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Aparna Vaidik

2026-04-25T16:11:13Z

Republic Bangla: starting new article

{{short description|Indian historian, author, and educator}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Aparna Vaidik
| image = Aparna Vaidik 02.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = 22 October
| birth_place = [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Historian, Professor, Author, Journalist
| nationality = Indian
| period = 2000 – present
| subject = Indian history, Indian politics, World history and politics
| movement =
| debut_works =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ashoka.edu.in/welcome/faculty#!/aparna-vaidik-17}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aparna Vaidik''' (born 22 October) is an Indian historian, author, and educator. Vaidik is a scholar with significant public presence known for her extensive writings on history of the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman islands]], the Indian revolutionaries, histories of social and mythic violence, and histories of seditious conspiracies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vaidik |first=Aparna |date=January 9, 2019 |title=Renaming islands in Andamans obscures complex loyalties, horrific memories |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/naming-erasing-andaman-islands-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-ina-5529269/ |work=Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born in [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zehmisch |first1=Philipp |title=Mini-India: The Politics of Migration and Subalternity in the Andaman Islands |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=9780199091294}}</ref> She is the daughter of an academic, professor Vedwati Vaidik, and a prominent journalist/political commentator, [[Ved Pratap Vaidik]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vaidik |first1=Aparna |title=Imperial Andamans: Colonial Encounter and Island History |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan UK, Cambridge University Press |location=London |isbn=9780230274884 |page=XVII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJnWCwAAQBAJ&dq=aparna+vaidik+ved+pratap+vaidik&pg=PR17}}</ref>

Aparna Vaidik's debut book, ''Imperial Andamans: Colonial Encounter and Island History'', was published as part of the [[Cambridge University Press|Cambridge]] Imperial and Postcolonial Studies Series of [[Palgrave Macmillan]] when she was a historian at [[Georgetown University]] in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=Anne |last2=Mahn |first2=Churnjeet |title=Partition and the Practice of Memory |date=2017 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |location=New York |page=67 |isbn=9783319645162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdFBDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22aparna+vaidik%22+born&pg=PA67}}</ref> It examines the penal history of the Andaman Islands.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Clare |last2=Mazumdar |first2=Madhumita |last3=Pandya |first3=Vishvajit |title=New Histories of the Andaman Islands: Landscape, Place and Identity in the Bay of Bengal, 1790–2012 |date=11 February 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9780429774690 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSB0CwAAQBAJ&dq=%22imperial+andamans%22&pg=PT68}}</ref> Her second book, ''My Son’s Inheritance: A Secret History of Blood Justice and Lynchings in India'', has drawn international attention.<ref name=scroll>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/951925/lynching-reveals-indias-long-history-of-violence-belying-the-idea-of-a-non-violent-country | title=Lynching reveals India's long history of violence, belying the idea of a non-violent country | publisher=The Scroll (India) | work=Digital article | date=3 February 2020 | access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref><ref name=scroll2>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/956689/lynching-in-indias-past-this-book-shows-public-violence-is-ingrained-in-the-history-of-the-land | title=Lynching in India's past: This book shows public violence is ingrained in the history of the land | publisher=The Scroll (India) | work=Digital article | date=28 March 2020 | access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref><ref name=firstpost>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/books-of-the-week-from-the-deoliwallahs-to-aparna-vaidiks-history-of-lynching-in-india-our-picks-8041071.html | title=Books of the week: From The Deoliwallahs to Aparna Vaidik's history of lynching in India, our picks | publisher=Firstpost (India) | work=Digital article | date=16 February 2020 | access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref><ref name=ThePrint>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/thank-the-printing-press-for-making-the-cow-into-a-hindu-gaumata/365931/ | title=Thank the printing press for making the cow into a Hindu gaumata | publisher=ThePrint (India) | work=Digital article | date=15 February 2020 | access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> Her third book, ''Waiting for Swaraj: Inner Lives of Indian Revolutionaries'' was published by Cambridge University Press in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vaidik |first=Aparna |title=Waiting for Swaraj: The Inner Lives of Indian Revolutionaries |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-83808-5 |location=New York, Cambridge UK}}</ref> A fifth book on a famous trial of the Indian revolutionaries in during British India, ''Revolutionaries on Trial: Sedition, Betrayal and Martyrdom,'' was published by Aleph in 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vaidik |first=Aparna |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1450713755 |title=Revolutionaries on Trial: Sedition, Betrayal, and Martyrdom |date=2024 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |isbn=978-93-90652-30-3 |location=New Delhi |oclc=}}</ref>

==Academic career as a historian==
Vaidik earned a bachelor's degree in history from [[St. Stephen’s College]], [[University of Delhi]], ''summa cum laude''. She won the Westcott Memorial Prize, E. R. Kapadia Memorial Prize, Shankar Prasad Memorial Gold Medal, and the Dip Chand Memorial Prize for distinguished work in history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaidik |first=Aparna |date=11 November 2020 |title=The Book is an Outcome of My Disquiet… My Book of Mourning |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/aparna-vaidik-interview-7047876/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref> At the [[University of Cambridge]] she also studied history for a master's degree, with a thesis on Lord Curzon’s cultural policy that won the Dorothy Foster Sturman Prize. Her PhD in History is from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]'s Centre for Historical Studies. She taught for several years in the [[University of Delhi]] and at Georgetown University in Washington, DC, before returning to India to accept a position as the founding faculty member of the history department and programme at [[Ashoka University]]. The Indian Council for Historical Research has supported her research with grants, as have Georgetown University, the Charles Wallace Trust, and the [[Andrew Mellon Foundation]].

==Philanthropy and public service==
Literacy, libraries, and a free, world-class education for all make up an important part of Vadik's public life. Vaidik is the Trustee President of the Rameshwardass [[Dharmarth Trust]] that was set up by her maternal grandfather in 1967. The Trust is known widely for its cultural and educational activities and its building, Dharam Bhavan, is a local landmark. The Trust has set up a community library for children with The Community Library Project.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koshy |first1=Mridula |title=Open Books: Why India Needs a Library Movement |journal=The Caravan (India) |date=June 2017 |volume=9 |issue=6 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YnDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+community+library+project%22&pg=PA81}}</ref>

==Selected works==
===Books===
* ''Revolutionaries on Trial: Sedition, Betrayal and Martyrdom,'' Aleph, 2024''.<ref name=":1" />''

*''Waiting for Swaraj: Inner Lives of Indian Revolutionaries,'' Cambridge University Press, 2021''.<ref name=":0" />''
* ''My Son’s Inheritance: A Secret History of Blood Justice and Lynchings in India,'' Aleph, 2020''.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Dr. Aparna Vaidik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-litfest-2019/speakers/dr-aparna-vaidik/articleshow/71865988.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>''
* ''Imperial Andamans: Colonial Encounter and Island History'', Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series of Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vaidik |first1=Aparna |title=Imperial Andamans: Colonial Encounter and Island History |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series, Palgrave MacMillan |location=London, UK |url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780230576056}}</ref>

===Journal articles===
* "Recognizing Invisible Oppression with the Drama Pyramid: Adding the Bystander Role and the Cultural Parent to the Drama Triangle". ''Transactional Analysis Journal'' (co-authored with Aruna Gopakumar), 2024.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gopakumar |first=Aruna |last2=Vaidik |first2=Aparna |date=2024-04-02 |title=Recognizing Invisible Oppression With the Drama Pyramid: Adding the Bystander Role and the Cultural Parent to the Drama Triangle |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03621537.2024.2323868 |journal=Transactional Analysis Journal |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=150–163 |doi=10.1080/03621537.2024.2323868 |issn=0362-1537|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* "History: A Handmaid's Tale". ''History and Theory,'' 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaidik |first=Aparna |date=1 December 2023 |title=History: A Handmaid's Tale |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hith.12318 |journal=History and Theory |language= |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=132–141 |doi=10.1111/hith.12318 |issn=0018-2656}}</ref>
* "Rewriting World History in the Classroom: Pedagogical Dispatches from India", ''Journal of Asian World History'' (co-authored with Gwen Kelly). 2019.
* "History of a Renegade Revolutionary: Revolutionism and Betrayal in British India", ''Postcolonial Studies,'' 2013.
* "Settling the Convict: Matrimony and Family in the Andamans", ''Studies in History,'' JNU, 2006.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ashoka.edu.in/welcome/faculty#!/aparna-vaidik-17 University Website]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-litfest-2019/speakers/dr-aparna-vaidik/articleshow/71865988.cms ''Times of India'']
*[http://www.alephbookcompany.com/authors/aparna-vaidik Biography at Aleph Book Company]
*[https://theprint.in/india/governance/ashoka-university-slammed-for-teaching-anti-hindu-anti-brahmin-book/164268/ Controversy over teachings]
*[https://scroll.in/author/3082 Author page at ''The Scroll'']
*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-picks-the-most-interesting-books-of-the-week/story-G32O5t4vnsmUF3COoYIaWO.html Most Interesting Books of the Week]
*[https://ashokauniversity.academia.edu/APARNAVAIDIK Academia page with book reviews]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidik, Aparna}}
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Islam Khan I

2026-04-24T15:16:03Z

Republic Bangla: updated section after review

{{Short description|Mughal Subahdar of Bihar (1607–1608) and Bengal (1608–1613)}}
{{One source|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Islam Khan Chisti
| office1 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Bihar Subah|Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 1607
| term_end1 = 1608
| monarch1 = [[Jahangir]]
| successor1 = Abdur Rahman
| office2 = 12th [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| term_start2 = 10 June 1608
| term_end2 = 4 May 1613
| monarch2 = [[Jahangir]]
| predecessor2 = [[Jahangir Quli Beg|Jahangir Quli Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Qasim Khan Chishti|Muhtashim Khan]]
| birth_name = Shaikh Alauddin Chisti
| image = Tomb of Islam Khan 009.JPG
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1570
| caption = The tomb of Islam Khan, in the courtyard of the [[Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri]]
| death_date = 4 May 1613
| death_place = [[Bhawal Estate|Bhawal]], [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| resting_place = [[Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri|Jama Masjid]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Subahdar]], General
| parents = Shaikh Badruddin Chisti
| relatives = Shaikh Hushang alias Ikram Khan (son) Shaikh Muazzam (son) [[Salim Chishti]] (grandfather) [[Mukarram Khan]] (son-in-law) [[Qutubuddin Koka]] (cousin) Shaikh Ghiyasuddin (brother)
}}

'''Shaikh Alauddin Chisti''' ({{circa|1570}} – 4 May 1613), popularly known as '''Islam Khan Chisti''', was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general and the [[Subahdar]] of [[Bihar Subah|Bihar]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Imtiaz |title=Mughal Governors of Bihar Under Akbar and Jahangir |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2002 |volume=63 |pages=281–288 |jstor=44158096 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158096}}</ref> from 1607 to 1608 and later [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] from 1608 till his death in 1613. Under his viceroy Mughal rule was effectively consolidated in Bengal. He transferred the capital of Bengal from [[Rajmahal]] to [[Sonargaon]] and founded the city of [[Jahangirnagar]]. He was awarded the titular name of '''Islam Khan''' by Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]].

==Early life==
Islam Khan was a playmate of Jahangir in childhood.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Islam Khan Chisti |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Khan and Jahangir were foster cousins; Khan's paternal aunt, whose father was [[Salim Chisti]], had been the foster mother of Jahangir. [[Qutubuddin Koka]] was Khan's first cousin also. He was first appointed as the [[Subahdar]] of [[Bihar Subah|Bihar]].<ref name=bpedia/>

==Subahdar of Bengal==
{{See also|Mughal conquest of Jessore}}
[[File:Fatehpur Sikri 039.JPG|thumb|Islam Khan's tomb inside Salim Chisti Mazar]]
Islam Khan was appointed the Subahdar of Bengal in 1608. His major task was to subdue the rebellious Rajas, [[Bara-Bhuiyans]], Zamindars and Afghan chiefs. He arrived in Dhaka in mid-1610.

He fought with [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]],<ref name="sen2">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |date=2013 |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |page=165 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4}}</ref> the leader of Bara-Bhuiyans and by the end of 1611 he was subdued.<ref name=bpedia/> Islam Khan also defeated Raja [[Pratapaditya]] of [[Jessore District|Jessore]], Raja Ramchandra Basu of the [[Chandradwip|Chandradwip Kingdom]] during the [[Conquest of Bakla]] and Raja Ananta Manikya of [[Bhulua Kingdom|Bhulua]].<ref name=bpedia/> Then he annexed the kingdoms of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]], [[Koch Hajo]] and [[Barak Valley|Kachhar]]. Thus he took total control over Bengal. He moved the capital of Bengal to Dhaka from Rajmahal. He renamed Dhaka to Jahangirnagar.

Ma'asir ul umara states that he was a devout muslim, and fed 1000 poor everyday, and he supported 20000 persons related to his clan, the Shaikhzadas. <ref>Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi; Beveridge, H. & Baini Prashad (translators) (1941/1952). *Maʾāṣir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi*, Vol. 1. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 355. </ref>

==Family==
Islam Khan had married the sister of the famous [[Abul Fazl]], and had one son with her, Shaikh Hushang, who was given the title of Ikram Khan by Jahangir. Hushang, who was made the governor of Asir, was an oppressor, and Shah Jahan repeatedly moved him from different positions on account of his ineffective rule. At the end of his life he became an ascetic. Hushang was a married to a daughter of Sher Khan Tonvar of Khandesh, and died in 1629. Islam Khan had another known son- Shaikh Muazzam, who had been made the Faujdar of Fatehpur by Jahangir. During Shah Jahan's succession struggle he supported Dara Shikoh, and died fighting Aurangzeb in the [[Battle of Samugarh]].<ref>Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi; Beveridge, H. & Baini Prashad (translators) (1941/1952). *Maʾāṣir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi*, Vol. 1. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 355. </ref> He also had a brother named Shaikh Ghiyasuddin.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=248}} "Islam Khan took prompt action. He sent a strong force under the command of his brother Shaikh Ghiyasuddin, (later created Inayet Khan) and recovered the thanah."</ref>

==Death==
After 5 years of ruling, Islam Khan died at [[Bhawal]] in 1613. He was buried in [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and laid by the side of his grandfather [[Salim Chishti|Shaikh Salim Chishti]].

Shaikh Alauddin Chisti's tomb in Ajmer, known as the Dargah Sharif, has become a major pilgrimage site for people of all faiths.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajmer dargah |url=https://www.dargahajmersharif.com/ |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=10 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910075316/http://dargahajmersharif.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dhaka]]
* [[History of Dhaka]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[History of Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396 |title=The History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1943 |isbn=81-7646-239-X |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |volume=II: Muslim Period |location=Delhi}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Abdul Karim, ''History of Bengal, Mughal Period, I,'' ([[Rajshahi]], 1992)

==External links==
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan%E2%80%99s_Mosque Islam Khan's Mosque] – [[Banglapedia]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Jahangir Quli Beg]]|
title=Subahdar of Bengal|
years=1608–1613|
after=[[Qasim Khan Chishti]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:1570 births]]
[[Category:1613 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bengal]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bihar]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)

2026-04-23T19:06:25Z

Republic Bangla: adding a post first draft!

{{Short description|1993 Indian Television Series}}
{{For|other novels, films, and series about Byomkesh Bakshi|Byomkesh Bakshi in other media}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Byomkesh Bakshi Season 1.jpeg
| caption = The intro of Byomkesh Bakshi's season 1
| genre = [[Detective]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator =
| developer =
| based_on = ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
| writer = [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]] [[Basu Chatterjee]] Mriganka Sekhar Ray
| director = [[Basu Chatterjee]]
| music = [[Ananda Shankar]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Rajit Kapur]] [[K. K. Raina]] [[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 32
| producer =
| editor = Sanjay Malhotra (season 1) Birpal Singh, Godfrey Gonsalves (season 2)
| runtime = 40 minutes
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1993}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1997}}
}}
[[File:Byomkesh Bakshi Season 2.png|thumb|The intro of Byomkesh Bakshi's season 2]]
'''''Byomkesh Bakshi''''' is a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] television series based on the fictional detective [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] character created by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]. The series stars [[Rajit Kapur]] and [[K. K. Raina]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] and Ajit Kumar Banerjee respectively.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=5 June 2020 |title=In Basu Chatterjee's 'Byomkesh Bakshi' TV series, the sleuth was a thinker and not an action hero |url=https://scroll.in/reel/963780/in-basu-chatterjees-byomkesh-bakshi-series-the-sleuth-was-a-thinker-and-not-an-action-hero |work=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref> It features music and background score from Ananda Shankar. Upon release it became critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/off-the-beaten-track-tv-show-byomkesh-bakshi-is-popular-even-now/story-VuV7pmDwxI6Qv5SPuKKASI.html|title=Off the beaten track: TV show Byomkesh Bakshi is popular even now|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 Aug 2016}}</ref> It was re-telecast on [[DD National]] in 2020 during the [[COVID-19]] Lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/ramanand-sagars-ramayan-shah-rukh-khans-circus-on-doordarshan-from-march-28-5576141.htm|title=Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan, Shah Rukh Khan's Circus on Doordarshan from March 28|website=cnbctv18.com}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Byomkesh Bakshi is a Bengali Detective and a truth seeker who takes on spine-chilling cases with his friend Ajit Kumar Banerjee. Byomkesh identifies himself as Satyanweshi meaning 'truth seeker' rather than a detective. He stands out from other legendary detectives like [[Poirot]] or [[Sherlock Holmes|Holmes]] because he is more concerned with truth than with law as evidenced from his cases where he lets the perpetrator die by manipulating the circumstances using their own methods as a redemption and deliverance of justice for the victim in absence of evidence as in Balak Jasoos, Ret Ka Daldal, and a few other cases.

[[Basu Chatterjee]] adapted each novel by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]] into an episode (except ''Chiriyaghar'' and ''Aadim Shatru'', which are made in two-part episodes).

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Rajit Kapur]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] / Manoj Kumar (Fake) / Nikhilesh (Fake),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rajit-kapur-enjoyed-the-simplicity-of-byomkesh-bakshi/story-Y9IFtTRHgfg1x0m05W0dPL.html|title=Rajit Kapur enjoyed the simplicity of Byomkesh Bakshi|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 Aug 2016}}</ref> a Bengoli detective
* [[K. K. Raina]] as [[Ajit Kumar Banerjee (writer)|Ajit Kumar Banerjee]] / Jitendranath (Fake), Byomkesh's best-friend,<ref>{{cite web |last=Seta |first=Keyur |date=12 August 2024 |title=KK Raina on Byomkesh Bakshi still being admired, “Basu Chatterjee narrated it in a simple manner” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-kk-raina-byomkesh-bakshi-still-admired-basu-chatterjee-narrated-simple-manner/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref> a companion detective and a colleague of Byomkesh Bakshi
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni]] as Satyabati Bakshi, Byomkesh's wife, younger sister of Sukumar
* Kartik Dutta as Punti Kashi Ram (Servant)
{{div col end}}

===Episodic appearances===
{{div col}}
* Abdul as Sachin Sanyal in ''Kamra No. 102''
* [[Aditya Srivastava]] as Madhumoy Sur in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas''
* [[Ajay Srivastava]] as Murlidhar Singh in ''Kiley ka Rahasya''
* [[Ajay Wadhavkar]] as Dr. Nagendra Pal in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)'' (credited as Ajay Vadhavkar)
* Ajit Ghosh as Badridas's servant in ''Amrit ki Maut''
* Alam as Mrs. Ghosh in ''Tasvir Chor'' and Salesgirl in ''Bemisaal''
* Ali Akbar as Abhay in ''Makdi ka Ras''
* Amal Sen as Nakul (Servant) in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* Anand as Manager in ''Dhokadhari''
* [[Anang Desai]] as Himangshu Roy in ''Ret ka Daldal/Quicksand''
* Anju as Nand Dulal's wife in ''Makdi ka Ras'', Housewife in ''Bemisaal'', and Sister in ''Lohe ka Biscuit''
* [[Anup Soni]] as Nikhil in ''Veni Sanhar'' (credited as Anoop Soni)
* Anupama Chatterji as Sheela in ''Bhoot''
* Apeksha Desai as Dr. Manna in ''Aag aur Patanga''
* Arun Chakraborty as Sachin in ''Seemant Heera''
* Arun Desai as Vishwanath Mullick in ''Amrit ki Maut'' and Dr. Gupta in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* Arun Mathur as Police Commissioner in ''Satyanveshi''
* Ashdin Kapadia as Arun in ''Makdi ka Ras''
* [[Shahnawaz Pradhan]] as Inspector Barat in the episodes ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)'' and unknown in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas''
* [[Ashiesh Roy]] as Makrand in ''Veni Sanhar'' (credited as Ashish Roy)
* Ashit K. Banerji as Motilal in ''Wasiyat'' and Hotel Manager in ''Balak Jasoos''
* [[Ashok Mishra]] as Nepa (Secretary) in ''Aadim Shatru'' (Part 1 & 2), and Banmali Chandra in ''Paheli Gatha''
* Ashok Tandey as Ram Roy in ''Paheli Gatha''
* Asutosh Mishra as Ghanshyam in ''Satyanveshi''
* Athar Qureishi as Dr. Mohan in ''Makdi ka Ras'' and Dr. Rakshit in ''Chakrant''
* Avinash Masurekar as Ushanath Ghosh in ''Tasvir Chor'' and K.K. Mustafi (Lawyer) in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* Azad as Bikash in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* B. P. Singh as Beniprasad in ''Aag aur Patanga''
* Babli Singh as Chandni in ''Aag aur Patanga'' and Lavani in ''Veni Sanhar''
* Bablu Mukherji as Arvind Haldar in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas''
* Baghi Chandel as Shailendra Kumar in ''Bhoot'' and Bantu in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* Bhushan as Servant in ''Wasiyat''
* Bhuvan Mansodia as Uday in ''Balak Jasoos''
* Bunty Bahl as Manimoy Sarkar in ''Necklace''
* Chadha as Sister's husband in ''Lohe ka Biscuit''
* Chandra Mohan as Hotel Manager in ''Kamra No. 102''
* Coca-Cola as Sohrab Homji in ''Pahari Rahasya''
* Chandu Parkhi as Prafulla in ''Rastey ka Kanta'' and Keshto in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* [[Daji Bhatawadekar]] as Nand Dulal Babu in ''Makdi ka Ras'' and Beni Madhav in ''Veni Sanhar''
* Darshan Lal as Professor in ''Kiley ka Rahasya''
* Darshan as Ratan lal in ''Dhokadhari''
* Deepak Qazir as Inspector in ''Kamra No. 102''
* Dev Sharma as Gaurishankar in ''Kiley ka Rahasya'' and Manager in ''Aag aur Patanga''
* Devendra Khandelwal as Tridivendra Narayan in ''Seemant Heera'' and ''Ret ka Daldal/Quicksand'', and Ushanath in ''Vansh ka Khoon''
* Dharma Nepali as Vakil Sahab in ''Kiley ka Rahasya'', Darwan in ''Chakrant'', and Landlord in ''Dhokadhari''
* Dilip Roy Chaudhury as Bhootnath in ''Satyanveshi''
* Dinyar Tirandaz as Inspector Sen in ''Wasiyat''
* [[Dolon Roy]] as Mohini in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas''
* Gagan Gupta as Gopi in ''Satyanveshi'', Nandlal Ghosh in ''Vansh ka Khoon'', and Neelkanth Adhikari in ''Amrit ki Maut''
* Ganesh Pande as Dr. Ghoshal in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas''
* Gopal as Lawyer in ''Anjaan Khooni''
* Govind Dharmadhikari as Sadhu in ''Kiley ka Rahasya'' and Brajadas in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)''
* [[Govind Namdeo]] as Ramkishore Singh in ''Kiley ka Rahasya''
* Harish Lalwani as Sujan Mitra in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* Harpal as Dev Narayan Singh in ''Aag aur Patanga''
* Haneef Zahoor as Inspector Sashank in ''Bhoot'', Inspector Haldar in ''Wasiyat ka Rahasya'', and Gunadhar (Servant) in ''Kamra No. 102'' (credited as Hanif Zahoor)
* Imran as Dasu in ''Amrit ki Maut''
* Indrajeet Sachdev as Debu Mandal in ''Anjaan Khooni'' and Gangadhar in ''Veni Sanhar'' (credited as Indrajit Sachdev)
* [[Indrani Dutta]] as Uma in ''Necklace'' (credited as Indrani Dutt)
* Indira Chaudhury as Mother in ''Vansh ka Khoon''
* Irshad Hashmi as Biren in ''Anjaan Khooni'' and Dr. Sen in ''Veni Sanhar''
* Kalyan Chatterjee as Rakhal Das in ''Amrit ki Maut'' (credited as Kalyan Chatterji)
* Kanhaiya Nathani as Nakul Sarkar in ''Tasvir Chor''
* Karunakar Pathak as Inspector Bhawani Prasad in ''Vansh ka Khoon'' and Someshwar Ghosh in ''Anjaan Khooni''
* Kedar Sehgal as Inspector Guha in ''Paheli Gatha'' (credited as Kedar Saigal)
* Keshto Mitra as Ujre Singh in ''Seemant Heera'' and Bhootnath in ''Necklace'' (credited as Kesto Mitra)
* Khalid Mohammed as Servant in ''AgniBaan'' and Sahdeb (Servant) in ''Vansh ka Khoon''
* Khudiram Bhattacharya as Inspector in ''Necklace''
* Kishan as Himmatlal in ''Veni Sanhar''
* Krishnakant as Kaligati Bhattacharya in ''Ret ka Daldal/Quicksand''
* Kulbhushan as Harish (Servant) in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)'' and Ramadhin (Servant) in ''Bemisaal''
* Kuldip Kaur as Hema in ''Anjaan Khooni''
* Kumar Shirazi as Ramanath Niyogi in ''Laal Neelam''
* Kush Kambli as Nitai in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* Lalla as Postman in ''Makdi ka Ras'' and Ramchatur (Servant) in ''Dhokadhari''
* Loveraj Kambli as Nimai in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* Madhu Mohan as Madhubala in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* Madhumita as Phoolwati in ''Veni Sanhar''
* Mahesh Raj as Inspector Sukhmoy Samant in ''Amrit ki Maut''
* Mahesh Vachani as Ataullah in ''Kiley ka Rahasya''
* Manasvi Singh as Inspector Biren in ''AgniBaan'' and ''Upsanhaar''
* Manek Chaudhary as Ishwar Babu in ''Satyanveshi'' (credited as Manik Chaudhury)
* Mannjit Singh as Ajay in ''Veni Sanhar''
* Mansoor as Police Doctor in ''Kamra No. 102''
* Master Babloo as Gadadhar Singh in ''Kiley ka Rahasya''
* [[Milind Gunaji]] as Debashish in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* Milon Mukherji as Major Burman in ''Anjaan Khooni''
* Minaxi Shukla as Latika Chaudhury in ''Kamra No. 102''
* Mrs. Mukherji as Chameli in ''Balak Jasoos''
* Mukesh Ramani as Jugal in ''Balak Jasoos''
* Mukul Nag as Prabal Gupta in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* [[Mulraj Rajda]] as Kailash Chandra in ''Bhoot''
* Nandita Puri as Hemlvati in ''Pahari Rahasya''
* Narayan Pati as Bansidhar Singh in ''Kiley ka Rahasya''
* Narendra Gupta as Ravi Verma in ''Balak Jasoos''
* Naresh Suri as Nilmani in ''Anjaan Khooni''
* [[Naved Aslam]] as Sukumar in ''Wasiyat'', Sitanshu Das in ''Vansh ka Khoon'', and Sanat in ''Veni Sanhar''
* Ninad Deshpande as Vijay in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)'' and Bijoy Madhav in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* Nirupam Bhattacharya as Harinath (Masterji) in ''Ret ka Daldal/Quicksand''
* Nivedita Tijoriwala as Lavanya in ''Wasiyat ka Rahasya''
* P.K. Mukherji as Dr. Sen in ''Wasiyat ka Rahasya''
* Parag Dave as Habul in ''AgniBaan''
* Pardesi as Megraj in ''Veni Sanhar''
* Pamela Mukherjee as Chingri in ''Balak Jasoos'' (credited as Pamela Mukherji)
* Pinaki Mukherjee as Gopal in ''Amrit ki Maut'' and Nengti in ''Balak Jasoos'' (credited as Pinaki Mukherji)
* Piyali Mukherjee as Jhilli in ''Veni Sanhar'' (credited as Piyali Mukherji)
* Prabha Mathur as Mukul in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)''
* Pramod Misrekar as Sadanand Sur in ''Amrit ki Maut'' and Dr. Sen in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* Prashant Jaiswal as Falguni Pal in ''Tasvir Chor'', Leeladhar in ''Aag aur Patanga'', and Kapil Bose in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* [[Prateeksha Lonkar]] as Laxmi in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)'' and Shakuntala in ''Aag aur Patanga''
* Pravin Kedia as Dayalhari in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* Prem Bedi as DSP Purandar Pande in ''Tasvir Chor'', ''Kiley ka Rahasya'', and ''Aag aur Patanga''
* Prem Dutt as Bhuvaneshwar in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas'' and Haripada in ''Paheli Gatha''
* Prem Rishi as Maharaj Ramendra Sinha in ''Laal Neelam''
* Puran Singh as Sardarji (Taxi Driver) in ''Upsanhaar''
* Pushpa Verma as Habul's mother in ''AgniBaan'' and Gayatri in ''Veni Sanhar''
* R.D. Shome as Panu Gopal in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)''
* R.S. Chopra as Rasmoy Sarkar in ''Necklace''
* [[Rabi Ghosh]] as Badridas in ''Amrit ki Maut'' (credited as Robi Ghosh)
* Rabi Sinha as Bilash Mallick in ''Rastey ka Kanta''
* Raees as Deep Narayan Singh in ''Aag aur Patanga''
* Raghu Mulwal as Secretary in ''Seemant Heera'' and Kusheshwar in ''Wasiyat ka Rahasya''
* Rahul Vaishnav as Master Ghosh in ''Tasvir Chor''
* Raj Kamal as Professor Shome in ''Tasvir Chor''
* Raj Shekhar as Tarashankar in ''Bhoot''
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Mahidhar Chowdhury in ''Tasvir Chor'' and Santosh Samaddar in ''Balak Jasoos''
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as Phani Chakraborty in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas''
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as Satyakam Das in ''Vansh ka Khoon''
* Rakesh Dube as Manilal in ''Kiley ka Rahasya'' and Kharag Bahadur in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* Rakesh Vidua as Gangapada in ''Dhokadhari'' (credited as Rakesh Bidua)
* Rakesh Sahu as Chunni Lal in ''Wasiyat'', Prabhat in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)'', and Tapan Sen in ''Bemisaal''
* Ramamurty as Professor Deb Kumar in ''AgniBaan''
* Raman Wadhawan as Dr. Shobhana Roy in ''Kamra No. 102''
* Ramesh Gohil as Asutosh Mitra in ''Rastey ka Kanta''
* Ramesh Goyal as Hukum Singh in ''Adrishya Trikon''
* Rasik Dave as Inspector Ratikant Chaudhry in ''Aag aur Patanga''
* [[Ravi Jhankal]] as Amar Raha in ''Tasvir Chor'', and Inspector Sarkar in ''Chakrant'', ''Dhokadhari'', ''Sahi ka Kanta'', ''Veni Sanhar'', and ''Lohe ka Biscuit''
* Ratna as Anna in ''Adrishya Trikon''
* Raviraj as Dr. Palit in ''Aag aur Patanga'', Deshpande in ''Pahari Rahasya'', and Nripati Laha in ''Sahi ka Kanta''
* Reshma Gopal as Malati in ''Tasvir Chor''
* Richi Sharma as Chumki in ''Vansh ka Khoon''
* Robin Gupta as Hotel Manager in ''Upsanhaar'', Police Surgeon in ''Chakrant'', and Hotel Manager in ''Paheli Gatha''
* Rony Saha as Himangshu's daughter in ''Ret ka Daldal/Quicksand''
* S.K. Das as Akshay Mandal in ''Lohe ka Biscuit''
* S.S. Johar as TT Manotosh Roy in ''Amrit ki Maut''
* Saavri as Sukumari in ''Balak Jasoos''
* [[Sadhu Meher]] as Anadi Haldar in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)'' and Bishupal in ''Chakrant''
* [[Sadiya Siddiqui]] as Rajni in ''Tasvir Chor'' (credited as Sadia Siddiqui)
* Salim Shah as Sunil in ''Adrishya Trikon''
* Samir Jain as Ramhari in ''Ret ka Daldal/Quicksand''
* Samir Jani as Bhola (Servant) in ''Necklace''
* Sangeetha Balachandran as Damayanti in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)''
* Sashi Hans as Ramapati in ''Kiley ka Rahasya''
* Shafiquddin as Patla in ''Amrit ki Maut''
* [[Shahnawaz Pradhan]] as Inspector Barat in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)'' and ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas'' (credited as Shahnawaz)
* [[Shail Chaturvedi]] as Rameshwar in ''Wasiyat ka Rahasya''
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Inspector in ''Satyanveshi'', Inspector Sanyal in ''Necklace'', and Inspector Ramani Sanyal in ''Adrishya Trikon''
* Shantanu Chhaparia as Ashok Maity in ''Dhokadhari''
* Shekhar Navre as Inspector A.K. Ray in ''Bemisaal'' and ''Balak Jasoos''
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Tulsi in ''Kiley ka Rahasya'' (credited as Shilpa Toraskar)
* Shivaji Sanyal as Rampirit Singh in ''Kamra No. 102''
* [[Shreechand Makhija]] as Professor Nepal Gupta in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)'' and Manik Mehta in ''Pahadi Rahasya''
* Soma Chakravarty as Young Lady in ''Rastey ka Kanta''
* Somesh Agarwal as Sharda Prasad in ''Bhoot'' and Hotel owner in ''Aadim Shatru (Part 1 & 2)''
* Subroto Bose as Bijoy Biswas in ''Pahari Rahasya''
* [[Suchitra Bandekar]] as Deepa in ''Sahi ka Kanta'' (credited as Suchitra Gudekar)
* Sujata Gokhale as Reba in ''Adrishya Trikon''
* [[Suhas Palshikar (actor)|Suhas Palshikar]] as Naresh Mandal in ''Dhokadhari'' (credited as Suhas Palsikar)
* Sumant Mastakar as Pranhari Poddar in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas'' (credited as Sumant Mastkar)
* Sunil Chauhan as Mrigen Mullick in ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas''
* Sunil Dhawan as Dr. Rudra in ''AgniBaan'' and Chintamani Kundu in ''Bemisaal''
* Suneel Sinha as Abhay Ghoshal in ''Chakrant'' (credited as Sunil Sinha)
* Sunita as Nalini in ''Wasiyat ka Rahasya''
* Suresh Bhagwat as Anukul Babu in ''Satyanveshi'', and Anukul Babu disguised as Byomkesh Bose / Hasrat / Kokanand Gupta in ''Upsanhaar''
* Swadesh Mahan as Bhupesh Chatterji in ''Paheli Gatha''
* Sweeti as Hema in ''Balak Jasoos''
* Tahira as Salesgirl in ''Bemisaal''
* Tushar Majumdar as Makhan Lal in ''Wasiyat''
* Tushar Trivedi as Jagabandhu Patra in ''Kamra No. 102''
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as Sir Digindra Narayan in ''Seemant Heera''
* Varsha Agnihotri as Shanti in ''Bemisaal''
* Vicky as Postman in ''Upsanhaar''
* Vijayan Nair as Ushanath Sen in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)'' and Kamalkant Das in ''Lohe ka Biscuit''
* Vilas Raj as Vilas in ''Anjaan Khooni''
* Vinay Malhotra as Harihar in ''Laal Neelam'' and Kalikinkar Das in ''Anjaan Khooni''
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as Dr. Ghatak in ''Tasvir Chor''
* Yasmin as Yasmin in ''Veni Sanhar''
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] as Manmath Rudra (Nantu) in ''AgniBaan''
* Yusuf Khurram as Dr. Bhujangdhar Das in ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)''
* Zafar as Bhuteshwar in ''Vansh ka Khoon'' and Motilal in ''Anjaan Khooni''
{{Div col end}}

==Episodes==
The first season had 13 and the second season had 19 episodes.

===Season 1 (1993)===
# Satyanweshi:<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#1- Satyanveshi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpdo8t2F8cQ|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> In 1932, Byomkesh Bakshi investigates murders that have taken place in the Chinatown locality. He assumes an alias and starts living in the hostel run by the homeopathic doctor Anukul babu. Initially told that there weren't rooms available, he convinces Ajit Kumar Banerjee to share a room with him. Then, by applying deductive methods, he soon identifies the murderer and induces an attack from him, and thereby catching him red-handed.
# Raste Ka Kanta:<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#2 - Rastey Ka Kanta|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCgJiDnT2Ws|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> In 1933, an advertisement in the newspaper draws the attention of Bakshi. Although seemingly funny, this advertisement ''Agar aap raaste ke kaante se...'' it seems to have a more dangerous implication. A client approaches Bakshi and narrates how he was almost pierced by an object while walking on the street. Byomkesh investigates the matter and catches this dangerous person who has a special method of killing people.
# Seemant Heera:<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#3 - Seemant Heera|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Igj63T-rJpc|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> The case revolves in 1934 around the theft of a priceless heirloom, and Byomkesh and Ajit are invited by the current heir to recover it from the heir's uncle, as consumed by greed, he has stolen it. His uncle offers to let Byomkesh and Ajit search the house for seven days. Byomkesh cracks the culprit's expertise in sculpting and eventually succeeds in getting the ''Seemant Heera'' back.
# Makdi Ka Ras:<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#4- Makdi ka Ras|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSFFFTmZsy8|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> In 1934, Byomkesh meets Mohan, one of Ajit's school friends and a doctor by profession who shares an intriguing event with them and seeks Bakshi's help. One of his patients, Nand Dulal Babu, has a weird addiction to Tarantula's fluid, which is gradually damaging his health. Despite the strict vigilance, how the fluid reaches Nandlal babu becomes the biggest question. But Bakshi solves the case in no time.
# Wasiyat:<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#5- Wasiyat|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEswKEZ10YE|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> In 1935, Karali Babu, a wealthy Bengali, with no direct heir, has been murdered in his sleep. As Byomkesh determines later in the story, the victim was killed in such a way that hints at the culprit having knowledge of medical procedures. The fact that the victim was in the habit of frequently changing his will out of temper makes it likely that anyone who could inherit his wealth would have killed him. Byomkesh probes the case and gets hold of the murderer. During this case, he meets Satyabati for the first time who is shown as his wife in the later episodes.
# Ret ka Daldal (Quicksand):<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#6- Quicksand|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCWPn-8RTB4|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> During a vacation in 1936, Byomkesh and Ajit meet a financially troubled landlord whose daughter's tutor has strangely gone missing with the account books of his estate. The unexpected solution of the case revolves around a patch of quicksand somewhere near the landlord's residence.
# Laal Neelam:<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#7- Laal Neelam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5ugW2eskMM|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> In 1936, while Byomkesh talks about the release from jail of a criminal with a record of theft, loot, fraud and many such crimes, Ramanath Niyogi, he gets news regarding Maharaja Ramendra Singh's secretary, Harihar's murder. Harihar, who used to be a criminal years ago but had mended his ways later, was pitilessly killed; Singh insists Bakshi look into the matter and find out the culprit, which he eventually succeeds in. Since this episode, Satyabati is shown as Byomkesh's wife.
# Bhoot: In 1936, Byomkesh investigates a case about allegedly a ghost haunting a house. He eventually succeeds in finding the person, who posed as the ghost to search and steal diamonds from the house.<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#8- Bhoot|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eniPTmLlRCo|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Agnibaan: In 1944, as the daughter of Professor Deb Kumar dies mysteriously in the kitchen, while the former is in the Science Congress in Delhi (and also just after a new insurance policy venture of having the husband and wife, in which if one dies the other gets all the insurance), Byomkesh Bakshi decides to investigate the case himself and determine the cause of her death.<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#9- AgniBaan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NokiooOu6wk|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Upasanhaar: In 1945, Byomkesh gets a set deadly matches (of Professor Deb Kumar) when he was about to smoke. He asked everyone, including Puntiram and Satyavati. Then he remembered that it was a muffled man who asked his matches to smoke. Later, he got a letter from a ''Kokanand Gupta'' to ''Byomkesh Bose''. Bakshi never thought that there was another Byomkesh in the locality. Eventually, the person who wanted Bakshi to die was none other than ''Anukul babu'' from Satyanweshi, who decided to take revenge against Byomkesh.<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#10- Upasanhaar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6koJ9opUDO4|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Tasvir Chor: When a group photo gets missing and a painter, Phalguni Pal gets murdered, Inspector Purandar Pandey requests Byomkesh to find the murderer and thief.<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#11- Tasvir Chor|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_ZisDw9t14|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Kile Ka Rahasya: Byomkesh and Ajit visit a fort, where they meet their police friend Purandar Pandey. When a professor dies seemingly by snakebite, the reactions of others lead Byomkesh to deduce that there was more than what meets the eye.<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#12- Kile ki Rahasya|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bb-kGfRIpKg|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Chiriya Ghar (Part 1) & Chiriya Ghar (Part 2): Byomkesh is approached by a new client, Nishanath Sen, to find out if a yesteryear actress is living incognito, among others, in his household. When Nishanath is murdered, Byomkesh decides to probe into the case with the help of his close aide, Ajit.<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#13- Chiriya Ghar (Part 1)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bTGfpcDvrw|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#13- Chiriya Ghar (Part 2)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TocXQVU6FOQ|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>

===Season 2 (1997)===
# Aadim Shatru (Part 1)<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#14- Aadim Shatru (Part 1)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XysPMcA4d9Y|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Aadim Shatru (Part 2)<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#14- Aadim Shatru (Part 2)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKzHcph0lnI|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Aag Aur Patanga<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#15- Aag aur Patanga|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lce6PEGDWA0|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Vansh Ka Khoon<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#16- Vansh ka Khoon|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrVT_ynauHw|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Necklace<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#17- Necklace|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-rbR3d72A4|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Amrit ki Maut<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#18- Amrit ki Maut|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR7Vcm1G9P4|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Pahari Rahasya<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#19- Pahari Rahasya|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtqkVL0Ijgk|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Anjaan Khooni<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#20- Anjaan Khooni|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMVhPBNiK8c|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Kahen Kavi Kalidas<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#21- Kahen Kavi Kalidas|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sdi-HrQuPPU|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Adrishya Trikon<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#22- Adrisya Trikon|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvJNxZY4IrQ|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Wasiyat ka Rahasya<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#23- Wasiyat ka Rahasya|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQVRfcNbKkk|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Bemisaal<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#24- Bemisaal|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKslMvJznVI|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Balak Jasoos<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#25- Balak Jasoos|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGEcqJhglaY|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Chakrant<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#26- Chakrant|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tkvqg8iZBwE|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Paheli Gatha<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#27- Paheli Gatha|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26-s7bB8BUo|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Kamra No. 102<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#28- Kamra No. 102|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJGoMJxPNjI|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Dhokadhari<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#29- Dhokadhari|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dm1jbhvdFQ|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Sahi ka Kanta<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#30- Sahi ka Kanta|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fudbHt3zAzE|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Veni Sanhar<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#31- Veni Sanhar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0KFS1_7hjU|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
# Lohe ka Biscuit<ref>{{Citation|title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#32- Lohe ka Biscuit|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYYOc6pkxls|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi in other media]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0157217/ Byomkesh Bakshi TV series] at [[IMDb]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUiMfS6qzIMxiHu2N2Px1ISp5vxCm3PMo Byomkesh Bakshi] at [[DD National]]

{{Byomkesh Bakshi}}

[[Category:Byomkesh Bakshi]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:1993 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1997 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Television shows set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Bihar]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Detective television series]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]

Ramji Ram

2026-04-20T09:35:51Z

Republic Bangla: started basic stub basic info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramji Ram
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|1|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tanda,[[Faizabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]{{smaller|(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1977
| predecessor = [[Panna Lal]]
| successor = [[Mangal Dev Visharad]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Republican Party of India]]
| spouse = Ramaw Devi and Manraji Dev
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1914.htm
}}

'''Ramji Ram''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1975 p. 17">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | year=1975 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVnVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP17 | language= | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=17}}</ref><ref name="Indian National Congress 1970 p. 22-PA22">{{cite book | author=Indian National Congress | title=Socialist India | publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. | issue=v. 2 | year=1970 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAmr6rR9hfoC&pg=RA22-PA22 | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=22-PA22}}</ref><ref name="Reed 1977 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who | publisher=Bennett, Coleman. | year=1977 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2LVAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1914.htm Official biographical sketch in Lok Sabha website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Ramji}}
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kumbi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:46Z

Republic Bangla: Made details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kumbi
| mla = Vacant
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:28161}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 29
}}

'''Kumbi Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bishnupur district]].

