
| Planned
| In May 2025, [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] secured the lowest bidder (L1) position for constructing five Next Generation Corvettes (NGC) for the Indian Navy, under a [[Indian rupee|₹]]36,000 [[crore]] (US$4.3 billion) program approved by the Defence Acquisition Council. The contract for GRSE, valued at over [[Indian rupee|₹]]25,000 [[crore]] (US$3.0 billion), covers five of the eight NGCs, with the remaining three to be built by the second-lowest bidder (L2) at the same unit cost.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-22 |title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders shares near record high after a 9% surge on ₹25,000 crore order win - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/garden-reach-shipbuilders-share-price-lowest-bidder-25000-crore-indian-navy-project-corvette-impact-19608419.htm |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Mine countermeasure vessels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;" |No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;" |Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;" |Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;" |Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[GSL Mine Counter-Measure Vessels|Mine Counter Measure Vessels]] (MCMV)
|
| [[Minesweeper]]
|12
| {{IND}}
|2,800 Tons
| Planned
| On 3 July 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council authorised the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-03 |title=DAC clears 10 capital acquisition proposals worth approx. Rs 1.05 lakh crore under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2141835 |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2025-07-03 |title=MoD clears projects worth Rs 1.05 lakh cr, including QRSAM, MCMVs and electronic warfare systems |url=https://theprint.in/defence/mod-clears-projects-worth-rs-1-05-lakh-cr-including-qrsam-mcmvs-and-electronic-warfare-systems/2678841/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Multi Purpose Vessel===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;" |No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;" |Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;" |Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;" |Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| {{sclass|Samarthak|Multi Purpose Vessel|0}}
| [[File:Launch_of_'Utkarsh'.jpg|200px]]
| Multi Purpose Vessel (MPV)
| 2
| {{IND}}
| 3,750 tonnes
| 2 Launched
| On 25 March 2022, the Ministry of Defence signed a contract with [[Larsen & Toubro]] for acquisition of Two Multi-Purpose Vessels (MPVs) to be used for multi-role support functions such as maritime surveillance & patrol, launching/ recovery of torpedoes and operation of various types of aerial, surface and underwater targets for Gunnery/ ASW firing exercises at a cost of {{INRConvert|887|c|lk=on |year=2022}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=CONTRACT SIGNING WITH M/S LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD, MUMBAI FOR ACQUISITION OF TWO MULTI PURPOSE VESSELS FOR INDIAN NAVY |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1809732 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India inks Rs 887 cr deal with Larsen & Toubro for multi-purpose vessels for Navy |date=25 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-deal-larsen-toubro-multi-purpose-vessels-navy-1929585-2022-03-25 |publisher=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #FFE4B5| Next Generation Multi-Purpose Vessels
|
|Multi Purpose Vessel (MPV)
|2
|{{IND}}
|
|2 Planned
|[[Request for Proposal]] expected soon as of 8 July 2025.<ref name="aa"/>
|}

===Patrol vessels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;" |No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;" |Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;" |Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;" |Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Next-Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel]]
| [[File:NGOPV Design.png|200px]]
| [[Patrol boat|Offshore patrol vessel]]
|11
|{{IND}}
|2,500 tonnes
|8 under construction 3 planned <ref name="X-240224">{{cite tweet|number=1761293271761146255|user=OfficialGRSE|title=The Plate Cutting Ceremony of the Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel (NGOPV) - Yards 3039 & 3040, at #GRSE RBD Unit on 24 Feb 24|date=2024-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 2020|agency=ANI|title=Defence Ministry clears 11 advance warships for Navy, 6 surveillance planes for IAF|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/defence-ministry-clears-11-advance-warships-for-navy-6-surveillance-planes-for-iaf|publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="India's growing Military power">{{cite web|date=March 30, 2023|others=PIB|title=MoD signs Rs 19,600 crore contracts for 11 Next Gen Offshore Patrol Vessels, 6 Next Gen Missile Vessels for the Indian Navy|url=https://theigmp.org/next-gen-offshore-patrol-vessels-next-gen-missile-vessels-for-indian-navy/|publisher=[[India's growing Military power]]}}</ref>
|The contract for acquisition of 11 Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category was signed with Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) at a total cost of Rs 9,781 crore. The delivery of the ships is scheduled to commence from September 2026.<ref name="pib.gov.in"/><ref name="India's growing Military power"/>
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[New Water Jet Fast Attack Craft |New Water Jet Fast Attack Craft (NWJFAC)]]
|
|Fast Attack Craft
|31
|{{IND}}
|325 tonnes
|Planned
|Follow on water jet fast interceptor craft. The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) granted an Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the procurement of 31 NWJFACs on 3rd December 2024.<ref name="pw">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-03 |title=DAC approves 05 capital acquisition proposals worth Rs. 21,772 Crores to augment defence preparedness |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2080155 |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="dp">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Centre clears 5 acquisition deals to improve India's defence preparedness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-clears-5-acquisition-deals-for-indian-army-indian-air-force-indian-navy-coast-guard-to-improve-indias-defence-preparedness-2644308-2024-12-03 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cs">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=India approves Rs 21,772 crore defence acquisition to boost Navy and coastal security ahead of Navy Day |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-india-approves-rs-21772-crore-defence-acquisition-to-boost-navy-and-coastal-security-ahead-of-navy-day-3683205/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17332424675835&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-india-approves-rs-21772-crore-defence-acquisition-to-boost-navy-and-coastal-security-ahead-of-navy-day-3683205/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| FIC-1
|
|Fast Interceptor Craft
|120
|{{IND}}
|
|Planned
|DAC approved the acquisition on 3 December 2024. Functions includes escort of high-value units, such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, and submarines for coastal defence.<ref name="pw"/><ref name="dp"/><ref name="cs"/> To be equipped with [[DRDO]]-developed Indigenous [[Pump-jet|Waterjet]] Propulsion System.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DRDO hands over seven technologies developed under Technology Development Fund scheme to the Armed Forces |date=2025-12-05 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2199589&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-07}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #e3d9ff| Fast Patrol Boats
|
|[[Fast patrol boat]]
|6
|{{IND}}
|
|Tender issued
|The [[Request for Proposal]] (RFP), has been issued and bidding is open between 21 October 2025 and 13 January 2026. The FPBs, with indigenous content of >60%, will be employed for surveillance and reconnaissance roles by small insertion teams.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-10-22 |title=Government to procure six fast patrol boats for armed forces, issues Request for Proposal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-to-procure-six-fast-patrol-boats-for-armed-forces-issues-request-for-proposal/article70189966.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

===Replenishment ships===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;" |No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;" |Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;" |Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;" |Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| {{sclass|HSL|fleet support ship|4}}
| [[File:HSL-class fleet support ship.jpg|200px]]
| [[Fleet replenishment oiler]]
| 5
| {{IND}}
| 45,000 tonnes
| 4 under construction, 1 planned
| Approved in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 July 2014|title=Defence projects worth Rs. 21,000 crore cleared|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|agency=Press Trust of India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-projects-worth-rs-21000-crore-cleared/article6229070.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 April 2016|title=HSL to build 5 Navy fleet support ships from 2017|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/HSL-to-build-5-Navy-fleet-support-ships-from-2017/articleshow/51752191.cms}}</ref> Contract signed in August 2023. All ships to be delivered between 2027<ref name="PIB-141124">{{cite press release |title=KEEL LAYING OF FIRST FLEET SUPPORT SHIP FOR INDIAN NAVY AT HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LIMITED, VISAKHAPATNAM |date=2024-11-14 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2073452 |work=PIB}}</ref> and 2031.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1952073|title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|}

===Survey vessels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:0%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;" |No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;" |Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;" |Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;" |Note
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|Sandhayak class]]
| [[File:INS Sandhayak (J18) during sea trials.jpg|150px]]
| [[Survey vessel]]
| 4
| {{IND}}
| 3,300 tonnes
| 3 active
1 launched
| In September 2017, GRSE won a bid for {{INRConvert|2500|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-09-13|title=Rs 2500 cr Indian Navy 4 vessel project bagged by Garden Reach Shipbuilders|language=en-US|work=The Financial Express|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/rs-2500-cr-indian-navy-4-vessel-project-bagged-by-garden-reach-shipbuilders/852507/|access-date=2017-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=14 September 2017|title=India's GRSE emerges as lowest bidder in survey ship programme|url=http://www.janes.com/article/74026/india-s-grse-emerges-as-lowest-bidder-in-survey-ship-programme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020124952/http://www.janes.com/article/74026/india-s-grse-emerges-as-lowest-bidder-in-survey-ship-programme|archive-date=20 October 2017|access-date=2017-09-15|website=|publisher=Janes}}</ref> Contract signed in October 2018.<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-10-30|title=GRSE to build four survey vehicles for Indian Navy, contract inked|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-to-build-four-survey-vehicles-for-indian-navy-contract-inked/articleshow/66431579.cms}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D| Next Generation survey Vessel
|
|Survey vessel
|6
|{{IND}}
|
|Planned
|Acceptance of Necessity (AoN), worth {{INRConvert|3300|c|lk=on|year=2023}}, cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) on 15 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Another boost to Aatmanirbharta in Defence: DAC approves AoN for nine capital acquisition proposals for the Armed Forces worth Rs 45,000 crore |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1957703 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-16 |title=Nod for Rs 45,000cr defence buys, 12 more Sukhois to fly in |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mod-approves-12-more-sukhois-800-armoured-vehicles-others-for-rs-45000-crore/articleshow/103698530.cms?ssp=1&darkschemeovr=1&setlang=en-US |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>[[Cochin Shipyard]] was reported to be the lowest bidder for six ships at a cost of {{INRConvert|6000|c|lk=on|year=2026}}, lower than [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]'s bid on 11 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-02-11 |title=Cochin Shipyard set to win six large survey vessels order from Navy worth some ₹6,000 crore |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/cochin-shipyard-poised-to-secure-6000-crore-contract-for-six-large-survey-vessels-from-indian-navy/128191703 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Miscellaneous ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Class
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:centre; width:15%;" |Type
! style="text-align:centre; width:5%;" |No. of Ships
! style="text-align:centre; width:8%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:centre; width:10%;" |Displacement
! style="text-align:centre; width:12%;" |Status
! style="text-align:centre; width:42%;" |Note
|-
| style="background: #CAE00D" | Matangi
|
| [[Unmanned surface vehicle]]
| 12
| {{IND}}
|
| Under production.<ref name="ToI_Matangi" />
| {{collapsible list
| title = '''Contract:'''|Contract signed with Sagar Defence Engineering for 12 Autonomous Weaponized Boat Swarms on 8 January 2023.<ref name="Matangi_Contract">{{cite news |date=8 January 2023 |title=Indian Navy signs contract for autonomous armed boat swarms under SPRINT scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-signs-contract-for-autonomous-armed-boat-swarms-under-sprint/article66349788.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Indian Navy unveils cutting-edge autonomous weaponized boat swarms and underwater vessels at Swavlamban 2.0 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indian-navy-unveils-cutting-edge-autonomous-weaponized-boat-swarms-and-underwater-vessels-at-swavlamban-2-0-3260736/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> 
The Matangi was developed under a collaborative effort between Sagar Defence and Weapons and Electronics Systems Engineering Establishment (WESEE) of the Indian Navy.<ref name="Matangi_VoC" /> The programme was executed under the joint support of Indian Navy’s {{Tooltip|NIIO|Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Organisation}}, {{Tooltip|TDAC|Technology Development Acceleration Cell}} and the {{Tooltip|iDEX|Innovations for Defence Excellence}} initiative under the {{Tooltip|DIO|Defence Innovation Organisation}}.<ref name="Matangi_Hindu" />
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}{{collapsible list
| title = '''Sea trials:'''|Pre-delivery trials began in late October 2024 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=India's autonomous weaponized boat spotted in Mumbai |url=https://defence-blog.com/indias-autonomous-weaponized-boat-spotted-in-mumbai/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Defence Blog}}</ref> 
A Matangi started a {{Convert|850|nmi|km|abbr=on}} sea transit, ''Sagarmala Parikrama'', from [[Mumbai]] to [[Tuticorin]] in Autonomous mode, using the indigenous 'navigation & collision avoidance software'. The vessel was flagged off on 29 October 2024.<ref>{{cite twitter |number=1851593148620796287|user=indiannavy|title=#SagarmalaParikrama Autonomous passage by Matangi. To showcase the technological advancements achieved through innovation led by #startups...|date=2024-10-30|access-date=2024-10-30}}</ref> The vessel travelled {{Convert|350|nmi|km|abbr=on}} to reach [[INS Kadamba|Karwar]] on 30 October completing the first leg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Autonomous Vessel Matangi Embarks on Mumbai-Tuticorin Mission, Pioneering India's Maritime Innovation|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/autonomous-vessel-matangi-embarks-on-mumbai-tuticorin-mission-pioneering-indias-maritime-innovation-1503359356.html|website=The Statesman|date=2024-10-30|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sagarmala Parikrama completes first leg with autonomous passage of Matangi USV|url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/defence-industry/private/sagarmala-parikrama-completes-first-leg-with-autonomous-passage-of-matangi-usv-6598|website=www.indiasentinels.com|access-date=2026-01-31|date=2024-10-31|last=|first=}}</ref> The second leg was {{Convert|320|nmi|km|abbr=on}} long to reach [[INS Venduruthy|Kochi]] on 31 October.<ref>{{cite twitter |number=1851937644277633420|user=indiannavy|title=#SagarmalaParikrama #Matangi #SDE on its 2nd leg of Autonomous mode transit from #Karwar reached #Kochi after 590 km (320 nm)...|date=2024-10-31|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> On 5 November, the vessel finally reached [[INS Kattabomman|Tuticorin]]'s [[V. O. Chidambaranar Port]].<ref name="Matangi_Hindu">{{Cite news|title=Autonomous surface vessel completes 1,500-km voyage from Mumbai to Thoothukudi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/autonomous-surface-vessel-completes-1500-km-voyage-from-mumbai-to-thoothukudi/article68837704.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2024-11-06|access-date=2026-01-31|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=|last=}}</ref><ref name="Matangi_VoC">{{Cite web|title=VoC Port welcomes Indian Navy's autonomous Surface vessel 'Matangi' - India Shipping News|url=https://indiashippingnews.com/voc-port-welcomes-indian-navys-autonomous-surface-vessel-matangi/|date=2024-11-05|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}{{collapsible list
| title = '''Delivery:'''|On 30 January 2026, Sagar Defence has dispatched the first batch of two Autonomous Weaponized Boat Swarms from its [[Pune]] facility. The boats will be deployed on the west coast.<ref name="ToI_Matangi">{{Cite news|title=India set to enter select club as Navy readies to get delivery of weaponised unmanned intercept craft|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/india-set-to-enter-select-club-as-navy-readies-to-get-delivery-of-weaponised-unmanned-intercept-craft/articleshow/127809933.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2026-01-31|access-date=2026-01-31|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}{{collapsible list
| title = '''Specifications:'''|<ref name="ToI_Matangi" /> 
'''Armament''': [[12.7 mm]] machine guns, fitted for but not with short-range missiles and [[loitering munitions]]. 
'''Capacity''': 14 personnel (special missions) 
'''Capabilities''': Operates in [[Electronic warfare|GPS-denied]] and [[network-centric warfare]] environments. 
'''Range''': {{Convert|400|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
'''Endurance''': >2 days 
'''Roles''': High-speed [[interdiction]]; [[surveillance]]; constabulary operations; and [[Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance|Command, Control, Communications, Computers]] (C4) [[Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance|Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance]] (C4ISR).<ref name="Matangi_Contract" />
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}
|-
| style="background: #CAE00D" | Compact Autonomous Surface Craft
|
| [[Unmanned surface vehicle]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{IND}}
| {{N/A}}
| Cleared by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]]
| The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the acquisition of these vessels on 5 August 2025. The vessels will be used in [[anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] roles to detect, classify and neutralise threats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-06 |title=MoD clears big arms deals, including BrahMos, armed drones, worth Rs 67,000cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mod-clears-big-arms-deals-including-brahmos-armed-drones-worth-rs-67000cr/articleshow/123127687.cms |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 67,000 crore to enhance operational capability of the Armed Forces |date=2025-08-05 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2152742 |access-date=2025-08-06}}</ref>[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] and {{Tooltip|WESEE|Weapons and Electronics Systems Engineering Establishment}} of the Indian Navy has developed the {{Tooltip|A2NCS|Advanced Autonomous Navigation & Control Software}} [[software suite]] for [[Unmanned surface vehicle|USVs]]. The software has been integrated onto an in-service [[Solas Marine fast interceptor boat|fast interceptor boat]] and has been deployed for [[Mine countermeasures vessel|mine countermeasure roles]] and [[Military exercise|combat exercises]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-18 |title=Indian Navy and BEL develop indigenous software enabling surface vessel operations without crew |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-and-bel-develop-indigenous-software-enabling-surface-vessel-operations-without-crew/articleshow/126641735.cms |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #CAE00D" | {{sclass|Nistar|diving support vessel|4}}
| [[File:Nistar (A16), diving support vesssel during Yoga day practise.jpg|center|frameless|222x222px]]
| [[Diving support vessel]]
| 2
| {{IND}}
| 9,350 tonnes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curtain Raiser: Launch Of Two Diving Support Vessels At Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Vizag On 22 Sep 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1861273 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
| 1 Active 1 Launched
| In December 2017, [[Hindustan Shipyard]] won a bid to build two ships for {{INRConvert|2019|c}}. Contract for the same was signed in September 2018. Keel laid for the first vessel in December 2019. Both the ships (Nistar & Nipun) have been launched on 22 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=16 September 2017|title=Indian Navy's Rs 1010 cr vessel contract bagged by Hindustan Shipyard; L&T puts in highest bid|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/indian-navys-rs-1010-cr-vessel-contract-bagged-by-hindustan-shipyard-lt-puts-in-highest-bid/857364/|access-date=26 December 2017|website=Financial Express|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="HSDSV">{{cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Contract for construction of diving support Vessels(DSV) signed |url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1547291 |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mazumdar|first=Mrityunjoy|date=2020-01-12|title=India lays down keel for first dive support vessel|url=https://www.janes.com/article/93650/india-lays-down-keel-for-first-dive-support-vessel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131061810/https://www.janes.com/article/93650/india-lays-down-keel-for-first-dive-support-vessel|archive-date=31 January 2020|publisher=Janes}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #CAE00D" | {{Sclass|Krishna|training ship|4}}
|[[File:L&T cadet training ship.png|214x214px]]
| [[Training ship]]
| 3
| {{IND}}
| 4,700 tonnes
| Under construction
(1 launched, 2 keels laid)<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Launch of first Cadet Training Ship - Krishna at M/s L&T, Kattupalli, Chennai |date=2026-02-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2228944&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-17}}</ref>
| Union Cabinet has accorded approval to sign a contract with [[Larsen & Toubro]] for acquisition of three Cadet Training Ships, at an overall cost of Rs 3,108.09 crore. The delivery of ships is scheduled to commence from 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Union Cabinet approves contract signing with L&T for three Cadet Training Ships, worth over Rs 3,100 crore, under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category|date=1 March 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1903441|publisher=PIB India}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #e3d9ff" | [[National Hospital Ship (NHS)]]
|
| [[Hospital Ship]]
| 1
| {{IND}}
| Unknown
| Planned
| One National Hospital Ship is proposed to be acquired. The anticipated delivery timelines for the first vessel is maximum of 48 months from the date of contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navy issues RFI to get 250-bed hospital ship in the high seas|date=24 May 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-issues-rfi-to-get-250-bed-hospital-ship-in-the-high-seas-7932634/ |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #CAE00D" | [[Diving support craft (Indian navy)|Diving support craft (DSC)]]
||[[File:DSC A20.jpg|214x214px]]
| [[Diving support vessel|Diving support craft]]
| 5
| {{IND}}
|380 tonnes<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Delivery of DSC A20 (Yard 325), first ship of 05 × Diving Support Craft to Indian Navy |date=2025-09-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2167635 |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>
| 1 Active<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-12-16 |title=Indian Navy commissions first of the five Diving Support Craft to boost operational efficiency |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/16/indian-navy-commissions-first-of-the-five-diving-support-craft-to-boost-operational-efficiency |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
2 launched 2 under construction <ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2166290</ref>
| A contract for five Diving Support Craft (DSC) has been signed by Indian Navy with M/s [[Titagarh Rail Systems|Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd]], Kolkata on 12 Feb 21.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2021|title=Indian Navy Signs Contract for Acquisition of Five Diving Support Craft (DSC)|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1697480|website=|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #CAE00D" |Bottom Opening Non-Propelled Barges
|
|[[Barge]]
|3
| {{IND}}
|200 tonnes
|Under Construction
|Order placed on 16 January 2025, with ''M/s Suryadipta Projects Private Limited'', [[Thane]] for the development and delivery of the barges.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy signs contract for three 'Bottom Opening Non-propelled Barges' with M/s Suryadipta Projects Private Limited, Thane |date=2026-01-19 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2216216&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy signs contract for three 'Bottom Opening Non-propelled Barges' with M/s Suryadipta Projects Private Limited, Thane |date=2026-01-19 |publisher=[[Indian Navy]] |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/content/indian-navy-signs-contract-three-bottom-opening-non-propelled-barges-ms-suryadipta-projects |access-date=2026-01-21}}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #CAE00D" |Self Propelled Fuel Barges
|
|Fuel Barge
|4
|{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
|500 tonnes
| Under construction
|Contract signed with ''M/s Shoft Shipyard Private Limited'', [[Thane]] on 2 March 2026. The primary role of these barges will be replenishment of fuel to ships and submarines at harbours and dockyards.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Contract for 04 X 500T Self Propelled Fuel Barges for the Indian Navy with M/s Shoft Shipyard Private Limited, Thane |date=2026-03-02 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2234905&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-03-05}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #CAE00D" | {{sclass|Bhishm|tugboat|4}}
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Tugboat]]
|6
| rowspan="2" |{{IND}}
|
|6 Launched
2 Inducted
|25-tonne bollard pull tugs being constructed at [[Titagarh Rail Systems]], [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAUNCH AND KEEL LAYING OF 25T BOLLARD PULL TUG BAHUBALI AND YUVAN AT M/s TITAGARH RAIL SYSTEMS LIMITED, KOLKATA |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2013865 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #CAE00D" | HSL-class
|
| 4
|
| 4 Under construction{{Update inline|date=March 2026}}
| 10-tonne bollard pull tugs being constructed at Hindustan Shipyard<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keel laying ceremony of 2 nos. 10T BP tugs, Yard Nos. 11181 & 11182 for Indian Navy |url=http://www.hslvizag.in/LatestNews.aspx?Lid=1460&LangID=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012904/http://www.hslvizag.in/LatestNews.aspx?Lid=1460&LangID=1 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=2017-11-01 |website=www.hslvizag.in |publisher=Hindustan Shipyard Limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keel laying ceremony of 2 nos. 10T BP tugs, Yard Nos. 11178 & 11180 for Indian Navy|url=http://www.hslvizag.in/LatestNews.aspx?Lid=1483&LangID=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010650/http://www.hslvizag.in/LatestNews.aspx?Lid=1483&LangID=1|archive-date=7 November 2017|access-date=2017-11-01|website=www.hslvizag.in|publisher=Hindustan Shipyard Limited}}</ref>
|}

==Aircraft ==
{{See also|Indian Naval Air Arm#Future}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
! style="text-align:left; width:16%;" |Type
! style="text-align:left; width:0%;" |Picture
! style="text-align:left; width:16%;" |Role
! style="text-align:left; width:8%;" |No. of airframes
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;" |Origin
! style="text-align:left; width:15%;" |Status
! style="text-align:left; width:45%;" |Note
|-
! colspan="7" style="align: center; background: lavender;" | [[Military aircraft#Combat aircraft|Combat]]
|-
|[[HAL TEDBF|Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF)]]
|[[File:Indian Navy's HAL TEDBF.jpg|190px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Carrier-based aircraft|Carrier-based]] [[Multi-role combat aircraft|multirole fighter]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
|Design Phase
|The first flight of the TEDBF is targeted for 2032–33 with the fighter expected to be inducted into the Navy by 2038.
|-
|[[Dassault Rafale]]
|[[File:Rafale - RIAT 2009 (3751416421).jpg|190px]]
|26
|{{FRA}}
|On order
|The acquisition is a part of the '''Multi-Role Carrier Borne Fighters''' programme to acquire 57 fighter jets for the [[Carrier Air Wing|carrier air wing]] of [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']]. The quantity was revised to 26 jets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2022-01-06 |title=Carrier-borne jet search begins with Rafale demo |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/carrier-borne-jet-search-begins-with-rafale-demo/articleshow/88719327.cms? |url-access=limited |access-date=2022-02-15 |work=The Economic Times |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale-M]] was chosen over the [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer-Mitra |first=Abhijit |date=2023-07-13 |title=Why India chose Rafale-M over F/A-18 Super Hornet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion-columns/story/why-india-chose-rafale-m-over-fa-18-super-hornet-2406014-2023-07-13 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The deal was signed in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title=India, France sign Rs 63,000 crore mega deal to buy 26 Rafale Marine aircraft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-france-sign-rs-63000-mega-deal-to-buy-26-rafale-marine-aircraft/articleshow/120691233.cms |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> first aircraft delivery is expected in August–September 2026 as of 23 March 2026.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23|title=Rs 40,000 Cr Navy Boost: India Set to Build 8 New Generation Corvettes|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rs-40000-cr-navy-boost-india-set-to-build-8-new-generation-corvettes-article-153903717|access-date=2026-03-24|website=Times Now|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" style="align: center; background: lavender;" | [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]]
|-
|Naval Shipborne Unmanned Aerial System (NSUAS)
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Unmanned aerial vehicle|Unmanned]] [[Rotorcraft]]/Shipborne [[UAV]]
|40
|
|Planned
|Proposal to buy 10 NSUAS for around ₹ 1,300 crores cleared by the government in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2021|agency=ANI|title=Centre Approves Indian Navy Proposal To Buy 10 Shipborne Drones|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-approves-indian-navy-proposal-to-buy-10-shipborne-drones-2346562|access-date=2021-01-01|website=NDTV}}</ref> [[Request for information|RFI]] to purchase total of 40 units released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Sakshi |date=2022-07-07 |title=20 Years Of Fiasco: Indian Navy Officially Begins Hunt For 'Naval Drones' That Can Boost Its Might In Indian Ocean |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-navy-finally-floats-rfi-to-acquire-naval-drones/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=REQUEST FOR INFORMATION (RFI) FOR NAVAL SHIPBORNE UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM (NSUAS)FOR INDIAN NAVY {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/request-information-rfi-naval-shipborne-unmanned-aerial-system-nsuasfor-indian-navy |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|Multi Utility Long Endurance Drone (MULE)
|
|
|
|Under development
|{{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = Contract signed with Altair Infrasec for MULE RPA which will be a NSUAS class UAV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MULTI UTILITY LONG ENDURANCE DRONE (NSUAS CLASS) FOR USE IN MARITIME DOMAIN FOR C4ISR DUTIES. |url=https://idex.gov.in/challenges-cpt/189 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=idex.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1849470183553036694 |user=IndiannavyMedia |title=Presenting the Multi Utility Long Endurance (MULE) RPA by Altair Infrasec Pvt Ltd at Swavlamban 2024, pushing the boundaries of #maritimetechnology and powering India's naval self-reliance mission... |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>
|'''Primary Roles''': [[Command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance|C4]], [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|ISTAR]], [[Signals intelligence|SIGNIT]], [[COMINT]] and [[Maritime domain awareness|Maritime Domain Awareness]] (MDA) operations for a Task Force.

'''Secondary Roles''': [[Anti-piracy measures|Anti-piracy]], [[Anti-terrorist]] activities and assistance in [[Search and rescue|Search and Rescue]] (SAR).

'''Payloads''': [[Electro-optical sensor|EO]]/IR, AIS, Maritime Patrol Radar, [[Electronic warfare|EW]] and communication relay with a capacity of >{{Convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.

'''Endurance''': >12 hours.
}}
|-
|[[IAI-HAL NRUAV]]
|
|
|{{IND}}{{Flag|Israel}}
|Planned
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAI completes unmanned helicopter development work |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/iai-completes-unmanned-helicopter-development-work-225004/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180538/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/iai-completes-unmanned-helicopter-development-work-225004/ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper#SeaGuardian|MQ-9B SeaGuardian]]
|[[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV (cropped).jpg|190px]]
|[[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle]]
|2 in service (on lease)

15 more on order.<ref name="pd">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=India, US sign deal worth Rs 32,000 crore for buying 31 Predator drones |url=https://aninews.in/news/world/asia/india-us-sign-deal-worth-rs-32000-crore-for-buying-31-predator-drones20241015141216 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref>
|{{USA}}
|On order
|The deal was signed on 15 October 2024.<ref name="pd"/> Deliveries to begin from January 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy drones: Navy gets replacement for MQ-9B drone that crashed in September |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/navy-gets-replacement-for-mq-9b-drone-that-crashed-in-september-3385746 |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Medium-altitude long-endurance UAV|Medium Altitude Long Endurance]] Drone (MALE)
|
|[[Unmanned aerial vehicle|Unmanned Aerial Vehicle]]
|
|
|Planned
|Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement of '''87''' Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drones for the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-13 |title=Defence ministry approves 87 MALE drones worth ₹30,000 cr |url=https://newsarenaindia.com/nation/defence-ministry-approves-87-male-drones-worth-30-000-cr/53156 |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=News Arena India |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=Defence ministry gives nod to Rs 30,000 crore UAV drone deal: Two firms to share contract; local production, exports in focus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/defence-ministry-gives-nod-to-rs-30000-crore-uav-drone-deal-two-firms-to-share-contract-local-production-exports-in-focus/articleshow/123228494.cms |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2025-08-11 |title=Unlocking UAV making system: 2 players to get Rs 30,000 crore order |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/unlocking-uav-making-system-2-players-to-get-rs-30000-crore-order/articleshow/123222569.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|NewSpace Abhimanyu
|
|[[Manned-Unmanned Teaming|Loyal Wingman]]/ [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle]]
|
|{{IND}}
|Under Development
|Contract signed for development and procurement of specified number of systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livefist |first=Team |date=2025-02-08 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Indian Navy Selects NewSpace For Unmanned Wingman - Livefist |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/exclusive-indian-navy-selects-newspace-for-unmanned-wingman/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Livefist Defence |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|NewSpace Arka
|
|[[High Altitude Pseudo Satellite|High altitude pseudo-satellite]]
|
|{{IND}}
|Under Development
|Contract signed for design & development of indigenous High Altitude Pseudo-Satellite (HAPS) for Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sentinels |first=India |title=Indian Navy signs deal with NewSpace Research & Technologies to develop high-altitude pseudo-satellite for maritime surveillance |url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/defence-industry/private/indian-navy-signs-deal-with-newspace-research-technologies-to-develop-high-altitude-pseudo-satellite-for-maritime-surveillance-6277 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.indiasentinels.com}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" style="align: center; background: lavender;" | [[Maritime patrol aircraft|Patrol]] / [[Utility aircraft|Utility]]
|-
|[[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune]]
|[[File:Boeing P-8I of the Indian Navy.jpg|190px]]
|[[Reconnaissance aircraft|Reconnaissance]], [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]], [[ASuW]]
|
12 in service
|{{USA}}
|6 on order
|[[Boeing P-8 Poseidon#Second contract|The deal]] was approved by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] on 12 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-12 |title=Mega Rs 3.6 lakh cr defence deal: Govt approves proposals for procurement of 114 Rafale jets, missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/mega-rs-3-6-lakh-cr-defence-deal-govt-approves-proposals-for-procurement-of-rafale-jets-missiles/articleshow/128248319.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears Rs 3.60 lakh crore worth of capital acquisition proposals to enhance the combat readiness of defence forces |date=2026-02-12 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2227018&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|[[Airbus C295|Airbus C-295]]
|[[File:IAF C-295 arrives at INS Dega.jpg|frameless|195x195px]]
|[[Anti-submarine warfare]]/ [[Maritime patrol aircraft|Maritime patrol]]
|9
|{{EU}} {{IND}}
|Planned
|{{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = Medium-range maritime reconnaissance '''(MRMR)''' aircraft:|They will be equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, [[ELINT]], optical sensors and networking features.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/centre-to-order-15-more-c-295s-from-vadodara-tata-airbus-facility-report-122121200245_1.html | title=Centre to order 15 more C-295s from Tata-Airbus' Vadodara facility: Report | date=12 December 2022 | last1=Team | first1=BS Web }}</ref> [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] has given clearance for procurement on 16 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Defence Ministry approves acquisition of 15 maritime patrol aircraft: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/defence-ministry-approves-acquisition-of-15-maritime-patrol-aircraft-report-101708072429958.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: DAC clears capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 84,560 crore to boost the capabilities of the Armed Forces & Indian Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2006552 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
}}
|-
|[[Dornier 228]]
|[[File:Dornier Do-228 of Indian Navy.JPG|190px]]
|[[Anti-submarine warfare]], [[Maritime patrol aircraft|Maritime patrol]]
|12{{Update inline|date=February 2026}}
|{{GER}} {{IND}}
|(as of 2019)
4 in service
8 on order
(upgraded variants)
|These aircraft will be equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2019 |title=Commissioning of INAS 314 - "Raptors" |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1594189 |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122050515/https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1594189|archive-date=22 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|[[STOL]] [[Amphibious aircraft|Amphibious Aircraft]]
|4
|
|Planned
|On 7 January 2026, the Navy released an [[Request for information|RFI]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title=REQUEST FOR INFORMATION (RFI) FOR LEASING AMPHIBIOUS AIRCRAFT FOR INDIAN NAVY |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/sites/default/files/Requset%20for%20Information%20%28RFI%29%20for%20Leasing%20of%20Amphibious%20Aircraft%20for%20Indian%20Navy.pdf |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=indiannavy.gov.in}}</ref> to lease 4 amphibious aircraft for 4 years. The document is meant to seek the types available in the market and their capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=India eyes lease of 4 amphibious planes to boost Navy capabilities |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/defence/india-eyes-lease-of-4-amphibious-planes-to-boost-navy-capabilities/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |last5=Us |first5=GNFollow |date=2026-01-10 |title=Indian Navy to Acquire Four Amphibious Aircraft on Wet Lease for Coastal Security |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/indian-navy-to-acquire-four-amphibious-aircraft-on-wet-lease-heres-why-articleshow-xok35s3 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref> India had previously looked to purchase [[ShinMaywa US-2|Shinmayawa US-2]] floatplanes from Japan.
|-
! colspan="7" style="align: center; background: lavender;" | [[Helicopter]]
|-
|[[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk#MH-60R|Sikorsky MH-60R]]
|[[File:Sikorsky_MH-60R_Seahawk_helicopter_of_Indian_Navy.jpg|190px]]
|[[Utility helicopter|Multi-Role Helicopter]]
|24
|{{USA}}
|>20 delivered.<ref name="wionews.com">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title='Rs 7995 cr deal': What is MH-60R helicopter that India is buying from the US? |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/-rs-7995-cr-deal-what-is-mh-60r-helicopter-that-india-is-buying-from-the-us-1764340153744 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>
<4 on order.<ref name="wionews.com"/>
|{{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = The helicopters will replace the aging [[Westland Sea King#India|Sea King Mk.42/A]] helicopters which were retired in the 1990s.<ref name="UH-M_THindu" />|They are equipped with [[Mark 54 lightweight torpedo|Mark 54 torpedoes]] and [[Hellfire missile|Hellfire]] air-to-surface missiles, along with precision-kill rockets. India signed a {{INRConvert|15157|c|lk=on|year=2020}} contract for the MH-60Rs in February 2020.<ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Indian Navy Set to Receive Three MH-60 'Romeo' Multi-role Helicopters from US in July |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-navy-set-to-receive-three-mh-60-romeo-multi-role-helicopters-from-us-in-july-3819941.html |access-date=8 June 2021 |website=news18.com}}</ref>
}}
|-
|[[Indian Multi Role Helicopter|Deck Based Multi Role Helicopter]]
|[[File:HAL_Indian_Multi_Role_Helicopter.jpg|190px]]
|Multi-Role Helicopter
|66<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh|first=Dalip|date=2025-05-26|title=Anticipating 419 IMRH orders from armed forces, HAL pumps in ₹4,000 cr to start indigenous development of medium-lift copter|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/anticipating-419-imrh-orders-from-armed-forces-hal-pumps-in-4000-cr-to-start-indigenous-development-of-medium-lift-copter/article69621541.ece|access-date=2025-07-15|website=BusinessLine|language=en}}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|Under development
|It is the naval variant of the [[IMRH]]. The Navy joined the programme in July 2021.<ref name="ETJul21">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=14 July 2021 |title=Indian Navy to take part in massive helicopter development project |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-take-part-in-chopper-project/articleshow/84358072.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206124808/https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-take-part-in-chopper-project/amp_articleshow/84358072.cms |archive-date=2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-06 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> As of July 2025, the configuration studies are underway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMRH {{!}} HAL – Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |url=https://hal-india.co.in/research-development-details/imrh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715143138/https://hal-india.co.in/research-development-details/imrh |archive-date=2025-07-15 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=hal-india.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|Naval Multi-Role Helicopter
|[[File:SH-60B Seahawk2.jpg|190x190px]]
|Multi-Role Helicopter
|123
|{{IND}}
|Planned
| {{collapsible list
| title = '''Previous tender:'''|The first tender under [[Sikorsky S-70#India|Multi Role Helicopter (MRH)]] programme was issued in 2006. The same was cancelled and re-issued in September 2008. [[Sikorsky S-70|Sikorsky S-70B Seahawk]] and [[NHIndustries NH90]] completed technical trials in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-18|title=India to go for open bidding for Navy deal, rejects US offer|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-go-for-open-bidding-for-navy-deal-rejects-us-offer/articleshow/7515569.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221112225/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/india-to-go-for-open-bidding-for-navy-deal-rejects-us-offer/articleshow/7515569.cms|archive-date=2011-02-21|access-date=2026-02-07|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The programme was delayed due to "undue technical waivers" complaints by [[NHIndustries|NHI]] in 2012 and [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal|2013 corruption allegations]].<ref name="janes.com3">{{cite web |title=Indian MoD opts for Seahawk in navy's MRH tender - IHS Jane's 360 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/45511/indian-mod-opts-for-seahawk-in-navy-s-mrh-tender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912170102/http://www.janes.com/article/45511/indian-mod-opts-for-seahawk-in-navy-s-mrh-tender |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> The S-70B was selected in 2014.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy Selects Sikorsky's S-70B SEAHAWK® Aircraft for Multi-role Helicopter Requirement |date=2014-12-05 |publisher=Sikorsky |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2014-12-05-Indian-Navy-Selects-Sikorsky-s-S-70B-SEAHAWK-Aircraft-for-Multi-role-Helicopter-Requirement |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref><ref name="janes.com3" /> However, the deal was terminated due to overpricing and negotiation deadlock.<ref name="India scraps planned acquisition3">{{cite web |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |date=15 June 2017 |title=India scraps planned acquisition of S-70B Seahawk helos |url=http://www.janes.com/article/71461/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170615210529/http://www.janes.com/article/71461/india-scraps-planned-acquisition-of-s-70b-seahawk-helos |archive-date=15 June 2017 |access-date=15 June 2017 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}

{{collapsible list
| title = '''Stopgap measure:'''|24 [[MH-60R]]s were sought through the [[Foreign Military Sales|FMS]] route in 2018–19.<ref name="dsca.mil2">{{cite web |title=India – MH-60R Multi-Mission Helicopters |url=https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/india-mh-60r-multi-mission-helicopters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104652/https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/india-mh-60r-multi-mission-helicopters |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019 |work=US Defense Security Cooperation Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-17 |title=India seeks MH-60 Romeo Seahawk helicopters from US |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-seeks-mh-60-romeo-seahawk-helicopters-from-us-5451204/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The deal was signed in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2020-02-19 |title=Cabinet clears $2.4 billion deal for MH-60 Romeo helicopters for Navy ahead of Trump visit |url=https://theprint.in/defence/cabinet-clears-2-4-billion-deal-for-mh-60-romeo-helicopters-for-navy-ahead-of-trump-visit/368061/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240622040656/https://theprint.in/defence/cabinet-clears-2-4-billion-deal-for-mh-60-romeo-helicopters-for-navy-ahead-of-trump-visit/368061/ |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivangi |date=2020-02-26 |title=India signs deal to acquire MH-60 Sikorsky Romeo helicopters from US |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/india-and-us-sign-deal-to-acquire-mh-60-sikorsky-romeo-helicopters/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> The deliveries are expected to be complete by 2026-end.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=I. M. R. |date=2025-03-17 |title=Lockheed Martin to Deliver All MH-60R Seahawks to Indian Navy by 2026 |url=https://imrmedia.in/lockheed-martin-to-deliver-all-mh-60r-seahawks-to-indian-navy-by-2026/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=IMR |language=en-US}}</ref>
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}
The NMRH is the successor to the MRH programme seeking to replace the [[Westland Sea King#India|Sea King Mk 42B/C]] fleet.

