https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Renaldo97D 2026-08-12T16:58:48Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalasapakkam_Assembly_constituency&diff=507615 2026-05-06T18:28:38Z

<p>Renaldo97D: put up a info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|12|25|0|N|79|6|0|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kalasapakkam<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Kalasapakkam.svg<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | constituency_no = 65<br /> | district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | mla = [[Agri S. S. Krishnamoorthy]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | electors = 232,847 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> '''Kalasapakkam''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It comprises portions of the Kalasapakkam, [[Polur taluk|Polur]] and [[Chengam taluk]]s and is a part of [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; This constituency did not exist during the elections held in 1957 and 1962. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[Nataraja Mudaliar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[S. Murugaiyan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[S. Murugaiyan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[M. Pandurangan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | P. S. Thiruvengadam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[M. Sundarasami]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | P. S. Thiruvengadam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[S. Ramachandran (Kalasapakkam)|S. Ramachandran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Agri S. S. Krishnamoorthy]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[V. Panneerselvam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=65}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[P. S. T. Saravanan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | Agri S. S. Krishnamoorthy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.92}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.95}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.23}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.49}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.39}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.88}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.37}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|54.09}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[Agri S. S. Krishnamoorthy]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. T. Saravanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Seetha|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= P. Elumalai|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232847|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kalasapakkam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a065|access-date= 15 Oct 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. T. Saravanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,134 |percentage=47.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Panneerselvam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,912 |percentage=43.23% |change=-2.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Balaji |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,822 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nehru |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,756 |percentage=1.40% |change=-3.94 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,595 |percentage=0.81% |change=-0 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,222 |percentage=4.69% |change= -9.52% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=196,434 |percentage=80.90% |change= -3.85% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=146|percentage=0.07% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,800 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.51% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Panneerselvam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,394 |percentage=45.41% |change=-13.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,980 |percentage=31.20% |change=-3.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kalidass |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=23,825 |percentage=12.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nehru |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,932 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,510 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajaprabu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,387 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,047 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,414 |percentage=14.21% |change= -10.33% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=185,859 |percentage=84.75% |change= -1.61% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,301 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.54% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,833 |percentage=58.95% |change=+10.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Vijayakumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,599 |percentage=34.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vijayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,615 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Devendiran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,656 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Rajendran |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,329 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Amesh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,323 |percentage=0.85% |change=-0.43 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,234 |percentage=24.54% |change= 19.15% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=155,790 |percentage=86.36% |change= 8.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,390 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.71% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,586 |percentage=48.23% |change=-9.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kalodoss |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=60,920 |percentage=42.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Sankar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,069 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jagadeeswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,902 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramakrishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,818 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,103 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=978 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=944 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,666 |percentage=5.39% |change= -16.71% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=142,192 |percentage=78.14% |change= 9.02% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,980 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,880 |percentage=58.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Thiruvengadam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,990 |percentage=35.95% |change=-23.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=3,103 |percentage=2.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. A. Rajamanickam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,328 |percentage=1.78% |change=+0.8 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,051 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,890 |percentage=22.10% |change= -6.18% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=130,721 |percentage=69.12% |change= -5.10% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,131 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.07% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,177 |percentage=59.12% |change=+30.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sundarasami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,647 |percentage=30.83% |change=-26.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Babu Kander |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=9,901 |percentage=8.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arivalagan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,194 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,530 |percentage=28.28% |change= -0.74% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=122,092 |percentage=74.22% |change= -1.04% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,589 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.76% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sundarasami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,096 |percentage=57.35% |change=+41.87 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,152 |percentage=28.33% |change=-19.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kalaiselvan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=12,762 |percentage=11.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sripathi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,501 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Praphu |party=Independent politician |votes=984 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Saravanan |party=Independent politician |votes=668 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,944 |percentage=29.03% |change= 7.01% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=113,497 |percentage=75.25% |change= 2.97% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,148 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.11% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,535 |percentage=48.24% |change=+10.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnamurthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,840 |percentage=26.22% |change=-32.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. K. Thangamani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,257 |percentage=15.48% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Pandurangan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,533 |percentage=8.66% |change=-50.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Chokkalan |party=Independent politician |votes=510 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,695 |percentage=22.02% |change= 0.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,533 |percentage=72.28% |change= -8.35% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,054 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.54% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= M. Pandurangam|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,969 |percentage=58.78% |change=+18.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,303 |percentage=37.75% |change=-16.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Seetharaman |party=Independent politician |votes=3,245 |percentage=3.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,666 |percentage=21.03% |change= 6.53% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=93,517 |percentage=80.63% |change= 7.04% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,335 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.29% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,923 |percentage=54.49% |change=+19.1 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. N. Visvanathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,972 |percentage=39.99% |change=+6.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Dhanapal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,994 |percentage=3.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Natesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,554 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,951 |percentage=14.50% |change= 12.46% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=82,443 |percentage=73.60% |change= 6.33% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,081 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 19.10% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,841 |percentage=35.39% |change=-23.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sundaresa Udayar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,298 |percentage=33.35% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mannankatti Kandar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,893 |percentage=22.27% |change=-18.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rajakumar |party=Janata Party |votes=5,591 |percentage=7.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. C. Marimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,228 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,543 |percentage=2.03% |change= -15.72% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=75,851 |percentage=67.26% |change= -10.06% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,750 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -23.49% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Murugaiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,893 |percentage=58.88% |change=+26.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sundraswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,960 |percentage=41.12% |change=-10.25 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,933 |percentage=17.75% |change= -1.33% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,853 |percentage=77.32% |change= 4.52% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,470 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.50% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Murugaiyan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,697 |percentage=51.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sundarasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,554 |percentage=32.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. K. Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=10,393 |percentage=16.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,143 |percentage=19.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,644 |percentage=72.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,766 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Nataraja Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=16,184 |percentage=54.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Periasami Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,460 |percentage=41.64% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Adithyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,276 |percentage=4.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,724 |percentage=12.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=29,920 |percentage=45.71% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,462 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakher_Bazar_metro_station&diff=532034 2026-05-04T08:34:10Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kolkata Metro's Purple Line metro station}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Sakher Bazar<br /> | style = Kolkata Metro<br /> | system = [[Kolkata Metro]]<br /> | symbol = m<br /> | symbol_location = kolkata<br /> | address = Diamond Harbour Rd, [[Barisha, India|Purba Barisha]] &lt;br/&gt; [[ Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700008<br /> | country = India<br /> | image = Kolkata Metro Purple Line station.jpg<br /> | image_caption = An ICF Medha rake arriving at the metro station<br /> | operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.47461|N|88.30999|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | lines = {{rint|Kolkata|Purple}}<br /> | platforms = 2 (2 [[side platforms]])<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | structure = [[Elevated]]<br /> | parking = No<br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | status = Operational<br /> | opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<br /> | electrified =<br /> | code = KSKB<br /> | services = {{Adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Purple|left=Behala Chowrasta|right=Thakurpukur}}<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Purple Line}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Purple Line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sakher Bazar''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1,304,375,379|title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal|website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was opened in the first phase of this line. The station was commissioned on 30 December 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Joka-Taratala stretch of Kolkata Metro; See Pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-joka-taratala-stretch-of-kolkata-metro-see-pics-2555721.