== Extent ==
Kumbi is 29th among the 60 state constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 35 parts namely: 1 - Phougakchao Ikhai (A), 2 - Phougakchao Ikhai (B), 3 - Torbung (A), 4 - Torbung (B), 5 - Nganukon Refugee Colony, 6 - Saiton (A), 7 - Saiton (B), 8 - Saiton (C-1), 9 - Saiton (C-2), 10 - Kumbi M.E. Leikai, 11 - Kumbi Ishing Chaiba, 12 - Kumbi (B-1), 13 - Kumbi (B-2), 14 - Kumbi Bazar, 15 - Kumbi Makha Leikai, 16 - Kumbi (D), 17 - Kumbi (E), 18 - Kumbi (F), 19 - Ithai (A), 20 - Ithai Wapokpi, 21 - Ithai (B), 22 - Wangoo (A), 23 - Wangoo (B), 24 - Wangoo (C), 25 - Wangoo (D), 26 - Wangoo Terakhong (A), 27 - Wangoo Terakhong (B), 28 - Haotak Tampha Khunou, 29 - Wangoo Sabal (A), 30 - Wangoo Sabal (B), 31 - Borayangbi (A), 32 - Borayangbi (B), 33 - Chairen Leingangtabi, 34 - Tangjeng Pombikhok(A), and 35 - Tangjeng Pombikhok(B).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO, Manipur {{!}} Electoral Roll |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=ceomanipur.nic.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Winner !! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mairembam Koireng || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Wahengbam Komol || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Khangembam Manimohan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Sanasam Bira || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Ningthoujam Mangi Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Ningthoujam Mangi Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Sanasam Bira || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Ningthoujam Mangi Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Ningthoujam Mangi Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || Sanasam Bira || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Sanasam Bira || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Sanasam Premachandra Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|32.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|33.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|27.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|25.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|23.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|25.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|20.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|23.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|55.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.24}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanasam Premchandra Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,513 |percentage=32.63% |change=-11.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ahanthem Shanjoy Singh|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=8,141|percentage=31.21%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi Singh|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=7,787|percentage=29.85%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Khangembam Romesh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,169|percentage=4.48%|change=-45.43%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naorem Sorojini Devi|party=Independent politician|votes=330|percentage=1.26%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=147|percentage=0.56%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=372 |percentage=1.43% |change=-4.08% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=26,087|percentage=92.64%|change=1.19%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,161 |change =8.18% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.28% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,881 |percentage=49.91% |change=9.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,570 |percentage=44.40% |change=40.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningombam Ibohal Meitei |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,057 |percentage=4.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Bobbyjames Singh |party=Manipur National Democratic Front |votes=180 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,311 |percentage=5.51% |change=0.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,805 |percentage=91.45% |change= 5.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,032 |change =4.43% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.84% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,572 |percentage=40.07% |change=14.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,557 |percentage=35.32% |change=1.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Khangembam Romesh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,296 |percentage=20.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Manimohan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=862 |percentage=4.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aheibam Angousana |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=108 |percentage=0.50% |change=-24.48% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,015 |percentage=4.74% |change=-3.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,395 |percentage=85.83% |change= -2.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,928 |change =-0.37% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 6.68% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,368 |percentage=33.38% |change=6.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,639 |percentage=25.55% |change=9.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aheibam Angousana |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,515 |percentage=24.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Manimohan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,441 |percentage=15.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,729 |percentage=7.83% |change=4.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,072 |percentage=88.21% |change= -0.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,021 |change =14.99% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 6.36% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,148 |percentage=27.02% |change=1.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aheibam Angousana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,518 |percentage=23.72% |change=1.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,173 |percentage=21.91% |change=-3.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Ibobi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,014 |percentage=15.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Manimohan |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=1,810 |percentage=9.50% |change=-8.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Kamal |party=Samata Party |votes=293 |percentage=1.54% |change=-3.02% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=630 |percentage=3.31% |change=2.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,050 |percentage=88.68% |change= -3.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,759 |change =3.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 3.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,777 |percentage=25.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,698 |percentage=25.30% |change=1.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aheibam Angousana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,212 |percentage=22.68% |change=4.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Ibobi |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,388 |percentage=18.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Amrit Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=847 |percentage=4.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Manimohan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=586 |percentage=3.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=79 |percentage=0.43% |change=-3.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,571 |percentage=89.10% |change= -3.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,044 |change =10.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 1.94% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,164 |percentage=23.79% |change=-1.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,531 |percentage=20.17% |change=-3.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aheibam Angousana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,164 |percentage=18.07% |change=5.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Manimohan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,603 |percentage=14.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Komol |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,199 |percentage=12.56% |change=-6.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Ibobi |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,844 |percentage=10.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=633 |percentage=3.62% |change=1.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,505 |percentage=92.66% |change= 6.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,046 |change =8.60% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -1.46% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,758 |percentage=25.25% |change=9.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,451 |percentage=23.19% |change=6.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Manimohan |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,903 |percentage=19.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Komol |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,781 |percentage=18.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aheibam Angousana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,919 |percentage=12.89% |change=12.19% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=307 |percentage=2.06% |change=-2.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,884 |percentage=85.98% |change= -3.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,537 |change =21.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Independent politician |swing= 4.49% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Independent politician |votes=2,615 |percentage=20.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Manimohan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,045 |percentage=16.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,979 |percentage=15.71% |change=-6.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Ibobi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,510 |percentage=11.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aheibam Angousana |party=Independent politician |votes=1,493 |percentage=11.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Komol Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,381 |percentage=10.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Chhatra Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=671 |percentage=5.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Satar |party=Independent politician |votes=304 |percentage=2.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Potsangbam Keli |party=Independent politician |votes=287 |percentage=2.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Tamulo |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=204 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lourembam Birendra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=89 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=570 |percentage=4.52% |change=4.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,598 |percentage=89.95% |change= 9.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,385 |change =-0.98% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= -2.49% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Manimohan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,650 |percentage=23.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Bira |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,643 |percentage=23.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,546 |percentage=22.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Komol |party=Janata Party |votes=1,887 |percentage=16.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patsangoam Kelijao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,034 |percentage=9.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangembam Tamulo |party=Independent politician |votes=457 |percentage=4.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naorem Tompok |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=101 |percentage=0.89% |change=-54.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tongbram Gourachand |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7 |percentage=0.06% |change=-16.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,401 |percentage=80.27% |change= -1.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,527 |change =30.53% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -32.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Komol |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,951 |percentage=55.76% |change=32.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Koireng |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,517 |percentage=39.61% |change=9.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patsangoam Kelijao |party=Independent politician |votes=294 |percentage=3.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Kamdeb Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=1.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,434 |percentage=16.15% |change=15.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,879 |percentage=81.69% |change= 3.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,129 |change =-13.03% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 25.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumbi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Koireng |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,961 |percentage=30.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raidali |party=Independent politician |votes=2,889 |percentage=29.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahegbam Kamal |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,304 |percentage=23.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haojam Gulamjat |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,502 |percentage=15.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Kambdeba |party=Independent politician |votes=137 |percentage=1.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=72 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,793 |percentage=78.26% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,796 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bishnupur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.43|93.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Rasul Mir

2026-04-15T08:52:46Z

Republic Bangla: started initial data added tags

{{Short description| 19th Century Kashmiri poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox poet
| name = Rasul Mir
| honorific_suffix = Shahabadi
| image = Rasul Mir by Mohan Raina.jpg
| caption = Rasul Mir on the cover of Sahitya Akademi 1990 edition
| birth_date = 1840
| birth_place = [[Doru Shahabad|Dooru Shahabad]], [[Anantnag District|Anantnag]], [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]
| death_date = 1870
| occupation = Poet, [[Muqaddam|Muqdam]]
| notable_works = ''Bal Maraeyo'', ''Baeliye ruthe mai yaar'', ''Chaw mai jami jamai'', ''Lalas vantai chus sawaal'', ''Lo lati lo'', ''Rind posh maal''
| movement = Romanticism, Sufism
| module = '''Influences''' :

[[Muhammad]], [[Hafez]], [[Saadi Shirazi]], [[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Bedil]], [[Ferdowsi|Firdausi]], [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Shah-e-Hamadan]], [[Rumi]], [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]], [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]], [[Gani Kashmiri|Ghani Kashmiri]]

'''Influenced''' :

[[Mahjoor]], [[Abdul Ahad Azad]], [[Mohiuddin Hajni]], [[Ghulam Nabi Firaq|G.N Firaq]], [[Fazil Kashmiri]],[[Zareef Ahmad Zareef|Zarif Ahmad Zarif]], [[Rehman Rahi|Rahman Rahi]], [[Haji Mohi-ud-din Miskin|Miskin]], [[Mohammad Yousuf Taing|Mohammad Taing]]
| resting_place = ''Khanqah Faiz Panah''<ref name=":0" />(shrine of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Amir-i-Kabir]]), [[Doru Shahabad|Dooru Shahabad]], [[Anantnag District|Anantnag]], [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]
| native_name = '''رَسوٗل میٖر شاہ آبادی'''
| language = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| genre = ''[[Ghazal]]'', ''[[Vatsun]]'', [[Nazm|''Nazm (Naʽat)'']]
| education = [[Persian literature]]
| honorific_prefix = ''imām-e-ishqiya shairi''
}}

'''Rasul Mir''' ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: {{Nastaliq|رَسوٗل میٖر}}) also known as '''Rasul Mir Shahabadi''', was a Kashmiri romantic poet born in [[Doru Shahabad]]. He is often referred to as '''''imām-e-ishqiya shairi'''''' (The epitome of romantic poetry) for his literary contribution to [[Literature of Kashmir|Kashmiri]] romanticism. Mir was said to have been alive in around 1855 when [[Mahmud Gami]] and [[Soch Kral|Swoch Kral]] died. He died a few years before [[Maqbool Shah Kralawari]]. Though, [[Mohammad Yousuf Taing|Muhammad Y. Taing]], in his book '''کلیاتِ رسول میر''' (Kulliyat-e-Rasul Mir) mentions of a document from Revenue Department, dated 5 April 1889, acknowledging Rasul Mir as a muqdam (village chieftain, in accord to the agrarian system of Kashmir).<ref>{{Cite book |author=Rasul Mir |author2=Muhammad Yusuf Taing |title=Rasūl Mīr |location=Srīnagar |publisher=Jammūn va Kashmīr Kalcaral Akādmī |date=1960 |isbn=9781137546227 |oclc=499723598}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kulyat-e-Rasul Mir|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/letters/develop-dooru/|access-date=7 December 2020|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

He is one of the most celebrated Kashmiri poets and is popularly called the [[John Keats]] of [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Mohd Ashraf Mir |author2=Ali Mohd Dar |author3=Mujtaba Ahmad Dev |date=May 2014 |title=Rasul Mir- John Keats of Kashmir, India|url=http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v3(5)/Version-3/F0353034036.pdf |journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=34–36}}</ref> He formally inaugurated [[Gazal]] to Kashmiri poetry.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
=== Background ===
Rasul Mir was born in [[Doru Shahabad|Dooru Shahabad]], an administrative unit in [[Anantnag district]] of [[Kashmir]]. The only thing certain about his early life is the name of the place and the era he lived in. His year of birth and death, remains a debatable subject. According to oral traditions, the poet lived in Mirmaidan area of Dooru or in a house adjacent to Khanqah Faiz Panah, a mosque constructed by Mir Mohammad Hamadani, the son of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]].<ref name=":0" /> The house has since been demolished, and a vegetative garden can be found in its place there. It is widely believed that he had attended a local traditional [[Kuttab|makhtab]] (an academy)'','' where he was introduced to the [[Persian language|Persian]] language. He descended from a family of ''zamindars'' (landowners), who used to be the village heads in Mir Maidan at Dooru. It is said that the poet was a tall, handsome man with a fair complexion, who used to cover his head with a turban and sported a long moustache extending across his face.<ref name="Shiban K 2016">{{Cite book|last=Shiban K|first=Kachru|title=Rasul Mir: The Romantic poet of Kashmir|publisher=Gulshan Books|year=2016|isbn=9788183393720|location=Regal Chowk, Munshi Bagh, Srinagar}}</ref>

The poet's well known contemporary [[Mahmud Gami]] was also a native of [[Doru Shahabad]]. Gami was much older than Rasul Mir. The first attempts at scripting the [[ghazal]] form in Kashmiri have been revered to him but they lack the artistic finish which is the hallmark of Mir's ghazals.<ref name=":0" /> In Mahmud Gami and Rasul Mir's legacy, two parks and a cultural library namely ''Mahmud Gami Rasul Mir Bazm-e-Adab'' have been inaugurated as a token for these poets.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

[[File:Mausoleum_of_Mahmud_Gami.jpg|200x200px|Mausoleum of [[Mahmud Gami]] at Doru Shahabad|thumb]]

The [[Achabal Gardens|Mughal Garden]] at [[Achabal|Acchabal]], the deep woods of [[Kokernag|Kokar Nag]] and [[Verinag|Vernag Lake]], are not far from the place where Rasul Mir lived. The poet, with his romantic bend of mind, must have been influenced by the abundance of natural beauty all around him. He was often seen mentioning the name of these picturesque places in several of his poems. Rasul Mir's life spans the reigns of three different sets of rulers in [[Kashmir]] - [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]], [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] and [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra empire]]. He was born during the later years of [[Sikh Empire|Sikh rule]] over Kashmir.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Durrani Empire|Afghan rule]] had begun in the year 1752 lasting till 1819 with the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh conquest]] of Kashmir in the [[Battle of Shopian|Shupian Battle]]. Of the three sets of rulers, the Afghans were the worst. Their rule over [[History of Kashmir|Kashmir]] had begun immediately after the second Great famine of 1748- following the Great famine of 1723. Their rule was a period of relentless persecution, ruthless economic exploitation of the masses and, politically, a period of continuous instability.<ref name=":0" /> Though, in his adolescent-youthful days, the poet has mentioned [[Kandahar]], the former capital of the Afghan Empire, in his love-longing lullaby ''Bal Maraeyo'':
{{poemquote|text=''Sharmandà kärthas āftābo''
''Qandhārich zūn''
''Käji chāni gäjisäy ''
''läjisày daräy''
''Bāl màräyo''|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}
'''Translation:'''
{{poemquote|text=I, the full moon of Qandahar’, am ashamed
Of your brilliance, my sun.
Waiting, wilting in your remembrance,
I will wither away young.<ref name="Shiban K 2016">{{Cite book|last=Shiban K|first=Kachru|title=Rasul Mir: The Romantic poet of Kashmir|publisher=Gulshan Books|year=2016|isbn=9788183393720|location=Regal Chowk, Munshi Bagh, Srinagar}}</ref>|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}

As [[Walter Roper Lawrence|Lawrence]] suggests, the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] rule, though mild in degree, was no better than the [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] rule. The first ruler of the Sikh empire, [[Ranjit Singh]], had banned ''[[Adhan|Azaan]]'' (the Islamic call for prayer) and the gathering of Muslims in [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jama Masjid]], [[Srinagar]] for 21 years.<ref name="Legend">{{cite web |last1=Handoo |first1=Bilal |title=The Legend Of Jamia Masjid |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-legend-of-jamia-masjid-8764/ |website=Kashmir Life |date=29 October 2012}}</ref> The [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws,<ref>{{cite book |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |date=2003 |title=Language of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-521939-5 |pages=39–41}}</ref> which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter too.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |date=2010 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |pages=5–6}}</ref> The [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] ruled for twenty-seven years- the years of Rasul Mir's youth and manhood.

The above reference from this poem could be felt as an expression of departing away from the Beloved (or the [[Shahid (name)|Shahid]], ''pious self'').

While some are of opinion he was referring to the famous Kashmiri poet [[Habba Khatoon]], "whose name was Zun, the Kashmiri word for the moon. She was born in [[Chandhara|Chandrahar]] village" says K. N Dhar while quoting [[Mahjoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Manan |date=March 5, 2021 |title='Rinde poshmaal gindaney drayi lolo': Romance, longing and Rasul Mir |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/03/05/rinde-poshmaal-gindaney-drayi-lolo-romance-longing-and-rasul-mir/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=FreePressKashmir}}</ref>

It was also during the Sikh rule in 1831 that Kashmir experienced another great famine. [[Godfrey Vigne]], who visited the valley in 1835 after the great famine, writes:

{{poemquote|text=The villages were fallen in decay. The rich-ground was uncultivated for want of labour and irrigation. [[Shopian district|Shupian]] was a miserable place, and [[Anantnag District|Islamabad]] was but a shadow of its former self <ref>Islamic Culture in Kashmir, p. 294</ref>
|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}

The Sikh rule ended in 1846 when, under the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] was handed over by the [[Company rule in India|British]] to the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] ruler, [[Gulab Singh]], in return of seventy-five lakh (7.5 million) Nanakshahee rupees and some political concessions. With the accession of Dogras to the throne of Kashmir there was, however, a change for the better. Though, the fourth-time, valley had to approach another Great famine in 1877, wiping or migrating out 30–40% of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lone|first=Suhail-ul-Rehman|title=Famine in late nineteenth century Kashmir: State-engineered or a natural calamity?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552671|journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=2016|volume=77|pages=450–460|jstor=26552671}}</ref>

It was in a milieu like this that Rasul Mir spent his life. He must have seen the worst prevailing tyranny and exploitation as he belonged to the countryside, where the rule of law seldom prevailed. Mir was himself a muqdam (village chieftain), he must have sometimes acted as a convenient instrument of all-pervasive tyranny and exploitation but, what is surprising, his poetry shows little or no trace of the surroundings in which he lived. Though, Rasul Mir was fond of wandering around and visiting different places. Almost every year, he would take a trip to [[Pogal Paristan|Pogul Paristan, Ramban]] and return after long intervals to live at the place to which he returns again and again with tenderness and affection is his native area- [[Doru Shahabad|Dooru, Shahabad]]. It is a place of the most bewitching beauty-spots in the valley. Its numerous springs, particularly the serene and placid spring of [[Verinag]]; its [[Achabal Gardens|flower gardens]] filling the air with colour and fragrance, left an everlasting impression on Rasul Mir. The famous stone carrying its name was also quarried there. The Persian translator of [[Rajatarangini]], Mulla Muhammad, who had translated Rajatarangini in Persian, entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales), at the behest of Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] (1421–1472) A.D of Kashmir, was from Dooru, Shahabad. The colonial [[Colonial India|Indian-Pakistani]] writer [[Saadat Hasan Manto]]'s family had also originated from Dooru, Shahabad.<ref>Reeck, Matt; Ahmed Aftab (2012) "In a tongue-in-cheek letter addressed to Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, he (Manto) went so far as to suggest that being 'beautiful' was the second meaning of being Kashmiri" p. 3</ref>

=== Poetic tradition ===
The tradition to which Rasul Mir belongs is quite a complex one. Essentially rooted in folklore and folk sensibility, the tradition has been widened and enriched by influences from diverse sources; particularly [[Persian literature|Persian poetry]]. From this point of view the most remarkable Persian poets are [[Saadi Shirazi|Sadi]], [[Hafez]], [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]], [[Rumi]], [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]], [[Ferdowsi|Firdausi]], [[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Bedil]] and [[Gani Kashmiri|Ghani Kashmiri]]. Sadi's works - ''Gulistan'', ''Bostaan'' and ''Pandnamah'' (popularly known as '''''Karima''''')- constituted the first formal syllabus of conventional education in Kashmir, besides the religious texts. This was the education that Rasul Mir had in his childhood and boyhood.<ref name=":0" />

Rasul Mir's poetry is something that is to be ''sung'' not read. Primarily a singer, Mir led a singing party, moving from place to place and singing ''[[Culture of Kashmir|chakhri]] and [[Wanvun|rouf (wanwun)]]'', the most popular form of singing during Rasul Mir's day and continued to retain some of its popularity till the beginning of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]] in 1987 following [[Kashmir conflict]].<ref name="Mathur2016">{{cite book |author=Shubh Mathur |title=The Human Toll of the Kashmir Conflict: Grief and Courage in a South Asian Borderland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnL-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-1-137-54622-7 |pages=21–|quote=writers like Baba (2014), Bose (2005), Schofield (2010) and Robinson (2013) see it as an indigenous Kashmiri response to the decades of political repression and the denial of the Kashmiri right to self-determination.}}</ref> Another form of communal singing prevalent in Kashmir was ''nende baeth'' (songs sung while de-weeding paddy fields). Such communal singing was a common feature of 19th century [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]. Every village had one or more such singing companies. The aesthetic underlying this kind of poetry suited the feudal ethos. The singing companies would usually sing during the night in large gatherings. The social value of these musical concerts was to wash away care and anxiety from laden hearts through nights of singing and revelry. Rasul Mir is always alive to the musical possibilities of language and exploits them to the maximum. Most of his songs were composed for occasions of singing and would surely have been different if written with some different purpose. His poems, ''"Dil hai nyunam tsuri lo lo", "Chaw mai jami jamai", "Kout goum" and "Rind posh maal"'' are metrically what they are because they were written for certain occasion of singing.<ref name=":0" />

In his poetry he also repeatedly refers to the places which he would often visit- [[Achabal|Achhabal]], [[Khanabal|Khannabal]], [[Mattan, Jammu and Kashmir|Mattan]], [[Nishat Bagh|Nishat-]][[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar]], [[Char Chinar|Sona Lank]]- to name only few.

== Personal life ==

[[File:Daak, Rasul Mir.png|thumb|185x185px|Rasul Mir expressing his abode of love]]

It is a speculation that Rasul Mir was in love with a [[Brahmin]] girl named ''Kwong'' who belonged to a Hindu landlord family in Dooru being his real spring of love and endless ghazals for her made Rasul Mir what he is known for today, he was a romantic at heart and intensity of his love was divine and almost monotheistic. He died without being married.

In spite of ''Kwong'', being a cosmic embodiment of love for Rasul Mir, he was a romantic at heart with anything that gathered him.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} It is a speculation, that the poet would also visit places such as Tashawan, Srinagar (The province known for prostitution in Mir's day).<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Shiraz Ahmad Dar |author2=Younus Rashid Shah |title=Prostitution, Traffic in women and the Politics of Dogra Raj: The case of Kashmir Valley (1846–1947) |url=http://sociology.uok.edu.in/Files/c2d3b278-4cf7-49a5-9525-af5e352f2900/Journal/bbde9555-805b-4364-a3ad-f34c5e9438ba.pdf |journal=Journal of Society in Kashmir |volume=1 |page=2 |via=Kashmir University |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111095015/http://sociology.uok.edu.in/Files/c2d3b278-4cf7-49a5-9525-af5e352f2900/Journal/bbde9555-805b-4364-a3ad-f34c5e9438ba.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> These insights are supported by the internal evidence supplied by his poetry where he is morbidity pre-occupied with the contours of a female body and, almost in every poem, refers to the sensitive parts of a woman's body so vividly that the effect is often aphrodisiac. Somewhere these heady portraits of the lover and beloved mingle into one whole. 'The Kashmiri Gazal', says [[Abdul Ahad Azad]], is a female seeking the lover, who is male. In Persian, from where 'Kashmiri [[Ghazal|gazal]]' derives its inspiration, the object of love is a male sought by a male singer. In Rasul Mir's persuasion, the singer changes from woman to man, the poems, and the elements of female beauty get mixed with distinctly male attributes producing a bivalent image. Azad calls it a 'defect of conception'. This defected concept, runs in the Kashmiri gazals from [[Mahmud Gami|Mahmood Gami]] to [[Mahjoor]]. It certainly mars a distinctive characteristic of Kashmiri gazals, that set it apart from Persian and its offspring [[Urdu Ghazal|Urdu]] gazal. This trait has been preserved in female poets alone, like [[Habba Khatoon]] and [[Arnimal|Arnimaal]] where there could be no confusion. Rasul also gets into the gazal a boldness that is characteristically masculine. A male poet, to be successful in this form, would always have to maintain such a pose may be easier in a dramatic work but is essentially difficult in lyrical form, like the [[vatsun]], which, in essence, is the expression of the author's personality. Rasul Mir was aware of the artistic implications of this problem and tried to effect a bold and revolutionary change by altering the sex of the speaking voice from female to male in most of his lyrics. This lent a note of realism and authenticity to his poetry and made it appear more natural as the speaking voice was freed from the fetters of an artificial pose. That is Rasul Mir – bold, beautiful poet of exquisite love, singer of fervent lyrics. The breath of vibrant air, that sent its freshness over cobwebs of cloistered verses. Almost single-handedly, he turned [[Literature of Kashmir|Kashmiri]] poetry into a bubbling love, gushing forth helplessly, sincerely, fervently, as it should in a vale of beauty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kashmiri poets: Rasool Mir|date=|title=Kashmiri Poets – Rasool Mir|url=http://www.koausa.org/poets/rasoolmir.html|access-date=|website=koausa}}</ref>

== Notable works ==
Mir emphasised romance in his poems, and delved less on ''[[Sufism|Tasavvuf]]'' (mysticism).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jayalal Kaul. "Kashmir : The Facts" Indian Literature|title="Kashmir : The Facts", Jayalal Kaul|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24157465|journal= |volume=16|pages=252, 253|jstor=24157465}}</ref> He had turned his back on mysticism as he was not a mystic but whatever he wrote was something pure and straight from his heart. His language does not give the impression of flaunting a foreign medium, which was in his time considered the language of culture. His genius lay in acclimatising [[Persian language|Persian]] words and phrases so that the reader does not get an impression that he is being served a foreign fare. He confined himself to the theme of human love- not on the exalted platonic plane but on the human level. He was sensuous, uninhabited and lavish. His expression is passionate and spontaneous, with the added asset of melody and rhyme.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}
[[File:Rasul Mir by G.R Malik.jpg|thumb|167x167px|Rasul Mir by G.R Malik 1990 edition]]
The ''[[Kalam|Kalaam]]'' (poetic works) of '''Rasul Mir '''is limited to seventy-nine poems<ref name=":0" /> or ''Baeths'' (a [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] lyrical ballad), including a [[ghazal]] in Persian. Of the seventy-nine poems, the authorship of four is doubtful. In [[Mohammad Yousuf Taing|Taing]]'s standard edition, these are those poems entitled, ''"Nar lalawun thovnam moori lo lo", "Karinam gray kot goum", "Suy goum travith bal bave kasty"'' and ''"Gatte mye mar sone kane doorani"''. The solitary ghazal in Persian is just an occasional amateurish exercise and has no special merit. Rasul Mir's poetic method and stature is, therefore, to be judged by the remaining seventy-five poems. Genre-wise, these poems, apart from one about the death of [[Muhammad]], consist of [[vatsun]] and [[ghazal]] forms of [[Literature of Kashmir|Kashmiri]] lyric.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Malik|first=G.R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-QLAAAAIAAJ|title=Rasul Mir|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1990|isbn=|location=New Delhi|pages=16–36|quote=The ghazal was formally inaugurated in Kashmiri by Rasul Mir.}}</ref> There is mention too, of native myths, like Kashmir's famed fable, Himal and Nagrai, in his poems, including the legend of [[Yusuf and Zulaikha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daak - Postcards from the attic|date=14 April 2020|title=Daak – Postcards from the attic, Rasul Mir|url=http://daak.co.in/rosul-ashik-love-poems-rassul-mir/|access-date=|website=Daak}}</ref> Even though, with some limited works, he has already been embodied in the integral Kashmiri oral tradition. His notable works include ''Rind poshmal'', ''Bal maraeyo'', ''Gaste wesiye'', ''Baeliye ruthai mea yaar'', ''Lo lati lo'', and ''Ashkh Tsuro''.

===Literary controversy===
There are a lot of speculations regarding Rasul Mir writing a ''[[Mathnawi|Mathnavi]]'' based on the love story of ''Zeba and Nigar'', which is exclusively credited to [[Haji Mohi-ud-din Miskin|Miskin]].<ref>Zeba Nigar (Srinagar: Ghulam Mohammad and Noor Mohammad, ''Tajiran-i-Kutb''), p. 86</ref> Prof. G.R Malik in his monograph on Rasul Mir, contests the authenticity of Zeba and Nigar being written by Rasul Mir.<ref>[[Abdul Ahad Azad]] (''Kashmiri zuban aur shairi'', vol.II) would assure us that Mir had written that ''Mathnavi'' and that [[Mahjoor]] had seen a manuscript copy of it somewhere but in spite of strenuous efforts the manuscript has not been discovered so far. For, strong literary reasons, I feel that Rasul Mir did not write that ''Mathnavi'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=1-QLAAAAIAAJ Rasul Mir], G.R Malik, 1990, p. 11)</ref>

== Death ==
He wrote:

<blockquote>
Rasul, even though you are infamous for your love of 'tulip-lips', be happy, for seldom do the lovers complain of thy in-attention<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rasul Mir - The poet of bubbling love|title=Rasul Mir - The poet of bubbling love, R.L Bhat|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/242440914/Rasul-Mir|access-date=11 December 2020|website=Scribd}}</ref>

</blockquote>[[File:Gravesite of Rasul Mir.jpg|thumb|Gravesite of Rasul Mir (south to the third window of Faiz Panah) at [[Doru Shahabad|Dooru]] ]]

Rasul Mir's later life, however, seems to have been quite sober and serene. He became a disciple of a ''murshid'' (spiritual guide), Sheikh Ahmad Tarabali<ref>''Kashri Adbuk Tawarikh'', 1978, Naji Munwar and Shafi Shauq, Jammu and Kashmir Cultural Academy</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shahida Bilqies|title=Sheikh Ahmad Tarabali '''رحمة الله عليه''': A 19th Century Kashmiri Sufi and his Spiritual Thought|year=2020|volume=1|pages=|s2cid=216449884}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and, according to a report, had another ''murshid'' at [[Tral]]. It was during these days he tried to dabble in mystic poetry which was not, by any sketch of imagination, his forte, and wrote a poem on the death of [[Muhammad]]. In his later life, the poet was often seen sitting alone, as if in an intoxicated state, near the [[Verinag|Vernag Spring]], absorbed in his own thoughts with moonlight shimmering on its blue waters.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

It is said that during the last days of his life, he sat at the south window on the ground floor of the ''khanqah'' and spent his time in solitude. He famously wished to be buried under the same window.<ref name=":0" />

Including others, the following verse has been inscribed on his gravestone:
<blockquote>
''Rasul chhuy zainith deen te mazhab,''

''rokh te zulf chon,''

''kav zaini kya gov,''

''kufur te Islaam nigaro?''
</blockquote>

'''Translation:'''
<blockquote>
Rasul has conquered religion and faith,

your face and your tresses.

What does he know about

Blasphemy and Islam, my love?<ref name="Shiban K 2016"/>
</blockquote>

== In pop culture ==
Renowned [[Literature of Kashmir|Kashmiri]] revolutionary poet- [[Mahjoor]] was significantly influenced by Rasul Mir. He spoke of himself as the reincarnation of him:
{{poemquote|text=''Ath darda sozas parda tulith gav su Rasul Mir''
''Mahjoor laegith aav beyi dubaar''|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}
'''Translation:'''
{{poemquote|text=Rasul Mir unveiled the bewitching face of love and compassion
And was reborn in the form of Mahjoor<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raina|first=Trilokinath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj5kAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of Kashmiri Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2002|isbn=978-93-89467-81-9|location=New Delhi|pages=75}}</ref>

|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}
Prominent Kashmiri artists - [[Shameem Dev Azad|Shameema Dev Azad]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shameema Azad songs|title=Shameema Dev Azad (Che Yewaan Roshe)|url=https://www.gyawun.com/shameema-azad-songs/|website=Gyawun|date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> Abdul Rashid Hafiz,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rashid Hafiz|date=7 July 2020|title=Kashmiri music|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2020/07/a-small-music-label-that-immortalised-kashmirs-music/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005060414/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2020/07/a-small-music-label-that-immortalised-kashmirs-music/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 October 2020|access-date=|website=Kashmirwalla}}</ref> Gulzar Ahmad Mir, Yawar Abdal, Tanveer Ali, [[Abhay Sopori]], Funkaar [[Noor Mohammad Shah|Noor Mohammad]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashmir Life|title=Melancholic Melody|url=https://kashmirlife.net/melancholic-melody-126513/amp/|access-date=26 November 2020|website=Kashmir Life|date=18 October 2020 }}</ref> and many others have composed songs rendering poetry of Rasul Mir. [[File:Yawar Abdal performing 'Bal Maraeyo' live at Jamia Millia University, Delhi.png|thumb|237x237px|Yawar Abdal performing 'Bal Maraeyo' live at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[Delhi]]]]Legendary Indian singer [[Asha Bhosle]] recorded a song by Rasul Mir for Radio Kashmir, Srinagar in the summer of 1966.

Amongst others- Academian, Poet, Director [[AIR Srinagar|Radio Kashmir]], [[Srinagar]] and [[DD Kashir|DD]] Srinagar; Ashraf Sahil was also profoundly influenced by Rasul Mir.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ashraf Sahil - My Rasul Mir|title=Ashraf Sahil – My Rasul Mir|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/ashraf-sahil-my-rasul-mir/?amp#aoh=16065103446834&referrer=https://www.google.com&csi=1|access-date=28 November 2020|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Preserving History|title=Preserving History|url=https://kashmirlife.net/preserving-history-32712/amp/|access-date=28 November 2020|website=Kashmir Life|quote=There was some revival in Radio Kashmir when late Ashraf Sahil took over as the director of the station. It was under his tenure that the daily current affair program Shaherbeen was started}}</ref>

In remembrance of the late poet, Verinag Development Authority and [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|Cultural Academy]] would observe Rasul Mir's Day in the month of July, but as of 2015 the event has seen to be losing attention from any former authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Greater Kashmir|title=Rasool Mir day at Dooru|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/briefs/rasool-mir-day-at-dooru/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashmir Observer|title=Keats of Kashmir remembered at Dooru|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2013/07/09/keats-of-kashmir-remembered-at-dooru/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Kashmir Observer|date=9 July 2013 }}</ref>

A park near the khanqah has also been named after the poet by the Verinag Development Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rasul Mir park|date=|title=Verinag- Gateway of Kashmir tourism|url=http://www.jammu.com/current/0903/04.htm|access-date=4 March 2009|website=}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* ''Kulliyat-i-Rasul Mir'' (1960, 1984, 1997), [[Mohammad Yousuf Taing|Muhammad Yousuf Taing]]
* ''Rasul Mir'' by G.R Malik (1990)
* ''Kalaam-e-Rasul Mir'', Ghulam Nabi Aatash
* ''Aslobiyat (Mehmud Gami ta Rasul Mir)'', Mohammad Shahban Nurpuri, 1997.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Curriculum Vitae|title=Aslobiyat by Mohammad Shaban|journal=University of Kashmir|volume=1|pages=256|via=Kashmir University}}</ref>
* ''Rasul Mir: Nadir Sukhan Goe'' by Nazir Azaad (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allama Iqbal Library KU|title=Rasul Mir by Nazir Azaad released at AIL, KU|url=http://ail.uok.edu.in/Main/ViewPage.aspx?Page=6d94caa6-85eb-4c9e-bbbb-82ac396871cf|access-date=10 December 2020|website=Kashmir University|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204142653/http://ail.uok.edu.in/Main/ViewPage.aspx?Page=6d94caa6-85eb-4c9e-bbbb-82ac396871cf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Rasul Mir: The Romantic Poet of Kashmir'' (2014), Shiban K.Kachru

'''Essays'''

* ''Kashmiri zuban aur shairi,'' [[Abdul Ahad Azad]]
* ''An Introduction to Kashmiri Romantic Poet-Rasul Mir'' by [[Ghulam Nabi Firaq]]

== Filmography ==

* Director, writer and producer Bashir Budgami filmed a black-and-white documentary drama in 1975, based on the life of Rasul Mir. The film premiered at the Golden Prague International television festival at Prague Czechoslovakia in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashmiri filmmakers myopic about social issues|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/kashmiri-filmmakers-myopic-about-social-issues|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Rising Kashmir|language=en|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420102315/http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/kashmiri-filmmakers-myopic-about-social-issues/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=Rasul Mir – India's First Telefilm|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/rasul-mir-indias-first-telefilm/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Daily Excelsior}}</ref>

* Director [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s film, ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000), features the refrain "Rind posh maal gindnay dray lo lo" in the song of the same title.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

* Filmmaker Musa Syeed's directorial debut, ''[[Valley of Saints (film)|Valley of Saints]]'' (2012), features Rasul Mir's poem "Myon su Dilbar aav nai" in a song named Nightingale's lament; Gulzar Bhat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Apple iTunes|title=Nightingale's lament (Gulzar Bhat)|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/moonlight-mile-nightingales-lament-bonus/962516808?i=962517979|access-date=26 November 2020|website=Apple iTunes}}</ref> The film featured at [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|International film festival Rotterdam]], and [[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance film festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MUBI |date=23 January 2012 |title=Valley of Saints |url=https://mubi.com/films/valley-of-saints |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=MUBI}}</ref>

* Actress [[Shraddha Kapoor]] recorded the famed folk song "Bal Maraeyo" for [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s part of [[List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations|Shakespearean]] trilogy, ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotru |first=Nirupama |date=9 Feb 2022 |title=Audio Master: Why Vishal Bharadwaj's 'Haider' is the best among his Shakespearean adaptations |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1016733/audio-master-why-vishal-bhardwajs-haider-is-the-best-among-his-shakespearean-adaptations |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Scroll}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Kashmiri literature]]
*[[Mahjoor]]
*[[Ghulam Nabi Firaq]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Rasool}}
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:1870 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Anantnag district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]

Mrs. India Inc

2026-04-04T13:22:24Z

Republic Bangla: Started Some Article Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant for married women}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Mrs. India Inc
| formation = {{Start date and age|2016}}
| logo = Mrs India Inc Logo.png
| type = [[Beauty pageant]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| location = Mumbai
| leader_title = National director
| leader_name = [[Mohini Sharma]]
| affiliations = [[Mrs. World]] [[Mrs. Globe]] Mrs. Galaxy Mrs. International Summit Mrs. International World
| language = English, Hindi
| website = {{URL| https://www.mrsindiainc.org/}}
}}

'''Mrs. India Inc.''' is a national beauty pageant for married women in India. Founded by [[Mohini Sharma]] in 2016, the pageant selects Indian representatives to compete in [[Mrs. World]], [[Mrs. Globe]], Mrs. Galaxy, Mrs. International Summit, and Mrs. International World.

== History ==
Mrs. India Inc. was established in 2016 in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]] by Mohini Sharma, a former Mrs. India World 2016 winner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Megha |date=2021-01-30 |title=Founder of Mrs India Inc Mohini Sharma on the pageantry industry and what it means to her |url=https://www.vogue.in/story/founder-of-mrs-india-inc-mohini-sharma-on-the-pageantry-industry-and-what-it-means-to-her |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Notable winners include Navdeep Kaur, who competed at [[Mrs. World]] 2021, Juhi Vyas, who represented India at [[Mrs. Globe]] 2023 Anuradha Garg, winner of [[Mrs. Globe]] 2025 and [[Sargam Koushal|Sargam Kaushal]] the winner of [[Mrs. World]] 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=Mrs. Juhi Vyas from Durg, Chhattisgarh Emerges as Runner-Up in Mrs. India Inc 2022, Aiming for Mrs. Globe 2023 Crown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mrs-juhi-vyas-from-durg-chhattisgarh-emerges-as-runner-up-in-mrs-india-inc-2022-aiming-for-mrs-globe-2023-crown/articleshow/100989355.cms |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bubble |first=Bollywood |date=2025-04-18 |title=Anuradha Garg Returns Home to a Grand Welcome After Historic Win at Mrs Globe 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/trend/anuradha-garg-returns-home-to-a-grand-welcome-after-historic-win-at-mrs-globe-2025/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Bollywood Bubble |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=Mrs Globe International Winner 2025: Anuradha Garg; Check Her Age, Career, and Other Key Details |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/mrs-globe-international-winner-2025-anuradha-garg-age-career-1744619085-1 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidya |date=2024-10-09 |title=Mrs India winner Shherryi Singh barred from participating in other pageants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/mrs-india-winner-shherryi-singh-barred-participating-beauty-pageants-case-against-her-2613738-2024-10-09 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Ritika |title=Who Is Sargam Koushal? Mumbai Woman Crowned As Winner of Mrs India World 2022 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/who-is-sargam-koushal-mrs-india-world/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Mrs. India Inc. conducts annual competitions, selecting winners to represent India in international pageants.<ref name=":0" />

The pageant emphasises empowerment through training, grooming, and mentorship, preparing contestants for global stages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs India Inc {{!}} Mrs India World |url=https://www.mrsindiainc.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123025953/https://www.mrsindiainc.org/ |archive-date=2024-11-23 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.mrsindiainc.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

Its international affiliations include [[Mrs. Gould's sunbird|Mrs. World]], one of the oldest pageants for married women, and [[Mrs. Lovett|Mrs. Globe]], among others. In 2023, the pageant held its finale week in [[Colombo, Sri Lanka]], marking its first international event, hosted in collaboration with [[Cinnamon Hotels & Resorts|Cinnamon Hotels]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Stars to attend Mrs. India Inc Season 4 in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.vivalanka.com/newspage/11867850ai-stars-attend-mrs-india-season-4-sri-lanka |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.vivalanka.com}}</ref>

== Titleholders ==
{| class="wikitable"
| valign="middle" |'''Year'''
| valign="middle" |'''Titleholder'''
| valign="middle" |'''Notes'''
|-
| valign="middle" |2025
| valign="middle" |Sneha Divekar
| valign="middle" |Crowned Mrs. India Inc 2025.
|-
| valign="middle" |2024
| valign="middle" |Ishmeet Kaur
| valign="middle" |Crowned Mrs. India Inc 2024.
|-
| valign="middle" |2023
| valign="middle" |Chetna Joshi Tiwari
| valign="middle" |Crowned Mrs. India Inc 2023.
|-
| valign="middle" |2021/2022
| valign="middle" |Sargam Koushal
| valign="middle" |Crowned Mrs. India Inc; later won Mrs. World 2022.
|-
| valign="middle" |2020
| valign="middle" |Navdeep Kaur
| valign="middle" |Crowned Mrs. India Inc 2020.
|-
| valign="middle" |2019
| valign="middle" |Rashi Jain
| valign="middle" |Crowned Mrs. India Inc 2020; represented India at Mrs. World 2020.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.mrsindiainc.org/}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mrs. India Inc}}
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mrs. World]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2016]]

Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-29T17:44:14Z

Republic Bangla: adding some entry from scratch!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Gopalganj
| map_image =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| established = 1952
| electors = 20,24,673 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = File:Alok Kumar Suman.jpg
| mp = [[Alok Kumar Suman]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2019
}}
'''Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. It has been reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|-
|99
|[[Baikunthpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baikunthpur]]
|rowspan="6"| [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
|[[Mithlesh Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|100
|[[Barauli, Bihar Assembly constituency|Barauli]]
|[[Manjeet Kumar Singh|Manjeet Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[JD(U)]]
|-
|101
|[[Gopalganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
|Subhash Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|102
|[[Kuchaikote (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kuchaikote]]
|[[Amrendra Kumar Pandey|Amrendra Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|103
|[[Bhore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhore]] (SC)
|[[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]
|-
|104
|[[Hathua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hathua]]
|[[Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha|Ramsewak Kushwaha]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Syed Mahmud]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Dwarika Nath Tiwary]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|[[Nagina Rai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Kali Prasad Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Raj Mangal Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|[[Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)|Abdul Ghafoor]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Lal Babu Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)|Abdul Ghafoor]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Raghunath Jha]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Sadhu Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Purnmasi Ram]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Janak Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Alok Kumar Suman]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|rowspan="2"|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|}

==Elections results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Gopalganj<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gopalganj">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gopalganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0417.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731182523/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0417.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Alok Kumar Suman]]|votes=511,866|percentage=48.15|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vikassheel Insaan Party|candidate=Premnath Chanchal|votes=3,84,686|percentage=36.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Dinanath Manjhi|votes=29,992|percentage=2.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=42,863|percentage=4.03|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 1,27,180
|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,64,581|percentage=52.52|change={{decrease}}3.26}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===General election, 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Gopalganj}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Alok Kumar Suman]]
|votes = 5,68,150
|percentage = 55.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Surendra Ram
|votes = 2,81,716
|percentage = 27.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 51,660
|percentage = 5.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kunal Kishor Vivek
|votes = 36,016
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Dinanath Manjhi
|votes = 15,600
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,86,434
|percentage = 27.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,26,056
|percentage = 55.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=63}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Janak Ram]]
|votes = 4,78,773
|percentage = 52.99
|change = +52.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Jyoti Bharti
|votes = 1,91,837
|percentage = 21.23
|change = +17.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|votes = 1,00,419
|percentage = 11.11
|change = -28.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandradip Ram
|votes = 16,751
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Ekta Dal
|candidate = Surendra Ram
|votes = 16,680
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 17,841
|percentage = 1.97
|change = +1.97
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,86,936
|percentage = 31.76
|change = +23.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,03,583
|percentage = 54.60
|change = +17.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing = +52.99
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/gopalganj/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Gopalganj lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{coord|26.5|84.4|display=title}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar|state=expanded}}
{{Saran Division topics}}
{{Gopalganj district, India}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gopalganj district, India]]

Mummy – Save Me

2026-03-26T10:55:21Z

Republic Bangla: Started Basic Stub Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mummy – Save Me
| image = Mummy 2016 film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = Lohith H.
| producer = K Ravikumar
| writer = Shailesh Raj
| screenplay = Lohith H.
| story = Lohith H.
| starring = [[Priyanka Upendra]] [[Yuvina Parthavi]]
| narrator =
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = [[H. C. Venugopal]]
| editing = C. Ravichandran
| studio = KRK Productions
| distributor = Horizon Studio
| released = {{Film date|2016|12|02|df=yes}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Mummy – Save Me''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[supernatural]] [[horror film]] starring [[Priyanka Upendra]], written and directed by Lohith H.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Priyanka-in-Conjuring-style-horror-flick/articleshow/46848064.cms | title=Priyanka in Conjuring-style horror flick|website=The Times of India|access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref> The film is produced by K Ravikumar under KRK Productions and distributed by Horizon Studio. The film was released to positive reviews. The film was dubbed in Telugu and Tamil as ''Chinnari'' and ''Mummy - Save Me'' , respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jun/13/andava-kaanom-vaa-deal-mummy-save-me-to-release-on-ott-18901.html|title=Andava Kaanom, Vaa Deal, Mummy Save Me to release on OTT|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Priya ([[Priyanka Upendra]]), a seven-month pregnant [[widow]], and her six-year-old daughter Kriya ([[Yuvina Parthavi]]) move from [[Bangalore]] to [[Goa]] after the death of her husband (Kriya's father). They move to a large villa, but the family start to experience strange things shortly after the move. Kriya is badly affected by her father's death. He bought her a doll as gift for her before dying. Kriya starts to speak with the doll and considers it as her friend. Priya is grief-stricken and depressed due to her husband's death, and as a result of the loss, she is unable to spend time with Kriya. Kriya herself starts to become stubborn, and gets sad and lonely as her mother is not spending quality time with her.

One day, Kriya sees a ghost for the first time and gets scared. After crying and shouting, she eventually befriends the ghost, and is seen speaking to it. Seeing Kriya speaking alone and due to her behavior, Priya becomes tense and concerned, and consults a doctor. The doctor suggests to Priya to spend time with Kriya. She and Kriya spend some time together, they go out and enjoy each other's company for the first time since her husband's passing. Priya experiences the same phenomena as Kriya, she sees the ghost.

One day, the doctor, whom Priya consulted, calls her and informs that her daughter Kriya is speaking with someone whom no one except Kriya can see. The doctor then sends a priest to Priya's villa. The same day, Priya gets hurt and even Kriya gets hurt. Their relatives get the mother and daughter to hospital, where the priest comes to meet Priya, and tells them the story behind the ghost.

The ghost's name is Kumari, a former [[orphan]] who had married a rich man and was happy with him. Even after eight years of marriage, Kumari was not blessed with a baby, so her in-laws and elders decided and [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged her husband to marry another woman]]. Kumari was devastated by the news of divorce, but soon she got pregnant. When Kumari was seven months pregnant with their first child, she and her husband decided to visit a temple. While coming back home, they meet with an accident, and they both die. Kumari always wanted a child; however, due to the accident that took her, her husband, and her baby, her wish was incomplete. As a result, she became an evil spirit and has since roamed around the road where her demise had occurred. Knowing about Kumari's wicked nature, a woman from [[Kerala]] captured Kumari and tied her in the forest. After 48 years, a young boy got possessed by Kumari and he started to behave like her. The boy's mother called a [[pandit]] who captured the ghost but it was unsuccessful, because the pandit died and the spirit of Kumari entered the doll which is now in Kriya's possession.

Kumari forcefully takes Kriya to the villa from hospital. Priya and others also go into the villa, where everyone gets ambushed by the vengeful spirit of Kumari. Kumari starts to drag Kriya to take her with her to the [[afterlife]] as the child she longed to have, but Priya doesn't allow her to do so. Priya begs her to leave her child, and even Kriya says that she wants to stay with her mother and doesn't like Kumari at all. Hearing this, Kumari leaves Kriya's hand, and her spirit transforms into ash.

Six months later, Kriya leaves for school and bids farewell to her mother and baby sibling. While leaving the house, Kriya is playing with Kumari again.

==Cast==
* [[Priyanka Upendra]] as Priya
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as Kriya
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudan]] as Father Mosis
* Aishwarya Shindogi as Sneha
* Vatsala Mohan as Vatsala
* Sandeep as John
* Sidlingu Sridhar as James

==Production==
The film was launched on 12 November coinciding with [[Priyanka Upendra]]'s birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/5653-priyanka-s-new-film-mummy-save-me.html|title=Priyanka's New Film Mummy - Save Me |work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125194603/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/5653-priyanka-s-new-film-mummy-save-me.html|archive-date=25 November 2014|accessdate=29 October 2016}}</ref> After director Lohith could not find any actor for the role of a child artist after auditioning more than 40 kids, [[H. C. Venugopal]] suggested [[Yuvina Parthavi]], who starred in ''[[Jaihind 2|Abhimanyu]]'' (2014), for which he worked as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/when-i-met-yuvina-i-was-sure-i-found-kriya-lohith/articleshow/55665108.cms|title=When I met Yuvina, I was sure I found Kriya: Lohith|work=The Times of India|last=Joy|first=Prathibha|date=29 November 2016}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "On the whole, ''Mummy- Save Me'' does scare and it could offer a tip or two for horror aficionados who plan to hit the screens with their version".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/Dec/03/mummy-save-me-review-blending-fear-with-emotion-and-succeeding-1545036.html|title=Mummy-save me Review: Blending fear with emotion and succeeding|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 December 2016|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film four out of five stars and wrote that "Go ahead and watch this film if you're keen on a ride that has enough chills and thrills to keep you on the edge of your seat".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mummy/movie-review/55747129.cms|title=MUMMY MOVIE REVIEW|date=2 December 2016|first=Sunayana|last=Suresh|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6303464}}

[[Category:2016 horror films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

Rukmini

2026-03-23T20:18:16Z

Republic Bangla:

{{short description|Hindu goddess and chief consort of god Krishna}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Rukmini.jpg
| caption = 12th-13th century sculpture of Rukmini
| name = Rukmini
| script = {{lang|sa|रूक्मिणी}}
| script_name = Devanagari
| other_names =  {{hlist|Vaidarbhi|Bhaishmi|Rakhumai|Shri|Dwarikeshwari}}
| abode = {{hlist|[[Dvārakā]]|[[Pandharpur]]}}
| affiliation = Avatar of [[Lakshmi]]
| texts = [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Harivamsa]], [[Rukminisha Vijaya]], [[Skanda Purana]], [[Padma Purana]]‚ [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]‚ [[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]‚ [[Garuda Purana]], [[Gopala Tapani Upanishad]], [[Yadavabhyudaya]]
| festivals = {{hlist|Rukmini Ashtami|[[Vasanthotsavam]]|
Aashadhi Ekadashi}}
| temples = {{hlist|[[Rukmini Devi Temple|Rukmini Devi Temple, Dwarka]]|[[Vithoba Temple|Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur]]}}
| gender = Female
| siblings = [[Rukmi]]
| consort = [[Krishna]]
| children = {{ubl|[[Pradyumna]], [[Charudeshna]] and 8 others sons and Charumati (daughter)}}
| father = [[Bhishmaka]]
| birth_place = [[Vidarbha Kingdom]]
| death_place = [[Dvārakā]]
| dynasty = [[Bhoja tribe|Bhoja]]-[[Yadava|Yaduvamsha]]-[[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]] (by birth) [[Vrishni]]-[[Yadava|Yaduvamsha]]-[[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]] (by marriage)
| deity_of = Mother Goddess<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rosary and the Lamp|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLIgAAAAMAAJ&q=mother+goddess+Rakhumai|author=Baburao Patel|year= 1966|quote = Oh, Sweet Rukhmai Divine Mother of Humanrace}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tukaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOWIAwAAQBAJ&dq=mother+goddess+Rakhumai&pg=PA112|author=R. D. Ranade|year= 1994| publisher=State University of New York Press | isbn=9781438416878 |quote = "His father is pandurang and mother is rakhumai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Financial Management, Volume 1 Marathi Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrR9D_ydGwoC&dq=mother+goddess+Rakhumai&pg=PA637|author=Sunitha despande|year= 2007| publisher=Global Vision Publishing House | isbn=9788182202214 |quote = Rakhumai-Mother Rukmini}}</ref> Goddess of Fortune<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita as it is The Marriage of Kṛṣṇa and Rukmiṇī|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/54/60/|author= A.C Bhakti vedanta swami|year= 1968|quote = " Dvārakā’s citizens were overjoyed to see Kṛṣṇa, the Lord of all opulence, united with Rukmiṇī, the goddess of fortune "}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=TheSummumBonumŚrīmad Bhāgavatam rukmi's defeatandmarriage
|url=https://bhagavata.org/pdf/TheSummumBonum.pdf|author=Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsadeva|year=2002|quote= "Oh King all the citizens in Dvārakā were overjoyed to see Kṛṣṇa, the Master of All Opulence joined in marriage with Rukmiṇī, the goddess of fortune"}}</ref>
| member_of = [[Ashtabharya]]{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=62}}
| venerated_in = {{hlist|[[Warkari|Warkari Vaishnavism]]|[[Haridasa]]|[[Sri Vaishnavism]]}}
}}
'''Rukmini''' ({{langx|sa|रुक्मिणी|lit=radiant}}, {{IAST3|Rukmiṇī}}) is a [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] and the first queen of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balfour |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9krAAAAYAAJ&dq=rukmini+chief+wife+krishna+books&pg=PA454 |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |date=1885 |publisher=B. Quaritch |pages=454 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8oAAAAYAAJ&dq=rukmini+chief+wife+krishna+books&pg=PA83 |title=Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus |date=1835 |publisher=Parbury, Allen |quote="The marriage was solemnized at Dwarakú, and Rukmini remained the chief of Krishna's wives" |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=John Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWJRAAAAYAAJ&dq=rukmini+chief+wife+krishna+books&pg=PA117 |title=Hinduism Past and Present: With an Account of Recent Hindu Reformers and a Brief Comparison Between Hinduism and Christianity |date=1885 |publisher=Religious Tract Society |quote="He had eight chief wives; the queen of all, Rukmini, had been betrothed to another, but on her marriage-day Krishna carried her off in a chariot and made her his own wife." |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> She is described as the chief of Krishna's wives in [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-24 |title=Rukmini, Rukmiṇī: 13 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/rukmini |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasa |first=Gopiparanadhana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcpGCgAAQBAJ&dq=rukmini+queen+of+dvaraka&pg=PT231 |title=Sri Brhad-bhagavatamrta: Volume One |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |isbn=978-91-7149-784-0 |pages=Verse 74 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=Ramkrishna Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5zKrCIBmBwC&dq=rukmini+chief+consort&pg=PA161 |title=Vaiṣṇavism, Ṡaivism and Minor Religious Systems |date=1987 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0122-2 |pages=21 |language=en |quote="expressed a desire for as good a son as Rukmini, his chief consort, had."}}</ref> Rukmini is revered as the [[avatar]] of [[Lakshmi]] and is venerated primarily in [[Warkari]],<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |title= The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure | journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |first=Shima |last=Iwao |date=June–September 1988 |publisher=Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture |pages=183–197 |issn=0304-1042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326062749/http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26}}</ref> and [[Haridasa]] tradition,{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} and additionally in [[Sri Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2024-09-20 |title=Shri Rukmini-devi: Significance and symbolism |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/shri-rukmini-devi |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Rukmini is mainly worshipped in [[Maharashtra]] and [[South India]]. The people of Maharashtra venerate her with [[Vithoba]] (a regional form of Krishna) and call her '''Rakhumai'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |language=en}}</ref> In South India, she is worshipped along with Krishna and his other primary consort [[Satyabhama]]. Her birthday is celebrated every year on the occasion of Rukmini Ashtami.<ref name=":1" />

==Etymology and epithets==
The name ''Rukmini'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Rukma'' which means 'radiant', 'clear' or 'bright'.<ref name = "Monier" >{{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&q=Rukma|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|date=1872|publisher=Clarendon|language=en|page=847}}</ref> The name can also mean 'decorated with gold ornaments'.<ref name="Chandra">{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&q=Rukmini&pg=PA154|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name = "Monier" /> Other names and epithets include:
*''Shri'' – [[Lakshmi]]
*''Vaidarbhi'' – She who is from the kingdom of [[Vidarbha]]<ref name="JA">{{Cite book|last=Louis-Frédéric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B04OAQAAMAAJ&q=Rukmini|title=Encyclopaedia of Asian Civilizations: N-R|date=1977|publisher=L. Frédéric|isbn=978-2-85893-050-0|language=en|page=492}}</ref>
*''Bhaishmi'' – Daughter of Bhishmaka<ref name = "JA" />
*''Rakhumai'' – Mother Rukmini<ref name = "JA" />
*''Chiryauvana'' – One who is forever young
*''Pradyumna Janani'' – Mother of [[Pradyumna]]

==Legends==
===Birth===
According to the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and other ''[[Puranic]]'' scriptures, Princess Rukmini was born to [[Bhishmaka]]—the king of [[Vidarbha]] kingdom, belonging to the [[Bhoja tribe|Bhoja]] dynasty.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=138}} She had five elder brothers—[[Rukmi]], Rukmaratha, Rukmabahu, Rukmakesa and Rukmanetra.<ref name=":0" /> [[Puranas]] such as ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana]],'' and ''[[Padma Purana]]'' praise her as an incarnation of Goddess [[Lakshmi]], the wife of God [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Mani">{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/657/mode/2up|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts – University of Toronto|page=657|isbn=9780842608220 }}</ref>

===Marriage to Krishna===
[[File:Krsna Takes Rukmini Away from Devi Shrine.jpg|thumb|A painting depicting Rukmini eloping with Krishna from a temple of Ambika ([[Parvati]]).]]