'''Current status:'''

June 2011 – an [[Request for information|RFI]] for a requirement of 75 naval multi-role helicopter in the [[Aircraft gross weight|9–12.5t class]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |date=2012-08-22 |title=India issues RFP for 56 naval light utility helicopters |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/india-issues-rfp-for-56-naval-light-utility-helicopters/106741.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206134347/https://www.flightglobal.com/india-issues-rfp-for-56-naval-light-utility-helicopters/106741.article |archive-date=2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Flight Global |language=en |quote=In June 2011, New Delhi issued a request for information for a 75-aircraft, naval multi-role helicopter requirement. This called for a large shipborne helicopter in the 9-12.5t class.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Neelam |date=2011-06-29 |title=Lockheed Martin Eyes Naval Helicopter Contest in India {{!}} AIN |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2012-06-29/lockheed-martin-eyes-naval-helicopter-contest-india |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Aviation International News |language=en}}</ref>

22 August 2017 – An [[Request for information|RFI]] was issued to acquire 123 Naval Multi-Role Helicopter (NMRH), besides 111 Naval Utility Helicopters (NUH), through the [[Project-75 (India) submarine acquisition project#Strategic Partnership policy|Strategic Partnership model]]. The last date for the foreign [[OEM]]s to respond was 6 October.<ref name="helicopter-bs">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-22 |title=RFI issued for helicopters for Indian Navy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/rfi-issued-for-helicopters-for-indian-navy-117082201357_1.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="nh">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-22 |title=Make in India: Government launches global hunt for 234 naval helicopters worth over $5 billion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-launches-global-hunt-for-234-naval-helicopters-for-over-5-billion-under-make-in-india/articleshow/60180659.cms |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 33 would be dedicated to [[MARCOS]] use. The payload is expected to include 12 fully equipped troops, 400 kg equipment or 8 troops and an auto inflatable craft in a stowed configuration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2017-08-30 |title=Navy to add Special Ops helicopters to its fleet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-add-special-ops-helicopters-to-its-fleet/article19588940.ece |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Naval Utility Helicopter
|
|[[Utility helicopter]]
|51
|{{IND}}
|Planned
|{{collapsible list
| title = '''First attempt:'''|March 2010 – the Navy decided to not induct any further [[HAL Dhruv]] choppers and seek helicopters for [[Utility helicopter|utility]] and [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] roles as well as replace [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]] fleet to meet the long-term requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govindasamy |first=Siva |date=2010-03-18 |title=Hindustan Aeronautics to go it alone on observation helicopter |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/hindustan-aeronautics-to-go-it-alone-on-observation-helicopter/92489.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010644/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/hindustan-aeronautics-to-go-it-alone-on-observation-339527/ |archive-date=2017-08-11 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref>

 May 2010 – An [[Request for information|RFI]] was issued 56 naval light utility helicopters with a [[Aircraft gross weight|gross weight]] of {{Convert|4500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and folding rotor blades to replace the [[HAL Chetak]] fleet.<ref name="uh">{{Cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |date=2012-08-22 |title=India issues RFP for 56 naval light utility helicopters |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/india-issues-rfp-for-56-naval-light-utility-helicopters/106741.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206134347/https://www.flightglobal.com/india-issues-rfp-for-56-naval-light-utility-helicopters/106741.article |archive-date=2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref>
 2012 – An [[Request for proposal|RfP]] ([[Invitation to tender|tender]]) was issued to [[AgustaWestland]], [[Bell Helicopter]], [[Boeing Rotorcraft Systems|Boeing]], [[Eurocopter]], [[Kamov]] and [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky]] to procure 56 Naval Utility Helicopters (NUH) at a cost of $1 billion by 2016. The deadline was January 2013. Likely contenders included [[AS565]], [[S-76|S-76B]] and [[AW109]] Koala LUH but not [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]].<ref name="uh"/>

 August 2014 – Tender cancelled along with the [[Future of the Indian Air Force#Helicopters|reconnaissance & surveillance helicopter]] (RSH) programme. The helicopter count was increased to 100.<ref name="rw">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-02 |title=Thumbs Up for the Rotary Wing – Indian Navy |url=https://www.spsnavalforces.com/experts-speak/?id=196&h=Thumbs-up-for-the-Rotary-Wing-Indian-Navy |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=www.spsnavalforces.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2014 |title=Naval utility helicopter tender scrapped, made bigger |url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/exclusive/?id=99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828013553/http://www.sps-aviation.com/exclusive/?id=99&h=Naval-utility-helicopter-tender-scrapped-made-bigger |archive-date=28 August 2017 |access-date=24 May 2016 |newspaper=sps-aviation.com}}</ref>
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = '''Second attempt:'''|2015–16 – The [[Union government]] was expected to restart the NUH tender under the [[Make in India]] mode with foreign collaboration at a cost of over $2 billion. Reportedly, 11 Indian private sector companies including [[Tata Advanced Systems]], [[Bharat Forge]], [[Mahindra Aerospace]], [[Reliance Infrastructure#Defence|Reliance Defence & Aerospace]] and [[Larsen & Toubro]] were expected to respond with proposed [[joint ventures]] to offer [[Eurocopter AS565 Panther#Variants|Airbus AS565 MBe]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjai |first=P. R. |date=2016-03-15 |title=Airbus plans global hub in India for Panther copters |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/F0D0wYOK77ErwJ4dEIrZxN/Airbus-plans-global-hub-in-India-for-Panther-copters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316030204/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/F0D0wYOK77ErwJ4dEIrZxN/Airbus-plans-global-hub-in-India-for-Panther-copters.html |archive-date=2016-03-16 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> [[Bell 429]] and [[Westland Lynx#Variants|AgustaWestland Super Lynx 300]]. The Navy had a deficit of 61 shipborne helicopters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-29 |title=India set to scout for 100 naval choppers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-scout-for-100-naval-choppers/articleshow/47089953.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-scout-for-100-naval-choppers/articleshow/47089953.cms |archive-date=2017-02-02 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-22 |title='Make in India', Choppergate clip forces' wings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/%E2%80%98Make-in-India%E2%80%99-Choppergate-clip-forces%E2%80%99-wings/article14335279.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523103711/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/make-in-india-choppergate-clip-forces-wings/article8634095.ece |archive-date=2016-05-23 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

 22 August 2017 – An [[Request for information|RFI]] was issued to acquire 111 Naval Utility Helicopters (NUH), besides 123 Naval Multi-Role Helicopter (NMRH), through the [[Project-75 (India) submarine acquisition project#Strategic Partnership policy|Strategic Partnership model]]. The last date for the foreign [[OEM]]s to respond was 6 October.<ref name="helicopter-bs"/><ref name="nh"/>

 25 August 2018 – The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the {{INRConvert|21738|c|lk=on|year=2017|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-25 |title=DAC Approves Procurement for Services amounting to Nearly Rs. 46,000 Crores |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903181920/https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183066 |archive-date=2025-09-03 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> While 16 would be imported in flyaway manner, the rest would be produced in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |date=2017-10-31 |title=India Moves Forward With Purchase of 111 Helicopters for Navy |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/india-moves-forward-with-purchase-of-111-helicopters-for-navy/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="rw"/>

 The [[Request for proposal|RfP]] would be issued in mid-2018. The weight would remain the same as the previous tender. The armament include one lightweight [[torpedo]], 12.7 mm [[heavy machine guns]] and rocket launchers on both sides for light attack and [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] roles.<ref name="rw"/> The helicopter would be wheeled and have foldable rotor blades.<ref name="nh"/>

 12 February 2019 – The RfP was published for the foreign OEMs and domestic Strategic Partners.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Expression of Interest (EOI) for 111 Naval Utility Helicopters (NUH) for Indian Navy |date=2019-02-12 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1564041&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225172321/https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1564041&reg=3&lang=2 |archive-date=2026-02-25}}</ref>
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = '''Third attempt:'''|7 April 2022 – The NUH was included into the third positive indigenisation list, eliminating direct participation by any foreign vendor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Landmark policy decision to indigenise 101 more weapons and platforms to speed up 'Aatmanirbharta' in Defence |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1814446 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The Navy had issued the broad requirement of 60 [[HAL Dhruv|ALH]]-based helicopters to [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] in January 2022. A detail project report for helicopter configuration, overall cost, including performance based logistics was prepared for the Navy HQ and MoD. This resulted in the concept of [[HAL Dhruv#Utility Helicopter-Marine|Utility Helicopter-Marine]].<ref name="UH-M_THindu">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-04-14 |title=Navy to get variants of indigenous helicopters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-acquire-modified-variants-of-indigenous-helicopters-for-its-ships/article65320960.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206125433/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-acquire-modified-variants-of-indigenous-helicopters-for-its-ships/article65320960.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
}}
To replace [[HAL Chetak]] fleet across Navy and Coast Guard.

'''Current status:'''

August 2025 – the MoD released an [[Request for information|RFI]] to procure 76 Naval Utility Helicopters meant for the Navy (51) and the [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] (25). These will be assigned for roles like [[Maritime search and rescue|maritime SAR]], [[CASEVAC]], communication duties, and [[Low-intensity conflict|low-intensity maritime operations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Indian Navy floats RFI for 76 helicopters to boost rescue, patrol missions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-floats-rfi-for-76-helicopters-to-boost-rescue-patrol-missions/articleshow/123480942.cms |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-24 |title=Navy Floats RFI For 76 Utility Helicopters |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/navy-floats-rfi-for-76-utility-helicopters-1899454 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

Competitors – [[HAL Dhruv#Utility Helicopter-Marine|Utility Helicopter-Marine]] from [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2025-05-10 |title=India reaches out to US, France for twin-engine naval helicopters |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-reaches-out-to-us-france-for-twin-engine-naval-helicopters/article69561544.ece |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-10-20 |title=Indigenous marine utility copter set to fly by May next year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-marine-utility-copter-set-to-fly-by-may-next-year/articleshow/114403511.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[AgustaWestland AW169#Indian manufacturing line|Produced in India]] variant of [[AW169|AW169M]] design from [[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]] and [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Adani Defence & Aerospace and Leonardo Forge Strategic Partnership to Build India's Helicopter Ecosystem |date=2026-02-03 |publisher=[[Adani Group]] |url=https://www.adani.com/newsroom/media-releases/adani-defence-and-aerospace-and-leonardo-forge-strategic-partnership |access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2026-02-04 |title=Adani, Leonardo team up to make military helicopters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/adani-leonardo-team-up-to-make-military-helicopters/articleshow/127897471.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Procurement from US, France being reportedly considered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2025-05-10 |title=India reaches out to US, France for twin-engine naval helicopters |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-reaches-out-to-us-france-for-twin-engine-naval-helicopters/article69561544.ece/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|Boeing V-22 Osprey]]
|[[File:V22-Osprey.jpg|center|196x196px]]
|[[Tiltrotor]] [[military transport aircraft]]
|N/A
|{{USA}}
|Planned
|[[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|V-22]]'s [[airborne early warning and control]] variant may replace the short-range [[Kamov Ka-31]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India; ARC mulls OV-22 Osprey buy |url=http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12488:india-arc-mulls-ov-22-osprey-buy&catid=3:asia&Itemid=56 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093351/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12488:india-arc-mulls-ov-22-osprey-buy&catid=3:asia&Itemid=56 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=dmilt.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-05-07/india-outlines-new-carrier-ambitions|title=India Outlines New Carrier Ambitions | AIN|first=Neelam|last=Mathews|website=Aviation International News}}</ref>
|}

== Missile systems ==
{{Main|Weapon systems of the Indian Navy}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Picture
!Role
!Warhead
!Origin
!Status
!Ref
|-
|[[SMART (missile)|Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo]] (SMART)
|[[File:SMART_Missile_Torpedo.jpg|frameless|172x172px]]
|[[Long-range ballistic missile|Long-range]] [[Anti-submarine missile|ASM]]
|[[Conventional weapon|Conventional]]
[[Torpedo]]
|{{IND}}
|Under trials
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests SMART missile system |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/india-successfully-tests-smart-missile-system/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912055441/https://ddnews.gov.in/en/india-successfully-tests-smart-missile-system/ |archive-date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=ddnews.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Long Range – Anti Ship Missile (India)|Long Range – Anti Ship Missile]] (LRAShM)
|[[File:Hypersonic_LRASHM.jpg|frameless|189x189px]]
|[[Long-range missile|Long range]] [[Anti-surface warfare|AsuW]]
|[[Hypersonic glide vehicle|Hypersonic Glide Vehicle]]
|{{IND}}
|Under development
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2024-11-17 |title=India Conducts Maiden Tests of Long Range Hypersonic and Subsonic Naval Missiles |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/11/india-conducts-maiden-tests-of-long-range-hypersonic-and-subsonic-naval-missiles/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Land Attack Cruise Missile
|
|[[Submarine-launched cruise missile]]
|
|
|[[Request for information|RFI]] issued in February 2026 to equip the conventional submarine fleet.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana|first=Javaria|date=2026-02-12|title=Navy moves to equip conventional submarines with land-attack cruise missiles|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/12/navy-moves-to-equip-conventional-submarines-with-land-attack-cruise-missiles|access-date=2026-02-12|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anish |date=2026-02-12 |title=Defence Ministry Seeks Land Attack Cruise Missiles to Boost Navy's Undersea Strike Power |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/defence-ministry-seeks-land-attack-cruise-missiles-to-boost-navy-undersea-strike-power-articleshow-7w6qys8 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[Future of the Indian Air Force]]
* [[Future of rail transport in India]]
* [[Weapon systems of the Indian Navy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Military of India}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

|}

[[Category:Ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Military planning]]

Dooars-Terai tea gardens

2026-03-25T19:23:13Z

RethaT8259798: created a pg needs work...

{{Short description|Tea gardens in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Dooars-Terai tea gardens
| alt_name =
| photo = File:Tea garden in dooars.jpg
| photo_width =
| photo_caption = Hila Tea Garden in Nagrakata CD block
| type =
| location = [[Jalpaiguri division]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| map =
| area = {{convert|97280|ha}}
| open = {{Start date|1862}}
| elevation = {{convert|90 to 1750|m}}
| owner =
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status =
| website =
}}
'''Dooars-Terai tea gardens''' refers to the [[tea garden]]s in the [[Dooars]] and [[Terai]] regions in the [[Jalpaiguri Division]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]

==History==
When the British were exploring for prospective areas to grow tea in India, the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] appeared to be one of the possible sites. Located at altitudes ranging from {{convert|600 to 2000|m}} and having an annual average rainfall of around {{convert|309|cm}}, it had the advantage of locational climate and soil conditions. There were experiments from the early 1800s, followed by commercial cultivation around 1853. By 1874, there were 113 gardens in Darjeeling district. The rapid growth of the tea industry from the earliest days inspired planters to try out tea cultivation in the adjoining [[Terai]] region and James White set up the first Terai plantation in 1862 at Champta, the first [[Dooars]] garden came up at Gazalduba and by 1876, the area had 13 plantations. The altitude in the tea-growing areas of the Dooars-Terai region range from {{convert|90 to 1750|m}} and receives an annual rainfall of around {{convert|350| cm}}. The tea grown in the Dooars-Terai region has the distinction of having "a bright, smooth and full-bodied liquor that’s a wee bit lighter than Assam tea".<ref name="ita">{{cite web | url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions | title =Tea Growing Regions | work =Dooars and Terai | publisher =Indian Tea Association | access-date =18 July 2020 | archive-date =27 November 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140540/https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions | url-status =live }}</ref><ref name="teaboard">{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=| title = Dooars-Terai| publisher = Tea Board India| access-date = 19 July 2020| archive-date = 2 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200702111201/http://teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=| url-status = live}}</ref> The region produces [[Crush, tear, curl|CTC]] tea.<ref name="goodricke">{{cite web | url = http://www.goodricke.com/about | title = Overview | publisher = Goodricke | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 3 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200703231143/http://www.goodricke.com/about | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Tea gardens==
Tea plantations in the region are spread over {{convert|97280|ha}}. The region produces 226 million kg of tea, accounting for about a quarter of India's total tea crop.<ref name="ita"/> There are 154 gardens in the [[Dooars]] out of 283 tea gardens in north Bengal that employ 3.5 lakh workers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/kolkata-stick-with-your-didi-cm-tells-tea-garden-workers-in-dooars/story-wZIhxPtRH86een5G8iQJvO.html | title = Kolkata: Stick with your did, CM tells tea garden workers in Dooars | publisher = Hindustan Times, 5 November 2015 | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 10 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200710003837/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/kolkata-stick-with-your-didi-cm-tells-tea-garden-workers-in-dooars/story-wZIhxPtRH86een5G8iQJvO.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Cultivation of tea in the Dooars was primarily pioneered and promoted by the British but there was significant contribution of Indian entrepreneurs.<ref name="teaboard"/> (#The figure can vary, as per source.)

In 1859, a young Scottish merchant, Walter Duncan, started business ventures in India. Initiated as Playfair Duncan company, it grew as Duncan Brothers. The Goenka family took over Duncan Brothers in 1951, and under the leadership of G.P. Goenka, diversified substantially and emerged as one of the top business houses in the country. The Tea Division of Duncans has nine tea gardens in the Dooars – [[Birpara Tea Garden|Birpara]], Hantapara, Dumchipara, Lankapara, Tulsipara, Garganda, Killot, Nagaisuri, [[Bagrakote|Bagracote]] – and one garden in the Terai region at Gungram. The company has been regularly carrying out uprooting, replanting and rejuvenation of tea areas. It has high quality clonal gardens and has expanded substantially over the years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.duncans-tea.com/about.htm | title = Duncan Goenka Group | work = About Us | publisher = Duncan | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 31 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200731100008/http://www.duncans-tea.com/about.htm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.duncans-tea.com/tea.htm | title = Tea Garden | publisher = Duncans | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 31 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200731211244/http://duncans-tea.com/tea.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>

Established in 1977, [[Goodricke Group Limited|Goodricke]] owns 18 tea estates in India, all inherited from sterling tea companies, who operated from the late 1800s. Goodricke has 12 gardens in the [[Dooars]]. Goodricke's tea gardens in the Dooars are: [[Danguajhar Tea Estate|Danguajhar]], [[Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates|Leesh River]], [[Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates|Meenglas]], [[Hope and Jiti Tea Estates|Hope]], [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates|Aibheel]], [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates|Chulsa]], [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates|Chalouni]], [[Hope and Jiti Tea Estates|Jiti]], [[Kumargram and Sankos Tea Estates|Sankos]], [[Gandrapara and Lakhipara Tea Estates|Gandrapara]], [[Gandrapara and Lakhipara Tea Estates|Lakhipara]] and [[Kumargram and Sankos Tea Estates|Kumargram]].<ref name="goodricke"/> Eight sterling tea companies viz., The Assam-Doors Tea Co. Ltd., Hope Tea Co. Ltd., The Lebong Chulsa Tea Co. Ltd., The British Darjeeling Tea Co. Ltd., The Chulsa Tea Co. Ltd., The Leesh River Tea Co. Ltd., The Danguajhar Tea Co. Ltd., and The Meenglas Tea Co. Ltd., were amalgamated with Goodricke in 1977.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.goodreturns.in/company/goodricke-group/history.html | title = Goodricke Group Limited – Company history and annual growth details | publisher = | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 5 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005656/https://www.goodreturns.in/company/goodricke-group/history.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Incorporated in 1945, Jay Shree Tea and Manufacturing Ltd., owned by the B.K.Birla group, is the third-largest tea producer in the world with 22 tea estates spread across India and East Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jayshreetea.in/ | title = About Jay Shree Tea and Industries | publisher = Jay Shree Tea & Industries Ltd. | access-date = 8 March 2020 | archive-date = 8 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200308065650/http://jayshreetea.in/ | url-status = live }}</ref> It owns [[Aryaman Tea Estate]]. The other tea gardens of the Jay Shree Tea & Industries Ltd. in the Dooars-Terai region are: Kumarika, Marionbarie and Jayantika.<ref name="tea1">{{cite web| url = http://jayshreetea.in/tea-gardens/dooars-and-terai/aryaman/| title = Aryaman| publisher = Jay Shree Tea & Industries Ltd.| access-date = 19 July 2020| archive-date = 6 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200706155347/http://jayshreetea.in/tea-gardens/dooars-and-terai/aryaman/| url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Gurjangjhora Tea Garden]] belongs to the Kalyani group. Other tea estates of the Kalyani group in the Dooars region are Saraswatipur Tea Estate and Choulbari Tea Estate.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kalyanitea.com/aboutus.html | title = Gurjangjhora Tea & Industries Ltd. | publisher = Kalyanitea.com | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 19 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191019132754/http://www.kalyanitea.com/aboutus.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Luxmi Estates|Luxmi Group]], founded in 1912, owns 25 tea estates spread across India and Africa. It has a garden at Fulbari, Naxalbari, in the Terai region.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.luxmigroup.in/ | title = Luxmi Tea | publisher = Luxmi Group | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200719070403/http://www.luxmigroup.in/ | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. Ltd.]], owned by the Kothari Group, has two gardens in the Dooars-Terai region: Gairkhata, Nagrakata and Taipoo, Bagdogra.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gillandersarbuthnot.com/tea.php | title = Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. Ltd. | publisher = Kothari Group | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200719071045/http://www.gillandersarbuthnot.com/tea.php | url-status = live }}</ref> The Palchoudhuri family owns the [[Mohorgon Tea Garden|Mohurgong & Gulma Tea Estates]] and Washarabarie Tea Estate.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.tofler.in/washabarie-tea-co-pvt-ltd/company/U01132WB1958PTC024072| title = Washabarie Tea Co. Pvt. Ltd.| publisher = Tofler| access-date = 19 July 2020| archive-date = 19 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200719051049/https://www.tofler.in/washabarie-tea-co-pvt-ltd/company/U01132WB1958PTC024072| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://robuststaging.biz/index.html | title = We make tea | publisher = Gulma Tea | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200719065626/http://robuststaging.biz/index.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Andrew Yule & Co. Ltd., established in 1863, has tea gardens in Dooars at Karbala, Banarhat, Choonabhutti and New Dooars.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.andrewyule.com/group_business.php | title =Group Business | publisher =Andrew Yule & Co. Ltd. | access-date =18 June 2020 | archive-date =28 June 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200628022752/http://www.andrewyule.com/group_business.php | url-status =live }}</ref>

==Export potential==
In 2016, India accounted for a fourth of the global tea production but secured only a little over a tenth of the tea exports. 60% of India's tea exports are CTC tea.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/indias-tea-industry-is-struggling-to-move-up-the-value-chain/articleshow/65456045.cms?from=mdr | title = India's tea industry is struggling to move up the value chain | publisher = The Economic Times, 19 August 2018 | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 20 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220120054216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/indias-tea-industry-is-struggling-to-move-up-the-value-chain/articleshow/65456045.cms?from=mdr | url-status = live }}</ref> India is losing out in the international market to other countries, such as Kenya, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and even Bangladesh, who have lower cost of production. Within the country tea prices have been stagnant, while costs have risen by 60 per cent in five years prior to 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/13-years-too-late-for-many-in-north-bengals-tea-gardens/ | title = 13 years too late for many in North Bengal's tea gardens | work = Bagrakote Tea Garden in Jalpaiguri district | first = Esha | last = Roy | publisher = The Indian Express, 22 November 2015 | access-date = 16 July 2020 | archive-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200719051606/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/13-years-too-late-for-many-in-north-bengals-tea-gardens/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Unviable operations==
As of 2019, the minimum daily wage of tea garden workers is Rs. 176 per day, as compared with Rs. 297 earned by bidi workers.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://scroll.in/article/940717/photo-feature-struggle-and-hope-in-the-tea-gardens-of-the-dooars| title = Struggle and hope in the tea gardens of the Dooars| publisher = Scroll.in, 16 November 2019| access-date = 19 July 2020| archive-date = 17 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030908/https://scroll.in/article/940717/photo-feature-struggle-and-hope-in-the-tea-gardens-of-the-dooars| url-status = live}}</ref> This too has come as an interim measure, after the Dooars tea workers have been agitating for higher wages, as well as better facilities for education and healthcare.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://thewire.in/rights/bengal-tea-gardens-workers-rights | title = The Bitter Plight of Bengal's Tea Garden Workers | publisher = The Wire | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 20 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200720012216/https://thewire.in/rights/bengal-tea-gardens-workers-rights | url-status = live }}</ref>

As per industry sources, labour cost is about 60 per cent of the cost of production of tea. As cost of labour rises, tea garden operations are becoming increasingly unviable. Between 2002 and 2007, 17 tea gardens shut down in the Dooars and the renowned Goenka Duncans group recently shut down 7 tea gardens. The latter alone lead to the loss of employment for around 25,000 workers. At least 1,200 deaths have been reported in the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tea-garden-closures-in-dooars-could-reduce-output-by-50-mn-kg-116040100921_1.html| title = Tea-garde closures in the Dooars could reduce output by 50 million kg| publisher = Business Standard, 1 April 2016| access-date = 8 July 2020| archive-date = 10 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200710224837/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tea-garden-closures-in-dooars-could-reduce-output-by-50-mn-kg-116040100921_1.html| url-status = live}}</ref>
Under the Financial Assistance to Workers of Locked Out Industries (FAWLOI) scheme, the West Bengal government provides a monthly assistance of Rs 1,500 to each permanent worker of the locked out gardens. This at least takes care of bare meals and helps in mitigating the threats of starvation deaths.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/coronavirus-lokdown-dole-eludes-workers-in-shut-tea-gardens/cid/1778768| title = Dole eludes workers in shut tea gardens| publisher = The Telegraph, 5 June 2020| access-date = 19 July 2020| archive-date = 19 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200719113753/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/coronavirus-lokdown-dole-eludes-workers-in-shut-tea-gardens/cid/1778768| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/people-of-dheklapara-haapy/articleshow/32282132.cms | title = দু'বেলা সাদা ভাত মিলছে, ঘর হয়েছে, নিশ্চিন্ত ঢেকলাপাড়া (A house and two meals assured in Dheklapara) | work = in Bengali | publisher = Ei Samay, 19 March 2014 | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 17 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717085715/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/people-of-dheklapara-haapy/articleshow/32282132.cms | url-status = live }}</ref>

Among the closed tea gardens are: Kathalguri, Ramjhora, Redbank, Surendranagar, Chamurchi, Raipur, Bamandanga-Tondu, [[Samsing]], Chinchula, Shikarpur-Bhandarpur, Bharnobary, Malnady, Kalchini & Roymatang and [[Dheklapara Tea Garden|Dheklapara]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cec-india.org/libpdf/1437543260Behind-Closed-and-Abandoned-Tea-Gardens-Status-Report-of-India,-2007.pdf | title = Behind Closed and Abandoned Tea Gardens- Status Report of India | publisher = Centre for Education and Communication | access-date = 21 July 2020 | archive-date = 21 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721154702/https://www.cec-india.org/libpdf/1437543260Behind-Closed-and-Abandoned-Tea-Gardens-Status-Report-of-India,-2007.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> An official release of the Press Information Bureau, Government of India, notified the following gardens as closed: [[Madhu Tea Garden]], [[Dheklapara Tea Garden|Dheklapara]], [[Bandapani Tea Garden|Bundapani]], Dharanipur, Redbank, Surendranagar, [[Panighatta|Panighata]] and Manabarrie.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578137 | title = Tea Gardens | publisher = PIB, 10 July 2019 | access-date = 11 June 2020 | archive-date = 2 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200602101645/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578137 | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Improving brand value==
According to a study carried out by the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, the tea produced by the plantations of North Bengal (Dooars area) do not have the brand value of [[Darjeeling tea]] or [[Assam tea]]. Around 2002-2004 the industry faced a crisis and at least 22 plantations were closed down in Jalpaiguri district, affecting 21,000 permanent workers and impacting a much larger population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cry.org/resources/pdf/LabourConditions_IIM_report.pdf | title = Study of Labour condition in Tea Gardens of New Jalpaiguri | publisher = Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 2 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200702100842/https://www.cry.org/resources/pdf/LabourConditions_IIM_report.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/tea-garden-closed/cid/1525759 | title = Tea garden closed | publisher = The Telegraph, 9 February 2017 | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 2 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200702012212/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/tea-garden-closed/cid/1525759 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Indian Tea Association has floated an idea whereby 10 gardens, of the total 290 in the Dooars region, have been identified and they will brand their produce under the brand name Dooars Robusta. It is felt that this would enhance their brand value.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/tea-industry-proposes-new-marketing-effort-117121200053_1.html | title = Tea Industry proposes new marketing effort | publisher = | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200719063700/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/tea-industry-proposes-new-marketing-effort-117121200053_1.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Workers==
[[File:Rangamati Tea Estate Cemetery, Chaibasa, Malbazar, Jalpaiguri district 08.jpg|left|thumb|Rangamati Tea Estate European Cemetery]]

Adivasis from Chotanagpur form a sizeable section of the workers in the tea gardens in the area. Dumka, Hazaribagh, Ranchi and Chaibasa formed one of the biggest catchment areas for tea garden labour in the twilight years of the 19th century. “The notorious coolie trade under colonial rule exploited the dispossession, indebtedness and despair of Adivasis to transport them, often by force or deception, as far as Assam or the Dooars – or even further afield to plantations in Trinidad, Guyana, South Africa and Malaya. A century and a half later, these communities are on the move again. The moribund economy of the Dooars region has rendered these communities vulnerable yet again.”<ref>{{cite web | url = https://scroll.in/article/940717/photo-feature-struggle-and-hope-in-the-tea-gardens-of-the-dooars | title = Struggle and hope in the Dooars | work = Anirban Bhattacharya, Rupam Deb & Cheena Kapoor | publisher = Scroll.in, 16 November 2019 | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 17 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030908/https://scroll.in/article/940717/photo-feature-struggle-and-hope-in-the-tea-gardens-of-the-dooars | url-status = live }}</ref> Apart from the Adivasis, many tea garden workers are Nepali and Rajbanshi.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/07/lok-sabha-elections-2019-tea-labourers-plight-main-issue-in-scenic-alipurduar-1961361.html | title = Lok Sabha elections 2019: labourers' plight main issue in scenic Alipurduar | publisher = The Indian Express 2019 | access-date = 18 June 2020 | archive-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200719063700/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/07/lok-sabha-elections-2019-tea-labourers-plight-main-issue-in-scenic-alipurduar-1961361.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Nepalis comprise 10% of the workers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Shut-tea-gardens-open-new-equations/articleshow/51448513.cms | title = Shut tea gardens open new equations | publisher = The Times of India, 18 March 2016 | access-date = 19 July 2020 | archive-date = 20 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200720013124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Shut-tea-gardens-open-new-equations/articleshow/51448513.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> Several European Tea estate owner and manager were died there due to black fever and malaria, they were buried in [[Rangamati Tea Estate Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treasure hunters after old graves |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/treasure-hunters-after-old-graves/cid/624555 |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Jalpaiguri topics}}
{{Alipurduar topics}}

[[Category:Tea industry in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar district]]

Tilia platyphyllos

2026-03-15T21:23:22Z

RethaT8259798: corrected article for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Lípa u Horního Záblatí v roce 2011 (1).JPG
|image_caption = Specimen in [[Prachatice District]], Czech Republic
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref=<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Khela, S.|year=2013|title=''Tilia platyphyllos''|errata=2017|article-number=e.T203361A119230833|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T203361A2764367.en|access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>
|genus = Tilia
|species = platyphyllos
|authority = [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scop.]]
|range_map = Tilia platyphyllos range.svg
|range_map_caption = Distribution map
|synonyms = ''Tilia grandifolia'' Ehrh.
}}

'''''Tilia platyphyllos''''', the '''large-leaved lime''',<ref name="BSBI">{{cite web | title=Large-leaved Lime ''Tilia platyphyllos'' Scop. | website=PlantAtlas | url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.ft4 | access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref name="Pigott">{{cite journal | last=Pigott | first=C. Donald | title=Biological Flora of the British Isles: Tilia platyphyllos | journal=Journal of Ecology | volume=108 | issue=6 | date=2020 | issn=0022-0477 | doi=10.1111/1365-2745.13490 | doi-access=free | pages=2638–2676 | bibcode=2020JEcol.108.2638P }}</ref> '''broad-leaved lime''',<ref name="TSO">{{cite web | title=Tilia platyphyllos | website=Trees and Shrubs Online | date=2025-06-18 | url=https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/tilia/tilia-platyphyllos/ | access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> or '''large-leaved linden''',<ref name="TSO"/> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Malvaceae (Tiliaceae). It is a [[deciduous]] tree, [[native plant|native]] to much of continental Europe including southwestern [[Great Britain]], typically growing on [[limestone]]-derived soils. It is not native in Scotland or Ireland, but is [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] there.<ref name="BSBI"/> The name "lime", possibly a corruption of "line" originally from "lind", has been in use for centuries and also attaches to other species of ''Tilia''.<ref name=SOED>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> It is not, however, closely related to the [[lime (fruit)|lime]] fruit tree, a species of citrus.