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=zeenews.india.com |date=30 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] was approved in the railway budget for the financial year 2010-2011 and Rs 2,6519 crore was allocated for the construction work. In October 2011, RVNL won the tender for the construction of the Metro Corridor from [[Joka metro station and depot|Joka Metro Station]] to [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade Metro Station]] along with the Thakurpukur metro station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/work-begins-at-joka-metro-depot-wall-built/articleshow/68208956.cms|title=Work begins at Joka Metro depot, wall built|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=1 March 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=30 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Trial runs on the 6.5-km Joka-Taratla stretch of [[Kolkata Metro|Kolkata Metro's]] Purple Line began in mid-September 2022, and it received mandatory Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) clearance in November.&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Joka–Taratala stretch was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 30 December 2022 in the presence of West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] and Railway Minister [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]. Some students from schools like [[St Thomas School, Kolkata|St Thomas Boys School]] were granted the rare opportunity to be the first ones to ride in this Joka–Taratala stretch after the inauguration.&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Kolkata Metro: First glimpse of Joka-Taratala route in pics |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-first-glimpse-of-joka-taratala-route-in-pics-11672372907422.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=www.livemint.com |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In-pics: Inaugration of Vande Bharat Express, Joka-Taratala Metro &amp; more news from Kolkata |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/in-pics-inaugration-of-vande-bharat-express-joka-taratala-metro-more-news-from-kolkata-photogallery/cid/1906840 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Station layout ==<br /> {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> !style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; rowspan=4;|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 height=45|'''Platform &lt;span style=&quot;background: #{{rcr|Kolkata Metro}}; color: #fff; display: inline-block; width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; border-radius: 10%; font-weight: bold&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=390| {{0|←}} Train towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|purple|right}} &lt;small&gt;({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Thakurpukur}})&lt;/small&gt; → <br /> |-<br /> | height=45|'''Platform &lt;span style=&quot;background: #{{rcr|Kolkata Metro}}; color: #fff; display: inline-block; width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; border-radius: 10%; font-weight: bold&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;'''<br /> | ← Train towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|purple|left}} &lt;small&gt;({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Behala Chowrasta}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|'''L1'''<br /> |style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|Concourse<br /> |style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top&quot; width=50 |'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top&quot; width=100 |Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top&quot; width=420 |Exit/Entrance<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Connections ==<br /> {{Expand section|date=August 2019}}<br /> '''Buses'''<br /> <br /> Thakurpukur bus stop is conveniently located under the station.<br /> <br /> == Entry/Exit ==<br /> <br /> {{Empty section|date=November 2019}}<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Sakherbazar Metro Station Entrance.jpg|Sakherbazar metro station complex <br /> File:Sakherbazar Metro Station Signage.jpg|Sakherbazar metro station signage<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Kolkata Metro|purple line=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]<br /> [[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Gupta&diff=527882 2026-05-03T03:09:39Z

<p>Renaldo97D: added some data from scratch!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant titleholder (born 2004)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox pageant titleholder<br /> | name = Rachel Gupta<br /> | image = Rachel Gupta MGI24.png<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = Gupta in 2024<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|1|23|df=yes}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite instagram|title=Happy Birthday to the radiant Rachel Gupta (@_rachelgupta), India's first Miss Grand International!...|postid=DFJ-rWlPGaI/|user=missgrandinternational|date=23 January 2025|access-date=23 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab]], India<br /> | education =<br /> | alma_mater =<br /> | years_active =<br /> | height = {{height|m=1.78}}<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Model}}<br /> | title = {{ubl<br /> |[[Miss Supertalent of the World]] 2022|[[Miss Grand India 2024]]}}<br /> | competitions = {{ubl|[[Miss Grand India 2024]]|(Winner)|[[Miss Grand International 2024]]|(Winner; Dethroned)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite instagram |user=_rachelgupta |postid=DKL-MKaygGl |title= To all my supporters around the world: I'm truly sorry if this news has disappointed you. Please know this wasn't an easy decision, but it was the right one for me. |date=28 May 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rachel Gupta''' (born 23 January 2004) is an Indian [[Model (person)|model]] and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned [[Miss Grand International 2024]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot; /&gt; the first [[India|Indian]] to win [[Miss Grand International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=India's Rachel Gupta wins Miss Grand International 2024. Here's why it's historic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/rachel-gupta-wins-miss-grand-international-2024-everything-you-need-to-know-2623851-2024-10-27 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rachel Gupta Becomes India's First 'Miss Grand International' |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/rachel-gupta-becomes-indias-first-miss-grand-international |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her reign concluded in May 2025 prematurely after her internal issues with the organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rachel Gupta resigns as Miss Grand International 2024 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/947607/rachel-gupta-resigns-as-miss-grand-international-2024/story/ |work=[[GMA Network]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rachel Gupta steps down as Miss Grand International, cites toxic environment, mistreatment |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/rachel-gupta-steps-down-as-miss-grand-international-cites-toxic-environment-mistreatment |work=Tribune India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 May 2025 |title=Miss Grand International strips India's Rachel Gupta of 2024 crown for 'failure to fulfill duties' |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/celebrities/miss-grand-international-strips-india-s-rachel-gupta-of-2024-crown-for-failure-to-fulfill-duties-4891663.html |accessdate=28 May 2025 |work=Linh Le |publisher=[[VnExpress]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was previously crowned [[Miss Grand India 2024]] and [[Miss Supertalent|Miss Super Talent of the World 2022]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=India's Rachel Gupta crowned 'Miss Super Talent of the World' in Season 15 held in Paris|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/asia/indias-rachel-gupta-crowned-miss-super-talent-of-the-world-in-season-15-held-in-paris?_refresh=true|work=Khaleej Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Rachel Gupta was born on 23 January 2004, in [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India]], to business professionals Rajesh Aggarwal and Jennifer Gupta. She subsequently grew up in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, along with her younger sister, Rhea.&lt;ref name=Benzinga&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://in.benzinga.com/general/entertainment/24/10/41574993/meet-rachel-gupta-indias-first-miss-grand-international-winner|title=Meet Rachel Gupta: India's First Miss Grand International Winner|website=Benzinga|date=29 October 2024|accessdate=29 October 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241029070112/https://in.benzinga.com/general/entertainment/24/10/41574993/meet-rachel-gupta-indias-first-miss-grand-international-winner|archivedate=29 October 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Pageantry ==<br /> === Miss Super Talent of the World 2022 ===<br /> At the age of 18, Gupta participated in the fifteenth season of [[Miss Supertalent]], held on 28 September 2022, in [[Paris]], [[France]] in collaboration with [[Paris Fashion Week]]. Approximately 50 countries worldwide sent representatives to compete for the coveted title. The grand finale took place on the same day at the Pavilion [[Cambon]], [[Paris]]. She ended up as the winner of the competition.&lt;ref name=KhaleejTimes&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/asia/indias-rachel-gupta-crowned-miss-super-talent-of-the-world-in-season-15-held-in-paris|title=India's Rachel Gupta crowned 'Miss Super Talent of the World' in Season 15 held in Paris|website=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=6 October 2022|accessdate=29 October 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241029033201/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/asia/indias-rachel-gupta-crowned-miss-super-talent-of-the-world-in-season-15-held-in-paris|archivedate=29 October 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/miss-supertalent-gets-rousing-welcome-in-jalandhar-438335|title=Miss Supertalent gets rousing welcome in Jalandhar|date=5 October 2022|accessdate=29 October 2024|publisher=[[The Tribune]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241029033914/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/miss-supertalent-gets-rousing-welcome-in-jalandhar-438335|archivedate=29 October 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who is Rachel Gupta? Meet 20-year-old Punjab resident who just became the first Indian to win Miss Grand International |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/who-is-rachel-gupta-meet-20-year-old-punjab-resident-who-just-became-the-first-indian-to-win-miss-grand-international-11729939458489.html|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=26 October 2024|accessdate=29 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Miss Grand India 2024 ===<br /> In May 2024, Gupta was announced as a finalist for the [[Miss Grand India 2024]] competition organized by the Glamanand Group. At the grand finale held on 11 August 2024, she was crowned as [[Miss Grand India 2024]] by the outgoing titleholder [[Arshina Sumbul]] at [[Zee Studios]] in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. During the competition, she also won the sub-titles of Miss Top Model, Best in Ramp Walk, Beauty with a Purpose, and Best National Costume.&lt;ref name=mgindia24&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/northeast-india-makes-waves-at-miss-grand-india-2024-1069857-2024-08-12|title=Northeast India makes waves at Miss Grand India 2024|date=12 August 2024|accessdate=12 August 2024|publisher=India Today NE|archivedate=12 August 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240812101914/https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/northeast-india-makes-waves-at-miss-grand-india-2024-1069857-2024-08-12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As [[Miss Grand India 2024]], Gupta travelled to [[Thailand]] as a special guest for both the preliminary and final event of the [[Miss Grand Saraburi|Miss Grand Suraburi 2025]] competition. During her visit, she also took the opportunity to support the Foundation for Slum Child Care in [[Bangkok]], donating essential items valued at 10,000 THB to aid the foundation's important work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ryt9.com/en/prg/278196|title=Miss Grand India Rachel Gupta Donates to The Foundation for Slum Child Care (FSCC) in Bangkok|date=10 September 2024|accessdate=29 October 2024|website=RYT9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Miss Grand International 2024 ===<br /> Gupta represented India at the [[Miss Grand International 2024]] pageant, held in [[Thailand]] from late September to 25 October 2024. Although not a frontrunner at the beginning of the event, she gradually gained momentum among pageant fans. At the end of the event, she was crowned as the winner by the outgoing titleholder, [[Luciana Fuster]] of [[Peru]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/10/25/luciana-fuster-entrego-su-corona-a-rachel-gupta-la-nueva-miss-grand-international-2024/|title=Luciana Fuster entregó su corona a Rachel Gupta, la nueva 'Miss Grand International 2024′|website=[[Infobae]]|date=25 October 2024|accessdate=29 October 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241029070856/https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/10/25/luciana-fuster-entrego-su-corona-a-rachel-gupta-la-nueva-miss-grand-international-2024/|archivedate=29 October 2024|author=Pilar Cuya|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; With her victory, she became the first Indian and the third Asian to win the [[Miss Grand International]] crown.&lt;ref name=Tribune&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/top-headlines/jalandhars-rachel-gupta-first-indian-to-win-miss-grand-international-crown/|title=Jalandhar's Rachel Gupta first Indian to win Miss Grand International Crown|date=26 October 2024|accessdate=26 October 2024|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|archivedate=26 October 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241026092227/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/top-headlines/jalandhars-rachel-gupta-first-indian-to-win-miss-grand-international-crown/|author=Avneet Kaur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/rachel-gupta-first-indian-to-win-miss-grand-international-2024-9641807/|title=Rachel Gupta makes history as first Indian to win Miss Grand International 2024|date=28 October 2024|accessdate=29 October 2024|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241028050102/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/rachel-gupta-first-indian-to-win-miss-grand-international-2024-9641807/|archivedate=28 October 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/924933/india-s-rachel-gupta-is-miss-grand-international-2024/story/|title=India's Rachel Gupta is Miss Grand International 2024!