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' narrates that Rukmini once heard about [[Krishna]] and his heroic deeds, such as slaying the tyrant king [[Kamsa]], and opposing the evil king [[Jarasandha]]. She fell in love with him and desired to marry him. The episode of ''Rukmini Kalyanam,'' and the devotion of Rukmini towards her desired husband is narrated by the sage [[Shuka]] to King [[Parikshit]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=rukmini+purana&pg=PA29 |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |date=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mokshaverse.com/rukmini-and-krishna-an-untangled-love-story/|title=Rukmini and Krishna: An Untangled Love Story|first=Tanvi|last=Sangwani|date=16 November 2024}}</ref>

Rukmini's parents rejoiced and gave their permission, but Rukmi – who was an ally of Jarasandha – strongly opposed it. Instead, he proposed that she marry his friend [[Shishupala]]— the crown prince of [[Chedi Kingdom]], and a cousin of Krishna.<ref name="Mani" /><ref name="Ch51">{{Cite web|title=CHAPTER FIFTY-TWO|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/52/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=vedabase.io|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Shishupala was also a vassal and close associate of Jarasandha and hence an ally of Rukmi.}} Bhishmaka agreed, and a distressed Rukmini immediately sent for a trusted [[Brahmin]] and asked him to deliver a message to [[Krishna]].<ref name="Mani" /> In the message, she wrote to Krishna about her love and asked him to abduct her when she visited the temple of Goddess [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]] ([[Parvati]]) before her wedding. Krishna, having received the message in [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], told the messenger to inform Rukmini that he had received her letter and would come to make her his wife. Krishna then immediately set out for Vidarbha with [[Balarama]], his elder brother.<ref name="Ch51" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=rukmini+purana&pg=PA29 |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |date=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>

Meanwhile, in Vidarbha's capital [[Kundina]], Bhishmaka had prepared for Rukmini's marriage. Rukmini grew anxious as she observed the host of kings, wondering if the Brahmin she had dispatched had not reached safely or not, and if the Almighty would assist her in her efforts. Her face grew pale and her thoughts grew distressed as she shunned herself from the rest of the world. Her sorrow of Krishna not having yet arrived to marry her yet was so immense that she refused to eat, sing to her parrot, or play her lyre.<ref name="Ayyar 1982 332"/> Shishupala, along with his allies including Jarasandha had arrived. Krishna and Balarama had also arrived, and Bhishmaka welcomed them. At the palace, Rukmini had lost all hope, but the messenger turned up and informed that Krishna had accepted her request. The next day, she went to the temple to offer her prayers to [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]]. As she proceeded towards the wedding venue, she saw Krishna and he soon swept her into his [[chariot]] with him. All of Jarasandha's forces quickly started chasing them, but they were repulsed by Balarama and his army.<ref name = "Shyam" /> In an account slightly differing from that of the [[Bhagavata Purana]], in the play "Rukmini Horon" by the 15th-century [[Assamese Language|Assamese]] playwright [[Sankardev|Srimanta Sankaradeva]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neog|first=Maheswar|title=Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1980|location=Delhi|pages=162–207}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajan|first=Anjana|date=10 November 2017|title=Beyond the nine rasas|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/beyond-the-nine-rasas/article20033870.ece|access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> [[Uddhava]] too accompanies Krishna in his campaign."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashyap|first=Uruli|date=10 September 2018|title=''Rukmini Horon natot natyokar Srimanta Sankardevor moulikota''|url=https://nilacharai.com/rukmini-haran-naatat-srimanta-sankardevar-moulikata/|access-date=22 May 2021|website=Nila Charai}}</ref>
Rukmi chased after Krishna and Rukmini.<ref name="bg">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar (Public Domain text)|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=380–381}}</ref> He challenged Krishna to a fight, but was easily overpowered by the former. Rukmini begged Krishna to spare her brother's life, and the latter agreed. However, he shaved Rukmi's hair and moustache as a mark of punishment, and let him go free. Krishna and Rukmini reached Dvaraka, where they were welcomed with great pomp and ceremony, followed by a wedding.[[File:Indian School, late 18th century - The marriage of Krishna and Rukmini. - RCIN 1005113.w - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|upright|Late 18th century painting of the wedding of [[Krishna]] and Rukmini]]

===Krishna's ruse===
The [[Bhagavata Purana]] describes an episode through the sage [[Shuka]] where the yet unwed Rukmini takes a bejewelled whisk and starts fanning her prospective husband Krishna, wearing an expensive girdle and a dazzling necklace. Even though he is pleased, Krishna points to the fact that the princess had been desired by a number of handsome and energetic monarchs and states that he was not their equal, and that he had also almost lost his realm rescuing her. He remarks that she had not been far-sighted in choosing him as her groom and that she must now instead choose a Kshatriya like her. Rukmini's heart shuddered, her red nails scratched the floor, and tears flowed from her eyes that were decorated with collyrium. She fell to the floor, her hair dishevelled. Krishna swiftly raised her back to her feet and assures her that he was merely joking, as householders do with their beloved. Her fear of abandonment seeping away from her, the princess eulogises him, praising his glories and addressing him as her [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]], her sense of self. Krishna praises her single-minded devotion to him.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUSCDwAAQBAJ&dq=rukmini+lotus-eyed&pg=PT211 |title=The Bhagavata Purana 3 |date=2019-01-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-380-2 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 10(58)}}</ref>

===Married life and children===
[[File:Vittala Rakhumai Thennangur.jpg|thumb|309x309px|Statue of Vittala Rakhumai, Thennangur]]
Though Krishna married many other women, Rukmini remained his chief consort and the queen of Dvaraka.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSsqAAAAYAAJ&q=rukmini+chief+consort+krishna |title=Books 8-12: Krishna, spirit of delight|date=1976 |publisher=Vighneswara Publishing House |pages=740 |language=en |quote="Rukmini : Chief consort of Krishna"}}</ref> When she longed for a child, Krishna flew to [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] upon his mount [[Garuda]], and expressed his wife's desire to [[Shiva]]. Obliging, Shiva blessed Rukmini to be the bearer of the new incarnation of [[Kamadeva]], whom he had previously immolated with his third eye. Thus was [[Pradyumna]] born.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=rukmini+dvaraka&pg=PA594 |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |pages=594 |language=en}}</ref> Many scriptures have mentioned that Rukmini and other wives of Krishna lived like sisters.

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] and [[Vishnu Purana]] states that Rukmini and Krishna had ten sons—[[Pradyumna]], Charudeshna, Sudeshna, Charudeha, Sucharu, Charugupta, Bhadracharu, Charuchandra, Vicharu, and Charu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/vishnu-puran_202204/page/n399/mode/1up |title=Vishnu Puran |pages=389 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name = "Mani" /><ref name = "Sinha" >{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Purnendu Narayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OveYh2v-1roC&q=sons+of+krishna&pg=PT691|title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism|date=1950|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-2506-2|language=en}}</ref> In the ''[[Harivamsa]]'', Rukmini's sons are Pradyumna, Charudeshna, Charuchandra, Charugarbha, Sudangstra, Druma, Sushena, Charugupta, Charuvinda, and Chharuvahu. A different listing is found in ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' of the ''Mahabharata'', where Pradyumna, Charudeshna, Sucharu, Charuvesa, Yasodhana, Charusravas, Charuyasas, and Sambhu are Rukmini's sons.<ref name = "Mani" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 13: Anusasana Parva: Anusasanika Parva: Section XIV|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13a014.htm|access-date=2021-06-18|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Vishnu Puran also mentioned that Rukmini had a daughter named Charumati.<ref name="Dalal">{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Rukmini|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/vishnu-puran_202204/page/n399/mode/1up |title=Vishnu Puran |pages=389}}</ref>

===Tale of the scales===
According to a folktale of [[Odisha]], the divine sage [[Narada]] once arrived in Dvaraka and asked for Krishna to be given to him as alms. Krishna's 8 queens requested him to take anything else and Narada asked them to give wealth equal to Krishna's weight. They arranged for a big scale ([[Tulabharama]]) to be put up. Satyabhama put all of her coins, gems and jewellery on the scale, but it doesn't budge. Other wives gave their jewels, but it was of no use. At last, Rukmini came and put a single leaf of [[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulasi]] on the scale and chanted that it represented her love for Krishna. The scales then became balanced. Though this story is absent in the main scriptures pertaining to Krishna's life, it is often repeated to enunciate the worth of Rukmini's love over Satyabhama's material wealth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC|date=September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear|isbn=9780892818075|pages=27}}</ref> The only known versions of this story are from [[Padma Purana]] and [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagvata Purana]], where Satyabhama succeeds in weighing Krishna normally with gold items.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbSgAAAAMAAJ&dq=rukmini+worship&pg=PA231 |title=Calcutta Review |date=1905 |publisher=University of Calcutta |pages=231 |language=en}}</ref>

===Meeting Sudama===
In the ''Bhagavata Purana'', another well-known incident in Rukmini's married life is narrated. When Krishna's childhood friend, [[Sudama]], visited Dvaraka, Rukmini welcomed Sudama and gave him food. She and Krishna fanned him as he rested from his long journey. This type of devotion is a characteristic of Rukmini, an attribute of her that is prevalent.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=437}}

{{Vaishnavism}}

===Durvasa's curse===
According to the [[Skanda Purana]], the famously short-tempered sage [[Durvasa]] met Krishna and Rukmini when he was on a pilgrimage. Durvasa asked the couple to be yoked onto his chariot while he held the reins. In the process of pulling the chariot forward, Rukmini grew exhausted and requested Krishna for water. Krishna struck his foot against the ground causing a spring of the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river to appear. Observing her quench her thirst without seeking his permission, the infuriated Durvasa cursed her to be separated from her beloved Krishna. Rukmini grew perturbed and started to cry. To pacify her, Krishna blessed her with the boon that if his devotees were to only see him and not her, they would receive only half the merit.<ref>{{Cite book |first=GV |last=Tagore |title=Skanda Purana |year=1950}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Durvāsā cursing Rukmiṇī [Chapter 2] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc627241.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Despite this consolation, Rukmini grew distressed due to her separation from her consort and fell unconscious. The sea-god and the sage [[Narada]] arrived to comfort her. Narada informed her that her husband - a manifestation of [[Vishnu]] - was the [[Brahman|Supreme Being]] himself, he rhetorically wondered how she could expect to keep his company in an exclusive garden. The sea affirmed the divine sage's words, promising her that as the companion of Vishnu, she would always retain her permanence in his being. The goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Bhagirathi]], the personification of the Ganga, produced a richly-endowed forest on the spot, laden with fruits and flowers, quickly to be frequented by the inhabitants of Dvaraka. Durvasa vengefully burnt the forest with his powers. Rukmini grew depressed and contemplated giving up her human form. Krishna arrived and stopped her. She felt ashamed and furious with herself even as her husband reassured her of his devotion. The repentant Durvasa begged Krishna to reunite with Rukmini, and the deity consented, blessing the sage with virtue as well as saluting the river Ganga, who then became the liberator of sorrows.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tagore |first=GV |title=Skanda Purana |pages=Chapter 3, Verses 6–84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Relief of Rukmiṇī [Chapter 3] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc627242.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Death===
After the disappearance of Krishna following the [[Yadu massacre]] in the [[Mausala Parva]], Rukmini, along with [[Jambavati]], self-immolated herself on the funeral pyre.<ref>[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m16/m16007.htm Dio Mahabharate.] „''Rukmini, the princess of Gandhara, Saivya, Haimavati, and queen Jamvabati ascended the funeral pyre''."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vijayakumar|first=Lakshmi|date=2004-01-01|title=Altruistic Suicide in India|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110490243804|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=8|issue=1|pages=73–80|doi=10.1080/13811110490243804|issn=1381-1118|pmid=16006390|s2cid=41567060|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
[[File:Goddess_Rukmini.jpg|thumb|upright|140px|Rukmini with shanka, chakra and gada in Rukmini Temple, Dwaraka]]

In many texts, the [[Brahmin|Brahman]] dispatched by Rukmini to request Krishna to elope with her on her [[svayamvara]] describes the princess poetically as bearing beautiful hands, braided tresses, and a face that resembles the moon.<ref name="Ayyar 1982 332">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=rukmini+purana&pg=PA29 |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |date=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> She is consistently described as beautiful in other accounts.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2WK8eswRgwC&dq=rukmini+appearance&pg=PA33 |title=Reports |date=1879 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

Rukmini as mentioned in Hindu traditions, stands for the majesty and wealth of Krishna. [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] in ''[[Rukminisha Vijaya]]'', describes her as Krishna's supreme beloved consort.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/rukminisha-vijaya-1-sri-vadiraja-tirtha-t.-s.-raghavendran |title=Rukminisha Vijaya - 1 - Sri Vadiraja Tirtha, T.S.Raghavendran |pages=31}}</ref> In south Indian iconographic tradition, Rukmini, along with [[Satyabhama]], appear as the primary consorts of Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shulman |first=David Dean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d97_AwAAQBAJ&dq=rukmini+iconography&pg=PA283 |title=Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition |date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5692-3 |pages=283 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the ''Vaikhanasagama'', Rukmini should be depicted on the right side of Krishna, her image golden-yellow in complexion. Her hair is supposed to be tied up in a fashionable knot, and should also be adorned with flowers. Her right arm should be hanging down, and she should hold a lotus in her left hand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlbbDwAAQBAJ&dq=rukmini+golden&pg=PA203 |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography: Volume I - Part I |date=2020-04-06 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-8460-4767-5 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHlDAAAAYAAJ&q=rukmini+iconography |title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society |date=1968 |publisher=Bihar Research Society. |pages=238 |language=en}}</ref> She is supposed to be adorned with various ornaments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFbbDwAAQBAJ&dq=rukmini+right+side&pg=PA204 |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography: Volume I - Part I |date=2020-04-06 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-8460-4766-8 |pages=204 |language=en}}</ref>

== Literature and symbolism ==
Rukmini in [[Hinduism]], is revered as the goddess of fortune, and mostly appears alongside her husband Krishna. An avtara of [[Lakshmi]], she is the chief and most beloved consort of Krishna, in various scriptures and text of Hindu traditions.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bryant |first = Edwin F. |authorlink=Edwin Bryant (author) |year=2007 |title = Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-514891-6|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC|volume= |pages=283, 360}}</ref>

[[File:Temple Sri Sanatan - Montréal - QC - CA - Krishna & Rukmini.jpg|thumb|Krishna and Rukmini at Temple Sri Sanatan, [[Montreal]]. Rukmini always appears on the left side of Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God : An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA264|accessdate=28 March 2013|date=27 August 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=263–4}}</ref>]]

Rukmini finds her mention in ''[[Gopala Tapani Upanishad]]'' (as Krishna's other consort),<ref>{{Cite book
| author = Deussen, P.
| year = 1980
| title = Sixty Upanishads of The Veda, trans
| publisher = VM Bedekar and GB Palsule. Delhi
| isbn = 0-8426-1645-4
}}Vol II, pp. 809-888. He has translated the Rāma Pūrva and Uttara-tāpinī and the Nṛsiṁha Pūrva and Uttara-tāpinī Upanishads.</ref> in the ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'' (as Queen of Dvaraka),<ref>{{cite book |author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |year=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |pages=99–100 }}</ref> in ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (as Krishna's chief queen),<ref>C Mackenzie Brown (1983), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462581 The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma], Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 51, No. 4, pages 551–567</ref> in ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gielen |first=Joris |title=The Theological Bearing of Puranic Stories: An enquiry into the presence of feminine theology in the Brahmavaivarta Purana |journal=Religions of South Asia |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2008 |doi=10.1558/rosa.v2i2.177}}</ref> in ''[[Harivaṃśa]]'' that centres upon Dvaraka,<ref>[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/mbs/mbs01002.htm The Mahabharata in Sanskrit: Book I: Chapter 2] in sacred-texts.com website, (MBh.1.2.69): "hari vaṃśas tataḥ parva purāṇaṃ khila saṃjñitam bhaviṣyat parva cāpy uktaṃ khileṣv evādbhutaṃ mahat." ["Hari Vamsa Purana known as Khila (supplement) and Bhavishya Parva also spoken as Khila are wonderful and great"].</ref> and in ''[[Mahabharata]]'', mainly in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' and the ''[[Mausala Parva]]''.<ref>Ganguli, K.M. (1883-1896) "[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m16/index.htm Mausala Parva]" in ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' (12 Volumes). Calcutta</ref> Rukmini is the central character of the text, ''[[Rukminisha Vijaya]]'', that talks about her and Krishna's life before marriage and ends with their marriage.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rukmiṇīśavijayaḥ: mahākāvyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg23AAAAIAAJ|author=Vyasanakere Prabhanjanacharya|publisher=Aitareya Prakāśanam Vyāsanakere|year=1996|page=7}}</ref> She also appears in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and ''[[Padma Purana]]'' (as an avatar of [[Lakshmi]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzldwMHeS6IC|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|date=1988-07-19|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism and its basic texts|date=2017-07-14|work=Reading the Sacred Scriptures|pages=157–170|location=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315545936-11|isbn=978-1-315-54593-6}}</ref>

The ''[[Brihad Bhagavatamrita]]'' offers the following adulations to Rukmini, identifying her with Lakshmi and Krishna as the Supreme God, the source of all avatars. It states that she assumes partial [[avatars]] to accompany Krishna's avatars like [[Vamana]] and serves Krishna as his "perfectly complete divine consort".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Sanātana |last=Gosvāmī |url=http://archive.org/details/sribrhadbhagavat0000sana |title=Śrī Br̥had Bhāgavatāmr̥ta of Śrīla Sanātana Gosvāmī : translated from the original Sanskrit, with a summary of the author's Dig-darśinī commentary |date=2002 |publisher=Los Angeles : Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-89213-348-2 |pages=240–241}}</ref> The ''[[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]]'' instructs a devotee on the manner of offering worship to Krishna, offering precedence to the role of Rukmini in his devotion. Rukmini is worshipped with Krishna on his left-hand side; she is equated with [[Rajas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JHsDwAAQBAJ&dq=rukmini+worship&pg=PA1142 |title=The Narada-Purana Part 3: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 17 |last2=Tagare |first2=G. V. |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3884-0 |pages=1142 |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' describes the process of the worship of the goddess with Krishna. A devotee is said to acquire wish fulfillment, male progeny and physical beauty by pleasing Rukmini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Importance of worshipping Rukmiṇī [Chapter 22] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc627261.html |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Worship and festivals ==
[[File:Vitthal - Rakhumai.jpg|thumb|[[Vithoba]] (left) with his consort [[Rakhumai]] at the [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] Vitthal temple, [[Mumbai]]|215x215px]]

Rukmini's worship as the consort of [[Krishna]] precedes his association with his other consorts [[Radha]]. According to [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D.C. Sircar]], a sculpture from Paharpur in northern Bengal, attributed to the sixth or seventh century, represents Krishna and his consort, which he concludes is likely Rukmini. Her identification with Radha is rendered unlikely by the historian, since, "we have no undoubted reference to Radha in genuine epigraphic or literary records of an early date".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Dineschandra |last=Sircar |url=http://archive.org/details/Sircar1971 |title=Studies In The Religious Life Of Ancient and Medieval India by Dineschandra Sircar (1971) |date=1971 |pages=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Sanātana |last=Gosvāmī |url=http://archive.org/details/sribrhadbhagavat0000sana |title=Śrī Br̥had Bhāgavatāmr̥ta of Śrīla Sanātana Gosvāmī : translated from the original Sanskrit, with a summary of the author's Dig-darśinī commentary |date=2002 |publisher=Los Angeles : Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-89213-348-2 |pages=240}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murdoch |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWcwAQAAMAAJ&dq=sri+vaishnava+rukmini&pg=PA21 |title=The Religious Sects of the Hindus |date=1904 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>

Rukmini is mainly worshipped in west and [[south Indian]] states such as [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Kerala]]. Her kingdom, Vidarbha, is believed to be located in present-day Maharashtra. Along with [[Vithoba]] (a regional form of Krishna), Rukmini is worshipped as "Rakhumai" in the [[Pandharpur]] region.<ref name="Pilai">{{Cite book|last=Pillai|first=S. Devadas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&q=vithoba&pg=PA367|title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary|date=1997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-807-1|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shyam">{{Cite book|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux1eDwAAQBAJ&q=Rukmini|title=Shyam: An Illustrated Retelling of the Bhagavata|date=2018-07-01|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-100-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Rukmini Devi Temple: A Sacred Hindu Site in India - Shivrajpur Beach |work=Shivrajpur Beach |url=https://shivrajpur.net/rukmini-devi-temple/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rukmini is worshipped as the chief goddess in [[Divya Desam]] temples like [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]], [[Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai|Parthasarathy Temple]]; with Krishna being the primary deity.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/12405403 |last=R.K.K. |first=Rajarajan |year=2013|title=Historical sequence of the Vaiṣṇava Divyadeśas. Sacred venues of Viṣṇism|journal=Acta Orientalia |publisher= Acta Orientalia, Societates Orientales Daniica Fennica Norvegia Svecia| volume= 74|pages=37–90|issn=0001-6438}}</ref> She is also worshipped with her co-wife [[Satyabhama]] in temples like [[Thirukkavalampadi]], [[Venugopalaswamy Temple, Karvetinagaram|Venugopalaswamy Temple]] and [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sri Divya Desams|publisher=Sarva Sastra Maha Vidyalaya|location=[[Coimbatore]]|last=P.M.|first=Neelakrishnan|journal=Ancient Science of Life|pages=193–7|volume=11|issue=3|date=April 1992|pmc=3336602|pmid=22556587}}</ref>

===Festivals===
==== Rukmini Ashtami ====
''Rukmini Ashtami'' is the occasion that celebrates the birth anniversary of Rukmini. It is observed on the eighth day of the waning moon in the Hindu lunar month of ''Pausha'' (December—January on the Common Era calendar). Rukmini is acknowledged with special pujas and rituals in all of the temples dedicated to Krishna, especially those in those parts of India, especially associated with him such as Mathura and Vrindavan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&dq=rukmini+worship&pg=PA755 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |date=2011-09-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |pages=755 |language=en}}</ref>

====Vasanthotsavam====
[[Vasanthotsavam]] is an annual Seva celebrated in [[Tirumala]] to celebrate the arrival of spring season.<ref>{{cite book|last=N|first=Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple|year=1981|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]]|location=[[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]}}</ref> ''Abhishekam'' - specifically called ''Snapana Thirumanjanam'' (Holy bathing), is performed to the utsava murthy and his consorts on all the three days. On the third day, abhishekam is performed to the idols of [[Rama]], [[Sita]], [[Lakshmana]] and [[Hanumana]] along with Krishna and Rukmini. Procession of the consecrated idols are taken in a procession in the evening on all the three days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/12/stories/2006041210620300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419152327/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/12/stories/2006041210620300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-04-19|title=Vasanthotsavam begins|date=2006-04-12|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2008-04-18}}</ref>

== Temples ==
[[File:Rukmini Devi Temple, Dwarka during Dwaraka DWARASPDB 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Rukmini Devi Temple]], [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]]]]

* [[Rukmini Devi Temple]], [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Kantajew Temple]], Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nijhoom.com/kantajew-temple/|title=Kantajew Temple: The most beautiful Hindu temple in Bangladesh wrapped in stunning terracotta.|first=Raw Hasan ( র|last=হাসান )|date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
* [https://g.co/kgs/kE8Edk8 Vitthal Rukhmini Temple, Kaundanyapur, Maharashtra]
* [[Tirumala Krishna Idol|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Dr N Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple |year=1981 |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]|location=[[Tirumala]]}}</ref>
* [[Vithoba Temple]], [[Pandharpur]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>[https://www.thedivineindia.com/vithoba-mandir/6570 Vithoba Temple Pandharpur] - ''The Divine India''</ref>
* [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli|ref=C.}}</ref>
* [[Thennangur]] Sri Rakhumai Sametha Panduranga Temple, [[Thiruvannamalai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=sri-rakumai-sametha-panduranga-temple |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=128 |website=Sri Rakhumayi Sametha Panduranga Temple Tiruvannamalai}}</ref>
* Sri Vittal Rakhumai Mandir, [[Dahisar]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Vittal Rakhumai Mandir |url=https://svrm.in/sri-vittal-rakhumai-mandir/ |website=Sri Vittal Rakhumai Mandir Dahisar official website}}</ref>
* Shri Vitthal Rukmini Temple, [[Thanjavur]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Vittal Rukmini Panduranga Temple, Kumbakonam |url=https://templetownkumbakonam.com/2018/12/07/shri-vittal-rukmini-panduranga-temple-in-kumbakonam-history-timing-and-details/ |website=templetownkumbakonam.com|date=7 December 2018 }}</ref>
* Sri Rukmini Panduranga Swamy Temple, [[Machilipatnam]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PANDURANGA SWAMY TEMPLE |url=https://www.machilipatnam.com/panduranga-swamy-temple/ |website=www.machilipatnam.com|date=7 September 2020 }}</ref>
* Vijaya Vitthala Mandhira, [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vittala Temple, Hampi – An Architectural Wonder |url=https://www.karnataka.com/hampi/vittala-temple/ |website=www.karnataka.com|date=17 January 2015 }}</ref>
* [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON Temple]] - Iskcon Kaundanyapur,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISKCON Kaundanyapur (Govardhan Temple |url=https://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/2011/11/16/kaundanyapur/ |website=centers.iskcondesiretree.com|date=16 November 2011 }}</ref> Iskcon Los Angeles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISKCON Los Angeles – New Dvaraka Dhama |url=https://centres.iskcon.org/centre/iskcon-los-angeles/ |website=centres.iskcon.org}}</ref> Iskcon Amravati,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISKCON Amravati – Sri Sri Rukmini Dwarkadhish Mandir |url=https://centres.iskcon.org/centre/iskcon-amravati-sri-sri-rukmini-dwarkadhish-mandir/ |website=centres.iskcon.org}}</ref> Iskcon Dwarka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sri Rukmini Dwarkadhish Temple |url=https://iskcondwarka.org/rukmini-dwarkadhish-temple/ |website=Sri Sri Rukmini Dwarkadhish Temple Official Website}}</ref>
* [[Kantajew Temple]], [[Dinajpur]], [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assignmentpoint.com/kantanagar-temple/|title=Kantanagar Temple|website=Assignment Point}}</ref>
* [[Sri Krishnan Temple]], [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Krishnan Temple|url=http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservationportal/consmap.html?bldgid=SKNTPL&page=History|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124110752/https://www.ura.gov.sg/Conservation-Portal/Explore/History?bldgid=SKNTPL|archive-date=24 November 2020|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore}}</ref>
* Lakhubai Mandir Temple Dindiravan, Pandharpur, India<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayuri |first=Tourmet |date=2014-06-05 |title=Shri Lakhubai Temple Rukmini Mandir |url=https://tourmet.com/shri-lakhubai-temple-rukmini-mandir/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=tourmet |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Vitthal Rukmini Mandir, New Jersey USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=SACRED Foundation |url=https://www.vitthalmandirus.org/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Rukmini Panduranga Temple, Long Beach, CA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Beach Temple Inauguration |url=https://bhaktimarga.us/templela/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Bhakti Marga America |language=en-US}}</ref>
*
* Rukmini Mata Mandir Paliwal Dham Pali
* [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur]]
* [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal]]

== Influence ==
[[File:Rukmini-Dwarakadisa 108.jpg|thumb|upright|130px|Rukmini at the New Dwarka Hare Krishna temple, [[Los Angeles]]]]

===Culture===
The [[Mishmi people]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] believe that Rukmini belonged to their tribe. The plays and dances on 'Rukmini Haran' are common. There is a legend that Krishna asked the Mishmi people to cut their hair as a form of punishment for not allowing him to marry Rukmini. Due to this Idu-Mishmi people are also called "chulikata" (chuli-hair, kata- cut).<ref>Aiyadurai, A., & Lee, C. S. (2017). Living on the Sino-Indian border : The story of the Mishmis in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. ''Asian Ethnology'', 76(2), 367–395.</ref>

===Paintings===
[[File:Indian (Kangra or Mandi) - Krishna Abducting Rukmini from the Temple - 2009.481 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|thumb|Krishna abducting Rukmini - Museum of Fine Arts]]

Rukmini's marriage to Krishna and related events have been depicted in the [[Kangra painting]] and [[Pahari painting|Mandi painting]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&dq=Kangra+painting&pg=RA2-PA62 Pahari centres] ''Arts of India: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Dance and Handicraft'', by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. {{ISBN|81-7017-209-8}}. ''Page 62''.</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
====Films====
*In the 1957 Telugu-Tamil film ''[[Mayabazar]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by Sandhya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Kushali |date=23 May 2012 |title=Mayabazar is an interplay of illusions and reality |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120523/jsp/entertainment/story_15519255.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104003336/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120523/jsp/entertainment/story_15519255.jsp#.VjlScWQrIxc |archive-date=4 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
* In the 1966 Telugu film ''[[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)|Sri Krishna Tulabharam]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by [[Anjali Devi]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thurlapati|date=4 September 1966|title=శ్రీ కృష్ణ తులాభారం|trans-title=Sri Krishna Tulabharam|work=[[Andhra Jyothi]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GSW/0,39,2550,1689|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826223537/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GSW/0,39,2550,1689|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the 1967 and 1971 Telugu films ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' and ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' respectively, Rukmini was portrayed by [[Devika]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srikanth|date=15 October 1967|title=సినిమా: శ్రీ కృష్ణ అవతారం|trans-title=Cinema: Sri Krishnavataram|work=[[Visalaandhra]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GVM/0,0,2550,1650|access-date=17 September 2020|language=te|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130711/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GVM/0,0,2550,1650|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the 1986 Hindi film ''[[Krishna-Krishna]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by [[Vidya Sinha]].

====Television====
*In [[B. R. Chopra]]'s 1988 series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by Channa Ruparel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
*In [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s 1993 series ''[[Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)|Shri Krishna]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by [[Pinky Parikh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-27 |title=After 'Ramayan' and 'Mahabharat', now 'Shri Krishna' is returning to Doordarshan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-ramayan-and-mahabharat-now-shri-krishna-is-returning-to-doordarshan/articleshow/75400171.cms |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* In the 2011 series ''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by [[Priya Bathija]] and Payal Shrivastav.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8141442/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_ttfc_3 |title=Dwarkadheesh: Bhagwaan Shree Krishn (TV Series 2011–2019) - IMDb |language=en |access-date=2024-11-30 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>
* In the 2013 series ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by [[Pallavi Subhash]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv/20130917.htm|title=Review: Mahabharat, so far so good|publisher=Rediff|author=Nishi Tiwari|access-date=17 September 2013|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105830/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv/20130917.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the 2017 series ''[[Vithu Mauli]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by Ekta Labde.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10016142/fullcredits?ref_=ttfc_ql_1 | title=Vithu Mauli (TV Series 2017–2020) - Full cast & crew - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
* In the 2017 series ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by [[Amandeep Sidhu]] and [[Hunar Hali]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hunar Hali replaces Amandeep Sidhu to play Rukmini in Paramavatar Shri Krishna|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hunar-gandhi-replaces-amandeep-sidhu-in-tv-show/articleshow/71374833.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=19 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* In the 2018 series ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by [[Zalak Desai]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive – Zalak Desai to play Rukmini in Star Bharat's RadhaKrishn|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/radhakrishn-zalak-desai-joins-the-swastik-productions-family-as-rukmini-in-the-show-1124845|website=ABP News|accessdate=21 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* In the 2019 series ''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann]]'', Rukmini was portrayed by [[Neetha Shetty]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8141442/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm | title=Dwarkadheesh: Bhagwaan Shree Krishn (TV Series 2011–2019) - Full cast & crew - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==See also==
* [[Ashtabharya]]
* [[Rakhumai]]
* [[Krishna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |title=Rukmini Kalyanam (Sanskrit) |author=Rajachudamani Dikshita |author2= English introduction, P.P. Subramanya Sastry |publisher=Sri Vani Vilas Press, Srirangam |year=1920|url=https://archive.org/stream/rukminikalyanamw00rajauoft#page/n3/mode/2up }}
* {{Cite book|first=Saiswaroopadate |last=Iyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfaRzgEACAAJ |title=Rukmini — Krishna's Wife |date=2021 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=9789390356089}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://vedabase.net/sb/10/53/en1 Srimad-Bhagavatam: Krishna kidnaps Rukmini]
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Krishna}}
{{mahabharata}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]

Sarika Malik

2026-03-20T14:51:16Z

Republic Bangla: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler (born 2005)}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sarika Malik
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|1|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
| club =
| weight_class = 59 kg
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[U23 World Wrestling Championships|U23 World Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships|2025 Novi Sad]]|[[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 59 kg|59 kg]]}}
}}
'''Sarika Malik''' (born 2005) is an Indian [[freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]] who represents [[India]] in international competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uww.org/athletes-results/sarika-sarika-78888-profile |title=Athlete Profile – Sarika Malik |publisher=United World Wrestling |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
At the [[2025 World Wrestling Championships]], Malik placed 13th in the women's 59 kg category.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uww.org/athletes/sarika-sarika |title=United World Wrestling – Athlete Results |publisher=United World Wrestling |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

She won the silver medal in the 59 kg category at the [[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships]] held in [[Novi Sad]]. Malik was also the runner-up at the 2024 Asian Junior Wrestling Championships and won a bronze medal at the 2022 edition of the same tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whatsmat.uww.org/daten.php?spid=72A270815EA440A195B0706B23B82609 |title=Sarika Malik – Results |publisher=United World Wrestling |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{UWW|sarika-sarika|Sarika Malik}}
* {{IWD|72A270815EA440A195B0706B23B82609|Sarika Malik}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Sarika}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Indian locomotive class WP

2026-03-18T20:01:28Z

Republic Bangla:

{{Short description|Class of 755 Indian 4-6-2 locomotives}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Indian WP
| powertype = Steam
| image = 682 IndiaDelhiMuseum 19931226.jpg
| alt = WP/P class no. 7200 at the National Rail Museum, New Delhi, in 1993
| caption = [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]]-built WP/P class no. 7200 from 1947, at the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi]], in 1993
| designer =
| builder = {{flag icon|USA}} [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] (116) {{flag icon|Canada|1957}} [[Canadian Locomotive Company]] (200) {{flag icon|Canada|1957}} [[Montreal Locomotive Works]] (120) {{flag icon|Poland}} [[Fablok]], (30) {{flag icon|Austria}} [[Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf]] (30) {{flag icon|India}} [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] (259)
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1947–1967
| totalproduction = 755
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = [[4-6-2]]
| uicclass = 2′C1′ h2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|7|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|5|ft|7|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|7|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| length = {{convert|77|ft|5+3/8|in|m|2|abbr=on}} over [[Buffer (rail transport)|buffers]]
| width =
| height =
| axleload = {{convert|18.5|LT|t ST}}
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight = {{convert|101.5|LT|t ST}}
| tenderweight = {{convert|72.0|LT|t ST}}
| locotenderweight =
| tendertype =
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|15|LT|t ST}}
| watercap = {{convert|5500|impgal|abbr=on}}
| sandcap =
| boiler =
| boilerpressure = {{convert|210|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| feedwaterheater =
| firearea = {{convert|46|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| fireboxarea =
| totalsurface = {{convert|2920|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype =
| superheaterarea =
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|20+1/4|x|28|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
| valvetype = {{convert|12|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} [[Piston valve (steam engine)|piston valves]]
| valvetravel = {{convert|7+1/2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| maxspeed = {{cvt|115|km/h|mph}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|2680|HP|kW|0|abbr=on}} drawbar (est.) at {{convert|74|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|30600|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes = Originally vacuum, later modified to air
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes = Originally vacuum, later modified to air
| safety =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers = 7000–7754
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale = India
| deliverydate = 1947
| firstrundate = 1947
| lastrundate = Late 1990s
| retiredate = Late 1990s
| withdrawndate = Late 1990s
| preservedunits = 9
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition = 9 preserved, remainder [[scrap]]ped
| notes = {{sfn|Sampson|1972|page=484}}{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=24}}{{Additional citations needed|date=December 2024}}
}}
The '''Indian locomotive class WP''' are a class of {{whyte|4-6-2}} "Pacific" passenger steam locomotives used in India introduced in 1947 for passenger services. The class were assigned the newly-implemented (and current) [[Locomotives of India#Classification|classification letter]] for broad gauge locomotives, ''W'' from the previously used ''X'', when the class and the post-war broad gauge locomotive designs for Indian railways it was part of were introduced.
WP class locomotives were capable of going up to {{convert|110|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and had bullet-nose casings fitted on their smokeboxes, which would often have a star painted on it.

[[File:WP7200.jpg|thumb|WP no. 7200, New Delhi]]
[[File:Steam Engine renamed Akbar.jpg|thumb|WP no. 7161, renamed ''Akbar'']]

== History==
[[File:Fablok_35lat_5000Lokomotyw_1959.JPG|thumb|alt=Fablok-built WPs in 1959|[[Fablok]]-built WPs in 1959]]
A total of 755 WPs were built between 1947 and 1967, bearing fleet numbers 7000 to 7754. The first batch of sixteen, numbers 7200–7215, came from the [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]], USA in 1947, and these were classed WP/P, with ''P'' for Prototype.{{sfn|Hughes|1979|pp=23-24}}

A main production batch of 300 locomotives followed in 1949, with production split between [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] (100), [[Montreal Locomotive Works]] (120), and [[Canadian Locomotive Company]] (80). The locomotives in this group were numbered 7216–7515, but the running numbers were issued in blocks as the locomotives were issued to the pre-nationalisation companies, and so bore no relation to the manufacturers' serial numbers, or even the manufacturer.{{sfn|Hughes|1996|p=16}}

A further 180 locomotives were built between 1955 and 1959, with production split between [[Canadian Locomotive Company]] (120), [[Fablok|Fabryka Lokomotyw]], of [[Chrzanów]], Poland (30), and [[Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf]] of [[Vienna]], Austria (30).{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=24}}

Between 1963 and 1966, 259 more were built, but these were ordered from [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] (CLW), and were manufactured in India, and classified WP/I.{{sfn|Hughes|1996|p=16}} The WP/Is were 5 tonnes heavier.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}} The first WP/I locomotive rolled out from [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] (CLW) in February of 1963 and was named Vivenkananda.{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=24}}
{{clear left}}

The WP was the Indian Railways' fastest locomotive in the 1960s and 1970s. Before the widespread introduction of diesel and electric locomotives, several prestigious trains, such as the [[Taj Express]], the [[Grand Trunk Express]], Howrah-Madras Mail, [[Frontier Mail]] and the Air-Conditioned Express were once hauled by WP class locomotives.

The entire WP class remained in service into the 1980s. Several WPs remained in service until withdrawal 1990s.

==Technical specifications==
*Boiler: {{convert|5|ft|11|in|m|2|abbr=on}} diameter{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}
*Heating surface: {{convert|3082|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}
*Maximum train load: 680 tonnes{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}

==Class table==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|+ Table of orders and numbers
! Year !! Manufacturer !! Serial Nos. !! Qty !! First Nos. !! All-India Nos. !! Notes
|-
| 1947 || [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] || 73408–73423 || 16 || — || 7200–7215 || Prototypes
|-
| 1949 || [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] || 74294–74393 || 100 || 1–100 || || In range 7216–7515
|-
| 1949 || [[Canadian Locomotive Company|Canadian]] || 2544–2623 || 80 || C251–C330 || || In range 7216–7515
|-
| 1949 || [[Montreal Locomotive Works|Montreal]] || 77200–77259 77345–74399 77576–77580 || 120 || M1–M120 || || In range 7216–7515
|-
| 1955–56 || [[Canadian Locomotive Company|Canadian]] || 2730–2849 || 120 || — || 7516–7635 ||
|-
| 1958–59 || [[Fablok]] || 4997–5006 5031–5050 || 30 || 3000–3029 || 7000–7029 ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf|Floridsdorf]] || 17827–17856 || 30 || 3030–3059 || 7030–7059 ||
|-
| 1963 || [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] || — || 36 || — || 7060–7095 || 7060 named Vivenkananda
|-
| 1963–64 || [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] || — || 50 || — || 7096–7145 ||
|-
| 1964–65 || [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] || — || 33 || — || 7146–7178 ||
|-
| 1965 || [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] || — || 73 || — || 7179–7199 7636–7687 ||
|-
| 1966 || [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] || — || 37 || — || 7688–7724 ||
|-
| 1966 || [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]] || — || 30 || — || 7725–7754 ||
|-
|}

==Preservation==
Nine WP class locomotives have been preserved. Among them, one built by Baldwin, number 7200, in 1947 and another by Fablok in 1959 are part of the collection of the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/~shankie/nrm/outdoor_page_2.htm |title=Pressing ahead with the outdoor exhibits |access-date=2014-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220656/http://www.irfca.org/~shankie/nrm/outdoor_page_2.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

WP7200 received a complete overhaul at Amritsar works in April 2015 and is now kept at Rewari shed near New Delhi for excursion service. Apart from 7200, the remaining eight engines include 7278 constructed by Montreal Locomotive Works and preserved at Charbagh Loco Works, 7581 built by Canadian Locomotive Company is preserved at Sonepur DRM, 7656 built by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works is preserved at Jhansi Institute Railway, and 7000 built by Fablok is preserved in Bhusaval shed.

7411 is preserved in Burdwan and awaiting transfer to the Chennai Museum. The engine is missing its builder's plates, thus its builder is not known, however, records indicating its 1949 allocation to the then still existing [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR){{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=27}} suggest it is a product of one of the North American builders. 7015 built by Fablok is another Polish-built preserved WP and has been restored to full mainline running order and runs mainline heritage excursion special trains, being preserved at Rewari shed; 7161 is another locomotive built by Chittaranjan which has been fully restored to full working order on mainline excursions, being preserved at Siliguri. One additional engine is believed to be in existence; however, its details and whereabouts are not known.

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! Working !! Class !! Number !! Location !! Built !! Zone !! Builders !! Build No !! Name
|-
| Yes||WP/P||7200||Rewari Steam Shed||1947||NW||[[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]]||73408||Shahanshah/Azad
|-
| No||WP||7278||Charbagh Loco Works||1949||NR||[[Montreal Locomotive Works|Montreal]]||||
|-
| No||WP||7411||Burdwan Loco Shed||1949||ER||[[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]]/[[Canadian Locomotive Company|Canadian]]/[[Montreal Locomotive Works|Montreal]]||||
|-
| No||WP||7581||DRM Office, Sonepur||1955||ECR||[[Canadian Locomotive Company|Canadian]]||||
|-
| No||WP||7000||Rewari Steam Shed||1958||CR||[[Fablok]]||4997||Shaktiman
|-
| Yes||WP||7015||Rewari Steam Shed||1958||NW||[[Fablok]]||5036||
|-
| Yes||WP/I||7161||Rewari Steam Shed||1965||NW||[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]]||||Akbar
|-
| No||WP/I||7656||Senior Institute, Jhansi||1968||NCR||[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan]]||||
|-
| No||WP||7???||?||19??||?||Possibly [[Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf|Floridsdorf]]||?||
|}

==See also==

*{{section link|Rail transport in India|History}}
*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Hughes-SII}}
*{{Hughes-SteamLocosIndia3}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}
*{{Marshall-IBGSR}}
* {{cite book |last=Sampson |first=Henry |author-link= |date=1972 |title=Jane's World Railways, 1971-1972 |url=https://archive.org/details/janesworldrailwa00samp/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Haymarket Publishing Group |page= |isbn= |url-access=registration |series=[[Janes World Railways]]|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}{{ISBN missing|date=December 2024}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-steam.html Indian steam locomotives]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061113132424/http://www5.brinkster.com/sundar/WP.htm The WP class locomotive] (archived 13 November 2006)
*[http://www.irfca.org/~shankie/wpglory/wpglorymain.htm The WP glory]
*[http://www.railpictures.net/viewphoto.php?id=166940&PHPSESSID=a7584420f5875cb58a024a24bb27e65b Image of WP pacific in service]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKnP10nc39A Video of preserved WP/P 7200] on [[YouTube]]

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Baldwin locomotives]]
[[Category:CLC locomotives]]
[[Category:Chittaranjan Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Fablok locomotives]]
[[Category:Floridsdorf locomotives]]
[[Category:MLW locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1947]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India|WP]]
[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:2′C1′ h2 locomotives]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]

Abhimanyu Singh

2026-03-17T11:46:26Z

Republic Bangla: quick fix

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{for|the producer|Abhimanyu Singh (producer)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhimanyu Singh
| image = Abhimanyu Singh (Indian Actor) rgvzoomin.jpg
| caption = Singh in ''[[Thalaivaa]]''
| birth_name = Abhimanyu Shekhar Singh
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = Actor
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sargam Singh|2008}}
| yearsactive = 1995{{ndash}}present
| father =
| relatives =
}}

'''Abhimanyu Singh''' is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] , [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Actor Abhimanyu Singh (Sampat) reveals darkness of Bollywood life, recalls Akshay Kumar's advice: 'Hard work accounts for only…' And he is not the brother of Actor Chandrachur Singh.|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bachchhan-paandey-actor-abhimanyu-singh(sampat)-darkness-of-bollywood-akshay-kumar-advice-7845714/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is notably known for his roles in the political films ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]'' (2009) and ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'' (2010), ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013) and ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'' (2025).