The [[Binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''platyphyllos'' (Greek: πλατύφυλλος) means "with broad leaves" in Greek.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The species was described by the Italian botanist [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli]] from [[Carniola]],<ref>{{cite book | last1=Scopoli | first1=Giovanni Antonio | last2=Krauss | first2=Johann Paul | last3=Rein | first3=Joseph Friedrich | title=Ioannis Antonii Scopoli ... Flora Carniolica : exhibens plantas Carnioliae indigenas et distributas in classes, genera, species, varietates, ordine Linnaeano. | publisher=Impensis Ioannis Pauli Krauss, bibliopolae Vindobonensis. | publication-place=[Vienna] | year=1772 | doi=10.5962/bhl.title.159554 | doi-access=free | url=https://www.archive.org/download/ioannisantoniisc11772scop/ioannisantoniisc11772scop.pdf | access-date=2025-06-20 | page=}}</ref> now part of [[Slovenia]].

Five [[subspecies]] are currently accepted by the [[Plants of the World Online]];<ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |title=''Tilia platyphyllos'' Scop. |id=332109-2 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref> they differ mainly in detail of leaf [[pubescence]],<ref name="Pigott"/> with some geographical segregation; three are widespread, the other two more localised:<ref name="POWO"/>
*''Tilia platyphyllos'' subsp. ''platyphyllos'' — widespread, but mainly in the more southern areas of the species distribution. Leaves glabrous above, with simple hairs below.<ref name="Pigott"/>
*''Tilia platyphyllos'' subsp. ''cordifolia'' (Besser) C.K.Schneid. — widespread, but mainly in the more northern areas of the species distribution, including England.<ref name="BSBI"/> Leaves with short, simple hairs sparsely (2–4 mm−2) on the upper surface, and simple hairs densely on the lower surface.<ref name="Pigott"/>
*''Tilia platyphyllos'' subsp. ''corinthiaca'' (Bosc ex K.Koch) Pigott — Balkans, Turkey.
*''Tilia platyphyllos'' subsp. ''pseudorubra'' C.K.Schneid. — widespread, but mainly in the more western areas of the species distribution. Leaves glabrous both above and below.<ref name="Pigott"/>
*''Tilia platyphyllos'' subsp. ''sitnensis'' (Kmet) Domin — [[endemism|endemic]] to Slovakia.

==Description==
''Tilia platyphyllos'' is a narrowly domed tree with a moderate growth rate, and can eventually attain a height of {{convert|40|m|ft}}, though more typically 20–25 m tall when open-grown away from other trees. The reddish-brown young [[Plant stem|stems]] later develop dark grey [[Bark (botany)|bark]] with fine fissures and furrows. The branches spread upwards at wide angles. The [[twig]]s are reddish-green and slightly pubescent.<ref name="Pigott"/><ref>Martin, W.K. 1965. ''The Concise British Flora in Colour.'' Ebury Press</ref> The [[foliage]] consists of simple, alternately arranged [[Leaf|leaves]]. As indicated by its common name, this tree has larger leaves than the related ''[[Tilia cordata]]'' (small-leaved lime), 6 to 9 cm (exceptionally 15 cm) long and broad. They are ovate to cordate, mid to dark green above and below, with white downy hair on the underside (except in subsp. ''pseudorubra''), particularly along the veins, tapering into a mucronate tip. The margin is sharply serrate, and the base cordate; the venation is pinnate along a midrib. The pubescent [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] is usually 3–4 cm long, but can vary between 1.5–5 cm. The autumn foliage is yellow-green to yellow.

The small, fragrant, yellowish-white [[flower]]s are arranged in drooping, [[cyme (botany)|cymose]] clusters in groups of 3 to 4. Their whitish-green, leaf-like [[bract]]s have an oblong-obovate shape. The geniculate peduncles are between 1.5–3 cm long. The [[plant sexuality|hermaphroditic]] flowers have 5 [[sepal]]s and 5 [[petal]]s, numerous [[stamen]]s, but no staminodes. The superior [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is 2–10 locular with one smooth [[carpel|style]]. The flowers are pollinated by bees and some butterflies, notably the [[Satyrium w-album|White-letter Hairstreak]] attracted by the copious nectar the species produces, in contrast to ''T. cordata''.<ref name=Stokes>{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jon|title=Trees of Britain and Ireland|year=2025|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0691224176|pages=360}}</ref>The [[fruit]] is a round greenish-grey nutlet, 9–12 mm long by 8–10 mm diameter; it has a woody shell with five prominent ridges (which distinguish it from all other limes except ''[[Tilia chinensis]]''), and is usually tomentose between the ridges.<ref name="Pigott"/>

<gallery>
Image:Tilia platyphyllos(02).jpg|Leaves
File:Tilia platyphyllos 02.JPG|Flowers
File:WLH on T. platyphyllos.jpg|[[White-letter hairstreak]] nectaring on ''T. platyphyllos'' flower
Image:Tilia platyphyllos (Florée) JPG1R.jpg|Roots
File:Tilia platyphallos bud.jpg|Vegetative bud starting to open
</gallery>

==Cultivation==
''Tilia platyphyllos'' is widely planted throughout the [[temperateness|temperate]] world as an ornamental tree in parks and city streets. Numerous [[cultivar]]s are available, including 'Aurea', (golden leafed), 'Fastigiata', 'Laciniata' (seemingly torn leaves), 'Örebro' (columnar), 'Princes Street' (narrow crown), 'Rubra' (red twigged), 'Tortuosa' (twisted branches), and 'Tiltstone Filigree' (upswept branches).<ref name=White>White, J. & More, D. (2003). ''Trees of Britain & Northern Europe.'' Cassell's, London. {{ISBN|0-304-36192-5}}.</ref>

The cultivar 'Rubra' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Tilia platyphyllos'' 'Rubra'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89065/Tilia-platyphyllos-Rubra/Details | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 102 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 23 December 2018}}</ref>

==Hybrids==
''Tilia platyphyllos'' readily [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridises]] with ''Tilia cordata'', the hybrid being the common lime [[Tilia × europaea|''T.'' × ''europaea'']] (syn. ''T.'' × ''vulgaris'').

==Fossil record==
Fossils of ''Tilia platyphyllos'' have been described from the [[fossil flora of Kızılcahamam district]] in [[Turkey]], which is of early [[Pliocene]] age.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kasaplıgil |first1=Baki |title=Ankara, Kızılcahamam yakınındaki Güvem köyü civarında bulunan son tersiyer kozalaklı-yeşil yapraklı ormanı |journal=Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration |date=1977 |volume=88 |page=94-102 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bulletinofmre/issue/3914/52153 |publisher=[[General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Turkey)|General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration]] |location=Ankara |language=tr, en |format=PDF |trans-title=A Late-Tertiary Conifer-Hardwood Forest From the Vicinity of Güvem Village, Near Kızılcahamam, Ankara}}</ref>

==Use==
''Tilia'' wood is used for [[carving]], and almost all parts of the tree can be used for [[fodder]], [[rope]]s or [[firewood]]. [[bast fibre|Bast]] and [[honey]], which were historically the main products of ''Tilia'', may have been an important factor in the spread of the species and its status as a typical [[agroforestry]] tree in the [[Middle Ages]]. ''Tilia spp''. are also important for [[amenity]] use, [[shelterbelts]] and game plantings in the open landscape, in [[urban areas]] and recreational [[forestry]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jensen, J.S.|title=Lime - ''Tilia spp''.|journal=EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use|date=2003|page=6 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/926_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_lime__Tilia_cordata_and_Tilia_platyphyllos_.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204195158/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/926_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_lime__Tilia_cordata_and_Tilia_platyphyllos_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>

===Traditional medicine===
The plant also contains tannins that can act as an [[astringent]].<ref name=bradley>Bradley P, ed. ''British Herbal Compendium''. Vol. I. Dorset (Great Britain): British herbal Medicine Association; 1624: 142–144</ref> The wood is burned to charcoal and ingested for intestinal disorders and used topically for edema or infection, such as cellulitis or of the lower leg.<ref name=bradley/>

== Famous trees ==
* 300-year-old ''T. platyphyllos'' at [[Schloss Linderhof]] Bavaria – known in German as the "[[Schloss Linderhof#Linderhof's Linden or The Old "Königslinde"|Koenigslinde]]".<ref name=McIntosh2012>{{cite book |last=McIntosh |first=Christopher |title=The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuGNcP1vGR8C&pg=PA193|date=15 September 2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-847-3|page=193}}</ref>
* 350-year-old ''T. platyphyllos'' at [[Schloss Holzheim (hunting seat)|Schloss Holzheim]] Hesse – known as the "Landgrave's lime".
* 700-year-old ''T. platyphyllos'' at [[Bojnice Castle]], Slovakia [[Linden Tree of King Matthias]] – known in Slovak as "Bojnická lipa" ("the Bojnice Linden") or "Lipa kráľa Mateja" ("King Matej's Linden").<ref name=montrees>{{cite web |website=Monumental trees |access-date=17 February 2014 |title=Large-leaved lime near the castle |url=http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/svk/trencin/prievidza/3084_castle/6089/}}</ref>
* 550-year-old ''T. platyphyllos'' in [[Bracon, Jura]], France – planted to mark the marriage of Marie de Bourgogne to Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg in Austria in 1477.
* ''T. platyphyllos'' in Heeder Linde Park, Heede, Germany 15.39 metres girth.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/girthrecords/ |last=  | title= Monumental Trees - The Thickest Trees Worldwide | date= n.d. | access-date= February 18, 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Tilia platyphyllos}}
* [http://www.euforgen.org/species/tilia-platyphyllos/ ''Tilia platyphyllos''] - distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)

{{taxonbar|from=Q156831}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flora of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Tilia|platyphyllos]]
[[Category:Trees of Europe]]

Pero de Ataíde

2026-03-15T03:44:29Z

RethaT8259798: data!

{{Short description|Portuguese explorer}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pero de Ataíde
| image = Fl- 49v Livro do Armeiro-Mor, Ataide.jpg
| caption = Coat of Arms of the [[Ataíde family]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1450}}
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| death_date = 1504
| death_place = [[Mozambique Island]], [[Portuguese Mozambique]]
| citizenship =
| occupation = Explorer, navigator
| known_for = Captain of the first permanent Portuguese fleet in the Indian Ocean
| father = Dom Pedro de Ataíde, [[Abbot]] of [[Penalva do Castelo|Penalva]]
| family = [[Ataíde family|Ataíde]]
| signature =
}}
'''Pero de Ataíde''' or '''Pedro d'Ataíde'''{{efn|Pero is an archaic variant of Pedro.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rocha|first=Carlos|date=24 September 2013|title=O plural de ''pêro-botelho'' (e uma nota etimológica)|trans-title=The plural of ''pêro-botelho'' (and an etymological note)|url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o-plural-de-pero-botelho-e-uma-nota-etimologica/32358|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115700/https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o-plural-de-pero-botelho-e-uma-nota-etimologica/32358|archive-date=10 May 2018|website={{interlanguage link|Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa|pt}}|language=Portuguese|quote=Pero (ou Pêro, antes da aplicação do [[Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990|Acordo Ortográfico de 1990]]) (...) Pero é variante arcaica de Pedro e ocorria sobretudo como forma proclítica, antes de um [[Patronymic|patronímico]]|trans-quote=Pero (or Pêro, before the application of the [[Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990|Orthographic Agreement of 1990]]) (...) Pero is an archaic variant of Pedro and mainly occurred as a proclitic form, before a [[patronymic]]}}</ref>}} (d'Atayde, da Thayde), nicknamed ''O Inferno'' (Hell), "''for the damage he did to the Moors in Africa''",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felgueiras Gaio |first=Manuel |title=Nobiliário de famílias de Portugal, [Braga], 1938-1941. Vol. 3. Ch. "Ataídes", "Azevedos" - Biblioteca Nacional Digital |url=https://purl.pt/12151 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=purl.pt |pages=91,100 |language=pt |quote=Pedro de Ataide o Inferno pello estrago que fes aos mouros em Affrica}}</ref> (c. 1450 – February/March, 1504, [[Mozambique Island]]) was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] sea captain in the [[Indian Ocean]] active in the early 1500s. He was briefly captain of the first permanent Portuguese fleet in the Indian Ocean, taking over from [[Vicente Sodré]], and the author of a famous letter giving an account of its fate.

== Background ==

According to chronicler [[Gaspar Correia]], Pero de Ataíde was a "very honored nobleman, a good knight, of virtuous condition"<ref>"fidalgo mui honrado, e bom cavalleiro, virtuoso de condições" (Correia, p.371)</ref> He was one of the three known illegitimate sons of Pedro de Ataíde, Abbot of [[Penalva do Castelo]], himself an illegitimate son of [[Don (honorific)|D.]] [[:pt:Álvaro Gonçalves de Ataíde, 1.º Conde de Atouguia|Álvaro Gonçalves de Ataíde]], the 1st [[Count of Atouguia]].<ref>Olivera e Costa (2000: p.128)</ref> He had two brothers, [[Vasco de Ataíde]] and [[Álvaro Gonçalves de Ataíde]], and a sister, Isabel Coutinho.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ISABEL COUTINHA, FILHA DE D. PEDRO DE ATAÍDE (1501-06-04) |url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=3866680 |website=Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

It is sometimes suggested that Pero de Ataíde was a relative of Portuguese admiral [[Vasco da Gama]].<ref>e.g. Correia (p.301) states that Pero de Ataíde was a "relative" (''parente'') of [[Vicente Sodré]], Vasco da Gama's uncle.</ref> This is probably an error resulting from confusing two unconnected (researchers could never produce documentary evidence of a connection)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freire |first=Anselmo Braamcamp |url=http://archive.org/details/brasesdasalade01braauoft |title=Brasões da Sala de Sintra. Livro Primeiro. |date=1921 |publisher=Coimbra : Imprensa da Universidade |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |location=Coimbra |pages=84 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soveral |first=Manuel Abranches de |date=2005 |title=GÓIS MEDIEVAIS - Reconstituição genealógica |url=https://www.academia.edu/1036241/Argollo_Uma_fam%C3%ADlia_brasileira_de_1500_Subs%C3%ADdios_para_a_sua_genealogia_para_a_dos_Lobo_de_Souza_e_para_a_dos_G%C3%B3is |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=Manuel Abranches de Soveral, Letras e Artes |page=4.2.2.1 |language=pt}}</ref> Portuguese noble families which happen to have the same name - the [[Ataíde family|Ataídes]] of [[Count of Atouguia|Atouguia]] and the Ataídes of [[Alvor Parish|Alvor]] ([[Algarve]]).<ref>Aubin, 1995: p.16</ref> Vasco da Gama married [[Catarina de Ataíde]], daughter of the ''[[Castellan#Portugal|alcaide-mór]]'' of Alvor. There is no indication that she was connected to Pero's family. That members of both Ataíde families were involved in the early construction of the [[Portuguese Empire]] in the East Indies has led some historians to assume they were related and contributed to the confusion.

== First journey to India ==

{{Main|2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)}}

[[File:Detail of Pero de Ataide's ship (Cabral Armada).jpg|thumb|220px|Ship of Pero de Ataíde, detail from the ''Memória das Armadas'']]
In 1500, Pero de Ataíde and his older brother [[Vasco de Ataíde]] joined the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd India Armada]] under the command of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]. Pero de Ataíde was appointed captain of the ''São Pedro'', a small 70-tonne [[carrack]] or square-rigged [[caravel]]. His brother Vasco was captain of another unnamed ship.<ref>Unlike Vasco, Pero de Ataíde is not always mentioned in the captain lists of 16th-century chronicles, e.g. he is omitted in Correia's list (p.148).</ref>

The armada set out of [[Lisbon]] in March 1500, and went on to discover [[Brazil]]. Vasco de Ataíde was lost with his ship in late May while attempting to round the [[Cape of Good Hope]]<ref>This is asserted in most chronicles. However, the [[Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha]] asserts Vasco was lost much earlier in the voyage, around [[Cape Verde]], in April.)</ref>

In his most famous exploit in India, Pero de Ataíde was assigned by Cabral to intercept an Arab smuggling ship with a cargo of war elephants, on behalf of the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. The Zamorin himself came to the beach to watch the spectacle, only to leave in disgust when the smuggler deftly slipped past Ataíde's ship. Ataíde gave chase and eventually caught up with it near [[Kannur|Cannanore]]. Ataide personally led his little crew in boarding and defeating the much larger smugglers' crew, and brought back the seized ship with its cargo nearly intact (one pachyderm died in the fighting). Cabral handed the ship and the elephants over to the Zamorin as a gift.

Relations between Cabral and the Zamorin however deteriorated not long after, and the Portuguese were expelled from Calicut.

In April, 1501, on the return journey from India, while pausing at [[Mozambique Island]], the ships were reshuffled and sent off in different waves. Pero de Ataíde was ordered by Cabral to give his ship, the ''São Pedro'', over to vice-admiral [[Sancho de Tovar]] (Tovar had run his own ship aground). Ataíde was given command of the larger unnamed nau (or [[carrack]]) of [[Nicolau Coelho]] (who was in turn transferred over to another ship.) Ataíde was instructed to accompany Cabral and another captain, Simão de Miranda, on the return to Portugal. But Ataíde had difficulties with his heavy-laden, less-maneouverable ship and got separated from the other two around [[Cape Correntes]]. He hurried to the usual watering hole, ''Aguada de São Brás'' ([[Mossel Bay]]) hoping to find them there, but to no avail.

At São Brás, Ataíde wrote a letter relating the state of affairs in India, and warning future Portuguese captains to avoid Calicut, which was now hostile. Ataíde placed the letter in a shoe at [[Post Office Tree]], which he hung by the watering hole in Mossel Bay. Ataíde's letter was found later that year by [[João da Nova]], admiral of the outgoing [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|3rd armada]].

Ataide proceeded on his return journey by himself, finally catching up with the others at Bezeguiche ([[Dakar]], Senegal) in late June. They arrived in Lisbon in July, 1501.

== Second journey to India ==

{{Main|4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)}}

Pero de Ataíde set out again for India in February 1502, commanding a carrack, the ''São Paulo'', as part of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th India Armada]] of admiral [[Vasco da Gama]].<ref>Once again, Pero de Ataíde is not mentioned on all captains lists for the 4th Armada. He is named in the lists of Gois (p.88) and Castanheda (p.130). But in the list of Barros (p.21) his place is assigned to "Álvaro de Ataide" (one of the Ataídes of Alvor), but this is likely an error as Barros does not mention Alvaro again. Gaspar Correia also names "Alvaro" in his original list of 4th Armada captains (p.269), but switches to Pero soon after (e.g. p.301).</ref> He participated in the many events related to that armada.

In February, 1503, as the armada was about to return to Portugal, Pero de Ataíde was appointed as captain of one of the six caravels that were to remain behind in India as a naval patrol under the command of [[Vicente Sodré]] (uncle of Vasco da Gama). This patrol was the first permanent Portuguese fleet in the Indian Ocean. According to some lists, his co-captains were [[Brás Sodré]] (Vicente's brother), [[Pero Rafael]], Diogo Pires and [[Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças]].<ref>e.g. Castanheda (p.134).</ref> Correia gives a different list,<ref>Correia, in fact, gives two contradictory lists: on (p.303), he says the patrol captains were Vicente Sodré, Brás Sodré, Pero de Ataíde, João Rodrigues Bardaças, Antão Vaz and Antonio Fernandes Roxo. On p.349, when listing the patrol heading out for Red Sea, he lists Vicente Sodré, Brás Sodré, Pero de Ataíde, João Rodrigues Bardaças, ''Pero Rafael'' and ''João Lopes Perestrelo''. It is possible that Correia is implying that two of the captains (Vaz and Roxo) refused to disobey Gama's orders and chose to give up the command of their ships (to Rafael and Perestrelo) rather than follow Sodré.</ref> and says Pero de Ataíde was assigned the small nau brought to India by a certain João Fernandes de Mello.<ref>Correia, p.303. Alas, João Fernandes de Mello is not mentioned by any other chronicler other than the unreliable Correia.</ref> It is uncertain who brought Ataíde's carrack, the ''São Paulo'', back to Lisbon.

The naval patrol was ordered by Vasco da Gama to remain close to the Indian coast and protect the Portuguese factories in [[Cochin]] and [[Kannur|Cannanore]]. However, after the armada's departure, Vicente Sodré invoked his credentials and led the patrol across the ocean, into the [[Gulf of Aden]], to prey on Arab ships going in and out of the [[Red Sea]]. The patrol captains, already upset at leaving the factories unprotected, nearly mutinied when the Sodré brothers set about claiming the lion's share of the booty from captured Arab ships for themselves.

In April 1503, the patrol anchored in at the [[Khuriya Muriya Islands]] (off the coast of Oman). They were warned by local inhabitants that a seasonal tempest was forming and that they had better move their ships to a shielded part of the island. Most of the captains went accordingly, but Vicente Sodré and Brás Sodré refused. As predicted, the tempest sunk the ships of the Sodré brothers.<ref>Correia (p.370) implies that Ataíde actually stayed with the Sodré brothers on the north side of the island, rather than follow the other captains to the south. His ship was thrown aground by the tempest, but it survived.</ref>

The remaining captains elected Pero de Ataíde as the new captain-major of the patrol.<ref>Correia, p.371</ref> He oversaw the repairs and organized the partitioning of the remaining crews and supplies among the four ships, and then set the patrol on course back to India. Bad weather and contrary winds made it a difficult journey, and they were forced to stop in [[Anjediva]] island off the [[Malabar coast]] for lengthy repairs. Four days after they arrived, they were surprised to be joined by the caravel of [[António do Campo]] (he had been part of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]], but had gotten separated back in 1502).<ref>Gois (p.88). According to Correia (p.375), Ataíde's patrol was also joined by the caravel of [[João Serrão]], which was originally assigned by Gama (back in 1502)to patrol the Portuguese factory on [[Mozambique Island]]. Why it abandoned its African post in 1503 and ended up in India, Correia does not explain.</ref>

Questions have been raised about the lengthy immobilization of the patrol in Angediva. Given communications along the Indian coast, it would be almost impossible for Ataíde not to be aware that, at that very moment, the Portuguese factory in [[Cochin]] was being besieged by the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], and that their compatriots were desperately holding out. It must be assumed that the damage to the patrol ships was too severe to prevent them from sailing to the rescue.

Alternative accounts (esp. [[Gaspar Correia]]) however state that most of the intervening time was actually spent stuck on [[Kura Muria]] islands, and that the patrol only reached Anjediva in late August and that Ataíde intended to head immediately for Cochin, but was dissuaded from that by the Kolathiri Raja of [[Kannur|Cannanore]], who warned him he did not have nearly enough men (est. 150) to confront the army of Calicut, and persuaded him to await for reinforcements from the next [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese armada]], whose scheduled arrival was imminent.<ref>Correia, p.371-2</ref>

The patrol was still lingering in Anjediva (or in Cannanore according to Correia) in late August/early September when [[Francisco de Albuquerque]], leading the vanguard squad of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]] stumbled across them. Albuquerque helped the patrol finish their repairs and annexed them to his squad. They proceeded to Cochin and forced the Zamorin to lift the siege.

In the aftermath, Pero de Ataíde took a leading role in several amphibian attacks around the [[Vembanad]] lagoon, to punish local princelets who had collaborated with the Zamorin against Cochin.

== Ataíde in Mozambique ==

In January, 1504, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] began organizing the return journey, and determined that Pero de Ataíde was to captain one of the spice-laden naus back to Lisbon (according to Correia, Ataíde was given command of the ''Espírito Santo'' that had been brought to India by [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], who was to remain behind.<ref>Correia, p.419</ref>).

Pero de Ataíde set out with the first return wave on January 30, 1504, accompanied by two other ships, the nau of [[Fernão Martins de Almada]] and the caravel of [[António do Campo]]. A disagreement over the course led them to part ways, and Ataíde alighted on the East African coast (around [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]]) by himself. Proceeding down along the coast (at too much speed, according to Castanheda), Ataíde's heavy-laden ship ran into shoals and capsized. The exact location is uncertain, but probably around the shoals of São Lázaro (modern day [[Quirimbas Islands]], Mozambique). Ataíde lost the ship and cargo, but most of the crew managed to make it safely to the nearby shore. Stranded without supplies and far away from any large settlement (only a small peasant hamlet of four huts was found nearby), Ataíde set aboard a longboat with some fifteen crew members hoping to reach [[Mozambique Island]], promising to arrange for a rescue party to pick up the remainder.

Upon his arrival in Mozambique, Ataíde arranged for the Sheikh of Mozambique to dispatch two ''paraus'' to pick up his shipwrecked crew. As they were about to depart, the ship of [[António do Campo]] appeared in Mozambique harbor. However, despite Ataíde's entreaties, Campo refused to join the rescue mission. Indeed, if Ataíde's account is to be believed, Campo even refused to share any of his supplies or cash with Ataíde or the shipwrecked crew, leaving them to "beg the Moors" for food. Campo set out once again, taking only two or three of Ataíde's sailors, leaving the rest behind in Mozambique.

Evidently thinking that Campo would deliver an unfavorable report in Lisbon, Pero de Ataíde, already feverishly ill (probably [[malaria]]), set down to compose his famous letter to King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] in February, 1504, hoping to send it forward on the next Portuguese ship. In the letter, Ataíde gives an account of the travails of [[Vicente Sodré]]'s Indian Ocean patrol, and the behavior (and fate) of the Sodré brothers ([[Brás Sodré]] comes out as the villain of the story). He proceeds to explain the loss of his ship, complete with repeated impeachments of the character and behavior of [[António do Campo]]. He rounds off the letter reminding the king of his loyal service and petitioning the monarch to bestow upon him the offices and benefices of the citadel of [[Tomar]], which had belonged to the late [[Vicente Sodré]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carta de Pedro de Ataíde para D. Manuel I sobre o que sucedeu na Índia depois da morte de Vicente Sodré - Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo - DigitArq|url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=3767629|access-date=2021-08-28|website=digitarq.arquivos.pt}}</ref>

Pero de Ataíde died shortly after finishing the letter. The outgoing [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]] under [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] picked up Ataíde's letter in late July 1504, when it stopped by [[Mozambique Island]].

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Sources ==

* Pero de Ataíde "Carta de Pero de Atayde a El-rei D. Manuel, Fevereiro 20, 1504", as published in Bulhão Pato, R.A. editor, 1898, ''Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam''. Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias, vol. 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9voFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA262 p.262-268.]
*Aubin, J. (1995) "Preface", in ''Voyages de Vasco de Gama: relations des expéditions de 1497-1499 & 1502-1503''. Paris: Chandeigne.
* [[João de Barros]] (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''.
*[[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] (1551–1560) ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' [1833 edition] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzQbAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Fern%20o%20Lopes%20de%20Castanheda%22&pg=PA130 Lib 1, Ch. 44]
* [[Gaspar Correia]] (c. 1550s) ''Lendas da Índia'', pub. 1858-64, Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias
* [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]] (1666) ''Asia Portuguesa'', Vol. 1.
* [[Damião de Goes]] (1566–67) ''Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel''
* João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, (2000) ''Descobridores do Brasil: exploradores do Atlântico e construtores do Estado da Índia''. Sociedade Histórica da Independência de Portugal
* Visconde de Sanches da Baena (1897) ''O Descobridor do Brazil, Pedro Alvares Cabral: memoria apresentada á Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa''. Lisbon [https://books.google.com/books?id=bE9GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 online]
* Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Whiteway, R. S. (1899) ''The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497-1550''. Westminster: Constable.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ataide, Pero De}}
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese explorers]]
[[Category:1504 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1450s births]]
[[Category:15th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Portuguese explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ataíde family]]

Caesar C line

2026-03-13T09:53:36Z

RethaT8259798: updated details

{{Short description|German defence line during WW2}}
{{Campaignbox Italy}}
[[Image:ItalyDefenseLinesSouthofRome1943 4.jpg|thumb|right|300px|German prepared defensive lines south of Rome]]
The '''Caesar Line''' was the last [[Wehrmacht|German]] line of defence in [[Italy]] before [[Rome]] during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of the [[World War II|Second World War]].

== Geography ==
The extended from the west coast near [[Ostia (town)|Ostia]], over the Alban Hills south of Rome, from [[Valmontone]] to [[Avezzano]] and then to [[Pescara]] on the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast. Behind the western half of the line was a subsidiary line, the [[Roman switch line]] which took a path north of Rome.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

== Roman switch line (subsidiary line) ==
The '''Roman switch line''' was a line of defense that branched off the [[Caesar C line]] and running north of [[Rome]] towards coast of the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. The next line was [[Trasimene Line]] in central Italy which was intended to delay the Allies and allow the completion of the [[Gothic Line]] a major defensive works north of [[Florence]].

== Breach of the line ==
When the Caesar C Line defences, manned by the [[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 14th Army]], were breached by the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] on 30 May 1944, following the [[Battle of Anzio|breakout from Anzio]], the road to Rome was finally opened and Rome fell on 4 June.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Dennis |title=Panther German Army Medium Tank: Italian Front, 1944–1945 |date=5 January 2024 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |isbn=978-1-3990-6501-6 |page=30 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Panther_German_Army_Medium_Tank/-WeIEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

The Germans retreated to their next line of defence, the [[Trasimene Line]] where the 14th Army re-aligned with the [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 10th Army]] before withdrawing to the formidable defences of the [[Gothic Line]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==See also==
*[[Operation Shingle|Battle of Anzio]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caesar C Line}}
[[Category:German World War II defensive lines]]
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Rome in World War II]]
[[Category:World War II sites in Italy]]

BITS Pilani

2026-03-06T10:35:05Z

RethaT8259798:

{{Short description|Deemed university in Pilani, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}{{Infobox university
| name = Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
| image_size = 200px
| motto = ''gyānaṁ paramaṁ balam'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| mottoeng = Knowledge is supreme power
| former_names = {{ubl|Birla College of Engineering<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notification: S.O.1574 Date of Issue: 10/5/1965 |url=https://incometaxindia.gov.in/Communications/Notification/920110000000009288.htm |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=incometaxindia.gov.in}}</ref> (1946–1964)}}
| established = * 1946; {{Years ago|1946}} years ago (as Birla College of Engineering)
* 1964; {{Years ago|1964}} years ago (as BITS Pilani)<ref>[http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/iru_site/iru_home.html "International Relations Unit, BITS Pilani"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808222400/http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/iru_site/iru_home.html |date=8 August 2010 }}. Discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in.</ref>
| founder = [[G. D. Birla]]
| type = [[Institute of Eminence]] [[Deemed to be University|Deemed University]]
| chancellor = [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]]
| vice_chancellor = [[V. Ramgopal Rao]]
| director = Sudhirkumar Barai (Pilani campus)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alumni.iisc.ac.in/news/19737|title=IISc – Alumnus Prof. Sudhirkumar Barai appointed as Director of BITS Bintomala,Bintosthan Campus ..|website=alumni.iisc.ac.in|language=en-us|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 1,071 <ref>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0391.pdf |website=nirfindia.org |date=2025-12-06}}</ref> 350 (Pilani campus) <ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani - About Us |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/about-us/ |website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in/ |date=2025-12-06}}</ref>
| students = 15,677<ref>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025
|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0391.pdf |website=nirfindia.org |date=2025-12-06}}</ref> 4,500 (Pilani campus) <ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani - About Us |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/about-us/ |website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in/ |date=2025-12-06}}</ref>
| undergrad = 11,917<ref>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0391.pdf |website=nirfindia.org |date=2025-12-06}}</ref>
| postgrad = 1,634<ref>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0391.pdf |website=nirfindia.org |date=2025-12-06}}</ref>
| doctoral = 2,126<ref>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0391.pdf |website=nirfindia.org |date=2025-12-06}}</ref>
| city = [[Pilani]], [[Jhunjhunu]]
| state = Rajasthan
| postalcode = 333031
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|21|49.96|N|75|35|13.26|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Multiple sites
| campus_size = 786 acres 
328 acres (Pilani campus)
| colors = {{color box|#5CCAE8}} {{color box|#CF2027}} {{color box|#FFE275}} Sky blue, red, and yellow
| sports_nickname = BITSians
| website = {{URL|http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in}}
| logo =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]],<ref>{{cite web| url = https://deemed.ugc.ac.in/Home/ListOfDeemedToBeUniversity| title = List of Deemed to be Universities}}</ref> [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions_accredited_by_NAAC_having_valid_accreditation-as_on_14082025.xlsx| title = Institutions Accredited by NAAC}}</ref> [[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pci.nic.in/institute_cities/degree/Rajasthan.htm| title = Accredited Universities| author = National Assessment and Accreditation Council| access-date = 21 October 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090409234542/http://pci.nic.in/institute_cities/degree/Rajasthan.htm| archive-date = 9 April 2009| url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.aiuweb.org/Members/MembersB.asp| title = AIU Member Universities| author = Association of Indian Universities| access-date = 28 October 2009}}</ref> [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.acu.ac.uk/institutions/view?id=356| title = Institutions affiliated to ACU| author = Association of Commonwealth Universities| access-date = 21 October 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090905063215/http://www.acu.ac.uk/institutions/view?id=356| archive-date = 5 September 2009| url-status = dead}}</ref>
| endowment = {{INRConvert|306|c}}<ref>{{cite web| title=#bitsian #endowment #bitsians | Prof. V Ramgopal Rao | url =https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ramgopalrao_bitsian-endowment-bitsians-share-7415966060819963904-1F_W?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_android&rcm=ACoAADrG5qsB8Tiak1a_5BaNkvIxWUsrAikISxI }}</ref> (2025)
| image_name = BITS Pilani-Logo.svg
}}
The '''Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani''' ('''BITS Pilani''') is a private [[deemed university]] in [[Pilani]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Act-1956|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf|website=mhrd.gov.in/|publisher=Secretary, University Grants Commission|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> It focuses primarily on higher education and research in engineering and sciences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Kalpana |title=BITS Pilani has big plans, with large batch sizes |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/bits-pilani-has-big-plans-with-large-batch-sizes-113011000011_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811231418/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/bits-pilani-has-big-plans-with-large-batch-sizes-113011000011_1.html |archive-date=2019-08-11 |access-date=2025-07-07 |language=en}}</ref> BITS Pilani was one of the first six institutes in India to be declared [[Institute of Eminence|Institutions of Eminence]].<ref name="BITS Pilani, IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay among the six 'Institutes of Eminence'">{{Cite web |title=BITS Pilani, IIT Delhi, Bombay, are now among six Institutes of Eminence |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=9 July 2018 |url=https://theprint.in/governance/bits-pilani-iit-delhi-bombay-are-now-among-six-institutes-of-eminence/80690/}}</ref> According to 2012 data, BITS Pilani has an acceptance rate (on-campus) of 1.47%, making it one of the most exclusive [[Institute of technology|technical universities]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the world's most exclusive university, where the acceptance rate is just 1.5% |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/inside-the-worlds-most-exclusive-university-where-the-acceptance-rate-is-just-1-5/articleshow/59164594.cms |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-21 |title=The World's Most Exclusive University Accepts Less Than 1.5 Percent of Applicants |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/502093/worlds-most-exclusive-university-accepts-less-15-percent-applicants |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Mental Floss |language=en-US}}</ref>

The institute was established in its present form in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIT Pilani Inception |url=https://gradprospect.com/institute/Birla-Institute-of-Technology-and-Science/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215171513/https://gradprospect.com/institute/Birla-Institute-of-Technology-and-Science/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=Grad Prospect}}</ref> During this period, the institute's transformation from a regional engineering college to a national university was backed by [[G.D. Birla]]. The university has expanded its campuses from Pilani to [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus|Dubai]], [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|Goa]], [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus|Hyderabad]] and [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Mumbai Campus|Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-11 |title=BITS Pilani may spend Rs 1,600 crore for expansion in five years |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/bits-pilani-may-spend-rs-1600-crore-for-expansion-in-five-years/articleshow/38203072.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=%22BITS%20will%20be%20focusing%20on,the%20sidelines%20of%20a%20programme. |access-date=2023-10-19 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> After expansion to a campus in Dubai, it has become the first international deemed university, spearheading research in science and engineering with four established campuses and fifteen academic departments. Backed by the [[Aditya Birla Group]], the institute secures extramural research funds from industries and various government agencies.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Ongoing Projects-INSTITUTES INTERACTED {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/aeronautics-research-development/ongoing-projects-institutes-interacted |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Research |url=https://universe.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/pharmacy/Research |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=universe.bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref>

Admissions to on-campus programs are solely merit-based and assessed by the entrance examinations conducted by BITS.<ref>{{cite web |author=S.S.Vasan |date=27 November 2006 |title=BITS Pilani Says Merit First, No to reservation |url=http://news.coolavenues.com/2006/10/27/bits-pilani-says-merit-first-no-to-reservation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803003152/http://news.coolavenues.com/2006/10/27/bits-pilani-says-merit-first-no-to-reservation/ |archive-date=3 August 2010 |access-date=28 November 2009}}</ref> It is one of the few institutions in India that do not have any [[Reservation in India|reservation]] policies in their admission criteria.