|date=25 October 2024|accessdate=29 October 2024|website=[[GMA News]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=2024result&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2024/10/25/india-wins-miss-grand-international-2024-ph-bet-cj-opiaza-is-1st-runner-up-2339|title=India wins Miss Grand International 2024; PH bet CJ Opiaza is 1st runner-up|date=25 October 2024|access-date=25 October 2024|publisher=[[ABS-CBN]]|archive-date=25 October 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241025170757/https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2024/10/25/india-wins-miss-grand-international-2024-ph-bet-cj-opiaza-is-1st-runner-up-2339|author=Josiah Antonio}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 May 2025, Gupta resigned as Miss Grand International 2024 due to an alleged conflict with the Miss Grand International organization, on the grounds that she received unpleasant treatment while on duty. The first runner-up, [[Christine Juliane Opiaza]] of the [[Philippines]] assumed the title as Miss Grand International 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2025 |title=Rachel Gupta resigns as Miss Grand International 2024 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DKL-MKaygGl/?igsh=MTBncjN2emM2dGg3Mg== |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=[[GMA News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{S-ach}}<br /> {{S-bef<br /> | before = {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Luciana Fuster]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-ttl<br /> | title = [[Miss Grand International]]&lt;br&gt;(Dethroned)<br /> | years = [[Miss Grand International 2024|2024]]<br /> }}<br /> {{S-aft<br /> | after = {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[CJ Opiaza]]&lt;br&gt;(Assumed)<br /> }}<br /> {{S-bef<br /> | before = [[Arshina Sumbul]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-ttl<br /> | title = [[Miss Grand India]]<br /> | years = [[Miss Grand India 2024|2024]]<br /> }}<br /> {{S-aft<br /> | after = Vishakha Kanwar<br /> }}<br /> {{S-bef<br /> | before = {{flagicon|Romania}} Alexandra Stroe<br /> }}<br /> {{s-ttl<br /> | title = [[Miss Supertalent|Miss Super Talent of the World]]<br /> | years = 2022<br /> }}<br /> {{S-aft<br /> | after = {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Anna Rordriguez<br /> }}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Portalbar|India|Biography}}<br /> {{Miss Grand International titleholders}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Rachel}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female models]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jalandhar]]<br /> [[Category:Models from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:2004 births]]<br /> [[Category:Miss Grand International winners]]<br /> [[Category:Miss Grand International 2024 delegates]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinmoy_Barma&diff=494216 2026-04-27T12:07:48Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Starting new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{infobox person<br /> | name = Chinmoy Barma<br /> | education = Mechanical Engineering<br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | signature = <br /> | awards = Best Director Award at 2 11 17 International Film Festival, Best Indian Film Director Award at 4th West Bengal Short Film Festival 2025, Inspiring Youth Enterprise Award - Filmmaking at the Global Leaders Awards, Kazakhstan.<br /> | relatives = <br /> | children = <br /> | partner = <br /> | movement = <br /> | alma_mater = Cotton College<br /> | image = Chinmoy Barma in 2017.jpg<br /> | occupation = Filmmaker<br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Nalbari]], Assam, India<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Chinmoy Barma''' is an Indian filmmaker and visual artist, recognized for his academic achievements and dedication to social causes in his films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2023-03-22 |title=Ghosts of Assamese folklore sighted in digital form with AI art |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assams-ghosts-take-digital-form-with-ai-art/article66649390.ece |access-date=2023-11-29 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Born in [[Nalbari]], Barma achieved the 7th rank &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=63.21 pc clear HSLC, 73.47 pc AHM |url=https://assamtribune.com/6321-pc-clear-hslc-7347-pc-ahm |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the HSLC (High School Leaving Certificate) examination conducted by the Secondary Education Board of Assam (SEBA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newslivetv.com/from-bloodthirsty-pixaas-to-jokhini-assam-youth-makes-ai-generated-art-depicting-ghosts-from-assamese-folklore/|title=From bloodthirsty Pixaas to Jokhini: Assam Youth Makes AI-Generated Art Depicting Ghosts from Assamese Folklore |last= |first= |date= 23 March 2023|website= |publisher=News Live|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/pratidin-exclusive/chinmoy-barmas-endeavour-to-promote-assamese-folklore|title= Chinmoy Barma's Endeavour to Promote Assamese Folklore|last= |first= |date= 21 March 2023|website= |publisher=Pratidin Time|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the son of Anju Baruah Barmah and Maheswar Barmah - a State Award winning teacher.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Institution Staff Details {{!}} |url=https://www.feeregulatoryassam.com/staff-details-of-school-data/3465/7 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.feeregulatoryassam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He pursued higher education at Cotton College and later completed his engineering degree from [[Assam Science and Technology University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> After finishing his studies, Barma spent a year working in Delhi, alongside he joined an NGO as a city lead, which focuses on providing support and resources to those in need.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.signalhire.com/companies/new-delhi-children-s-hospital-research-centre-non-profit/employees|title=List of New Delhi Children's Hospital &amp; Research Centre (Non-Profit) employees |last= |first= |date= |website= signalhire.com|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; His advocacy for children's rights garnered appreciation, alongside his short films which portray the folklore and culture of his home state of Assam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-filmmakers-latest-opus-414022-2021-07-04|title= Puppetry, Occultism &amp; Symbolism: All Strings Attached with Assam Filmmaker's Latest Opus|last= |first= |date= 4 July 2021|website= India Today|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot; /&gt; Over the years, he has created over nine short films that explore the beliefs and stories of people from the Northeastern part of India, aiming to preserve and share their rich cultural heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2025-06-01 |title=Filmmaker Chinmoy Barma aspires to take Assamese folklore and legends on a global platform |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Jun/01/filmmaker-chinmoy-barma-aspires-to-take-assamese-folklore-and-legends-on-a-global-platform |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=Ghorapak: Assam's Chinmoy Barma adds another cinematic gem with a melodious tune of Ojapali |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/ghorapak-assams-chinmoy-barma-adds-another-cinematic-gem-with-a-melodious-tune-of-ojapali-540721-2023-04-10 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinmoy Barma's Endeavour to Promote Assamese Folklore |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/pratidin-exclusive/chinmoy-barmas-endeavour-to-promote-assamese-folklore |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.pratidintime.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He craft films that enlighten, become catalysts for dialogue and social reflection, and provoke critical thinking.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-01-27 |title=Reflection of folk culture of Assam in Chinmoy Barma's short films |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/reflection-of-folk-culture-of-assam-in-chinmoy-barmas-short-films-634972 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Sentinel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, Barma created images of ghosts and other popular legends from Assamese folklore using artificial intelligence, which gained significant popularity on social media, even receiving worldwide attention.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/engineer-uses-ai-to-create-art-series-from-assamese-folk-tales/articleshow/99600588.cms|title=Engineers using AI to create art series from Assamese folk tales |last= |first= |date= 19 April 2023|website= | newspaper= Times of India|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Indian Express|title=From bloodthirsty Pixaas to Jokhini: AI artist's spooky depiction of ghosts from Assam folklore goes viral|date=23 March 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/ai-artists-spooky-depiction-of-ghosts-from-assam-folklore-8513929/lite/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assams-ghosts-take-digital-form-with-ai-art/article66649390.ece|title= Ghosts of Assamese Folklore Sighted in Digital Form with AI Art |last= |first= |date= 22 March 2023|website= |work=The Hindu|access-date=|quote= |last1= Karmakar |first1= Rahul }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/buzz/real-or-fake-the-story-behind-pope-francis-white-puffer-jacket-pic-7405537.html|title=Real Or Fake? The Story Behind Pope Francis' White Puffer Jacket Pic |last= |first= |date= 28 March 2023|website= |publisher=NEWS18|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, he served in the Crime Branch (Assam Police), Home and Political Department of Government of Assam. He is currently posted at the Legislative Department, Assam Secretariat, Dispur and volunteers for Robinhood Army.<br /> <br /> He also writes editorials and opinion pieces for leading Assamese and regional newspapers, including [[The Assam Tribune]], Sentinel Assam and G Plus, among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2024-05-11 |title=Building bridges, shaping alliances: India's multilateral foreign policy evolution |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/building-bridges-shaping-alliances-indias-multilateral-foreign-policy-evolution |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Research papers on Barma's works ==<br /> Barma’s work has also attracted academic attention. Two research papers analysing his films were published in Drishti: The Sight (Vol. XII, Issue II, November 2023–April 2024), a UGC CARE–listed journal,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drishti: Volume XII – Issue II – Drishti |url=https://www.drishtithesight.com/drishti-volume-xii-issue-ii/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.drishtithesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; named “Revisiting Assamese Ghostlore through Films: A Study of Chinmoy Barma’s Ghorapak and Jokhini” and “Exploring the Uncanny in Assamese Folklore”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ResearchGate {{!}} Find and share research |url=https://www.researchgate.net/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251213150404/https://www.researchgate.net/ |archive-date=2025-12-13 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, a paper titled “Rivers and Lores: A Study of Select Myths and Legends of Assam and Bengal” was presented at the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), New Delhi, during the 5th Nadi Utsav in September 2024. <br /> [[File:Barma_logo_copy.jpg4.jpg|thumb|Chinmoy Barma Films Logo]]<br /> [[File:Chinmoy_from_the_set_of_Jokhini.jpg|thumb|Chinmoy Barma from the set of Jokhini]]<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> ===Short films: [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLU2yziObJ29ds3lw2mgdAfFbL_5Vvuc_X&amp;si=bZgZLEZN0nfAcG6N]===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! No<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Source<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Xaathor<br /> | 2016<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | Morome Ringiyai<br /> | 2019<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=Reflection of folk culture of Assam in Chinmoy Barma's short films |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/reflection-of-folk-culture-of-assam-in-chinmoy-barmas-short-films-634972 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Ghorapak<br /> | 2020<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2020/08/24/ghorapak-ojapali-and-more-exploration-of-a-mechanical-engineer|title= Ghorapak, Ojapali and More: Exploration of a Mechanical Engineer|last= |first= |date= 24 August 2020|website= |publisher=Northeast Today|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://assamtimespost.in/?p=60793|title= চিন্ময় বাৰ্মা 'যখিনী', মুক্তিৰ বাবে অপেক্ষাৰত ৰাইজ (Chinmoy Burma 'Jakhini', awaiting release)|last= |first= |date= 23 October 2021|website=|publisher=Assam Time Post|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Jokhini<br /> | 2022<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://assamtimespost.in/?p=95641|title= যখিনীক লৈয়ে নিৰ্মাণ এখন চুটি ছবিঃ নৱপ্ৰজন্মৰ পৰিচালক চিন্ময় বাৰ্মাৰ নতুন পৰিকল্পনা (A short film about Yakhini: New plans by young director Chinmay Burma)|last= |first= |date= 23 February 2023|website= |publisher=assamtimespost.in|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Aham<br /> | 2022<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27866862/ |title=Aham (Short 2022) {{!}} Short |language=en-US |access-date=2025-12-13 |via=m.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | Tezor Tukura<br /> | 2023<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-04 |title=Puppetry, occultism &amp; symbolism: All strings attached with Assam filmmaker's latest opus |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-filmmakers-latest-opus-414022-2021-07-04 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Ahalya<br /> | 2023<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;asomiya&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ahalya&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | Narakasur<br /> | 2024<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinmoy Barma's Art Film 'Narakasur' Explores Evolution, Folk Culture And More |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/chinmoy-barmas-art-film-narakasur-explores-evolution-folk-culture-and-more |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.pratidintime.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | Khiriki<br /> | 2024<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=উদীয়মাণ পৰিচালক চিন্ময় বাৰ্মাৰ এইবাৰ নৱতম ছবি 'খিৰিকী' |url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/entertainment/upcoming-short-film-khiriki |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Asomiya Pratidin |language=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards &amp; Recognition==<br /> Barma's short film &quot;Ahalya&quot; won the Best Silent Film Award at the recent Indo-French International Film Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://voice24x7.in/entertainment/young-director-chinmoy-burmas-ahalya-shines-at-the-indo-french-international-film-festival/|title= ইণ্ডো-ফ্ৰান্স আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত উজলিল যুৱ পৰিচালক চিন্ময় বাৰ্মাৰ 'অহল্যা' (Young director Chinmoy Burma's 'Ahalya' shines at Indo-French International Film Festival)|last= |first= |date= 13 December 2023|website= voice24x7.in|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=asomiya&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/assam/young-director-chinmoy-vermas-ahalya-at-indo-french-international-film-festival-2023|title= ইণ্ডো-ফ্ৰান্স আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ ২০২৩ত উজলিল যুৱ পৰিচালক চিন্ময় বাৰ্মাৰ 'অহল্যা'(Young director Chinmay Burma's 'Ahalya' shines at Indo-France International Film Festival)|last= |first= |date= 13 December 2023|website= |publisher=[[Pratidin Time]]|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ahalya&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinmoy Barma's Silent Masterpiece 'Ahalya' Triumphs at Indo-French Film Fest 2023 |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/chinmoy-barmas-silent-masterpiece-ahalya-triumphs-at-indo-french-film-fest-2023 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received 'Inspiring Youth Enterprise Award - Filmmaking' at the Global Leaders Awards, Kazakhstan in recognition of his efforts in promoting Assamese folklore through his innovative films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-04 |title=যুৱ পৰিচালক চিন্ময় বাৰ্মালৈ বিশেষ সন্মান - Chinmoy Barma |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!entertainment/director-chinmoy-barma-has-won-the-inspiring-youth-enterprise-award-for-filmmaking-of-global-leaders-awards-2024-ass24080402904 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Chinmoy Barma honoured with a Kazakhstan award |url=https://chalachitram.in/news/announcements/chinmoy-barma-honoured-with-a-kazakhstan-award/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Chalachitram |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was awarded 'The Best Director' award at 2 11 17 International Film Festival and the 'Best Indian Film Director' award at the West Bengal Short Film Festival 