==Career==
Abhimanyu Singh made his debut with the film ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'', directed by [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]. His first major role was in the 2009 film [[Gulaal (film)|''Gulaal'']], directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]].<ref>{{cite news |title=My wife suggested I consult a psychiatrist |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/bollywood/My-wife-suggested-I-consult-a-psychiatrist/Article1-608610.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222095057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/bollywood/My-wife-suggested-I-consult-a-psychiatrist/Article1-608610.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2010 |access-date=2 May 2011 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> His performance in the film won him the 2010 [[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]] for best breakthrough performance.

His performance in the 2010 gangster film ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'', directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]], earned him critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Kumar Raviraj |date=2019-11-10 |title=Abhimanyu Singh: 'I am not a social person' |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/interview/abhimanyu-singh-i-am-not-a-social-person |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> He also received praise for his performance as a corrupt police officer in director [[Onir]]'s critically acclaimed anthology film [[I Am (2010 Indian film)|''I Am'']].

In 2017, he starred alongside [[Sridevi]] in the film [[Mom (2017 film)|''Mom'']].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thatipalli |first=Mallik |date=2017-08-01 |title=Abhimanyu Singh: The baddie with a soft heart |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/abhimanyu-singh-the-baddie-with-a-soft-heart/article19401818.ece |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Singh worked with director [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] for the film [[Genius (2018 Hindi film)|''Genius'']] (2018) where he portrayed a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer.

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2001
|[[Aks (2001 film)|''Aks'']]
|Inspector Srivastava
| rowspan="9" |[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2004
|[[Lakshya (2004 film)|''Lakshya'']]
|Lieutenant Pratap Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|[[Dhol (film)|''Dhol'']]
|Rahul Tripathi
|
|-
|''[[It's Breaking News]]''
|
|
|-
|2008
|[[Jannat (2008 film)|''Jannat'']]
|Shakeel
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|[[Gulaal (film)|''Gulaal'']]
|Rananjay Singh
|
|-
|''[[Accident on Hill Road]]''
|Sid
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''[[The Film Emotional Atyachar]]''
|Bosco
|
|-
|[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|''I Am'']]
|Police Officer
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rakta Charitra]]''
| rowspan="2" |Bukka Reddy
|Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
|-
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''[[Nenu Naa Rakshasi]]''
|Gangster Ratna
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Velayudham]]''
|Musafir Ibrahim
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|[[Bejawada (film)|''Bejawada'']]
|Shankar Prasad
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Siddhappa Naidu
|
|-
|[[Department (film)|''Department'']]
|DK
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|[[Aalaap (film)|''Aalaap'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
|''[[Thalaivaa]]''
|Bhima Bhai
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dalam]]''
| rowspan="2" |Ladda
|Telugu
|
|-
|Tamil
|
|-
|[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!|''Once Upon Ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!'']]
|ACP Ashish Sawant
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|Meghji Bhai
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Mukunda]]''
|Ranga
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015
|[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (2015 film)|''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'']]
|Rudra
|
|-
|''[[Pandaga Chesko]]''
|Shankar
|
|-
|''[[Premji: Rise of a Warrior]]''
|Meghji
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|-
|[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|''Shivam'']]
|Abhi
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Jazbaa]]''
|Abbas Yusuf
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[10 Endrathukulla]]''
|Pooran Singh
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016
|''[[Global Baba]]''
|Chillam Pehlawan / Global Baba
|Hindi
|
|-
|[[Attack (2016 film)|''Attack'']]
|Sattu
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]''
|Gaja
|
|-
|[[Chakravyuha (2016 film)|''Chakravyuha'']]
|Sadashivayya
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Chuttalabbai]]''
|ACP Gautam Krishna
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|[[Mom (film)|''Mom'']]
|Jagan Singh
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
|Rudhra Tiwari
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''
|Omveer Singh
|Tamil
|
|-
|[[Oxygen (2017 film)|''Oxygen'']]
|Chalapathi
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Genius (2018 film)|''Genius'']]
|Mr.Praveen Joshi
|Hindi
|
|-
|[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|''Amar Akbar Anthony'']]
|Balwant Khagre
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|2019
|[[Sita (2019 film)|''Sita'']]
|CI Mukesh Murari
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Taish]]''
|Kujinder Brar
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''[[State of Siege: Temple Attack]]''
|Abu Hamza
|
|-
|[[Bhavai (film)|''Bhavai'']]
|Bhawai
|
|-
|''[[Annaatthe]]''
|Manoj Parekar
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
|Riyaz Hafeez
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]''
|Pendulum
|
|-
|[[Home Minister (film)|''Home Minister'']]
|
|[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|''[[Nikamma]]''
|MLA Vikramjeet Bisht
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Ladki: Dragon Girl]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''[[Selfiee]]''
|Suraj Diwan
|
|-
|''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''
|Tyagi
|
|-
|''[[Aazam]]''
|Kadar
|
|-
|[[Takkar (2023 film)|''Takkar'']]
|Raaz
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Rules Ranjann]]''
|Kadar
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Luv You Shankar]]''
|Siddheshwar
|Hindi
|Voiceover
|-
| ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
| Tulasi
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
| ''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
|Balraj Patel / Baba Bajrangi
|[[Malayalam]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhimanyu Singh on L2: Empuraan controversy - 'We work in a flow, didn't expect repercussion' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/abhimanyu-singh-on-l2-empuraan-controversy-we-work-in-flow-didnt-expect-repercussion/1de5d29a3d503 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Suryapet Junction''
|Narasimha
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-20 |title=Suryapet Junction To Hit Theatres on April 25 |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/suryapet-junction-hit-theatres-april-25-399646 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Interrogation (2025 film)|Interrogation]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[They Call Him OG]]''
|Inspector Tawde
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Diksha |date=2023-11-21 |title='Excited to work with Pawan Kalyan again,' says Abhimanyu Singh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2023/Nov/21/excited-to-work-withpawan-kalyan-again-says-abhimanyu-singh-2634705.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]]''
|Rustum
|Telugu
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|''[[One Two Cha Cha Chaa]]''
|Bhura Singh
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-07 |title=One Two Cha Cha Chaa: Bollywood's Funniest Film of the Festive Season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/one-two-cha-cha-chaa-the-ultimate-bollywood-comedy-this-festive-season/articleshow/123744700.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lahore 1947]]''
|Yaqoob Pehalwan
|Hindi
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable" sortable
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Neeraj / Sekhar
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 1995{{Ndash}}1998
| ''[[Swabhimaan]]''
| Ronnie Banerjee
|[[DD National]]
|-
|1996{{Ndash}}1997
| ''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]''
| Commissioner Sahib
|[[DD National]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997{{Ndash}}1999
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
| Sukhdev Pawar
| rowspan="5" | [[Zee TV]]
|-
| Inspector
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
| Shreekant Gokhale
|-
| 1999
| ''Suspense Hour''
| Dharmesh
|-
|1999
|''[[Star Bestsellers]]''
| episodic appearance
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2000
| ''Thriller At 10 - Chor Pe Mor''
| Professor Ravi Desai
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
| Vishal Malhotra
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2002{{Ndash}}2003
| '' [[Kkusum]]''
| Ajay Maliya
| [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
| Aditya
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Plus]]
|-
| ''[[Saara Akaash]]''
| Air Force Officer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008{{Ndash}}2009
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''
| Partho
| rowspan="2" |[[STAR One]]
|-
| Inspector Jhujjar Singh
|-
| 2012{{Ndash}}2013
| ''[[Upanishad Ganga]]''
| Sutradhar
| [[DD Bharati]]
|-
|2018{{Ndash}}2024
|''[[Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare|Chacha Vidhyayak Hain Humare]]''
|Chachaji aka Ashwini Pathak
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|2020{{Ndash}}present
|[[Bhaukaal (web series)|''Bhaukaal'']]
|Shaukeen
|[[MX Player]]
|-
|2022
|''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]''
| Ranjan Kumar
|[[Netflix]]
|-
|2023
|''[[Inspector Avinash]]''
|Devi
|[[JioCinema]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0008713/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_0_nm_8_in_0_q_Abhimanyu%2520Singh Abhimanyu Singh] at [[IMDb]]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Abhimanyu}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Patna]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Vijetha

2026-03-16T21:02:32Z

Republic Bangla: rd

#REDIRECT [[Vijeta]]

Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India

2026-03-16T01:12:12Z

Republic Bangla: improved article

{{short description|Lists the official languages of the Republic of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Indian Constitution TOC}}

The '''Eighth Schedule''' to the [[Constitution of India]] lists the [[Languages of India|languages]] officially recognized by the [[Government of India]]. {{As of|2024}}, 22 languages have been classified under the schedule.

== Definition ==
As per the [[Constitution of India]], the provisions belonging to the eight schedule are defined in articles 344(1) and 351. Article 344(1) defined a set of 14 regional languages which were represented in the [[Official Languages Commission]] and Article 351 deals with the promotion of usage of [[Hindi]] by [[Government of India]], which was declared as an official language. [[English language|English]] was declared as an additional official language to be used for a period not exceeding 15 years. The commission was to suggest steps to be taken to progressively promote the use of Hindi as the official language of the country.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web|title=Constitution of India, Eighth schedule|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Official Languages Act, 1963 ==
{{Main|Official Languages Act, 1963}}
The Official Languages Act, 1963 which came into effect on 26 January 1965, made provisions for the continuation of English as an official language alongside Hindi in official communications after the expiration of the fifteen year period.<ref>{{cite act|title=Official Languages Act|year=1963|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1526/1/A1963__19.pdf|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 1963 {{!}} Department of Official Language {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/official-languages-act-1963 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=rajbhasha.gov.in}}</ref>

On 18 January 1968, the Official Language Resolution was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] which further mandated the development and promotion of all the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule. As per the resolution, the Government of India was obligated to take measures for the development of the languages defined in the eighth schedule.<ref>{{cite act|title=Official Languages Resolution|year=1968|url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/official-language-resolution-1968|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE RESOLUTION, 1968|url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s30f46c64b74a6c964c674853a89796c8e/uploads/2024/05/202409201128764337.pdf|website=DGDE|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Initial list (1950) ===
The original Eighth Schedule in 1950 included 14 languages:
{{Div col|colwidth=11em}}
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Kannada]]
* [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
* [[Malayalam]]
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
* [[Odia language|Odia]]{{efn|Renamed Odia in 2011.}}
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
* [[Sanskrit]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* [[Urdu]]
{{div col end}}

=== Additions through constitutional amendments ===
As of 2026, subsequent amendments have added eight additional languages:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amendments to the Official Language of India |url=https://www.drishtijudiciary.com/to-the-point/ttp-constitution-of-india/amendments-to-the-official-language-of-india |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Drishti Judiciary}}</ref>
* 21st Amendment (1967): [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] was added as the 15th language.
* 71st Amendment (1992): [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]], and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] were included, increasing the total to 18 languages.
* 92nd Amendment (2003): Four languages: [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Santali language|Santali]], and [[Maithili language|Maithili]], were added, raising the total number to 22 languages.
* 96th Amendment (2011): Oriya was renamed Odia.

== Scheduled languages ==
The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution defined 14 languages in 1950:<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of India|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name="Eight">{{cite web|title=Eighth Schedule|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S8.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>
In 1967, the [[Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|21st amendment]] to the constitution added [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] to the Eighth Schedule.
The [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|71st Amendment]], enacted in 1992, added three more languages: [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]].
In 2003, the [[Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|92nd Amendment]] added [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]], raising the total number of languages to 22.<ref name="Eight"/>
In 2011, the spelling Oriya was changed to Odia by 96th amendment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxFE7SoviMzbdFto?e=7dAUv8|title=The Constitution (Ninety-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2011 |publisher=eGazette of India|access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref>

{{As of|2025}}, the following languages are recognized under the eighth schedule of the Constitution of India:

{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text defaultleft col2center col3center hover-highlight"
!Language<ref name="Constitution"/>
!Speakers<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues – 2011|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627064326/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> (millions, 2011)
!Year included<ref name="Eight"/>
!Official Script in India
![[Language family]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/|title=Indian languages|work=[[Ethnologue]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
![[States and union territories of India|States/UTs]] where official<ref name="lang">{{cite report|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=14 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|15.3
|rowspan="2"|1950
|rowspan="2"|[[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|[[Assam]]
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|97.2
| style='text-align:left;' | Assam, [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Bodo language|Bodo]]
|1.48
|rowspan="2"|2003
|rowspan="2"|[[Devanagari]]
|[[Sino-Tibetan]]
|Assam
|-
|[[Dogri language|Dogri]]
|2.6
|rowspan="3"|Indo-Aryan
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|55.5
|rowspan="4"|1950
|[[Gujarati script|Gujarati]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|528
|Devanagari
|[[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]].
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|43.7
|[[Kannada script|Kannada]]
|[[Dravidian language|Dravidian]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
|6.8
|[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]
|rowspan="3"|Indo-Aryan
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]
|2.25
|1992
|Devanagari
|[[Goa]]
|-
|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
|13.6
|2003
|[[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]]
|[[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|34.8
|1950
|[[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]
|Dravidian
|[[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Lakshadweep]]
|-
|[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]
|1.8
|1992
|[[Meitei script|Meitei]]
|Sino-Tibetan
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|83
|1950
|rowspan="1"|[[Balbodh|Devanagari]]
|rowspan="5"|Indo-Aryan
|Goa, [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|2.9
|1992
|rowspan="1"|[[Devanagari]]
|[[Sikkim]], West Bengal
|-
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|37.5
|rowspan="3"|1950
|[[Odia script]]
|[[Odisha]], Jharkhand, West Bengal
|-
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|33.1
|[[Gurmukhi]]
|Delhi, Haryana, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], West Bengal
|-
|[[Sanskrit]]
|0.02
|[[Devanagari]]
|Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
|-
|[[Santali language|Santali]]
|7.6
|2003
|[[Ol Chiki]]
|[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
|Jharkhand, West Bengal
|-
|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
|2.7
|1967
|[[Devanagari]] and [[Perso-Arabic]]
|Indo-Aryan
|None
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|69
|rowspan="3"|1950
|[[Tamil script|Tamil]]
|rowspan="2"|Dravidian
|Puducherry, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|81.1
|[[Telugu script|Telugu]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], Puducherry, [[Telangana]], West Bengal
|-
|[[Urdu]]
|50.7
|Perso-Arabic
|Indo-Aryan
|Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
|}

== Demands for expansion ==
In 2003, a committee was established by [[Government of India]], to study the possible inclusion of more languages to the schedule. As per the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], there are demands for inclusion of 38 more languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. These are:<ref name="Constitution"/>

{{Div col|colwidth=11em}}
*[[Angami language|Angami]]
*[[Angika]]
*[[Bajjika]]
*[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
*[[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]
*[[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
*[[Dhatki language|Dhatki]]
*[[English language|English]]
*[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
*[[Gondi language|Gondi]]
*[[Gujari language|Gujjari]]
*[[Himachali language|Pahadi]]
*[[Ho language|Ho]]
*[[Kachhi language|Kachhi]]
*[[Kamtapuri language|Kamtapuri]]
*[[Karbi language|Karbi]]
*[[Khasi language|Khasi]]
*[[Kodava language|Kodava]]
*[[Kokborok language|Kokborok]]
*[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
*[[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]<ref> [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-seeks-eighth-schedule-status-for-rajbanshi-kurmali-languages/articleshow/128622953.cms][https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/bengal-seeks-eighth-schedule-status-for-rajbanshi-and-kurmali-languages-prnt/cid/2148510][https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/nabanna-appeals-to-include-kurmali-and-rajabansi-languages-to-eighth-schedule/pid/1130268/]</ref>
*[[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
*[[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]
*[[Lambadi|Banjara]]
*[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
*[[Limbu language|Limbu]]
*[[Magahi language|Magahi]]
*[[Mizo language|Mizo]]
*[[Mundari language|Mundari]]
*[[Nagpuri language|Sadri]]
*[[Nicobarese language|Nicobarese]]
*[[Pali]]
*[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]<ref>The Rajasthan State Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution in August 2003 advocating for the recognition of Rajasthani and its inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. [https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2013/Jul/21/rajasthani-rears-its-head-for-eighth-schedule-recognition-498872.html]</ref>
*[[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshi]]<ref> [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-seeks-eighth-schedule-status-for-rajbanshi-kurmali-languages/articleshow/128622953.cms][https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/bengal-seeks-eighth-schedule-status-for-rajbanshi-and-kurmali-languages-prnt/cid/2148510][https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/nabanna-appeals-to-include-kurmali-and-rajabansi-languages-to-eighth-schedule/pid/1130268/]</ref>
*[[Sambalpuri Language|Sambalpuri]]
*[[Saraiki Language|Saraiki]]
*[[Shauraseni Prakrit]]
*[[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
*[[Tulu language|Tulu]]{{div col end}}

== Arguments regarding expansion ==

=== Arguments for inclusion ===

* Cultural preservation: Many communities argue that inclusion in the Eighth Schedule would help preserve and promote their [[cultural heritage]] and linguistic identity.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Varadharaj |first=Haripriya |title=Promoting Multilingualism and Cultural Diversity in National Education Policy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375894955 |conference=National Conference on Promoting Multilingualism and Cultural Diversity in National Education Policy |isbn=978-93-94004-25-2 |year=2023}}</ref>
* Administrative recognition: Inclusion grants official recognition, ensuring the use of these languages in government administration and education.
* Increased resources: Inclusion allows for funding and resources to be allocated for the development and promotion of the language.

=== Arguments against inclusion ===

* Administrative complexity: Recognizing too many languages could complicate governance, translation, and communication.
* Dilution of resources: Increased inclusion could divert resources and attention from the development of existing languages.
* Politicization of language: Inclusion may encourage regional and political pressures, leading to disputes over linguistic priorities.

==See also==
* [[Nepali Language Recognition Day]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[Public holidays in India]]
* [[Language movement (disambiguation)]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Schedules to the Constitution of India|8]]

Tommy Afonso

2026-03-15T05:50:44Z

Republic Bangla: Done

{{Short description|Portuguese singer and actor (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tommy Afonso
| image = Tommy Afonso (Jr. Nelson) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Afonso in 2017
| birth_name = Tomás António Afonso
| birth_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|3|20|df=y}}
| other_names = Jr. Nelson
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor|composer|playwright}}
| years_active = 1980s–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Chitra Afonso|1990}}
| father = [[Nelson Afonso]]
}}

'''Tomás António Afonso''' (born 20 March 1960), also known as '''Jr. Nelson''', is a Portuguese singer, theatre actor, composer, and playwright based in [[Southall, England]]. He is known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions, having initially earned fame as a member of the Trio Kings, a [[musical trio]]. The son of singer [[Nelson Afonso]], he is involved in promoting amateur ''[[tiatrist]]s'' in the UK.

==Early life==
Tomás António Afonso was born on 20 March 1960 in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India), to [[Nelson Afonso]], a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer and playwright. His paternal grandmother, Evelina Cardoso e Afonso, was not only a homemaker but also possessed vocal abilities. According to historian and writer [[Wilson Mazarello]], Evelina was recognized as a "good singer", a talent that was passed down to her son Nelson.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Historian [[Wilson Mazarello]] has observed that Afonso's musical creations and individual vocal presentations have garnered acclaim from audiences involved in the ''[[tiatr]]'' scene. In addition to his [[solo (music)|solo]] career, Afonso was a former member of the popular [[musical trio]], the Trio Kings, known for their acclaimed trio performances that captivated audiences throughout the area. As per Mazarello, Afonso is known for his stage presence and ability to embody heroic roles effectively due to his "commanding physical demeanor". Throughout the 1990s, Afonso was frequently cast in leading acting parts in ''tiatrs'' directed by several popular [[Goan]] directors, including [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]] and [[C. Alvares]], among others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=133, 240 |language=en}}</ref>

Beyond his stage work, Afonso has also maintained an active recording career, having released several popular [[audio recording]]s. He has contributed his singing talents to various [[audio cassette]] recordings as well. Afonso's solo audio cassette released in the mid-1990s gained popularity among audiences. He has also garnered attention for his extensive touring as a ''[[tiatrist]]'', having traveled widely both within India and abroad to perform.<ref name=":0" /> In February 2018, he composed a special [[Introduction (music)|opening song]] that marked the 125th anniversary of the ''tiatr'' tradition and paid tribute to his father, the late ''[[tiatr]]'' playwright and singer [[Nelson Afonso]]. This commemorative composition was featured in a revival production of Nelson Afonso's classic ''tiatr Ghorabo'' (Family)" originally staged in the 1960s, directed by Michael Gracias.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisiting classics that paved the way for today's tiatr |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=127524 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

Afonso has appeared in several [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]s'', a form of [[Goan]] theatre. In January 2012, he was cast in the ''tiatr Puro Tumi Hansleat Tim'' (Enough Of Your Laugh), directed by Comedian Agostinho. Afonso portrayed the role of Diniz, an elderly father, in this production. He also performed a [[trio (music)|trio]] with [[Jaju Fernandes]] and Filipe Almeida titled "Amche Montri" and a [[solo (music)|solo]] song called "Nelson Afonso" about his father. The theatrical performance examined the challenges encountered by elderly individuals at the hands of their offspring, often exacerbated by the actions of their daughters-in-law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-05 |title=Agostinho's 'Puro Tumi Hansleat Tim' highlights the plight of the elderly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/agostinhos-puro-tumi-hansleat-tim-highlights-the-plight-of-the-elderly/articleshow/11369676.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In November 2018, the [[High Commission of India, London]] held a Konkani program for the first time, as a contribution to the communal harmony and national integration week organized by [[Goan]] expatriates based in the United Kingdom. Afonso wrote and delivered a [[musical composition]] focusing on the ideals of fostering unity among different communities and promoting national integration during the event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-27 |title=In a first, Indian high commission in London hosts Konkani programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-a-first-indian-high-commission-in-london-hosts-konkani-programme/articleshow/66818020.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In March 2020, Afonso was cast in a supporting role in the [[liturgical drama|Lenten-themed]] ''tiatr Kal Aiz Sodankal'' (Today Tomorrow and Forever), directed by Willy Silveira. For this production, Afonso sang his own solo songs "Parrikarachi Samadhi" and "Aiz Mhozo Ho Bhes". The ''tiatr'' delved into subjects such as [[Infidelity|unfaithfulness]], [[Extra-marital affair|illicit relationships]], pride, allure, and absolution within the context of a family environment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-21 |title=Tiatr Review: Kal Aiz Sodankal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/konkani/tiatr-review-kal-aiz-sodankal/articleshow/74745809.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Afonso claims that he is the first professional ''tiatrist'' who moved to London, UK, in 2004, as a Portuguese citizen and settled there. ''Tiatrs'' in the UK have since then been staged a lot and grown exponentially, as per his claim. During the early 2000s, Konkani Dramatic Association (KDA) and GCS (now a defunct organization) would organize the ''tiatrs'' in the UK. KDA would focus on bringing ''tiatrs'' from [[Goa]] to London, UK, whereas GCS did not follow a similar pursuit but worked for the promotion of ''tiatrs'' and Goa. As of August 2023, Afonso also does [[compering]] during intervals in ''tiatr'' productions, with his most recent work being with director Comedian Richard who staged his production in [[Southall, England]]. Afonso also claims that ''tiatrs'' are staged more in London than in his home state of Goa. As a singer, Afonso avoids singing criticism about anyone, and if he has written any, he does not hold any personal grudge against that person. Afonso also claims that he never visited any [[Goan]] politicians regarding donations or any support for his ''tiatr'' productions that he penned on his own, although as a playwright, he was not very successful.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tommy Afonso (Jr. Nelson) {{!}} Tiatrist {{!}} Mannkam Motiam {{!}} S3E46 {{!}} Prudent {{!}} 170823 |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/mannkam-motiam/tommy-afonso-jr-nelson-tiatrist-mannkam-motiam-s3e46-prudent-170823/22883.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en}}</ref>

Afonso, as a singer, was part of a [[trio (music)|tri]]o called the Trio Kings, which had several fellow co-singers over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making an impact through tiatr & songs |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Making-an-impact-through-tiatr-songs/107683 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> When Afonso and his fellow singers performed on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], they would [[Encore|repeat their performance]] only once and would not perform more than one repeat performance in a particular ''tiatr''. Afonso also does not prefer to ask about the [[Theatre criticism|critics of his performance]] or whether he played his part well. He has also been quite open with his [[Political criticism|criticism of Goan politicians]] but has not named any specific individuals, incorporating his views into his songs by sometimes singing [[Music and politics|political songs]]. Afonso claims that many ''tiatrists'' have recently moved to London, UK, with a goal to create controversies [[Political drama|involving politics in their ''tiatr'' productions]]. On the other hand, Afonso prefers not to indulge in "dirty politics" and has been working on creating a Tiatr Academy in London, similar to the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]], with Fr. Lucas Rodrigues, the [[parish priest]] of St. Peter and Paul Parish in [[Mitcham]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goan Pastor's Mission in UK-1: From Goa to England, a new ministry unfolds |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-pastor%E2%80%99s-mission-in-uk1-from-goa-to-england-a-new-ministry-unfolds/90475.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> Afonso claims that the [[Government of the United Kingdom]] can help a lot in creating a Tiatr Academy if one knows how to properly implement the funds and tap into the benefits of the government, even though the initial setup may be difficult.<ref name=":1" />

Afonso is also involved in [[Promoter (entertainment)|promoting]] [[Goan]] youth ''[[tiatrist]]s'', bringing their ''[[tiatr]]s'' from [[Goa]] to [[Swindon, England]]. As a singer, he has a very [[short-term memory]] and usually relies on [[Prompter (opera)|prompting]] from Bab Andrew, a fellow ''tiatrist'' based in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In a league of his own |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/In-a-league-of-his-own/185980 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> During his youth as a singer of the Trio Kings fame, when Afonso left the [[trio (music)|trio]], he would collaborate with popular [[Konkani language|Konkani]] performers like [[C. Alvares]]. Among Afonso's popular [[solo (music)|solos]] is one he mentioned called "[[Tandoori chicken]]," which many [[Goan]]s during the late 20th century did not know the meaning of. His other popular solos include "Madd" (meaning [[Coconut]] tree). During that era, many songs were not written about topics like coconut trees, so his songs were an inspiration to other Konkani singers, some of whom [[Music plagiarism|copied]] his [[song format]], while others wrote songs on similar topics to Afonso. Speaking more about his song compositions, Afonso explains that his songs are based on facts and not stories, usually conveying a message to the audience, often discussing God in his songs.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
As of 1995, Afonso resided with his family in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]].<ref name=":0" /> He later moved to [[Southall, England]], in 2004 after obtaining his Portuguese citizenship.<ref name=":1" />

His wife, Chitra, after her marriage to Afonso, ventured into ''[[tiatr]]s'', following similar pursuits as her husband by becoming a singer and actor. One of her memorable roles was in [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]]'s ''tiatr Vauraddi'' (The Labourer).<ref name=":0" /> Afonso maintains a friendship with his fellow [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage artiste, Bab Andrew, who is based in the UK.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nelson, Jr.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:People from Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Portuguese people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

Obverse and reverse

2026-03-12T20:04:22Z

Republic Bangla: formatting fix

{{short description|Front and back sides of coins and other two-sided objects}}
{{Redirect|Obverse|the concept in logic|Obversion|the book publisher|Obverse Books}}
{{Redirect|Heads and tails|the chance game|Coin flipping|other uses|Heads and Tails (disambiguation){{!}}Heads and Tails}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}}
[[File:Antoninianus-Tranquillina-Gordian III-s2539.jpg|thumb|Roman imperial coin, struck {{circa|241}}, with the head of Tranquillina on the obverse, or front of the coin, and her marriage to Gordian{{nbsp}}III depicted on the reverse, or back side of the coin, in smaller scale; the coin exhibits the obverse{{snd}}"head", or front{{snd}}and reverse{{snd}}"tail", or back{{snd}}convention that still dominates much coinage today. Legend: SABINIA TRANQVILLINA AVG / CONCORDIA AVGG.]]
[[Image:Antoninianus Tacitus-s3315-light.jpg|thumb|A Roman imperial coin of Marcus Claudius Tacitus, who ruled briefly from 275 to 276, follows the convention of obverse and reverse coin traditions. Legend: IMP C M CL TACITVS AVG / VICTORIA GOTTHI|alt=]]

The '''obverse''' and '''reverse''' are the two flat faces of [[coin]]s and some other two-sided objects, including [[Currency#Paper money|paper money]], [[flag terminology|flags]], [[seal (emblem)|seals]], [[medal]]s, [[drawing]]s, [[old master print]]s and other works of art, and printed fabrics. In this usage, ''obverse'' means the front face of the object and ''reverse'' means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called ''heads'', because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse ''tails''. The surface between the faces is the [[coin edge|edge]].

In [[numismatics]], the [[abbreviation]] ''obv.'' is used for ''obverse'',<ref name="Sear">David Sear. ''Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values.'' Spink Books, 1982. {{ISBN|9781912667352}} p. xxxv.</ref> while {{not a typo|℞}},<ref name="Sear"/> <s>)(</s><ref name="Edwards">Jonathan Edwards. ''Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Coins in the Numismatic Collection of Yale College, Volume 2.'' Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, 1880. p. 228.</ref> and ''rev.''<ref name="Berman">Allen G. Berman. ''Warman's Coins And Paper Money: Identification and Price Guide.'' Penguin, 2008. {{ISBN|9781440219153}}</ref> are used for ''reverse''. [[Vexillology|Vexillologists]] use the [[vexillological symbol|symbols]] "normal" {{IFIS|Normal}} for the obverse and "reverse" {{IFIS|Reverse}} for the reverse. The "two-sided" {{IFIS|Twosided}}, "mirror" {{IFIS|Mirror}}, and "equal" {{IFIS|Equal}} symbols are further used to describe the relationship between the obverse and reverse sides of a flag.

In fields of [[scholarly method|scholarship]] outside numismatics, the term ''front'' is more commonly used than ''obverse'', while usage of ''reverse'' is widespread.{{Citation_needed|reason=Please provide a source for this sentence.|date=June 2021}}

The equivalent terms used in [[codicology]], [[manuscript studies]], [[printmaking|print]] studies and [[publishing]] are [[recto and verso|"recto" and "verso"]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Printing Terminology: Recto and Verso |url=https://www.colorvisionprinting.com/blog/printing-terminology-recto-and-verso |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Color Vision Printing |language=en}}</ref>

==Identification==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2017}}
[[Image:Tetradrachma från Aten (omkr 490 fKr, ur Nordisk familjebok).png|thumb|On a Tetradrachma of Athens, struck {{circa|lk=no|490 BC}}, the head of [[Athena]], ''(left)'', is regarded as the obverse because of its larger scale and because it is a portrait head; the entire owl is depicted in a smaller scale on the reverse. Legend: ΑΘΕ[ΝΑΙ]Ο[Ν], ie of Athenians.]]
Generally, the side of a coin with the larger-scale image will be called the obverse (especially if the image is a single head) and, if that does not serve to distinguish them, the side that is more typical of a wide range of coins from that location will be called the obverse. Following this principle, in the most famous of [[Ancient Greek coinage|ancient Greek coins]], the [[tetradrachm]] of Athens, the obverse is the head of [[Athena]] and the reverse is her owl. Similar versions of these two images, both symbols of the state, were used on the Athenian coins for more than two centuries.

In the many republics of ancient Greece,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ancient-greece.org/|title=Ancient Greece|first=Thomas|last=Sakoulas|website=www.ancient-greece.org|access-date=2018-10-03|archive-date=2018-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901032542/https://www.ancient-greece.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> such as Athens or [[Corinth]], one side of their coins would have a symbol of the state, usually their patron goddess or her symbol, which remained constant through all of the coins minted by that state, which is regarded as the obverse of those coins. The opposite side may have varied from time to time. In ancient Greek monarchical coinage, the situation continued whereby a larger image of a [[deity]], is called the obverse, but a smaller image of a monarch appears on the other side which is called the reverse.

[[Image:Tetradrachme.wmt.jpg|thumb|upright|Obverse of the tetradrachm of [[Alexander the Great]], intended to be seen as a deity, wearing the attributes of the hero, [[Heracles]]/[[Hercules]]. 325{{nbsp}}BC.]]
In a [[Western world|Western]] [[monarchy]], it has been customary, following the tradition of the [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic monarchs]] and then the [[Roman emperor]]s, for the currency to bear the head of the monarch on one side, which is almost always regarded as the obverse. This change happened in the coinage of [[Alexander the Great]], which continued to be minted long after his death. After his conquest of [[ancient Egypt]], he allowed himself to be depicted on the obverse of coins as a [[god-king]], at least partly because he thought this would help secure the allegiance of the Egyptians, who had regarded their previous monarchs, the [[pharaoh]]s, as divine. The various Hellenistic rulers who were his successors followed his tradition and kept their images on the obverse of coins.

[[Image:Solidus-Justinian II-Christ b-sb1413.jpg|thumb|left|''Solidus'' of [[Justinian II]] after 705. Christ is on the obverse (''left''), the emperor on the reverse. Legend: D[OMI]N[US] IHS[US] CH[RI]S[TOS] REX RAGNANTIUM / D[OMI]N[US] IUSTINIANUS MULTUS A[ΝΝΙ].]]
A movement back to the earlier tradition of a deity being placed on the obverse occurred in [[Byzantine coinage]], where a head of Christ became the obverse and a head or portrait (half or full-length) of the emperor became considered the reverse. The introduction of this style in the gold coins of [[Justinian II]] from the year 695 provoked the Islamic [[Caliph]], [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]], who previously had copied Byzantine designs, replacing Christian symbols with [[Islam]]ic equivalents, finally to develop a distinctive ''Islamic style'', with just lettering on both sides of their coins. This script alone style then was used on nearly all Islamic coinage until the modern period. The type of Justinian II was revived after the end of the [[Iconoclasm#Byzantine era|Byzantine Iconoclasm]], and with variations remained the norm until the end of the Empire. Without images, therefore, it is not always easy to tell which side will be regarded as the obverse without some knowledge.

[[Image:Silver Rupee Madras Presidency.JPG|thumb|Silver [[rupee]] using [[Mughal era|Mughal]] conventions, but minted by the [[British East India Company]] [[Madras Presidency]] between 1817 and 1835. On rupees, the side that carries the name of the ruler is considered the obverse.]]

After 695, Islamic coins avoided all images of persons and usually contained script alone. The side expressing the [[Six Kalimas]] (the Islamic profession of faith) is usually defined as the obverse.

A [[Convention (norm)|convention]] exists typically to display the obverse to the left (or above) and the reverse to the right (or below) in photographs and museum displays, but this is not invariably observed.

==Modern coins==
The [[form follows function|form]] of [[currency]] follows its function, which is to serve as a readily accepted [[medium of exchange]] of [[Value (economics)|value]]. Normally, this function rests on a [[Sovereign state|state]] as guarantor of the value: either as ''trustworthy'' guarantor of the kind and amount of [[metal]] in a [[coin]], or as ''powerful'' guarantor of the continuing acceptance of [[token coin]]s.

Traditionally, most states have been [[monarchy|monarchies]] where the person of the [[monarch]] and the state were equivalent for most purposes. For this reason, the ''obverse'' side of a modern piece of currency is the one that evokes that reaction by invoking the strength of the state, and that side almost always depicts a [[symbol]] of the state, whether it be the monarch or otherwise.

If not provided for on the obverse, the reverse side usually contains information relating to a coin's role as a medium of exchange (such as the value of the coin). Additional space typically reflects the issuing country's culture or government, or evokes some aspect of the state's territory.

==Specific currencies==

===Coins of the Eurozone===
[[Image:N22978 2 eur aversas.jpg|thumb|upright|left|National side (obverse) of a Lithuanian €2 coin]]
Regarding the [[euro]], some confusion regarding the obverse and reverse of the [[euro coins]] exists. Officially, as agreed by the informal Economic and Finance Ministers Council of Verona in April 1996, and despite the fact that a number of countries have a different design for each coin, the distinctive national side for the circulation coins is the ''obverse'' and the common European side (which includes the coin value) is the ''reverse''.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:264:0038:0039:EN:PDF Commission Recommendation of 29 September 2003 on a common practice for changes to the design of national obverse sides of euro circulation coins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119152003/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:264:0038:0039:EN:PDF |date=19 November 2018 }} (PDF), [[Official Journal of the European Union|OJ]] L 264, 2003-10-15, pp. 38–39; EU doc. nr. C(2003) 3388.</ref> This rule does not apply to the collector coins as they do not have a common side.

A number of the designs used for obverse national sides of [[euro coins]] were taken from the reverse of the nations' former pre-euro coins. Several countries (such as [[Spain]] and [[Belgium]]) continue to use portraits of the reigning monarch, while the [[Coins of the Republic of Ireland|Republic of Ireland]] continues to use the State Arms, as on its earlier issues.

===Coins of Japan===
[[Image:500JPY.JPG|thumb|¥500 coin, the obverse showing a [[Paulownia]] plant, the reverse showing the value "500", and the year 2006 (平成十八年, ''[[heisei]] juu-hachi nen'')]]
In Japan, from 1897 to the end of [[World War II]], the following informal conventions existed:
*the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] (or Chrysanthemum Crest), representing the imperial family, appeared on all coins, and this side was regarded as the obverse;
*the other side, on which the date appeared, was regarded as the reverse.

The Chrysanthemum Crest was no longer used after the war, and so (equally informally):
*the side on which the date appears continues to be regarded as the reverse;
*the side without the date is regarded as the obverse.

===Coins of the United Kingdom===
[[Image:EdwardVIIIcoin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A left-facing portrait of [[Edward VIII]] on the obverse of UK and Empire coins would have broken tradition.]]
Following ancient tradition, the obverse of coins of the United Kingdom (and predecessor kingdoms going back to the [[Middle Ages]]) almost always feature the head of the monarch.

By tradition, each British monarch faces in the opposite direction of his or her predecessor; this is said to date from 1661, with [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] turning his back on [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Hence, [[George VI]] faced left and [[Elizabeth II]] faced right. The only break in this tradition almost occurred in 1936 when [[Edward VIII]], believing his left side to be superior to his right (to show the parting in his hair), insisted on his image facing left, as his father's image had. No official legislation prevented his wishes being granted, so left-facing obverses were prepared for minting. Very few examples were struck before he [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|abdicated]] later that year, and none bearing this portrait were ever issued officially. When George VI acceded to the throne, his image was placed to face left, implying that, had any coins been minted with Edward's portrait the obverses would have depicted Edward facing right and maintained the tradition.

Current UK coinage features the following abbreviated Latin inscription: {{lang|la|D[EI] G[RATIA] REX F[IDEI] D[EFENSOR]}} ('[[By the Grace of God]] King, [[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]]'). Earlier issues, before 1954, included {{lang|la|BRIT[ANNIARUM] OMN[IUM]}} ('of all the Britains'{{snd}}that is, Britain and its dominions) and, before 1949, {{lang|la|IND[IAE] IMP[ERATOR]}} ('[[Emperor of India]]').

===Coins of the United States===
The United States specifies what appears on the obverse and reverse of its currency. The specifications mentioned here imply the use of all upper-case letters, although they appear here in upper and lower case letters for the [[Typography|legibility]] of the article.

[[Image:1 us dollar 1979.jpg|thumb|[[Susan B. Anthony dollar|US dollar coin]], with the obverse side showing [[Susan B. Anthony]], the words "Liberty" and "[[In God We Trust]]", and the year 1979; the reverse side shows the words "one dollar", "United States of America", and "[[E Pluribus Unum]]", and retains the imagery of the [[Apollo 11#Insignia|Apollo 11]] mission insignia, previously used on the [[Eisenhower dollar]].]]
The [[United States government]] long adhered to including all of the following:
*Obverse:
**"[[Liberty (goddess)|Liberty]]"
**"In God We Trust"
** The four digits of a year, that of minting or issue
*Reverse:
**"United States of America"
**"''E Pluribus Unum''"
**Words (not digits) expressing the name or assigned value of the item, e.g., "quarter dollar", "one dime", "five cents"

The ten-year series of [[State Quarters|Statehood quarters]], whose issue began in 1999, was seen as calling for more space and more flexibility in the design of the reverse. A law specific to this series and the corresponding time period permits the following:
*Obverse:
**as before:
***"Liberty"
***"In God We Trust"
**instead of on the reverse:
***"United States of America"
***The words expressing the assigned value of the coin, "quarter dollar"
*Reverse:
**as before:
***"''E Pluribus Unum''"
**instead of on the obverse:
***The four digits of the year of issue

==Vexillology==
{{main|List of flags with reverses that differ from the obverse}}
{{further information|Flag terminology}}
In [[vexillology]], the obverse of a flag is the side taken as the default illustration of a flag, for example the side used to display a design in a book or other paper document. The obverse is usually assumed to be the side visible when the ''hoist'', the edge attached to the [[Flagmast|mast]], is on the viewer's left and the opposite ''fly'' side to their right, while the reverse is the side visible with the hoist on the right and the fly on the left. Most flags reversed feature a mirror copy of the obverse, a format accommodated by most flag manufacturers.

The [[flag of Saudi Arabia]] is an exception to both conventions, with a right-hoisted ("sinister" {{FIAV|sinister}}) obverse and an equal reverse to correctly arrange the calligraphic ''[[Shahada]]'' on both sides.<ref>[https://www.fotw.info/flags/sa.html#rev Saudi Arabia: The Reverse of the Flag], FOTW Flags Of The World, 3 June 2019. Accessed 2 May 2020.</ref> Truly two-sided flags include the [[flag of Paraguay]] and the [[flag of Oregon]], but are otherwise rare in the modern day.

Some national [[flag protocol]]s include provisions for when and how the reverse should be displayed. The [[United States flag code]] states that a vertically hung flag should be displayed with the reverse side out, such that the blue [[canton (flag)|canton]], or "union", be visible in the same position as it would be if the flag was being displayed horizontally on the obverse.<ref>[https://www.legion.org/flag/code "United States Flag Code"], [[American Legion]]. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</ref>

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|obverse|reverse}}
{{Commons category|Obverses}}
* [[Coin collecting]]
* [[Coin flipping]]
* [[Coin orientation]]
* [[Fair coin]]
* [[List of people on coins]]
* [[Recto and verso]] of paper or page

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Numismatics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obverse And Reverse}}
[[Category:Numismatic terminology]]
[[Category:Artistic techniques]]
[[Category:Coins]]

A (1998 Indian film)

2026-03-05T02:40:07Z

Republic Bangla: starting a article

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A
| image = A (1998 Kannada film).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* B. Jagannath
* B. G. Manjunath
}}
| writer = Upendra
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Upendra
* [[Chandini S. Sasha|Chandini]]
* [[Archana (Kannada actress)|Archana]]
}}
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = [[H. C. Venugopal]]
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = Uppi Entertainers
| distributor = Yash Raj
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|02|12|}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹1.25 crore<ref name="indiaglitz1" />
| gross = ₹12—20 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/stock_shots/upendra.html|title=Chitraloka.com|website=www.chitraloka.com}}</ref><ref name="indiaglitz1" />
}}

'''''A''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[Psychological fiction|psychological thriller film]] written and directed by [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]. It stars Upendra and [[Chandini S. Sasha|Chandini]], both making their acting debuts.<ref>'A' is the first evee movie to have a reverse screenplay in India. 'A' is a cult classic hit.[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/dec/11chand.htm Article about the plot of A, and an interview with Chandni, the heroine]. Rediff.com (11 December 1999). Retrieved on 2015-08-18.</ref> The film revolves around a love story between a film director and an actress which is narrated through multiple [[Flashback (narrative)#Film|flashbacks within flashbacks]] and [[Reverse chronology|reverse screenplay]]. It also explores dark truths like [[casting couch]] in the film industry. The soundtrack and background score were handled by [[Gurukiran]] in his debut film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upendra – Stock Shots |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/stock_shots/upendra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824054620/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/stock_shots/upendra.html |archive-date=2000-08-24 |access-date= |website=chitraloka.com}}</ref>

The opening sequence of the film where a misanthropic man who is exhilarated by the sense of power he receives by carrying a revolver while walking on the streets was reported to be based on [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s short story ''Erostratus'' <ref>{{cite web | title=This Day, That Year: Upendra's debut as hero, the cult classic 'A' turns 24 | work=The Times of India | date=23 January 2022 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/this-day-that-year-upendras-debut-as-hero-the-cult-classic-a-turns-24/articleshow/89072088.cms }}</ref> included in his 1939 collection of short stories ''[[The Wall (Sartre short story collection)|The Wall]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/uppi2/articleshow/48486523.cms?|title = Film Review: Uppi2}}</ref>

''A'' was released on 12 February 1998 and received praise for Upendra and Chandini's performances, soundtrack, cinematography, and reverse screenplay, which made the audience watch it multiple times to understand the story. The film collected more than {{INR}}20 crores at the box office and gained a [[cult following]].<ref name="indiaglitz1">[https://www.indiaglitz.com/a-sequel-to-a--kannada-news-58693 A sequel to A – Kannada Movie News]. Indiaglitz.com (19 July 2010). Retrieved on 2015-08-18.</ref> The film was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the same title and was released in Andhra Pradesh. It was remade in Tamil as ''[[Adavadi]]''.<ref>[https://archive.today/20071019223234/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/reviews/adavadi-review-200407.html Adavadi – Review]. Entertainment.oneindia.in. Retrieved on 18 August 2015.</ref> Upendra won the [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Film Award for Best Male Actor (1998)]] and Gurukiran won the [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Film Award for Best Music Director (1998)]].

==Plot==
Marina, a foreigner, wants to distribute the unreleased [[Controversy|controversial]] [[film]] ''A,'' written and directed by Surya. However, the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] permits only 20 random minutes to be screened, and the climax is censored to such an extent that it no longer makes any sense. She suggests that the producers re-shoot the film. However, Surya is unable to participate in the film's shoot as he has become a drunkard after actress Chandini, who debuted with his film, rejected his love. Surya's family is unable to meet their ends after he stops directing films. Lost in his thoughts, he wanders near her house every night drunk, only to be expelled by her henchmen.

Unable to bear Surya's torture, Chandini asks him to jump from a building to prove his love. Surya jumps without hesitation. While he survives the fall, he is badly wounded and admitted to the hospital by Marina and the team. One of Surya's former assistant directors explains Surya's past to Marina. Surya was a successful director who had no feelings, especially for a woman's love. After his current female lead fails to act properly, he casts Chandini after a chain of events. Initially, Surya rejects Chandini's love, but after frequent run-ins and days of pursuit, Surya falls in love with her madly. Surya later meets a rich and busy Chandini, who lives in a big bungalow and is now the mistress of a wealthy married businessman.

Chandini defends herself, saying that Surya's views on the materialistic world influenced her to prioritize money over everything else after her father's death. He tries to explain to her that she is wrong, but is expelled. Due to this, Surya gave up everything and became an alcoholic, wandering near her house every day, hoping that she would accept him. Surya escapes from the hospital and is confronted by Marina, to whom Surya explains his love for Chandini. He then saves a novice actress named Archana from a group of henchmen who are revealed to be working for Chandini. Archana reveals Chandini was used as bait by the politicians to trap Surya and stop his ''A'' from releasing.

In turn, Chandini exploited the weakness of those politicians through the [[casting couch]]. She proves this to Surya, who, along with his father and Archana, is arrested on charges of prostitution. The police were bribed by Chandini, who abducts Archana while Surya and his father are arrested. Surya and his father are released on bail by Marina, and his family's plight makes Surya swear revenge. He restarts the shoot of ''A'' and turns out to be a superstar due to the film's anticipated success. The climax shoot is pending, and Surya wants to shoot it realistically, which includes the death of Chandini in a burning house.

The camera rolls and Surya kidnaps Chandini from her hen house where women are prostituted to influential politicians and people in business, where she kills the businessman she was engaged to. He brings her to the location and sets it on fire after rolling the camera. She knocks him out, and he falls unconscious after hitting a rock. Archana, Marina, and the producers come to the spot to save him. Archana shows him the film footage that was shot after revealing that Chandini is a good woman who wanted to bring Surya back to normal by acting as a ruthless criminal who is destroying many actresses' lives like Archana. The footage shows a naked Chandini dying and revealing the truth.