== History ==

=== Inception ===
[[File:BITS-Pilani campus aerial view.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Large buildings surrounding green quadrangle|Aerial view, BITS Pilani (1978)]]
[[File:Aerial View BITS Pilani, 2014.png|thumb|Aerial image of the Pilani campus with the newly inaugurated Rotunda (2014)]]
Founded in 1929, the Birla Education Trust established an intermediate college,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Arun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ly5CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=Philanthropy and the Development of Modern India: In the Name of Nation |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780198868637 |pages=90 |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> followed by the addition of Science and Pharmacy colleges in 1943 and 1950 respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaju |first=Ram Niwas |url=https://www.ramniwasjaju.com/book-g-d-birla-a-biography.html |title=G. D. Birla: A Biography |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1985 |location=New Delhi |pages=285 |chapter=The Transformation of Pilani |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> The Birla College of Engineering, offering degree programs in electrical and mechanical engineering was started in 1946.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=K. K. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ModernReview/1955_v98/page/n437/mode/2up |title=The Modern Review |publisher=The Modern Review Office |editor-last=Chatterjee |editor-first=Ramananda |volume=98 |location=Calcutta |publication-date=November 1955 |pages=414 |chapter=Pilani: Combination of Gurukul and Varsity |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> The master's program in electronics was introduced in 1955.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title= Prof V Lakshminarayanan – a Legend for BITS Pilani|url= http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20060917613.htm|access-date= 22 February 2011|work= India PR Wire|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120407040244/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20060917613.htm|archive-date= 7 April 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref> In 1964, the Birla Colleges of Science, Engineering and Pharmacy were incorporated to form the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS).

Reacting to early criticism about the project, contemporary advisor Thomas Drew said:
{{Blockquote|In my judgment to attempt to develop an American institution in India would be like trying to graft apples on a pine tree. We have not been asked to make such an attempt. We were asked to help devise in India an Indian technological school to produce graduates with the know-how to produce knowledge pertinent for India…. In many respects, they consider us immature, rude, hypocritical barbarians who in certain respects happened to hit it lucky. To be viable in India an institution must be framed with Indian values in mind.<ref name="HSBITS">{{cite web|url=http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/khb3/Osiris/papers/LeslieKargonRev1.pdf|title=History of BITS Pilani|first=Stuart|last=Leslie|author2=Kargon, Robert|date=26 March 2004|work=OSIRIS Workshop 2004|publisher=Georgetown University|access-date=22 February 2011|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724083211/http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/khb3/Osiris/papers/LeslieKargonRev1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

BITS Pilani became a [[deemed university]] established under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956 by notification No. F.12-23/63.U-2 of 18 June 1964.<ref name=HP>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/|title=Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani)|website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandirimani |first=G. K. |date=27 June 1964 |title=Ministry of Education |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1797-1964-0026-81903.pdf |journal=Gazette of India |issue=26 |pages=223 |access-date=1 October 2022 |quote="No. F. 12-23/63-U2.—In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (3 of 1956), the Central Government, on the advice of the Commission, hereby declares that the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, which is an institution for higher education, shall be deemed to be a University for the said Act."}}</ref> In its formative years, the Institute tied up with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), Boston, USA.<ref name=HP/><ref>Leslie, Stuart W., and Robert Kargon. “Exporting MIT: Science, Technology, and Nation-Building in India and Iran.” ''Osiris'', vol. 21, no. 1, 2006, pp. 118–123. ''JSTOR'', https://doi.org/10.1086/507138. Retrieved 30 Jan. 2024.</ref> It adopted a semester system, modular structure of courses, continuous and internal evaluation, letter grading and the likes. It also created linkages with the industries which yielded structured “Practice Schools” as an integral component of education.<ref name=HP/>

The Institute board provided direction in developing a curriculum, selecting equipment, upgrading the library and recruiting (and training) an Indian faculty. To quicken the pace of reform he convinced [[C. R. Mitra]] to be the new director of the institute. Mitra advocated a "practice school" internship program as a requirement for faculty and students.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=C. R. |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000097872.locale=en |title=Management of innovation: a case study of the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India |publisher=[[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]] |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=13 |author-link=C. R. Mitra |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> The Practice School Program is still a requirement for students in BITS.
[[File:Bits Clock tower.jpg|alt=Low, gold-colored building seen from green space|thumb|Clock tower, BITS Pilani]]
According to American historians Robert Kargon and Stuart Leslie:
{{Blockquote| BITS offered an opportunity to build a leading technological university in India responsive to India's goals, to produce practising engineers who will be in a position to graduate and to build industries in India, under Indian conditions. With its emphasis on the Practice School and ties to Indian industry, it helped educate Indian industrialists along with Indian engineers who would remain in India, in contrast to many other engineering colleges in India, most of whose graduates would leave the country after obtaining their basic engineering education. The Ford Foundation Evaluators...proudly noted that the Indian government, despite having given no direct financial support, was looking to BITS to provide a model for future development in education in engineering and science in India.<ref name="HSBITS" />}}

Like [[1960s Berkeley protests|Berkeley]], BITS Pilani has also experienced student activism. BITS Pilani had to be shut down multiple times because of student strikes in 1973, 1980, 1985 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/19800430-birla-institute-of-technology-and-science-finds-itself-suffering-from-strike-syndrome-806622-2014-01-29|title=Birla Institute of Technology and Science finds itself suffering from strike-syndrome|first=Prabhu|last=Chawla|date=29 January 2014|website=India Today|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krishnan |first=Sandhya |date=Summer 2008 |title=70s and beyond: The BITS-Pilani of yore |url=https://sandpaper.bitsaa.org/archives/pdf/SandpaperSummer2008.pdf |journal=Sandpaper 2.0 |pages=29–30 |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Expansion into multiple campuses}}Multi-campus expansion ===
{{location map+|India|AlternativeMap = India location map 3.png|float=right|width=240|caption=Campuses within India: Pilani, Goa, Hyderabad, Mumbai|places=
{{location map~|India|label=Pilani|position=right|lat=28.37|long=75.6}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[BITS Pilani Goa Campus|Goa]]|position=right|lat=15.23|long=73.52}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus|Hyderabad]]|position=right|lat=17.366|long=78.476}}
{{location map~|India|label=Mumbai|position=right|lat= 19.076|long=72.877}}
}}

In 1999, enrollment expanded from 2,500 to 4,000<ref name="KKB">{{cite web |title= Chancellor KK Birla's Speech |url= http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/unews/Hyd-foundation/chancellor-address.pdf |access-date= 22 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101225080244/http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/unews/Hyd-foundation/chancellor-address.pdf |archive-date= 25 December 2010 |url-status= dead}}</ref> and campuses were founded in [[Dubai]] (2000) and [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|Goa]] (2004). Upon invitation by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]], BITS Pilani acquired {{convert|200|acre|ha}} of land from the [[Andhra Pradesh]] government through the [[Hyderabad Urban Development Authority]] for a new constituent campus in 2006. The land is located in Jawaharnagar, [[Shamirpet]] Mandal in the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Campuses of BITS- Hyderabad Campus Website |url= http://www.bits-hyderabad.ac.in/campuses.php |access-date= 8 June 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090727195027/http://www.bits-hyderabad.ac.in/campuses.php |archive-date= 27 July 2009 |url-status= dead}}</ref> The BITS Pilani Hyderabad campus was opened in 2008.

BITS School of Management (BITSoM) was established in January 2021 and offers a two-year full-time residential MBA program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nanda |first=Prashant K. |date=2021-01-28 |title=BITS Pilani to invest ₹1,500 cr to set up B-school in Mumbai |url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/bits-pilani-to-invest-rs-1-500-crore-for-new-b-school-in-mumbai-km-birla-11611827972092.html |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Alongside BITS Law School (BITSLAW), launched in March 2023, and BITS Design School (BITSDES), launched in February 2024, all three schools initially operated from interim campuses in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Sreeradha |date=2023-03-09 |title=BITS Pilani launches BITS Law School in Mumbai |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/bits-pilani-launches-bits-law-school-in-mumbai/articleshow/98517471.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About - BITS Design School |url=https://www.bitsdesign.edu.in/about-bitsdes/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.bitsdesign.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, they moved to a newly inaugurated 63-acre permanent campus in [[Kalyan]], within the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurates new campus of BITS Pilani in Kalyan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/nirmala-sitharaman-inaugurates-new-campus-of-bits-pilani-2506789-2024-02-25 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=India Today |date=25 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Chancellor and academic head ===
BITS Pilani has a tradition of long-serving chancellors. Its founder, G.D. Birla, was chancellor from the college's inception until his death in 1983.<ref name="KKB" /> He was followed by his son, [[Krishna Kumar Birla]], who was chancellor until his death in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title= BITS Pilani mourns the death of Chancellor Dr KK Birla |url= http://www.pr-inside.com/bits-pilani-mourns-the-death-of-r780664.htm |access-date= 22 February 2011 |archive-date= 14 September 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080914110835/http://www.pr-inside.com/bits-pilani-mourns-the-death-of-r780664.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> Currently, [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]] is chancellor and Shobhana Bhartia is pro-chancellor.<ref name="KMB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pr-inside.com/kumar-mangalam-birla-chancellor-and-r809661.htm|title=Kumar Mangalam Birla Chancellor and Shobana Bhartia Pro Chancellor BITS Pilani|access-date=8 July 2010|archive-date=20 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520171117/http://www.pr-inside.com/kumar-mangalam-birla-chancellor-and-r809661.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first academic head of the institution was J. C. Stracliff (Principal) for a period of 3 years during 1946–1949.<ref>{{cite book |title= Mere Pilani Ke Sansmaran |author= Sukhdev Pande}}</ref> V. Lakshminarayan became Principal of Birla Engineering College in 1949 and Director of BITS Pilani in 1964 when it was established (serving until 1969).<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof Lakshminarayan Memorial Lecture |url= http://www.prlog.org/10030780-bits-pilani-rajasthan-prof-lakshminarayanan-memorial-lecture-2007-curtain-raiser.html |access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> He was succeeded by the third and fourth academic heads (BITS Pilani Directors) C.R. Mitra (1969–1989)<ref>{{cite web |title= C.R.Mita |url= http://www.pr-inside.com/former-bits-pilani-director-dr-cr-r775845.htm |access-date= 22 February 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110715111532/http://www.pr-inside.com/former-bits-pilani-director-dr-cr-r775845.htm |archive-date= 15 July 2011}}</ref> and S. Venkateswaran (1989–2006). L.K. Maheshwari was the fifth academic head, serving as Director as well as Vice Chancellor, the latter terminology denoting the overall head of multiple campuses (each of which now has a Director). The current directors of the campuses are Sudhirkumar Barai, Suman Kundu, Soumyo Mukherji, and Souri Banerjee for Pilani, Goa, Hyderabad, and Dubai campuses, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus — About Us |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/about-us/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BITS Pilani, Goa Campus — About Us |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/goa/about-us/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BITS Pilani, Goa Campus — About Us |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/hyderabad/about-us/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BITS Pilani, Goa Campus — About Us |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/dubai/about-us/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2016, Chancellor KM Birla announced that Souvik Bhattacharya of [[IIT Kharagpur]] was selected to take over as the new Vice chancellor of BITS Pilani. He took over in June 2016 to become the 6th academic head of the institute.<ref name="BNJ-1">{{cite web |title=Announcement for new VC |url=https://id.bits-pilani.ac.in/Uploads/Announcement_of_Prof.Souvik_Bhattacharyya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509005436/http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/Uploads/Announcement_of_Prof.Souvik_Bhattacharyya.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Ranendra N. Saha served as the Acting Vice Chancellor from 13 June 2021 to 30 September 2021 after the expiration of Bhattacharya's term. The latter was re-appointed as the Vice Chancellor from 1 October 2021 for a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2022 |url=https://www.bits-goa.ac.in/files/ANNUAL-REPORT/Annual-Report-2022.pdf |website=bits-goa.ac.in}}</ref> On 10 March 2023, [[V. Ramgopal Rao]] took over the Vice Chancellor's office from the outgoing Bhattacharya, becoming the seventh academic head of the institute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=Vice - Chancellor's Message |url=https://web.bits-pilani.ac.in/viceChancellorMessage |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=web.bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.bits-goa.ac.in/files/ANNUAL-REPORT/Annual-Report-2023.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423131355/http://bits-goa.ac.in/files/ANNUAL-REPORT/Annual-Report-2023.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-23 |website=bits-goa.ac.in}}</ref>

== Campuses ==
=== {{anchor|Pilani Campus}}Pilani Campus ===
Spread across 328 acres (1,330,000 m2), Pilani campus is positioned 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of Delhi and 220 kilometres (140 mi) north of Jaipur.<ref name="Visit BITS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/visitbits|title=Visit BITS|website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513132757/https://bits-pilani.ac.in/visitbits|url-status=dead}}</ref> The campus has {{convert|11245|m2|sqft}} of classrooms and {{convert|7069|m2|sqft}} of laboratories.
[[File:GD Birla Memorial.jpg|thumb|G.D. Birla Memorial]]
[[File:Birla Science Museum, BITS Pilani.jpg|thumb|Birla Science Centre, BITS Pilani]]
The Pilani campus has India's first technological museum, the Birla Museum. Built in 1954, it showcases technological achievements.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/about/landmarks.html
|title=Birla Museum
|access-date=27 October 2009
|author=BITS Pilani
|archive-date=22 October 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022171615/http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/about/landmarks.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100922050757/http://www.rajasthantour4u.com/blog/index.php/2009/07/07/birla-museum-of-science-technology-pilani-rajasthan-first-technological-museum-established-in-india/ "Birla Museum at BITS Pilani"]}}. Rajasthantour4u.com (7 July 2009).</ref> BITS has a {{convert|2535|m2|sqft|adj=on}} auditorium decorated with paintings by students from the department of art and decoration.<ref name="BITS Pilani Statistics">{{cite web |author=BITS Pilani |title=BITS Pilani statistics |url=http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/statistics/2008/body_campusinfo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130155358/http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/statistics/2008/body_campusinfo.html |archive-date=30 November 2009 |access-date=27 October 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Saraswati temple, BITS Pilani.jpg|alt=Temple with four rounded step levels|thumb|[[Saraswati]] temple, BITS Pilani]]
BITS has a [https://bet.org.in/instutions/sharda-peeth-pilani/ Sharda Peeth] dedicated to the goddess [[Saraswati]], Sharda Peeth, built by G. D. Birla. The white marble temple is built on a {{convert|7|ft|m|adj=on}}-high foundation, with 70 pillars for support. It covers an area of {{convert|25000|sqft|m2}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://bet.org.in/instutions/sharda-peeth-pilani/
|title= Sharda Peeth
|access-date=27 October 2009
|author= Temple Net
}}</ref>

==== Residential and dining facilities ====
The institute has fourteen hostels in total. Each hostel is referred as a "Bhawan", the [[Sanskrit]] word for hostel. Thirteen of them – [[Krishna]] Bhawan, [[Vishvakarma|Vishwakarma]] Bhawan, [[Maharana Pratap|Rana Pratap]] Bhawan, [[Bhagiratha|Bhagirath]] Bhawan, [[Ashoka|Ashok]] Bhawan, [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] Bhawan, [[Shiva|Shankar]] Bhawan, [[Vyasa|Vyas]] Bhawan, [[Rama|Ram]] Bhawan, [[The Buddha|Budh]] Bhawan, [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Malviya]] Bhawan, [[C. V. Raman|Sir CV Raman]] Bhavan and [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] Bhawan, are for male students. [[Mirabai|Meera]] Bhawan is the only hostel complex for female students. The hostels are named after saints, scientists, and historical and religious figures. The institute also has a hostel for parents and guests.<ref name="Facilities">{{cite web
|url=http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/Faculty/body_prospective_aboutbits.html#campus
|title=BITS Campus Facilities
|access-date=28 November 2009
|author=BITS Pilani
|publisher=bits-pilani.ac.in
|archive-date=28 January 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128220404/http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/Faculty/body_prospective_aboutbits.html#campus
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Every two hostels share a mess hall except Meera Bhawan, Srinivasa Ramanujan Bhawan and Sir CV Raman Bhawan, which have their own mess halls. All dining areas are student-managed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/CampusLife/body_studenthous.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814024957/http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/CampusLife/body_studenthous.html|url-status=dead|title=Bits Pilani - Housing|archive-date=14 August 2010|website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref> Students may also eat at a "Redi" (a small kiosk near every hostel), Institute Canteen (IC), the All-Night Canteen (ANC), Food Ministry (FM), and the Student Activity Centre (SAC) cafeteria (301 °F, Looters, and [[Domino's]]). The ANC is also student-managed.<ref>[https://bits-pilani.org/#Bits_Pilani_ANCAll_Night_Canteen "ANC at BITS Pilani"]</ref> Moreover, there is a small area inside campus called "Connaught Place" which has many restaurants, cafes,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/campuslife/body_studentmisc.html |title=BITS, Pilani - the Official Home Page |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126205050/http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/campuslife/body_studentmisc.html |archive-date=26 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and shops for general daily needs as well.

==== Vision 2020, Mission 2012 ====
In 2010 the institute launched a renewal project, "Vision 2020, Mission 2012,"<ref>{{Cite web |title=VISION 2020 - MISSION 2012 - Data Collection Portal for BITS Pilani Campuses |url=http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/dcd/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105010755/http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/dcd/Default.aspx |archive-date=2011-11-05 |website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> to identify and implement measures establishing BITS Pilani as one of India's top three research-led universities by 2015 and among the leading 25 technical universities in Asia by 2020. As a part of this initiative, [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]] visited the Pilani campus on 13 November 2011 with pro-chancellor Shobhana Bhartia and other members of the board of governors. At this meeting, Birla announced a ₹600 crore fund for renovation and construction of new academic buildings and student hostels on the Pilani campus. The project was planned for completion in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/NewsModule/detail_page.aspx?id=559 |title=BITS, Pilani – The Official Home Page |publisher=Discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504223121/http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/NewsModule/detail_page.aspx?id=559 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Project Vistaar ====
In July 2025, BITS Pilani announced ''Project Vistaar'', a ₹2,200 crore expansion—the largest investment in its history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghai |first=Neil |date=2025-07-13 |title=BITS Pilani to set up 'AI+' campus, invest ₹1,219 cr on infra upgrade |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/bits-pilani-to-set-up-ai-campus-invest-1219-cr-on-infra-upgrade/articleshow/122417082.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The initiative includes a new AI+ campus in [[Amaravati]] and a ₹1,219 crore upgrade of existing campuses in Pilani, Goa, and Hyderabad. The announcement was made by Chancellor Kumar Mangalam Birla during the institute’s convocation ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-07-14 |title=BITS Pilani AI+ Campus to come up in Amaravati |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Jul/14/bits-pilani-ai-campus-to-come-up-in-amaravati-3 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Amaravati campus will serve as a hub for advanced programs in AI, machine learning, innovation, and strategy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/editor-detail/bits-pilani-to-establish-ai-plus-campus-in-andhra-pradesh--says-cm-naidu/2725983 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref> Developed in two phases, it will accommodate over 7,000 students and offer global collaborations, doctoral programs, and sustainable infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=BITS Pilani announces AI+ campus in Amaravati, other initiatives |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/bits-pilani-announces-ai-campus-in-amaravati-other-initiatives-101752555071759.html |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Goa Campus ===
{{Main|Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus}}

=== Hyderabad Campus ===
{{Main|Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus}}

=== Dubai Campus ===
{{Main|Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus}}

=== Mumbai Campus ===
{{Main|Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Mumbai Campus}}

== Academics ==

===Academic programmes (On-campus) ===

==== {{anchor|Integrated First Degree}} Integrated first degrees ====
BITS Pilani offers four-year integrated [[Undergraduate degree|first-degree]] programs in engineering and pharmacy, and integrated Master of Science programs in science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/academics.html |title=Academics@BITS PILANI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529074305/http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/academics.html |archive-date=29 May 2010 }}</ref> The Dual-Degree program allows students to pursue two degrees, namely a Master's in Science (M.Sc.) and a Bachelor's in Engineering (B.E.) simultaneously for a time duration of five-years. The dual-degree program is part of the first-degree programs and is offered to students on the basis of BITSAT scores.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dual degree|url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/Goa/admissions/Dualdegree|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|Higher Degree}}Higher degrees ====
BITS Pilani offers two-year [[Postgraduate education|higher-degree]] programs in engineering, pharmacy and business administration.<ref name="BITS Pilani">{{cite web |url=http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/academics.html |title=BITS, Pilani – [ Academics ] |work=bits-pilani.ac.in |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529074305/http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/academics.html |archive-date=29 May 2010}}</ref> The Master of Engineering (M.E.) program is offered to students on the basis of [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] scores and BITS HD exam scores.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BITS Higher Degrees |url=https://www.bitsadmission.com/hdmain.aspx |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref>

'''{{anchor|Higher Degree}}Doctoral degrees'''

BITS Pilani offers Ph.D. programs in Engineering, Sciences, Pharmacy, Social Sciences, and Management across its campuses. Admission is based on a written test and interview, with exemptions for candidates holding higher degrees (M.Phil./M.E.) or national-level fellowships like CSIR NET-JRF, DBT-JRF, or UGC NET-JRF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admission |first=BITS |title=BITS Programmes |url=https://bitsadmission.com/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=bitsadmission.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctoral Program (Ph.D.) |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/admissions/doctoral-program-phd/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Admission ===
==== Pilani, Goa and Hyderabad campuses ====
Before 2005, admissions were based on the candidates' score in the 12th board examination. BITS had been moderating marks from various school boards since 1982.

Since 2005, admission to first-degree in BITS has been offered on the basis of the student's performance in the all-India entrance examination, the Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test (BITSAT).<ref name="toi2012" /> BITSAT, for which applications are submitted in December, is conducted online in May and June in cities all over India. The exam tests the candidate's knowledge, reasoning and analytical abilities in [[physics]], [[chemistry]], mathematics, [[English studies|English]] and [[logical reasoning]], and is based on higher secondary curricula in India and abroad. A 2012 news report showed that [https://www.collegecourses.in/bitsat/ BITSAT] had become more competitive than the [[IIT-JEE]], in terms of the ratio of the number of aspirants to the number of seats available.<ref name="toi2012">{{cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=Birla Institute of Technology & Science entrance more competitive than IIT |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Birla-Institute-of-Technology-Science-entrance-more-competitive-than-IIT/articleshow/13073325.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |ref=10 May 2012}}</ref>

Admission to on-campus higher degrees such as Master's in Engineering (M.E.) is done on the basis of [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] scores and BITS HD (Higher Degree) examination scores.<ref name=":0" />

For foreign students, BITS has a separate admission scheme called International Student Admissions (ISA) category. To gauge the merit of these ISA students, BITS accepts the [[SAT]] and [[SAT Subject Tests]] in chemistry, physics, and Math 2C.<ref name="BITS website">{{cite web|title=BITS International Admissions|url=http://sites.bits-hyderabad.ac.in/internationalstuadm/admission-process.php|website=BITS website|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|Dubai Campus}}Dubai campus ====

Admission to [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus]] is based on scores in the 12th standard qualifying exam along with BITSAT. Although the BITS Pilani-Dubai campus was established for the educational requirements of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] countries, admission is open to students of all nationalities.<ref>{{cite web|title=BITS Dubai Admissions|url=http://www.bitsdubai.com/admissions.html|access-date=22 February 2011|archive-date=20 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120043908/http://bitsdubai.com/admissions.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Academic and industrial collaborations ===
BITS Pilani collaborates extensively with industries and government organizations, including the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|DST]], [[ICMR]], [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]], [[ISRO]], [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] and [[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]].<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=TECHNOLOGY ENABLING CENTRE (TEC) |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/tec/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref> The institute actively promotes innovation and supports ventures by faculty, students, and alumni through its incubation programs.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani History on BPHC Homepage |url=http://www.bits-hyderabad.ac.in/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405145023/http://www.bits-hyderabad.ac.in/history.php |archive-date=5 April 2009 |access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref> BITS is a partner in developing the JournalServer<ref name="BITS JS3">{{cite web |title=Journal Server, BITS Pilani |url=http://jsorg.user.openhosting.com/about/partners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103080313/http://jsorg.user.openhosting.com/about/partners.php |archive-date=3 January 2007 |access-date=18 April 2007}}</ref> open-access digital library, Project [[IPV6]]<ref name="BITS IPV63">{{cite web |author=BITS Pilani |title=IPV6 |url=http://ipv6.bits-pilani.ac.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403031708/http://ipv6.bits-pilani.ac.in/ |archive-date=3 April 2007 |access-date=18 April 2007 |publisher=bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref> and the {{Proper name|MIT iCampus}}<ref name="BITS iCampus3">{{cite web |title=iCampus, BITS Pilani |url=http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/iCampus/About-Projects-icampus.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219103127/http://discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/icampus/About-Projects-icampus.htm |archive-date=19 December 2006 |access-date=18 April 2007 |publisher=bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref> initiative. BITS Pilani has signed key MoUs with institutions such as the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) and [[IIT Bombay]] for joint research and specialized courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BITS Pilani, IISc Bengaluru Sign MoU For Academic & Research Ties |url=https://www.bweducation.com/article/bits-pilani-iisc-bengaluru-sign-mou-for-academic-research-ties-561615 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=BW Education |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=IIT-Bombay, BITS Pilani collaborate for research, skill development |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-bombay-bits-pilani-collaborate-for-research-skill-development-9589400/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=BITS Pilani, Hyderabad's Tata Institute of Fundamental Research partner for joint research, specialised courses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bits-pilani-tata-institute-of-fundamental-research-hyderabad-partner-for-joint-research-specialised-courses-9492366/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[One Health Trust]], in collaboration with BITS, has a joint research program in Data Sciences for Global Health, focusing on research training, fieldwork, and data analysis.<ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani collaborates with Washington based One Health Trust to offer PhD in Data Sciences |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-bits-pilani-collaborates-with-washington-based-one-health-trust-to-offer-phd-in-data-sciences-2920323/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=Financial Express |date=20 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani, One Health Trust invite applications for PhD in Data Science for Global Health; check eligibility, how to apply |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bits-pilani-one-health-trust-launch-phd-in-data-science-check-how-to-apply-eligibility-bitsadmission-com-8334488/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> BITS Pilani has signed MoUs with the [[University of Southern California]], [[University at Buffalo]], [[Iowa State University]], [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] in USA, [[CentraleSupélec]] in France and [[Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology]] (RMIT) in Australia for dual degree programmes and research initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USC Viterbi School and BITS Pilani Forge Global Partnership to Advance Research and Education |url=https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2025/06/usc-viterbi-school-and-bits-pilani-forge-global-partnership-to-advance-research-and-education/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=USC Viterbi {{!}} School of Engineering |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=BITS Pilani, Iowa State University to launch dual degree programmes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bits-pilani-iowa-state-university-sign-mou-for-dual-degree-programmes-9136384/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-08 |title=BITS Pilani, University at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo) sign MoU for joint UG degrees |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bits-pilani-signs-mou-with-university-at-buffalo-suny-buffalo-for-join-ug-degrees-9150708/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Academy |url=https://bitsrmit.in/about-the-academy/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=BITS-RMIT Higher Education Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Research facilities ===
BITS Pilani hosts a range of advanced research facilities across its campuses, supporting interdisciplinary research and innovation in science and engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CIF |date=2022-12-27 |title=Central Instrumentation Facility |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/central-instrumentation-facility/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref> The Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF) at each campus provides centralized access to high-end scientific equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CAL |date=2023-04-26 |title=Central Analytical Laboratory |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/hyderabad/central-analytical-laboratory/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CSIF |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/goa/csif/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref> Other specialized facilities includes a state-of-the-art cleanroom for micro and nano-fabrication, the ''Nalini Kurra Wind Tunnel Facility'' for advanced research in aerodynamic and renewable energy,<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu |date=2025-01-07 |title=BITS Pilani, Hyderabad campus inaugurates cutting-edge research facility |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bits-pilani-hyderabad-campus-inaugurates-cutting-edge-research-facility/article69068968.ece |access-date=2025-08-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the MEMS, Microfluidics & Nanoelectronics Lab (MMNE Lab) and Intracellular Parasite Education and Research Labs (iPEARL), a [[Biosafety level|BSL-2+]] facility for infectious disease research.

BITS Pilani also hosts dedicated ''Centres of Excellence'', including the Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (APPCAIR), Centre of Research Excellence in Semiconductor Technologies (CREST), Centre of Research Excellence in National Security (CRENS), and the Advanced Research Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies (ARCSET), which focus on key national and global research priorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BITS Pilani Inaugurates Advanced Research Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies (ARCSET) |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/news/bits-pilani-inaugurates-advanced-research-centre-for-sustainable-energy-technologies-arcset/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref> The institute was awarded the Sophisticated Analytical and Technical Help Institute (SATHI) project by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (DST), a grant of ₹60 crore to set up shared research infrastructure in areas such as material sciences, device manufacturing and biopharmaceuticals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Sreeradha |date=2024-02-29 |title=BITS Pilani receives Rs 60 cr from Centre for advanced research facilities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/bits-pilani-receives-rs-60-cr-from-centre-for-advanced-research-facilities/articleshow/108099531.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> BITS Pilani is the only self-financed institute selected to host a Technology Innovation Hub under the Bio–Cyber Physical Systems (Bio‑CPS) vertical, through the BITS BioCyTiH Foundation, with a grant of ₹125 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bio-CPS |first=BioCyTiH |date=August 2025 |title=BITS BioCyTiH Foundation |url=https://dst.gov.in/national-mission-interdisciplinary-cyber-physical-systems-nm-icps }}</ref> According to the [[Nature Index]], BITS Pilani is currently ranked 16th among academic institutions in India in terms of research output.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institution tables {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/generate/all/countries-India/academic |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>

=== Distance learning programmes (WILP) ===
BITS Pilani also offers online [[Distance education|distance learning]] programmes such as ''Work Integrated Learning Programmes (WILP)'' and in which students can get a B.Tech., M.Tech., Diploma, as well as Certificate programs while working in the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BITS WILP |url=https://bits-pilani-wilp.ac.in/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=WILP Overview - BITS Pilani}}</ref>

=== Digital education programmes ===
BITS Pilani launched its first online undergraduate degree, the B.Sc. in Computer Science, in September 2022 through a partnership with [[Coursera]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelor of Science in Computer Science {{!}} BITS Pilani |url=https://www.coursera.org/degrees/bachelor-of-science-computer-science-bits |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> The programme offeris flexible pacing and multiple exit options. In 2025, BITS Pilani established ''BITS Pilani Digital'' as a dedicated platform to expand its online degree offerings. The initial offerings include Bachelors and Masters in Data Science & AI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BITS Excellence, Now Online |url=https://bitspilani-digital.edu.in/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=bitspilani-digital.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rankings{{anchor|Reputation and rankings}} ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
| IT_E_2024 = 7
| OUTLOOK_E_P_2024 = 2
| QS_A_2024 = 171
| THE_W_2024 = 801–1000
|QS_W_2025= 668|
|NIRF_O_2024=23|NIRF_R_2024=26|NIRF_U_2024=19|NIRF_E_2024=20|NIRF_P_2024=3}}

Internationally, BITS Pilani was ranked 668 in the [[QS World University Rankings]] for 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2026 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> and 171 in Asia.<ref name="Rankings_QS_A_2024" /> It was ranked 601–800 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' for 2025.<ref name="Rankings_THE_W_2024" />

In India, in the 2025 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) rankings, BITS Pilani was ranked 16 overall,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260124114358/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref> 7 among universities,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/UniversityRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251011021314/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/UniversityRanking.html |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref> 11 in the engineering ranking,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260301193626/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking.html |archive-date=2026-03-01 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.nirfindia.org |language=en}}</ref> and 2 in the pharmacy ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/PharmacyRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251121221951/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/PharmacyRanking.html |archive-date=2025-11-21 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref> It was ranked 7th among engineering colleges by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2025 and second among private engineering colleges by ''[[Outlook India]]'' in 2025.<ref name="Rankings_OUTLOOK_E_P_2024" />

The Department of Management at the Pilani campus is ranked among the top 25 [[Business school|B-Schools]] in India, according to The WEEK-Hansa Research Best B-Schools Survey 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE WEEK-Hansa Research Survey 2025: A Look at India's best B-schools |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2025/11/28/the-week-hansa-research-survey-2025-a-look-at-indias-best-b-schools.html |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=The Week |language=}}</ref> and falls within the 451–500 band globally in the QS Business & Management Subject Ranking 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=QS World University Rankings for Business & Management Studies 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-subject-rankings/business-management-studies |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

== Student activities ==
===Events===
==== Oasis ====
{{Main|Oasis (festival)}}

[[Oasis (festival)|Oasis]] is the annual [[cultural festival]] of the BITS, Pilani. It hosts a variety of events in various categories like dance, drama, literature, comedy, fashion and music (such as [[Rocktaves]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Cultural Festival of BITS Pilani: Oasis 2014|url=https://www.careerindia.com/news/annual-cultural-festival-of-bits-pilani-oasis-2014-012494.html|website=careerindia.com|date=15 October 2014 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>

==== BOSM ====
{{main|BOSM (festival)}}

[[BOSM (festival)|BOSM]] (BITS Open Sports Meet) is the annual sports competition at the Pilani campus. BITS Pilani invites colleges throughout India to participate in events including carrom board, hockey, [[cricket]], basketball, football, volleyball, [[track and field]], badminton, tennis, table tennis, squash and weightlifting. Since its 2010 silver jubilee (25th) anniversary, BOSM has invited a team from Moratuwa University in Sri Lanka.<ref>[http://www.indiaprline.com/2010/09/10/bosm-all-india-sports-festival-at-bits-pilani-on-15-19-september-2010/ BOSM Goes International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423083532/http://www.indiaprline.com/2010/09/10/bosm-all-india-sports-festival-at-bits-pilani-on-15-19-september-2010/ |date=23 April 2012 }}. Indiaprline.com.</ref>

==== APOGEE ====
APOGEE (A Professions Oriented Gathering over Educational Experiences) is an international annual technical festival at the Pilani campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.igniteengineers.com/attractions-of-apogee-2018-bits-pilani-techfest/|title=Attractions of APOGEE 2018 (BITS Pilani Techfest) – Ignite Engineers|website=www.igniteengineers.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> Since its inception in 1983, APOGEE has hosted students and researchers from across the country. The guest lecture series of the fest, Think Again Conclave has received eminent speakers in the past which include [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], [[Richard Stallman]], [[Jimmy Wales]], [[Kailash Satyarthi]], [[Walter Lewin]] and [[A. S. Kiran Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://festpav.com/blog/the-international-technical-festival-apogee-2018-bits-pilani/|title=The International Technical festival APOGEE 2018 @ BITS Pilani blog.festPav.com|website=festpav.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203301/https://festpav.com/blog/the-international-technical-festival-apogee-2018-bits-pilani/|archive-date=16 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other events include the [[Academic Paper|Paper Presentation]] Event, which is one of the oldest research paper presentation platforms in the country, and Project Presentation, which exhibits over 550 projects in various fields of [[science]] and [[engineering]].