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pratidin |first=Asomiya |title=পশ্চিমবংগৰ ফিল্ম ফেষ্টিভেলত উজলিল চিন্ময় বাৰ্মাৰ 'খিৰিকী' |url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/homepage/short-film-khiriki-news-10829616 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.asomiyapratidin.in |language=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His films have won awards at several international platforms, including the Indo-French Film Festival, 2 11 17 International Film Festival, Sittannavasal International Film Festival (where he also won Best Experimental Film, 2025), and the Indian International Short Film Festival, along with a Jury Appreciation Award at the Durgapur International Film Festival 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pratidin |first=Asomiya |title=পশ্চিমবংগৰ ফিল্ম ফেষ্টিভেলত উজলিল চিন্ময় বাৰ্মাৰ 'খিৰিকী' |url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/homepage/short-film-khiriki-news-10829616 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.asomiyapratidin.in |language=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition, his works have been officially selected at numerous prestigious festivals such as the China Dragon Awards 2024,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=China Dragon Awards ত এইবাৰ মনোনীত অসমীয়া চুটি ছবি নৰকাসুৰ - Chinmoy Barma Short film Narakasura |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!entertainment/assamese-short-film-narakasura-nominated-for-china-dragon-awards-assam-news-ass24092101106 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=as}}&lt;/ref&gt; Metropolitan Film Festival, Milan, La Città dell’Utopia International Film Festival, Rome, Kerala Short Film Festival, Northeast International Documentary and Film Festival, Pune Short Film Festival, Goa Short Film Festival, Kalakari Film Festival, Kuala Lumpur International Film Academy Awards, Alibag Short Film Festival, Midnight Monster Club Short Film Festival, and several other international film festivals, with nominations for Best Film and Best Concept at the Durgapur International Film Festival 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=যুৱ পৰিচালক চিন্ময় বাৰ্মা পৰিচালিত 'খিৰিকী'এ আনিছে ইটোৰ পাছত সিটো সন্মান |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/entertainment/chinmoy-barma-directorial-short-film-khiriki-gets-praise-in-various-film-festivals-assam-news-ass25110504334 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Amlan Jyoti |date=2020-06-11 |title=International recognition for Assam filmmaker |url=http://eastmojo.com/news/2020/06/11/international-recognition-for-assam-filmmaker/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Barma, Chinmoy}}<br /> [[Category:1993 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian artists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:People from Nalbari]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viper&diff=549841 2026-04-25T21:36:53Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Family of snakes}}<br /> {{other uses}}<br /> {{ref improve|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Automatic taxobox<br /> | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|47|0}} [[Eocene]]–Present &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wüster |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Peppin |first2=Lindsay |last3=Pook |first3=Catharine E. |last4=Walker |first4=Daniel E. |date=2008-11-01 |title=A nesting of vipers: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790308004211 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=445–459 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.019 |pmid=18804544 |bibcode=2008MolPE..49..445W |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = Viperidae-01.jpg<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | taxon = Viperidae<br /> | authority = [[Nicolaus Michael Oppel|Oppel]], 1811<br /> | synonyms = * Viperae &lt;small&gt;Laurenti, 1768&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * Viperini &lt;small&gt;Oppel, 1811&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * Viperidae &lt;small&gt;Gray, 1825&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;McD99&quot;&gt;McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vipers''' are [[snake]]s in the family '''Viperidae''', found in most parts of the world, except for [[Antarctica]], [[Australia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.csiro.au/en/news/all/articles/2019/may/are-australian-snakes-really-the-most-dangerous-in-the-world |title=Are Australian snakes really the most dangerous in the world? |last=Fender-Barnett |first=Arli |publisher=[[CSIRO]] |date=2019-05-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209003148/https://www.csiro.au/en/news/all/articles/2019/may/are-australian-snakes-really-the-most-dangerous-in-the-world |archivedate=2023-12-09 |quote=Yes, we have some scary snakes in Australia but none are close to what’s happening in tropical parts of Asia, Africa and South America – they have a group of snakes called Vipers (which we don’t have, phew!). }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hawaii]], [[Madagascar]], [[Ireland]], and various other isolated islands. All vipers are [[venomous snake|venomous]], and have long (relative to non-vipers), hinged [[fang]]s that permit deep [[envenomation]] of their prey.&lt;ref name=&quot;snakesuntamed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Viperids|website=Snakesuntamed.webr.ly|url=http://snakesuntamed.webr.ly/viperids|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108213717/http://snakesuntamed.webr.ly/viperids|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three subfamilies are currently recognized.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;&gt;{{ITIS |id=174294 |taxon=Viperidae |access-date=10 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are also known as '''viperids'''. The name &quot;viper&quot; is derived from the Latin word ''vipera'', -''ae'', also meaning viper, possibly from ''vivus'' (&quot;living&quot;) and ''parere'' (&quot;to beget&quot;), referring to the trait [[viviparity]] (giving live birth) common in vipers like most of the species of [[Boidae]].&lt;ref&gt;Gotch AF. 1986. Reptiles – Their Latin Names Explained. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp. {{ISBN|<br /> 0-7137-1704-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest known vipers are believed to have diverged from the rest of the clade [[Caenophidia]] in the early Eocene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wüster |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Peppin |first2=Lindsay |last3=Pook |first3=Catharine E. |last4=Walker |first4=Daniel E. |date=2008-11-01 |title=A nesting of vipers: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790308004211 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=445–459 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.019 |pmid=18804544 |bibcode=2008MolPE..49..445W |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [[File:Crotalus skull.jpg|thumb|226px|A [[Crotalus|rattlesnake]] skull, showing the long fangs used to inject venom]]<br /> <br /> All viperids have a pair of relatively long [[Solenoglypha#Solenoglyph|solenoglyphous]] (hollow) fangs that are used to inject [[venom]] from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaws, just behind the eyes. Each of the two fangs is at the front of the mouth on a short [[maxilla]]ry bone that can rotate back and forth. When not in use, the fangs fold back against the roof of the mouth and are enclosed in a membranous sheath. This rotating mechanism allows for very long fangs to be contained in a relatively small mouth. The left and right fangs can be rotated together or independently. During a strike, the mouth can open nearly 180° and the maxilla rotates forward, erecting the fangs as late as possible so that the fangs do not become damaged, as they are brittle. The jaws close upon impact and the muscular sheaths encapsulating the venom glands contract, injecting the venom as the fangs penetrate the target. This action is very fast; in defensive strikes, it will be more a stab than a bite. Viperids use this mechanism primarily for immobilization and digestion of prey. Pre-digestion occurs as the venom contains [[protease]]s, which degrade tissues. Secondarily, it is used for self defense, though in cases with nonprey, such as humans, they may give a [[dry bite]] (not inject any venom). A dry bite allows the snake to conserve its precious reserve of venom, because once it has been depleted, time is needed to replenish it, leaving the snake vulnerable. In addition to being able to deliver dry bites, vipers can inject larger quantities of venom into larger prey targets, and smaller amounts into small prey. This causes the ideal amount of predigestion for the lowest amount of venom.<br /> <br /> Almost all vipers have [[keeled scales]], a stocky build with a short tail, and a triangle-shaped head distinct from the neck, owing to the location of the venom glands. The great majority have vertically elliptical, or slit-shaped, [[pupil]]s that can open wide to cover most of the eye or close almost completely, which helps them to see in a wide range of light levels. Typically, vipers are nocturnal and [[Ambush predator|ambush their prey]].<br /> [[File:Arabian Horned viper.jpg|left|thumb|Arabian Horned Viper from Arabian Peninsula]]<br /> Compared to many other snakes, vipers often appear rather sluggish. Most are [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]]: the eggs are retained inside the mother's body, and the young emerge living. However, a few lay eggs in nests. Typically, the number of young in a clutch remains constant, but as the weight of the mother increases, larger eggs are produced, yielding larger young.<br /> <br /> ==Geographic range==<br /> [[File:Vipera berus in Finland.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Vipera berus]]'' pictured in [[Laukaa|Laukaa, Finland]], in May 2020]]<br /> Viperid snakes are found in the Americas, Africa, Eurasia, and South Asia. In the Americas, they are native from south of [[48th parallel north|48°N]]. In the [[Old World]], viperids are located everywhere except [[Siberia]], Ireland, and north of the Arctic Circle save for in Norway and Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;McD99&quot;/&gt; Wild viperids are not found in [[Australia]]. The [[Vipera berus|common adder]], a viperid, is the only venomous snake found in [[Great Britain]].<br /> <br /> ==Venom==<br /> Viperid venoms typically contain an abundance of [[protein]]-degrading enzymes, called [[Protease|proteases]], that produce symptoms such as pain, strong local swelling and [[necrosis]], blood loss from cardiovascular damage complicated by [[coagulopathy]], and disruption of the blood-clotting system. Also being vasculotoxic in nature, viperine venom causes vascular [[Endothelium|endothelial]] damage and [[hemolysis]]. Death is usually caused by collapse in blood pressure. This is in contrast to [[elapid]] venoms, which generally contain [[neurotoxin]]s that disable muscle contraction and cause paralysis. Death from elapid bites usually results from [[Asphyxia|asphyxiation]] because the diaphragm can no longer contract, but this rule does not always apply; some elapid bites include [[proteolytic]] symptoms typical of viperid bites, while some viperid bites produce [[Neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]] symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;snakesuntamed&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Proteolytic venom is also dual-purpose: first, it is used for defense and to immobilize prey, as with neurotoxic venoms; second, many of the venom's enzymes have a digestive function, breaking down molecules such as [[lipid]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s, and proteins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slo00&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Slowinski, Joe|date=2000|url=http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/2000spring/stories/venoms.html|title=Striking Beauties: Venomous Snakes|journal=California Wild|volume=53|issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013052652/http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/2000spring/stories/venoms.html |archive-date=13 October 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is an important adaptation, as many vipers have inefficient digestive systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smi04&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Smith, SA|date=2004|url=http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/ssss_snakes.asp|title=Did Someone Say... SSSSnakes?|publisher=Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources|access-date=2 December 2006|archive-date=21 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721184723/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/ssss_snakes.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to the nature of proteolytic venom, a viperid bite is often a very painful experience and should always be taken seriously, though it may not necessarily prove fatal. Even with prompt and proper treatment, a bite can still result in a permanent [[scar]], and in the worst cases, the affected limb may even have to be [[amputation|amputated]]. A victim's fate is impossible to predict, as this depends on many factors, including the species and size of the snake involved, how much venom was injected (if any), and the size and condition of the patient before being bitten. Viper bite victims may also be [[allergy|allergic]] to the venom or the [[antivenom]].<br /> <br /> ===Behavior===<br /> These snakes can decide how much venom to inject depending on the circumstances. The most important determinant of venom expenditure is generally the size of the snake; larger specimens can deliver much more venom. The species is also important, since some are likely to inject more venom than others, may have more venom available, strike more accurately, or deliver a number of bites in a short time. In predatory bites, factors that influence the amount of venom injected include the size of the prey, the species of prey, and whether the prey item is held or released. The need to label prey for chemosensory relocation after a bite and release may also play a role. In defensive bites, the amount of venom injected may be determined by the size or species of the predator (or antagonist), as well as the assessed level of threat, although larger assailants and higher threat levels may not necessarily lead to larger amounts of venom being injected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay02&quot;&gt;Hayes WK, Herbert SS, Rehling GC, Gennaro JF. 2002. Factors that influence venom expenditure in viperids and other snake species during predatory and defensive contexts. ''In'' Schuett GW, Höggren M, Douglas ME, Greene HW. 2002. Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC. 580 pp. 16 plates. {{ISBN|0-9720154-0-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Prey tracking===<br /> [[File:(Westliche Diamantklapperschlange) Crotalus atrox.jpg|thumb|right|The western diamondback rattlesnake ''[[Crotalus atrox]]'', the venom of which contains proteins allowing the snake to track down bitten prey]]<br /> [[Hemotoxin|Hemotoxic]] venom takes more time than neurotoxic venom to immobilize prey, so viperid snakes need to track down prey animals after they have been bitten,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay02&quot;/&gt; in a process known as &quot;prey relocalization&quot;. Vipers are able to do this via certain proteins contained in their venom. This important adaptation allowed [[Rattlesnake|rattlesnakes]] to evolve the strike-and-release bite mechanism, which provided a huge benefit to snakes by minimizing contact with potentially dangerous prey animals.&lt;ref name=Saviolaetal2013/&gt; This adaptation, then, requires the snake to track down the bitten animal to eat it, in an environment full of other animals of the same species. [[Western diamondback rattlesnake|Western diamondback rattlesnakes]] respond more actively to mouse carcasses that have been injected with crude rattlesnake venom. When the various components of the venom were separated out, the snakes responded to mice injected with two kinds of [[disintegrin]]s, which are responsible for allowing the snakes to track down their prey.&lt;ref name=Saviolaetal2013&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Saviola| first1 = A.J.