Chandini says that the businessman was the friend of a few corrupt politicians who wanted to have sex with her. They killed her father and sexually assaulted her and her minor sister. The businessman had blackmailed Chandini with a tape that captured the brutal assault. As per their directions, she had to cheat on Surya. However, Chandini brings Surya back to normal with the help of Archana and gives ''A'' a perfect ending. Surya tries to save her by entering the house, but she dies, asking him to live long and make films that expose the demons that haunt society.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Surya
* [[Chandini S. Sasha|Chandini]] as Chandini
* [[Archana (Kannada actress)|Archana]] as herself
* Marina as Marina
* Kote Prabhakar as film producer
* [[Vaijanath Biradar|Biradar]]
* [[Malathi]]
* [[Suchitra]] as Surya's sister
* Saroja Srishailan as Surya's mother
* [[Michael Madhu]] as Michael
* Mandapanda Aiyappa as Teja, a businessman
* Tumkur Mohan
* Suresh Babu
* [[Gurukiran]] as Actor
* Shankar Bhat
* Sriraj Kothari
* Balu Murugaraj
* M. V. Joshi
* Raghunath
* [[Roopa Iyer]]
* Bhushan Geechi
* Narendra Babu
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
* Damu
* Puttaraju
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] along with B. G. Manjunath, B. Jagannath, and B. V. Ramakrishna — founded the film production company, Uppi Entertainers, in October 1996, with an equal partnership. After Kannada film distributors refused to purchase the distribution rights for ''A'' following the producers themselves not being confident of the film doing well, it was purchased by a newcomer, Yash Raj.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|last1=Prasad S.|first1=Shyam|title=Why is A haunting Upendra 20 years later?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Why-is-A-haunting-Upendra-20-years-later/articleshow/54025864.cms|access-date=22 September 2016|work=The Times of India|date=6 September 2016}}</ref> Speaking about the film's title prior to a theatrical re-release in 2024, Upendra said: "The title ''A'' just came to me. It was my first film as a hero, and the content led us to choose the title. We thought the film would be certified 'A' by the censor board, which would mean that the film is for adults. But to me, ''A'' was for a mature audience. We also came up with the tagline 'Only for intelligent people'."<ref>{{cite web |title=Upendra: I'm curious to see how today's generation will receive a film like A |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/May/14/upendra-im-curious-to-see-how-todays-generation-will-receive-a-film-like-a |website=Cinema Express |access-date=14 May 2024 |language=en |date=14 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The film marked the acting debut of [[Chandini S. Sasha]] in Kannada cinema. Her pictures taken from an American beauty contest found their way into the hands of one of Upendra's managers. Upendra saw those photographs and insisted on casting her for the film despite the travel costs of bringing her from New York.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-07 |title=Chandini Ssasha, the runaway star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chandini-the-runaway-star/articleshow/45788733.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = A
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 3 February 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:01
| label = Lahiri Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Upendra (film)|Upendra]]
| next_year = 1999
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|wS3Pn5dpj2M|A – Jukebox}}}}
}}

[[Gurukiran]] composed the music for the film and the soundtracks which marked his debut. The album has five soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= A (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url= https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/original-motion-picture-soundtrack/id603029275 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140908010147/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/original-motion-picture-soundtrack/id603029275 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 September 2014 |publisher= iTunes |access-date= 21 August 2014}}</ref> The daughter-in-law of Kannada poet G.P. Rajarathnam alleged that a song by the late poet, "Helkollakondooru thalemyagondhsooru," for which she held the copyright, had been used by Upendra in the film without her consent.<ref name = hi/>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:01
| title1 = Sum Sumne
| lyrics1 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length1 = 4:54
| title2 = Chandini
| lyrics2 = Murali Mohan
| extra2 = [[L. N. Shastry]], Prathima Rao
| length2 = 5:03
| title3 = Helkollakonduru
| lyrics3 = [[G. P. Rajarathnam]]
| extra3 = L. N. Shastry
| length3 = 5:08
| title4 = Idhu One Day Match
| lyrics4 = Murali Mohan
| extra4 = L. N. Shastry, Upendra
| length4 = 6:34
| title5 = Maari Kannu
| lyrics5 = Upendra
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length5 = 4:22
}}

==Release==

The film was given a "U" (Universal) certification from the CBFC.

===Box-office response===
''A'' was made at {{INR}}1.25 crore and collected more than {{INR}}20 crore at the box office.<ref name="indiaglitz1"/> The film ran for 25 weeks in [[Karnataka]] and its Telugu version ran for 100 days in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://i1303.photobucket.com/albums/ag150/SCG12/1A175days_zps1940f7f7.jpg|title=175 days or 25 weeks shield of A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|title=The year gone by 'Twas good for some and bad for most|work=Andhra Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990428055419/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|archive-date=28 April 1999}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
It was described by a reviewer as "loud and disjointed, like the ramblings of a delirious mind, but made a lot of sense".<ref name=uppity>Kumar, S. Shiva (11 November 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060918085411/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/11/stories/2005111104250100.htm Uppi's hardly uppity], [[The Hindu]]</ref> Its design received some praise.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120708184451/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2008/nagabhushan-nanna-olavina-banna-150408.html Bhushan Geechi to direct]. Entertainment.oneindia.in. Retrieved on 18 August 2015.</ref> The dialogues provoked controversy, due to their misogynistic and philosophical nature.<ref name=uppity/> They also contained autobiographical elements.<ref name = hi>Subramanya, K.V. (24 July 2006) [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/triggering-off-a-controversy-once-again/article3109566.ece Triggering off a controversy once again], ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref>

===Influences===

In an interview given to the ''[[Times of India]]'' on 24 May 2020, Malayalam director [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] who is famous for [[Nonlinear narrative|nonlinear storylines]] and [[Violence in art|aestheticization of violence]] picked this movie as one of the five Indian movies which have managed to influence him at different levels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/TOI/TimesOfIndia/index.html?a=c#|title = Times of India}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Film Award for Best Male Actor]] – [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
* [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Film Award for Best Music Director]] – [[Gurukiran]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording]] – Murali Rayasam
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor]] – T. Shashikumar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3178292|A}}

{{Upendra}}

[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Upendra]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]

Peruvanam

2026-03-03T18:08:33Z

Republic Bangla: started some info basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
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|native_name =
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|coordinates = {{coord|10.4374|N|76.2120|E|display=inline,title}}
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|area_code = +91487*******
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|blank1_name_sec1 = Other [[Neighbourhood]]s
|blank1_info_sec1 =
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|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
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|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
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|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
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}}

'''Peruvanam''' ('''Peruvanam Gramam''') is a historical area of [[Brahmin]] settlement in central [[Kerala]].<ref name="Thampu">{{cite book |last1=N. V. Krishna Varier |title=Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam |date=April 1979 |publisher=Souvenir Committee |location=Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala |pages=101–103 |url=https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-naveekarana-kalasopaharam/page/101/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=6 December 2023}} (This is a souvenir published by the Organizing Committee for the renovation of Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple. The reference is to an article in Malayalam in the Souvenir, titled "Peruvanam Gramam", authored by Kotungallur Kunhikuttan Thampuran.)</ref> In Kerala Sanskrit literature, the name "Peruvanam" is often Sanskritized as ''Puruvana'' meaning the forest where a sage named Puru lived and meditated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar |title=A Further Note on the Author of the Nalodaya |journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |date=1926 |volume=16 |page=135 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367511/page/n123/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Temples of Thrissur |url=http://www.keralawindow.net/Templestrissur.htm#mah |website=www.keralawindow.net |publisher=www1.maplemedia.org |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Peruvanam Granthavari |url=https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-grandhavari |website=archive.org |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref> The name "'''Perumanam'''" is also used instead of Peruvanam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=P. Narayanan |title=Towards secularization of temple management: The Perumanam temple |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1997 |volume=58 |pages=253–257 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143913 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=C. Achyutha Menon |title=The Cochin State Manual |date=1911 |publisher=Cochin Govt Press |location=Ernakulam |page=50 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143913 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

==Boundaries==
{{Location map many | Thrissur
| width = 275
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According to legends, Peruvanam was one of the 64 villages (''Gramam''-s) created by the mythological character [[Parashurama]], the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu, in the land reclaimed by him from the sea in the south-west coast of the Indian peninsula and donated to the Brahmins he had brought from other parts of India. As many as 32 of these Gramams are situated in the area between [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] in [[Karnataka]] and [[Chandragiri River]] (also known as Payasvini or Perumpuzha river) in [[Kasaragod]] district in Kerala. The remaining 32 Gramams are located in the region between Chandragiri River river and [[Kanyakumari]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. This region overlaps most areas of present-day Kerala state.<ref name="NambuGramam">{{cite web |title=Brahman Settlements in Kerala |url=https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/settlement.htm#villagelist |website=www.namboothiri.com |publisher=Namboothiri Websites Trust |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Veluthat">{{cite book |last1=Kesavan Veluthat |title=Brahmin Dettlements in Kerala: Historical Studies |date=1978 |publisher=Sandhya Publications |location=Calicut University |pages=21–22 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM9luMy/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Peruvanam Gramam is nearly in the middle of the region in Kerala where the 32 Gramams lying to the south of the Chandragiri river are located.

The area referred to as Peruvanam has no clearly defined geographical boundaries. The area in Kerala bounded in the north by Bharathapuzha river and in the south by Periyar river is sometimes considered as the geographical extent of the traditional Peruvanam Gramam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover Peruvanam: History |url=https://devamela.org/history |website=devamela.org |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ola">{{cite web |title=Peruvanam Shiva Temple. |url=http://www.ola.in/articles/peruvanam/article_tcr_peruvanam.html |website=www.ola.in |publisher=Ola Multimedia |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020030/http://www.ola.in/articles/peruvanam/article_tcr_peruvanam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are other accounts about the boundaries of the Gramam. In these accounts, the Gramam is bounded in the east by the Sri Dharmasastha Temple at [[Kuthiran]] in the mountainous terrain in the eastern part of Thrissur district, in the north by the Sri Dharmasastha Temple at [[Akamala Machad Mountain Ranges|Akamala]] near [[Wadakkanchery]], in the west by the Ayyappan Kavu Temple at [[Edathiruthy]] near [[Thriprayar]] and in the south by the Sastha Temple at Oozham near [[Kodungallur]].<ref name="Thampu"/>

==History==

The antiquity of the Peruvanam Gramam has been attested by several historical documents. The earliest historical reference to Peruvanam occurs in a Peruvanam Granthavari. This document refers to the year of starting of the [[Peruvanam Pooram]] as 583 CE. The year is indicated in the Kalidina of the starting of the Pooram which itself is encoded as "''Ayathu Shivalokam Nah''" in the famous [[Katapayadi system|''Katapayadi'' system]]. Decoding this one gets the day of the starting of the Pooram as ''Kalidina'' 1345610 which translates to Kali year 3684 [[Malayalam calendar|Meenam]] 27. As indication of antiquity, six [[Vattezhuthu]] and Malayalam inscriptions have been found in the temple. An 11th century inscription from [[Thiruvattoor]] in North Kerala refers to seven persons originally belonging to Peruvanam Gramam. A document dated 1169 CE containing a reference to a Brahmin from this Graman has been recovered from [[Kilimanoor]]. Peruvanam Kottam, the abode of the Lord of Peruvanam, figures along with nearby Oorakam in the [[Thrikkakkara]] inscription of Ko Indu Kothai Varman of tenth century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=T A Gopinatha Rao |title=Travancore Archaeological Series - Vol. III Part II |date=1992 |publisher=Department of Cultural Publications, Govt. of Kerala |page=173}}</ref><ref name="Namb"/><ref name="Ola"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=N. V. Krishna Varier |title=Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam |date=April 1979 |publisher=Souvenir Committee |location=Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala |page=12 |url=https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-naveekarana-kalasopaharam/page/101/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

==Namputhiri settlers==

Presently, as many as 133 Namputhiri ''[[Illam]]''-s or ''Mana''-s (a ''mana'' or ''illam'' is a [[Patrilineality|patrilineal]] [[clan]] of Naṃpūtiri-s or Malayali Brahmins all of whose members share the name of the ''Mana'' as the common family name; the word is also used to denote the [[Illam|house]] of a Naṃpūtiri or Malayali Brahmin), whose members live scattered across different parts of central Kerala, have been identified as descendants of the original settler families of the Peruvanam village. A few of the original settler ''Illam''-s have become extinct.<ref name="Namb">{{cite web |title=Peruvanam Graamam (Graamam No. 10) |url=https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/peruvanam-graamam.htm |website=www.namboothiri.com |publisher=Namboothiri Websites Calicut |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> There is a sharp division among these families with regard to the rituals and customs they practice. Of the 133 ''Mana''-s, the members of as many as 79 ''Mana''-s are followers of the [[Yajurveda]] and associated rituals and the members of the remaining ''Mana''-s pursue [[Rigveda]] and associated rituals.

The members of Peruvanam Gramam along with the members of Sukapuram Gramam (another Brahmin settlement legendarily created by Parashurama) enjoy a higher social ranking in certain matters. For example, the qualifications for the appointment of the ''Melsanthi'' (Chief Priest) of the great [[Guruvayur Temple|Sri Krishna Temple]] at [[Guruvayur]] stipulate that the candidate should be from Peruvanam or [[Sukapuram]] Gramams with ''Agnihotram'' and ''Bhattavrthi''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guruvayur Devaswam Notification |url=https://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/News_Pdf/_News_19072023103823096melsanthi.pdf |website=guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in |publisher=Guruvayur Devaswam |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref> This modern-day stipulation is proof enough that the myth and legend of the Peruvanam Gramam is a living tradition that influences and interferes in the life and times of contemporary Kerala society in a very concrete way.

==Peruvanam Temple==
[[File:Peruvanam Shiva temple DSC 0304.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple]]
One very important fact about Brahmin settlements in Kerala was that they were centered around [[temple]]s and the temple was synonymous with the settlement and vice versa. Peruvanam Gramam was no exception to this general rule and it got its name from the ancient [[Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple]] located nearly at the center of the geographical area of the Gramam. This temple, where God Shiva is worshiped, is now situated in [[Cherpu]] [[Gramapanchayath]] in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] district in Kerala.

There are several iconographic, architectural and other specialties in this temple. The temple has two ''srikovil''-s (sanctum sanctora). In one of these, the idol is in the form twin ''[[linga]]''-s installed on the same pedestal which, according to one tradition, are assumed to represent Siva and Parvathi as Ardhanareesvara and which, according to another tradition, represent Sankara (Siva) and Narayana (Vishnu). The presiding deity of this sanctum sanctorum is locally referred to as ''Erattayappan'' ("Twin God"). The second ''srikovil'' is situated in the first floor of a three-storey structure, a ''tri-tala-vimana'', adjacent to the other ''srikovil''. The deity here is also Siva locally referred to as ''Madathilappan'' which may be loosely translated as the "God in the Tree House".<ref name="Ola"/>

==Peruvanam Grama Utsavam (Pooram)==
[[File:PeruvanamPooram.JPG|thumb|250px|right|A view of Peruvanam Pooram]]
[[File:Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg|250px|thumb|right|An old view of Peruvanam Pooram]]
Peruvanam Poooram, even though it is now known and celebrated as only a local temple festival sans the glory and fame of a mega-''pooram'' like the [[Thrissur Pooram]], was in the olden days a mega spectacle and the grand festival of Peruvanam Gramam. It was not just a temple Pooram with only one day's festivities, it was a festival, the Spring festival (''Vasanthotsavam'') lasting 28 days with the participation of all people in Peruvanam Gramam. Tradition has it that the festival used to commence with ''Koțiyēt'' on ''Utram'' ''nakṣatram'' in the ''Kuṃbhaṃ'' month with a ''Valiya Viḷakk'' (present-day [[Peruvanam Pooram]]) in Perumanam Mahadeva Temple on ''Pūyaṁ'' ''nakṣatram'' and ''Ārāțț'' (present-day [[Arattupuzha Pooram]]) on ''Pūraṃ'' ''nakṣatram''. The 28 days commencing from ''Utram'' ''nakṣatram'' in the ''Kuṃbhaṃ'' month is even now observed as the festival season (''Utsavakkālaṃ'') in Perumanam Gramam with the performance of special rituals in temples. All the nooks and corners of Peruvanam Gramam, represented by the presiding deities of the local village temples, used to be participants of the festival. The number of such participating deities used be as high as 108. That the festival was a Gramam-wide affair is corroborated by another legend which asserts all residents of Peruvanam Gramam are mandatorily obliged to attend the ''Ārāțț'' and that if a resident of the Gramam was not found attending the ''Ārāțț'', he could definitely be deemed to be dead and his post-death rituals should be carried out immediately!<ref name="Aryan">{{cite book |last1=N. V. Krishna Varier |title=Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam |date=April 1979 |publisher=Souvenir Committee |location=Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala |pages=75–79 |url=https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-naveekarana-kalasopaharam/page/101/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=6 December 2023}} (Article titled ''Pūraṃ'' authored by P. K. Aryan Namputhiri.)</ref>

According to a Peruvanam Granthavari, the year of starting of the [[Peruvanam Pooram]] was 583 CE. As already indicated earlier, the year is indicated by the words "''āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ''" which is an encoding of a number in the [[Katapayadi system|''Katapayadi'' system]]. Decoding this one gets the day of the starting of the Pooram as ''Kalidina'' 1345610 which translates to Kali year 3684 [[Malayalam calendar|Meenam]] 27.
The full verse runs as follows:<ref name="Aryan"/>

::''āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ kalāviti vilokanāt''
::''cintayā satbhirāraṃbhī devapūramahotsavaḥ''

::"With the thoughts that every be happy and contented, on ''Kali'' day ''āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ'' (13,45,610), commenced the Peruvanam Pooram Utsavam."

Thus, as per this document, the Peruvanam Grama Utsavam has a history of more than fourteen centuries. Historical records chronicling the rise and decline of the Peruvanam Grama Utsavam are scanty. One event that dealt the near death blow to the Utsavam was the starting of the [[Thrissur Pooram]] in the year 1796 under the direction and control of [[Sakthan Thampuran]], the then ruler of the erstwhile [[Cochin Kingdom]]. Royal patronage and support, and the fact it was being held in the middle of a town, added more glamor and prestige to Thrissur Pooram leading to a decline in importance to Peruvanam Pooram. However, during the last quarter of the twentieth century, with the support and encouragement of the State government, the Pruvanam and Arattupuzha Pooram-s witnessed a resurgence and now they are organised with much grandeur and huge popular participation.

==Gramam administration in the medieval times==

There are no written records regarding how the affairs of Peruvanam Gramam were managed during various historical periods. For that matter, there are no such records regarding any of the remaining 63 Gramams that are supposed to have been created by Parashurama. However, from bits and pieces of information collected together from various sources like inscriptions on temple walls, few copper plate records and allusions in literary works historians have attempted to present a coherent account how a Gramam might have been administered in medieval times. The situation of Peruvanam Gramam was unlikely to different from this general pattern.<ref name="Veluthat"/>

The activities in a Gramam, a Brahmin settlement, revolved around the temple. The Gramam property, whose collateral ownership was vested with the temples, was virtually the property of the Brahmins. The property of the temples, called Devasvam, and other temple affairs were looked after jointly by the Brahmin population of the Gramam. The Brahmin population of the Gramam constituted the "General Body" of the Gramam Administration. This was called ''Uralar'' a term even now used to denote the administrators/trustees of privately owned ancient temples in Kerala. Meetings of the General Body are convened to deliberate on very important matters affecting the administration. However, a group of ''Uralar''-s, called ''Paratai'' (a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word ''Parishad''), used to function like an executive committee and look after the day-to-day affairs of the temple. The exact nature of the constitution of this committee is not known. Kinship affiliation, property qualification, educational achievements and adherence to moral codes seem to have been the eligibity for being members of this committee. Although these bodies were largely autonomous, there was nominal control over them from above and at times of exigency, the control was exercised. The decisions of these bodies are followed strictly and those who violate the rules are punished severely. Punishments included ex-communication and confiscatio of all properties. The functions of the bodies include management of the properties belonging to the temple, proper utilisation of the income accrued from the properties, settlement of disputes among ''Uralar''-s and between ''Urala''-s and tenants and collection of revenue and its remittance to the royal treasury.<ref name="Veluthat"/>

==People from Peruvanam Gramam in Kerala Literature==

Peruvanam Gramam was a fertile ground for the pursuit of intellectual and literary activities. This is evidenced by the popularity and spread of the large number of literary, astronomical, astrological and other creative works composed by persons who have identified themselves as belonging to this Gramam. One can see several references to such works in the classic multi-volume history of Kerala literature written by late Ulloor S. Paramevara Ayyar. The following is a necessarily incomplete compilation of such references.

# Pattathu Vasudeva Bhattathiri (9th century CE) ([https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-1-ulloor-1953-ku/page/112/mode/2up?view=theater Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol I, pp.113-124]), believed to be a contemporary of [[Kulasekhara Alvar]]: ''Yudhiṣṭhiravijayaṃ'', ''Tripuradahanaṃ'', ''Śourīkatha'', ''Vāsudevavijayaṃ'', ''Gajendramokṣaṃ'', ''Naḷodayaṃ''
# [[Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri|Mazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri]] (1494-1570) ([https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/268/mode/2up?view=theater Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II, pp.269-272]): ''Gaṇitasāra'' (astronomy), ''Candragaṇitakrama'' (astronomy), ''Ayanacalanādigaṇitakrama'' (astronomy), ''Jāatakakrama'' (horoscopy), ''Praśnamāla'' with ''Bhāṣā'' (astrological query), ''Ceriya Kāaladīpakaṃ'' (short ''Kāaladīpakaṃ''), ''Valiya Kāaladīpakaṃ'' (long ''Kāaladīpakaṃ''), ''Jātakasāra'' in Sanskrit (astrology), ''Jātakasāra'' in Malayalam (astrology), Commentaries on ''Pañjabodha'', ''Laghubhāskarīya'', ''Muhūrtapadavī'' (all called ''Bālasaṅkaraṃ''), ''Pañjabodhārthadarpaṇa''
# [[Mazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri]] (son of Mazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri) ([https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/292/mode/2up?view=theater Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II pp.293-301] and [https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/416/mode/2up?view=theater Vol. II, pp.417-431]): '''Books''' - ''Dārikavadham'', ''[[Vyavahāramālā]]'', ''Pārvathīstuti'', ''Rāja Ratnāvalīyaṃ'', ''Rāsakrīdā Kāvyaṃ'', ''Mahiṣamangalaṃ Bhāņaṃ'', ''Uttararāmāyaṇa Caṃpu'', ''Uparāga Kriyākramaṃ'', ''Smārta Prāyaśchitta Vimarśanaṃ''. ''' ''Caṃpu''-s''' - ''Naishadham'', ''Rajarathnāvalīyaṃ'', ''Kotiyavirahaṃ'', ''Bāṇayudhhaṃ''. ''' ''Brāhmaṇi'' songs''' - ''Rāsakrīda'', ''Thirunṛttaṃ'', ''Dārikavadhaṃ'', ''Viṣṇumāyācritaṃ'', ''Pārvatistuti'', ''Satīsvayaṃvaraṃ''.
# Kirangattu Jayanthan Namputhirippad (c.1650 CE) ([https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/209/mode/2up?view=theater Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.210-213]): ''Ṣoḍaśakriyākārikā'', ''Āśoucakeraļī''.
# Arur Madhavan Atithiri (1765 - 1838) ([https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/481/mode/2up?view=theater Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.482-484]): ''Uttaranaişadhaṃ'', ''Subhadrāharaṇaṃ''.
# Kallur Neelakanthan Namputhirippad (1726 - 1835) ([https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/543/mode/2up?view=theater Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.543-547]): ''Bālivijayaṃ'', ''Madhukaiṭabhavadhaṃ'', ''Svāhāsvayaṃvaraṃ'', ''Sumukhīsvayaṃvaraṃ'' (all [[Aattakatha (performance)|''Āttakatha''-s]]), ''Ajāmiḷmokșaṃ'' (''Kaikoṭṭikkaḷppāṭṭ'').

==Peruvanam Ward!==

In contemporary times, a small geographical area in a Grama Panchayath in Thrissur district has been named after the legendary sprawling Peruvanam Gramam! Ward 9 of Cherpu Gramapanchayath in Thrissur district is now known as Peruvanam.

==Additional reading==

*A meticulously detailed account of the architecture, rituals, history and legends of Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple is available at [http://www.ola.in/articles/peruvanam/article_tcr_peruvanam.html Peruvanam Shiva temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020030/http://www.ola.in/articles/peruvanam/article_tcr_peruvanam.html |date=29 November 2023 }}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Topics related to Kerala}}

[[Category:History of Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

Marivillin Gopurangal

2026-03-03T09:37:06Z

Republic Bangla: Started The Post W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Marivillin Gopurangal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arun Bose]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Arun Bose
* Pramod Mohan
}}
| producer = Kokers Media Entertainments
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
* [[Shruti Ramachandran]]
* [[Sarjano Khalid]]
* [[Vincy Aloshious]]
}}
| cinematography = Syamaprakash M. S.
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Arun Bose
* Shaijal P. V.
}}
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = Kokers Media Entertainments
| distributor = Kokers Media Entertainments
| released = {{film date|df=y|2024|05|10|}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Marivillin Gopurangal''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Arun Bose]]. The story was written by [[Arun Bose]] and Pramod Mohan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-05 |title=Vidyasagar's magic: Latest track 'Mouna Sundari' from Indrajith Sukumaran's 'Marivillin Gopurangal' unveiled |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vidyasagars-magic-latest-track-mouna-sundari-from-indrajith-sukumarans-marivillin-gopurangal-unveiled/articleshow/104986417.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106035601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vidyasagars-magic-latest-track-mouna-sundari-from-indrajith-sukumarans-marivillin-gopurangal-unveiled/articleshow/104986417.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Shruti Ramachandran]], [[Sarjano Khalid]] and [[Vincy Aloshious]]. It was theatrically released on 10 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-05 |title=Marivillin Gopurangal trailer promises a feel-good- entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2024/May/05/marivillin-gopurangal-trailer-promises-a-feel-good-entertainer-chronicling-marriage-relationships-and-parenthood |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began in late April 2023 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in late June 2023. The film has music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The cinematography was handled by Syamaprakash M. S., while the editing was done by Shaijal P. V. and Arun Bose.

== Plot ==
Shinto and Sherin are a married couple who have no children. Their life changes after Shinto's brother Rony comes to their house with his pregnant girlfriend Meenakshi, bringing both chaos and unexpected blessings.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Shock Shinto Chacko<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-30 |title=Indrajith Sukumaran-starrer 'Marivillin Gopurangal' wrapped up |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/indrajith-sukumaran-starrer-marivillin-gopurangal-wrapped-up/article67026518.ece |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106035558/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/indrajith-sukumaran-starrer-marivillin-gopurangal-wrapped-up/article67026518.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Shruti Ramachandran]] as Sherin
* [[Sarjano Khalid]] as Rony Chacko
* [[Vincy Aloshious]] as Meenakshi Rajan
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Chacko
* [[Johny Antony]] as RoRo director
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Thomas
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Sherin's mother
* Unni Meghalan
* Vasisht Umesh
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as himself (Cameo appearance)}}

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began on 24 April 2023 in [[Kochi]] with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R. |first=Chandhini |date=24 April 2023 |title=Arun Bose's next with Indrajith Sukumaran and Shruti Ramachandran titled Marivillin Gopurangal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/24/arun-boses-next-with-indrajith-sukumaran-and-shruti-ramachandran-titledmarivillin-gopurangal-42626.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=വിദ്യാസാഗർ വീണ്ടും മലയാളത്തിലേക്ക്; 'മാരിവില്ലിൻ ഗോപുരങ്ങൾ'; ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/marivillin-gopurangal-shooting-started-music-by-vidyasagar-1.8502902 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503091834/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/marivillin-gopurangal-shooting-started-music-by-vidyasagar-1.8502902 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] reportedly joined the set on 29 April 2023 after completing his shoot for Varun G. Panicker's ''Njan Kandatha Sir'e.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=29 April 2023 |title=Indrajith joins the sets for Marivillin Gopurangal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/29/indrajith-joins-the-sets-for-marivillin-gopurangal-42848.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220152118/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/29/indrajith-joins-the-sets-for-marivillin-gopurangal-42848.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in late June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Shooting Of Indrajith Sukumaran-starrer Marivillin Gopurangal Wrapped |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-of-indrajith-sukumaran-starrer-marivillin-gopurangal-wrapped-8218369.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220152117/https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-of-indrajith-sukumaran-starrer-marivillin-gopurangal-wrapped-8218369.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], while the lyrics were written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=Marivillin Gopurangal Movie : ഇന്ദ്രജിത്ത് നായകനാകുന്ന 'മാരിവില്ലിൻ ഗോപുരങ്ങൾ' തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്; പുതിയ പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/marivillin-gopurangal-movie-starring-indrajith-sukumaran-new-poster-released-165411 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220152638/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/marivillin-gopurangal-movie-starring-indrajith-sukumaran-new-poster-released-165411 |url-status=live }}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Muzik 247]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=1 November 2023 |title='25 വയസിലാണ് മനുഷ്യർക്ക് പക്വത വരുന്നെ'; ഇന്ദ്രജിത്തിന്റെ 'മാരിവില്ലിൻ ഗോപുരങ്ങൾ', ടീസർ എത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-indrajith-movie-marivillin-gopurangal-official-teaser-shruthi-sarjano-vincy-nrn-s3ged3 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220153923/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-indrajith-movie-marivillin-gopurangal-official-teaser-shruthi-sarjano-vincy-nrn-s3ged3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
There were reports that the film would release in November 2023.<ref name=":0" /> The overseas distribution rights were sold to Resh Raj Film and Play Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=21 November 2023 |title='മാരിവില്ലിൻ ഗോപുരങ്ങൾ' ഓവർസീസ് അവകാശം സ്വന്തമാക്കി രഷ് രാജ് ഫിലിംസും, പ്ലേ ഫിലിംസും |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/rush-raj-films-and-play-films-have-acquired-the-overseas-rights-of-marivillain-gopurangal-vvk-s4g9y6 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]

Sooragan

2026-03-03T02:30:24Z

Republic Bangla: Done...

{{Short description|2023 Indian Tamil-language crime action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Sooragan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sathish Geetha Kumar
| writer =
| producer = Karthikeyan V.
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Karthikeyan V
* [[Subiksha Krishnan]]
* [[Pandiarajan]]
}}
| cinematography = Sathish Geetha Kumar
| editing = Ram Sudharshan
| music = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| studio = 3rd eye cine creations
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|12|1|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sooragan''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language crime [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Sathish Geetha Kumar. The film stars Karthikeyan, [[Subiksha Krishnan]], [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] and [[Pandiarajan]] in the lead roles. The film was produced by V.Karthikeyan under the banner of 3rd Eye Cine Creations.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Karthikeyan V. as Eegai Vendhan
* [[Subiksha Krishnan]] as Ilakkiya
* [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] as Devaraj
* [[Pandiarajan]] as Chidambaram
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] as Lakshmi
* [[Vincent Asokan]] as Sethu
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Mamamia
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Chithirai Selvi
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Varadharajan
* Mippusamy as Prabha
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by V.Karthikeyan under the banner of 3rd Eye Cine Creations. The cinematography was done by Sathish Geetha Kumar, while editing was handled by Ram Sudharshan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=கார்த்திகேயன்- சுபிக்‌ஷா இணைந்து நடிக்கும் 'சூரகன்' |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/karthikeyan-subiksha-acting-in-suragan-film-772722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523214042/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/karthikeyan-subiksha-acting-in-suragan-film-772722 |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Achu Rajamani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Sooragan songs download |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sooragan/L1Igai1xsEk_ |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
*Porvaal - Dhirav, Sruthi
*Thoduvaanam - G. V. Prakash Kumar
*Yaarodu Yaar - Rahul Nambiar
*Vaa Sooraga - Achu

== Reception ==

A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' stated two point five out of five and stated that "Although Karthikeyan, the protagonist, is a newcomer, his performance is commendable."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Sooragan |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/sooragan-157013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142123/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/sooragan-157013 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>.''[[Nakkheeran]]'' critic noted that "Surakan - Honest!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=போலீஸ் நாயகன் வென்றாரா? - 'சூரகன்' விமர்சனம்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/sooragan-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142145/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/sooragan-movie-review |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Zoomtventertainment.com]]'' critic rated three out of five and wrote that "The gripping story manages to keep the viewers glued to the screen"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sooragan Movie Review: Saga Of V Karthikeyan's Search For Justice Is Not Flawless |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/sooragan-movie-review-saga-of-v-karthikeyans-search-for-justice-is-not-flawless-review-105629115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142127/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/sooragan-movie-review-saga-of-v-karthikeyans-search-for-justice-is-not-flawless-review-105629115 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt29856139}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Azim-ush-Shan

2026-02-27T19:52:01Z

Republic Bangla: small fixed references for clarity also and improved wording

{{Short description|Mughal prince (1664–1712)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Azim-ush-Shan
| image = Muhammed_Azim-ush-shan.jpg
| title = [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Past present: Emperor's new names |url=http://dawn.com/2011/01/02/past-present-emperors-new-names/ |work=Dawn |date=1 January 2011 |quote=the title of Mirza and not Khan or Padshah, which were the titles of the Mongol rulers.}}</ref>
| alt =
| caption = Azim-ush-Shan holding a jewelled sarpech {{circa|1710}}
| birth_name = Muhammad Azim-ud-Din
| succession = [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| reign = 22 September 1697 – 18 March 1712
| regent = [[Aurangzeb]] [[Azam Shah]] [[Bahadur Shah I]]
| reg-type = Monarch
| predecessor = [[Ibrahim Khan II]]
| successor = [[Murshid Quli Khan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1664|12|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Agra Fort]], [[Agra Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1712|03|18|1664|12|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ravi River]], [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| issue = {{ubl|Muhammad Karim Mirza|Humayun Bakht Mirza|Ruh-ul-Daula Mirza|Ahsanullah Mirza|[[Farrukhsiyar]]}}
| full name = Sultan Azhar-ud-Din Muhammad Azim Mirza Azim-ush-Shan Bahadur
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| father = [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam I]]
| mother = Amrit Kanwar
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| image_size =
| burial_date =
| spouses = {{ubl|
{{Marriage|Yash Kanwarji |1678}}{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}
|{{marriage|Aisha Begum|1692|1709|end=died}}{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}
|{{marriage|Gitti Ara Begum |1709}}{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}|Sahiba Niswan<ref name="che">{{cite book|first=G. S |last=Cheema|title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707–1857|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|year=2002|pages=179|isbn=9788173046018}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Mirza Azim-ush-Shan''' (15 December 1664 – 18 March 1712) was the second son of the 8th [[Mughal emperor|Mughal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam I]] and his [[Rajput|Rathore Rajput]] wife Amrit Kanwar. He was the great grandson of [[Shah Jahan]] and the grandson of [[Aurangzeb]] during whose reign he was the imperial ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) of [[Bengal Subah]] from the year 1697 to his death in 1712.

==Reign==
[[File:Mogul- Azim-us-Shaan - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548556.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of Azim-us-Shaan]]
In 1697, Azim-ush-Shan was appointed the viceroy of [[Bengal Subah]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]] by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Anjali |year=2012 |chapter=Azim-us-Shan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Azim-us-Shan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, he took successful military initiative against Rahim Khan. Azim gave the [[East India Company]] permission to build [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in [[Calcutta]] (presently Kolkata) in 1696. Using [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] permission, the Dutch also built [[Dutch Bengal|Fort Gustavas]] in [[Chinsura]] and the French built Fort Orleans in [[Chandernagore]] (presently Chandannagar).<ref name=bpedia/>

Azim got into conflict with [[Murshid Quli Khan]], the newly appointed [[Divan|Diwan]] of Bengal, over imperial financial control. Considering the complaint of Murshid Quli Khan, Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar. Murshid Quli Khan later transformed his succession as a semi-independent princely state known as [[Nawab of Bengal]].<ref name=bpedia/> In 1703, he transferred the capital to Rajmahal and then again to Pataliputra (present-day [[Patna]]). He renamed [[Pataliputra]] to ''[[Azimabad]]'' after his own name.<ref name=bpedia/>

In 1712, at the time of his father's death, he immediately proclaimed himself emperor but the other three princes, [[Jahandar Shah]], [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]] and [[Rafi-ush-Shan]], united and waged war against Azim. In the battle, a shot from a heavy gun struck the trunk of the elephant that Azim was on, leading the elephant to run towards [[Ravi River]] and falling into [[quick sand]], which killed both the elephant and Azim.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=177}}

==Personal life==
Azim-us-shan's first wife was a [[Kachhwaha|Kachhwaha Rajput]] princess Yash Kanwarji the last of her house to enter the imperial harem , elder daughter of Raja Kirat Singh, who was the second surviving son of [[Jai Singh I|Amir-ul-Umara Mirza Raja Jai Singh]],the [[Kachhwaha|Kachwaha]] ruler of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]]. She married Azim-ud-din in 1678, and was the mother of Prince Muhammad Karim Mirza born on 12 October 1679.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=145}} She died at Delhi on 19 February 1721, and was buried at the Qutb.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}

His second wife was Jahanzeb Banu Begum,<ref name="mirza">{{cite book|author=Mirza Mohammad bin Rustam|title=Tarikh-i-Muhammadi – Volume II|year=1960|publisher=Syed Noor-ul-Hassan|page=89}}</ref> known as ''Sahiba Niswan'', a Kashmiri lady, and the sister of Khwajah Inayatullah entitled Shaista Khan. She was the mother of Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]. Upon Farrukhsiyar's accession on 11 January 1713, she occupied an eminent position in the imperial harem.<ref>{{cite book|first=G. S |last=Cheema|title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|date=1 January 2002|pages=179|isbn=}}</ref> She died at Delhi in February 1729, having outlived her son for nearly ten years.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}<ref name="mirza"/>

His third wife was Aisha Begum, the daughter of Ruhullah Khan Yazdi, the Mir Bakhshi. She was the granddaughter Khalilullah Khan. The marriage took place on 26 June 1692.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658-1707 AD) of Saqi Mustad Khan|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta|year=1947|pages=209|isbn=}}</ref> She was the mother of Prince Humayun Bakht Mirza, and Prince Ruh-ud-daula Mirza. Azim-ush-shan is said to have been very fond of her. On 24 May 1709, she gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl. She died at Daulatabad on 15 July 1709, and was buried there, near the tomb of Burhan ud-din.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}

His fourth wife was Gitti Ara Begum, the daughter of Prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah]]. The marriage took place on 1 November 1709.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=35}} She died at Delhi on 12 June 1724 at age over forty years.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Azim-ush-Shan'''
|2= 2. [[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor]]
|3= 3. Amrit Kanwar
|4= 4. [[Aurangzeb|Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor]]
|5= 5. [[Nawab Bai|Nawab Bai Begum]]
|6= 6. [[Raja]] Roop Singh of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=128}}
|8= 8. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]
|9= 9. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
|10= 10. Taj-ud-Din Khan, [[Raja]] of [[Rajauri]]<ref>Charles Francis Massy, ''Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab'' (1890), p. 396</ref>
|12= 12. Bharmal Rathore of Babera<ref>Vijay Kumar Mathur, ''Marvels of Kishangarh paintings: from the collection of the National Museum, New Delhi'' (2000), p. 8</ref>
|24=24. [[Raja]] [[Kishan Singh of Kishangarh]]}}

==See also==
* [[Azimabad]], former name of Patna, after prince Azim-ush-Shan
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bihar]]
* [[History of Odisha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |author-link=William Irvine (historian) |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Later Mughals |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14116/page/n61/mode/1up |year=1921 |volume=I |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons |location=Calcutta}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azim-Ush-Shan}}
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:1664 births]]
[[Category:1712 deaths]]
[[Category:People executed by drowning]]
[[Category:History of Patna]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bengal]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bihar]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Odisha]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Revathi Pillai

2026-02-26T05:34:19Z

Republic Bangla: started some stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2002)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Revathi Pillai
| image =
| caption = Revathi Pillai
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|06|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
}}
'''Revathi Pillai''' (born June 5, 2002) is an Indian actress and model, primarily known for her work in television shows and web series in [[Hindi]]. She has been part of several notable projects, including ''[[Yeh Meri Family]]'' (2018), ''[[Kota Factory]]'' (2019), ''The Interns'' (2020), ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special Ops]]'' (2020), ''[[Jab We Matched]]'' (2023), and ''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]'' (2024), among others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-20 |title=Revathi Pillai says she wants to break the student typecast: 'I'd like to play a psycho killer...' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/revathi-pillai-says-she-wants-to-break-the-student-typecast-i-d-like-to-play-a-psycho-killer-101668906178274.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115050401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/revathi-pillai-says-she-wants-to-break-the-student-typecast-i-d-like-to-play-a-psycho-killer-101668906178274.html |archive-date=2023-01-15 |access-date=2025-04-08 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=Who is Revathi Pillai? Know all about actor who played Vartika Ratawal's role in Kota Factory 3 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/who-is-revathi-pillai-know-all-about-actor-who-played-vartika-ratawals-role-in-kota-factory-3-1320404? |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
Revathi Pillai was born on June 5, 2002, in Thane, Maharashtra, into a [[Nair|Malayali Nair]] family. Her parents, Manoj Pillai and Sheeja Pillai, are originally from [[Kerala]]. She is the youngest of three siblings, Gayatri and Nivedya.

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! {{Ref.}}
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira]]'' || Revathy||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-16 |title=Fahadh Faasil and Kalyani Priyadarshan’s Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/16/fahadh-faasil-and-kalyani-priyadarshans-odum-kuthira-chaadum-kuthira-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! {{Ref.}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Yeh Meri Family]]''
|Vidhya M. Ranganath
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2019-2024 || ''[[Kota Factory]]''
|Vartika Ratawal
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Utsa |date=2024-07-24 |title=Revathi Pillai Talks About Her Equation With 'Kota Factory' Co-Stars Ahsaas Channa And Mayur |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/kota-factory-season-3-revathi-pillai-talks-about-her-equation-with-kota-factory-co-stars-ahsaas-channa-and-mayur-more-1705348 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2020 || ''Butterflies''
|Jenny
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=TTT launches Butterflies 3 with Hershey's Kisses |url=https://www.apnnews.com/ttt-launches-butterflies-3-with-hersheys-kisses/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=APN News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2020-present || ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special Ops]]'' || Pari ||<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Special Ops 1.5 Review: Taut And Gripping With Kay Kay Menon In Fine Fettle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/special-ops-1-5-review-taut-and-gripping-with-kay-kay-menon-in-fine-fettle-3-stars-2608128 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[The Interns (TV series)|The Interns]]'' || Viveka Chaturvedi ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story]]'' || Pari || <ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Jab We Matched]]'' || Reena ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first= Arundhuti |date=2023-02-15 |title=Jab We Matched actress Revathi Pillai: My character is relatable with every teenager |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-jab-we-matched-actress-revathi-pillai-my-character-is-relatable-with-every-teenager/e0a6fd2637365 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]'' || Naina ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |date=2024-04-30 |title=Revathi Pillai: Social media plays a huge role in the life of an actor |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/interviews/2024/Apr/30/revathi-pillai-social-media-plays-a-huge-role-in-the-life-of-an-actor |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Revathi}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thane district]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Ashalata Biswas

2026-02-25T18:00:36Z

Republic Bangla: starting stub...

{{short description|Indian actress (1917–1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashalata Biswas
| image = File:AshalataLUX.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ashalata in an advertisement of [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] (1944)
| birth_name = Mehrunnisa
| birth_date = 1917
| birth_place = [[Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1992
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]|1936|1954|end=separated}}
| children = 4
| relatives = [[Parul Ghosh]] (sister-in-law) [[Pannalal Ghosh]] (brother-in-law) [[Paromita Vohra]] (granddaughter)
}}

'''Ashalata Biswas''' (born as '''Mehrunnisa'''; 1917–1992) was an Indian film actress and producer who was predominantly active in [[Hindi cinema]] from the 1930s to the mid-1960s. She was one of the first Indian actresses to become brand ambassador of [[Lux (soap)|Lux]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxzkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=THE INDIAN LISTENER: Vol. IX. No. 16. (7th AUGUST 1944) |publisher=All India Radio (AIR) |year=1944 |publication-date=7 August 1944 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

Ashalata was the first wife of music composer [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]], with whom she was married for 18 years and had four children.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guwKAQAAMAAJ |title=Cinema Vision India |date=1982 |page=54 |publisher=Siddharth Kak |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UIpvn-Zig0C |title=Filmindia |date=1954 |publisher=Filmindia Publications |publication-date=1954 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and marriage ==
Ashalata was born as Mehrunnisa in 1917<ref name=":8" /> in [[Kutch district|Kutch]], in a [[Gujarati Muslims|Gujarati Muslim]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Premchand |first=Manek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJCBDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT12 |title=Yesterday's Melodies Today's Memories |date=2018-12-27 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64429-877-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma 'Tushar' |first=Raghunandan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIKdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=Bhoole-Bisre Film Sangeet Sitare |date=2022-11-23 |publisher=Vāṇī Prakāśana |isbn=978-93-5518-037-7 |pages=157 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Salamat |first=Sajid |date=2023-05-17 |title=Remembering Anil Biswas whose songs captivated music lovers |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1093924/remembering-anil-biswas-whose-songs-captivated-music-lovers/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> One of her childhood friends was [[Shobhna Samarth]], who would also go on to become an actress in Hindi films.<ref name=":6" />

In 1936, Ashalata married music composer [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] and underwent religious conversion to become a follower of [[Arya Samaj]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Prem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgEoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT45 |title=Ramanand Sagar Ke Jeevan Ki Akath Kahani: Ramanand Sagar Ke Jeevan Ki Akath Kahani |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-90378-41-8 |pages=45 |language=hi}}</ref> The couple went on to have four children: Pradeep, Amit, Utpal, and Shikha; and separated in 1954.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Prem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiXREAAAQBAJ&pg=PT128 |title=An Epic Life: Ramanand Sagar: From Barsaat to Ramayan |date=2023-05-29 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-107-8 |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref> In 1961, their son Pradeep, an [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] cadet, died in a plane crash.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kala |first=Sadhana |title=Morarji Desai: Prime Minister in an air-crash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/methink/morarji-desai-prime-minister-in-an-air-crash/? |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ashalata began her acting career in mid-1930s, featuring in a string of films including ''Azadi'' (1935), ''Sajiv Murti'' (1935) and ''Insaaf'' (1936). In 1936, she played Shanti Devi in ''[[Manmohan (film)|Manmohan]]'', which was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cC9VAAAAYAAJ |title=Biblio |date=16 March 1997 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Communication Associates |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> Ashalata went on to star in the big-budget fantasy drama film ''Jwala'' (1938) as Kuntala,<ref name=":0" /> a character derived from the [[Three Witches|witches]] of ''[[Macbeth]]''. The film proved to be a major flop.<ref name=":1" /> She later had a supporting role in the 1940 musical ''[[Zindagi (1940 film)|Zindagi]]'', which became the highest-grossing Indian film at the time of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=121&catName=MTk0MC0xOTQ5|title=BoxOffice India.com|date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205100637/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=121&catName=MTk0MC0xOTQ5|access-date=26 September 2025|archive-date=5 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=boxoffice>{{cite web|author=Box Office India |title=Top Earners 1940 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=145&catName=MTk0MA== |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=26 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206110235/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=145&catName=MTk0MA%3D%3D |archive-date= 6 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her other notable roles of this period include ''[[Geeta (1940 film)|Geeta]]'' (1940) as Lata. She starred alongside [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] in ''Deepak'' (1940).<ref name=":4" />

=== ''Variety Productions'' ===
In 1950s, Ashalata shifted from acting to producing, and co-founded a production house, ''Variety Productions,'' along with her husband. Their early releases were ''Mehmaan'' (1950) and ''Bazooband'' (1951); both films underperformed commercially.<ref name=":6" />

In 1951, Ashalata produced ''Badi Bahu'', written by [[Ramanand Sagar]], which won Best Story award at the Mussoorie Film Festival.<ref name=":2" />

== Public image ==
Ashalata was one of the major female film stars of 1930s.<ref name=":5" /> Besides acting, she sang her own songs in some films such as ''Premveer'' (1936),<ref name=":0" /> and also featured multiple times in the singing programs of [[All India Radio]] in late 1930s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-PgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1456 |title=THE INDIAN LISTENER: Vol. III. No. 20. (7th OCTOBER 1938) |date=1938-10-07 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Radio, Bombay |first=All India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXHgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=THE INDIAN LISTENER: Vol. II. No. 2. (7th JANUARY 1937) |date=1937-01-07 |publisher=All India Radio, Bombay |language=en}}</ref>

Ashalata often drew attention for her perceived beauty.<ref name=":5" /> She was among the fewest actresses of her time to feature in the much coveted advertisements of [[Lux (soap)|Lux]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ashalata Biswas |url=https://cinemaazi.com/people/ashalata-biswas |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Ashalata died of old age in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=India Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Research and Reference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IefZAAAAMAAJ&q=ashalata+biswas |title=Mass Media in India |date=1994 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref>

Her second son Utpal Biswas became a music director, and composed music for films such as ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'' (1988) and ''[[Share Bazaar (film)|Share Bazaar]]'' (1997).<ref name=":7" /> Documentary filmmaker [[Paromita Vohra]] is Ashalata's granddaughter through her daughter Shikha Vohra (née Biswas).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Filmmaker-artist Paromita Vohra's new installation urges to not shy away from pleasures aural and oral |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/sexual-culture-the-birds-and-the-bees-6147691/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc. |isbn=978-93-84544-85-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''Azadi'' (1935)
*''Sajiv Murti'' (1935)
*''Sati Toral'' (1935)
*''Bulldog'' (1936)
*''Insaaf'' (1936)
*''Mahageet'' (1936)
*''Premveer'' (1936)
*''[[Manmohan (film)|Manmohan]]'' (1936) as Shanti<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śāstrī |first=Śrīdhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQULAAAAIAAJ |title=Bhāratīya philma udyoga |date=1969 |publisher=Kiśalapa Mañca |pages=70 |language=hi}}</ref>
*''Jwala'' (1938) as Kuntala<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=http://archive.org/details/filmindia19373803unse |title=Jwala review: FilmIndia (1937–38) |date=1937 |publisher=Bombay |others=New York The Museum of Modern Art Library |pages=313 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA276 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |pages=1938 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Aaj Ki Duniya]]'' (1940)
*''Deepak'' (1940) as Bina<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=http://archive.org/details/filmindia194107film_1 |title=Filmindia (1941) |date=1941 |publisher=Filmindia Publications, Ltd. |others=New York The Museum of Modern Art Library |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Desh Bhakta]]'' (1940)
*''[[Geeta (1940 film)|Geeta]]'' (1940) as Lata
*''[[Rangila Jawan]]'' (1940)
*''[[Shamsherbaaz]]'' (1940)
*''Sohag'' (1940) as Kamla<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194006unse/page/n687/mode/1up? |title=FilmIndia (1940) |date=1940 |publisher=Bombay |others=New York The Museum of Modern Art Library |pages=29 for ''Deepak'', 441 for ''Sohag'' |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Zindagi (1940 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1940) as Ratan's friend's mistress (credited as "Asalata")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Bhaichand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&pg=PT2 |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |date=2016-01-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-598-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Sharad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwHibrHtu50C&pg=PA182 |title=Kundan |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310156-7 |pages=182 |language=hi}}</ref>
*''[[Madhusudan (film)|Madhusudan]]'' (1941)
*''[[Sachcha Sapna]]'' (1942)
*''[[Sukhi Jeevan]]'' (1942)
*''Humari Baat'' (1943)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUYZAAAAIAAJ |title=Imprint |date=1982 |publisher=Business Press |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Swarna Bhoomi]]'' (1944)
*''[[Char Aankhen]]'' (1944)
*''Bisvi Sadi'' (1945)
*''[[Shreeman Funtoosh]]'' (1965)
*''Biradari'' (1966)

=== As producer ===
* ''Mehmaan'' (1950)
* ''Bazooband'' (1951)
* ''Badi Bahu'' (1951)<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Prem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiXREAAAQBAJ&pg=PT152 |title=An Epic Life: Ramanand Sagar: From Barsaat to Ramayan |date=29 May 2023 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-107-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2983725}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Ashalata}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Islam]]
[[Category:Indian former Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]

Bir Shikargarh Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T17:07:53Z

Republic Bangla: adding first post from scratch!