=== Spark ===
The BITS Spark programme was launched in 2012. The programme promotes entrepreneurship courses and workshops, offers mentorship, and provides angel funds.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Guru|first1=Vemuri|title=BITS Spark programme was launched in 2012.|url=http://entrepreneursdesk.org/fifth-edition-of-bits-spark-programme/|website=entrepreneursdesk.org/fifth-edition-of-bits-spark-programme/|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704205151/http://entrepreneursdesk.org/fifth-edition-of-bits-spark-programme/|archive-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Notable alumni}}Notable alumni ==
{{Main|List of BITS Pilani alumni}}

* [[Sanjay Mehrotra]], co-founder of [[Sandisk]] and CEO of [[Micron Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Anupriya |date=2023-02-17 |title=Alphabet, Microsoft, Starbucks & now YouTube — Indian-origin CEOs rule roost in Silicon Valley |url=https://theprint.in/tech/alphabet-microsoft-starbucks-now-youtube-indian-origin-ceos-rule-roost-in-silicon-valley/1378430/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Preetish Nijhawan]], co-founder of [[Akamai Technologies]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-03 |title=Birla Institute of Technology and Science ring Nasdaq bell |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/birla-institute-of-technology-and-science-ring-nasdaq-bell/articleshow/28302911.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Baba Kalyani]], businessman and chairman of [[Bharat Forge]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Baba Kalyani, BITS Pilani alumnus with over Rs 19,500 cr net worth, know about his billion dollars business empire |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-baba-kalyani-bits-pilani-alumnus-with-rs-19500-crore-net-worth-know-about-his-billion-dollars-business-bharat-3037978 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sabeer Bhatia]], co-founder of [[Hotmail]], first free [[web-based email]] service<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-16 |title=BITS Pilani: College that connects the creators of Hotmail, MapmyIndia, Onida |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bits-pilani-college-that-connects-the-creators-of-hotmail-mapmyindia-onida/articleshow/35189848.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Revathi Advaithi]], CEO of [[Flex (company)|Flex]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Flex CEO Revathi Advaithi on How India Can Become a Global Manufacturing Hub |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/interview/story/flex-ceo-revathi-advaithi-on-how-india-can-become-a-global-manufacturing-hub-332793-2022-05-09 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rakesh Kapoor]], former CEO of [[Reckitt Benckiser]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Former Reckitt chief Rakesh Kapoor donates $1.2 million to BITS Pilani |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/former-reckitt-chief-rakesh-kapoor-donates-12-million-to-bits-pilani/article66350539.ece |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Duggal]], former CEO of [[Dabur]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-18 |title=Perfect Recipe |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/indias-best-ceos-2015-dabur-sunil-duggal-laid-a-template-for-company-growth-story-54955-2015-12-18 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Goverdhan Mehta]], [[Padma Shri]] Awardee, ex-Director of [[IISc Bangalore]] and ex-Vice Chancellor of [[University of Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Goverdhan Mehta |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/GoverdhanMehtaDAA2011 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[S. P. Kothari]], [[Padma Shri]] Awardee, Dean of [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. S.P. Kothari |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/SPKOTHARIDAA2013 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.bits-pilani.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Milind Tambe]], Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at [[Harvard University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Milind Tambe |url=https://teamcore.seas.harvard.edu/tambe |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=teamcore.seas.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Autar Kaw]], Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the [[University of South Florida]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-13 |title=American professor of the year impresses BITS Pilani students |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/american-professor-of-the-year-impresses-bits-pilani-students/articleshow/21797587.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Arun K. Somani]], department chair and Senior Associate Dean in Engineering, [[Iowa State University]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Alli |date=2018-07-16 |title=Somani named Distinguished Alumnus of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani |url=https://news.engineering.iastate.edu/2018/07/16/somani-named-distinguished-alumnus-of-birla-institute-of-technology-pilani/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=College of Engineering News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Narendra Ahuja]], Founding Director of [[IIIT Hyderabad]] (1999–2002) and Donald B. Willett Professor Emeritus in Engineering at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narendra Ahuja {{!}} Center for South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at Illinois |url=https://csames.illinois.edu/directory/profile/n-ahuja |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=csames.illinois.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Govindan Rangarajan]], mathematician, Director & Professor Dept. of Mathematics, [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IISc Bangalore gets a new director, Professor Govind Rangarajan- Check all about him here {{!}} Education News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/iisc-bangalore-gets-a-new-director-professor-govind-rangarajan-check-all-about-him-here/626868 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.timesnownews.com|date=25 July 2020 }}</ref>
* [[C. V. Ananda Bose]], former [[Governor of West Bengal]]
* [[Prithviraj Chavan]], former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]; former Union Minister for Science and Technology, Govt. of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prithviraj Chavan stakes claim to form the next government in Maharashtra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prithviraj-chavan-stakes-claim-to-form-the-next-government-in-maharashtra-438725 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* [[Anu Hasan]], Tamil actress and TV show host<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-25 |title=Being Anu Hasan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/being-anu-hasan/article6818723.ece |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Kaniha]], Malayalam/Tamil movie actress and TV show host<ref>{{Cite web |title=Topper meets her match |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2013/feb/25/topper-meets-her-match-453402.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express|date=24 February 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]], Playback singer, Composer, Carnatic musician, Engineer, Head of design in [[CRED]]
* [[Reena Aggarwal (academic)|Reena Aggarwal]], Robert E. McDonough Professor of Finance, Georgetown University and Director, Psaros Center for Financial Markets and Policy

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Birla Institute of Technology and Science}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Birla Institute of Technology & Science}}
{{Aditya Birla Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:BITS Pilani}}
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani| 01]]
[[Category:Institutes of Eminence]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1946]]
[[Category:1940s establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges in India]]

CSI Sanatan

2026-03-03T09:18:23Z

RethaT8259798: created some data needs work...

{{short description|2023 Telugu film by Sivashankar Dev}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = CSI Sanatan
| image = CSI Sanatan.jpg
| caption =
| director = Sivashankar Dev
| producer = {{plainlist|* Ajay Srinivas
* Chaganti Santaiah}}
| writer = Sivashankar Dev
| screenplay = {{plainlist|* Chaganti Santaiah
* Sivashankar Dev}}
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Aadi Saikumar]]
* Misha Narang
* [[Nandini Rai]]
* Tarak Ponnappa}}
| music = Aneesh Solomon
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|3|10}}
| cinematography = Ganganamoni Shekar
| editing = Amar Reddy
| runtime = 130 minutes
| studio = Chaganti Productions
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''CSI Sanatan''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by debutant Sivashankar Dev and produced by Ajay Srinivas under Chaganti Productions. It stars [[Aadi Saikumar]]<ref name="relase">{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/aadi-sai-kumars-csi-sanatan-releasing-on-friday-in-more-than-300-theatres|title=Aadi Sai Kumar's CSI Sanatan releasing on Friday in more than 300 Theatres|work=Telangana Today|access-date=3 June 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075612/https://telanganatoday.com/aadi-sai-kumars-csi-sanatan-releasing-on-friday-in-more-than-300-theatres|url-status=live}}</ref> and Misa Narang, [[Nandini Rai]], Tarak Ponnappa and [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] in pivotal roles.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The story revolves around [[Forensic science|Crime scene investigation (CSI)]] officer investigating a CEO's murder.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://filmyfocus.com/csi-sanathan-is-made-for-all-age-group-audience-says-the-makers|title= CSI Sanathan is Made for all age Group Audience, says the Makers|work= Filmy Focus|access-date= 3 June 2023|archive-date= 3 June 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230603085607/https://filmyfocus.com/csi-sanathan-is-made-for-all-age-group-audience-says-the-makers|url-status= live}}</ref> The music for the film was composed by Aneesh Solomon, while the cinematography and editing were handled by Ganganamoni Shekar and Amar Reddy respectively. The film was theatrically released on 10 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/csi-sanatan-movie-review-did-aadi-sai-kumar-thrill-you--rrapjm|title=ఆది సాయికుమార్‌ 'సీఎస్‌ఐ సనాతన్‌' రివ్యూ..|work=Asianetnews.telugu|access-date=3 June 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603084142/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/csi-sanatan-movie-review-did-aadi-sai-kumar-thrill-you--rrapjm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Vikram Chakravarty runs a big financial firm, which seems to like helping middle classes. During a party, everyone becomes intoxicated and Vikram is murdered by an unknown assailant. [[Forensic science|Crime scene investigation (CSI)]] Sanatan leads the investigation with his friend Inspector Rudra. They find five prime suspects, who work together with the intent to kill Vikram. Meanwhile, another dead body is discovered in the company building. Sanatan discovers a [[Ponzi scheme]] run by Vikram with Minister.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aadi Saikumar]] as Sanatan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/csi-sanatan-heres-the-first-look-of-aadi-sai-kumar-misha-narangs-investigative-thriller/7a910de41e351|title=CSI Sanatan: Here's the first look of Aadi Sai Kumar, Misha Narang's investigative thriller|website=OTTPlay|date=31 January 2022|access-date=3 June 2023|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230182125/https://www.ottplay.com/news/csi-sanatan-heres-the-first-look-of-aadi-sai-kumar-misha-narangs-investigative-thriller/7a910de41e351|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Misha Narang as Sudeeksha, Company auditor and Sanatan's ex-lover
* [[Nandini Rai]] as Divya
* Tarak Ponnappa as Vikram Chakravarty
* [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] as Inspector Rudra, Sanatan's friend
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan]] as Minister Rajvardhan
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as ACP Shankar, Sanatan's brother-in-law
* [[Khayyum]] as Muhammed Saleem Baig, Company senior auditor
* Vasanti Krishnan as Lasya
* [[Ali Farahnakian]] as Home Minister
* Chaganti Santaiah
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = CSI Sanatan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Aneesh Solomon
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:11
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Aneesh Solomon
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|VtMZ4aTaM_A|CSI Sanatan - Full Songs Jukebox}}
}}
}}
The film score and soundtrack is composed by Aneesh Solomon.The music distribution rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 11:11
| title1 = Senorita
| extra1 = Yazin Nizar
| lyrics1 = Pothula Ravikiran
| music1 =
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Title Song
| lyrics2 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| length2 = 3:13
| title3 = Tonight (Party Song)
| extra3 = Maria Roe Vincent
| lyrics3 = Maria Roe Vincent
| music3 =
| length3 = 3:31
}}

== Release ==
The movie released on 10 March 2023 in more than 300 theaters worldwide.<ref name="relase"/>

== Reception ==
''CSI Sanatan'' received mixed reviews from critics and audience.

''[[ABP Group|ABP Live Telugu]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "CSI Sanathan' is a passable thriller. If you go to the theatre without any expectations, you can pass the time. Aadi Sai Kumar has once again come to the audience with a good concept-based movie.<ref>{{cite news|title='సిఎస్ఐ సనాతన్' రివ్యూ|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/aadi-saikumar-csi-sanatan-movie-review-cast-misha-narang-nandini-rai-bigg-boss-vasanthi-check-rating-81849|access-date=16 June 2023|publisher=ABP Live|date=10 March 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616114730/https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/aadi-saikumar-csi-sanatan-movie-review-cast-misha-narang-nandini-rai-bigg-boss-vasanthi-check-rating-81849|url-status=live}}</ref>

Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote,"CSI Sanatan is a murder mystery that has a familiar premise with a few decent twists and turns that director Shivashanker Dev has created. The manner in which he executes the investigation scenes forms the main crux of the film. The few twists that are showcased create decent excitement for the audience and give this film an edge.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Aadi Saikumar thriller is routine and has a strict few passable thrills|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/csi-sanatan-review-the-aadi-saikumar-thriller-is-routine-and-has-a-strict-few-passable-thrills/39ee6ae030634|access-date=16 June 2023|publisher=OTTplay|date=10 March 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616114730/https://www.ottplay.com/review/csi-sanatan-review-the-aadi-saikumar-thriller-is-routine-and-has-a-strict-few-passable-thrills/39ee6ae030634|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15567964}}

[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Raja Muthirai

2026-03-03T04:51:00Z

RethaT8259798: small changes

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raja Muthirai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. K. Selvamani]]
| writer = {{ubl|R. K. Selvamani|[[E. Ramdoss]] (dialogues)}}
| producer = Vasu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arun Pandian]]|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]|[[Vineetha]]|[[Raghuvaran]]}}
| cinematography = [[M. V. Panneerselvam]]
| editing = V. Udhayashankar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Varshini Pictures
| released = {{film date|1995|2|15|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Raja Muthirai''''' ({{translation|''Royal Seal''}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Muthirai - 2 Volumes Set - Tamil {{!}} By Sandilyan/ Fictional Book For Historical Adventure |url=https://giriusa.com/products/raja-muthirai-2-volumes-set-tamil-by-sandilyan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251107042653/https://giriusa.com/products/raja-muthirai-2-volumes-set-tamil-by-sandilyan |archive-date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Giri USA |language=en}}</ref> is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[R. K. Selvamani]]. The film stars [[Arun Pandian]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] whilst [[Raghuvaran]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and [[Silk Smitha]] play supporting roles. It was released on 15 February, 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Muthirai (Tamil) |url=http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/255-raja-muthirai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208130559/http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/255-raja-muthirai |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|actornepoleon.com]]}}</ref> and became a modest success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=2020-12-01 |title='Baasha' to 'Sathi Leelavathi': Why 1995 is an unforgettable year for Tamil cinema fans |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/baasha-sathi-leelavathi-why-1995-unforgettable-year-tamil-cinema-fans-138739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229054615/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/baasha-sathi-leelavathi-why-1995-unforgettable-year-tamil-cinema-fans-138739 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arun Pandian]] as Rajkumar IPS, CBI officer
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Markandeyan
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Priya
*[[Vineetha]] as Abirami
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Sathyabama Mami
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Usman
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Poli Samiyar
*[[M. N. Nambiar]]
*[[Major Sundarrajan]]
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Bai
*[[Silk Smitha]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mainave Mainave
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| title2 = Yaaru Rambavai
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
| title3 =
}}

== Reception ==
Pa. Raghavan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Panneerselvam's cinematography as the film's positive.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ராகவன் |first=பா. |date=12 March 1995 |title=ராஜ முத்திரை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-03-12/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230210092441/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-03-12/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=29 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{R. K. Selvamani}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 action films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. K. Selvamani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Lalsuthlaha

2026-02-24T19:48:04Z

RethaT8259798: Put Up New Details

{{Short description|Western Mizo chief (c.1795-c.1871)}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalsuthlaha
| birth_name =
| birth_place = Jampui Tong, [[Hill Tipperah]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Sylhet]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Mizo Chieftainship|Paitu/Paitoo chieftain]]
| years_active = 1843-1845
| known_for = Kachu-Bari raid of 1844
| criminal_charges = murder, rioting
| father = [[Lalrihua]]
| children = *[[Ngursailova]]
*Dukunipur
| relatives = Botai (Brother)
}}

'''Lalsuthlaha''', ({{circa|1795}}-{{circa|1871}}) known by the British as '''''Lalchukla'''''{{efn|variations: Lal Chokla; Lalsuktla}} was a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] chief of the Palian clan. He was recorded as ruler of the group recorded as the "Poitoo" ([[Paite people|{{lang|lus|Paihtê|cat=no}}]]) clan.

The term "Poitoo" was first used in 1824 in a British report applying a name to the Lushai and Kuki peoples of the eastern and northern hills, described as the most turbulent and formidable of the tribes. The Poitoos inhabited Thanghum village and numbered 50,000-60,000 on the right bank of the [[Surma river]].{{sfn|Pau|Mung|2021|p=14}} The Poitoo Kukis occupied the eastern areas of [[Hill Tipperah]] and some branches acknowledged allegiance to the King.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1999|p=29}} These people are now known as the Paite.{{sfn|Varman|2012|p=48}}

Lalsuthlaha is known for being one of the earliest chiefs to interact with the British through raiding. Lalsuthlaha was a close associate of [[Hill Tipperah]] in following the diplomacy of his father Lalrihua. Lalsuthlaha's raid of Kachubari saw British retaliation which led to him being caught. His trial was under English common law, and he was sentenced to life in captivity with deportation. Lalsuthlaha would surrender under the assumed condition that he wouldn't be held captive or executed. Upon deportation from his settlement, many Mizo chiefs viewed this as a breach of faith and a source of resistance to cooperating with the British. {{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=11-13}}

==Blackwood Expedition==
{{see also|Mizo Chieftainship}}
After the death of his father, Chief Lalrihua, Lalsuthlaha succeeded him in chieftainship in 1843 as the eldest son. Subsequently, on the night of 16 April 1844, Lalsuthlaha established a raiding party armed with muskets and weapons.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=13}} The party was estimated to be as large as 200 raiders.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=118}}{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=289}} The party descended upon the settlement of Kachubari In Sylhet. The resulting raid saw many individuals captured and up to 20 heads taken.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=13}} Further damage included the burning of houses and the razing of the entire village.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=118}} Cultivators refused to return to their settlements on the borders without an increase in police and armed forces for this reason.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=289}}

The nature of the raid prompted British authorities, such as Sealy, the magistrate of Sylhet, to conduct an investigation. The results showed that Lalsuthlaha and his relative Bantawia were responsible.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=13}} The British authorities officially filed the incident as a ritual to procure a chieftain's funeral, as Mizos did practice [[headhunting]]. The authorities based this on eyewitnesses who saw the ritual drying of Lalrihua's corpse in the house courtyard.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=14}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=118}} Mackenzie described the reasoning as the traditional Lushai practice was for a chief to be accompanied by servants in the afterlife, which meant requiring captives from raiding to fulfil the number of heads to assure a good afterlife.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=288}}

Lalsuthlaha was under the territory of the Raja of Tripura at the time. [[Krishna Kishor Manikya]] was held accountable for the misconduct of the tribes under his nominal control. Since Mizo tribes offered commodities such as elephant tusks as tributes, they were seen as tributaries to Tripura and hence responsible.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=14}} British officials originally suspected the Krishna Manikya's statement that he had no control over the tribes. They assumed that Krishna Maniyka enabled the raid by Lalsuthlaha for the purpose of settling a dispute over territory.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=289}} Krishna Manikya failed to answer to the British for Lalsuthlaha's crimes as the kingdom of Tripura lacked ''de-facto'' control over the Lushai-Kuki tribes.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=118}} To restore the confidence of the Manipuri villagers and labourers, the British decided on a policy of urgent punishment for the raiders. Upon further investigation, despite being a tributary to the Tripura Kingdom, the British designated the Paite tribes as ''de-facto'' independent. This led to a cessation of increased cooperation with Krishna Kishor Manikya.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=15}}

Both the British and the Tripura kingdom were focused on bringing the raid to justice. Krishna Kishor Manikya offered to open up a channel for negotiation and resort to armed intervention if Lalsuthlaha refused to do so. The British disagreed with the need for armed intervention. Further investigation revealed that several traders from Lalsuthlaha's village would make trips to markets and bazaars in the plains. However, the vendors and villagers would cheat and attack the traders, prompting tensions between Lalsuthlaha and the settlement. The court dismissed the testimony despite Krishna Manikya's efforts to give it weight.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=16}}

Sealy encouraged a deadline by which Krishna Manikya would intervene with his forces as a punitive expedition. If Lalsuthlaha were not handed over by 1 December 1844, a military expedition would be started. Krishna Manikya voiced his concerns about the heavy rainfall seasons and the feasibility of a successful expedition, which was unsuccessful. The government of Bengal established a military expedition under Captain Blackwood. Lalsuthlaha's own cousin, Lalhmingsanga, even participated in the punitive expedition against him with cooperation from Sealy. Lalhmingsanga provided translators and guides to help Blackwood. Krishna Manikya provided coolies and logistics, such as food, to aid Blackwood's expedition.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=18}} Krishna Manikya followed British orders but refused deep in the expedition when asked to aid in capturing Lalsuthlaha, preferring instead to capture Bantawia and leaving Blackwood's column to fight on their own.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=19}}

As Blackwood's expedition travelled into the Lushai Hills, it met no resistance. On December 9 1844, Blackwood reached Lalsuthlaha's village. Lalsuthlaha was unprepared because he had been negotiating with Krishna Manikya and didn't anticipate the British would form a punitive expedition. Lalhmingsanga sent Lalsuthlaha his messengers with an invitation to surrender. Lalsuthlaha accepted on the condition he would surrender in his village at his [[zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|zawlbûk|cat=no}}]] and not the British encampment. Blackwood held little trust for Lalsuthlaha to receive him in his settlement after no resistance.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=19}} He subsequently sent messengers urging him to surrender, or his houses and grain storage would be burnt down.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=20}} Blackwood promised Lalsuthlaha would not be ill-treated.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=119}} Lalhmingsanga intervened as a messenger and assured Lalsuthlaha that he would not be put to death or kept in captivity. However, Captain Blackwood was not made aware of this assurance.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=427}} Lalsuthlaha surrendered and brought a minor girl who was the only survivor of the Kachubari raids.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=20}}

Lalsuthlaha's testimony claimed revenge as his chief motivator for the raid. His father, Chief Lalrihua, had been killed by the two Manipuri princes, Ram Singh and Tribonjit Singh.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=20}} The two princes were empowered by the British to check Lushai-Kuki incursions and raids.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=118}} The two princes who wished to overthrow the Manipur king and take the throne overran the territory of Chief Lalrihua out of spite, who refused to help them. Lalrihua had refused requests for manpower and money to aid their campaign in overthrowing the king. In the campaign, Lalrihua was tortured and killed.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=118}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=23}} Deputy Commissioner of Cachar, Edgar in his notes of a tour of the Lushai Hills, suspected that Lalsuthlaha raided on orders of [[Mângpawrha]] and was spinning a false narrative to defend him.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=427}} Lalsuthlaha claimed he did not realise that Kachubari subjects were British subjects. Lalsuthlaha was advised by Blackwood to bring his raiding party and surrender in Sylhet. Lalsuthlaha agreed to come to the British authorities on the condition that his life would be spared. Lalsuthlaha was received in Sylhet on 25 December 1844 with the other raiders involved. Lalsuthlaha was charged under Regulation VIII of 1829.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=20}}

In court, Lalsuthlaha stated he did not personally participate in the raid of Kachubari but did direct it to avenge the death of his father. Lalsuthlaha was charged with murder and sentenced for life. This led to Lalsuthlaha being deported from his settlement for the remainder of his life. Bantawia was set free in comparison.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=22}}{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=290}}

==Biography==
{{Sukpilal family tree}}

===Early life===
Lalsuthlaha was the son of Lalrihua. His early life is not documented until his father's death in 1843 from a Manipuri invasion, which prompted him to inherit chieftainship. He had a sister named [[Pi Buki]] who was the mother of the chief [[Suakpuilala]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=137}}

===Marriage and children===
Lalsuthlaha held concubines and wives. His eldest son was Ngursailova. After Lalsuthlaha was deported to Sylhet and mandated to live in exile in the outhouse of [[Zamindar]] Ali Amzad, Ngursailova accompanied him for the first few years.Lalsuthlaha's son would also marry the sister of [[Suakpuilala]], [[Banaitangi]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=137}}

===Death===
Lalsuthlaha's death is not recorded, but he remained in Sylhet under Ali Amzad for the rest of his life. Regarding notes recorded by Deputy Commissioner Eddgar in his tour of 1871, Lalsuthlaha was reported to be alive and in custody.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=422}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=Mizoram under British Rule |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}

*{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Dipak Kumar |title=The Political Agents and the Native Raj Conflict, Conciliation, and Progress, Tripura Between 1871 to 1890 |date=1999 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/The_Political_Agents_and_the_Native_Raj/ocpVs6FwlxcC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=1 November 2025}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Guite |first1=Jangkhomang|date= September 2014|title=Colonialism and its Unruly? The Colonial State and Kuki Raids in Nineteenth Century Northeast India |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1550073156 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1118–1232 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000674 |access-date=23 November 2024|id={{ProQuest|1550073156}} |url-access=subscription }}

*{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |date=1884 |title=History Of The Relations Of The Government With The Hill Tribes Of The North-east Frontier Of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684/mode/1up?q=Lalchokla |location=Calcutta |publisher=Home Department Press }}<

*{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |author-link=Sajal Nag |date=2008 |title=Pied Pipers in North-East India: Bamboo-flowers, Rat-famine and the Politics of Philanthropy. (1881-2007) |location=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-311-6}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Pau |first1=Pum Khan |last2=Mung|first2=Thang Sian|title=Fragmented tribes of the India-Burma-Bangladeshborderlands: representation of the Zo (Kuki-Chin)people in colonial ethnography |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=2021 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=1-22 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2021.1885291 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349152819_Fragmented_tribes_of_the_India-Burma-Bangladesh_borderlands_representation_of_the_Zo_Kuki-Chin_people_in_colonial_ethnography |access-date=1 November 2025}}

*{{Citation |last=Woodthorpe |first=Robert Gosset |year=1873 |title=The Lushai expedition, 1871-1872 |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |url=https://archive.org/details/lushaiexpedition00woodrich}}

*{{cite book |last1=Varman |first1=S.B.K. Dev |title=The Tribes of Tripura A Dissertation |date=2012 |publisher=Tribal Research and Cultural Institute Govt. of Tripura |location=Tripura |edition=4 |url=https://trci.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-09/TheTribes_of_Tripura_A_Dissertation.pdf |access-date=1 November 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Western Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]

Lakulisha

2026-02-23T08:55:41Z

RethaT8259798: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Hindu deity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Mahakuta Lakulisha.jpg|thumb|Lakulisha at Sangameshvara Temple at Mahakuta, Karnataka ([[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], 7th century CE). His 5th–10th century ithyphallic statues{{refn|group=note|name="pha_illus"}} are also found in seated yogi position in [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Packert Atherton|title=The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10789-4|pages=92–97, 102–103|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402173857/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
'''Lakulisha''' ({{langx|sa|लकुलीश}} {{IAST3|Lakulīśa}}) (Etymology: लगुड (staff) or लकुट (mace) + ईश (lord) = meaning, the lord with a staff or mace or club or stick) was a prominent [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] revivalist, reformist and preceptor of the doctrine of the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]]s, one of the oldest sects of Shaivism.

According to some scholars, Lakulisha was the founder of the Pashupata sect. Others argue that the Pashupata doctrine was already in existence before Lakulisha, and he was only its first formal [[preceptor]].

According to a tradition stated in the ''[[Linga Purana]]'', Lakulisha is considered as the 28th and the last [[avatar]] of [[Shiva]] and the propounder of the [[Yoga]] system. In this tradition, Lakulisha had four disciples: Kaurushya, [[Garga (sage)|Garga]], [[Mitra]] and Kushika. According to another tradition mentioned in the ''Avanti Khanda'' of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', Lakulisha and his four disciples installed a [[Lingam|linga]] at [[Ujjain|Mahakalavana]], which was then known as ''Kayavarohaneshvara''.<ref>Joshi, N.P. (1981). ''Regional Trends in some of the Mediaeval Brahmanical Sculptures of Malwa'' in M.D. Khare (ed.) ''Malwa through the Ages'', Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Govt. of M.P., p.112</ref> The ''[[Kurma Purana]]'' (Chapter 53), the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' (Chapter 23), and the ''Linga Purana'' (Chapter 24) predicted that Shiva (Maheshvara) would appear in the form of a wandering monk called 'Lakulin' or 'Nakulisha', and that he would have four disciples named Kushika, Garga, Mitra, and Kanrushya, who would re-establish the cult of [[Pashupati]] and would therefore be called Pashupata(s). Lakulisha was the fruition of these divine predictions. According to ''Vayu Purana'' V. 1.23.202-214, Lakulisha was a contemporary of [[Vyasa]] and [[Krishna]], and was the 28th incarnation of Rudra (Shiva).

==Life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
Lakulisha was born in the village of Karavan on the bank of [[Narmada River|Narmada]] in [[Gujarat]] and propagated Saivism<ref>{{Cite book |author-link=R. G. Bhandarkar |title=Vaishnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems |publisher=Strassburg |year=1913}}</ref>. It has been maintained that Lakulisha's thesis conflicted with that of [[Makkhali Gosala|Gosala]], and Lakulisha opposed [[Jainism]] and particularly [[Buddhism]]. Lakulisha is said to have restored practices of [[Hatha yoga]] and [[Tantra|Tantrism]], as well as the cosmological theories of the [[Samkhya]] and the duality associated with Samkhya tenets<ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |author-link2=Gavin Flood |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996}}</ref>.

==Historicity==
[[File:Inscribed Pillar - Recording Installation of Two Shiva Lingas by Udita Acharya in the Reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya - 380 CE - Rangeshwar Temple - ACCN 29-1931 - Government Museum - Mathura (detail).jpg|thumb|Early Gupta relief on the [[Lakulisa Mathura Pillar Inscription|Lakulisa pillar]], inscribed [[Gupta era]] "year 61", 380 CE.]]
A pillar erected by [[Chandragupta II]] at Mathura in 380 CE states that a ‘Guruvayatana’ (Abode of the Gurus) was established by Uditacharya, who was 4th in descent from a teacher of the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] sect named Parashara, who in turn was 6th in descent from Kushika. If this Kushika is one of the four disciples of Lakulisha described in the ''Linga Purana'', the latter must have existed around 125 CE.

The epigraphist [[John Faithfull Fleet]] contends that in North India, [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] emperors like [[Huvishka]] (140 CE) replaced the pictures of [[Hercules]] on their coins with ones of Shiva, and of [[Heracles]] with images of Lakulisha.<ref>John Faithfull Fleet ‘Siva as Lakulisa’ JRASGBI : 1907, p. 419-427</ref>

In the 4th century CE, beginning with the reign of [[Chandragupta II]], icons and representations of Lakulisha have been frequently found. They portray him as a naked [[yogi]] with a staff in his left hand and a [[citron]] (matulinga) in his right, either standing or seated in the [[Lotus position|lotus posture]]. At about the beginning of the 11th century, the Lakulisha cult shifted its activities to southern India.

A sect of Pasupata [[Asceticism|ascetics]], founded by Lakulisa (or Nahulisa), is attested by inscriptions from the 5th century and is among the earliest of the sectarian religious orders of Shaivite Hinduism.

==Sculpture context==
The penile erection representation illustrates the centrality of the energetic principle of '''''Urdhva Retas''''' ({{langx|sa|ऊर्ध्वरेतस्}} {{IAST3|Ūrdhvaretas}}, lit. "ascent of vital energies or fluid") practice of [[Brahmacharya]] or [[Celibacy#Hinduism|celibacy]]<ref name="govind52">Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.</ref> and the upward flow of energy in spiritual pursuits, contrary to fertility or release of vital energies.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}}<ref name="0x32">Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122</ref><ref name="abha70">{{cite book|title=The Tantric Tradition|author=Swami Agehananda Bharati|year=1970|isbn=0877282536|publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser|page=294}}</ref><ref name="urdhvaretas">{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/urdhvaretas|website=www.wisdomlib.org|title=Urdhvaretas, Urdhvaretās, Ūrdhvaretas, Urdhva-retas: 7 definitions|date=9 September 2014 }}</ref>{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}}<ref name="abha70" /> Controlling the vital fluid, the seminal fluid, is thought to retain control of all passions and the achievement of desirelessness through the practice of [[Asceticism]] and [[Sādhanā|Yogic Sadhana]], leading to supreme mystical cognition or [[Samadhi|samādhi]].{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}}<ref name="abha70" /> Lakulisha stands on top of an [[Apasmara]] (demon dwarf), who symbolizes spiritual ignorance, greed, sensual desires or ''[[Kama]]'' and nonsensical speech on the spiritual path, hence must be subdued in spiritual pursuits.<ref name=rao227>{{cite book |author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC |year=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0877-5 |pages=223–229, 237}}</ref><ref>[http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548 Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century] [[The Art Institute of Chicago]], United States</ref><ref name="Arundhati2002">{{cite book|author=P. Arundhati|title=Annapurna : A Bunch of Flowers of Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfK2LoH_j54C&pg=PA40 |year=2002|publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-897-4|pages=40–45}}</ref>

The ''Urdhva linga'' ({{IAST3|ūrdhvaliṅga}}), pointing upward, conveys not only the retention of the seed once "stirred" but its upward condition, "through the spinal cord to the brain", retaining its integrity as 'creative substance', while being transformed and absorbed mentally as [[Bodhicitta]], the "thought of Awakening".{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=238}}<ref name="0x32" /> The symbol of the ascent and transmutation of vital (sexual) energy into mental power, a channeling of the procreative into creative faculty, is artistically seen as [[Tantra|tantric realization]] in [[Mukhalinga]] or "face-linga", the two overlapping components forming a visual unity, according to [[Stella Kramrisch]].{{refn|group=note|Furthermore, the phallic shape, standing erect, always negates its function as an organ of procreation. Rather, the shape or pictorial representation is conveying that, the seed was channeled upward, not ejected for the sake of generation, but was reversed, retained and absorbed for regeneration as creative energy.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=555}}}}{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=238}}

In Kramrisch's view, the pictorial rendering of the ascent of the vital energy should not be mistaken for fertility or sexuality.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}} Lakulisa, who is an ascetic manifestation of [[Shiva]], is seen in later peninsular Indian scriptures, whose ithyphallic aspects connotes asceticism and conserved procreative potentialities (Brahmacharya), rather than mere eroticism.{{sfn|Srinivasan|2004|p=434}}<ref>O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. "Asceticism and Sexuality in the Mythology of Śiva. Part I." ''History of Religions'' 8, no. 4 (1969): 300-37. Accessed September 7, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062019.</ref> The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context, as it stands for "seminal retention", and represents Lakulisha as "he stands for the complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=218}}<ref name="0x32"/> In the path of Brahmacharya, Asceticism or [[Sannyasa]], the yogi does not deny sexual urges, but transforms sexual energy and directs it away from procreation and pleasure towards intuited wisdom, [[Moksha|freedom]] and [[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|bliss]].{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=218}}<ref name="0x32"/>

==Influence on philosophy and religion==
[[File:Lakulisha Badami.jpg|thumb|Lakulisha among his four disciples Kusika, Garga, Mitra, and Kaurushya, rock-cut stone relief, Cave Temple No. 2 at Badami, Karnataka, Early Chalukya dynasty, second half of the 6th century CE]]
M. R. Sakhare argues in ''The History and Philosophy of Lingayat Religion'' that the influence of Lakulisha was immense and spread rapidly, first in the north and then in the south of India. The Shaivite revival, supported by the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Bharashiva Nagas]] of [[Mathura]] and [[Vakataka dynasty]] in central and northern India, gradually spread in the south under the impetus of artisan class Shaiva mystics, the [[Nayanars]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Teachings==
Lakulisha Pashupata has been identified with the [[Bhedabheda|Bhedābheda]] tradition, which combines [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualistic]] and non-dualistic [[monism]], and his teachings had a strong emphasis on the [[yoga]] system. The principal text of the Pashupata sect, the [[Pashupata-sutra|{{IAST|Pāśupata Sūtra}}]], is attributed to Lakulisha. The manuscripts of this text and a commentary on it, the {{IAST| Pañcārtha Bhāṣya}} by [[Kaundinya]] (c. 500 CE), were discovered in 1930. The {{IAST |Pāśupata Sūtra}} formalizes various canons of the Pashupata sect, and contains the basic theology of the sect. However, the authorship of Lakulisha over the Pashupata [[Sutra|sutras]] have been a subject of debate. The Pashupata sutras are of an archaic character and do not bear the name of any author. Though certain traditions mention Lakulisha as the author, there is nothing to support this in the form of internal written evidence from the Sutras. Even, Kaundinya’s commentary only states:

" ... Tatha shishta pramanyat kamitvad ajatatvach cha, Manushya-rupi bhagavan brahmana-kayam asthaya kayavatarane avatirna iti | Tatha padbhyam ujjayinim praptah.."