| last2 = Chiszar | first2 = D.| last3 = Busch| first3 = C. | last4 = Mackessy| first4 = S.P.| year = 2013| title = Molecular basis for prey relocation in viperid snakes| journal = BMC Biology| volume = 11 | article-number = 20| doi =10.1186/1741-7007-11-20| pmid = 23452837| pmc = 3635877| doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Subfamilies==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Subfamily&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! Taxon author&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! Genera&lt;ref name=&quot;ITIS&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! Common name<br /> ! Geographic range&lt;ref name=&quot;McD99&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Azemiopinae]]<br /> |Liem, Marx &amp; Rabb, 1971<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|1<br /> |Fea's vipers<br /> |style=&quot;width:40%&quot;|[[Myanmar]], southeastern [[Tibet]] across [[South China]] ([[Fujian]], [[Guangxi]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]], [[Zhejiang]]) to [[Northern Vietnam]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Crotalinae]]<br /> |[[Nicolaus Michael Oppel|Oppel]], 1811<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|22<br /> |Pit vipers<br /> |In the [[Old World]] from [[Eastern Europe]] eastward through [[Asia]] to [[Japan]], [[Taiwan]], [[Indonesia]], [[Peninsular India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]; in the [[New World]] from southern [[Canada]] southward through [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]] to [[southern South America]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Viperinae]]<br /> |Oppel, 1811<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|13<br /> |True or pitless vipers<br /> |[[Europe]], Asia, and Africa<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> [[Type genus]] = ''[[Vipera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Laurenti, 1768&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McD99&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sensory organs ==<br /> <br /> === Heat-sensing pits ===<br /> [[Pit viper]]s have specialized sensory organs near the nostrils called heat-sensing pits.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bullock|first1=T.H.|last2=Diecke|first2=F.P.J.|date=1956|title=Properties of an Infrared Receptor|journal=Journal of Physiology|volume=134|issue=1|pages=47–87|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005624|pmid=13377311|pmc=1359182}}&lt;/ref&gt; The location of this organ is unique to pit vipers. These pits have the ability to detect [[thermal radiation]] emitted by [[Warm-blooded|warm-blooded animals]], helping them better understand their environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lynn|first=W. Gardner|date=1931|title=The Structure and Function of the Facial Pits of Pit Vipers|journal=American Journal of Anatomy|volume=49|pages=97–139|doi=10.1002/aja.1000490105}}&lt;/ref&gt; Internally [[Vomeronasal organ|the organ]] forms a small pit lined with membranes, external and internal, attached to the [[trigeminal nerve]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=Eric A.|date=1982|title=The Infrared &quot;Vision&quot; of Snakes|journal=Scientific American|volume=243|issue=3|pages=116–127|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0382-116|bibcode=1982SciAm.246c.116N}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Infrared light]] signals the internal membranes, which in turn signal the trigeminal nerve and send the infrared signals to the brain, where they are overlaid onto the visual image created by the eyes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gracheva|first1=Elena O.|last2=Ingolia|first2=Nicolas T.|last3=Kelly|first3=Yvonne M.|last4=Cordero-Morales|first4=Julio F.|last5=Hollopeter|first5=Gunther|last6=Chesler|first6=Alexander T.|last7=Sanchez|first7=Elda E.|last8=Perez|first8=John C.|last9=Weissman|first9=Johnathan S.|year=2010|title=Molecular Basis of Infrared Detection by Snakes|journal=Nature|volume=464|issue=7291|pages=1006–1011|doi=10.1038/nature08943|pmid=20228791|pmc=2855400|bibcode=2010Natur.464.1006G}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Whether family Viperidae is attributed to Oppel (1811), as opposed to Laurenti (1768) or Gray (1825), is subject to some interpretation. The consensus among leading experts, though, is that Laurenti used ''viperae'' as the [[plural]] of ''vipera'' (Latin for &quot;viper&quot;, &quot;adder&quot;, or &quot;snake&quot;) and did not intend for it to indicate a family group taxon. Rather, it is attributed to Oppel, based on his Viperini as a distinct family group name, despite the fact that Gray was the first to use the form Viperinae.&lt;ref name=&quot;McD99&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Allusively==<br /> {{wikt|viper}}<br /> The term &quot;viper&quot; has been used historically of a spiteful or malignant person, a false or treacherous person.&lt;ref name=OED&gt;{{cite book|title=OED |volume=XIX |page=661}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is also an obsolete term for a marijuana smoker, or habitual user of other drugs.&lt;ref name=OED/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of snakes]], overview of all snake families and genera<br /> * [[Snakebite]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> <br /> * Gray JE. 1825. A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. [[Annals of Philosophy]], new ser., 10: 193–217.<br /> * Laurenti JN. 1768. Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et antidota reptilium Austriacorum. J.T. de Trattnern, Wien.<br /> * Oppel M. 1811. Mémoire sur la classification des reptiles. Ordre II. Reptiles à écailles. Section II. Ophidiens. Annales du Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 16: 254–295, 376–393.<br /> <br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons|Viperidae}}<br /> * {{NRDB family|page=viperidae.php|family=Viperidae|date=3 November|year=2008}}<br /> * {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Viper}}<br /> * {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Viper|short=x}}<br /> * [http://snake-facts.weebly.com/pit-vipers.html Pit vipers]<br /> <br /> {{Snake families}}<br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q163656}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Vipers| ]]<br /> [[Category:Snake families]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Nicolaus Michael Oppel]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._T._M._Ahmed_Ibrahim&diff=507068 2026-04-24T17:46:31Z

<p>Renaldo97D: put up pg...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim<br /> | office = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<br /> | term_start = 14 July 1947<br /> | term_end = 24 January 1950<br /> | party = [[All-India Muslim League]]<br /> | relations = [[M. Muhammad Ismail|Muhammad Ismail Sahib]] (Brother)<br /> | birth_place = [[Pettai, Tirunelveli|Pettai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | alma_mater = C. M. College, Hindu College, [[Trivandrum]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''K. T. M Ahmed Ibrahim Sahib''' was an Indian politician.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Theodore P. |date=September 1966 |title=The Muslim League in South India since Independence: A Study in Minority Group Political Strategies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/muslim-league-in-south-india-since-independence-a-study-in-minority-group-political-strategies/2EBA3F25D373A0D9BA1DBAA6B9D25C30 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=579–599 |doi=10.2307/1952972 |jstor=1952972 |s2cid=143572105 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_assembly_debates/volume/5/1947-08-28 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.constitutionofindia.net |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126134634/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_assembly_debates/volume/5/1947-08-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Eparlib |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/762982/1/cad_28-08-1947.pdf |journal=Constituent Assembly Debates}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freedom First Magazine {{!}} The monthly journal of the Indian Committee for Cultural Freedom |url=http://www.freedomfirst.in/issue/articles.aspx?id=8353 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.freedomfirst.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from 14 July 1947 to 24 January 1950. He was a Leader of the [[All-India Muslim League]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Ibrahim was born in [[Pettai, Tirunelveli|Pettai]], [[Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu. He is the son of late Maulvi Miakhan Rowther, a scholar in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[sanskrit]], [[Arabic]] and [[Urdu]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> Ahmed Ibrahim sahib was educated in C. M. College and Hindu College, Trivandrum. He completed Bachelor of Arts in 1919 and the Bachelor of Law in 1921.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constituent Assembly of India: Debates |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C17071947.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=13 November 2020 |title=Debates in the Constituent Assembly and thereafter on UniformCivil Code |url=https://www.ipf.org.in/encyc/2020/11/13/2_02_30_42_Debates-in-the-Constituent-Assembly-and-thereafter-on-Uniform-Civil-Code-Papers_1.pdf |journal=Indian Policy Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Movement ==<br /> He entered in active politics while still a student. He associated with his brother [[M. Muhammad Ismail|M. Mohammed Ismail Sahib]], MLA took an active part in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]] and was responsible for the passing of the Non Co-Operation resolution for the first time in India at the 26th Provincial Political conference held in [[Tirunelveli]] in 1920.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Muslim activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rameshwar_Prasad_(politician,_born_1947)&diff=529291 2026-04-20T09:35:01Z

<p>Renaldo97D: added first post first draft!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Distinguish|text = [[Rameshwar Prasad Sinha]], an Indian freedom fighter and member of the Constituent Assembly of India.}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rameshwar Prasad<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = July 1947&lt;ref&gt;[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/3382.htm Member's Profile - 9th Loksabha]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = Bharatpura Village, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | father = Radhe Nonia<br /> | mother = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = Feb 2005<br /> | term_end = Oct 2005<br /> | predecessor = [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]<br /> | successor = [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1995<br /> | term_end1 = 2000<br /> | predecessor1 = Sonadhari Singh<br /> | successor1 = [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]<br /> | office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]<br /> | term_start2 = 1989<br /> | term_end2 = 1991<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Bali Ram Bhagat]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]<br /> | party = [[Indian People's Front]]<br /> | spouse = Lalpari Devi<br /> | children = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rameshwar Prasad''' ({{langx|hi|रामेश्वर प्रसाद}}) is an Indian politician, belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]. He is a [[Central Committee]] member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI (ML) Liberation]] and the president of All India Agricultural Labourers Association (AIALA).&lt;ref&gt;''Liberation''. ''[http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2010/jan_10/from_the_states.html Attacks on Migrant Workers in Ludhiana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008101146/http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2010/jan_10/from_the_states.html |date=8 October 2012 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> Rameshwar Prasad hails from a [[Lonia|Nonia]] family and is the son of a brick-kiln worker.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;''[[Times of India]]''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104094202/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-31/india/28339985_1_bhumihars-upper-caste-ranvir-sena Barricade to ballot]''&lt;/ref&gt; Prasad dropped out of school in 1979, to become a full-time activist of the party.&lt;ref name=&quot;exp&quot;&gt;''Indian Express''. ''[http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/65886/ Laloo’s counting on them but M-L is not M-Y] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107055833/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/laloos-counting-on-them-but-m-l-is-not-m-y/ |date=7 January 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at Bansidhari High School, Bharatpura, Bihar.&lt;ref name=2010-affidavit&gt;{{cite web|title=Affidavit furnished by Rameshwar Prasad to Election Commission of India for 2010 Sanesh constituency elections.|url=http://bhojpur.bih.nic.in/NomCan/Rameshwar%20Prasad_192.pdf|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=9 February 2013|pages=25|language=Hindi, English|date=10 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Member of Parliament==<br /> He [[1989 Indian general election|was elected]] to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian national parliament]], in 1989 as the Indian People's Front candidate from the Arrah constituency&lt;ref name=&quot;exp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Bihar |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924231519/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Bihar |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; by securing 178,211 votes.&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_II_LS89.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1989 TO THE NINTH LOK SABHA VOLUME II (CONSTITUENCY DATA - SUMMARY)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820034053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_II_LS89.pdf |date=20 August 2018 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; He became the first [[Naxalite]] Member of Parliament from Bihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;/&gt; His election slogan was ''har mazdur ko roziroti, har dalit ko man; har kisan ko khet-pani, har yuvak ko kam'' ('Daily bread for every worker, dignity for every Dalit, water and land for every farmer, employment for every youth').&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;/&gt; He was the only candidate of Indian Peoples' Front to get elected in those elections.&lt;ref&gt;[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=52 Ninth Lok Sabha - Indian Peoples' Front]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prasad lost his parliamentary seat in the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 Lok Sabha election]], again standing as an Indian People's Front candidate. His vote had dropped to 117,262 (17.17%, finishing in third place).&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1991 TO THE 10th LOK SABHA VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)]''&lt;/ref&gt; Prasad came third in the Arrah seat in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 Lok Sabha election]], with 146,398 votes (22.97%).&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1996 TO THE ELEVENTH LOK SABHA VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)]''&lt;/ref&gt; He contested the Arrah Lok Sabha seat again in the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 election]], again finishing third with 141,939 votes (20.82%).&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_III_LS_99.