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Haryana#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| location = [[Panchkula district]], Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.771779|76.964270|display=inline,title}}
| area = 7.67{{what|date=October 2025}}
| established = 1987
| governing_body = [[Forests Department, Haryana]]
| website = {{URL|www.haryanaforest.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary''' is situated in [[Panchkula district]] of [[Haryana]] state, [[India]]. It is spread over an area of {{convert|767.30|hectare}}. It also houses [[Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore]].

==Location==
It is {{convert|8|km}} away from [[Pinjore]] on Pinjor-Mallah Road.<ref name="HarFor1">{{cite web |title=Haryana Forest Department |url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232130/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=11 May 2014 |df=dmy}}</ref> It is {{convert|10|km}} from [[Kalka]], {{convert|20|km}} from [[Panchkula]], {{convert|30|km}} from [[Chandigarh]], {{convert|20|km}} from [[Morni]] Hill station. [[Forests Department, Haryana]] of [[Government of Haryana]] officially notified this as Wildlife Sanctuary 29 May 1987.

==Eco-sensitive zone of sanctuary==
In 2009, the [[Government of India]] declared it an [[Eco-Sensitive Zone|Eco-sensitive Zone]] (ESZ), as a result development will not be permitted within a {{convert|5|km}} radius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 forests declared eco-sensitive zones. Archived 3-4-16 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2009/07/06&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00401&AppName=1 |access-date=2024-07-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061005/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2009/07/06&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00401&AppName=1 | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Animals==
[[File:Alert_Leopard.jpg|[[Indian leopard]]|thumb|left]]
Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary and [[Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary]] are only {{convert|3|km}} aerial distance from each other, both are also only few km away from [[Kalesar National Park]], all of which lie in the [[Shivalik hills]] of [[Haryana]]. All these three sanctuaries have similar species of wild animal
that migrate from one sanctuary to another. The wild species include [[Indian leopard]], [[Asiatic elephant]], [[Chital]] (spotted deer), [[Sambar deer]], [[Wild boar]], [[Rhesus macaque]], [[Gray langur]], [[Striped hyena]], [[Indian jackal]], [[Jungle cat]], [[Indian gray mongoose]], [[Indian fox]] and [[Indian jackal]].<ref name=MEF1>[http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/AdditionalInformation/AddInfoReceived/10118122912101haryana472013.pdf Government of India's Ministry of Environment and Forests clearance, published: 2013]</ref>

==Nearby attractions==
* [[Kalesar National Park]] ([https://wikimapia.org/8949436/Kalesar-National-Park Map]) - {{convert|15|km}} from [[Yamunanagar]] on [[Chhachhrauli]] road. It has [[elephant]], [[wild boar]], [[sambar deer]], [[hare]], [[red junglefowl]], [[porcupine]], [[monkey]] and [[chital]].
* [[Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary]] ([https://wikimapia.org/1914195 Map]) - It covers area of {{convert|4883|hectare}}. It is {{convert|3|km}} aerial from Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary near [[Panchkula]] on Morni road and {{convert|20|km}} from [[Chandigarh]].

==See also==
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India]]
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]] in [[Haryana]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], India & Pakistan
* [[Kalesar National Park]], {{convert|15|km}} from [[Yamunanagar]] ([https://wikimapia.org/8949436/Kalesar-National-Park Map])
* [[Sultanpur National Park]], {{convert|25|km}} from [[Gurgaon]] on [[Chhachhrauli]] road ([https://wikimapia.org/1795646/Sultanpur-National-Park Map])
* [[Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary]], {{convert|10|km}} from [[Pehowa]] ([https://wikimapia.org/31648781/Saraswati-Wildlife-Sanctuary-Eco-Sensitive-Zone Map])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Protected Areas of India}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panchkula district]]
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]

Phillaur Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T05:16:22Z

Republic Bangla: enhance details additionally and updated info for clarity

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Phillaur
| map_image = 30-Phillaur.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1951
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 30
| mla = Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:207149}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214084523/https://ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Phillaur''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate= 19 July 2016 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>
It is part of [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|[[Sarwan Singh Phillaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Santokh Singh Choudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Sarwan Singh Phillaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Avinash Chander]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Baldev Singh Khaira]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Phillaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes={{formatnum:48288}}|percentage=34.80|change={{increase}}9.0}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Baldev Singh Khaira]]|votes={{formatnum:35985}}|percentage=25.90|change={{decrease}}2.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Prem Kumar<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref>|votes={{formatnum:34478}}|percentage=24.80|change={{increase}}0.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:920}}
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}-->
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:12303}}|percentage=8.8|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:139886}}|percentage=67.50|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:207222}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Phillaur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Baldev Singh Khaira]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:41336}}
|percentage = 28.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:37859}}
|percentage = 25.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Saroop Singh Kadiana]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:35779}}
|percentage = 24.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Avtar Singh Karimpuri
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:28035}}
|percentage = 19.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:953}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:3477}}
|percentage = 2.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:146031}}
|percentage = 75.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:193958}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Phillaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Avinash Chander]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:46115}}
|percentage = 32.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:46084}}
|percentage = 32.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Baldev Singh]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:42328}}
|percentage = 29.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:31}}
|percentage = 0.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:141524}}
|percentage = 78.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:180280}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jalandhar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.22|75.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Shadja

2026-02-12T07:43:55Z

Republic Bangla: Creating

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Ṣaḍja (Sa).jpg|thumb|Shadaj (Sa)]]
'''Shadja''' ({{langx|sa|षड्ज|translit=ṣaḍja}} {{IPA|sa|ʂɐɖd͡ʑɐ|}}) is the first of the seven [[svara]]s in [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Notes.html|title=The Notes in an Octave in Indian Classical Music|website=Raag Hindustani}}</ref> Shadaj is the long form of the syllable सा (Sā).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brainly.in/question/4916824 | title=What is the full form of SA,RA,GA,MA,PA,DHA,NI,SA | publisher=Brainly | accessdate=17 December 2021 }}</ref>

==Details==
The following is the information about Shadaj and its importance in [[Indian classical music]]:

* Shadaj is the first [[svara]] in an octave or [[Saptak]].
* Shadaj is usually the main svara in a [[raga]].
* The svara that is played on the [[Tanpura]] for the singer is Shadaj. It is played to know that one is singing on the right pitch and octave.
* Shadaj is the base or basic svara. It is a very fundamental svara in Classical music.
* Shadaj serves a critical role in maintaining the tonal framework during performances. Before transitioning from one raga to another, particularly when the ragas share the same set of svaras (notes) but differ in their chalan (movement or progression), the note "Sa" is often played. This practice ensures clarity and prevents confusion by re-establishing the tonal base, allowing the next raga to begin distinctly.
* The svara of Shadaj is never {{lang|hi-Latn|komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}}, it is always Shuddha in any given raga.
* It is said that Shadaj is the basic svara from which all the other 6 svaras are produced. When we break the word Shadaj then we get, Shad And Ja. It means that Shad is 6 and ja is 'giving birth' in [[marathi (language)|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-7-shadows-of-Shadaj/|title=The 7 Shadows of Shadaj|author=RAM Chandrakausika राम च 51|date=30 January 2013}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> So basically the translation is :
'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म '''.
Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other 6 notes of the music.

* The frequency of Shadaj and the related svara are chosen relative to the performer. If the Shadaj is 240 Hz, for example, the frequencies of the seven svaras are also given below: Sa 240 Hz, Re 270 Hz, Ga 300 Hz, Ma 320 Hz, Pa 360 Hz, Dha 400 Hz, and Ni 450 Hz, Sa 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) ........ (and so on).
Consequently, the Sa after the Ni of 450 Hz has a frequency of 480 Hz i.e. the double of the Lower octave Sa.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

* There are four [[Shruti (music)|Shruti]]'s of Sadja. Previously the main Shruti not only for Sa but for all the other svaras was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the first Shruti.
For example, if these are the four Shruti's of Sa then,

'''Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Sa'''.
'''^'''
'''1 2 3 4'''
''' ^'''
'''But now this position has become the main Shruti of Sa'''.

* All the other svaras except Shadaj (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|hi-Latn|komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}} svaras but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''' , since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal Svaras}}'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra Svaras}}'''

*Shadaj holds a unique and indispensable position in Indian classical music. It is the only svara that cannot be omitted (varjit) in any raga, making it essential to both the saptak (scale) and the structure of every raga.
* For some ragas where Sa is the Vadi or Samvadi svara, Sa is played repeatedly. But for ragas where Sa is not a Vadi or a Samvadi svara, it is still played repeatedly since it the main svara.
* Ragas where Sa is the Vadi svara - Raga [[Malkauns]], etc. Ragas where Sa is the Samvadi svara - Raga [[Kedar (raga)|Kedar]].
* Shadaj is said to be sourced from the cry of a [[peacock]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://adharaShadaj.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/|title=SWARA AND SHRUTI|date=21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/raga_ragini/|title=The Raga Ragini System of Indian Classical Music|first=Priya|last=Viswanathan|date=15 March 2007|website=Dolls of India}}</ref>
* Shadaj is associated with the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref name="auto"/>
* Shadaj is associated with [[Green]] colour.<ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Svara]]
* [[Rishabh (svara)|Rishabh]] (Re)
* [[Gandhar (svara)|Gandhar]] (Ga)
* [[Madhyam (svara)|Madhyam]] (Ma)
* [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham]] (Pa)
* [[Dhaivat (svara)|Dhaivat]] (Dha)
* [[Nishad (svara)|Nishad]] (Ni)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindustani music]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]

Sivaji Bandyopadhyay

2026-02-12T02:46:16Z

Republic Bangla: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Sivaji Bandyopadhyay
| honorific_suffix =
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| alma_mater = Jadavpur University
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}}
'''Dr. Sivaji Bandyopadhyay''' is an Indian [[Academy|academic]] and is currently the [[Chairperson]] and former Director of [[National Institute of Technology, Silchar|National Institute of Technology Silchar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director {{!}} NIT Silchar|url=http://www.nits.ac.in/administration/director.php|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.nits.ac.in}}</ref> He is a [[Professor]] of [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Engineering]]. He obtained his [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]], [[M.Tech]] and [[Ph.D.]] in Computer Science and Engineering from [[Jadavpur University]] and taught there as a Professor before joining [[NIT Silchar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Jadavpur University website|url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/profile.php?uid=2|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.jaduniv.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IEEE|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37287104600|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref> Formerly, he has been the Dean of Engineering and Technology at [[Jadavpur University]], the Head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at [[Jadavpur University]], the Director of the [[Computer-aided design|Computer-Aided Design]] Centre at Jadavpur University and the Coordinator, TEQIP-II at Jadavpur University among other responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director {{!}} NIT Silchar|url=http://www.nits.ac.in/administration/director.php|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.nits.ac.in}}</ref>

He is one of the top 50 computer scientists in [[India]] and the top 6000 computer scientists around the world with an Indian rank of 40 and a global rank of 5883<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranking of top computer scientists |url=https://www.guide2research.com/scientists/IN|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.guide2research.com/scientists}}</ref>

During his tenure as the Chairperson and Director of [[National Institute of Technology, Silchar|National Institute of Technology Silchar]], the institute achieved its first-ever global rankings across multiple international platforms. NIT Silchar was ranked in the 201–250 overall band in Asia (19th among Indian universities) by the [[Times Higher Education]] (THE) Asia University Rankings 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=Asian University Rankings 2021|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/regional-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Times Higher Education (THE) Asian University Rankings 2021|language=en}}</ref> and in the 251–300 band in the [[Times Higher Education]] Emerging Economies University Rankings 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=Emerging Economies University Rankings 2021|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/emerging-economies-university-rankings?fbclid=IwAR1jhvqWpP0yhMfsITt7ON2mTx8otQOsaEFkRl0SGjnDJHygXMSY39fsheU#!/page/0/length/100/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|website=Times Higher Education (THE) Emerging Economies University Rankings|language=en}}</ref>

In terms of sustainability, NIT Silchar secured the 275th global rank in the [[UI GreenMetric]] World University Rankings 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=UI GreenMetric World University Rankings|url=https://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/rankings/overall-rankings-2020|access-date=2020-10-20|website=UI GreenMetric World University Rankings|language=en}}</ref> demonstrating the institute’s commitment to green practices.

Academically, NIT Silchar was ranked in the 601–800 band globally in Engineering by THE Engineering Rankings 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=World Engineering University Rankings|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/engineering-and-IT?fbclid=IwAR2fyET0_uGbo-cdld7GyUkSbAUsPky1zA-tGsnf1pIlxUCZ735jUkIfpYk#!/page/0/length/100/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Times Higher Education (THE) Engineering Rankings|language=en}}</ref> and similarly ranked in the 601–800 global band in Physical Sciences by THE Physical Sciences Rankings 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=World Physical Sciences University Rankings|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/engineering-and-IT?fbclid=IwAR2fyET0_uGbo-cdld7GyUkSbAUsPky1zA-tGsnf1pIlxUCZ735jUkIfpYk#!/page/0/length/100/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Times Higher Education (THE) Engineering Rankings|language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, the institute was placed 750th globally in Engineering by the [[U.S. News & World Report]] Best Global Universities Engineering Rankings 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=World Engineering University Rankings|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/engineering|access-date=2020-10-20|website=US News Global Engineering Rankings|language=en}}</ref> and in the 801–1000 overall global band (19th among Indian institutions) in THE World University Rankings 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=World University Rankings|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings|language=en}}</ref>

He was also instrumental in the digital transformation of NIT Silchar by initiating and implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solution, which significantly streamlined the institute's academic and administrative workflows. This initiative was successfully executed with the support of Dr. Naresh Babu Muppalaneni and Mr. Manash Protim Mahanta.

Professor Bandyopadhyay has supervised over 12 Ph.D. students and a total of 12 Ph.D. scholars are currently working under his supervision. He has published around 49 research articles in reputed journals and 250 research publications in reputed conferences, workshops or [[Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases|symposiums.]] He has also authored two books. He has completed 4 international research and development projects - with [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Mexico]], [[Japan]] as the Principal Investigator in the area of Sentiment Analysis, Question Answering, and Textual Entailment. He was the Chief Investigator of 8 National level consortium mode projects in the areas of Machine Translation - English to Indian languages and Indian language to Indian languages, cross-lingual information access, development of treebank for Indian languages among others. Currently, he is executing three international projects funded by SPARC (MHRD) with [[Germany]], ASEAN (DST) with [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], DST and CNRS with [[France]]. The Center for Natural Language Processing (CNLP), a research centre has been established at [[NIT Silchar]] under his leadership.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director {{!}} NIT Silchar|url=http://www.nits.ac.in/administration/director.php|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.nits.ac.in}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis<ref>{{Citation|last1=Cambria|first1=Erik|title=Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis|date=2017|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55394-8_1|work=A Practical Guide to Sentiment Analysis|pages=1–10|editor-last=Cambria|editor-first=Erik|series=Socio-Affective Computing|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-55394-8_1|isbn=978-3-319-55394-8|access-date=2021-04-05|last2=Das|first2=Dipankar|last3=Bandyopadhyay|first3=Sivaji|last4=Feraco|first4=Antonio|volume=5 |s2cid=260540335 |editor2-last=Das|editor2-first=Dipankar|editor3-last=Bandyopadhyay|editor3-first=Sivaji|editor4-last=Feraco|editor4-first=Antonio|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* Selective absorption of H2S from gas streams containing [[Hydrogen sulfide|H2S]] and [[carbon dioxide|CO2]] into aqueous solutions of [[N-methyl-diethanolamine|''N''-methyldiethanolamine]] and [[2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2004-03-01|title=Selective absorption of H2S from gas streams containing H2S and CO2 into aqueous solutions of N-methyldiethanolamine and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1383586603001394|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=35|issue=3|pages=191–202|doi=10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00139-4|issn=1383-5866|last1=Mandal |first1=B.P |last2=Biswas |first2=A.K |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=S.S |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sivajibandyopadhyay.com/conference_publications.htm Personal WebPage]
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=qaIbHNwAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar]
* [https://www.nits.ac.in/administration/director.php WebPage at NIT Silchar]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandyopadhyay, Sivaji}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal academics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Archana Kavi

2026-02-06T05:47:27Z

Republic Bangla: expanded information as per guidelines after review

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Archana Kavi
| image = Archana kavi.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Archana in 2010
| birth_name = Archana Jose Kavi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|01|04}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| othername =
| years_active = 2009–2016; 2025–2026
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Abish Mathew]]|2015|2021|end=div}} {{Marriage|Rick Varghese|2025}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|YouTuber}}
}}

'''Archana Jose Kavi''' (born 4 January 1990) is an Indian actress, YouTuber and a television host.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13877935&programId=7940954&channelId=-1073751665&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=8 |title=Manorama Online | Lifestyle | Models & Celebrities | |access-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035953/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13877935&programId=7940954&channelId=-1073751665&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=8 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She made her acting debut in film ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathaamara]]'' (2009) scripted by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and directed by [[Lal Jose]].<ref>{{cite web |author=johnsonrichards |url=http://www.cochinsquare.com/archana-kavii-am-blessed/ |title=Archana Kavi:"I AM BLESSED" | Kochi Cochin News |publisher=Cochinsquare.com |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212001800/http://www.cochinsquare.com/archana-kavii-am-blessed/ |archive-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-native/article54576.ece |location=Chennai, India |title=Going native |access-date=10 June 2013 |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2009}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Archana was born on 4 January 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archana Kavi {{!}} Actress, Writer, Director |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3896678/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CYTvZmUvqZU/?hl=en |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> in [[New Delhi]] to Jose Kaviyil, a senior journalist, and Rosamma. Jose Kaviyil's family is from [[Kudianmala|Kudiyanmala]] in Kannur district, [[Kerala]].<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite news|last=Sebastian |first=Shevlin |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article149313.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133742/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article149313.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2013 |title=Archana acting like a 'naadan' girl |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> She was raised in Delhi and studied at [[St. Xavier's School, Delhi]].<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> In 2006, Archana moved to [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]] in [[Kerala]] for a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] course at the Mar Augusthinose College.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> She stated that she came from a "typical [[Malayali]] middle-class family and acting was never considered a profession by us".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-don-t-set-expectations-from-film-archana-kavi-news-national-mkiskgfdfbj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173028/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-don-t-set-expectations-from-film-archana-kavi-news-national-mkiskgfdfbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=I don't set expectations from film: Archana Kavi |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> She said that she wanted to be a journalist initially since her father was one and later wanted to be an [[Radio jockey|RJ]] but that people discouraged her.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|author=Asha Prakash, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914593_1_tribal-girl-muslim-girl-kaithapram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412064940/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914593_1_tribal-girl-muslim-girl-kaithapram |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2012 |title=Archana Kavi Turns Tribal|date=22 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

Archana applied for an [[internship]] at the television channel [[Yes Indiavision]] and assisted in the production of certain programmes. After a year, she anchored the show ''Bloody Love'' on the same channel,<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|author=Athira M. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/television-beckons/article4244682.ece |title=Television beckons |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=14 October 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> while she was spotted by director [[Lal Jose]], who offered her the lead female role in his film in March 2009.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|author=Sreedhar Pillai, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-10/news-interviews/28281931_1_tamil-film-characters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104021429/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-10/news-interviews/28281931_1_tamil-film-characters |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Archana Kavi gets bold|date=10 July 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
She made her cinematic debut in 2009 with the highly successful ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathaamara]]'', portraying the role of Kunjimalu, a maid in an old Nair Tharavadu (ancestral home) who falls for the young master of the house.<ref name="indiatimes2"/> Director Lal Jose said that "Archana has an in-born talent".<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> Her role won critical accolades. In her next venture titled ''[[Mummy & Me]]'', which narrated the tale of the tumultuous relationship between a modern-day teenager and her mother, she played the lead role of a teenager named Jewel.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/21/stories/2010052150910100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526050513/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/21/stories/2010052150910100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2010 |title=Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram : Goodbye and hello |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=14 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Archana stated the character Jewel was "so very like the real me".<ref name="hindu2"/> But her following release ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' where she reunited with her ''Neelathamara'' co-stars Kailash and [[Rima Kallingal]], failed to make an impact at the box office. She made her Tamil debut in the period film ''[[Aravaan]]''<ref>{{cite news|author=Ammu Zachariah, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30519574_1_archana-kavi-k-town-neelathamara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30519574_1_archana-kavi-k-town-neelathamara |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=I'm here to stay: Archana Kavi|date=15 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> in which she played a tribal character named Chimby.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

In 2013 she also made her Telugu debut in ''[[Backbench Student]]''. Archana stated that she played "a college girl caught in a sweet love tale" in the film.<ref>{{cite news|author=Parvathy S Nayar, TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Mollywood-actress-Archana-heads-to-Tollywood/articleshow/16863556.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083740/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/news-and-interviews/34556696_1_actress-archana-kavi-aravaan-lal-jose-s-neelathamara |url-status=live |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Mollywood actress Archana heads to Tollywood|date=19 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> She acted as the lead in ''[[Abhiyum Njanum]]'', in which she played a modern girl from Mumbai, who comes to Kerala in search of her fiancé.<ref>{{cite news|author=Manu Vipin, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-25/news-interviews/31100089_1_archana-kavi-sport-traces |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101125821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-25/news-interviews/31100089_1_archana-kavi-sport-traces |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2012 |title=It's boring to sport the same looks every day: Archana Kavi|date=25 February 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> In ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' she played a naïve Anglo-Indian girl Sara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130607/entertainment-mollywood/article/archana-back-business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173631/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130607/entertainment-mollywood/article/archana-back-business |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |title=Archana is back in business |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 June 2013 |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> She played a supporting role as the hero Karthik's best friend in ''[[Pattam Pole]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vijay George |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/romance-and-after/article5048576.ece |title=Romance and after |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=14 October 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Her next films ''[[Bangles (film)|Bangles]]'' in which she played a junior artiste,<ref>{{cite news|author=Manu Vipin, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/news-and-interviews/32442395_1_suvid-junior-artiste-bangles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/news-and-interviews/32442395_1_suvid-junior-artiste-bangles |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Archana Kavi plays a junior artiste|date=28 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> and ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' in which she played a doctor,<ref>{{cite news|author=Sanjith Sidhardhan, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/news-interviews/30467252_1_dileep-ananya-political-satire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/news-interviews/30467252_1_dileep-ananya-political-satire |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Three heroines opposite Dileep!|date=2 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> both released on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001002215628/http://sify.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2000-10-02|title=Sify|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

She has signed her second Tamil film ''Gnana Kirukkan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/archana-kavi-is-back-in-kwood-news-malayalam-mi4nkgjdjda.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901025728/http://www.sify.com/movies/archana-kavi-is-back-in-kwood-news-malayalam-mi4nkgjdjda.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2012 |title=Archana Kavi is back in K'wood |website=[[Sify]] |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> She is shooting for ''Day-Night'' opposite Maqbool Salmaan.<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-05/news-and-interviews/41092162_1_love-story-busy-bee-bank-employee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-05/news-and-interviews/41092162_1_love-story-busy-bee-bank-employee |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Maqbool Salmaan's next is a love story|date=5 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> She has acted as a Muslim girl in the film ''[[Mazhavillinattam Vare]]'', which is [[Kaithapram]]'s directorial debut.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> She will also be seen in Nemam Pushparaj's upcoming film ''Kukkiliyar'', in which she plays Manoj K Jayan's daughter who plays a 75-year-old.<ref>{{cite news|author=Asha Prakash, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-03/news-and-interviews/33549197_1_archana-kavi-kukkiliyar-manoj-k-jayan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423141206/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-03/news-and-interviews/33549197_1_archana-kavi-kukkiliyar-manoj-k-jayan |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2013 |title=Archana in Pushparaj's next|date=3 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> Archana also shot for a Hindi film ''Saroja'', an offbeat film directed by Anjali Shukla, playing the role of a commercial sex worker.<ref>{{cite news|author=K. R. Manigandan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts/article3332412.ece |title=Shot Cuts |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=14 October 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Manu Vipin, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-01/news-interviews/31113479_1_archana-kavi-roles-urumi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-01/news-interviews/31113479_1_archana-kavi-roles-urumi |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Archana Kavi to do a Chameli|date=1 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

She anchored ''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njaanum'', a reality show for television actors on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref name="thehindu1"/> She maintains a [[Twitter]] account. In 2010 she was only one of two Malayalam actresses maintaining an active Twitter account.<ref>{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/actor-archana-kavi-to-attend-twestival/article304049.ece |title=Actor Archana Kavi to attend Twestival |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=14 October 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2021, she moved to direction with a web series titled Pandaraparambil House at 801.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2021-01-11|title=Mollywood actor Archana Kavi turns director with a web series|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mollywood-actor-archana-kavi-turns-director-with-a-web-series/article33549812.ece|access-date=2021-03-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Archana also owns a boutique named 'Chaaya' in [[Kochi]], Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/news.php?nid=15fdc80bcd4e01a4bbe42e308ab1ff29 |title=അർച്ചന കവി 'സുഖമായിരിക്കട്ടെ' |access-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114081942/http://news.keralakaumudi.com/news.php?nid=15fdc80bcd4e01a4bbe42e308ab1ff29 |archive-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Archana Kavi was engaged to standup comedian [[Abish Mathew]] on 31 October 2015. They were married on 23 January 2016 in [[Vallarpadam Church]], Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/archana-kavi-to-marry-abhish-mathew.html|title=Archana Kavi to marry stand-up comedian Abish Mathew | Archana Kavi to marry Abish Mathew}}</ref>
The marriage function was attended by [[Rima Kallingal]], [[Aashiq Abu]] and Abish's friends from Delhi and comedians like [[Kenny Sebastian]], [[Kaneez Surka]], [[Rohan Joshi]] and [[Kanan Gill]].
In 2021, the couple filed for divorce.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archana Kavi opens up about her fight with depression and her divorce|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/11/08/archana-kavi-opens-up-about-her-fight-with-depression-and-life.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

Archana married Rick Varghese in October 2025. The two met on a dating app and decided to take their relationship to the next level.<ref>{{Cite web |title='We met through a dating app'. Archana Kavi spills the beans on her relationship with Rick |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/18/archana-kavi-wedding-rick-varghese-marriage-story.html |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=‘We met through a dating app’. Archana Kavi spills the beans on her relationship with Rick |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathaamara]]'' || Kunjimalu || rowspan="5" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' || Jewel ||
|-
| ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || Neethu ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' || Pooja Nair || rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012 || ''[[Spanish Masala]]'' || Lillykkutty
|-
| ''[[Aravaan]]'' || Chimitti || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|''[[Mazhavillinattam Vare]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1152535.ece|title=Bowled over by cinema|author=P. K. Ajith Kumar|date=4 February 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 February 2011|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023095201/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1152535.ece|archive-date=23 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Rabiya || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013 || ''[[Backbench Student]]'' || Priyanka || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Njanum]]'' || Abirami || rowspan="8" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' || Sara ||
|-
| ''[[Pattam Pole]]'' || Sherin ||
|-
| ''[[Bangles (film)|Bangles]]'' || Angel ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || Aathira ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014 || ''[[To Noora with Love]]'' || Sreeparvathi ||
|-
| ''Day Night Game'' || Abhirami ||
|-
| ''Monayi Angane Aanayi'' || Merin ||
|-
| ''[[Gnana Kirukkan]]'' || Sumathi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || ''Sughamaayirikkatte'' || Ramla || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Kukkiliyar'' || Sarayu ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Dooram]]'' || Rasiya ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'' || Dr. Devika Shankar ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-16 |title=First look of Tovino Thomas-starrer Identity out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/16/first-look-of-tovino-thomas-starrer-identity-out |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Other works==
; Television
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|2008||''Bloody Love''||Host||
|-
|''Himamazhayil''||Archana||Music Album
|-
|2010|| ''Ente Priya Ganangal'' ||Host||
|-
|2013|| ''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njaanum'' ||Host||Reality Show
|-

|2022–2023||''[[Rani Raja]]''||Anamika/Aami||TV series on Mazhavil Manorama Replaced by [[Mridula Vijay]]
|}
;Web series
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2016||''Talk With Archie''||Host|| rowspan="2" |Vlog
|-
|2016–2017||''Travel''||Host
|-
|2017||''Toofan Mail''||Ammu||Web Series Writer also
|-
|2018||''Big Talks''||Host||Web Series
|-
|2019||''Meenaviyal''|||Amrita ||Web Series
|-
|2020||''Bae Control''||Vedhika||Web Series
|-
|rowspan=2|2020–2022||''Talk With Archie Season 2''||Host|| rowspan="2" |Vlog
|-
|''Zoomling Talks / QnA''||Host
|-
|2021–2022||''Pandaraparambil House''||Director/Producer||Web Series
|-
|2023–present
|''Pursuit of madness ''||Host||vlog
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Archana Kavi}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3896678}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavi, Archana}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Kundan Kumar

2026-02-05T04:32:07Z

Republic Bangla: Made a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Kundan Kumar''' (born 1978)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Begusarai Assembly constituency]] in [[Begusarai district]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Begusarai Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Kundan Kumar of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/begusarai-election-result-2020-live-updates-begusarai-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061373.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from, Begusarai district, Bihar. He is the son of Upendra Prasad Singh. He completed his Post Graduate Programme in Management and Media in 2004 at the International School of Business and Media, Pune.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kundan Kumar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BEGUSARAI(BEGUSARAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12358 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar won from [[Begusarai Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 74,217 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Amita Bhushan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 4,554 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=Begusarai Election Results 2020 Highlights: BJP's Kundan Kumar defeats Congress rival Amita Bhusan by 4554 votes |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/begusarai-assembly-election-results-2020-live-updates-can-bjp-recaputre-its-lost-bastion-from-congress-10019625 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kundan, Kumar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Joseph Pamplany

2026-02-02T18:18:21Z

Republic Bangla: Made a article.

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic archbishop in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = bishop
| honorific_prefix = '''[[Mar (title)|Mar]]'''
| name = Joseph Pamplany
| native_name = {{lang|syr|ܡܪ ܝܘܣܦ ܦܡܦܠܢܝ}}
| native_name_lang = syr
| title = {{ubl
| [[Archbishop]] of [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Tellicherry]]
| Vicar of Major Archbishop for the [[Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly]]
}}
| image = Pamplany.jpg
| caption =
| church = [[Syro Malabar Church]]
| see = [[Archdiocese of Tellicherry|Tellicherry]]
| elected = 15 January 2022
| appointed =
| term_start = 20 April 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = {{indented plainlist|
* [[George Njaralakatt]] as Archbishop of Tellicherry
* Antony Kariyil as Vicar of the Major Archbishop for the Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly
}}
| successor =
| other_post = {{indented plainlist|
* Secretary of the Synod of the Syro Malabar Church (2022{{nbnd}}present)
* Chancellor of the Alpha Institute of Theology (Pseudo-university), Thalassery<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alphathalassery.org/about |title=Alpha Institute Thalassery |access-date=2026-02-02 |archive-date=2025-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207062403/https://www.alphathalassery.org/about |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| ordination = 30 December 1997
| ordained_by = [[George Valiamattam]]
| consecration = 8 November 2017
| consecrated_by = [[George Njaralakatt]]
| coat_of_arms =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Charal, [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| previous_post = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Auxiliary Bishop]] of [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Tellicherry]] (2017{{nbnd}}2022)
}}
| module = {{Ordination
| denomination = Catholic
| embed = yes
|ordained deacon by =
|date of diaconal ordination =
|place of diaconal ordination =
|ordained priest by = [[George Valiamattam]]
|date of priestly ordination = 30 December 1997
|place of priestly ordination =
|consecrated by = [[George Njaralakatt]]
|co-consecrators = [[George Valiamattam]], [[Joseph Kallarangatt]]
|date of consecration = 8 November 2017
|place of consecration = St. Joseph's Cathedral in Palissery, Thalassery
|elevated by =
|date of elevation =
|sources =
|bishop 1 = [[Alex Tharamangalam]]
|consecration date 1 = 2022
}}
| motto = {{langnf|la|Non Nisi Te Domine|Nothing Except You, Lord}}
}}
{{Infobox academic
| alma_mater = [[KU Leuven]] (PhD, Biblical Studies)
| thesis_title = Crossing the Abysses: An Exegetical Study of John 20:19-29 in the Light of the Johannine Notion of Discipleship
| thesis_year = 2006
| doctoral_advisor = [[Reimund Bieringer]]
}}
'''Joseph Pamplany''' (born 11 December 1969) is an Indian [[archbishop]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] serving in double role as the Archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Tellicherry|Tellicherry]] since 2022 and as the vicar of the major archbishop for the [[Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly]] since January 2025. [[Pope Francis]] announced his approval of his election by Synod of Bishops of the Syro-Malabar Church as archbishop on January 15, 2022, replacing [[George Njaralakatt]]. He was also elected the synod's secretary replacing Antony Kariyil. He previously served as the [[Archdiocese of Tellicherry]]'s auxiliary bishop.

== Early life and priesthood ==

=== Childhood and education ===
Pamplany was born on December 11, 1969, in Charal, [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]] to Thomas and Mary Pamplany, as the fifth of seven children. He went to St. Sebastian’s School, Charal and St. Thomas High School, Kilianthara. He then went to Nirmalagiri College, Koothuparamba for a Pre-degree before deciding his vocation as a Priest. In 1988, He joined the St. Joseph's Minor Seminary in Tellicherry to begin his priestly formation and completed it at St. Joseph’s Pontifical Seminary, [[Aluva]]. [[George Valiamattam]] ordained him a Priest for the Archdiocese at St. Joseph's Cathedral on December 30, 1997. After a few years as a Priest, He was sent for further studies. In 2001, He obtained a [[Master of Arts]] in Religious Studies from [[KU Leuven|Katholike Universiteit Leuven]] in [[Belgium]]. He continued his education there for a [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in Sacred Scripture in 2006. He also holds a P.G Diploma in German, Hebrew and Greek<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archbishop of Thalassery {{!}} Archdiocese of Tellichery |url=https://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/bishops/metropolitan_archbishop |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org |archive-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209200711/https://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/bishops/metropolitan_archbishop |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pamplany |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oX9dtAEACAAJ |title=Crossing the Abysses: An Exegetical Study of John 20:19-29 in the Light of the Johannine Notion of Discipleship: Volume 4 of Alpha Research Serial |publisher=Alpha Institute |year=2016 |isbn=9788190851404 |location=Thalassery}}</ref>

=== Priestly ministry ===

Pamplany began his Priesthood as the assistant vicar of St. Joseph’s Forane Church, [[Peravoor]] before becoming the vicar of St. Thomas Church, Deepagiri. After he returned from his studies in Belgium, He was appointed by [[George Valiamattam]] as the Archdiocese's Bible Apostolate Director and founded the Alpha Institute of Theology and Science to help form the theological formation of lay people in the archdiocese and was the founder-director.

He also became a professor at various colleges, including teaching sacred scripture in St. Joseph’s Pontifical Institute, Aluva, Good Shepherd Major Seminary, Kunnoth, St. Peter’s Seminary, Bangalore, and Divine Bible College, Muringoor and also serving as a research guide.

Pamplany has published more than 30 books and has conducted 40 research articles in his career along with 250 articles in Malayalam Newspapers serving on editorial boards of many of academic journals. Pamplany also served as a retreat preacher in India and the various disapora of the Syro Malabar Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro Malabar Church |url=https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishops/mar-joseph-pamplany |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-15 |title=Mar Joseph Pamplany Elected as Archbishop of Tellicherry and Mar Peter Kochupurackal as new Bishop of Palghat |url=https://ccbi.in/mar-joseph-pamplany-elected-as-archbishop-of-tellicherry-and-mar-peter-kochupurackal-as-new-bishop-of-palghat/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=CCBI |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528012523/https://ccbi.in/mar-joseph-pamplany-elected-as-archbishop-of-tellicherry-and-mar-peter-kochupurackal-as-new-bishop-of-palghat/ |archive-date=2025-05-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He has also served in various bishop conferences as a priest including

* [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]]: Secretary of the Commission for Doctrine and Secretary of the Commission for Inter Ritual Text Books
* [[Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences]]: Member of the Commission of Theology
* [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]]: Member of the Commission for Doctrine
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]: Chair of the Catechesis Textbook Committee

== Episcopal ministry ==

=== Auxiliary bishop ===
On September 1, 2017, [[Pope Francis]] announced his election as the [[auxiliary bishop]] of [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Tellicherry]] by the Synod of Bishops for the Syro Malabar Church after the request of [[George Njaralakatt]] to have a Auxiliary Bishop. He was ordained and consecrated a bishop by Njaralakatt, Archbishop of Tellichery in the presence of [[George Valiamattam]], Archbishop Emeritus of Tellicherry and [[Joseph Kallarangatt]], Eparch of Palai at the St. Joseph’s Cathedral, Thalassery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Eastern Churches |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2022/01/15/220115c.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-09-01 |title=3 more bishops for Syro-Malabar Church |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/3-more-bishops-for-syro-malabar-church/article19605345.ece |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

When He began his tenure as auxiliary bishop, He became the media commission chairman for the [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]] and the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. He also serves as the chairman of the Synodal Commission of the Good Shepherd Major Seminary, Kunnoth which supervises the seminary. He also spoke at the [[2021 International Eucharistic Congress]] in Hungry to a large crowd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Bishop Joseph Pamplany - Eucharist: the source and summit of hope - 09.09.2021 - IEC2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbxh1m3xvnE |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209200710/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbxh1m3xvnE |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Archbishop ===
In 2022, He was nominated by Cardinal [[George Alencherry]] to become the secretary of the Synod of Bishops replacing Antony Kariyil. In that Synodal Session, He was also elected to become the [[archbishop]] of the [[Archdiocese of Tellicherry]] replacing [[George Njaralakatt]]. He was installed by Major Archbishop George Alencherry on April 20, 2022, at St. Joseph's Cathedral in Thalassery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-16 |title=New Archbishop, Bishop for Syro Malabar Church |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/new-archbishop-bishop-for-syro-malabar-church/articleshow/88924319.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church hierarchy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pamplany, Joseph}}
[[Category:Indian Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]

2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-elections

2026-01-16T12:58:31Z

Republic Bangla: updated formatting based on references based on references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly By-election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2018
| next_election = 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2023
| election_date = 5 December 2019
| seats_for_election = 15 vacant seats in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| turnout = 70%
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri B.S. Yediyurappa.jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Shikaripura Assembly constituency|Shikaripura]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
|last_election1=0
| seats1 = '''12'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}12
| percentage1 = '''50.32%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}}18.82pp
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Siddaramaiah (cropped).jpg |bSize=120 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader2 = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 = [[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]]
|last_election2=11
| seats2 = 2
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}9
| percentage2 = 31.50%
| swing2 = {{decrease}}13.96pp
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=H. D. Kumaraswamy.jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=12 |Location=center}}
| leader3 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]
| party3 = Janata Dal (Secular)
|last_election3=3
| seats3 = 0
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}}3
| percentage3 = 11.90%
| swing3 = {{decrease}}4.87pp
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_election = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

By-elections to fifteen state assembly constituencies were held in [[Karnataka]] on 5 December 2019, and results were announced on 9 December. As the ruling party, BJP needed to win 6 out of the 15 seats to maintain its majority. BJP won 12 seats, Congress won two, JD(S) failed to open its account, and one seat was won by a rebel BJP leader who contested as an independent.

==Election schedule==
===Scheduled===
By-elections to fifteen state assembly constituencies were originally to be held on 21 October 2019 together with [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]] and [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra Assembly elections]]. The counting of votes was to be on 24 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/live-updates-election-commission-briefs-media-on-maharashtra-haryana-elections-2104727|title=Highlights: Maharashtra, Haryana To Hold Polls On October 21, Results On October 24|date=21 September 2019|editor-first=Arun|editor-last=Nair|website=NDTV.com|accessdate=9 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-haryana-election-dates-announced-by-election-commission/articleshow/71230843.cms|title=Maharashtra & Haryana Vidhan Sabha Chunav Date 2019: विधानसभा चुनाव 2019 तारीख: महाराष्ट्र और हरियाणा में 21 अक्टूबर को होगा विधानसभा चुनाव, 24 को आएंगे नतीजे|date=21 September 2019|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10609-schedule-for-bye-elections-to-fill-casual-vacancy-in-the-parliamentary-constituency-state-legislative-assemblies-of-various-statesuts/|title=Schedule for bye-elections to fill casual vacancy in the Parliamentary Constituency & State Legislative Assemblies of various States/UTs|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Event'''
|'''Date'''
|'''Day'''
|-
| Date for Nominations || 23 Sep 2019 || Monday
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations || 30 Sep 2019 || Monday
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations || 1 Oct 2019 || Tuesday
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures || 3 Oct 2019 || Thursday
|-
| Date of poll || '''21 Oct 2019''' || Monday
|-
| Date of counting || 24 Oct 2019 || Thursday
|-
| Date before which the election shall be completed || 24 Oct 2019 || Sunday
|}

===Rescheduled===
The Election Commission on 27 September rescheduled the by-elections to 15 Karnataka assembly constituencies to 5 December and will declare the results no later than 11 December.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-byelections-rescheduled-voting-on-december-5-results-on-december-9/articleshow/71342249.cms|title=Karnataka byelections rescheduled; voting on December 5, results on December 9 | Bengaluru News|website=The Times of India|date=27 September 2019 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Event'''
|'''Date'''
|'''Day'''
|-
| Date for Nominations || 11 Nov 2019 || Monday
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations || 18 Nov 2019 || Monday
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations || 19 Nov 2019 || Tuesday
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures || 21 Nov 2019 || Thursday
|-
| Date of poll || '''5 Dec 2019''' || Thursday
|-
| Date of counting || 9 Dec 2019 || Monday
|-
| Date before which the election shall be completed || 11 Dec 2019 || Wednesday
|}

==List of Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|
|-
!colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|-
!3
|[[Athani Assembly constituency|Athani]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Mahesh Kumathalli]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Gajanan Bhalachandra Mangasuli
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!4
|[[Kagwad Assembly constituency|Kagwad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shrimant Patil]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Bharamgouda Alagouda Kage]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| Kallappa Paris Magennavar
|-
!9
|[[Gokak Assembly constituency|Gokak]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Lakhan Laxmanrao Jarkiholi
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!81
|[[Yellapur Assembly constituency|Yellapur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Bhimanna T. Naik]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| Ravindra A. Naik
|-
!86
|[[Hirekerur Assembly constituency|Hirekerur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[B. C. Patil]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| B. H. Bannikod
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!87
|[[Ranibennur Assembly constituency|Ranibennur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Arunkumar Guttur
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. B. Koliwad]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!90
|[[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency|Vijayanagara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| V. Y. Ghorpade
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| N. M. Nabi
|-
!141
|[[Chikballapur Assembly constituency|Chikballapur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Anjinappa
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| M. Radhakrishna
|-
!151
|[[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Byrati Basavaraj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Narayanaswamy
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| C. Krishnamurthy
|-
!153
|[[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[S. T. Somashekhar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| T. N. Javarayi Gowda
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| P. Nagaraj
|-
!156
|[[Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly constituency|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[K. Gopalaiah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Shivaraju
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| Girish K. Nashi
|-
!162
|[[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| M. Saravana
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rizwan Arshad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| Tanveer Ahmed Ullah
|-
!178
|[[Hosakote Assembly constituency|Hosakote]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Padmavathi Suresh
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!192
|[[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency|Krishnarajpete]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Narayana Gowda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| K. B. Chandrashekar
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| B. L. Devaraj
|-
!212
|[[Hunasuru Assembly constituency|Hunasuru]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| H. P. Manjunath
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| Devarahalli Somashekara
|-
|}

== Surveys and polls ==
=== Seat projections ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Poll type
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" style="width:100px;"| Publishing Date
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:180px;" | Polling Agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| style="background:gray;" |
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:70px;" | Majority
|-
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| BJP
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| INC
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| JD(S)
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| Others
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Exit poll]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/karnataka-poll-of-polls-exit-polls-predict-lead-for-bjp-in-by-elections-1625592-2019-12-05|title=Karnataka poll of polls: Exit polls predict lead for BJP in by-elections|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |5 December 2019
|Karnataka Power TV
|8-12
|3-6
|0-2
|0-1
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |1-5
|-
|BTV
|9
|3
|2
|1
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |2
|-
|Public TV
|8-10
|3-5
|1-2
|0-1
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |1-3
|-
|}

==Results==
===Results by party===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Vote Share
! colspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
|-
|-
|-
!%
!+/-%
!No.
!+/-
!No.
!%
!+/-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|50.32
|{{increase}}18.82
|1,291,049
|{{increase}}457,696
|12
|80.00
|{{increase}}12
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|31.50
|{{decrease}}13.96
|808,114
|{{decrease}}394,560
|2
|13.33
|{{decrease}}9
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S))
|11.90
|{{decrease}}4.87
|305,307
|{{decrease}}138,325
|0
|0.00
|{{decrease}}3
|-
| style="background-color: " |
|[[Uttama Prajakeeya Party|Uttama Prajaakeeya Party]] (UPP)
|0.43
|{{increase}}0.43
|10,928
|{{increase}}10,928
|0
|0.00
|{{steady}}0
|-
| style="background-color: " |
|Karnataka Rashtra Samithi (KRS)
|0.11
|{{increase}}0.11
|2,714
|{{increase}}2,714
|0
|0.00
|{{steady}}0
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|0.09
|{{increase}}0.09
|2,417
|{{increase}}2,417
|0
|0.00
|{{steady}}0
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (IND)
|4.27
|{{increase}}2.01
|109,530
|{{increase}}49,852
|1
|6.67
|{{increase}}1
|-
|
|Others
|0.38
|{{decrease}}2.84
|9,671
|{{increase}}75,531
|0
|0.00
|{{decrease}}1
|-
|
|[[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|0.94
|{{increase}}0.17
|24,073
|{{increase}}3,599
|
|
|
|-class="sortbottom"
|colspan=11|Soure: Karnataka CEO<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/Assembly-ByeElection2019/AC-Result.pdf |title= Karnataka State Result Status|date=|access-date= 24 August 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Results by constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |S.No
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
!No.
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
|-
|1
|3
|[[Athani Assembly constituency|Athani]]
|[[Mahesh Kumathalli]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|99,203
|Gajanan Bhalachandra Mangasuli
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|59,214
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''39,989'''
|-
|2
|4
|[[Kagwad Assembly constituency|Kagwad]]
| [[Shrimant Patil|Shrimant Balasaheb Patil]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|76,952
|[[Bharamgouda Alagouda Kage]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|58,395
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''18,557'''
|-
|3
|9
|[[Gokak Assembly constituency|Gokak]]
|[[Jarkiholi Ramesh Laxmanrao]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|87,450
|Lakhan Laxmanrao Jarkiholi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|58,444
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''29,006'''
|-
|4
|81
|[[Yellapur Assembly constituency|Yellapur]]
|[[Arbail Hebbar Shivaram|Arabail Hebbar Shivaram]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|80,442
|[[Bhimanna T. Naik]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|49,034
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''31,408'''
|-
|5
|86
|[[Hirekerur Assembly constituency|Hirekerur]]
|[[B. C. Patil|B.C. Patil]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|85,562
|Bannikod Basappa Hanumantappa
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|56,495
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''29,067'''
|-
|6
|87
|[[Ranebennur Assembly constituency|Ranebennur]]
|[[Arunkumar Guththur]] (M M P)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|95,438
|[[K. B. Koliwad|K B Koliwad]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|72,216
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''23,222'''
|-
|7
|90
|[[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency|Vijayanagara]]
|[[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|85,477
|V.Y. Ghorpade
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|55,352
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''30,125'''
|-
|8
|141
|[[Chikkaballapur Assembly constituency|Chikkaballapur]]
|[[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|84,389
|M. Anjanappa
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|49,588
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''34,801'''
|-
|9
|151
|[[Krishnarajapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarajapuram]]
|B.A.Basavaraja
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|1,39,879
|M.Narayanaswamy
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|76,436
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''63,443'''
|-
|10
|153
|[[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
|[[S. T. Somashekhar|S. T. Somashekar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|1,44,722
|T.N. Javarayi Gowda
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|1,17,023
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''27,699'''
|-
|11
|156
|[[Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly constituency|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
|[[K. Gopalaiah|K Gopalaiah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|85,889
|M. Shivaraju
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|31,503
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''54,386'''
|-
|12
|162
|[[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|[[Rizwan Arshad]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|49,890
|M. Saravana
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|36,369
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''13,521'''
|-
|13
|178
|[[Hosakote Assembly constituency|Hoskote]]
|[[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda|Sharath Kumar Bachegowda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|81,671
|[[M. T. B. Nagaraj|M T B Nagaraj]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|70,185
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |'''13,521'''
|-
|14
|192
|[[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency|Krishnarajpet]]
|[[Narayana Gowda|Narayan Gowda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|66,094
|B. L. Devaraj
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}"|
|Janata Dal (Secular)
|56,363
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''9,731'''
|-
|15
|212
|[[Hunasuru Assembly constituency|Hunsur]]
|H. P. Manjunath
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Indian National Congress
|92,725
|[[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|52,998
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |'''39,727'''

|}

===Gains by BJP===
The bypolls were required after 15 MLAs, from Congress and Janata Dal (S), resigned to bring down Kumaraswamy's coalition government.