("Shiva incarnated in the form of a human being by entering the body of a deceased Brahmana in the [village of] Kayavatara, thereafter wandered to Ujjain.")

This account matches those narrated in the [[Puranas]] and the Karvana Mahatmya, where Lakulisha incarnates in [[Kayavarohan|Kayavarohana]] (Karvan) village. However, unlike the latter accounts, the name Lakulisha is never mentioned, even though in the subsequent lines Kaundinya mentions that [[Shiva]] as the Brahmana imparted [[Shastra]] to the student Kushika. Only in the subsequent [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] texts, ''Ratna Tika'' and ''Gana Karika'', does a clear mention of Lakulisha as the founder of the Pashupata system appear. This raises questions regarding Lakulisha being the actual composer of the sutras.

Notwithstanding the authorship of the sutras, the philosophical doctrine of the Pashupata(s) as enunciated by Lakulisha are called "Ishvara Kartri Vadaha (the creative power of the sovereign being)", which was first found to be quoted later by [[Adi Shankara]]charya in commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras]] (3.2.37). An analysis of it is found in one of the main Pashupata texts, the ''Gana Karika'' of Haradatta, and its commentary by Kaundinya called Panchartha Bhashya (commentary of the five subjects). [[Ramanuja]] attributed this philosophy to the tradition of the [[Kalamukha]](s), the sect of "Black Faces" to which Lakulisha belonged. This Nakulisha Pashupata doctrine is divided into six parts, known as: Karana (cause), Karya (work/task), Kala (divisibility), Vidhi (method), Yoga (union), and Dukhanta (the end of suffering).

According to some scholars, Lakulisha modified the [[Parameshvara (epithet)|Maheshwara]] doctrine by putting different interpretations on all five main concepts in that doctrine and placed special emphasis on the different kinds of behaviour to be adopted at each of the five stages, in their progress from initiation to the attainment of the unlimited powers of knowing, willing and acting on the terrestrial place. The doctrines of the Lakulisha Pashupatas are explained at length in [[Sāyaṇa|Sayana Madhava]]'s ''Sarva Darshana Sangraha'' (p. 108, [[Edward Byles Cowell|Cowell]] & Gough) [https://archive.org/details/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha by Sayana-Madhava – Tr. by E.B. Cowell].

==Iconography and images==
[[File:Stone sculpt NMND -13.JPG|thumb|right|Statue of Lakulisha, [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]], 9th century CE.]]
[[File:Lakulisha.jpg|thumb|Lakulisha carving on the outer walls of Kudavelly Sangameswara temple at Alampur, Telangana built by Pulakesi I, circa 540 CE - 566 CE.]]
Lakulisha has been deified as an incarnation of Shiva, and is represented in front of the linga in the 6th to 8th centuries and also in the medieval period in temples of [[Kayavarohan|Kayavarohana]] and Timberva in Gujarat.<ref>D.R. Bhandarkar, "Lakulisa", in Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report 1906-7, Calcutta, 1909, pp. 179-92, figures 4, 5.</ref><ref>U.P. Shah, "Lakulisa: Saivite Saint" in Discourses on Siva, ed. Michael W. Meister, figs. 85-87.</ref> These icons are some more examples of iconic, image-lingas. D.R. Bhandarkar mentions that the image in the sanctum of the Lakulishvara temple in Karvan is "the conjoint figure of Brahmeshvara and Lakulisha, confirming the statement of the Mahatmya that Lakulisha merged himself with Brahmeshvara".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asiatic Society of Bombay |url=http://archive.org/details/journalasiatics16bombgoog |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay |date=1841 |publisher=[Bombay] : Asiatic Society of Bombay |others=University of Michigan}}</ref> Brahmeshvara refers to the Shiva-linga. Lakulisha was identified with Mahesha (Shiva) in the Karvan Mahatmya and in iconographical programmes of several temples of Orissa and Rajasthan. So the images of Lakulisha conjoint with the linga, like other image-lingas, combine both the ''sakala'' (with form, manifest) and ''nishkala'' (formless, unmanifest) aspects of Shiva.

Lakulisha images have also been found in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurastra]], Gujarat, and also in some parts of the eastern India. Some of the images depict Lakulisha as a naked yogi and he carries prayer beads, a club, a cup of human skull. Lakulisha is shown as accompanied by animals. Almost all of Lakulisha's images appear as ''urdhav-linga'' (with an [[Erection|erect penis]]){{refn|group=note|name="pha_illus"}} but neither symbolizing fertility nor sexuality, but the refined energetic principles ('''Urdhva Retas''') during ''Sāyaṇa'' or Asceticism.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}}<ref name="abha70"/><ref name="Rao1993p63">{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=63–67}}</ref>

Image of Lakulisha have been found depicted on the walls of the large hall at [[Elephanta Caves]], suggesting that the caves may have been associated with Pashupata Shaivism.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&dq=chandragupta+lakulisha&pg=PA514 A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Upinder Singh (2008)]</ref> Icons of Lakulisha have also been found on the Laxmaneswar group of temples at [[Bhubaneswar]], namely, the Satrughneswar, Bharateswar and Laxmaneswara temples.

[[File:Lakulisa temple.jpg|thumb|right|Rock-cut temple with bas relief of Lakulisha in the left, [[Pandya]], 7th century CE.]]

[[File:Arittapatti temples and surroundings JEG5816.JPG|thumb|right|[[Bas relief]] of Lakulisha, [[Pandya]], 7th century CE.]]

A rock-cut Shiva temple with bas reliefs of [[Ganesha|Ganapati]] and Lakulisa, carved by the seventh century [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], is located at Arittapatti near [[Madurai]]. This temple is maintained by the Archeological Department of [[Tamil Nadu]].

Lakulisha carvings are also found on Kudavelly Sangameswara and Balabrahmeswara Swamy temples at Alampur, Gadwal Jogulamba district, Telangana.

==See also==
{{Saivism}}
{{Hinduism}}
*[[Lakulisa Mathura Pillar Inscription]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note|refs=
{{refn|group=note|name="pha_illus"|
The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=218}} It contextualize "seminal retention" or practice of [[Celibacy#Hinduism|celibacy]]<ref name="govind52">Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.</ref> (illustration of ''Urdhva Retas''),{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}}<ref name="brill72">Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.</ref> and represents Lakulisha as "he stands for complete complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=218}}}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist|group=note}}
*Choubey, M.C. ''{{IAST|Lakuliśa}} in Indian Art and Culture'', Sharada Publishing House, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-85616-44-2}} (1997)
*Dallapiccola, Anna. ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}})
* Daniélou, Alain. "Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind" [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928124145/http://www.alaindanielou.org/While-the-Gods-Play.html]
* Sharpe, Elizabeth, Shiva or The Past of India, Luzac & Co, London, (1930).
*Satya Prakash, et al., "Cultural contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash felicitation volume" [https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&dq=urdhva+linga&pg=RA1-PA176]
*Divanji, P. C.; Lakulisha of Karvan and his Pasupata Cult; in Gautam Patel et al. (Ed.); Contribution of Gujarat to Sanskrit Literature (Dr. M. I. Prajapati Felicitation Volume); Dr. M. I. Prajapati Sastipurti Sanman Samiti; Patan (Gujarat); (1998).
*Bhandarkar, D. R. "An Eklingji stone inscription and the origin and history of the Lakulisa sect", ''Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' : 22 (1908), p. 151-167.[https://archive.org/stream/journalasiatics16bombgoog/journalasiatics16bombgoog_djvu.txt]
* {{cite book |last=Kramrisch |first=Stella |title=The Presence of Śiva |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0691019307 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/presenceofsivamy00skra}}
* {{cite book|first=Sharada|last=Srinivasan|title=World Archaeology|chapter=Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze|doi=10.1080/1468936042000282726821|volume=36|year=2004|issue=3|pages=432–450 |publisher=The Journal of Modern Craft|s2cid=26503807 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?com_mode=flat&com_order=1&itemid=3246 Pashupata Shaivism]
*[http://www.kamakotimandali.com/advaita/pashupatasiddhanta.html Pashupata Siddhant of Lakulisha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218041453/http://www.kamakotimandali.com/advaita/pashupatasiddhanta.html |date=18 February 2020 }}
* [http://www.lakulishyoga.com Lakulish Yoga]

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]
[[Category:Indian Shaivite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]
[[Category:2nd-century philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:People considered avatars by their followers]]
[[Category:Phallic symbols]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]

Kim (1950 film)

2026-02-20T01:09:54Z

RethaT8259798: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|1950 adventure film directed by Victor Saville}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kim
| image = File:Kim - Poster.jpg
| caption = 1950 Theatrical Poster
| director = [[Victor Saville]]
| writer = Helen Deutsch [[Leon Gordon (screenwriter)|Leon Gordon]] [[Richard Schayer]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]'' 1901 novel|[[Rudyard Kipling]]}}
| producer = Leon Gordon
| starring = [[Errol Flynn]] [[Dean Stockwell]] [[Paul Lukas]] [[Robert Douglas (actor)|Robert Douglas]] [[Thomas Gomez]] [[Cecil Kellaway]] [[Arnold Moss]] [[Laurette Luez]]
| cinematography = [[William V. Skall]]
| editing = [[George Boemler]]
| music = [[André Previn]]
| studio = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
| distributor = [[Loews Cineplex Entertainment|Loew's, Inc.]]
| released = {{Film date|1950|12|07}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $2,049,000<ref name="Mannix">{{Citation | title = The Eddie Mannix Ledger | publisher = Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study | place = Los Angeles}}.</ref>
| gross = $5,348,000<ref name="Mannix"/>
}}
'''''Kim''''' is a 1950 [[adventure film]] made in [[Technicolor]] by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]].<ref name="WVrev">''[[Variety Film Reviews|Variety]]'' film review; December 6, 1950, page 15.</ref><ref name="HRrev">''[[Harrison's Reports and Film Reviews|Harrison's Reports]]'' film review; December 9, 1950, page 195.</ref> It was directed by [[Victor Saville]] and produced by [[Leon Gordon (screenwriter)|Leon Gordon]] from a [[screenplay]] by [[Helen Deutsch]], Leon Gordon and [[Richard Schayer]], based on the [[Kim (novel)|classic 1901 novel of the same name]] by [[Rudyard Kipling]].

The film starred [[Errol Flynn]], [[Dean Stockwell]], and [[Paul Lukas]]. The music score was by [[André Previn]]. The film was shot on location in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, with some parts being in present-day [[Uttarakhand]], as well as the [[Alabama Hills]] near [[Lone Pine, California]], due to its resemblance to the [[Khyber Pass]]. Of particular interest is the location filming at [[La Martiniere, Lucknow|La Martiniere College]] in [[Lucknow]].

The film is set within the [[Great Game]], a political and diplomatic confrontation between the [[British Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. In the film, an orphan boy is trained as a spy by agents of the [[British Raj]], and tasked with maintaining [[surveillance]] of two Russian spies.

==Plot==
Kim, an orphan boy in 1885 India during the [[British Raj]], occasionally works for his friend Mahbub Ali, a roguish horse trader who is also a secret agent for the British. Mahbub Ali becomes aware of a Russian-backed plot to invade India from Afghanistan.

Meanwhile, Kim encounters an elderly [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[lama]] from [[Tibet]], who is on a quest to find the "River of the Arrow", whose waters will cleanse him spiritually. Mahbub Ali has the young boy become the kindly priest's "chela" or disciple so that he can deliver a message to Colonel Creighton, Mahbub Ali's superior. On the journey along the [[Grand Trunk Road]], the two travelers grow to love each other.

One day, British soldiers set up camp. Kim notices that their regimental flag depicts a red bull on a green field, which matches a prophecy left him by his now-deceased father, so he sneaks into the encampment. He is taken for a thief by a sentry. During the ensuing scuffle, his captors discover documents Kim possesses which show that he is actually the son of Kimball O'Hara, an Irish soldier who had served in the [[regiment]]. The lama decides that Kim should live among his own kind to be educated (despite the boy's resistance) and pays for his tuition at the finest boarding school in India. The boy chafes at the school's many restrictions, but eventually settles down.

Mahbub Ali convinces Colonel Creighton that the boy has the potential to become a wonderful spy; to that end, Kim receives extra training from the shopkeeper Lurgan during the first part of his summer vacation.

While traveling in disguise, Kim overhears a plot to assassinate Mahbub Ali and warns him, saving his life. He is then reunited with his lama and sent to notify Hurree Chunder to keep an eye on two Russian spies posing as surveyors. When he finds Chunder murdered, he takes on the mission himself without informing anyone. When news of Chunder's death reaches the British, Colonel Creighton sends Mahbub Ali to take Chunder's place. Kim talks the Russians into hiring him as their servant. An emissary meets with the Russians. The newcomer becomes suspicious of Kim and forces him onto a narrow ledge on a cliff to try to get the truth from him. The Russians beat the lama. Mahbub Ali tosses the emissary off the cliff, rescues Kim and takes the interlopers at gunpoint. When a small Russian force approaches, the spies attempt to overpower him, forcing him to kill them. Then he and Kim start a rockslide which buries the approaching Russians. Afterward, the injured lama has a vision of his river, stumbles to it, and dies, contented.

==Cast==
* [[Errol Flynn]] as Mahbub Ali, the Red Beard
* [[Dean Stockwell]] as Kim
* [[Paul Lukas]] as Lama
* [[Robert Douglas (actor)|Robert Douglas]] as Colonel Creighton
* [[Thomas Gomez]] as Emissary
* [[Cecil Kellaway]] as Hurree Chunder
* [[Arnold Moss]] as Lurgan Sahib
* [[Reginald Owen]] as Father Victor
* [[Laurette Luez]] as Laluli
* [[Richard Hale]] as Hassan Bey
* Roman Toporow as The Russian
* [[Ivan Triesault]] as The other Russian
* [[Edward Wallace]] as Boy who ran

==Production==
===Earlier proposed versions===
MGM originally announced the film in 1938 as a vehicle for [[Freddie Bartholomew]] and [[Robert Taylor (American actor)|Robert Taylor]] but World War II saw this put on hold.

In 1942 it was reactivated to star [[Mickey Rooney]], [[Conrad Veidt]] (as Red Lama) and [[Basil Rathbone]], from a script by [[Leon Gordon (playwright)|Leon Gordon]] and produced by [[Victor Saville]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD: Remake of George M. Cohan's 'Little Johnny Jones' Is Scheduled by Metro MELODRAMA AT CRITERION ' Mayor of 44th Street' Opens Today -- True to the Army' Will Arrive Saturday|date=June 10, 1942|work=New York Times|page=25}}</ref> However this was postponed out of fear of offending Indians and also war-time allies the Russians, who were the villains.<ref name="new">{{Cite news|title='KIM' IN INDIA: Metro's Cameras Turn on Kipling Story -- Summary of the Week in Hollywood|author=THOMAS F. BRADY|date=Dec 11, 1949|work=New York Times|page=X5}}</ref>

===Development===
In 1948 the Indian government approved the film and the [[Cold War]] meant it was permissible to have Russian villains. In January 1949 the project was reactivated as a vehicle for MGM's child star [[Dean Stockwell]]. Errol Flynn was signed in September.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Deal for James Stewart as 'Harvey' Star on Foot; Shearer Return Pending|author=Schallert, Edwin|date=Sep 19, 1949|work=Los Angeles Times|page=31}}</ref>

Paul Lukas and Flynn went to India but all scenes involving Dean Stockwell were shot in Hollywood.<ref name="films">Tony Thomas, Rudy Behlmer & Clifford McCarty, ''The Films of Errol Flynn'', Citadel Press, 1969 p 172-173</ref> Flynn left for India in November after attending a Royal screening of ''[[That Forsyte Woman]]'' in London.<ref>{{cite news|title=Errol Flynn Flying Out To Delhi: New Indian Films|author=Mendonca, Clare|work=The Times of India|location=New Delhi|date=27 Nov 1949|page=14}}</ref>

The song "[[D'ye ken John Peel (song)|D'Ye Ken John Peel]]" was chosen as the musical [[leitmotif]] for scenes depicting the [[Presidency armies]] as predecessors of the [[British Indian Army|British Indian army]].<ref>Jeffrey Richards: ''Imperialism and Music: Britain 1876-1953 (Studies in Imperialism).'' Manchester University Press (Manchester), Palgrave (New York) 2002, ISBN 978-0719061431, p. 300</ref>

===Shooting===
Locations used in the film included [[La Martiniere Lucknow]] (depicted as St. Xavier's College) in [[Lucknow]], the horse market at the Kashmir Gates, Sirala, and the Himalayan foothills and the [[Khyber Pass]]. Doubles were used for Dean Stockwell and the characters of Huree Babu, Creighton Sahib and Lurgan Sahib (these hadn't been cast at the time of filming).<ref name="new"/>

The unit returned to MGM in January 1950 to shoot the rest of the movie on the backlot.

==Reception==
===Box office===
The movie was successful at the box office: according to MGM records the movie earned $2,896,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $2,465,000 in other markets, making it one of the studio's more popular films of the year.<ref name="Mannix"/> It was one of the most popular films at the French box office in 1951, with admissions of 2,514,860.<ref>[http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.au&sl=fr&u=http://www.boxofficestory.com/france-1951-c22734225&usg=ALkJrhiMOZAGgpGJoCg64l1v0-jAQNegOw 1951 French box office information] at Box Office Story</ref> According to ''Filmink'' magazine, it was "the biggest gross of any Flynn movie during its initial release (not counting for inflation). Clearly in the right role and the right movie he remained a potent box office draw. "<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/films-errol-flynn-4/|title=The Films of Errol Flynn: Part 4 – Going to Seed |date=November 24, 2019}}</ref>

It made an overall profit of $1,064,000.<ref name="Mannix"/>

==Radio adaptation==
''Kim'' was presented on ''[[Lux Radio Theatre]]'' on February 18, 1952. The one-hour adaptation featured [[Errol Flynn]] and [[Dean Stockwell]] in their roles from the film.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kirby|first1=Walter|title=Better Radio Programs for the Week|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2533510/the_decatur_daily_review/|work=The Decatur Daily Review|date=February 17, 1952|page=40|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = June 1, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{AFI film|27629}}
* {{IMDb title|0042644}}
* {{TCMDb title|2243}}

{{Victor Saville}}

[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:1950s adventure drama films]]
[[Category:1950s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:1950s spy films]]
[[Category:American historical adventure films]]
[[Category:American adventure drama films]]
[[Category:1950 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rudyard Kipling]]
[[Category:Films about the Great Game]]
[[Category:Films set in 1885]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Victor Saville]]
[[Category:Films scored by André Previn]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:1950 drama films]]
[[Category:1950 American films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Richard Schayer]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:American spy films]]
[[Category:English-language historical adventure films]]
[[Category:English-language adventure drama films]]

M. Noushad

2026-02-08T11:58:52Z

RethaT8259798: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = M. Noushad
| honorific_suffix =
| image = M Noushad.jpg
| image_size =
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| native_name = എം. നൗഷാദ്
| native_name_lang = ml
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
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| education = Degree from [[Kerala University]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician, Social worker
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| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
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| spouse = Benni mol 
| children = Irfan, Sharoon
| mother = Khadeeja Beevi
| father = Muhammed Haneefa 
| relatives = Razi, Nousher
| family = Thengazhikathu Veedu
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'''M. Noushad''' (born 22 February 1965)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=M. NOUSHAD|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/Members-Eng/77%20Noushad%20M.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> is an Indian [[politician]] and member of the fourteenth [[Kerala Legislature|Kerala Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Eravipuram]] constituency in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]]. He belongs to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) and a member of its Kollam east area committee. He served as the Vadakkevila Panchayat Vice President, [[Deputy Mayor]] of [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]] from July 2014 to October 2015.<ref name="hd">{{cite web |url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ldf-campaign-in-kollam-segment-yet-to-pick-up-steam/article8425382.ece |title=ldf campaign in kollam segment yet to pick up steam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= 2 April 2016 |accessdate=19 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160519114504/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ldf-campaign-in-kollam-segment-yet-to-pick-up-steam/article8425382.ece |archivedate=19 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ju">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160521021613/http://janayugomonline.com/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E/ ഡെപ്യൂട്ടി മേയര്‍ തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ്], Janayugam News paper, 18 July 2014, accessdate - 21 May 2016</ref><ref name="hd2">{{cite web |url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpim-faces-a-problem-of-plenty/article7755793.ece |title=cpim-faces-a-problem-of-plenty |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 October 2015 |accessdate=21 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160521021924/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpim-faces-a-problem-of-plenty/article7755793.ece |archivedate=21 May 2016}}</ref> Representing as an CPI(M) candidate from [[Eravipuram]] he contested in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly Election]] and defeated [[A. A. Aziz]], the state secretary of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] by a margin of 28,803 votes and became the first CPI(M) MLA from Eravipuram.<ref name="ldf">{{cite web|url=http://ldfkeralam.org/content/എം-നൗഷാദ് |title=എം. നൗഷാദ് |publisher=LDF Keralam |language=Malayalam |accessdate=19 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521022114/http://ldfkeralam.org/content/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D |archivedate=21 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ibt">{{cite web |url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-assembly-elections-2016-result-live-updates-679270 |title=Kerala Assembly elections 2016 |publisher=ibtimes |date=19 May 2016 |accessdate=19 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521022346/http://m.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-assembly-elections-2016-result-live-updates-679270 |archivedate=21 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=math>{{cite web |url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/24575/iravipuram-ldf-candidiate/E |title=M Noushad CPM candidate at Iravipuram |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] |accessdate=19 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160519114403/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/24575/iravipuram-ldf-candidiate/E |archivedate=19 May 2016}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Noushad was born to Muhammed Haneefa and Khadeeja Beevi in 1965. He acquired a Degree from [[Kerala University]] in 1983.<ref name=aff>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/affidavit/GE2016/125_2.pdf |title=[PDF] Affidavit submitted by M. Noushad for contesting in Kerala Legislative Assembly election, 2016 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Kerala |date=27 April 2016 |accessdate=19 May 2016}}</ref> Noushad resides at [[Manacaud]] in Kollam district.

== Political life ==
He started his political career through student movement, in 1985 he was elected as College union general secretary. In 1986 he was elected as Vice chairman of Kerala University union. He became active in DYFI and later won with record margin from Manacaud ward in 1995 and became the vice president of Vadakkevila Panchayat in Kollam. He continued to become councilor in Kollam corporation and served as standing committee chairman. In 2014 he won the Kayalakal ward which was never won by CPM and became the Deputy Mayor of Kollam corporation. In 2016, he contested for assembly from Eravipuram and won the seat with record margin to become the first CPM MLA from Eravipuram.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{MLAs from Kerala assembly constituencies in Kollam city}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noushad, M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kollam]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Vasantrao Naik

2026-02-07T19:29:31Z

RethaT8259798: added content per sources

{{Short description|Indian politician (1913–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Vasantrao Naik
|image = Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg

|office1 = 3rd [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| governor1 = [[Vijaya Laxmi Pandit]] [[Hashmatrai Khubchand Chainani]] [[P. V. Cherian]] [[S. P. Kotval]] [[Ali Yavar Jung]]
|term_start1 = 5 December 1963
|term_end1 = 20 February 1975
|predecessor1 = [[P. K. Sawant]]
|successor1 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|constituency2 = [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
|term_start2 = 1977
|term_end2 = 1979
|predecessor2 = Constituency created
|successor2 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]

| office3 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly Maharashtra]]
|constituency3 = [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
| term_start3 = 1962
| term_end3 = 1977
|predecessor3 = ''Himself''
|successor3 = [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]

| office4 = [[Bombay Legislative Assembly | Member of Legislative Assembly Bombay]]
|constituency4 = [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
| term_start4 = 1957
| term_end4 = 1962
|predecessor4 = ''Himself''
|successor4 = ''Himself''

| office5 = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly | Member of legislative Assembly Madhya Pradesh]]
|constituency5 = [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
| term_start5 = 1952
| term_end5 = 1957
|predecessor5 = ''Constituency established''
|successor5 = ''Himself''
|birth_date = {{Birth date |1913|07|01|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Yavatmal district|Gahuli]], Central Provinces and Berar, [[India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1979|08|18|1913|07|01|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Singapore]]
|spouse = Vatsala Vasantrao Naik
|children = 2
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|alma_mater = [[Vasantrao Naik Government Institute of Arts and Social Sciences|Morris College, Nagpur]] [[Nagpur University]]
}}
'''Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik''' (1 July 1913 – 18 August 1979) was an Indian politician, social reformer and Pioneer of Green, White Revolution and Guarantee Employment Scheme. He served as the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] from 1963 until 1975.

== Biography ==
Vasantrao Naik was born on 1 July 1913 in a prosperous Banjara<ref>{{Cite book |last=राज्य मराठी विकास संस्था |url=http://archive.org/details/205_20250707 |title=205 महाराष्ट्र साहित्य पत्रिका ऑक्टोबर १९९६ मार्च १९९७ |date=1997}}</ref> farmer family in a small village called Gahuli (near Pusad).
Vasantrao Naik is considered the father of the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]], Panchayat Raj, [[White revolution (India)|White Revolution]] and Employment Guarantee Scheme.Vasantrao Naik gained fame across the country by reviving agricultural culture. He raised the profile of modern Indian agriculture and farmers. Naik was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of [[Madhya Pradesh]] from 1952 to 1957, of the bilingual [[Bombay State]] from 1957 to 1960 and of [[Maharashtra]] during 1960 to 1977. In 1952, he was appointed Deputy Minister for Revenue in the Government of Madhya Pradesh. He was made Minister for Cooperation in 1957 and, later, Minister for Agriculture in the Government of Bombay State. From 1960 to 1963, he was Minister for Revenue in the government of Maharashtra.

After the death of [[Marotrao Kannamwar]], Naik was elected [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], a post which he held for more than eleven years between 1963 and 1975. He is considered the '''father of the [[Green Revolution]] in Maharashtra'''. The industrialization of Maharashtra is largely the legacy of his progressive industrial policies. He was also elected to the [[6th Lok Sabha]] from [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim]] in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2474.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022537/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2474.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
Prominent Writer Eknathrao Pawar has described Vasantrao Naik as the 'Agricultural Saint of Modern India'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pawar |first=Eknathrao |date=2021 |title=Agricultural Saint of Modern Agricultural India : Vasantrao Naik |journal=POKJ |issn=2330-4490 |volume=1 |issue=}}</ref> President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] praised Naik in 2013, saying, "Vasantrao Naik is a great son of Mother India."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-02 |title=President concludes Vasantrao Naik centenary celebrations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/president-concludes-vasantrao-naik-centenary-celebrations/articleshow/20871754.cms#google_vignette |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Death==
Vasantrao Phulsing Naik died in [[Singapore]] on 18 August 1979.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian VIP dies|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|date=21 August 1979|page=11}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The [[Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College]] in [[Yavatmal]] city of [[Maharashtra]] state and [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth|Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agriculture University]] Parbhani, Maharashtra state was named in his honour.

His nephew [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] also became Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Many journalists and experts of political studies attribute the rise of right wing party [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] in the 1970s to his policy of building up the Shiv Sena as a counterweight to the communist-led labour unions in [[Mumbai]].

His birth anniversary is celebrated as Krushi Din (1 July Agricultural day) by Maharashtra Government.<ref name="p526">{{cite web | title=Maharashtra Agriculture Day 2023: Date, History And Significance Of Maharashtra Krishi Din | website=NDTV.com | date=2019-02-22 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-agriculture-day-2023-date-significance-and-quotes-4168360 | access-date=2024-10-21}}</ref>

The 2015 Marathi film [[Mahanayak Vasant Tu]], starring [[Chinmay Mandlekar]], is his [[biopic]]. A junction/ chowk/ bus stop in [[Tardeo]], [[Mumbai]] is named after Vasantrao Naik.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Mahanayak-Vasant-Tu/movie-review/49980341.cms |title=Mahanayak Vasant Tu Movie Review|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Mihir |last=Bhanage |date=30 November 2015|access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chief Ministers of Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Vasantrao}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1960–1962]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Washim district]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Bombay State MLAs 1957–1960]]

Visiting scholar

2026-02-07T00:58:22Z

RethaT8259798: Adding New Post Needs Work

{{Short description|Scholar who visits another university}}
In academia, a '''visiting scholar''', '''visiting scientist''', '''visiting researcher''', '''visiting fellow''', '''visiting lecturer''', or '''visiting professor''' is a scholar from an institution who visits a host university to teach, lecture, or perform research on a topic for which the visitor is valued.<ref>CMU. [http://www.cmu.edu/mcs/handbook/nonsalary.html "MCS Non-Salaried Scholarly Appointments: Visiting scholar appointments"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824001210/http://www.cmu.edu/mcs/handbook/nonsalary.html |date=2007-08-24 }}. [[Carnegie Mellon University]].</ref> In many cases, the position is not salaried because the visitor is salaried by their home institution (or partially salaried, as in some cases of [[sabbatical leave]] from US universities). Some visiting positions are salaried.

Typically, a visiting scholar may stay for a couple of months or even a year,<ref>HLS. [http://www.law.harvard.edu/academics/graduate/admissions/vrvs.php "Visiting Scholar and Researcher (VS/VR) Program"]. [[Harvard Law School]]</ref><ref>UT. [http://www.utexas.edu/research/resources/visiting-scholar-researcher-program "Visiting Scholar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304063017/http://www.utexas.edu/research/resources/visiting-scholar-researcher-program |date=2015-03-04 }}. The [[University of Texas at Austin]].</ref> though the stay can be extended. A visiting scholar is usually invited by the host institution, and it is not out of the ordinary for them to provide accommodation. Such an invitation is often regarded as recognizing the scholar's prominence in the field. Attracting prominent visiting scholars often allows the permanent faculty and graduate students to collaborate with prominent academics from other institutions, especially foreign ones.

In the UK, a visiting scholar or visiting academic usually has to pay a so-called ''bench fee'' (also called research support fee) to the university, which will give access to shared office space and other university facilities and resources (such as lab and associated supplies). Bench fees vary across UK universities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-16 |title=Bench Fees: A Short Guide {{!}} DiscoverPhDs |url=https://www.discoverphds.com/advice/funding/bench-fees |access-date=2025-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The purpose of a visiting scholars programs is generally to bring to the university or educational institution in question an exceptional senior scholar who can contribute to the community's intellectual and research endeavors and international projection. Hence, in addition to conducting their own research, visitors are often expected to participate in productive institutional activities, such as:

* Deliver a formal lecture to the hosting institution
* Engage in formal or informal discussions with graduate or postgraduate research students
* Undertake collaborative research with faculty or staff
* Present guest lectures or faculty seminars
* Present a paper as part of the university's seminar program

==See also==
* [[Professor]], for a visiting professor, more specifically also [[Professors in the United States#Visiting professor|visiting professor in the U.S.]]
* [[Research fellow]], for a visiting researcher

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Academic administration]]
[[Category:Higher education]]
[[Category:Academic ranks]]

Mekhela sador

2026-02-04T00:01:02Z

RethaT8259798:

{{short description|Traditional Assamese attire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:DWIJEN (43).jpg|thumb|right|250px|A girl wearing mekhela sador dress]]
[[File:Mekhela Chador with Kaziranga Paari.jpg|thumb|right|250px|On display, a hand-woven mekhela chador in [[Assam silk#Pat silk|pat silk]] depicting an exquisite pattern of wildlife in [[Kaziranga National Park|Kaziranga]]]] '''Mekhela sador''' is traditional clothing worn by women from [[Assam]].<ref> Sharma, M. B. (2005). Silk Mekhela Chador–A traditional dress of Assamese women. Indian Silk, 44(5), 26-29.</ref><ref> Brahmachary, S. (2016). IMPERIALISTIC ASSAM: AN ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM IN ASSAM. Regional Cooperation Newsletter-South Asia July-September, 2016, 10.</ref> It is a two-piece outfit, consisting of the mekhela (a cylindrical skirt) and the sador (a drape), and is generally made from [[Assam silk]] such as [[Muga silk|muga]], [[Eri silk|eri]] or [[pat silk]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=What Is Mekhela Chador And Why Is It More Popular In Assam? |url=https://www.mohifashion.com/en-int/blogs/news/what-is-mekhela-chador-and-why-is-it-more-popular-in-assam |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Mohi fashion |language=en}}</ref>

It is adorned with intricate designs, patterns, and motifs, often inspired by nature, Assamese culture, or mythological themes. The designs are predominantly handwoven by women. Common motifs include floral patterns, geometric shapes, and representations of local wildlife, which celebrate the region's natural beauty.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Mekhela Chador: The Elegant Tapestry Of Assam's Heritage |url=https://www.ndtv.com/shopping/mekhela-chador-the-elegant-tapestry-of-assams-heritage-6070404?utm_source=perplexity |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Draping==
The bottom portion, draped from the waist downwards, is called the mekhela. It is a wide cylindrical piece cloth that is folded into one or two pleats to fit around the waist and tucked in. The pleats are folded to the right and are typically fewer in number as opposed to the pleats of [[Saree]], which are generally folded to the left and have multiple pleats. Strings are never used to tie the mekhela around the waist, though an underskirt with a string is often used.

The top portion of the two-piece dress, called the chador (pronounced: Sador), is a long piece of cloth that has one end tucked into the upper portion of the mekhela above the belly button and the rest is draped around the chest and back. The other end of the chador is tucked in the belly after making a few pleats. A fitted blouse is often worn with Mekhela chador. Traditionally, in the past, another garment called [[:en:Riha (garment)|'''riha''']] was worn as a chador or as an inner piece below the chador. A riha is still worn as part of the Assamese bridal trousseau and sometimes seen people wearing in indigenous traditional events like [[Bihu]] and other Assamese festivals.
Ornamental designs on the mekhela-chadors are traditionally woven, never printed. Sometimes a woven pattern called the ''paari'', is stitched along the sides of a chador, or along the bottom of a mekhela. The patterns include motifs of animals, birds, human forms, flowers, diamond, and celestial phenomenon. These indigenous patterns are woven by tribal and nontribal Weavers. The motifs are known as ''phul''. The bright-hued diamond motifs representing fine workmanship is a typical and traditional feature of the textiles of Assam. In Pat and Muga silk, delicate designs of flowers and creepers while bold motifs of geometric shapes are typically found in Eri and Cotton.<ref>Chakravorty, R., Dutta, P., & Ghose, J. (2010). Sericulture and traditional craft of silk weaving in Assam.[http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/8166/1/IJTK%209(2)%20378-385.pdf?trk=right_banner&id=1416585687&ref=84469fc7a8cae868ab19cd6718aa70ed|title=Sericulture and Traditional Craft of Silk Weaving in Assam]</ref>

==Material==
Traditional mekhela chadors are made from the following materials:

* [[Muga silk|Muga]]
* [[Pat silk]]
* [[Eri silk]]
Some modern low-budget sets are also made with varying blends of [[cotton]] and muga or pat silk with synthetic materials.