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE THIRTEENTH LOK SABHA VOLUME III (DETAILS FOR ASSEMBLY SEGMENTS OF PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCIES)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820034103/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_III_LS_99.pdf |date=20 August 2018 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament will again have two CPI (ML-Liberation) MPs: Here they are&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=7 June 2024 |title=Parliament will again have two CPI (ML-Liberation) MPs: Here they are |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/parliament-will-again-have-two-cpi-ml-liberation-mps-here-they-are-9377543/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205133233/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/parliament-will-again-have-two-cpi-ml-liberation-mps-here-they-are-9377543/ |archivedate=5 December 2024 |accessdate=5 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, CPI(ML)Liberation nominated Prasad to contest a by-poll for the [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda Lok Sabha seat]].&lt;ref&gt;Oneindia News. ''[https://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/10/cpiml-to-contest-nalanda-and-koderma-seats-1160487559.html CPI(ML) to contest Nalanda and Koderma seats] ''&lt;/ref&gt; Prasad obtained 17,515 votes (5.62%).&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeDec2006/bye_pc-31-NALANDA.htm Bye Election of Parliament Constituency of Bihar - 31-Nalanda (Gen)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918041412/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeDec2006/bye_pc-31-NALANDA.htm |date=18 September 2017 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Assembly Member (MLA)==<br /> ===1995 election===<br /> He won the [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] seat with 36,760 votes (34.23%), as a CPI(ML)Liberation candidate, in the [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ec&quot;&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/archive/Feb2005/pollupd/ac/states/s04/Partycomp196.htm 196 - Sandesh Assembly Constituency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053311/http://eci.nic.in/archive/Feb2005/pollupd/ac/states/s04/Partycomp196.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-BR95.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1995 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820044312/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-BR95.pdf |date=20 August 2018 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2000 election===<br /> Rameshwar Prasad lost the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Sandesh constituency to [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav]], finishing at 3rd position with 28,776 votes (25.21%).&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2000/STAI_REPORT_LA-BR-2000.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930013206/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2000/STAI_REPORT_LA-BR-2000.pdf |date=30 September 2012 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2005 election===<br /> He again won the seat in the February 2005 legislative assembly election, with 33,834 votes (32.73%).&lt;ref name=&quot;ec&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2005/StatisticalReports_BH_2005.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2005 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127212303/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2005/StatisticalReports_BH_2005.pdf |date=27 January 2013 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; However, he lost the seat in the October 2005 election to [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav]], finishing in third position with 26,323 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;oct&quot;&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_Oct2005/StatisticalReports_BH_2005.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2005 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930013404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_Oct2005/StatisticalReports_BH_2005.pdf |date=30 September 2012 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2010 election===<br /> Rameshwar Prasad was the CPI(ML)Liberation candidate from [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] in the 2010 Bihar assembly election. But on 19 October 2010, he was arrested by police while he was filing his nomination papers in relation to the attack carried out on Arrah Collectorate and Court.&lt;ref name=2010-affidavit /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cpiml.org&quot;&gt;''Liberation''. ''[http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2010/nov_10/feature_2.html CPI(ML) Candidate from Sandesh Comrade Rameshwar Prasad Arrested] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210906/http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2010/nov_10/feature_2.html |date=23 September 2015 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; Rameshwar Prasad lost to [[Sanjay Singh Tiger]] and finished in fourth place in the election, with 15,095 votes.&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04192.htm Bihar - Sandesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025558/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04192.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Criminal Charges==<br /> There are seven cases of [[Cognizable offence]] under [[Indian Penal Code]], [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act 1959]] and [[Explosive Substances Act 1883]] against Prasad in various Districts of Bihar&lt;ref name=2010-affidavit /&gt; <br /> In 2000, there was a violent confrontation had occurred at Arrah Collectorate and Court in connection with a protest against a police killing of a CPI(ML)Liberation activist. Prasad and others have been accused of leading with others, a mob of 1500 to 2000 persons who entered into the premises of Collectorate and Civil Court of [[Arrah]] who pelted stones and also exploded bombs.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiankanoon.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1030566/ |title=Patna High Court - Rameshwar Prasad vs The State Of Bihar |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304004001/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1030566/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Four CPI(ML)Liberation activists were killed in the police firing. CPI(ML)Liberation asserts that the local police had lodged criminal cases against the CPI(ML)Liberation leaders (including Prasad) as a retaliatory measure.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpiml.org&quot;/&gt; His party strongly condemned the arrest of Prasad, labeling it 'illegal'.&lt;ref&gt;''Liberation''. ''[http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2005/november_05/election_campaign_bihar.htm CPI(ML) condemns the handcuffing of its leaders during filing nomination papers in Bihar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210853/http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2005/november_05/election_campaign_bihar.htm |date=23 September 2015 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; He has been charged under Sections 147, 148, 149, 323, 324, 307, 337, 353, 332, 333 and 182 of the Indian Penal Code, Sections 3 and 4 of the Explosive Substances Act 1883 and Section 27 of the Arms Act 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiankanoon.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Rameshwar Prasad was granted bail by the [[Patna High Court]] on 10 November 2010. Prasad had pleaded that he was only a member of the mob. Court granted him bail on furnishing bail bond of {{INR}} 10,000 with two sureties of the like amount.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiankanoon.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Rameshwar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]<br /> [[Category:1947 births]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]<br /> [[Category:People from Arrah]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian People's Front politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Party politicians]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanderi_Assembly_constituency&diff=493340 2026-04-19T19:25:05Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Starting new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Chanderi<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 33<br /> | map_image = 33-Chanderi.svg<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Ashok Nagar district|Ashok Nagar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = [[Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Gopal Singh Chauhan]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chanderi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].&lt;ref name=eci1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=14 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This constituency came into existence in 2008, following the delimitation of the Legislative Assembly constituencies.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Chanderi (constituency number 33) is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Ashok Nagar district]]. This constituency covers the entire Isagarh [[tehsil]], entire Naisarai [[tehsil]] and part of Chanderi tehsil of the Ashoknagar district.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=229, 250}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chanderi is part of [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other namely, [[Ashok Nagar Assembly constituency|Ashok Nagar]] and [[Mungaoli Assembly constituency|Mungaoli]] in [[Ashoknagar district]], [[Bamori Assembly constituency|Bamori]] and [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna]] in [[Guna district]], [[Shivpuri Assembly constituency|Shivpuri]], [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichhore]] and [[Kolaras Assembly constituency|Kolaras]] in [[Shivpuri district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Election<br /> !Member &lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chanderi.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> | Rao Rajkumar Singh Yadav<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Gopal Singh Chauhan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | [[Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chanderi&lt;ref name=&quot;BJP Candidates MP 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:85064}}<br /> |percentage = 53.49<br /> |change = +22.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Gopal Singh Chauhan]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:63296}}<br /> |percentage = 39.8<br /> |change = +5.47<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Virendra Singh Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5598}}<br /> |percentage = 3.52<br /> |change = -22.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)<br /> |candidate = Ranveer Singh Adiwasi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1525}}<br /> |percentage = 0.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1452}}<br /> |percentage = 0.91<br /> |change = +0.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:21768}}<br /> |percentage = 13.69<br /> |change = +10.51<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:159019}}<br /> |percentage = 80.25<br /> |change = +4.23<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chanderi&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Gopal Singh Chauhan]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:45106}}<br /> |percentage = 34.33<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Bhupendra Dwivedi<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:40931}}<br /> |percentage = 31.15<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Rao Rajkumar Singh Yadav<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:34302}}<br /> |percentage = 26.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Lalaram Rickwar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1719}}<br /> |percentage = 1.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:884}}<br /> |percentage = 0.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4175}}<br /> |percentage = 3.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:131379}}<br /> |percentage = 76.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Chanderi]]<br /> * [[Isagarh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|24.71|78.14|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ashoknagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagame_Thandhiram_(soundtrack)&diff=505073 2026-04-19T19:21:06Z

<p>Renaldo97D: put up entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2021 soundtrack album by Santhosh Narayanan}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Copy edit|for=proofreading|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Jagame Thandhiram<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br /> | cover = Jagame Thandhiram soundtrack.jpg<br /> | caption = Soundtrack album cover<br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 6 June 2021<br /> | recorded = 2019–2021<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 36:21<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label = [[Sony Music India]]<br /> | producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]<br /> | prev_year = 2021<br /> | next_title = [[Vellai Yaanai]]<br /> | next_year = 2021<br /> | misc = {{external media<br /> | audio1 = {{YouTube|OZvPV_-Gd2E|Jagame Thandhiram – Jukebox}}}}<br /> {{Singles<br /> | name = Jagame Thandhiram<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | single1 = Rakita Rakita Rakita<br /> | single1date = 28 July 2020<br /> | single2 = Bujji<br /> | single2date = 13 November 2020<br /> | single3 = Nethu<br /> | single3date = 22 May 2021<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Jagame Thandhiram''''' ({{Translation|The world is tricky}}) is the eleven-song [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] for the 2021 Tamil film [[Jagame Thandhiram|of the same name]], starring [[Dhanush]] and directed by [[Karthik Subbaraj]]. The film marks Narayanan's third collaboration with [[Dhanush]], following ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'', ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' and ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]],'' and continues his association with Subbaraj, who had worked with [[Anirudh Ravichander]] on ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]].'' The album featured lyrics by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Dhanush]], [[Arivu]], [[Anthony Daasan]] and Madurai Babaraj, and was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 6 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |author=Janani K. |date=June 5, 2021 |title=Dhanush's Jagame Thandhiram audio to be released on June 6 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhanush-s-jagame-thandhiram-audio-to-be-released-on-june-7-new-poster-out-1811178-2021-06-05 |access-date=2021-06-05 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Iram Sharifah |date=2021-06-18 |title=Jagame Thandhiram soundtrack: Music by Santhosh Narayanan revealed |url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2021/06/18/jagame-thandhiram-soundtrack-music-by-santhosh-narayanan-revealed/ |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=HITC |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Composition for the film's [[soundtrack]] and [[Film score|score]] began in July 2019. Narayanan and members of the film's core team traveled to [[London]] during the first filming schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=It is official! Dhanush, Karthik Subbaraj to collaborate on a gangster thriller, set in the UK |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/19/it-is-official-dhanush-karthik-subbaraj-to-collaborate-on-a-gangster-thriller-set-in-the-uk-13064.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209112206/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/19/it-is-official-dhanush-karthik-subbaraj-to-collaborate-on-a-gangster-thriller-set-in-the-uk-13064.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2019-07-19 |title='Petta' director Karthik Subbaraj confirms next film with Dhanush |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-subbaraj-confirms-next-film-with-dhanush/article28578125.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419095459/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-subbaraj-confirms-next-film-with-dhanush/article28578125.ece |archive-date=19 April 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; While [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Dhanush]], and [[Anthony Daasan]] were credited as lyrisists, [[Arivu]] and Madurai Babaraj joined the team later in the process. Additionally. Narayanan revealed in an online interview that Dhanush served as the music supervisor for the soundtrack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Dhanush dhan JT oda Music Supervisor- Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Jagame Thandhiram {{!