BJP won 12 of the available 15 seats. After Roshan Beg from Shivajinagar had resigned, BJP did not allow him to join them; Beg was unable to contest the bypoll and Congress retained the seat.

From Hoskote, MTB Nagaraj resigned his seat and joined BJP, who had nominated him from his former seat. Nagaraj was challenged by a BJP rebel, who won the seat.

From Hunsur (Hunasuru), Adagur Vishwanath had previously won on JD(S) ticket, defeating Manjunath of Congress. Vishwanath resigned and contested as a BJP candidate, however Manjunath managed to win the seat for Congress.

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Karnataka]]
* [[Government of Karnataka]]
* [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnataka Legislative Assembly By-election, 2019-2020}}
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2010s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2019 State Assembly elections in India]]
[[Category:By-elections in India|2019]]

List of rivers of India by discharge

2026-01-05T03:37:09Z

Republic Bangla: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Indiarivers.png|thumb|upright=0.7|Major rivers of India.]]

There are more than 400 rivers in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/xb05tga2lJHln7oot8lhXN/Indias-misunderstood-rivers.html|title= India's misunderstood rivers|last1= Banerjee|first1= Ananda|date=25 May 2015|work=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref> As per the classification of [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], the Indian rivers are combined into 20 river units, which includes 14 major river systems and 99 smaller river basins grouped into six river units. They are grouped into four groups: [[Himalayas|Himalayan]], [[Deccan]], [[Coastal India|Coastal]], and Inland drainage, based on their origin and drainage.<ref name="FAO">{{cite report|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/IND/IND-CP_eng.pdf|title=India – Rivers Catchment|work=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411065015/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/IND/IND-CP_eng.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2014|date=2011|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="River">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/rivers.php|title=Rivers of India|work=[[Know India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

Most of the rivers in India originate from the four major [[water divide|watershed]]s in India. The Himalayan watershed is the source of the majority of the major river systems in India, including the three longest rivers: the [[Ganges]], the [[Brahmaputra]] and the [[Indus River|Indus]].<ref name="River"/><ref name="System">{{cite web|url=https://mssrfcabc.res.in/?page_id=13807|title=Major River basins of India|work=MS Swaminathan Research Foundation|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> These three river systems are fed by more than 5000 [[glaciers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ijsce.org/attachments/File/v3i1/A1288033113.pdf|title=Comparison and Monitoring of Glacier Retreat using Satellite and Ground Methods|access-date=3 September 2015|journal=International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering |issn=2231-2307|volume=3|issue=1|date=March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514095709/http://ijsce.org/attachments/File/v3i1/A1288033113.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2015|page=361}}</ref>

The [[Aravalli range]] running along the north-western part of India is the origin of a few of the smaller rivers. In [[Central India]], rivers including the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and [[Tapti River|Tapti]] rivers originate from the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]].<ref name="System"/> In the [[South India|peninsular India]], the majority of the rivers originate from the [[Western Ghats]] in the west and flow towards the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, while a few rivers flow from east to west from the [[Eastern Ghats]] to the [[Arabian Sea]]. This is because of the difference in elevation of the [[Deccan Plateau]], which slopes gently from the west to the east.<ref name="Geo">{{cite web|title=Formation of Western Ghats|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/form.htm|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124318/https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/form.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The major peninsular rivers include the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] and the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]].<ref name="River"/><ref name="System"/>

{{Sticky header}}
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header col5right col6right col7right" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Rivers by discharge<ref name="River"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255615862_Chemical_weathering_in_the_river_basins_of_the_Himalaya_India|title=Chemical weathering in the river basins of the Himalaya, India|author1=S. Krishnaswami|author2=Sunil Kumar Singh|journal=Current Science|volume=89|issue=5|date=September 2005|publisher=Current Science Association|page=2}}</ref>
!scope="col"| River
!scope="col"| Region
!scope="col"| Origin
!scope="col"| Draining into
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number| Length (km)
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number| [[Drainage area]] (km2 thousands)
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number| [[Discharge (hydrology)|Discharge]] (km3/yr){{efn|name=discharge}}
!scope="col"| Measured at{{efn|name=discharge|For rivers discharging into the sea, the discharge is based on calculations at stations located close to their mouths. For others, discharge is calculated at the confluence with the parent river.}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Brahmaputra]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Himalayas]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Bay of Bengal]]
| rowspan="2"|2,880
| rowspan="2"|630
| 670
| Bahadurabad{{efn|name=Ganga|The [[Ganges]] splits into [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] and [[Padma River]]s after [[Farakka]] in [[West Bengal]]. The Hooghly flows into the [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Kolkata]]. The [[Brahmaputra]] splits into two distributaries. In Bangladesh, the western branch merges with the lower Ganges to form the [[Padma River]] and the eastern branch joins with the [[Meghna River]]. The Padma and Meghna rivers converge to form the eastern part of the [[Ganges Delta]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal.}}
|-
| style="text-align:right;"|323
| [[Dibrugarh]]
|-
| [[Ganges]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 2,525
| 935
| 380
| [[Farakka]]{{efn|name=Ganga}}
|-
| [[Indus River|Indus]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Arabian Sea]]
| 3,180
| 1,165
| 197
| [[Thatta]]{{efn|The [[Indus River Delta]] is mostly in the [[Sindh province]] of Pakistan and the discharge is as measured close to its mouth.}}
|-
| [[Godavari River|Godavari]]
| [[Deccan]]
| [[Western Ghats]]
| [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 1,465
| 313
| 105
| [[Rajahmundry]]
|-
| [[Ghaghara River|Ghagara]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Ganges]]
| 1,080
| 128
| 94
| [[Revelganj]]
|-
| [[Yamuna]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Ganges]]
| 1,376
| 366
| 93
| [[Prayagraj]]
|-
| [[Krishna River|Krishna]]
| [[Deccan]]
| [[Western Ghats]]
| [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 1,400
| 259
| 68
| [[Vijayawada]]
|-
| [[Mahanadi]]
| [[Eastern Coastal Plains]]
| [[Eastern Ghats]]
| [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 900
| 142
| 67
| [[False Point]]
|-
| [[Dibang River|Dibang]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Brahmaputra]]
| 324
| 13
| 63
| [[Sadiya]]
|-
| [[Kosi River|Kosi]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Ganges]]
| 729
| 75
| 62
| [[Kursela]]
|-

| [[Lohit River|Lohit]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Brahmaputra]]
| 560
| 24
| 60
| [[Sadiya]]
|-
| [[Teesta River|Teesta ]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Brahmaputra]]
| 414
| 14
| 60
| Dalia
|-
| [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Brahmaputra]]
| 518
| 33
| 54
| Jamurighat
|-
| [[Gandak River|Gandak]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Ganges]]
| 814
| 46
| 52
| [[Sonpur, Nepal|Sonpur]]
|-
| [[Narmada River|Narmada]]
| [[Central India]]
| [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]]
| [[Arabian Sea]]
| 1,312
| 99
| 41
| [[Bharuch]]

|-
| [[Sone River|Sone]]
| [[Central India]]
| [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]]
| [[Ganges]]
| 784
| 71
| 32
|[[Maner]]
|-
| [[Manas River|Manas]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Brahmaputra]]
| 400
| 38
| 32
| [[Jogighopa]]
|-
| [[Chambal River|Chambal]]
| [[Central India]]
| [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]]
| [[Yamuna]]
| 1,024
| 25
| 30
| [[Bhareh]]
|-
| [[Chenab River|Chenab]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Indus River|Indus]]
| 890
| 26
| 29
| [[Marala]]{{efn|name=Chenab|The [[Chenab River|Chenab]] joins with the [[Sutlej]] near [[Marala]] in Pakistan to form the [[Panjnad River]], which later merges with the [[Indus River|Indus]].}}
|-
| [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Chenab River|Chenab]]
| 729
| 35
| 28
| [[Mangla]]{{efn|name=Jhelum|The [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] joins the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] river near [[Mangla]] in Pakistan.}}
|-
| [[Kopili River|Kopili]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Brahmaputra]]
| 290
| 16
| 28
| Hatiamukh
|-
| [[Kameng River|Jia Bhareli]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Brahmaputra]]
| 264
| 12
| 26
| [[Tezpur]]
|-
| [[Kaveri]]
| [[Deccan]]
| [[Western Ghats]]
| [[Bay of Bengal]]
| 800
| 88
| 21
| [[Lower Anicut]]
|-
| [[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Brahmaputra]]
| 352
| 12
| 20
| Dhansirimukh
|-
| [[Sutlej]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Indus River|Indus]]
| 1,450
| –
| 17
| [[Marala]]{{efn|name=Chenab}}
|-
| [[Beas River|Beas]]
| [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
| [[Himalayas]]
| [[Sutlej]]
| 470
| 18
| 16
| [[Harike]]
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Dissolved load]]
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[List of drainage basins by area]]
* [[List of major rivers of India]]
* [[List of rivers by discharge]]
* [[National Water Policy]]
* [[Water scarcity in India]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in India]]
* [[Water pollution in India]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Rivers of India}}

[[Category:Lists of rivers of India|Discharge]]

List of Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal

2025-12-28T18:42:34Z

Republic Bangla: Started First Info First Draft

{{Short description|Tribal List of West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

'''Scheduled Tribes''' (also known as "tribals" or "adibasi/adivasi") are specific [[indigenous peoples]] whose status is acknowledged to some formal degree by national legislation. [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled tribes]] of the [[India]]n state of West Bengal, as recognized by the [[Constitution of the Indian Republic]]; a total of 40 distinct tribes. Among those 40 tribes 3 tribes are "[[Particularly vulnerable tribal group|Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups]]" (PTGs).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribal Development Department, Government of West Bengal|url=http://adibasikalyan.gov.in/html/st-list.php|access-date=2021-10-02|website=adibasikalyan.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribal Development Department, Government of West Bengal|url=https://www.adibasikalyan.gov.in/html/ptg.php|access-date=2021-10-02|website=www.adibasikalyan.gov.in}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per 2001 census scheduled tribes numbering 4,406,794 persons constituted 5.5 per cent of the total population of the state. [[Santal]]s constitute more than half (51.8 per cent) of the total ST population of the state. [[Oraon people|Oraon]]s (14 per cent), [[Munda people|Mundas]] (7.8 per cent), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (7.6 per cent) and Kora (3.2 per cent) are the other major STs having sizeable population. Along with Santal, they constitute nearly 85 per cent of the state's total ST population. The [[Lodha people|Lodhas]], [[Mahali]]s, [[Bhutia]]s, Bedias, and [[Sabar (people)|Savars]] are the remaining STs, and having population of one per cent or more as per 2001 census report.<ref name=WB>{{cite web
|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_westbengal.pdf
|title = West Bengal: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes| accessdate = 2009-10-02 | last = | first = | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India }}</ref>

[[File:West Bengal Scheduled Tribes Demographic.jpg|District wise Scheduled Tribes demographic map of [[West Bengal]]|none|thumb]]
More than half of the total ST population of the state is concentrated in [[Medinipur district|Medinipur]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]], and [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] districts. Of the remaining districts, [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]], and [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]] have sizable ST population.<ref name=WB/>

== List of tribes ==
As per the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, the following were listed as scheduled tribes in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scheduled Tribes List|url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf|website=tribal.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307065645/https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
#[[Asur people|Asur]]
#[[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
#[[Bedia (caste)|Badia]], Bediya
#[[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
#[[Bhutia]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Toto people|Toto]], Dukpa, [[Kagate people|Kagatay]], Tibetan, [[Yolmo people|Yolmo]]
#[[Birhor people|Birhor]]
#[[Birjia]]
#[[Chakma people|Chakma]]
#[[Chero]]
#[[Chik Baraik]]
#[[Garo people|Garo]]
#[[Gondi people|Gond]]
#Gorait
#[[Hajong people|Hajang]]
#[[Ho people|Ho]]
#[[Karmali tribe|Karmali]]
#[[Kharwar]]
#[[Khond people|Khond]]
#[[Kisan people|Kisan]]
#[[Kora (tribe)|Kora]]
#[[Korwa people|Korwa]]
#[[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]
#[[Lodha people|Lodha]], Kheria, Kharia
#[[Lohra (tribe)|Lohara]], Lohra
#[[Barua people|Magh]]
#[[Mahali]]
#[[Mahli tribe|Mahli]]
#[[Mal Paharia people|Mal Pahariya]]
#[[Mech people|Mech]]
#[[Mru people|Mru]]
#[[Munda people|Munda]]
#[[Nagesia]]
#[[Kurukh people|Oraon]]
#Parhaiya
#[[Rabha]]
#[[Santal people|Santal]]
#[[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharia]]
#[[Sabar people|Savar]]
#[[Limbu people|Limbu]] (Subba)
#[[Tamang people|Tamang]]

{{div col end}}

==Demographics==
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash defaultright col1left hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 90%"
! rowspan="3" |Scheduled Tribe
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Historical Population
! colspan="7" |Demographics based on latest census
|-
! rowspan="2" | Latest Population (2011)
! rowspan="2" | Sex ratio
! colspan="3" | Literacy (%)
! rowspan="2" | Main worker
! rowspan="2" | Marginal worker
|-
! 1961
! 1971
! 1981
! 1991
! 2001
! Total
! Male
! Female
|-
| [[Asur people|Asur]]
| {{N/A}}
| 611
| 4,286
| 3,864
| 4,050
| 4,864
| 1,024
| 45.1
| 55.2
| 35
| 73
| 27
|-
| [[Baiga]]
| 4
| {{n/a}}
| 1,606
| 7,624
| 11,681
| 13,423
| 984
| 61.4
| 72.8
| 50
| 51.9
| 48.1
|-
| [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]], Bediya
| 1,191
| 3,339
| 29,396
| 44,875
| 55,979
| 88,772
| 973
| 63.5
| 72.5
| 54.2
| 61.2
| 38.8
|-
| [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
| 91,289
| 169,426
| 233,906
| 291,808
| 336,436
| 376,296
| 980
| 59.5
| 70.7
| 48.1
| 49.8
| 50.2
|-
| [[Bhutia]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Toto people|Toto]], Ukpa, [[Kagatay people|Kagatay]], Tibetan, [[Yolmo people|Yolmo]]
| 23,595
| 33,912
| 40,192
| 48,196
| 60,091
| 66,627
| 1,002
| 81.1
| 86.7
| 75.5
| 73.7
| 26.3
|-
| [[Birhor people|Birhor]]
| 100
| {{n/a}}
| 658
| 855
| 1,017
| 2,241
| 906
| 58.2
| 69.3
| 46.1
| 63.9
| 36.1
|-
| [[Birjia language|Birjia]]
| {{n/a}}
| 16
| 913
| 1,238
| 1,654
| 1,123
| 960
| 48.4
| 60
| 36.2
| 64.3
| 35.7
|-
| [[Chakma people|Chakma]]
| 1,379
| 2,927
| 141
| 320
| 642
| 466
| 966
| 76.8
| 83.8
| 69.5
| 84.4
| 15.6
|-
| [[Chero]]
| 559
| 175
| 1,648
| 2,283
| 1,968
| 5,477
| 1,034
| 62.7
| 73.2
| 52.5
| 75.6
| 24.4
|-
| [[Chik Baraik]]
| {{n/a}}
| 1,627
| 12,624
| 16,030
| 17,824
| 21,376
| 1,014
| 62.6
| 74
| 51.2
| 72.4
| 27.6
|-
| [[Garo people|Garo]]
| 2,535
| 2,627
| 3,206
| 3,673
| 1,915
| 2,039
| 1,045
| 77.8
| 81.8
| 73.9
| 64.5
| 35.5
|-
| [[Gondi people|Gond]]
| 735
| 46
| 4,923
| 5,966
| 9,826
| 13,535
| 900
| 74.8
| 82.9
| 65.9
| 77.8
| 22.2
|-
| Gorait
| 425
| 481
| 2,191
| 3,024
| 1,436
| 2,498
| 990
| 32
| 41.2
| 22.6
| 51.2
| 48.8
|-
| [[Hajong people|Hajong]]
| 426
| 244
| 1,081
| 1,527
| 597
| 621
| 882
| 74.4
| 85.3
| 61.9
| 82.8
| 17.2
|-
| [[Ho people|Ho]]
| 1,075
| 1,036
| 3,202
| 11,640
| 15,540
| 23,483
| 992
| 54.3
| 65.2
| 43.2
| 57.4
| 42.6
|-
| [[Karmali tribe|Karmali]]
| 1,023
| 94
| 1,418
| 7,101
| 1,317
| 2,466
| 974
| 67.9
| 79.6
| 55.9
| 63.8
| 36.2
|-
| [[Kharwar]]
| 1,142
| 134
| 11,726
| 20,514
| 17,625
| 20,270
| 942
| 64.5
| 73.8
| 54.7
| 65.2
| 34.8
|-
| [[Khond people|Khond]]
| 41
| {{n/a}}
| 639
| 829
| 226
| 660
| 953
| 59.I
| 67.2
| 50.7
| 85.3
| 14.7
|-
| [[Kisan people|Kisan]]
| 3
| 716
| 5,370
| 5,827
| 4,788
| 98,434
| 934
| 53.4
| 62.4
| 43.9
| 58.8
| 41.2
|-
| [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]]
| 62,029
| 93,586
| 96,835
| 113,564
| 142,789
| 159,404
| 1,000
| 56.5
| 68
| 45.1
| 54.8
| 45.2
|-
| [[Korwa people|Korwa]]
| 2,891
| 3,222
| 2,493
| 4,948
| 5,371
| 2,912
| 1,012
| 53.9
| 62.8
| 45.3
| 74.3
| 25.7
|-
| [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]
| 15,309
| 14,568
| 23,408
| 27,888
| 32,377
| 33,962
| 981
| 82.4
| 86.8
| 77.9
| 59.5
| 40.5
|-
| [[Lodha people|Lodha]], [[Kharia people|Kharia]], Kharia
| 40,898
| 45,906
| 53,718
| 68,095
| 84,966
| 108,707
| 988
| 45.5
| 54.6
| 36.2
| 55.2
| 44.8
|-
| [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohara]], Lohra
| 3,031
| 2,388
| 23,799
| 29,750
| 20,683
| 24,783
| 997
| 55.3
| 65.4
| 45.2
| 68.5
| 31.5
|-
| [[Barua people|Magh]]
| 790
| 3,257
| 1,020
| 4,332
| 8,214
| 8,032
| 989
| 88.3
| 91.6
| 85.1
| 87.8
| 12.2
|-
| [[Mahali people|Mahali]]
| 28,233
| 47,247
| 50,288
| 69,542
| 76,102
| 81,594
| 1,003
| 55
| 66.3
| 43.6
| 63.5
| 36.5
|-
| [[Mahli]]
| 5,075
| 998
| 10,827
| 19,075
| 1,831
| 2,609
| 963
| 50.7
| 59.8
| 41.3
| 53.9
| 46.1
|-
| [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Pahariya]]
| 15,706
| 31,018
| 17,020
| 34,302
| 37,440
| 44,538
| 992
| 42.8
| 49
| 36.5
| 74.1
| 25.9
|-
| [[Mech tribe|Mech]]
| 13,915
| 10,862
| 26,959
| 29,904
| 35,996
| 41,242
| 978
| 74.2
| 80.8
| 67.6
| 67.5
| 32.5
|-
| [[Mru people|Mru]]
| 1,477
| 836
| 1,231
| 1,546
| 271
| 197
| 1,074
| 61.7
| 70.2
| 53
| 62.5
| 37.5
|-
| [[Munda people|Munda]]
| 160,245
| 198,701
| 230,016
| 289,091
| 341,542
| 366,386
| 990
| 57.7
| 67.1
| 48.3
| 62.8
| 37.2
|-
| [[Nagesia]]
| 4,875
| 2,516
| 42,521
| 10,069
| 8,373
| 16,378
| 987
| 61.8
| 70.1
| 53.5
| 72.8
| 27.2
|-
| [[Oraon people|Oraon]]
| 297,394
| 291,173
| 437,574
| 536,919
| 617,138
| 643,510
| 993
| 59
| 68.1
| 49.9
| 69.2
| 30.8
|-
| [[Pahariya]]
| 487
| 108
| 3,745
| 7,889
| 688
| 921
| 1,042
| 38.2
| 42.3
| 34.1
| 70.2
| 29.8
|-
| [[Rabha people|Rabha]]
| 6,053
| 2,466
| 11,256
| 15,204
| 15,014
| 27,820
| 952
| 61.3
| 68.4
| 53.8
| 65.7
| 34.3
|-
| [[Santal people|Santal]]
| 1,200,091
| 1,376,980
| 1,666,610
| 1,997,222
| 2,280,540
| 2,512,331
| 1,012
| 54.7
| 66.1
| 43.5
| 53.5
| 46.5
|-
| [[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharia]]
| 28
| 158
| 4,253
| 4,590
| 2,332
| 3,480
| 1,029
| 44
| 49.2
| 38.9
| 78.1
| 21.9
|-
| [[Sabar people|Savar]]
| 2,181
| 4,986
| 37,247
| 46,216
| 43,599
| 40,374
| 1,012
| 40.6
| 49.9
| 31.5
| 45.6
| 54.4
|-
| [[Limbu people|Limbu]] (Subba)
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 46,847
| 1,011
| 81.2
| 87.8
| 74.7
| 64.6
| 35.4
|-
| [[Tamang people|Tamang]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 146,203
| 1,014
| 80.4
| 87.7
| 73.3
| 72.5
| 27.5
|- class=sortbottom
! Total Scheduled Tribe
! 2,054,081{{efn|name=Total|Including ambiguous generic Scheduled Tribes entry.}}
! 2,532,969{{efn|name=Total}}
! 3,070,668{{efn|name=Total}}
! 3,808,760{{efn|name=Total}}
! 4,406,794{{efn|name=Total}}
! 5,296,953{{efn|name=Total}}
! 999
! 57.9
! 68.2
! 47.7
! 57.9
! 42.1
|}

{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Scheduled tribes of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal}}
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Tribes of West Bengal|*]]

Yashomati Maiyaa Ke Nandlala

2025-12-20T02:58:48Z

Republic Bangla: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = Yashomati Maiyaa Ka Nandlala.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]
| writer =
| story = Roshni Suvrna
| screenplay = Vikash Pareek
| director =
| creative_director = Anish Surana
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Yashomati Maiyaa ke Nandlala
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 128 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Abhimanyu Singh Roopali Singh
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 23 minutes
| company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]] [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|13}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|12|02}}
| related =
}}
'''''Yashomati Maiyaa Ke Nandlala''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama series produced by [[Contiloe Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rahul-sharma-joins-the-cast-of-new-show-yashomati-maiyaa-ka-nandlala/articleshow/91289188.cms|title=Rahul Sharma joins the cast of new show 'Yashomati Maiyaa Ka Nandlala'|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=IANS|date=3 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> It stars [[Neha Sargam]], [[Rahul Sharma (actor)|Rahul Sharma]] and Hitanshu Jinsi in lead roles and premiered on 13 June 2022 and ended its run on 2 December 2022 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. It digitally streams on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/hitanshu-to-play-lord-vishnu-390347|title=Hitanshu Jinsi to play Lord Vishnu|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> The show suffered a time slot change from 9 PM to 8:30 PM in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shows going off air in 2022: Postponed/Cancelled Indian Hindi serials End date |url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/shows-going-off-air-in-2022-postponedcancelled-indian-hindi-serials-end-date |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=www.tellybest.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702142244/https://www.tellybest.com/news/shows-going-off-air-in-2022-postponedcancelled-indian-hindi-serials-end-date |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series is based on the childhood of Shri Krishna narrated in the Srimad Bhagavat Puranam. As the title, it depicts the affectionate relationship between mother and son in a tale based on the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata Puran]].

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Trisha Sarda as Grown Up Krishna/Kanha
** Arya as Baby Kanha/Krishna
* [[Neha Sargam]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-sargam-joins-the-cast-of-yashomati-maiyaa-ke-nandlala/articleshow/91093298.cms|title=Neha Sargam joins the cast of 'Yashomati Maiyaa Ke Nandlala' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2022 }}</ref> as [[Yashoda]]
* [[Rahul Sharma (actor)|Rahul Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rahul-sharma-to-play-nandmaharaj-in-yashomati-maiyaa-ke-nandlala-391982|title=Rahul Sharma to play 'NandMaharaj' in Yashomati Maiyaa Ke Nandlala|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> as [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]]
* Hitanshu Jinsi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hitanshu-jinsi-i-find-peace-in-playing-mythological-characters/articleshow/91251558.cms|title=Hitanshu Jinsi: I find peace in playing mythological characters - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2022 }}</ref> as Bhagwan [[Vishnu]]

=== Recurring ===
* [[Romiit Raaj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/romiit-raaj-to-play-vasudev-in-yashomati-maiyaa-ke-nandlala-394142|title=Romiit Raaj to play Vasudev in Yashomati Maiyaa Ke Nandlala|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> as [[Vasudeva]]
* Dinesh Mehta as Bhagwan [[Shiva]]
* [[Reema Worah]] as Devi [[Yogmaya]], [[Parvati]], [[Durga]], [[Annapurna]]
* Piyali Munsi as Devi [[Lakshmi]]
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Purna Mashi
* Shivendraa Om Saainiyol as Upanand
* ActorsFirdaush as Villager Pandit:
* Suman Gupta as [[Devaki]]
* [[Ram Yashvardhan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-taking-up-a-new-role-23227500|title=Telly Tattle: Taking up a new role|date=17 May 2022|website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref> as [[Kans]]
* Preetika Chauhan as Asti
* Neha Tiwari as Prapti
* Gautam Suri as Indradev
* Pradeep Kabra as Asur
* Sukesh Anand
* Sukanya Surve as [[Rohini Devi|Rohini]]
* Samar Ali
* Yogesh Jadhav
* Hemant Bharati
* Rahul Dwivedi (Bhola chacha)
* Rajesh Vijay Salvi As Chaplasur

== Productions ==
=== Release ===
First teaser of the show launched on 20 March 2022 featuring [[Neha Sargam|Neha Dubey]] as Yashoda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/neha-sargam-to-play-yashoda-in-new-show-yashomati-maiyaa-ke-nandlala-389530|title=Neha Sargam to play Yashoda in new show 'Yashomati Maiyaa Ke Nandlala'|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/yashomati-maiyaa-ke-nandlala-1700000924 Yashomati Maiyaa Ka Nandlala] on [[SonyLIV]]
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-yashomati-maiyaa-ke-nandlala-series-online-db9be9de34e9d1e5b7be590a9d5f31f8 Yashomati Maiyaa Ke Nandlala] on [[MX Player]]
* [https://www.setindia.com/in-en/shows/yashomati-maiyya-ke-nandlala/94 Yashomati Maiyaa Ka Nandlala] on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]

{{Authority control}}
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Abhijit Sen (physicist)

2025-12-18T07:15:48Z

Republic Bangla: starting new pg...

{{short description|Indian Plasma Physicist}}

{{Cleanup reorganize|date=September 2022}}
'''Abhijit Sen '''is Emeritus Scientist and INSA fellow, Sr. Professor, of the [[Institute for Plasma Research]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Sen |url=https://www.ipr.res.in/documents/prof.%20Abhijit%20Sen}}</ref> Chandrasekhar Chair.<ref><nowiki>{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Sen </nowiki>{{!}} Indian National Science Academy {{!}} India</ref> Sen has published more than 300 research paper in reputed journals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Sen |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=MPW1zx0AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-4330 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=orcid.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Sen |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abhijit-Sen}}</ref>

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Abhijit Sen, FNASc, FNA, FIAS
| birth_date = 1943
| fields = [[Plasma Physics]]
| workplaces = [[University of Tennessee]]
[[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] Post Doctoral research
[[MIT]]
[[Physical Research Laboratory]]
[[Institute for Plasma Research]]
[[Space Applications Centre]]
[[ITER]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
[[University of Tennessee]]
| awards = Young Scientist award [[INSA]]
[[National Merit Scholarship]] Government of India
| website = https://www.ipr.res.in/documents/prof.%20Abhijit%20Sen
}}

== Education ==

Sen received a National Merit Scholarship from the Government of India during his education (1962–66). Sen completed his [[Bachelor of Science]] at [[Gujarat University]] in Physics in 1963. He later completed both a [[Master of Science]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in Physics at the [[University of Tennessee]] in 1971. Following his doctoral studies, Sen became a [[Postdoctoral researcher]] at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.ipr.res.in/theory/Prof_Abhijit_Sen/Academic.htm}}</ref>

== Award and honours ==
Sen's awards include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award |url=https://www.ipr.res.in/theory/Prof_Abhijit_Sen/honour.htm}}</ref>

* Young Scientist award from [[Indian National Science Academy]]
* Fellow, Gujarat Science Society
* Fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Academy of Sciences |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1995019 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref>
* Fellow of [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]
* Fellow of [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P06-1422 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref>
* Fellow of [[American Physical Society]]
* Fellow of [[Institute of Physics]]
* Senior Associate of [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]]

== Science leadership ==
Sen is member of many organisations <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member |url=https://www.ipr.res.in/theory/Prof_Abhijit_Sen/carrier.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Applications Centre |url=https://www.sac.gov.in/Vyom/scienceDay_sac.jsp |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.sac.gov.in}}</ref>

* Chairman of [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]]
* Chairman of board of governors [[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Abhijit Sen {{!}} Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) |url=https://iigm.res.in/content/prof-abhijit-sen-0 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=iigm.res.in}}</ref>
* Member Editorial board of [[Plasma Sources Science and Technology]], [[Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion]], [[Nuclear Fusion (journal)]], [[Pramana (journal)]], [[Indian Journal of Physics]]
* Member Academic Council [[Visva-Bharati University]] [[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]]
* Member Science and technology advisory committee [[ITER]]

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Abhijit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian plasma physicists]]
[[Category:Plasma physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]

Probir Sen

2025-12-03T01:54:45Z

Republic Bangla: rework details further

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1926–1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Khokhan Sen
| fullname = Probir Kumar Sen
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Comilla]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1970|1|27|1926|5|31}}
| death_place = [[South Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| image = Probir Sen with Queen Elizabeth II.png
| caption = Sen and Queen [[Elizabeth II]] shaking hands in June 1952
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = [[Wicket-keeper]]
| country = India
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Tests]]
| matches1 = 14
| runs1 = 165
| bat avg1 = 11.78
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 25
| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1= 20/11
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 82
| runs2 = 2,580
| bat avg2 = 23.24
| 100s/50s2 = 3/11
| top score2 = 168
| deliveries2 = 150
| wickets2 = 7
| bowl avg2 = 15.14
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/4
| catches/stumpings2= 108/36
| international = true
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 43
| testdebutdate = 1 January
| testdebutyear = 1948
| lasttestdate = 12 December
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| lasttestyear = 1952
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34741.html CricInfo
| date = 13 March
| year = 2019
}}

'''Probir Kumar "Khokhan" Sen''' ({{audio|Probir_Sen.ogg|pronunciation}}; 31 May 1926 – 27 January 1970) was an Indian [[cricket]]er who represented his country in 14 [[Test cricket|Tests]] from 1948 to 1952.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-how-many-players-have-started-their-careers-with-three-successive-fifties-in-odis-1263977 |title=How many players have started their careers with three successive fifties in ODIs? |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525084532/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-how-many-players-have-started-their-careers-with-three-successive-fifties-in-odis-1263977 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was born in an eminent business family, to Amiya Sen and Basanti Sen.

==Biography==
Probir Sen, known as "Khokhan", was the first Bengali to represent India in Test matches, and the first Bengali to keep wickets for India. His agility behind the stumps was beyond doubt, with 20 catches and 11 stumpings.

Sen played his first [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket game representing [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in 1943, when he was only 17 years old and just out of school at [[La Martiniere Calcutta]]. A stocky right-handed wicketkeeper-batsman, Sen first toured with the Indian team in 1947–48 in Australia where he was to act as the reserve keeper to [[Jenni Irani]]. After impressing in the first-class fixtures he came into the side for the Third Test to make his Test debut at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|Melbourne]] on New Year's Day 1948. In the Fifth Test, also in Melbourne, he took four catches. Despite Australia making 575 runs he only conceded four byes. He was the only Indian wicket-keeper to stump [[Don Bradman]], which he did in a four-day match against South Australia in 1947–48. When the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] toured India in 1948–49 he played his first home Test series and played in all five Tests.

His finest moment was in the final Test against England at [[Madras]] in 1951–52. Sen played a notable part in the historic victory, taking five stumpings, all off Vinoo Mankad, including four in the first innings to help his side to a famous win. After a tour of England in 1952 and a couple of Tests against [[Pakistan national cricket team|the touring Pakistan team]] in 1952–53 he lost his place in the side.

With the bat Sen was a handy lower-order batsman, although he never made a Test half-century. Also an occasional bowler, during a [[Ranji Trophy]] game in 1954–55 against Orissa he took a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]]. Only two wicket-keepers have removed their pads and taken hat-tricks in first-class cricket: Probir Sen for Bengal against Orissa at Cuttack in 1954–55 and [[Alan Smith (cricketer)|Alan Smith]] for Warwickshire against Essex at Clacton in 1965.

He finished his Ranji Trophy career with 1796 runs at 30.44.

Sen died in 1970 after playing a game of cricket at Calcutta. He had suffered a heart attack. He was survived by his wife, Reena Sen (whom he married in 1948, and who is the niece of the late [[Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)|Pankaj Gupta]]), his daughter Madhusree Dhar, his grandchildren Bikram, Debaki, and Aditi Dhar, and his son Abhijit Sen. His brother Ranabir Sen, a stylish left-handed batsman, played first-class cricket for Bengal.

==Legacy==
In Sen's memory, the cricket tourney trophy, named 'P. Sen Memorial Trophy', is played in Kolkata every year, with top Indian and international players participating.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/sports/cricket-news-shakir-slams-157-as-mohun-bagan-stun-bhowanipore-to-clinch-p-sen-trophy-987915|title=ইডেনে দুরন্ত সেঞ্চুরি শাকিরের, ভবানীপুরকে হারিয়ে পি সেন ট্রফি চ্যাম্পিয়ন মোহনবাগান|trans-title=Shakir's stunning century at Eden, P Sen Trophy champions Mohun Bagan beat Bhawanipore|language=bn|date=24 June 2023|access-date=25 June 2023|website=bengali.abplive.com|publisher=Anandabazar Patrika|location=Kolkata|first=Sandip|last=Sarkar|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625181155/https://bengali.abplive.com/sports/cricket-news-shakir-slams-157-as-mohun-bagan-stun-bhowanipore-to-clinch-p-sen-trophy-987915}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/cricket/p-sen-trophy-mohun-bagan-beats-bhawanipore-club-to-become-champion-in-historical-cricket-match/|title=টানটান ম্যাচে ভবানীপুর ক্লাবকে হারিয়ে পি সেন ট্রফির চ্যাম্পিয়ন মোহনবাগান|trans-title=P Sen Trophy champion Mohun Bagan beat Bhawanipore Club in a tight match|language=bn|date=24 June 2023|access-date=25 June 2023|website=sangbadpratidin.in|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|location=Kolkata|first=Debasish|last=Sen|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625181910/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/cricket/p-sen-trophy-mohun-bagan-beats-bhawanipore-club-to-become-champion-in-historical-cricket-match/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/800/all_teams.html Teams Khokhan Sen played for]
* [http://www.howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/WicketKeeping/WicketKeepingMatch.asp?Stat=4 Stats & Records]
* [http://www.boddunan.com/games-a-sports/14-cricket/9023-our-men-behind-the-wicket.html Our Men Behind The Wicket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308073346/https://www.boddunan.com/games-a-sports/14-cricket/9023-our-men-behind-the-wicket.html |date=8 March 2016 }}
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/18/18293.html Scorecard at Adelaide Oval: Bradman getting stumped in the 2nd innings after scoring a double hundrrd in the first innings]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/800/f_Batting_by_Ground.html First-class Batting and Fielding On Each Ground by Khokhan Sen]
* [https://archive.today/20130203172021/http://stats.thecricketer.com/Players/40/40860/40860.html Ranabir Sen profile]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/228452.html Wisden – Obituaries in 1970]

== External links ==
*[https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1774408935758.53100.1705363789&type=3&l=884e10ac54 Photo gallery]
* [http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34741.html Cricinfo profile]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/800/800.html CricketArchive profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Khokhan}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Comilla]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali sportspeople]]
[[Category:Sport deaths in India]]
[[Category:Cricket deaths]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

Transport in Ernakulam district

2025-09-08T22:44:16Z

Republic Bangla: Place...

{{Multiple issues|
{{moresources|date=July 2019}}
{{Update|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
'''Transport in Ernakulam district''' consists of various modes.

==Transport Sections==
There are 9 Regional Transport Offices.

* Ernakulam – KL 07
* Muvattupuzha – KL 17
* Thripunithura – KL 39
* Perumbavoor – KL 40
* Aluva – KL 41
* North Paravur – KL 42
* Mattancherry – KL 43
* Kothamangalam – KL 44
* Angamaly – KL 63

The district has got the maximum number of vehicles in the state.{{clarify|This makes no sense.|date=September 2021}}

==Road connectivity==
Ernakulam district has excellent road connectivity. The three major national highways passing through Ernakulam District are the Cochin-Mumbai Highway ([[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]]), Salem-Kanyakumari ([[National Highway 47 (India)|NH 47]] part of [[North–South and East–West Corridor|NSEW corridor]]) and Cochin-Dhanushkodi highway ([[National Highway 49 (India)|NH 49]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ernakulamonline.in/city-guide/transport-in-ernakulam|title=Transportation in Ernakulam, Roadways and Railways in Ernakulam}}</ref>

==North South Corridor==
The North South Corridor highway system starting from [[Edapally]] in [[Cochin]] on NH47 and connects the cities [[Thrissur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and finally to [[Chennai]] . The National Highway 66 starting from [[Kanyakumari]] and rest of the country towards north [[Nagercoil]], Trivandrum, [[Kollam]], Alapuzha and towards Edapally and connects the cities [[Guruvayur]], [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Kannur]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Mangalore]], [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The National Highway 49, also known as Madurai Highway starts from Kundannur near Cochin and passes through [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Kothamangalam]], [[Munnar]], [[Theni]], [[Madurai]] and finally terminates at [[Dhanushkodi]]. The district also has the two small national highways namely [[National Highway 47A (India)|NH 47A]] for [[Port of Cochin|Cochin Port]] connectivity (Smallest Indian National Highway) starting from Kundannur and [[National Highway 47C (India)|NH 47C]] as part of the [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|International Container Transshipment Terminal]] connectivity starting from [[Kalamassery]].

==Major highways==
The district is also well connected by state highways and other roads. Important state highway SH 1 also known as [[Main Central Road]] starts from [[Angamaly]], a suburb of Kochi city which connects to the state capital [[Trivandrum]] via [[Perumbavoor]], [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Koothattukulam]].

* Seaport – Airport road via [[Kakkanad]]
* [[Palarivattom]] – [[Moovattupuzha]] – [[Punalur]] SH:- Connects [[Kakkanad]], [[Pallikkara, Ernakulam|Pallikkara]], [[Kizhakkambalam]], [[Pattimattom]], [[Moovattupuzha]], [[Vazhakulam]], [[Thodupuzha]], [[Pathanamthitta]]
* [[North Paravur]] – [[Aluva]] – [[Munnar]] SH:- Connects [[Alengad]], Perumbavoor, [[Kothamangalam, Ernakulam|Kothamangalam]]
*[[Vypin]]- [[Munambam]] SH:- Connects [[Vypin]], [[Njarackal]], [[Cherai]], [[Munambam]]
*[[Thrippunithura]] – Sabarimalai:-Connects [[Mulamthuruthy]], [[Piravom]], [[Palai|Pala]], Erumely
*[[Vytilla]]- [[Kottayam]] road:- Connects via Thripoonithura, Nadakkavu, Poothotta, [[Vaikkom]], Kumarakom
*[[Fort Kochi]] – [[Alappuzha]] road
* Angamaly – Athirappilly road via Mookkanur
* Perumbavoor – Puthencruz road

==Railway system==
Ernakulam district has 17 railway stations. The [[Ernakulam Junction]] and [[Ernakulam Town]] and [[Aluva Railway Station|Aluva]] are the major ones. The other stations are [[Angamaly Railway Station|Angamaly]], [[Thripunithura]], [[Edappally (Railway Station)|Edapally]], [[Mulamthuruthy]], [[Cochin Harbour Terminus]], Karakutty, [[Chowara]], [[Kalamassery]], [[Nettoor]], [[Kumbalam, Ernakulam|Kumbalam]], [[Mattancherry|Mattancherry H.]], Chottanikkara road and [[Piravom]] road. The railroutes are via [[Thrissur]], [[Kottayam]], [[Cochin Harbour Terminus]], [[Alappuzha]] and [[Vallarpadam]]. The proposed [[Sabarimala Railway|Angamaly-Erumely Sabarimala]] route passes through the district. [[Kochi Metro]] was opened in 2017.

==Air transport==
Ernakulam district has two airports, Naval airport in W. island (Old Cochin airport) and [[Cochin International Airport]] (CIAL). CIAL is the fifth busiest airport in the country after [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]] and [[Chennai]] by International traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru becomes India’s third busiest airport by international traffic, surpasses Chennai and Kochi in October |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-becomes-indias-third-busiest-airport-by-international-traffic-surpasses-chennai-and-kochi-in-october-12877062.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127092256/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-becomes-indias-third-busiest-airport-by-international-traffic-surpasses-chennai-and-kochi-in-october-12877062.html |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref> As of March 2025, flights operate from Cochin to the [[Persian Gulf]] region, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]] and to major cities in [[India]].

==Waterways==
Ernakulam district lies in the flat delta region of the Periyar and Moovattupuzha rivers. Water transport is prominent in the district through rivers and lagoons. The major boat services are in Ernakulam area and other areas having small ferry services. The district boasts of having the largest port in the west coast of the country: the [[Kochi|Cochin]] port, which is also the reason for large scale developments in the district. The [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|International Container Transshipment Terminal]] at [[Vallarpadam|Vallarpadom]] boosts the developments in the district further. The [[Kochi Water Metro]] was opened in 2023, which is the first integrated water transport system in India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Transport in Ernakulam district]]

Lalita Ghat

2025-08-25T14:03:32Z

Republic Bangla:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Lalita Ghat
| native_name = ललिता घाट
| native_language = hi
| native_name2 =
| native_language2 =
| native_name3 =
| native_language3 =
| other_name =
| image = Lalita_Ghat.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Lalita Ghat during High Tide, at Night Time.
| locmapin = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi
| map_relief =
| map_width =
| map_caption = Location of Lalita Ghat in Varanasi map
| coordinates = {{coord|25.310013|83.013276}}
| coord_ref =
| gbgridref =
| type =
| etymology =
| location = [[Varanasi]]
| nearest_city =
| area =
| elevation = 73.9 meters
| height =
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| formed =
| founded = 1800-1804
| founder = [[Rana Bahadur Shah]]
| built = 19th century
| built_for =
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| governing_body = [[Varanasi Nagar Nigam]]
| owner = [[Varanasi Nagar Nigam]]
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'''Lalita Ghat''' ([[Hindi]]: ललिता घाट) is one of the main [[ghat]]s on the [[Ganges River]] in [[Varanasi]]<nowiki/>in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The ghat is named after [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita]] and was built in early 19th century by [[King of Nepal]], [[Rana Bahadur Shah]]. The ghat houses the famous [[Nepali Mandir]] and [[Lalita Gauri Mandir]].<ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=Varanasi.org|accessdate=9 Aug 2015|url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/lalita-ghat|archive-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926195827/http://www.varanasi.org.in/lalita-ghat|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Rana Bahadur Shah1.jpg|thumb|Rana Bahadur Shah, King of Nepal]]
The King of Nepal, [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] took exile in [[Varanasi]] from 1800 to 1804 and titled himself as "Swami Nirgunanda". During his exile, he decided to build a replica of [[Pashupatinath Temple]] in Varanasi. Construction of the temple commenced during his exile / stay in Varanasi. During the construction, Shah moved back to [[Nepal]]. On 25 April 1806, Rana Bahadur Shah was stabbed to death by his stepbrother, [[Sher Bahadur Shah]]. His son [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Deva]] undertook the construction of the temple (now called [[Nepali Mandir]]), a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]] and Lalita Ghat. The construction got over 20 years after the deadline.<ref name="Nepali Mandir">{{cite news|title=Nepali Mandir|publisher=ixigo.com|accessdate=9 Aug 2015|url=https://www.ixigo.com/nepali-temple-varanasi-india-ne-1652334}}</ref><ref name="A piece of Nepal in Varanasi">{{cite news|title=A piece of Nepal in Varanasi|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=9 Aug 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-piece-of-Nepal-in-Varanasi/articleshow/5938486.cms}}</ref><ref name="This ghat of Goddess Lalita">{{cite news|title=This ghat of Goddess Lalita|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=9 Aug 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/This-ghat-of-Goddess-Lalita-is-in-a-shambles/articleshow/13415603.cms}}</ref>

==Significance and religious belief==

The ghat is named after [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita]]. Goddess Lalita is one of the group of ten goddesses of [[Hindu mythology|Hindu belief]], collectively called [[Mahavidya]]s or Dasha-Mahavidyas. She is the foremost and the most important in Dasha-Mahavidyas. All other [[Mahavidya]]s concludes in her vidya i.e. [[Sri Vidya]]. Her consort is Maha Kameswara. She is the highest aspect of Goddess [[Adi Shakti]]. [[Parvati]] is the complete incarnation of Lalita Maha Tripura Sundari.

Affiliated to this site are the well known [[Lingam]] of [[Ganga]] [[Keshava]]; shrines of Gangatitya, Kashi Devi, [[Lalita Devi]] and Bhagirath Tirtha. It is a popular belief that a glimpse of [[Lalita Devi]] brings the same blessings as [[circumambulation|circumambulating]] the entire world. It is also believed that blessings of the Goddess Lalita eliminates problems and brings prosperity.<ref name="History"/><ref name="Ghats in Varanasi">{{cite news|title=Ghats in Varanasi|publisher=Varanasi.nic.in|accessdate=9 Aug 2015|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat41-60.html}}</ref>

==Location==
Lalita Ghat is situated on the bank of [[Ganges]]. It is 3.8 kilometers South-East of [[Varanasi Junction railway station]] and 100 meters South-West of [[Manikarnika Ghat]].<ref name="Location">{{cite news|title=Location|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=9 Aug 2015|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nepali Mandir]]
*[[Lalita Gauri Mandir]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Lalita Ghat
|North = [[Sri Agrasen Kanya P.G. College]]
|Northeast = [[Manikarnika Ghat]]
|East = [[Ganges]]
|Southeast = [[Ganges]]
|South = [[Ganges]]
|Southwest = [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]]
|West = Godaulia bazar
|Northwest = [[Varanasi Railway Station]]
}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Ghats of India]]
[[Category:Ghats in Varanasi]]

Daniel Gomes

2025-08-22T22:34:54Z

Republic Bangla:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|9|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| position = [[Centre-back (association football)|Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
| clubnumber = 37
| youthyears1 = 2015–2018
| youthclubs1 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar U19]]
| years1 = 2018–2021
| clubs1 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| caps1 = 10
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2021–2022
| clubs2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps2 = 2
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2022–
| clubs3 = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
| caps3 = 2
| goals3 = 0
| club-update = 19:41, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
}}

'''Daniel Gomes''' (born 7 September 1997), is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]] in the [[I-League]].