==Availability==
The mekhela chador is available in many stores across [[Guwahati]] and other cities of [[Assam]]. They are also available through various websites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unika.in/Mekhela-Chador-depid-99514-page-1.html |title=Mekhela Chador |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926190605/http://unika.in/Mekhela-Chador-depid-99514-page-1.html |archive-date=September 26, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://assamsilkshopping.com/Mekhela-Chadar|title = Mekhela Chador|publisher = Assam Silk Shopping|access-date = April 5, 2015|archive-date = 5 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150405031646/http://assamsilkshopping.com/Mekhela-Chadar|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rajmatisarees.com/mekhla-chadar|title = Mekhela Chador|publisher = Rajmati Sarees|access-date = April 5, 2015|archive-date = 5 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150405041951/http://www.rajmatisarees.com/mekhla-chadar|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bazaarsurat.com/product-category/mekhela-chadars|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130309005225/http://www.bazaarsurat.com/product-category/mekhela-chadars|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2013-03-09|title = Mekhela Chador|publisher = Sri Sai Tex Art|access-date = April 5, 2015}}</ref>
The demand for pure pat is very high among customers. Mekhela Chador of Pat and polyester are dominating the market. But the demand of Muga, ‘golden silk of Assam' is low due to its high price and availability of substitutes like tassar which look very similar to the original Muga silk.<ref> Aggarwal, A., Sharma, A., Tripathi, A., Wadhawan, A., Chongtham, E., Gupta, H., ... & Bhardwaj, R. Static or Dynamic-The Analysis of Handloom Industry of Assam.</ref>

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120404010956/http://www.fashionfundas.com/resources/3870-How-Wear-Assamese-Mekhala-Chadar.aspx How to wear a Mekhala Chadar: The traditional Assamese attire]
* {{cite video| people =Rhitupon Bora and Tamina Das| year =2011| title =Silk Weaving Tradition of Sualkuchi, Assam| url =http://www.dsource.in/resource/assam-silk/videos/video4.html| publisher =D'Source, IIT Guwahati.| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121015204822/http://www.dsource.in/resource/assam-silk/videos/video4.html| archive-date =2012-10-15| url-status =dead}}
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/mekhla-chador-and-the-global-fashion-industry Mekhla Chador and the Global Fashion Industry]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/mekhla-chador-as-a-symbol-of-women-empowerment Mekhla Chador as a Symbol of Women Empowerment]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/the-role-of-mekhla-chador-in-assamese-festivals The Role of Mekhla Chador in Assamese Festivals]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/mekhla-chador-and-sustainable-fashion Mekhla Chador and Sustainable Fashion]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/mekhla-chador-in-contemporary-fashion Mekhla Chador in Contemporary Fashion]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/the-art-of-mekhla-chador-weaving The Art of Mekhla Chador Weaving]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/the-significance-of-mekhla-chador-in-assamese-culture The Significance of Mekhla Chador in Assamese Culture]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/how-to-drape-a-mekhla-chador How to Drape a Mekhla Chador]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/the-different-types-of-mekhla-chador The Different Types of Mekhla Chador]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/mekhla-chador-for-different-occasions Mekhla Chador for Different Occasions]
* [https://www.chadorkart.com/blogs/blogs/the-history-and-evolution-of-mekhla-chador-a-testament-to-assams-cultural-heritage The History and Evolution of Mekhla Chador]

==See also==
{{Commons category|Mekhela chador}}

*[[Riha (garment)|Riha]]
*[[Assam silk|Muga]]
*[[Pathin]]
*[[Textiles and dresses of Assam]]
*[[Textile manufacturing terminology]]
*[[Culture of Assam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Assam}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Textiles and clothing of Assam]]
[[Category:Dresses]]

Sadhukkari

2026-01-18T09:17:19Z

RethaT8259798: Adding a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

{{Short description|Mixed language spoken in medieval northern India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sadhukkari
| familycolor = Indo-European
| script =
| nativename = सधुक्कड़ी
| ethnicity =
| fam1 = [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| image =
| imagecaption =
| altname = Panchmel Khichri
| speakers = no native-speakers (literary language)
| region = [[North India]]
| era = Medieval period
| posteriori = Hindustani, Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bhojpuri and Marwari
}}
'''Sadhukkari''' ([[Devanagari]]: सधुक्कड़ी) was a [[vernacular]] dialect of medieval India, and a mix of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], hence it is also commonly called a '''Panchmel Khichri'''.<ref>[[Hindi Literature]]</ref><ref name=com>{{cite book |title=Comparative literature: theory and practice|author=Amiya Dev|author2=Sisir Kumar Das |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study in association with Allied Publishers |year=1989|isbn=8170230179 |page=110 }}</ref> Since it is simpler, it is used in adult literacy books or early literacy books.<ref>{{cite book |title=Adult education in India: search for a paradigm|author=Sushama Merh-Ashraf |publisher=Sunrise Publications|year=2004 |isbn=8187365129 |page=186 }}</ref><ref>[[Hindi Literature]]</ref><ref name=com>{{cite book |title=Comparative literature: theory and practice|author=Amiya Dev|author2=Sisir Kumar Das |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study in association with Allied Publishers |year=1989|isbn=8170230179 |page=110 }}</ref>

It finds place in the oral tradition and the writings of medieval poets and saints like [[Kabir]] and [[Guru Nanak]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hermeneutical paths to the sacred worlds of India: essays in honour of Robert W. Stevenson|author=Robert W. Stevenson |publisher=Scholars Press |year= 1994|isbn=1555409520 |page=232 }}</ref> Poets like [[Kabir|Kabirdas]], [[Mirabai]], [[Baba Farid]], and [[Shah Latif]] used it in addition to local variations of [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], Punjabi and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] languages.<ref name=com/>

The term "Sadhukkari" was coined by [[Ramchandra Shukla]] (1884–1941), and not all scholars agree with the use of this term, or the identity of the languages which it covers.<ref>{{cite book |author=David N. Lorenzen |title=Kabir Legends and Ananta-Das's Kabir Parachai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpRd0ItngtIC&pg=PA74 |year=1991 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0461-4 |page=74 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sant Bhasha]]
* [[Sadhu Bhasha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Rajasthani languages]]
[[Category:Mixed languages]]
[[Category:Bihari languages]]

Poly Varghese

2026-01-02T01:15:54Z

RethaT8259798: details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Poly Varghese
| image = Poly Varghese.jpeg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|06|01}}
| origin = [[Valapad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| instrument = [[Mohan Veena]]
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]
| occupation = [[Mohan Veena]]/[[Slide Guitar]] Player
| years_active = 2000–present
| label =
| website = [http://polyvarghese.com/ Official site]
}}

'''Poly Varghese''' (born 1 June 1972) is a Hindustani musician and Mohan veena player, a disciple of musician [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]. He is also an actor, poet and activist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/poly-varghese |title= Poly Varghese Soundcloud Channel |accessdate=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/polyvarghese|title= Poly Varghese Youtube Channel |website= [[YouTube]] |accessdate=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://atmaites.com/Strings_n_Moods.html |title=Strings n' Moods|accessdate=8 September 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Born in [[Kerala]], Poly Varghese lives in Chennai.{{citation needed|date= November 2022}}

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
* Radio One Award for young Hindustani instrumentalist - 2012
* Jeevan Atless Award - Best Music Director for Malayalam film Kootilekku (Towards Home) - 2005
* Gov’t recognition award for young Hindustani instrumentalists of India - 2013
* Concerts at Bangkok University Thailand on behalf of hr. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhoran and
* honored with the title Sangeeth Bhushan on behalf of Hindustani art and music society

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130312134953/http://www.vishwamohanbhatt.in/ Official site]
*[https://www.facebook.com/poly.varghese Official Facebook]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, Poly}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Veena players]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]

Choon, Budgam

2025-12-17T04:09:42Z

RethaT8259798: add content to improve readability and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = Village
| name = Choon
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.986952|N|74.732002|E}}
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Union territory
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| population_total = 2861
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Budgam Census handbook|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31141938ba2c2b13f5505d7c424ebae5f/uploads/2019/06/2019061416.pdf|website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in|access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 226.60
| population_density_km2 = auto
}}
'''Choon''' is a village in the [[Budgam district]] in the Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://budgam.nic.in/village-panchayats/|website=Budgam.nic.in|title=Villages and Panchayats in Budgam district|access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}}, the total population of Choon is 2,819 of which 1541 are males and 1278 are females.<ref name=":0"/> Total number of households in the village is 289. Population of the children with age group 0-6 is 651 of which 351 are males and the remaining 300 are females.<ref name=":0"/> Literacy rate of the village is 58.79%, lower than the former state average of 67.16%. In Choon, total number of literates are 1580 of which 980 are males and 600 are females.
5G Internet connectivity and wired with Fibres of telecom companies. Horticulture is the predominant sector of the economy of this Area, Along with Horticulture the people has their own businesses, Construction Companies, Hotel and associated with other forms of employment.<ref name=":0"/>
The village has Hospital, PowerGrid Station and Animal Husbandry as well, Choon is first Carbon free
Village of J&K, The village consists of some prominent figures of Valley, The village holds place to Two shrines, Syed Yaqoob Kirmani(R.a) and the shrine of Shah Gufoor (R.a), the village has beautiful scenic place known as Drathan Bagh and public Eidgah Park.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Budgam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

1968 Punjab, India political crisis

2025-11-21T18:49:12Z

RethaT8259798: started a pg.

{{short description|Political crisis in Indian state of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}

{{Infobox event
|image= {{multiple image|total_width=300|image1= Lachhman Singh Gill.png|image2=Justice Gurnam Singh (cropped).jpg}}
|date=6 March 1968 - 30 July 1968 ({{ayd|1968|03|06|1968|07|30}})
|place=[[Punjab, India]]
|type=Parliamentary crisis
|cause=[[No-confidence motion]] against [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Punjab Legislative Assembly]], Joginder Singh Mann.
|outcome=* Speaker's removal failed
* Ideological split in between [[Punjab Janta Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]]
* Fall of Janta-Congress coalition government
* Imposition of [[President's rule]] in Punjab
|participants=
* Joginder Singh Mann (Speaker)
* [[Lachhman Singh Gill]] (Chief Minister)
* [[Gurnam Singh]] (Leader of Opposition)
}}
On 6 March 1968, the legislators from [[Punjab Janta Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]] moved a no-confidence motion against Speaker of Punjab Legislative Assembly, [[Joginder Singh Mann]] and the later development cause a Constitutional crisis in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

==Background==
After fall of the [[People's United Front (Punjab, India)|People's United Front]] government, [[Lachhman Singh Gill]]'s [[Punjab Janta Party]] formed the Government with Congress and other parties on 25 November 1967.

On 6 March 1968, a motion of no-confidence was admitted against Speaker Joginder Singh Mann ([[Akali Dal - Tara Singh]]) in the house.<ref name=Hindustan>Hindustan Times, 7 March 1968.</ref> The motion was backed by 56 members. The Congress and the Janta members voted for admission.<ref name=Hindustan/> The motion expressed lack of confidence in the Speaker for his failure to maintain dignity and decorum of the House and for his failure in getting his order enforced.<ref name=Hindustan/>

==Crisis==

'''Speaker's removal failed'''

The following day, when the Assembly was in session, the Leader of Opposition, [[Gurnam Singh]], challenged the constitutionality of the no-confidence motion moved against the Speaker. He questioned its validity on the ground that, under Article 179(c)<ref>[https://www.indianconstitution.in/2016/07/article-179-constitution-of-india.html?m=1 Article 179 constitution of India]. ''wwww.indiaconstitution.in''. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</ref> of the [[Constitution of India]], a 14-days notice for the removal of the Speaker was required. Moreover, there was no provision for expressing want of confidence in the Speaker.<ref name=Tribune>The Tribune, 8 March 1968.</ref> He asserted that under the rules there could be a resolution to remove him. But the two motions expressed lack of confidence in the Speaker. So their tabling as well as the permission granted by the House for discussion was unconstitutional.

The Speaker took the hint and declared that a no-confidence motion admitted against him on previous day was unconstitutional, as it violated Article 179(c), and deemed to have not been moved. The ruling was followed by unruly scenes. The Speaker then adjourned the House for two months. The Speaker claimed that:-{{blockquote|Since I found no hope of the ruling Janta Party and the Congress showing the signs of permitting the House to work in a smooth manner, I felt convinced that it was of no use wasting the public time and money. Therefore, I adjourned the House for two months.<ref name=Tribune/>}}

'''Constitutional crisis'''

The abrupt and adjournment created a serious Constitutional problem in the State. It was a Budget Session of the Assembly and for the budget for 1968-69 had got to passed before the end of the Financial year 1967-68 (31 March 1968). If it was not done, all government activities would come to a standstill from April next.<ref>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 97.</ref> This cause a great cause of concern for the [[Lachhman Singh Gill]]'s led coalition Government.

On 11 March, the Speaker ordered prorogation of the State Assembly and this was authenticated by the Chief Secretary to the Government.<ref name=March>Hindustan Times, 19 March 1968.</ref> On 13 March, the [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]], [[D. C. Pavate]], issued an Ordinance to regulate the procedure for transacting the financial business. The ordinance also barred the Speaker from adjourning the House on his own. On the following day, Governor summoned the Assembly to meet on 18 March ar 2:00 p.m., but the members received the notification relating to the summoning of the State Assembly on 18 March.<ref name=March/>

On 18 March, when house met, Gurnam Singh raised a point of order that the re-summoning of the House by the Governor was unconstitutional ad bad in law on the following grounds:
* The Chief Secretary had no authority to authenticate the Governor's order relating to the prorogation of the House
* When the house was in session, the Governor could not issue Ordinance on 13 March.
* The re-summoning could be effective only from the day (March 18) on which members received the gazette notification.<ref name=March/>

The Speaker accepted Gurnam Singh's contention and alleged that the House had been summoned for 14 March, but prorogued on 18 March. He further added that the order re-summoning the House was also illegal and void. He, therefore, adjourned the House and left the hall after giving his ruling and the Assembly staff also withdrew.<ref name=March/>

'''Passing of Bills'''

After few minutes Sergeant-at-arms announced the arrival of the Deputy Speaker and the proceedings of the House, began with the Deputy Speaker occupying a front seat. Within a seconds several men jumped onto the Speaker's rostrum from behind.<ref name=March/> These men tried to remove tried to remove the opposition members and scuffle followed. Within fifteen minutes the rostrum was cleared and the Deputy Speaker occupied the Chair of Speaker. Amidst deafening noise and thumping of tables, shouting of slogans, all Financial business of the House including passing of Supplementary Budget for 1968-69 relating to Appropriation Bills were purported to have been passed. On 22 March, the Punjab Governor, gave his assent to the two Appropriation Bills.<ref>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 98.</ref>

'''Court's involvement'''

On 2 April, the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] admitted two writ petitions filed by the opposition leafers, challenging the validity of the Punjab Governor's order proroguing the State Assembly, the 'Punjab Legislative (Regulation of Procedure) - in relation to Financial Business - Ordinance 1968'; the 'Punjab Appropriation Bills' and the sittings of State Assembly and the State Council on 18 and 20 March respectively. On 10 April, High Court unanimously held the two acts to be [[ultra vires]] of the Constitution and invalid.<ref name=Politics>Turmoil in Punjab Politics by S. C. Arora. P. 99</ref>

[[Lachhman Singh Gill]] government filed an appeal to the [[Supreme Court of India]] against the judgment of the High Court. On 13 May, the SC allowed 'interim stay' against the judgment of the High Court thereby enabling the State of Punjab to make collections till 21 May. On 30 July, Supreme Court set aside the judgment of the High Court, which halt the crisis permanently.<ref name=Politics/>

==Collapse of coalition government==
However, Government secured a win in the Court but failed to remove Speaker and this cause widened the gap between two parties i.e. [[Punjab Janta Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]]. With more differences, ultimately, Congress withdrawed the support to Gill's government. On 21 August 1969, [[Lachhman Singh Gill]] resigned form the Chief Minister post.<ref>The Tribune, 22 August 1968.</ref> As no other party was in position to form Government, on 23 August, President's rule was imposed and the Assembly dissolved prematurely.
==See also==
*[[2021 Punjab, India political crisis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1968 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Political crises in India|P]]

Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1

2025-08-19T22:45:46Z

RethaT8259798: brief correct citations after review additionally and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Gangs of Wasseypur]]

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Pir Budhan Shah

2025-07-18T13:08:15Z

RethaT8259798: minor cleanup

{{short description|Sufi pir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Pir Buddan Shah
| image = Equestrian miniature painting of Pir Budhan Shah, a venerated Sufi and associate of the Sikh Gurus, circa 18th or 19th century.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Equestrian miniature painting of Pir Budhan Shah. Gouache and gold on paper, circa 18th or 19th century
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1643
| death_place = Kiratpur Sahib
| resting_place =
| known_for = Associate of the [[Sikh Gurus]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|پیر بدھن علی شاہ}}
| native_name_lang = Urdu
}}
{{Sufism}}{{Not to be confused with|text=Pir Buddhu Shah (13 June 1647–21 March 1704), another Sufi who was an ally and contemporary of Guru Gobind Singh}}
'''Pir Budhan Shah'''{{Efn|His name is also [[romanised]] as Peer Buddan Shah.|group=note|name=note 1}} (died 1643;<ref>Page 5, Guru Tegh Bahadur: Testimony of Conscience, Mohindar Pal Kohli</ref> {{Script/Nastaliq|پیر بدھن علی شاہ}}), also called '''Baba Budhan Ali Shah''', '''Peer Baba''', and '''Sayyed Shamsuddin''',<ref>Page 76, Islam Means Peace : Understanding the Muslim Principle of Nonviolence Today, Amitabh Pal</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Understanding culture and society in India : a study of Sufis, saints and deities in Jammu Region |date=2021 |others=Abha Chauhan |isbn=978-981-16-1598-6 |location=Singapore |pages=66–75 |chapter=4 - The Dargah of Peer Baba Budhan Ali Shah in Jammu City |oclc=1258652121}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Bamotra |first=Kamlesh |title=The Mystic Sufi Saint in Jammu: Peer Baba Budhan Ali Shah |date=2021 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-16-1598-6_4 |work=Understanding Culture and Society in India |pages=59–82 |editor-last=Chauhan |editor-first=Abha |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-1598-6_4 |isbn=978-981-16-1597-9 |s2cid=237998790 |access-date=2023-03-02|url-access=subscription }}</ref> was a venerated [[Sufi]] [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]<ref>Page 93, The Book of Nanak, Navtej Sarna</ref> who held a religious discourse with [[Guru Nanak]] in [[Rawalpindi]] and later accepted [[Gurmata|Gurmat]] thought during the times of [[Guru Har Gobind|Guru Hargobind]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Teja |title=A short history of the Sikhs. Volume one, 1469-1765 |date=1999 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |others=Ganda Singh |isbn=9788173800078 |edition=3rd |location=Patiala |pages=45 |oclc=1345653121}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Mridu |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects : Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir. |date=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-20722-3 |location=Princeton |pages=77 |oclc=1129216166}}</ref> He was a Sufi Muslim by birth he was born in [[Nankana Sahib|Talwandi]], the same village as Guru Nanak.<ref name=":0" /> He is venerated by Sikhs, Muslims, and Hindus.<ref name=":0" /> It is believed that he lived for around 500 years.<ref name=":0" />

==Renunciation==
[[File:Pir Buddan Shah.jpg|thumb|Painting of the Pir located at his mausoleum in Kiratpur]]
Buddan Shah, a [[Mumin#Difference_between_Muslim_and_Mu'min|Muhammedan]],<ref>Page 479, A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West frontier province</ref> belonged to a family of chieftains, but left everything to become a Sufi mystic.<ref>Page 76, Islam Means Peace : Understanding the Muslim Principle of Nonviolence Today, Amitabh Pal</ref> He lived near Rawalpindi. Guru Nanak met him during his travels.<ref>Page 34,Punjab Today, Mandeep Singh, H. Kaur</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006 |title=Gods Warrior Saint |journal=The Sikh Review |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre |volume=54 |issue=1–6 |pages=33}}</ref> He is believed to have arrived in [[Jammu]] sometime during the 15th century.<ref name=":0" />

He was very close to [[Bhai Bidhi Chand Chhina|Bidhi Chand Chhina]], as were his followers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh gurus retold |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-269-0859-2 |location=New Delhi |pages=1090 |oclc=190873070}}</ref> His disciple, Sunder Shah, died together with Bidhi Chand at Devnagar near [[Ayodhya]] on the banks of the [[Gomti River]] in 1638.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=81-7010-301-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=37 |oclc=243621542}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Pir Buddan Shah Mausoleum at Kiratpur Sahib.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Pir Buddan Shah at Kiratpur]]
Budhan Shah lived up to the time of [[Guru Hargobind]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography |publisher=Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=1967 |pages=82–83}}</ref> and died in 1643. His [[Mazar (mausoleum)|mausoleum]] is located on hilltop in [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]], about 200 meters east of the [[ashram]] of [[Baba Gurditta]]. His tomb is visited by both the [[Sikh]]s and [[Muslim]]s of the region. A ''[[dargah]]'' (shrine) dedicated to him is located in [[Jammu|Jammu City]], across the [[Tawi River]] from the local [[Jammu Airport]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sufi}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Pir Budhan}}
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Converts to Sikhism]]

{{Sikh-bio-stub}}

Peruvallanallur

2025-06-28T04:14:37Z

RethaT8259798:

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Peruvalanallur''' is a small village in the district of [[Trichy]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located in [[Lalgudi taluk]]. The nearest large village is [[Poovalur]]. Both side have two lakes, northside of village have two river passing, south part have rice or sugarcane cultivation.

==Economy==

The major occupation in the village is [[agriculture]], mainly [[sugarcane]] and [[rice]]. The land is fertile throughout the year.

==History ==
The village may have originated in the 15th or 17th century, although the exact date is unknown. But historical documents attest to a place called 'Peruvalanallur' being the site of a major battle between the feuding [[Chalukya]] emperors and the [[Pallavas]] under emperor [[Parameswaravarman I]] in the 7th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIZCAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Peruvalanallur%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA105 |title=History of the Pallavas of Kanchi |first=R. |last=Gopalan |page=105 |publisher=University of Madrasd |date=1928}}</ref> The Chalukyas were encamped in [[Vellanur]] village. The armies clashed in Peruvalanallur, along the [[Pullambadi Canal]]. The fighting lasted 14 to 18 days and is one of the longest wars in Tamil Nadu history, with many soldiers killed on both sides. Finally, the Pallava secured the victory<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}</ref> and recovered their autonomy.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Some stone culvert remnants date from this period, located in a cremation ground along Vellanur road near Teppakulam and the Trichy-Ariyalur main road in Peruvala Nallur. A sword that may be a remnant of the war has been discovered by a pallar community village farmer in his field.

== Emigration ==
In the last 8–10 years,{{when|date=November 2024}} residents have been moving out of the village to [[Trichy]], a large city with better job opportunities in non-agricultural industries. Because of this, the village's population is quite low, and agricultural production has fallen.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The 2011 census tabulated a population of 1700 persons in West Peruvalanallur and 3,870 persons in East Peruvalanallur totalling 5,570 persons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |title=Primary Census Abstract Indicators Search Upto Town/Village Level |website=censusindia.gov.in}} </ref> The 1981 census counted 5,094 persons in Peruvalanallur.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29943/download/33124/27787_1981_TIR.pdf |title=Census of India 1981 - Series 20: Tamil Nadu |first=A. P. |last=Muthuswami |date=1982 |location=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Indian Administrative Service |page=134}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|10|55|26.36|N|78|50|30.86|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Tiruchirappalli district]]

{{Tiruchirapalli-geo-stub}}

Pavitra Bandhan

2025-05-09T03:04:58Z

RethaT8259798: details!

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = ''Pavitra Bandhan – Do Dilo Ka''
| image = Pavitra Bandhan.jpeg
| caption = Logo
| genre = [[Indian Soap Opera]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| based_on =
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| story = Mallika Dutt Gharde Komolika Bhattacharjee
| screenplay = Mallika Dutt Gharde Komolika Bhattacharjee '''Dialogues''' Deepti Rawal
| director = Ghanshyam Pathak, Vaibhav aka Vicky Chauhan,
| creative_director = Meghana Amal & Shivani Pathak
| starring = [[Yash Tonk]] Hritu Dudhani Muni Jha
| composer = Lalit Sen
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Pavitra Bandhan – Do Dilo Ka" by Priya Bhattacharya
| country = India
| language = Hindi Bengali English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 780
| executive_producer = Dinesh Singh
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor = '''Editor''' Sanjeev Shukla Mohammad Salim '''Associative Editor''' Shobhnath Rai '''Online Editor''' Vatan Sinh Ramesh Pandey Gopal Rai Raju Tiwari
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 24 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2013|9|9}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2016|12|08}}<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tv5ChSdVRwg Pavitra Bandhan Last Episode]</ref>
}}

'''''Pavitra Bandhan – Do Dilon Ka''''' (English:'' Sacred Bond - Of Two Hearts'') is an [[Indian soap opera]] created by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under her banner [[Balaji Telefilms]] and co-produced by Ekta Kapoor and [[Shobha Kapoor]].<ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k13/sep/sep34.php Ekta Kapoor’s Balaji Telefilms returns to DD National with Pavitra Bandhan]</ref> The show aired every Monday to Friday at 8:30 PM on [[DD National]]. [[Yash Tonk]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141204123036/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-yash-tonk-in-ekta-kapoors-next-4308882-NOR.html Yash Tonk roped in for Ekta Kappoor’s next show Pavitra Bandhan on DD]</ref> and Hritu Dudhani play the protagonists.<ref name="Cast">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Hritu-Dhudani-opposite-Yash-Tonk-in-Ekta-Kapoors-next/articleshow/21001490.cms Hritu Dhudani to play protagonist opposite Yash Tonk in Ekta Kapoor’s upcoming Pavitra Bandhan on Doordarshan]</ref>

==Plot==
This [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Indian soap opera|drama series]] revolves around the [[protagonists]] Girish and Aashima who, under unreliable circumstances, marry each other but eventually fall in love. The show explores the other dramas of their families and children. After some misunderstandings which culminate to a divorce, the two unite again. During that time, Aashima becomes pregnant, but because Girish knows that Sameer (Girish's cousin) also has feelings for Aashima, he suspects it is Sameer's child and begins to hate Aashima. In the end, she decides to leave him, but when she does, she has an accident and loses her eyesight.

The show then takes a seven-year leap.

After the leap, the show starts with a new entry, seven-year-old Sahil (Sanay Somaiya), who is actually the son of Aashima and Girish. Girish is unaware of all this. The show explores how Sahil gets Aashima and Girish back together.

==Cast==
* [[Yash Tonk]] as Girish Roy Choudhary<ref name="Cast"/>
* Hritu Dudani as Aashima Roy Choudhary<ref name="Cast"/>
* Sanay Somaiya as Sahil Roy Choudhary child artist <ref name="Cast"/>
* [[Yamini Thakur]] as Chandra Rajkumar<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Yamini-Thakur-bags-Pavitra-Bandhan/articleshow/21019282.cms Yamini Thakur bags Balaji Teleilms Pavitra Bandhan]</ref>
* Muni Jha<ref name="Cast1">
[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Muni-Jha-Shailley-Kaushik-Shalini-Arora-in-Pavitra-Bandhan/articleshow/21054314.cms Muni Jha, Shailley Kaushik & Shalini Arora roped in for Ekta Kapoor’s Pavitra Bandhan on DD]</ref>
* Rujut Dahiya as Vikram<ref name="Cast1"/>
* [[Resha Konkar]] as Shibani<ref name="Cast1"/>
* Shailley Kaushik<ref name="Cast1"/>
* Shalini Arora<ref name="Cast1"/>
* Madan Joshi<ref name="Cast2">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Madan-Joshi-Manmohan-Tiwari-in-Pavitra-Bandhan/articleshow/21338711.cms Madan Joshi & Manmohan Tiwari to play pivotal roles in Ekta Kapoor’s Pavitra Bandhan on DD National]</ref>
* [[Manmohan Tiwari]] as Rajkumar<ref name="Cast2"/>
* [[Sahil Uppal]] as Aarav Seth
* Ashima Ahmed as Gehna Aarav Seth
* Preet Singh as Deb Roy Choudhary
* Leesha Bhalerao as Pakhi
* [[Aakash Talwar]] as Sameer Basu
* Ekta Methai as young Shonali Roy Choudhary
* Drishti Hemdev as young Mishti Roy Choudhary
* Chahat Pandey as Mishti Roy Choudhary
* [[Fahad Ali]] as Mayank
* Anjali singh as Tapasya

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7517690}}
* [http://www.ddindia.gov.in/HomePage/Program%20Column%201/Pages/BhaktikiShaan.aspx Official Page at DD National]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140924065859/http://www.balajitelefilms.com/home/ Official Page at Balajitelefilms.com]

{{DD National Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]

Munirathna Anandakrishnan

2025-03-03T10:22:49Z

RethaT8259798: Put Up Page

{{Short description|Indian educationist and civil engineer (1928–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Munirathna Anandakrishnan
| image = Anandakrishnan.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|7|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vaniyambadi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|5|29|1928|7|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Educationist
| yearsactive = 1960–2021
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = 3
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)]] [[University of Minnesota|UM]] Distinguished Leadership Award Order of [[Ski-U-Mah (magazine)|Ski-U-Mah]] Engineering Personality Award TNF Excellence Award M. K. Nambiar Memorial Award
Rotary Vocational Service Award For the Sake of Honour Award National Science and Technology Award Ugadi Puraskar Man of the Year 1999 Platinum Jubilee Award ICCES Outstanding Achievement Award [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] National Swami Pranavananda Saraswati Award
| alma_mater = [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[University of Minnesota]]
}}

'''Munirathna Anandakrishnan''' (12 July 1928 – 29 May 2021) was an Indian civil engineer, educationist, a chairman of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] and a vice-chancellor of [[Anna University]].<ref name="IITK">{{cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/Chairman-page.pdf |title=IITK |date=2014 |publisher=IITK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060718/http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/Chairman-page.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> He was also an Advisor to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] on Information Technology and [[e-Governance]].<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/chairman.htm|title=Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|date=2014|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305084135/http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/chairman.htm|archive-date=5 March 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> A winner of the [[National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)]],<ref name="National Order of Scientific Merit">{{cite web | url=http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/11199.html?nome=&area=Personalidades+Estrangeiras&classificacao=comendador&categoria=vivo | title=National Order of Scientific Merit | publisher=Brazil Ministry of Science | date=2014 | access-date=18 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120152024/http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/11199.html?nome=&area=Personalidades+Estrangeiras&classificacao=comendador&categoria=vivo | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lenciclopedie">{{cite web | url=http://monindependancefinanciere.com/lenciclopedie/seccion-o/ordre-national-du-merite-scientifique.php | title=lenciclopedie | publisher=lenciclopedie | date=2014 | access-date=18 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120151503/http://monindependancefinanciere.com/lenciclopedie/seccion-o/ordre-national-du-merite-scientifique.php | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Space Bimbom">{{cite web | url=http://spacebimbom.com/kategoriat/rahoittaa/national-order-tieteellisten-ansioiden.php | title=Space Bimbom | publisher=Space Bimbom | date=2014 | access-date=18 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120151900/http://spacebimbom.com/kategoriat/rahoittaa/national-order-tieteellisten-ansioiden.php | archive-date=20 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> he was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2002, with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:A building at IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|left|A building at IIT Kanpur]]
[[File:Ordem Nacional Mérito Científico Comendador.jpg|thumb|right|Brazil National Order of Scientific Merit]]
[[File:Padmashri.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Padma Shri Award]]

Munirathna Anandakrishnan was born on 12 July 1928<ref name="NASI" /> in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="NASI">{{cite web | url=http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=A | title=NASI | publisher=NASI | date=2014 | access-date=18 January 2015 | archive-date=7 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207034412/http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=A | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="University of Minnesota ">{{cite web | url=http://global.umn.edu/honors/dlai/03_anandakrishnan.html | title=University of Minnesota | publisher=University of Minnesota | date=2014 | access-date=18 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120150700/http://global.umn.edu/honors/dlai/03_anandakrishnan.html | url-status=live }}</ref> After graduating in civil engineering (BE) from the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venkatarangan.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Dr_MAK_Book_2018.pdf|title=Memorable Footprints of an Educator, Prof Anandakrishnan|author=K. R. A. Narasiah|date=16 June 2018|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506073420/https://venkatarangan.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Dr_MAK_Book_2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madras University]] in 1952,<ref name="IITK" /> he pursued his studies at the [[University of Minnesota]] from where he secured a master's degree (MS) in 1957 and a PhD<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> in civil engineering in 1960.<ref name="NASI" /><ref name="University of Minnesota " /><ref name="Award">{{cite web | url=http://cse.umn.edu/admin/exrel/alumni/CSE_CONTENT_339814.php | title=Award | publisher=University of Minnesota | date=2014 | access-date=18 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120153320/http://cse.umn.edu/admin/exrel/alumni/CSE_CONTENT_339814.php | archive-date=20 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Minnesota Alumni">{{cite web | url=http://www.minnesotaalumni.org/s/1118/content.aspx?pgid=1665 | title=Minnesota Alumni | publisher=Minnesota Alumni.org | date=2014 | access-date=18 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120150200/http://www.minnesotaalumni.org/s/1118/content.aspx?pgid=1665 | url-status=live }}</ref> During his doctoral studies, he was a teaching assistant at the university and was the president of the ''Indian Students Association'' and ''Foreign Students Council'' at the university.<ref name="IITK" /><ref name="University of Minnesota " /> He also worked part-time at Twin City Testing and Engineering Laboratories, a private firm, as a materials engineer<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" />

Anandakrishnan returned to India in 1962 and started his Indian career as a Grade I Senior Scientific Officer at the [[Central Road Research Institute]], Delhi and worked there for a year.<ref name="IITK" /><ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> His next posting was as a member of the faculty of civil engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] (IIT Kanpur) where he worked till 1974, holding various positions such as assistant professor, professor, senior Professor, chairman of civil engineering department, dean and acting director.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> He also served IIT Kanpur as the chairman of the central staff recruiting committee and as the advisor on campus development.<ref name="IITK" />

In 1974, Anandakrishnan moved to the US, on deputation from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] to work as the science counsellor at the Indian embassy in Washington D.C.<ref name="IITK" /><ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> In 1978, he joined the United Nations [[Commission on Science and Technology for Development]] (CSTD) as the chief of new technologies at the Office of Science and Technology (OST), where he worked till his retirement from [[United Nations|UN]] service in 1989.<ref name="IITK" /><ref name="University of Minnesota " /> At the United Nations, he also held the posts of the deputy director at the [[Commission on Science and Technology for Development]] (CSTD) and the secretary of the UN Advisory Committee on Science and Technology for Development (UNACAST).<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" />

In 1990, Anandakrishnan returned to India to take up the position as the vice chancellor of [[Anna University]], Tamil Nadu<ref name="University of Minnesota " /> and served the institution for two consecutive terms till 1996.<ref name="IITK" /><ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /><ref name="Good Governance">{{cite web | url=http://www.teqipgoodgovernance.in/professor-anandakrishnan.html | title=Good Governance | publisher=Good Governance | date=2014 | access-date=19 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120155413/http://www.teqipgoodgovernance.in/professor-anandakrishnan.html | url-status=live }}</ref> During this period, he was also a member of an International Expert Committee for the development of Science and Technology in Brazil and was involved in its activities till 1997.<ref name="IITK" /> After his second tenure as the vice chancellor, he was appointed the vice chairman of the Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TANSCHE)<ref name="TANSCHE">{{cite web | url=http://www.tnuniv.ac.in/tansche.html | title=TANSCHE | publisher=TANSCHE | date=2014 | access-date=19 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910185441/http://www.tnuniv.ac.in/tansche.html | archive-date=10 September 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and also held the post of the Advisor to the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="Good Governance" /><ref name="ISSUU">{{cite web | url=http://issuu.com/inventingtomorrow/docs/v28_n1_winter_2004_inventing_tomorrow/19 | title=ISSUU | publisher=ISSUU | date=2014 | access-date=18 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120152120/http://issuu.com/inventingtomorrow/docs/v28_n1_winter_2004_inventing_tomorrow/19 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="E-Government Services take off in India">{{cite journal | url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/egov/ifip/apr2001/article4.htm | title=E-Government Services take off in India | author=Madanmohan Rao | journal=Information Technology in Developing Countries | date=April 2001 | volume=11 | issue=1 | access-date=20 January 2015 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033420/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/egov/ifip/apr2001/article4.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> on matters related to Information Technology and [[E-Governance]].<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /><ref name="University of Minnesota " /><ref name="Minnesota Alumni" /> In his advisory role, he was responsible for replacing the [[Common Entrance Test]] system<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/i-am-appalled-by-the-focus-on-coaching-classes/article24130723.ece|title=I am appalled by the focus on coaching classes|last=Sujatha|first=R.|date=10 June 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 August 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105134516/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/i-am-appalled-by-the-focus-on-coaching-classes/article24130723.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> with the [[Single Window Admissions System|Single Window Admission System]] for admission to engineering courses across Tamil Nadu. Anandakrishnan retired from active service in 2001 and lived with his family at Kasturibai Nagar, in [[Adyar, Chennai]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