}} Open Pannaa | date=2 June 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44LvDbkEXa0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211254/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44LvDbkEXa0&amp;feature=youtu.be |language=en |access-date=2021-06-03 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the album was originally slated for release under [[YNOT Music]], a subsidiary of [[YNOT Studios]], the audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] in mid-July 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jagame Thandhiram audio on Sony Music |url=https://twitter.com/studiosynot/status/1286534077571403778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724074538/https://twitter.com/StudiosYNot/status/1286534077571403778 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |access-date=2020-08-06 |via=Twitter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}<br /> <br /> Subbaraj, a frequent collaborator with Narayanan, requested a distinct musical approach for this project. The pair worked extensively on the score to reflect the cultural aspects of the two countries depicted in the film. Narayanan noted, &quot;It was imperative that we stayed as rooted as possible to the themes that we are showcasing in the movie&quot;. Because a significant portion of the film is set in Tamil Nadu, Narayanan conducted extensive research to ensure the music remained authentic. The director and composer engaged in substantial pre-production to develop a unique sound palette for the score.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=2021-06-01 |title='Jagame Thandhiram,' a gangster saga that explores the meaning of 'home' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jagame-thandhiram-a-gangster-saga-that-explores-the-meaning-of-home/article34697186.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603092332/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jagame-thandhiram-a-gangster-saga-that-explores-the-meaning-of-home/article34697186.ece |archive-date=3 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-16|title='Gangster films give me wild independence to experiment': Santhosh Narayanan on composing music for Jagame Thandhiram|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gangster-films-give-me-wild-independence-to-experiment-santhosh-narayanan-on-composing-music-for-jagame-thandhiram-9714801.html|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Firstpost|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Santhosh had further added that he got an opportunity to work with new talents in the world for the music of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='ஜகமே தந்திரம்' படத்தில் புதிய முயற்சிகளுக்கு இடம்: சந்தோஷ் நாராயணன் மகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/680969-santhosh-narayanan-press-release-about-jagame-thandhiram-songs.html |access-date=2021-06-12 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |date=11 June 2021 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; He added that since &quot;the film is [[United Kingdom|British]] in many ways&quot; as major part of the film being set in [[London]], Santhosh had to collaborate with British and [[Scotland|Scottish]] folk bands and musicians. He also explored [[Madurai]]'s folk music for the film, further adding that his presence during the shoot of the film he had a clear thought about the music and setting, which had Santhosh to make changes for the album in the shooting spot itself. He recorded the song &quot;Rakita Rakita&quot; live outside his studio, which is his first song to do so, saying that &quot;the song is an expression&quot; and it &quot;wanted it to be a listener's experience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Santhosh Narayanan: 'Jagame Thandhiram' music will be a new experience |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-narayanan-jagame-thandhiram-music-will-be-a-new-experience-news-tamil-vglib0hjbddfb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611110011/https://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-narayanan-jagame-thandhiram-music-will-be-a-new-experience-news-tamil-vglib0hjbddfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-12 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The human voice is one of the greatest instruments: Santhosh Narayanan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/jul/26/the-human-voice-is-one-of-the-greatest-instrumentssanthosh-narayanan-2335293.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> &quot;Rakita Rakita Rakita&quot; was the first song to be composed. Dhanush himself sang the song, with additional vocals provided by Santhosh Narayanan and [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]], with [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] writing the lyrics for the song.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhanush to lend his voice for Jagame Thandhiram's first single, Rakita Rakita Rakita |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/26/dhanush-to-lend-his-voice-for-jagame-thandhirams-first-single-rakita-rakita-rakita-19515.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207092446/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/26/dhanush-to-lend-his-voice-for-jagame-thandhirams-first-single-rakita-rakita-rakita-19515.html |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 July 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vivek stated that &quot;the song was a happy song, but I wrote it during the difficult phase of my life&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=I wrote Rakita Rakita Rakita at a difficult time in my life: Vivek |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-wrote-rakita-rakita-rakita-at-a-difficult-time-in-my-life-vivek/articleshow/77422212.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024205127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-wrote-rakita-rakita-rakita-at-a-difficult-time-in-my-life-vivek/articleshow/77422212.cms |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Cr |first1=Sharanya }}&lt;/ref&gt; He further added that, &quot;Rakita Rakita is all about happiness being a choice. We shouldn't live based on what others say, nor should we estimate our worth based on others' judgments&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; It was initially featured as a theme music in the motion poster which went viral upon release. The song was scheduled to release in March 2020, but eventually postponed as [[YNOT Studios]] suspended all activities of production in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Release of 'Jagame Thanthiram's' first single postponed due to Coronavirus outbreak? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/release-of-jagame-thanthirams-first-single-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak/articleshow/74731433.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427070338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/release-of-jagame-thanthirams-first-single-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak/articleshow/74731433.cms |archive-date=27 April 2020 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the song was unveiled on 28 July 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jagame Thandhiram first single on Dhanush's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/jagame-thandhiram-first-single-on-dhanushs-birthday/articleshow/76723296.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430105210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/jagame-thandhiram-first-single-on-dhanushs-birthday/articleshow/76723296.cms |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; coinciding with Dhanush's birthday.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title='Rakita Rakita Rakita': Marana mass celebration for the fans on Dhanush's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rakita-rakita-rakita-marana-mass-celebration-for-the-fans-on-dhanushs-birthday/articleshow/77213375.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604123142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rakita-rakita-rakita-marana-mass-celebration-for-the-fans-on-dhanushs-birthday/articleshow/77213375.cms |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Jagame Thandhiram – Rakita Rakita Rakita Lyric {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Karthik Subbaraj| date=27 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UmaMK_OfPw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204142540/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UmaMK_OfPw|language=en|access-date=2021-03-11|archive-date=4 December 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second single titled &quot;Bujji&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bujji video song from Jagame Thandhiram to release on November 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/bujji-video-song-from-jagame-thandhiram-to-release-on-november-13/articleshow/79124445.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527001316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/bujji-video-song-from-jagame-thandhiram-to-release-on-november-13/articleshow/79124445.cms |archive-date=27 May 2021 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Jagame Thandhiram – Bujji Video {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Karthik Subbaraj {{!}} Anirudh| date=12 November 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y6GrgSJnNQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328040902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y6GrgSJnNQ|language=en|access-date=2021-03-11|archive-date=28 March 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; sung by [[Anirudh Ravichander]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bujji Song: Anirudh croons for Dhanush in 'Jagame Thanthiran' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/bujji-song-anirudh-croons-for-dhanush-in-jagame-thanthiran/articleshow/79185834.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528094210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/bujji-song-anirudh-croons-for-dhanush-in-jagame-thanthiran/articleshow/79185834.cms |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; was released during the eve of [[Diwali]] day, on 13 November 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-14 |title=Jagame Thandhiram song Bujji: Dhanush, where is Bujji? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jagame-thandhiram-song-bujji-dhanush-where-is-bujji-7050139/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117161800/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jagame-thandhiram-song-bujji-dhanush-where-is-bujji-7050139/ |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The much-awaited Bujji single is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/the-much-awaited-bujji-single-is-out/articleshow/79203596.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430105212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/the-much-awaited-bujji-single-is-out/articleshow/79203596.cms |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The third single &quot;Nethu&quot; which was sung and written by Dhanush,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |author=Janani K. |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Dhanush's Jagame Thandhiram new video song Nethu to release on May 22 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhanush-s-jagame-thandhiram-new-video-song-nethu-to-release-on-may-22-1804796-2021-05-20 |access-date=2021-05-29 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Jagame Thandhiram – Nethu Video {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Karthik Subbaraj| date=21 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xDn8x-7Vew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530231941/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xDn8x-7Vew|language=en|access-date=2021-05-29|archive-date=30 May 2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; was released on 22 May 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-22 |title=Watch: Romantic new single 'Nethu' from Dhanush's 'Jagame Thandhiram' is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-romantic-new-single-nethu-dhanushs-jagame-thandhiram-out-149329 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213849/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-romantic-new-single-nethu-dhanushs-jagame-thandhiram-out-149329 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The original tracklist of the film containing 8 tracks were revealed by [[Sony Music India]] through the official [[Twitter]] handle on 5 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1401057965868683265 |user=SonyMusicSouth |title=#TunesOfSuruli 🔥🥰 Track Reveal for the @Music_Santhosh's #JagameThandhiram musical from 12PM TODAY! 🤩 #JTAlbumOnJune6 |author=Sony Music South |date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=8 Songs 3 Theme Tracks – Jagame Thandhiram Full Tracklist |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28412/8-songs-3-theme-tracks---jagame-thandhiram-full-tracklist |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=moviecrow.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A series of posters featuring track details and also giving credits to the singers, songwriters and musicians performing the tracks, where released one by one through social media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karthik Subbaraj on Instagram: &quot;#JagameThandhiram Audio from June 6th... A @musicsanthosh Musical!! @dhanushkraja #sash04107 @sonymusic_south @netflix_in…&quot; |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CPvNt1NDSVh/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CPvNt1NDSVh |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=2021-06-05 |website=Instagram |language=en}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Santhosh Narayanan]] later unveiled a full tracklist through his Twitter account which had additional three instrumentals adding to the eight-song soundtrack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1401155562029469704 |user=Music_Santhosh |title=Here is the official track list of #JagameThandhiram. Excited to present them to you all ! @dhanushkraja @karthiksubbaraj @StudiosYNot @SonyMusicSouth |author=Santhosh Narayanan |date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album also feature a Telugu version with [[Bhaskarabhatla]], Krishna Kanth and Kittu Vissapragada writing the lyrics and sung by different singers, unlike the original version.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1401155956747096068 |user=SonyMusicSouth |title=Presenting the official tracklist of #JagameThandhiram! Make way for the rocking #JTAlbumOnJune6 🔥😎 |author=Sony Music South |date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both the Tamil and Telugu versions of the soundtrack released on 6 June 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Audio of Dhanush-Karthik Subbaraj's Jagame Thandhiram to be released on June 6 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jun/05/audio-of-dhanush-karthik-subbarajs-jagame-thandhiram-to-be-released-on-june-6-24857.html |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; through digital streaming platforms with the audio jukebox and lyric videos being unveiled the following day, on 7 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-06 |title=Dhanush starrer 'Jagame Thandhiram' soundtrack is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-starrer-jagame-thandhiram-soundtrack-out-150221 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jagame Thandhiram Jukebox: All songs from the Dhanush starrer out now! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28419/jagame-thandhiram-jukebox-tamil-telugu-dhanush |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=moviecrow.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The soundtracks for the dubbed Kannada and Malayalam versions were released on 13 and 14 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1404066586302980101 |user=SonyMusicSouth |title=#JagameThandhiram KANNADA album OUT NOW! 