== Career ==
Daniel Gomes started his football career at the age 18, when he joined [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar U-19]] in 2015. Three years later, the defender was promoted to the senior team. He played ten matches in [[Goa Football League|Goa Pro League]] and captained [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]. In 2021, he joined the Indian Super League side. [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] for a year, at an undisclosed fee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-31|title=SC East Bengal sign Daniel Gomes from Salgaocar for undisclosed fee|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-sign-daniel-gomes-salgaocar/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Khel Now|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=G. T.|title=SC East Bengal sign Goa's Daniel Gomes|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/sc-east-bengal-sign-goa’s-daniel-gomes-2139|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Gomantak Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SC East Bengal sign Daniel Gomes from Salgaocar for undisclosed fee|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/SC-East-Bengal-sign-Daniel-Gomes-from-Salgaocar-for-undisclosed-fee/179469|access-date=2021-12-03|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|28 March 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|daniel-gomes/797371}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|2||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||2||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|2||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||2||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!4!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|797371}}
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-156379-daniel-gomes-profile ISL Profile]

{{East Bengal F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomes, Daniel}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]

Eden Beach Puducherry

2025-08-17T01:21:02Z

Republic Bangla: adding basic data w/ sources!

{{Short description|Beach in Puducherry, India}}
{{promotional|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox beach
| name = Eden Beach
| location = Chinna Veerampattinam, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.8747|N|79.8157|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = Coastal
| length = 800 meters
}}

Eden Beach is located in Chinna [[Veerampattinam]] near [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India. It is one of the eight Indian beaches certified with the Blue Flag tag by the Foundation for Environment Education (FEE), [[Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=S. |date=2021-09-22 |title=Eden becomes first Puducherry beach to get coveted Blue Flag tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/eden-becomes-first-puducherry-beach-to-get-coveted-blue-flag-tag/article36607544.ece |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=Tamil Nadu's Kovalam beach, Puducherry's Eden get Blue Flag certification |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadus-kovalam-beach-puducherrys-eden-get-blue-flag-certification-7526629/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Location and accessibility ==
Eden Beach is situated 10 km from [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] city, between Paradise Beach and the Arts & Crafts Village. It can be accessed via Ariyankuppam–Veerampattinam Road, with parking facilities available.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title='Blue Flag' certification for Tamil Nadu's Kovalam beach and Puducherry's Eden beach: What it is, why it is prestigious |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/blue-flag-certification-for-tamil-nadus-kovalam-beach-and-puducherrys-eden-beach-what-it-is-why-it-is-prestigious-9987801.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-21 |title=Two more Indian beaches get coveted 'blue flag' certification |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/two-more-indian-beaches-get-coveted-blue-flag-certification-11632234408798.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920022608/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/two-more-indian-beaches-get-coveted-blue-flag-certification-11632234408798.html |archive-date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Features ==
The beach is known for its white sands, clear waters, and surrounding coconut groves. The nearby Chunnambar Backwaters enhance its scenic appeal. It has designated swimming zones monitored by lifeguards and offers eco-friendly tourism facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-07 |title=Work taken up at Eden Beach in an effort to get Blue Flag certification |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/work-taken-up-at-eden-beach-in-an-effort-to-get-blue-flag-certification/article29908989.ece |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2021-09-22 |title=TN's Kovalam, Puducherry's Eden beaches awarded 'Blue Flag' eco tags |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tns-kovalam-puducherrys-eden-beaches-awarded-blue-flag-eco-tags-155602 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Activities ==
Visitors can engage in activities such as:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eden Beach of Puducherry gets 'Blue Flag' certification from Denmark-based NGO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/chennai/eden-beach-of-puducherry-gets-blue-flag-certification-from-denmark-based-ngo/videoshow/86537498.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Swimming in a designated 800-meter zone
* Jet skiing and kayaking
* Nature trails and birdwatching
* Relaxation in sit-out areas and umbrella huts

== Conservation and facilities ==
Eden Beach follows strict environmental policies under the Blue Flag program:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhruv |first=Saloni |date=2024-01-09 |title=From Kadmat Beach in Lakshadweep to Eden Beach in Pondicherry, 11 lesser-known beaches in India that are known for their beauty and cleanliness |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/from-kadmat-beach-in-lakshadweep-to-eden-beach-in-pondicherry-lesser-known-beaches-in-india-that-are-known-for-their-beauty-and-cleanliness |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Regular water quality monitoring
* Waste management and plastic-free initiatives
* Clean restrooms and changing rooms
* First-aid and safety measures

== Visiting information ==
* Timings: Open 24 hours
* Entry Fee: Free
* Best Time to Visit: October to March
* Nearest Railway Station: [[Puducherry railway station]]
* Nearest Airport: [[Puducherry Airport]]

== See also ==
* [[Blue Flag beach]]
* [[Tourism in Puducherry]]
* [[List of beaches in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.py.gov.in/ Puducherry Government Official Website]
* [https://www.puducherrytourism.com Puducherry Tourism Official Website]

[[Category:Beaches of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Puducherry]]

Abdul Habeeb Yusuf Marfani

2025-08-13T09:58:06Z

Republic Bangla: starting stub...

{{Short description|Muslim businessman and philanthropist from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Abdul Habeeb Yusuf Marfani.jpg
| caption = Marfani, c. 1940s
| birth_place = Dhoraji, [[Saurashtra (state)]]
| occupation = Businessman and philanthropist
| known_for = Donation to [[Indian National Army]]
| title =
| honours = Sevak-e-Hind
}}

'''Abdul Habeeb Yusuf Marfani''' ({{Floruit|1940s}}) was a [[Gujarati Muslims|Gujarati Muslim]] businessman and philanthropist from [[Dhoraji]], [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], who made significant contributions to the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) led by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] during India’s struggle for independence. He is best known for donating his entire fortune, approximately ₹1 crore, to the INA in 1944, earning him the Sevak-e-Hind medal, the highest civilian honour of the [[Azad Hind]] government.

== Early life ==
Marfani was born in a [[Memon people|Memon]] family in Dhoraji, a town in Saurashtra (present-day [[Gujarat, India]]), and later settled in [[Rangoon]] (now Yangon, [[Myanmar]]), where he established himself as a successful businessman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=14 July 2012 |title=Gujarati Muslim gave Rs 1 crore to Netaji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarati-muslim-gave-rs-1-crore-to-netaji/articleshow/14870715.cms |access-date=12 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslims In India's Freedom Struggle |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/muslims-in-indias-freedom-struggle |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prohor |title=খাকি উর্দির বদলে আজাদ হিন্দকে কোটি টাকা লিখে দেন আবদুল হাবিব ইউসুফ মারফানি - Prohor |url=https://www.prohor.in/index.php/abdul-habeeb-yusuf-marfani-donated-one-crore-rupees-to-azad-hind-fauj |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=খাকি উর্দির বদলে আজাদ হিন্দকে কোটি টাকা লিখে দেন আবদুল হাবিব ইউসুফ মারফানি - Prohor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-15 |title=Gujarati couple gave up all for Netaji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarati-couple-gave-up-all-for-netaji/articleshow/40292847.cms |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Contribution to the Indian National Army ==
In 1944, Marfani made a historic contribution to the Indian National Army, a military organization formed by Subhas Chandra Bose to fight [[British colonial rule]]. On 9 July 1944, during a public gathering in Rangoon, Marfani donated his entire fortune, estimated at ₹1 crore, which included cash, jewelry, and property deeds.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhijit Sen |date=22 January 2024 |title=Spirit of Freedom: Habeeb Yusuf Marfani donated everything he had to Netaji’s INA |url=https://www.siasat.com/spirit-of-freedom-habeeb-yusuf-marfani-donated-everything-he-had-to-netajis-ina-2961699/ |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Head of State |url=https://www.netajisubhasbose.org/supreme-commander |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=netajisubhasbose |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2022-10-08 |title=Netaji Bose and His Rangoon stay at Manilal Nautamlal Mehtas home. |url=https://nautamlalmehta.com/netaji-bose-and-his-rangoon-stay-at-manilal-nautamlal-mehtas-home/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Nautamlal Mehta |language=en-US}}</ref>

The donated amount is worth equivalent to INR 800 cr in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gulbargavi |first=Talha Hussain |date=1 September 2022 |title=Remembering Muslim Heroes Of Indian National Army |url=https://thecognate.com/remembering-muslim-heroes-of-indian-national-army/ |work=The Cognate}}</ref>

This donation was one of the largest individual contributions to the INA, significantly bolstering its resources for the armed struggle against British forces.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Nag |first=Kingshuk |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Netaji_Living_Dangerously.html?id=duHwCgAAQBAJ |title=Netaji: Living Dangerously |date=18 November 2015 |publisher=AuthorsUpFront {{!}} Paranjoy |isbn=978-93-84439-70-5 |language=en}}</ref>

He was the first donor to the [[Azad Hind Bank]], he also convinced other [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] in [[Myanmar|Burma]] to donate to [[Azad Hind]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rattibha |url=https://en.rattibha.com/thread/1558864468834385920 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=en.rattibha.com}}</ref>

Marfani’s act of generosity inspired others to contribute to the INA, and Subhas Chandra Bose personally acknowledged his sacrifice, reportedly stating, "India will never forget you."<ref name=":1" />

In recognition of his contribution, Marfani was awarded the '''Tamgha-e-Sevak-e-Hind''' (Sevak-e-Hind medal), the first recipient of this prestigious civilian honor instituted by the Azad Hind Sarkar, the provisional government established by Bose.<ref name=":0" />

Following his donation, Marfani expressed his desire to join the INA as a soldier, but Bose advised him to continue his civilian support, recognizing his greater value as a philanthropist.<ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
Marfani’s contribution is noted in historical accounts of the INA, with historians such as Yunus Chitalwala and Raj Mal Kasliwal documenting his role in their works.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

His donation is regarded as a pivotal moment in mobilising financial support for the INA among the [[Indian diaspora]] in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":2" />

Despite his significant contribution, Marfani remains a relatively unsung figure in the [[Indian independence movement]]. Recent efforts, including articles in Indian media and advocacy groups have called for posthumous recognition, such as the [[Bharat Ratna]], India’s highest civilian award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim soldiers of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/heritage-news/muslim-soldiers-of-netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-9129.html |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Dr Hari |title=Posthumous Injustice to Memon Abdul Habib |url=https://www.haridesai.com/2022/01/posthumous-injustice-to-memon-abdul.html |access-date=12 August 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Dr Hari |title=Habeeb Saheb should be honoured properly in Gujarat for his magnanimity |url=https://www.haridesai.com/2022/01/habeeb-saheb-should-be-honoured.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Currently, the Memon family resides in [[Myanmar]]. As a result, Yakub Memon, the grandson of Abdul Habeeb Yusuf Marfani, was honored by the [[Government of India]] in [[New Delhi]] for his ancestor's contributions to the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=वे स्वतंत्रता सेनानी जिन्हें भुला दिया गया- 40, अब्दुल हबीब युसूफ मर्फानी मेमन |url=https://watansamachar.com/The-freedom-fighters-who-were-forgotten---40-Abdul-Habib-Yusuf-Marfani-Memon |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Watan Samachar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{YouTube|id=OJbG781ABw0|title=A video on Marfani's life}}
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Gujarati Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Recipients of Indian civil awards and decorations]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]

Celebrity Fitness

2025-08-04T10:11:19Z

Republic Bangla:

{{Short description|Fitness center operator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Celebrity Fitness (CF)
| logo = Celebrity Fitness Official New Logo.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| genre = [[Physical fitness|Fitness]]
| foundation = [[Jakarta, Indonesia]] (2003)
| founder = John Franklin, Mike Duane Anderson, John Joseph Sweeney
| location_country = [[Jakarta, Indonesia]]
| locations = {{ubl|Indonesia 76 clubs|Malaysia 24 clubs| Philippines 2 clubs | India 2 clubs | Thailand 2 clubs}}
| industry = [[Health]] and [[Physical fitness|Fitness]]
| key_people = Simon Flint (CEO, Evolution Wellness)
Rajat Singh
(CEO-India)
| =
| num_employees = ≈2,400
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.celebrityfitness.com}}
| footnotes = Celebrity Fitness in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and India, are separate entities with different shareholders, and managed by different leadership teams.
| parent = Evolution Wellness ([[Oaktree Capital Management]] (50%) and Navis Capital Partners (50%)) - for Celebrity Fitness Indonesia and Malaysia
}}

'''Celebrity Fitness''' is a [[Physical fitness|fitness]] center operator with a network of clubs across Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthclubmanagement.co.uk/health-club-management-news/latest-news/330608|title=Fitness club merger sees creation of Evolution Wellness|website=Evolution Wellness Holding|date=March 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>

==Background==

Celebrity Fitness was founded in 2003 by John Franklin, Mike Anderson, and JJ Sweeney. Celebrity Fitness commenced operations in February 2004 in Jakarta.

In 2005, Celebrity Fitness entered the Malaysian market with its first club in Kuala Lumpur. This is located at 1 Utama Shopping Centre in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. The Malaysian business expanded in 2009 with the purchase of California Fitness (Malaysia) gyms.

In 2007, the majority shareholding of Celebrity Fitness was acquired by Navis Capital Partners.

In 2012, Celebrity Fitness entered the Singaporean market.

In 2017, [[Fitness First]] Asia merged with Celebrity Fitness to create Evolution Wellness Holdings Pte. Ltd., equally co-owned by [[Oaktree Capital Management]] and Navis Capital Partners. However, both brands will remain separate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketing-interactive.com/celebrity-fitness-fitness-first-asia-now-parent-company/|title=Celebrity Fitness and Fitness First Asia set to merge|last=Tay|first=Vivienne|work=Marketing|date=24 February 2017|accessdate=19 May 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.celebrityfitness.com Celebrity Fitness]

[[Category:Health clubs]]
[[Category:Medical and health organizations based in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Companies based in Jakarta]]
[[Category:Health care companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Indonesian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:2017 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Indonesian brands]]
[[Category:Oaktree Capital Management]]

Chennakeshava Temple, Turuvekere

2025-07-06T19:51:27Z

Republic Bangla: adding the place v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chennakeshava or Chennigaraya Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hindu temple
| image_skyline = Chennakeshava temple at Turuvekere,Tumkur district.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chennakeshava temple (1263 A.D.) at Turuvekere in [[Tumkur district]]
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Chennakeshava temple''' (also spelt "Chennakesava" or called "Chennigaraya"), dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]] is located in [[Turuvekere]], a small town in the [[Tumkur district]], Karnataka state, India.<ref name="tumkuru">{{cite web |url= http://tumkur.nic.in/|title= General Information-Tumkur District Tourist Places|author= |date=|work= Deputy Commissioners Office |publisher= National Informatics Center|accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref> Turuvekere, founded as an [[Agraharam]] town (a place of learning) in the 13th century is located about 77 miles from the state capital [[Bangalore]]. The temple was built around 1263 A.D. during the rule of the [[Hoysala Empire]] King [[Narasimha III]].<ref name="built">Hardy (1995), p347</ref> This temple is a protected monument under the Karnataka state division of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref>

==Temple plan==
[[File:Mantapa in Chennakeshava temple at Turuvekere.JPG|thumb|upright|Mantapa with lathe turned pillars at Chennakeshava temple in Turuvekere]]
[[File:Miniature decorative towers in relief at Chennakeshava temple in Turuvekere.JPG|thumb|upright|Miniature decorative towers ([[aedicule]]) on half-[[pilaster]]s at Chennakeshava temple, Turuvekere]]
According to the art historian Adam Hardy, the temple plan is a distinctive ''dravida'' (south Indian) single ''vimana'' (one sanctum and superstructure over it, called ''ekakuta'') structure built on a semi-stellate base (semi-star shape). The building material is the standard [[Soap stone]] and the hall (''[[mantapa]]'') is a closed one.<ref name="built"/>

The temple has all the basic elements of a standard [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala temple]] and comprises a sanctum which is connected to a closed hall by a square [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] (''sukhanasi''). The entrance into the hall from the outside is through a porch (''mukhamantapa''). Typically, a closed hall in a Hoysala temple has no windows. The porch consists of an [[awning]] supported by two decorative half pillars with two parapets on both sides. The shrine has a tower (called ''[[shikhara]]''). The vestibule has its own tower (also called ''sukhanasi'') which appears like a low extension of the main tower over the shrine. Art critic Gerard Foekema calls it the "nose" of the main tower. From the outside, the walls of the vestibule are inconspicuous and appear like a short extension of the shrine wall.<ref name="super">Foekema (1996), p21</ref><ref name="nose">Foekema (1996), p22</ref><ref name="decor">Foekema (1996), p24</ref> The ceiling of the closed hall is supported by four lathe turned pillars. These pillars divide the ceiling into nine highly decorated bays.<ref name="nose"/> Between full pilasters, the outer walls of the hall and shrine are decorated with [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s and miniature towers on half-pilasters ([[aedicula]]). Below these, forming the base of the temple, are the five horizontal [[molding (architecture)|molding]]s.<ref name="mini">Foekema (1996), p28</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|1}}

== References ==
{{Commons category|Chennakeshava Temple, Turuvekere}}
* Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |orig-date=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
*Adam Hardy, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Abhinav, 1995, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7017-312-4}}.
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:13th-century Hindu temples]]

Radhikapur

2025-06-04T21:36:20Z

Republic Bangla: started first entry needs work.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Radhikapur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.642778|N|88.446944|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1057
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 733129
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]]/ Telephone code
| area_code = 03523
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kaliaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kaliaganj]]
| website = {{URL|uttardinajpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Radhikapur''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in [[Kaliaganj (community development block)|Kaliaganj]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Raiganj subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is a [[border checkpoint]] on the [[Bangladesh-India border]].

==Geography==
===Location===
Radhikapur is located at {{coord|25.642778|N|88.446944|E|display=inline}}.

==Radhikapur-Biral transit point==
{{OSM Location map
|width=350| height=400| zoom=9
|coord={{coord|25|55|33|N|88|11|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Uttar Dinajpur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|37|25|N|88|7|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Raiganj | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Raiganj]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|14|12|N|88|12|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Islampur| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|25|37|48|N|88|19|12|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Kaliaganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Kaliaganj]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|53|33|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Dalkhola| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Dalkhola]] (M)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|22|23|N|88|18|27|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Chopra | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|8|57|N|88|2|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Hanskunda | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Hanskunda]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|6|30|N|88|8|33|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Goalpokhar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Goalpokhar]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|1|16|N|87|57|9|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Chakulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Chakulia, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|50|3|N|87|55|6|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Karandighi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Karandighi, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|39|56|N|88|13|14|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Hemtabad| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|35|56|N|88|6|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Nachhratpur|labela11= Katabari | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nachhratpur Katabari]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|34|8|N|88|6|43|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Kasba | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kasba, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|27|31|N|88|10|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Itahar | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|38|38|N|88|26|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Radhikapur|labela14=checkpoint| numbered14=R| mark-title14= Radhikapur (R)| shape-color14=black| label-size14=14|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|39|13|N|88|6|15|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15=Raiganj|labela15=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered15=T|shape-color15=green| mark-title15= [[Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25.9613|88.0524}}| label16=India| label-color16 = black| label-angle16=-70| label-pos16=bottom| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|25.9513|88.1224}}| label17=Bangladesh| label-color17 = black| label-angle17=-70| label-pos17=bottom| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|25.7273|87.9392}}| label18=Bihar| label-color18 = black| label-angle18=40| label-pos18=bottom| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|25.7773|88.0162}}| label19=West | labela19= Bengal| label-color19 = black| label-angle19=40| label-pos19=bottom| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26.2554|88.0234}}| label20=Mahananda River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-40| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
}}

The Radhikapur-Birol rail link was put back in operation in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bangladesh_September_2017_en.pdf | title = India-Bangladesh Relations | work = Page 5: Connectivity | publisher = Ministry of External Affairs | accessdate = 4 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://in.news.yahoo.com/pm-modi-hasina-inaugurate-two-rail-road-connectivity-082714604.html | title = PM Modi, Hasina inaugurate two rail, road connectivity projects, ANI 8 April 2017| work = Yahoo News| accessdate = 4 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Bangladesh_17.pdf |title = Position paper on Bangladesh Railways | work= Eight interchange points between India and Bangladesh | accessdate = 8 November 2018 }}</ref>

It was a defunct rail transit point on the India-Bangladesh border for a long time. The corresponding station on the Bangladesh side is [[Biral railway station|Biral]] in [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur District]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080823/jsp/siliguri/story_9731340.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023142738/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080823/jsp/siliguri/story_9731340.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 October 2012 |title = Collision kills woman on Vellore trip | accessdate = 2009-08-15 | publisher = The Telegraph, 23 August 2008 | location=Calcutta, India | date=2008-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080421/jsp/business/story_9164969.jsp | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121023142802/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080421/jsp/business/story_9164969.jsp | url-status =dead | archive-date =23 October 2012 |title = Govt weighs rail links with Nepal, Bhutan | accessdate = 2009-08-15 | publisher = The Telegraph, 21 April 2008 | location=Calcutta, India | date=2008-04-21}}</ref> The transit facility in the Radhikapur-Birol sector had remained suspended since 1 April 2005. The railway track on the Indian side had been converted to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] while that on the Bangladesh side it continued to remain [[metre gauge]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=31026 |title = Rail Link with Bangladesh| publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 7 September 2007| accessdate = 2011-12-22 }}</ref>

As per the Memorandum of Understanding entered into by Bangladesh and India on 15 August 1978 it was agreed to facilitate overland transit traffic between Bangladesh and Nepal. An addendum was made on 6 September 2011, to add new rail routes for facilitating overland transit traffic between Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5208/Addendum+to+MOU+between+India+and+Bangladesh+to+facilitate+overland+transit+traffic+between+Bangladesh+and+Nepal |title = Addendum to MOU between India and Bangladesh to facilitate overland transit traffic between Bangladesh and India, 6 September 2011| publisher = Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India | accessdate = 2013-03-04}}</ref>

Bangladesh started export of fertilizer to Nepal utilizing the Rahanpur-[[Singhabad]] transit point in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html|title = Bangladesh export to Nepal thru India resumes tomorrow|publisher = Priyo Internet Life|accessdate = 2011-11-12|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406181147/http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html|archive-date = 6 April 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
{{Barsoi–Radhikapur branch line|collapse=y}}

In the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.

==Land customs station==
Radhikapur has a land customs station for movement of goods by road or rail on the India-Bangladesh border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-act/notifications/csnt63-94.htm |title=Notification No. 63/94-Cus. (N.T.) dtd 21/11/1994 with amendments - Land Customs Stations and Routes for import and export of goods by land or inland water ways |accessdate=6 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128165640/http://www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-act/notifications/csnt63-94.htm |archive-date=2012-01-28 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Radhikapur had a total population of 1,057, of which 530 (50%) were males and 527 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 134. The total number of literates in Radhikapur was 675 (73.13% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 8 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Radhikapur railway station]] is on the [[Barsoi-Radhikapur branch line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/radhikapur-rdp/2689 |title = Departures from Radhikapur | publisher= Indiarailinfo | accessdate = 8 May 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Dinajpur District}}
{{India–Bangladesh land border checkpoints}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Villages in Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border crossings]]

1959–60 Irani Cup

2024-10-06T05:41:48Z

Republic Bangla: starting new info...

{{Short description|Annual Indian cricket fixture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| name = 1959-60 Irani Cup
| date = 18–20 March 1960
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| stadium = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| team1score1 = 344
| team1score2 = 210/5d
| team2score1 = 298
| team2score2 = 111/7
| details = Match drawn; Bombay won the match by 1st innings lead
| umpires = K. B. Saxena and [[Sudhendu Bhattacharya]]
| previous =
| next = [[1962–63 Irani Cup|1962–63]]
}}
The '''1959–60 Irani Cup''' was the inaugural edition of the [[Irani Cup]], an annual [[first-class cricket]] fixture in India which matches the previous season's [[Ranji Trophy]] winners against a multi-state team called the [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] (ROI). The concept was devised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Ranji Trophy. The trophy was named after Zal R. Irani, the BCCI President.<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/irani-cup-full-fledged-indian-teams Irani Cup and full-fledged Indian teams]. SportsKeeda. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</ref>

Played from 18 to 20 March 1960, the first edition was between [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] and [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] at the [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>[https://acscricket.com/?page_id=2700 Irani Cup Winners 1959/60–]. Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</ref> The match ended in a draw but Bombay were declared winners because a tie-break rule was in force that awarded the match to the team with first innings lead.<ref name=CAS>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/23/23988.html Rest of India v Bombay: Irani Cup 1959/60]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 December 2023. {{subscription}}</ref><ref name=ECS>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-1959-60-369522/rest-of-india-vs-bombay-369526/full-scorecard Rest of India v Bombay: Irani Cup 1959/60]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</ref>

Bombay captain [[Polly Umrigar]] won the toss and decided to bat first. The team batted through the whole of the first day and their last wicket fell just before close of play. They were all out for 344, Umrigar himself scoring 102. He was supported by fellow Test batsmen [[Madhav Apte]] (98) and [[Gulabrai Ramchand]] (82). ROI's best bowler was [[off spin]]ner [[Jasu Patel]], who took 5/98. ROI began their first innings next morning and were all out for 298, again just before close of play. Test batsmen [[Nari Contractor]] (108) and [[Motganhalli Jaisimha]] (105) shared a second wicket partnership of 196 but the rest of the batting struggled against the [[leg spin]] and [[googly]] bowler [[Hoshang Amroliwala]], who took 6/44. On the final day, Bombay declared on 210/5, setting ROI a target of 247. They had made 111/7 when time ran out and Bombay won by virtue of their first innings lead.<ref name=CAS/><ref name=ECS/>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
![[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
![[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Polly Umrigar]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Naren Tamhane]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Madhav Apte]]
* [[Sudhakar Adhikari]]
* Vishwanath Lele
* [[Ramnath Kenny]]
* [[Gulabrai Ramchand]]
* [[Hoshang Amroliwala]]
* [[Sharad Diwadkar]]
* Karkulu Pai
* [[Ghulam Guard]]
|
* [[Nari Contractor]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Budhi Kunderan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Motganhalli Jaisimha]]
* [[Rusi Surti]]
* [[A. G. Milkha Singh]]
* [[Bal Dani]]
* [[Rusi Modi]]
* [[Khandu Rangnekar]]
* [[Prem Bhatia (cricketer)|Prem Bhatia]]
* [[Ranga Sohoni]]
* [[Jasubhai Patel]]
|}

==Match==
{{Test match
| date = 18–20 March
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 344 (86.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Polly Umrigar]] 102
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jasubhai Patel]] 5/98 (23 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 298 (79.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nari Contractor]] 108
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Hoshang Amroliwala]] 6/44 (9.1 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 210/5d (54 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Hoshang Amroliwala]] 76*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rusi Surti]] 4/63 (17 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 111/7 (29 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Prem Bhatia (cricketer)|Prem Bhatia]] 50
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Hoshang Amroliwala]] 2/33 (7 overs)
| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-1959-60-369522/rest-of-india-vs-bombay-369526/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = K. B. Saxena and [[Sudhendu Bhattacharya]]
| toss = Bombay won the toss and elected to bat first.
* Bombay won the match by virtue of 1st innings lead.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Irani Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani Cup, 1959-60}}
[[Category:1959 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1960 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1959–60]]
[[Category:Irani Cup seasons]]

Goa Carbon Limited

2024-10-01T11:29:47Z

Republic Bangla: New

{{Short description|Indian petrochemical company}}
{{Notability|Companies|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Goa Carbon Limited
| logo = goacarbonlogo.svg
| logo_size = 300px
| type = [[Public Company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|509567}} {{NSE|GOACARBON}}
| founded = 1967
| hq_location = [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]
| key_people = Shrinivas Dempo (Chairman)
| industry = [[Petrochemicals]]
| revenue = [[USD]] 29.3 million (2015)
| assets = USD 37.8 million (2015)
| num_employees = 216 (as of 31 March 2017)
| parent = [[Dempo]]
| homepage = {{URL|www.goacarbon.com}}
}}

'''Goa Carbon Limited''' is an Indian petrochemical company and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of [[Petroleum coke|Calcined Petroleum Coke]]. It is a public company listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and National Stock Exchange and is the second largest producer of Calcined Petroleum Coke in India. Other specialty consumer segments include titanium dioxide and other chemicals. The company's [[calcination]] plant is located approximately 40 kilometers from the [[Mormugao|Mormugoa]] Port. It was incorporated and established on 22 June 1967. It has manufacturing facilities in Goa, [[Paradip]] and [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]. Total capacity is 1,65,000 MT per annum.

== Products ==
* Calcined Petroleum Coke
* Recarburiser
* Laddle additive
* Carbon raiser

== Achievements ==
Goa Carbon's plant is [[ISO 9001:2008]] by Bureau Veritas. It is also [[ISO 14001:2004]] certified.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/goa-carbon-ltd_goacarbon/reports|title=Goa Carbon: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Goa Carbon|website=profit.ndtv.com|access-date=2016-05-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Vedanta Resources}}

[[Category:Companies based in Goa]]
[[Category:Vedanta Resources]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Champin

2024-07-08T18:48:28Z

Republic Bangla: enhance details further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Champin
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.023611|N|93.549167|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 143
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 645096
| footnotes =
}}
'''Champin''' is a village in the [[Nicobar district]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. It is located on the [[Nancowry Island]], around 10 km from the [[Tapong]] village,<ref name="KMSRoy"/> and comes under the administration of the [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]] [[tehsil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095346/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

== History ==

During the [[British Raj]], the British Indian government bestowed the title of "Rani" ("Queen") on a local woman named Islon, for the services rendered by her to the government. Even after India became independent in 1947, Islon and her only daughter Lachmi were treated as queens by the local villagers, although the government did not recognize them as such. After Lachmi's death in 1989, her only daughter Fathima became the village leader. She had eight children, including five daughters and three sons; her family of 42 lived in three buildings, locally known as Rani Ghat ("Queen's Palace"). After the village was devastated by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], 72-year old Fathima and her family were evacuated by the Indian authorities to [[Port Blair]].<ref name="QueenFathima"/> The tsunami caused two deaths in the village, that of a local woman named Jennifer, and of a man who was a resident of the neighbouring [[Katchal Island]].<ref name="KMSRoy"/> The villagers decided to select an elevated land to rebuild their village.<ref name="QueenFathima">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1005198.cms |title=A queen and her lost realm |date=30 January 2005 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
A census taken by a research team after the 2004 tsunami recorded a population of 510 in Champin.<ref name="KMSRoy">{{cite book |author1=K M Sinha Roy |author2=S S Datta Chaudhari |editor=VR Rao |title=Tsunami in South Asia: Studies of Impact on Communities of Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4PDCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |year=2007 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9798184241890 |pages=55–56 }}</ref>

The village's population reduced considerably over the next few years. According to the [[2011 census of India]], Champin has 33 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 86.99%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |accessdate=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801173328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20%26%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |archivedate=2015-08-01 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 143 || 72 || 71
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 20 || 11 || 9
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 143 || 72 || 71
|-
| Literates || 107 || 58 || 49
|-
| Workers (all) || 32 || 23 || 9
|-
| Main workers (total) || 18 || 12 || 6
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 17 || 11 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 14 || 11 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 14 || 11 || 3
|-
| Non-workers || 111 || 49 || 62
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nicobar district }}

[[Category:Villages in Nancowry tehsil]]

Lucknow Brigade

2024-07-06T12:04:26Z

Republic Bangla: small changes

{{For|another First World War formation|8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade}}
{{For|the Second World War formation|22nd Indian Infantry Brigade}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Lucknow Brigade 22nd (Lucknow) Brigade
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| dates = June 1907 – January 1916 July 1917 – December 1941
| country = {{flag|British India|23px}}
| allegiance = [[British Crown]]
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role =
| size = [[Brigade]]
| command_structure = [[8th (Lucknow) Division]] [[Indian Expeditionary Force E]] [[11th Indian Division]]
| garrison = [[Lucknow]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[First World War]]
:[[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]]
::[[Raid on the Suez Canal|Actions on the Suez Canal]]
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| disbanded =
| notable_commanders = [[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Maj.-Gen.]] [[Alexander Wilson (British Army officer)|A. Wilson]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
}}
The '''Lucknow Brigade''' was an [[infantry]] [[brigade]] of the [[British Indian Army]] formed in 1907 as a result of the [[Kitchener Reforms]]. It was mobilized as '''22nd (Lucknow) Brigade''' at the outbreak of the [[First World War]] as part of [[Indian Expeditionary Force E]]. It served in Egypt in 1915 before being broken up in January 1916.

The brigade was reformed in India in 1917 for internal security duties and to aid the expansion of the Indian Army in the last year of the war. It remained part of the British Indian Army between the wars under several designations and was the '''[[6th (Lucknow) Infantry Brigade]]''' in September 1939.

==History==
The [[Kitchener Reforms]], carried out during [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener's]] tenure as [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] (1902–09), completed the unification of the three former [[Presidency armies]], the [[Frontier Force (disambiguation)|Punjab Frontier Force]], the [[Hyderabad Contingent]] and other local forces into one [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]. Kitchener identified the Indian Army's main task as the defence of the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]] against foreign aggression (particularly Russian expansion into Afghanistan) with [[internal security]] relegated to a secondary role. The Army was organized into [[division (military)|divisions]] and [[brigade]]s that would act as field formations but also included internal security troops.<ref name=Haythornthwaite244>{{harvnb|Haythornthwaite|1996|p=244}}</ref>

The '''Lucknow Brigade''' was formed in June 1907{{efn|name=Formed|1 June 1907 was the appointment date of the first commanding officer of the brigade.<ref name=Hart1908>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/stream/hartsannualarmy1908hart#page/98/mode/2up | title = Hart's Annual Army List for 1908 | author = The late Lieutenant General H.G. Hart | authorlink = Henry George Hart | publisher = John Murray | location = London | access-date=3 July 2015 }}</ref>}} as a result of the Kitchener Reforms. The brigade formed part of the [[8th (Lucknow) Division]].<ref name=Hart1908/>

;{{anchor|22nd}}22nd (Lucknow) Brigade
In October 1914, the brigade was mobilized as the '''22nd (Lucknow) Brigade'''<ref name=Perry100>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=100}}</ref> and was sent to Egypt as the core of [[Indian Expeditionary Force E]].<ref name=Perry172>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=172}}</ref> The brigade joined the [[11th Indian Division]] when it was formed in Egypt on 24 December and served on the [[Suez Canal]] Defences. After the defeat of the Turkish attempts to [[Raid on the Suez Canal|cross the canal]] on 3–4 February 1915, the division acted as a relieving depot for the divisions in [[Western Front (World War I)|France]].{{efn|The infantry divisions in France were the [[3rd (Lahore) Division|3rd (Lahore)]]<ref name=Perry53>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=53}}</ref> and [[7th (Meerut) Division|7th (Meerut)]].<ref name=Perry89>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=89}}</ref>}} It was broken up on 31 May 1915 and the brigade came under direct command of the Suez Canal Defences.<ref name=Perry122>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=122}}</ref> The brigade was broken up in January 1916.<ref name=Perry119>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=119}}</ref>

;{{anchor|Reformed}}Reformed brigade
The '''Lucknow Brigade''' was reformed in 8th (Lucknow) Division in July 1917.<ref name=Perry100/> It remained with the division for the rest of the war, carrying out internal security duties. In the final year of the war, the division (and brigade) took part in the general expansion of the Indian Army as new units were formed.<ref name=Perry104>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=104}}</ref>

;Post-war
The brigade remained part of the British Indian Army after the end of the war. It underwent a number of changes of designation between the World Wars: '''73rd Indian Infantry Brigade''' from May until September 1920, '''19th Indian Infantry Brigade''' from November 1920 and '''6th (Lucknow) Infantry Brigade''' from sometime in the 1920s.<ref name=Mackie368>{{harvnb|Mackie|2015|p=368}}</ref> For its subsequent history, see [[6th (Lucknow) Infantry Brigade]].<ref name=Kempton14>{{harvnb|Kempton|2003b|p=14}}</ref>

==Orders of battle==
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"
!In India in August 1914
|-
|At the outbreak of the [[First World War]], the brigade had the following composition:<ref name=Perry102>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=102}}</ref>
* 3rd Battalion, [[Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)]] ''(left in October 1914 and joined [[85th Brigade (United Kingdom)|85th Brigade]] in the [[British 28th Division]] on 24 December 1914 in the United Kingdom)''
* 1st Battalion, [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]]
* [[17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment)]] ''(left in September 1914 for [[Mauritius]])''
* [[128th Pioneers]] ''(left in October 1914 and joined [[31st Indian Brigade]] in Egypt)''
* [[U Battery, Royal Horse Artillery]] ''(joined [[8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade]] in September 1914 and departed for the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] with [[1st Indian Cavalry Division]])''<ref name=Perry14>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=14}}</ref>
* [[5th Brigade Royal Field Artillery|V Brigade]], [[Royal Field Artillery]] – 63rd, 64th and 73rd Batteries ''(joined [[7th (Meerut) Division]] in August 1914 and departed for the Western Front)''<ref name=Perry87>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=87}}</ref>
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"
!Egypt
|-
|The brigade was extensively reorganized on mobilization. Its composition while it was in Egypt included:<ref name=Perry120>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=120}}</ref>
* 1st Battalion, [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]] ''(left on 14 December 1914 and joined [[87th Brigade (United Kingdom)|87th Brigade]] in the [[British 29th Division]] in January 1915 in the United Kingdom)''
* [[62nd Punjabis]] ''(joined in October 1914 from [[Allahabad Brigade]], 8th (Lucknow) Division; transferred to [[28th Indian Brigade]], [[10th Indian Division]] on 9 July 1915)''
* [[92nd Punjabis]] ''(joined in October 1914 from Allahabad Brigade, 8th (Lucknow) Division; left for [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]] in December 1915 where it joined [[19th (Dehra Dun) Brigade]], [[7th (Meerut) Division]])''
* 2nd Battalion, [[10th Gurkha Rifles]] ''(joined in October 1914 from [[Presidency Brigade]], 8th (Lucknow) Division; transferred to [[29th Indian Brigade]], 10th Indian Division in June 1915)''
* [[3rd Brahmans]] ''(joined on 29 December 1914 from [[Jhansi Brigade]], [[5th (Mhow) Division]]; transferred to Mesopotamia in December 1915)''
* [[125th Napier's Rifles]] ''(joined on 12 June 1915 from [[21st (Bareilly) Brigade]], 7th (Meerut) Division; transferred to [[32nd Indian Brigade]], 11th Indian Division on 19 September 1915)''
* [[9th Bhopal Infantry]] ''(joined in June 1915 from [[7th (Ferozepore) Brigade]], [[3rd (Lahore) Division]]; transferred to Mesopotamia in December 1915)''
* 1st Battalion, [[Patiala Infantry]] ([[Imperial Service Troops|I.S.]]) ''(joined on 16 September 1915 from 32nd Indian Brigade, 11th Indian Division; transferred in January 1916 to 31st Indian Brigade, 10th Indian Division)''
* [[41st Dogras]] ''(joined on 16 September 1915 from 21st (Bareilly) Brigade, 7th (Meerut) Division; transferred to Mesopotamia in December 1915)''
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"
!Reformed brigade
|-
|The reformed brigade commanded the following units:<ref name=Perry102/>
* 1/10th Battalion, [[Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)]] ''(at Lucknow and joined the brigade on formation)''
* 2nd Battalion, [[97th Deccan Infantry]] ''(formed at Lucknow in June 1917 and to [[Allahabad Brigade]] in July; rejoined in March 1918 then departed on 18 May for Palestine where it joined [[181st (2/6th London) Brigade|181st Brigade]] in the [[60th (2/2nd London) Division]] on 28 June 1918)''
* 1st Garrison Battalion, [[Royal Irish Rifles]] ''(joined from Allahabad Brigade in October 1917)''
* 2nd Battalion, [[1st Brahmans]] ''(formed in November 1917)''
* 2nd Battalion, [[11th Rajputs]] ''(formed in January 1918; transferred in October to [[Loralai]], [[4th (Quetta) Division]])''
* 1st Garrison Battalion, [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] ''(joined from Allahabad Brigade in March 1918)''
* 2nd Battalion, [[8th Rajputs]] ''(formed in March 1918)''
* 2nd Battalion, [[66th Punjabis]] ''(formed in October 1918)''
* [[133rd Regiment]] ''(joined in December 1918 from [[Nasirabad Brigade]], 5th (Mhow) Division)''
|}

==Commanders==
The brigade had the following commanders during its existence:<ref name=Mackie368/>
{| class="wikitable"
! From !! Rank !! Name !! Notes
|-
| 1 June 1907<ref name=Hart1908/> || [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] || [[Sir]] [[James R.L. Macdonald|J.R.L. Macdonald]] ||
|-
| November 1908 || [[Brigadier-General]] || [[James A. Bell (British Army officer)|J.A. Bell]] ||
|-
| 1910 || Major-General || [[Henry Bulckley Burlton Watkis|H.B.B. Watkis]] ||
|-
| 22 October 1911<ref name=Perry119/> || Major-General || [[Alexander Wilson (British Army officer)|A. Wilson]] ||
|-
| 16 November 1914<ref name=Perry119/> || Brigadier-General || [[Stannus Geoghegan|S. Geoghegan]] ||
|-
| 21 December 1915<ref name=Perry119/>|| Brigadier-General || [[William Arthur Watson|W.A. Watson]] || Brigade broken up in January 1916
|-
| July 1917 || Major-General || [[Edward S. May (British Army officer)|E.S. May]] || Brigade re-formed
|-
| 26 November 1917<ref name=Perry100/> || Brigadier-General || [[Owen C. Wolley-Dod|O.C. Wolley-Dod]] ||
|-
| 27 November 1918<ref name=Perry100/> || Brigadier-General || [[Aubrey G. Pritchard|A.G. Pritchard]] ||
|-
| January 1920 || Brigadier-General || [[H. de C. O'Grady]] ||
|-
| December 1922 || Brigadier-General || [[J.H. Keith Stewart]] ||
|-
| December 1923 || Brigadier-General || [[Arthur E. McNamara|A.E. McNamara]] ||
|-
| November 1926 || [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] || [[John Kennedy (British Army officer, born 1878)|J. Kennedy]] ||
|-
| June 1930 || Brigadier || [[Octavius H. L. Nicholson|O.H.L. Nicholson]] ||
|-
| May 1933 || Brigadier || [[Kenneth McG. Laird|K.McG. Laird]] ||
|-
| June 1935 || Brigadier || [[Charles Hemsley|C. Hemsley]] ||
|-
| February 1936 || Brigadier || [[Hugh R. C. Lane|H.R.C. Lane]] ||
|-
| December 1936 || Brigadier || [[Robert Cotton Money|R.C. Money]] ||
|-
| September 1939 || Brigadier || [[William O. Lay|W.O. Lay]] ||
|}

==See also==

* [[6th (Lucknow) Infantry Brigade]] in the [[Second World War]]
* [[8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade]] in the [[First World War]]
* [[Force in Egypt]]


==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = Haythornthwaite | first = Philip J.
| authorlink = Philip Haythornthwaite
| year = 1996
| title = The World War One Source Book
| publisher = Arms and Armour Press
| location = London
| isbn = 1-85409-351-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Kempton | first = Chris
| year = 2003b
| title = 'Loyalty & Honour', The Indian Army September 1939 – August 1947
| volume = Part II Brigades
| publisher = The Military Press
| location = Milton Keynes
| isbn = 0-85420-238-2
}}
* {{cite web
|last=Mackie
|first=Colin
|date=June 2015
|title=Army Commands 1900-2011
|publisher=www.gulabin.com
|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf
|access-date=1 July 2015
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211343/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf
|archive-date=5 July 2015
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Perry | first = F.W.
| year = 1993
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions
| publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books
| location = Newport
| isbn = 1-871167-23-X
}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123918/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/indian_divs/8_ind_div.htm |date=17 May 2008 |title=8th (Lucknow) Division on ''The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918'' by PB Chappell }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084957/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/indian_divs/11_ind_div.htm |date=17 May 2008 |title=11th Indian Division on ''The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918'' by PB Chappell }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080005/http://www.orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/army1914.html |date=9 May 2013 |title=The Indian Army 1914 by Dr. Graham Watson on orbat.com }}

{{Indian Expeditionary Forces}}

[[Category:Brigades of India in World War I]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1907]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1916]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1917]]

2013–14 Duleep Trophy

2024-01-28T22:29:22Z

Republic Bangla: starting a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2013–14 Duleep Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| fromdate = 3 October 2013
| todate = 21 October 2013
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host =
| champions = shared by [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] (18th title) and [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] (13th title)
| count =
| participants = 5
| matches = 4
| attendance =
| most runs = [[Baba Aparajith]] (SZ) (326)<ref>{{cite web|title=Batting and Fielding in Duleep Trophy 2013/14 (Ordered by Runs) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Duleep_Trophy_2013-14/Batting_by_Runs.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Pragyan Ojha]] (SZ) (9)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling in Duleep Trophy 2013/14 (Ordered by Wickets) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Duleep_Trophy_2013-14/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 2012–13
| previous_tournament = 2012–13 Duleep Trophy
| next_year = 2014–15
| next_tournament = 2014–15 Duleep Trophy
}}

The '''2013–14 Duleep Trophy''' was the 53rd season of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].

The title was shared by North Zone and South Zone.

==Squads==
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; border-collapse:collapse;" width=90%
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;"
! colspan=5|Squads
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! width=15%|[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
! width=15%|[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
! width=15%|[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
! width=15%|[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
! width=15%|[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
|-
| [[Robin Bist]] || [[Ishank Jaggi]] || [[Ian Dev Singh]] || [[Abhinav Mukund]] || [[Wasim Jaffer]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[Jalaj Saxena]] || [[Pallavkumar Das]] || [[Vaibhav Rawal]] || [[Rohan Prem]] || [[Rohit Motwani]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Shalabh Srivastava]] || [[Govind Poddar]] || [[Unmukt Chand]] || [[Lokesh Rahul]] || [[Ankit Bawne]]
|-
| [[Naman Ojha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Biplab Samantray]] || [[Sarabjit Ladda]] || [[Baba Aparajith]] || [[Manprit Juneja]]
|-
| [[Tanmay Srivastava]] || [[Sunny Gupta]] || [[Nitin Saini]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Manish Pandey]] || [[Hiken Shah]]
|-
| [[Ashok Menaria]] || [[Deepak Behera]] || [[Mandeep Singh]] || [[Chidhambaram Gautam]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Harshad Khadiwale]]
|-
| [[Shrikant Wagh]] || [[Rameez Nemat]] || [[Parvinder Awana]] || [[Akshath Reddy]] || [[Rakesh Dhruv]]
|-
| [[Imtiyaz Ahmed|Imtiaz Ahmed]] || [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Rajat Paliwal]] || [[Bodapati Sumanth]] || [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|-
| [[Amit Paunikar]] || [[Ashok Dinda]] || [[Sandeep Sharma]] || [[Aushik Srinivas]] || [[Yusuf Pathan]]
|-
| [[Ankit Rajpoot]] || [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] ||[[Siddarth Kaul]] || [[Sandeep Warrier]] || [[Akshay Darekar]]
|-
| [[Umesh Yadav]] || [[Basant Mohanty]] || [[Mohit Sharma]] || [[HS Sharath]] || [[Murtuja Vahora]]
|-
| [[Vineet Saxena]] || [[Subhrajit Roy]] || [[Rishi Dhawan]] || [[Malolan Rangarajan]] || [[Kamlesh Makwana]]
|-
| [[Piyush Chawla]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Abu Nechim]] || [[Harbhajan Singh]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Vinay Kumar]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Aditya Waghmode]]
|-
| [[Karn Sharma]] || [[Anustup Majumdar]] || [[Vikas Mishra]] || [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] || [[Samad Fallah]]
|-
| [[Mukul Dagar]] || [[Tarjinder Singh]] || [[Jiwanjot Singh]] || [[Chovvakkaran Shahid]] || [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|-
|}

==Results==
{{5TeamBracket
| RD1=Quarterfinal
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD1-score1=FIL
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2=[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| RD1-score2=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD2-score1=W
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2=[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| RD2-score2=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3=[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| RD2-score3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]'''
| RD2-score4=C

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1=[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| RD3-score1=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2=[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| RD3-score2=
}}

===Quarter Final===
{{Test match | date = 3–6 October 2013
| team1 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] | team2 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 600/9 (171 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 213
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rakesh Dhruv]] 3/183
| score-team2-inns1 = 287 (133 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ankit Bawne]] 115
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Malolan Rangarajan]] 5/101
| score-team1-inns2 = 44/1 (22.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Akshath Reddy]] 25*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rakesh Dhruv]] 1/14
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| venue = [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report =
| result = Match drawn; South Zone won on 1st innings
}}

===Semi Final 1===
{{Test match | date = 10–14 October 2013
| team1 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] | team2 = [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 591/8d (194 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ian Dev Singh]] 145
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sunny Gupta]] 4/182
| score-team2-inns1 = 32/1 (14 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Pallavkumar Das]] 14
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 1/2
| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
| toss = North Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report =
| result = Match drawn; North Zone won by spin of coin
}}

===Semi Final 2===
{{Test match | date = 10–14 October 2013
| team1 = [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] | team2 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 209 (85.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 56
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 3/29
| score-team2-inns1 = 467/9d (162 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Abhinav Mukund]] 111
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 4/159
| score-team1-inns2 = 220 (57.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 73
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 6/48
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| venue = [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report =
| result = South Zone won by an innings and 38 runs
}}

===Final===
{{Test match | date = 17–21 October 2013
| team1 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] | team2 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 33/2 (10 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[K. L. Rahul]] 9
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 1/11
| score-team2-inns1 =
| runs-team2-inns1 =
| wickets-team2-inns1 =
| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/554/554692.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn; Trophy shared
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Duleep_Trophy_2013-14.html Series home at CricketArchive]

{{Duleep Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2013-14 Duleep Trophy}}
[[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2013–14|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}