On 29 May 2021, he died due to COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/m-anandakrishnan-former-anna-university-vice-chancellor-dies-in-chennai/articleshow/83057024.cms | title=M Anandakrishnan, former Anna University vice-chancellor, dies in Chennai | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=A Ragu Raman | date=29 May 2021 | accessdate=30 May 2021 | archive-date=29 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529053032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/m-anandakrishnan-former-anna-university-vice-chancellor-dies-in-chennai/articleshow/83057024.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Positions==
Post retirement, Anandakrishnan is known to have been active by involving himself with many institutions and organizations. He was the honorary chairman of the Board of Governors of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] and held the chair of the Higher Education Committee of the [[FICCI|Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries]] (FICCI).<ref name="IITK" /> He was a member of the executive councils of the [[University of Kerala]], [[Central University of Haryana]], [[Sikkim University]] and the [[National University of Educational Planning and Administration]] (NUEPA).<ref name="IITK" /> He was a former chairman of Science City, Tamil Nadu,<ref name="Science City">{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencecitychennai.in/ | title=Science City | publisher=Science City | date=2014 | access-date=19 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120152153/http://www.sciencecitychennai.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Madras Institute of Development Studies]] (MIDS),<ref name="Good Governance" /> the ''High-Power Committee for the Review and Reorientation of the Undergraduate Engineering Education in India'' and the Board of Undergraduate Studies of the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE),<ref name="ISSUU" /> New Delhi.<ref name="IITK" />

Anandakrishnan was the president of the Madras Science Association and Tamil Nadu Academy of Sciences and a member of the [[Indian Society for Technical Education]] and the Indian Society for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /><ref name="ISTAM">{{cite web | url=http://istam.iitkgp.ac.in/#!/pages/home | title=ISTAM | publisher=ISTAM | date=2014 | access-date=19 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120153345/http://istam.iitkgp.ac.in/#!/pages/home | url-status=live }}</ref> He was also associated as a member with organizations such as [[Madras School of Economics]], A. M. M. Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre,<ref name="AMM">{{cite web | url=http://www.amm-mcrc.org/ | title=AMM | publisher=AMM | date=2014 | access-date=20 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120150519/http://www.amm-mcrc.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref> C. P. R. Environmental Education Centre,<ref name="C. P. R. Environmental Education Centre">{{cite web | url=http://www.cpreec.org/ | title=C. P. R. Environmental Education Centre | publisher=C. P. R. Environmental Education Centre | date=2014 | access-date=20 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120153752/http://www.cpreec.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tamil Virtual University]], [[Assam University]], Tamil Nadu Foundation,<ref name="Tamil Nadu Foundation">{{cite web | url=http://tnfusa.org/ | title=Tamil Nadu Foundation | publisher=Tamil Nadu Foundation | date=2014 | access-date=20 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120155323/http://tnfusa.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group (CAG),<ref name="CAG">{{cite web | url=http://www.cag.org.in/ | title=CAG | publisher=CAG | date=2014 | access-date=20 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120145353/http://www.cag.org.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Madras Management Association,<ref name="Madras Management Association">{{cite web | url=http://mmachennai.org/ | title=Madras Management Association | publisher=Madras Management Association | date=2014 | access-date=20 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120150805/http://mmachennai.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Madras Craft Foundation,
Tamil Nadu Council for Sustainable Livelihood, [[MS Swaminathan Research Foundation]], and [[INFITT|International Forum for Information Technology in Tamil]], Singapore, (INFITT).<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> He was a member of the Managing Committee of the Tamil Nadu chapter of the [[Transparency International]], a trustee of the Information Technology Bar of India, Chennai, a trustee and subsequently the chairman of the Ranganathan Centre for Information Studies and held the chair of the Academic
Advisory Committee of the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), Bangalore.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" />

Anandakrishnan was a former chairman of several [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] committees and panel such as Engineering and Technology panel, Committee on Specification of Degrees, Expert Committee to review the Maintenance Grant Norms for Delhi Colleges and the Expert Committee to examine the proposals for starting new Academic Staff Colleges. He has also headed the [[AICTE]] committees like Sectoral Committee of the [[National Board of Accreditation]], Southern Regional Committee, Standing Committee on Entry and Operation of Foreign Universities in India and All India Board of Under Graduate Studies in Engineering and Technology.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> He has also been associated as a member with the academic advisory council of [[Pondicherry University]] and with the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), Bangalore.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" />

==Publications==
Anandakrishnan is the author of a book and the editor of three more on educational and technical aspects of engineering.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" />

* Science, Technology and Society<ref name="Science, Technology and Society">{{cite book |url=http://store.elsevier.com/Science-Technology-and-Society/isbn-9781483148281/ |title=Science, Technology and Society |publisher=Pergamon |year=1980 |isbn=9781483148281 |editor-last=Standke |editor-first=Klaus-Heinrich |pages=652 |access-date=20 January 2015 |editor-last2=Anandakrishnan |editor-first2=Munirathna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120153338/http://store.elsevier.com/Science-Technology-and-Society/isbn-9781483148281/ |archive-date=20 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Engineering Graphics<ref name="Engineering Graphics">{{cite book |author= |title=Engineering Graphics |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=184 |isbn=978-0876920015 |editor-last=Anandakrishnan |editor-first=Munirathna |editor-last2=Siddiqi |editor-first2=R.H.}}</ref>
* Planning and Popularizing Science and Technology in Developing Countries<ref name="Planning and Popularizing Science and Technology in Developing Countries">{{cite book |title=Planning and Popularizing Science and Technology in Developing Countries |publisher=Tycooly Publications |year=1983 |editor=Anandakrishnan |editor-first=Munirathna |pages=293 |oclc=822708930}}</ref>
* Trends and Prospects in Planning and Management of Science and Technology for Development<ref name="Trends and Prospects in Planning and Management of Science and Technology for Development">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHeQHAAACAAJ | title=Trends and Prospects in Planning and Management of Science and Technology for Development | publisher=United Nations Centre for Science and Technology for Development | editor=M. Anandakrishnan | year=1984 | pages=476 | access-date=11 March 2020 | archive-date=2 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602184826/https://books.google.com/books?id=rHeQHAAACAAJ&hl=en | url-status=live }}</ref>

He is also credited with over 100 articles<ref name="IITK" /> in peer reviewed national and international journals.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /><ref name="World Cat">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AAnandakrishnan%2C+M.&qt=hot_author | title=World Cat Profile | publisher=World Cat | date=2014 | access-date=20 January 2015 | archive-date=2 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602184832/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AAnandakrishnan%2C+M.&qt=hot_author | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Amazon">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Books-M-Anandakrishnan/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A266239%2Cp_27%3AM.%20Anandakrishnan | title=Amazon Profile | publisher=Amazon | date=2014 | access-date=20 January 2015 | archive-date=20 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120172229/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Books-M-Anandakrishnan/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A266239%2Cp_27%3AM.%20Anandakrishnan | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Munirathna Anandakrishan won the Order of the ''[[Ski-U-Mah (magazine)|Ski-Uh-Mah]]'' from the [[University of Minnesota]] in 1958 for his activities during his studies at the institution.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /><ref name="University of Minnesota " /> In 1972, he received the ''Indian Invention Promotion Award'' for developing the design of a radial permeability measuring device.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> The [[Institution of Engineers (India)]] selected him for the ''Engineering Personality Award'' in 1992 for his contribution in liaising with UN agencies.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> The next year, he received two awards, the ''TNF Excellence Award'' from the Tamil Nadu Foundation and the ''M. K. Nambiar Memorial Award'' from the Madras Institute of Magnetobiology.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> A year later, [[Rotary International]], [[Meenambakkam]] awarded him the ''Rotary Vocational Service Award''. Rotary Club of Madras followed it with the ''For the Sake of Honour Award'' the next year. He received one more award, the ''National Science and Technology Award for Excellence'' in 1995.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" />

The [[Government of Brazil]] conferred on him the Commander of the [[National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)]] in 1996<ref name="IITK" /><ref name="National Order of Scientific Merit" /><ref name="University of Minnesota " /> and the same year, he received the ''Ugadi Puraskar'' from the Madras Telugu Academy.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> The International Institute of Tamil Studies honoured him in 1999 and the Centenarian Trust, Chennai selected him as the ''Man of the Year 1999''.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /><ref name="University of Minnesota " /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 2002<ref name="University of Minnesota " /> and the [[University of Minnesota]] awarded him the ''Distinguished Leader Award'' in 2003.<ref name="IITK" /><ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /><ref name="University of Minnesota " /> The year 2004 brought him two awards, the Platinum Jubilee Award of the Indian Ceramics Society and the ICCES Outstanding Achievement Award from the International Conference on Computational and Experimental Engineering and Sciences.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" />

Anandakrishnan was an elected Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]].<ref name="IITK" /><ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur" /> He was also a Fellow of the Indian Society of Technical Education. Kanpur University honoured Anandakrishnan with the title of ''Doctor of Science'' (Honoris Causa) in 2005.<ref name="IITK" /> The [[University Grants Commission (India)]] awarded him the ''UGC National Swami Pranavananda Saraswati Award'' in 2006.<ref name="IITK" />

==Publications==
* {{cite book |title=Planning and Popularizing Science and Technology in Developing Countries |publisher=Tycooly Publications |editor=Anandakrishnan |editor-first=Munirathna |year=1983 |oclc=822708930}}
* {{cite book |title=Trends and Prospects in Planning and Management of Science and Technology for Development |publisher=United Nations Centre for Science and Technology for Development |editor=Anandakrishnan |editor-first=Munirathna |year=1984}}
* {{cite book |title=Science, Technology and Society |publisher=Pergamon |author= |year=1980 |isbn=9781483148281 |editor-last=Stanke |editor-first=Klaus-Heinrich |editor-last2=Anandakrishnan |editor-first2=Munirathna}}
* {{cite book |title=Engineering Graphics |last2=Siddiqi |first2=R.H. |publisher=Prentice Hall |author=Anandakrishnan |first=Munirathna |year=184 |isbn=978-0876920015}}

==See also==
{{portal|India|Education}}
* [[Commission on Science and Technology for Development]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]]
* [[Madras Institute of Development Studies]]
* [[University of Minnesota]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anandakrishnan, Munirathna}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur people]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]

Char Bangla Temples

2025-02-10T11:20:55Z

RethaT8259798: created a place needs work...

{{Short description|Temple complex in Murshidabad district}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Char Bangla Temples
| native_name= '''An [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Listed Monument]]'''
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image = ASI signage at Char Bangla Temple Complex at Baronagar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = ASI signage at the Char Bangla Temple complex in Baronagar
| map_type = India West Bengal # India3
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.2521|N|88.2436|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Baranagar, Murshidabad
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| elevation_m =
| year_completed = 18th century
| architecture_type = [[Bengal temple architecture#Chala temple|Ek-bangla]]
| festivals =
| deity =
}}
'''Char Bangla Temples''', are located at [[Baranagar, Murshidabad|Baranagar]] in the [[Murshidabad-Jiaganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Lalbag subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|88|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Lalbag and Domkal subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|8|13|N|88|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Harharia Chak | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Harharia Chak]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|9|17|N|88|27|59|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Islampur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Islampur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|10|48|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Murshidabad| numbered3=M| mark-title3=[[Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color3= #800000
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|14|42|N|88|16|6|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Jiaganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4=[[Jiaganj]] (M) | shape-color4= #800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|13|40|N|88|15|25|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Azimganj| numbered5=M| mark-title5=[[Azimganj]] (M) | shape-color5= #800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|19|56|N|88|18|24|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Bhagawangola| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bhagawangola]] (R) |shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|18|23|N|88|17|53|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kismattatla| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kismattatla]] (R) |shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|24|44|N|88|15|29|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Krishnapur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Krishnapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|25|12|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Lalgola |labela9=border checkpost| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lalgola]] (R) |shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|12|50|N|88|5|49|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Nabagram | numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Nabagram, India]] (R) |shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|19|22|N|88|22|35|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nasipur | numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nasipur]] (R) |shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|17|12|N|88|22|6|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Ranitala | numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ranitala]] (R) |shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|5|18|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhagirathpur | numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhagirathpur]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|7|55|N|88|32|30|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Domkal | numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Domkal]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|7|52|N|88|41|21|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Jalangi | numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Jalangi]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|10|19|N|88|29|59|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Kasbagoas | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kasbagoas]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|13|34|N|88|32|47|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Raninagar | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Raninagar]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|7|58|N|88|39|2|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Sadikhanr Diar | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sadikhanr Diar]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|13|48|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Sagarpara | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Sagarpara]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|15|54|N|88|33|4|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20= Shaikhpara | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Shaikhpara]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|9|45|N|88|15|32|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Khushbagh| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Khushbagh]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|20|E}} | label22= Bhagirathi River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 30| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|21|10|N|88|28|20|E}} | label23= Padma River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -8| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|12|40|N|88|23|30|E}} | label24= Jalangi |labela24= River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -50| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|39|0|E}}|label25= Bhairab|labela25= River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-70| label-pos25=top| label-size25=11| mark-size25=0| mark-title25=none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|7|0|N|88|22|0|E}}|label26= Gorba|labela26= Nala| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=11| mark-size26=0| mark-title26=none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|15|20|N|88|14|15|E}} | label-pos27= left|label27=Baranagar| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Baranagar, Murshidabad]] (H) |shape-color27=black| label-size27=13|label-color27=black 
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|13|10|N|88|16|30|E}} | label-pos28= right|label28=Nashipur| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Nashipur]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|11|5|N|88|15|20|E}} | label-pos29= left|label29=Rosnaiganj| numbered29=H| mark-title29= [[Rosnaiganj]] (H)| shape-color29=#AA6666
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|12|0|N|88|13|7|E}} | label-pos30= left|label30=Kiriteswari Temple| numbered30=H| mark-title30= [[Kiriteswari Temple]] (H)| shape-color30=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|28|0|N|88|32|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0.5| arc-gapA=6.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
The Char Bangla Temples are located at {{coord|24.2521|N|88.2436|E|display=inline}}.

==The temples==
[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] mentions the Char Bangla Temples at [[Baranagar, Murshidabad|Baranagar]] as [[Bengal temple architecture#Chala temple|ek-bangla]] temples with triple entrance, measuring 31’ x 15–16.5’. The northern temple is dated 1760. Two of the temples have rich terracotta façade, one has incised plaster and the fourth one is plain. He says that apart from the Baranagar group, the ek-bangla is hardly found in West Bengal except in a “cursory form”<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 26,28, 30. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

According to the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] the Char Bangla group of four Siva Mandirs are ASI listed monuments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher=ASI|work=Item no. 111|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801114411/https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The temples were built by [[Rani Bhabani]] of [[Natore]]. The temples are famous for their exquisite decorations based on either mythology or daily life. The tendency of the Ganges to change course frequently is threatening the existence of these heritage structures. The river, which earlier used to flow some distance away is now within yards from the temples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/250-year-old-temple-in-bengal-village-faces-wrath-of-a-river-administration-sleeps/story-8T0s4N64y8k38uZdvpSEDN.html|title=250-year-old temple in Bengal village faces wrath of a river, administration sleeps|publisher=Hindustan Times, 15 July 2017|work=Kolkata News|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716081019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/250-year-old-temple-in-bengal-village-faces-wrath-of-a-river-administration-sleeps/story-8T0s4N64y8k38uZdvpSEDN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.bibhudevmisra.com/2021/01/the-char-bangla-temples-of-murshidabad.html|title= The Char Bangla Temples of Murshidabad, West Bengal|publisher= Ancient Inquiries, 5 January 2021|access-date= 16 July 2021|archive-date= 16 July 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210716081020/https://www.bibhudevmisra.com/2021/01/the-char-bangla-temples-of-murshidabad.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

==Char Bangla picture gallery==
===The temples===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:One of the four Char Bangla Temple at Baronagar in Murshidabad District 01.jpg|Temple 1
File:One of the four Char Bangla Temple at Baronagar in Murshidabad District 02.jpg|Temple 2
File:One of the four Char Bangla Temple at Baronagar in Murshidabad District 03.jpg|Temple 3
File:One of the four Char Bangla Temple at Baronagar in Murshidabad District 04.jpg|Temple 4
</gallery>

===Decoration===
<gallery >
File:Badanagar - Terra-Cotta Temple-Decoration - panoramio (12).jpg
File:Badanagar - Terra-Cotta Temple-Decoration - panoramio (16).jpg
File:Corner panel with terracotta art at Char Bangla temple complex at Baronagar.jpg
File:Terracotta panels of Char Bangla group of temples of Azimganj in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. 02.jpg
File:Numerous Terracotta Plaques of Char Bangla Temple at Baronagar.jpg
File:Terracotta panels of Char Bangla group of temples of Azimganj in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. 40.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}

{{commons category|Char Bangla Temples}}

{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}
{{Tourist attractions in Murshidabad}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]

Thimmapur, Vikarabad district, Marpalle mandal

2025-01-07T11:58:31Z

RethaT8259798: Adding a place...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thimmapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.475720|N|77.783856|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vikarabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 569
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08416
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sangareddy]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:.959 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Thimmapur''' is a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] village under [[Ravalpalle]] [[Gram panchayat]] in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad ]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO's/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Views/NewDistrictGos.aspx|archivedate=11 October 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Geography==
Thimmapur is located at {{Coord|17.475720|N|77.783856|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Timmapur7.html Timmapur7 at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 569 metres (1870 ft).{{citation needed|date= January 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}
[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad

2024-11-06T17:04:30Z

RethaT8259798: Adding a article...

{{italic title}}{{Short description|Minor Upanishad of Hinduism}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Print1920s.jpg
| caption = The text describes the Hindu monastic life
| Devanagari = तुरीयातीतावधूत
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Turīyatītāvadhūta
| meaning = Liberated person beyond Turiya
| composition_date = 14th or 15th century{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp= 8–9}}
| Veda = [[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]]{{Sfn| Tinoco|1996|p=89}}
| type = [[Sannyasa]]{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp= x–xi, 5}}
| chapters = 1{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=238–240}}
| philosophy = [[Vedanta]]
}}
The '''''Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad''''' ({{langx|sa| तुरीयातीत अवधूत उपनिषद्}}, [[IAST]]: Turīyatītāvadhūta Upaniṣad) is a medieval era Sanskrit text and is one of the minor [[Upanishad]]s of [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn| Tinoco|1996|pp=86–89}} The text is attached to the [[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]],{{Sfn| Tinoco|1996|p=89}} and is one of the 20 [[Sannyasa]] (renunciation) Upanishads.{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp= x–xi, 5}}

The Upanishad is notable for its description of the nature and life of a self-realized monk called ''Turiyatita-Avadhuta'', literally a totally liberated man, also called a ''Avadhuta'' or [[Jivanmukta]].{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=238–240}}{{Sfn|Rigopoulos |1998|p=66-67}}<ref name=vedlit386/> Such a person, asserts the text, is rare.{{Sfn|Mahadevan|2006|p=177}} The self-realized individual does not perform any rituals or rites, nor chant mantras, discriminate against or for others, and is beyond the [[Turiya]] state of consciousness.{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=238–240}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=50}} In the [[Paramahamsa]] state, he is devoted to non-dualism, is always soul-driven, is Brahman and syllable Om.{{Sfn|Mahadevan|2006|p=177}} The exact distinction between Paramahamsa, Avadhuta and Turiyatita-Avadhuta states is obscure, states [[Patrick Olivelle]], but these concepts represent an attempt in the Hindu traditions to comprehend, refine and describe the inner and outer state of self-realization and the highest monastic life.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1993|pp=171, 228–230}}

This text is a part of the collection of ancient and medieval Sannyasa Upanishads, most of which are premised entirely on the [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=17–18}}{{Sfn|Rigopoulos |1998|p=63-67, 81 note 27}}<ref>Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0812692983}}, page 332 with note 68</ref> However, unlike other Sannyasa Upanishads, the Turiyatita text uses some [[Vaishnavism]] terminology, but not to the same extent as the Sannyasa-related ''[[Shatyayaniya Upanishad]]''.{{Sfn|Rigopoulos |1998|p=63-67, 81 note 27}}{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=238–240}} This text also emphasizes [[Advaita|nondualism]].{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=238–240}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}}

==History==

The date or author of ''Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad'' is unclear, but given its literary style and the texts it references, it is likely a medieval era text.{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp= 5, 7–8}} Olivelle and Sprockhoff date it around 14th- to 15th-century.{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp= 8–9}}{{Sfn|Sprockhoff|1976}}

Manuscripts of this text are also found alternatively titled as ''Turiyatita Upanishad'',{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}} and ''Turiyatitavadhutopanisad''.<ref name=vedlit386>Vedic Literature, Volume 1, {{Google books|2YIoAAAAYAAJ|A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts|page=PA386}}, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, page 386-387</ref> The text is listed at number 64 in the Telugu language [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads of the [[Muktika]] canon, narrated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]].{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=556–557}}

==Contents==
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Liberation'''
<poem>
This divine secret and ancient treasure,
he draws into himself:
''There is no one else different from me.''
He does not fear pain.
He does not rejoice at pleasure.
He longs not for love.
</poem>
|source = —''Turiyatita Avadhuta Upanishad'' (Tr: Olivelle){{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=239}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = left
}}
The text is structured as a discourse from [[Narayana]] (Vishnu) to [[Brahma]], about the monastic life and state of Avadhutas (highest liberated Hindu monks).{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=238–240}} Such liberated persons are rare, states the text.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=238}} They, asserts the Upanishad, are an incarnation of knowledge, of detachment, of inner purity.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=238}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=1}} He alone is the man of the Vedas, translates Olivelle.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=238}}

The monastic life of the ''Avadhuta'' starts as ''Kutichaka'' monk, who then becomes ''Bahudaka'' monk, thereafter reaching the ''Hamsa'' state of monastic life.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=238}} Beyond that, he becomes ''Paramahamsa'' monk, wherein he has deeply contemplated on his own nature and thus has discovered the entire universe, states the text.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=238}} Thereafter, he becomes ''Avadhuta'' where he abandons everything, he gives up shaving, [[Urdhva Pundra|vertical line]] symbols on his forehead and outer symbolism of any sort.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=238–239}}

He never blames anyone, states the Upanishad, neither praises nor criticizes anyone, he is free of deceit and arrogance, he has no hate or love for anyone, he neither gets angry nor excited by anything, he just eats if he finds something and goes hungry if he does not, asserts the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=238–239}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|pp=1–2}} There is no superior or inferior for such a liberated man, states the text, he sees everything as nondual, he understands and lives by the divine secret and ancient value that "there is no one else different from me".{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=239}} He fears no one, he fears no pain, he fears no pleasure, he has no longing for love, he is at rest in his innermost core, states the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=239}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=2}}

The Avadhuta wanders, alone. He appears like a fool to others, asserts the text, but he doesn't care. He meditates on his own nature to find the ultimate truth [[Brahman]], states the text; he is lost in the Brahman, his own self is all he is, he is one with [[Om]].{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=240}} Such is the ''Avadhuta'', states the Upanishad, he has done all there is to do.{{Sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=240}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=2}} Thus ends the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=2}}

==See also==
*''[[Jabala Upanishad]]''
*''[[Nirvana Upanishad]]''
*''[[Paramahamsa Upanishad]]''
*''[[Yogatattva Upanishad]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA50 |year=2010| publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 }}
*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC |year= 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA26|year= 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo)|isbn=978-1-61640-239-6}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/turiya.pdf |title= तुरीयातीतोपनिषत् (Turiyatita Avadhuta Upanisad)| access-date=4 March 2016| language = Sanskrit|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|last= Mahadevan |first=T. M. P. |title=Los Upanishad Esenciales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=danIxdEvEYcC&pg=PA177|year=2006|language=French|publisher=LD Books|isbn=970-732-184-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1992|title= The Samnyasa Upanisads|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195070453}}
*{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1993|title= The Asrama System|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195083279}}
*{{cite book|first=Antonio |last= Rigopoulos| title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity| year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7}}
*{{cite book|first=Joachim F|last=Sprockhoff|year=1976|title=Samnyasa: Quellenstudien zur Askese im Hinduismus|publisher=Wiesbaden: Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner|language=German| isbn=978-3515019057}}
*{{cite book|last=Tinoco|first=Carlos Alberto|title=Upanishads | year=1996| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA89 |publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Soundararajaperumal Temple, Nagapattinam

2024-07-28T14:08:58Z

RethaT8259798: Adding place...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Soundararajaperumal Temple
| image = Thirunagai13.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|45|38|N|79|50|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
| location = [[Nagapattinam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Soundararajaperumal ([[Vishnu]]) Soundaravalli ([[Lakshmi]])
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

The '''Soundararajaperumal Temple''' is a temple dedicated to the Hindu god, [[Vishnu]]. It is located in [[Nagapattinam]], a town in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is counted as one among the 108 [[Divya Desams]] dedicated to Vishnu. Vishnu is worshiped as Soundararaja Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Soundaravalli.

The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Medieval Cholas]] of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions at different times from [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayaks]]. The temple has two inscriptions dating from the Chola period. The temple has a five-tiered ''rajagopuram'' (gateway tower) within a granite wall. The complex contains all the shrines and water bodies associated with it.

Soundararaja Perumal is believed to have appeared for Sage [[Markandeya]], [[Dhruva]], Saleesan, and the goddess [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]]. The temple observes six daily rituals and three yearly festivals. The chariot festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (March–April), is the most prominent festival of the temple. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Thirunagai6.JPG|250px|left|thumb|Vimana of the temple]]
A distributary of the river [[Kaveri]], [[Odampokki River|Odambokki]], passes close to the temple and the river is also called Virutha Kaveri. This leads to one of the names of presiding deity, "Kaveri Thuraivan".<ref>[[#R|R. 2000]], p. 4</ref> The present day Nagapattinam is believed to have been a forest, historically named Sundararinyam. During [[Treta Yuga]] a prince, [[Dhruva]], heard about the importance of the forest and began a penance, wishing to see [[Vishnu]]. Pleased by this penance, Vishnu appeared to him. Following his example, Markendaya [[Maharishi]] did penance and attained the vision of Vishnu during [[Satya Yuga]] and Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu, during Treta Yuga as did king Saleesa Chola during [[Kali Yuga]]. It is believed that two eunuchs, Kandan and Sukandan, attained physical fitness after having a holy dip in Sara Pushkarani, the temple tank. The Hindu god of creation, [[Brahma]], started worshiping Vishnu at this place. Vishnu is believed to have appeared on the auspicious day of ''Masi Maham'' on the banks of Sarapushkarani. On account of the glow emanating from Masi Maham, Vishnu at this place was called "Aḻagiyan". Since he had a glittering skin, he was called "Soundara Rajan", meaning the most beautiful and his consort was called Soundaravalli. Since the king of [[Nāga|Nagas]] (snakes), [[Adisesha]] worshipped Vishnu at this place, the place was called Nagar Pattinam, the place of Nagas.<ref>[[#R|R. 2000]], pp. 6-8</ref><ref name=Vijaya/>

==History==
The temple had contributions from [[Pallavas]], Nagars, and [[Cholas]] during the 8th to 10th centuries. During the later centuries, [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] and subsequently the [[Thanjavur Marathas]] are believed to have made significant contributions to the temple. During the rule of the Nayaks, Nagapattinam was a busy port and it was more of a [[Dutch Colonial Empire|Dutch]] territory. On the request of the Dutch for a light house, the Nayak king is believed to have built the seven tiered temple tower and utilized it as the light house. Jagul Nayakar, the lieutenant of a Nayak king during the 1650s, was a staunch worshiper of Soundararaja Perumal. He is believed to have built the temple tower, halls and the compound wall around the temple. The image of him and his wife Lakshmi Ammal are installed in one of the halls built by them. Kundo Pandithar, an officer of the Nayak kingdom during 1737, is believed to have constructed the Ashtana mandapam, and the Pachai Varnar, Pavala Vannar, Veetriruntha Perumal, Kidantha Kola Perumal and Vishvaksenar shrines. During the early 20th century, Dratcha Balagurumuthi Chettiyar built the Bhakthiula hall, Chinnaya Chettiyar rebuilt the Vasantha hall, Nachiyappa Pillai rebuilt the Mataipalli, Ramasami Pillai renovated the image of the presiding shrine and the citizens of the town contributed to various other renovations. There are inscriptions from various ruling empires on the contributions made to the maintenance of the temple.<ref>[[#R|R. 2000]], pp. 10-11</ref>

==Architecture==
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The temple is located in [[Nagapattinam]], a town in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The main entrance of the temple faces the East and, at the entrance of the temple, there is a four pillared open hall. The temple has a {{convert|90|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall [[gopuram|rajagopuram]] (temple tower) and is enclosed by rectangular walls around it. There is a smaller temple tower on the western side. The walls of the temple are surrounded by large streets, through which the temple chariot passes during festivals. The Southern street accommodates the station of the temple chariot and Sarapushkarani, the temple tank.<ref>[[#R|R. 2000]], pp. 2-3</ref> A rare image of [[Narasimha]] with eight hands, one blessing [[Prahlada]], another showing the [[Abhayamudra|abhaya mudra]] and the others involved in the killing of the [[asura]], [[Hiranyakashipu]], is present in the temple.<ref name=Vijaya>[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 512-3</ref> There is a four-pillared hall in front of the shrine of Soundarvalli shrine that has beautiful architectural treatment. The hall has the images of the architects who designed it. The Nayaka hall is built like a chariot with wheels outside it. The hall which has entrance to the temple has two eight foot sculptures of the guardian deities Sumba and Nigumba.<ref>[[#R|R. 2003]], pp. 17-18</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
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The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai]] sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows ''vaikanasa aagama''. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Soundararajan and Soundaravalli. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (a pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (a percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Soundararaja Perumal Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=249|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

During the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'', the Hindu calendar is read in the temple premises and the festival deity is taken in procession around the Mada street of the temple. Similar processions are followed during the ''Maga'' star of ''Chittirai'' and ''Magam''; the five-day festival of [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]] during the Tamil month of ''Aani''. The ten day yearly festival of Soundaravalli Thayar is celebrated during the same month, when a flag is hoisted and the festive image of Thayar is taken in different chariots around the streets of the temple. During the star of Uthiram, Perumal arrives at the shrine of Thayar and the celestial wedding is celebrated. During the Tamil month of ''Aadi'', to commemorate the summer solstice, a ten-day festival is celebrated in the temple, when the festival image of Perumal is taken around the streets of the temple. The other festivals associated with Vishnu temples like Krishna Jayanthi, Saturdays of Tamil month Puratasi, [[Navratri|Navaratri]], [[Vaikunta Ekadasi|Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] and [[Vijayadashami]] are celebrated during the respective days. A ten-day festival is celebrated, during the Tamil month of ''Purattasi'', commemorating Manavala Mamunigal. Uthirayanapunyakalam during the Tamil month of ''Thai'' followed by Mattaiadi, Masi Kadalauttu during Masi, Panguni Peruviḻa during ''Panguni'' and Thiruvasagai Viḻa are other prominent festivals in the temple. Music instruments like Suthamathalam, Ekkalam, Thiruchinnam and Thalam are used during such festivals. During Thiruvasi festival, the temple chariot is drawn around the streets of the temple.<ref>[[#R|R. 2003]], pp. 12-16</ref>

==Religious importance==
[[File:Thirunagai11.JPG|200px|thumb|Temple tank]]
The temple finds mention in ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' in the Utharkanda Gyana Yoga section. The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai alvar]].<ref name=Vijaya/> It is considered one of the important temples visited by Thirumangai Alvar.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref> The Alvar has sung praise, imagining himself as a lady and Soundaraja as his lover. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. Many [[acharyas]] have also written songs on the various forms of Soundaraja in this Temple.<ref>[[#R|R. 2000]], pp. 11-12</ref> Thivyakavi Pillai Peruman has revered the presiding deity in his works of ''Notriyettu Tirupathi Kovai'' and Paravai Ramanujar in his works of ''Notriyettu Tirupathi Tirupugaḻ''. Muthukrishna Dasar, a poet of the early 20th century, has glorified Soundararaja Perumal and Soundaravalli in his works in ''Pancharatna Pathigam''. ''Soundararaja Perumal Thasavathara Pathigam'' is a work on the presiding deity by Subbarayapillai. One of the three Sangeetha Mumurthi, namely [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], has sung praise of the deity in his verses.<ref>[[#R|R. 2000]], p. 5</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|page=72}}
* {{cite book|title=Thirunagai Sri Soundararaja Perumal Thirukoyil Varalaru|publisher=Sri Soundararaja Perumal Kaingarya Sabha|location=Nagapattinam|last=R.|first=Adikesavapillai|ref=R|year=2000}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Nagapattinam district]]

Thudaiyur

2024-03-04T17:49:28Z

RethaT8259798: Adding new article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thudaiyur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Lord Sakthi vinayagar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Lord Sakthi vinayagar
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Thudaiyur ''' is a village in the [[Annavasal block|Annavasal]] [[revenue block]] of [[Pudukkottai district]],<ref>http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php?
dc=22&tlkname=Annavasal&region=1&lvl=block&size=1200</ref> [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Pudukkottai district]]

National Intellectual Property Rights Policy

2023-08-27T19:33:34Z

RethaT8259798:

{{Short description|2016 Indian policy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''National Intellectual Property Rights Policy''' was approved by the Indian cabinet on 12 May 2016 to ensure compliance to the [[Doha Development Round]] and [[TRIPS Agreement]]. With its seven objectives, it aims at creating a "“Creative India; Innovative India".<ref name="PIB">{{cite web|title=Cabinet approves National Intellectual Property Rights Policy|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145338|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=25 June 2017|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Intellectual property law in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

Jairam

2023-08-27T08:55:38Z

RethaT8259798: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Jai (2004 Telugu film)]] {{R from merge}}

Hindu Students Council

2023-08-24T01:07:11Z

RethaT8259798: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Vishva Hindu Parishad#International presence]]

Ranmau

2023-08-16T09:30:23Z

RethaT8259798: info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranmau
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Dalmau block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Ranmau (#891) in Dalmau CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.20772|N|81.033775|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.777
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 710
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ranmau''' is a village in [[Dalmau]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=306–30 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The nearest large town is [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], which is 8 km away.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 710 people, in 119 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ranmau as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 313 people (152 male and 161 female), in 56 households and 47 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxxx-lxxxi of section "Dalmau Tahsil", cxxiv-cxxv |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 195 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/> There were 5 small shoe manufacturers in the village at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Ranmau as having a population of 463 people, in 77 households, and having an area of 77.70 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=158–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Darang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency

2023-08-15T06:19:49Z

RethaT8259798: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from misspelling}}
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Ashok Kumar Agrawal

2023-07-19T01:19:02Z

RethaT8259798: started new bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Politician
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 8 April 2022
| predecessor = ''himself''
| constituency = ''Katihar Local Authorities''
| term_start1 = 17 July 2009
| term_end1 = 16 July 2021
| predecessor1 = Mohan Lal Agrawal
| successor1 = ''himself''
| constituency1 = ''Katihar Local Authorities''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|10|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Katihar]], [[Bihar]]
| education =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children = 2 sons
| father = Sanwarmal Agrawal
| source = https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/AshokAgrawal.htm
}}

'''Ashok Kumar Agrawal''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Ashok Kumar Agrawal |url=https://biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/AshokAgrawal.htm |access-date= |website=biharvidhanparishad.gov.in}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] since 2009 representing Katihar Local Authorities constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar MLC Election 2022: राजद प्रत्याशी को हरा BJP के अशोक अग्रवाल ने जीत का बनाया हैट्रिक, कांग्रेस तीसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-mlc-election-2022-bjp-ashok-agarwal-defeated-rjd-candidate-made-a-hat-trick-of-victory-congress-at-number-three-22606964.html |access-date= |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He was an aspirant for [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2019 Indian general election|2019 election]] and had even filed nomination as [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate. However he later withdrew his nomination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नीतीश को राहत, बागी बीजेपी नेता अशोक अग्रवाल ने उम्मीदवारी ली वापस |url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/election-2019-bjp-katihar-independent-candidate-ashok-agarwal-withdraw-nomination/ |website=lokmatnews |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Ashok Kumar}}
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Katihar district]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}