🥳🔥 |author=Sony Music South |date=2021-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1404340983643312130 |user=SonyMusicSouth |title=Enjoy the #JagameThandhiram MALAYALAM album right here! 🥳🔥 |author=Sony Music South |date=2021-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lyrics for the Kannada version were written by Aniruddha Sastry, Vyabhav, Raathee, Varadaraj Chikkaballapura and Ghouse Peer, while Deepak Ramakrishnan and Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan penned the Malayalam tracks.<br /> <br /> To celebrate the success of the soundtrack, [[Karthik Subbaraj]], [[Santhosh Narayanan]] and the musical team of ''Jagame Thandhiram'' conducted a session on 7 June through [[Twitter Spaces]] which was hosted by stand-up comedian-cum-actor [[Alexander Babu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhanush to join team Jagame Thandhiram on Twitter Spaces |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jun/06/dhanush-to-join-team-jagame-thanthiram-on-twitter-spaces-24873.html |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 June 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dhanush]] too joined the session marking it as the actor's first debut through the live-audio conversation platform.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Apart from the film's music and songs, the team shared few interesting facts about the film with the crew members and fans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=Dhanush speaks about 'Jagame Thandhiram', filmmaking and more on Twitter Spaces |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-speaks-about-jagame-thandhiram-filmmaking-and-more-twitter-spaces-150305 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The session saw more than 17,000 participants and became the highest attended Twitter Spaces session, surpassing that of [[Zack Snyder]]'s ''[[Army of the Dead]]'' (which earlier had 12,000 participants).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhanush's Twitter Spaces created a new record! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-twitter-spaces-created-a-new-record-news-tamil-vgie85deidgba.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608044025/https://www.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-twitter-spaces-created-a-new-record-news-tamil-vgie85deidgba.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its record was later broken by ''#CelebrateThalapathyWithRoute'', another session which had 27,600 listeners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 June 2021|title=Celebrate Thalapathy with Route space becomes 2nd most attended space worldwide|url=https://www.sify.com/celebrate-thalapathy-with-route-space-becomes-2nd-most-attended-space-worldwide/|access-date=12 July 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music videos ==<br /> The songs were choreographed by [[Baba Bhaskar]], [[Sherif (choreographer)|Sherif]] and [[Jani Master]]. During the London schedule, two songs &quot;Bujji&quot; and &quot;Nethu&quot; were filmed. Jani Master choreographed the dance sequences for the song &quot;Bujji&quot; featuring Dhanush.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-13 |title=Watch: Dhanush dances on London streets in 'Bujji Song' from 'Jagame Thandhiram' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-dhanush-dances-london-streets-bujji-song-jagame-thandhiram-137561 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227010913/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-dhanush-dances-london-streets-bujji-song-jagame-thandhiram-137561 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bujji video song from Dhanush's Jagame Thandhiram at 9am tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/bujji-video-song-from-dhanushs-jagame-thandhiram-at-9am-tomorrow/articleshow/79195632.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430144719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/bujji-video-song-from-dhanushs-jagame-thandhiram-at-9am-tomorrow/articleshow/79195632.cms |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second song &quot;Nethu&quot; was picturised on the characters of Dhanush and [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] going on a date in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nethu video song from Dhansuh-Karthik Subbaraj's Jagame Thandhiram out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/may/22/nethu-video-song-from-dhansuh-karthik-subbarajs-jagame-thandhiram-out-24618.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528175100/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/may/22/nethu-video-song-from-dhansuh-karthik-subbarajs-jagame-thandhiram-out-24618.html |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 May 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Rakita Rakita Rakita&quot; was picturised in [[Madurai]], during the second schedule of the film, which featured Dhanush dancing in a wedding function. The song was choreographed by [[Baba Bhaskar]], who also appeared in a pivotal role in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-07-28 |title=Dhanush's birthday: 'Karnan' poster, 'Rakita Rakita' from 'Jagame Thandhiram' released |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhanushs-birthday-karnan-poster-rakita-rakita-from-jagame-thandhiram-released/article32211354.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801080936/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhanushs-birthday-karnan-poster-rakita-rakita-from-jagame-thandhiram-released/article32211354.ece |archive-date=1 August 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In an interview with online news portals, director [[Karthik Subbaraj]] had stated that the songs &quot;Bujji&quot;, &quot;Nethu&quot; and &quot;Aala Ola&quot; will not be featured in the film and they are used only for promotional purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Many filmmakers have a subconscious Tarantino, Mani Ratnam influence |url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/06/02012715/1298124/Many-filmmakers-have-a-subconscious-Tarantino-Mani-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603065324/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/06/02012715/1298124/Many-filmmakers-have-a-subconscious-Tarantino-Mani-.vpf |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=dtNext.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reported that the video songs which unveiled ahead of the film's release, served as &quot;[[Spoiler (media)|spoilers]] for the audience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jagame Thandhiram video songs not included in movie, says director! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28385/karthik-subbaraj-says-video-songs-not-in-jagame-thandhiram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603065324/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28385/karthik-subbaraj-says-video-songs-not-in-jagame-thandhiram |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=moviecrow.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further considering the length of the film, the team felt that the songs may affect the pace of the film's narration, which the makers had decided to remove three songs from the film. But Subbaraj stated that the songs will be featured in its television premiere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title=Here's what will be missing from the Netflix version of Dhanush's Jagame Thandhiram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/im-sure-jagame-thandhiram-will-satisfy-the-audience-karthik-subbaraj-7349605/ |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following public demand, the makers released the video song of &quot;Aala Ola&quot; on 28 July 2021, coinciding actor Dhanush's birthday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Jagame Thandhiram - Aala Ola Video {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Karthik Subbaraj| date=28 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gR-tJhoO4i0|language=en|access-date=2021-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The soundtrack album opened to positive reviews from critics. Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Karthik Keramalu assigned a score 4 (out of 5) saying that &quot;Santhosh has proved his mettle once again with this incredible album, which surely is one of Dhanush's best soundtracks in recent times&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title='Jagame Thandhiram' music review: Santhosh Narayanan weaves magic, yet again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/news/entertainment/jagame-thandhiram-album-review-powerful-and-magical/story |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ashuthosh Mohan of ''[[Film Companion South]]'', called the album &quot;is designed to sound great in the background, set the mood and get out of the way&quot;, while also stating it as a &quot;different one from ''[[Iraivi]]'' and ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' (the previous films of the Karthik-Santhosh combo)&quot; and also out of &quot;Santhosh's ''[[Kaashmora]]''-zone modified to create a 'mass' sound&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Ashutosh |date=2021-06-16 |title=Jagame Thandhiram Music Review: Santhosh Narayanan Creates An Appealing Sound With Functional Music |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/jagame-thandhiram-music-review-santosh-narayanan-dhanush-an-appealing-sound-with-functional-music/ |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In an article about ''2020 Jukebox'' for ''[[Cinema Express]]'', Ashameera Aiyyapan stated about the first single &quot;Rakita Rakita&quot;, that the &quot;raw energy of the song is bonkers, in a good way&quot;. She also added that the number also doubles up as an &quot;inspirational and motivational song&quot;. She quoted a couple lines from the song &quot;Enakku raja va naa vazhuren; Edhuvum illenalum aaluren&quot; (I live and rule my life as king, even if I do not have anything in hand), and quoted that &quot;The words gain immeasurable depth while we place them in the context of the pandemic, where lives and livelihoods continue to get annihilated. But the song leaves us with renewed hope.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 2020 jukebox: Strains of a pandemic |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2020/dec/27/the-2020-jukebox-strains-of-a-pandemic-21955.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120185424/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2020/dec/27/the-2020-jukebox-strains-of-a-pandemic-21955.html |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=27 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reviewing for the second song &quot;Bujji&quot;, ''[[Film Companion]]'' stated the song as &quot;a likeable composition and may don't have to listen to it multiple times to get into the groove&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-13 |title=Bujji From Karthik Subbaraj's Jagame Thanthiram: This Song, Starring Dhanush, Is Quite The Deepavali Earworm |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/dhanush-bujji-karthik-subbaraj-jagame-thanthiram-quite-the-deepavali-earworm-aishwarya-lekshmi-anirudh-santhosh-narayanan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121212628/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/dhanush-bujji-karthik-subbaraj-jagame-thanthiram-quite-the-deepavali-earworm-aishwarya-lekshmi-anirudh-santhosh-narayanan/ |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &quot;Rakita Rakita&quot; was listed in ''7 Tamil Songs that is needed in your playlist'', a yearender special article from ''[[The News Minute]]'', written by Anjana Shekar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=2020 is almost over, celebrate with these 7 Tamil songs in your playlist |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2020-almost-over-celebrate-these-7-tamil-songs-your-playlist-140028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113010751/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2020-almost-over-celebrate-these-7-tamil-songs-your-playlist-140028 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Music critic Devarsi Ghosh of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated that &quot;The folksy percussion, the horns, and the wry cheerfulness of the tune make us to enter the song and start dancing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |title=Music beyond language: Can a song be truly loved without understanding the lyrics? |url=https://scroll.in/reel/972398/music-beyond-language-can-a-song-be-truly-loved-without-understanding-lyrics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525131420/https://scroll.in/reel/972398/music-beyond-language-can-a-song-be-truly-loved-without-understanding-lyrics |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=Scroll.in |date=18 November 2020 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also listed in the ''5 Chartbuster Tamil Songs of 2020'' by ''[[The Times of India]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=Kattu Payale to Vaathi Coming: FIVE chartbuster Tamil songs of 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kattu-payale-to-vaathi-coming-five-chartbuster-tamil-songs-of-2020/photostory/79567359.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125020604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kattu-payale-to-vaathi-coming-five-chartbuster-tamil-songs-of-2020/photostory/79567359.cms |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Track listing ==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Tamil<br /> | title7 = Kalarey Kalarvasam<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | title11 = London Street (Theme)<br /> | extra11 = Instrumental<br /> | lyrics11 = –<br /> | length11 = 1:03<br /> | title3 = Nethu<br /> | length3 = 3:51<br /> | title4 = Aala Ola<br /> | extra4 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Santhosh Narayanan<br /> | lyrics4 = Vivek<br /> | title5 = Theengu Thaakka<br /> | extra5 = [[Arivu]], GKB, Santhosh Narayanan<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Arivu]]<br /> | length5 = 2:50<br /> | title6 = Theipirai<br /> | extra6 = Meenakshi Elayaraja, Santhosh Narayanan<br /> | lyrics6 = Madurai Babaraj<br /> | length6 = 5:46<br /> | length4 = 3:32<br /> | extra7 = Anthony Daasan<br /> | lyrics7 = [[Anthony Daasan]]<br /> | length7 = 3:04<br /> | title8 = Naan Dhaan Da Mass<br /> | extra8 = Arivu, [[OfRo]], Santhosh Narayanan<br /> | lyrics8 = Arivu, [[OfRo]]<br /> | length8 = 3:56<br /> | title9 = Suruli (Theme)<br /> | extra9 = [[Instrumental]]<br /> | lyrics9 = –<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | length9 = 1:22<br /> | title10 = Barotta Master (Theme)<br /> | extra10 = Instrumental<br /> | lyrics10 = –<br /> | length10 = 2:33<br /> | length2 = 4:27<br /> | extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Santhosh Narayanan<br /> | lyrics2 = Vivek<br /> | title2 = Bujji<br /> | length1 = 4:07<br /> | extra1 = [[Dhanush]], [[Santhosh Narayanan]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]<br /> | title1 = Rakita Rakita Rakita<br /> | total_length = 36:21<br /> | extra3 = Dhanush<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Dhanush]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | lyrics4 = Bhaskarabhatla<br /> | lyrics5 = Krishna Kanth<br /> | lyrics6 = Kittu Vissapragada<br /> | lyrics7 = Bhaskarabhatla<br /> | lyrics8 = Bhaskarabhatla, [[OfRo]]<br /> | lyrics9 = –<br /> | lyrics10 = –<br /> | lyrics11 = –<br /> | extra4 = [[Anthony Daasan]]<br /> | extra5 = Santhosh Narayanan<br /> | extra6 = Savitha Sai<br /> | extra7 = Sannidhanandhan<br /> | extra8 = [[OfRo]], Santhosh Narayanan<br /> | extra9 = [[Instrumental]]<br /> | extra10 = Instrumental<br /> | extra11 = Instrumental<br /> | headline = Telugu<br /> | title8 = Naa Thotti Race-u<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | title2 = Bujji<br /> | length2 = 4:26<br /> | title3 = Neetho<br /> | length3 = 3:51<br /> | title4 = Rela Rela<br /> | length4 = 3:32<br /> | title5 = Veta Veta Veta<br /> | title6 = Veltunnara<br /> | length6 = 5:44<br /> | length5 = 2:35<br /> | length7 = 3:04<br /> | length8 = 3:47<br /> | title11 = London Street (Theme)<br /> | length11 = 1:05<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title9 = Suruli (Theme)<br /> | length9 = 1:20<br /> | title10 = Barotta Master (Theme)<br /> | length10 = 2:33<br /> | total_length = 36:05<br /> | lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla<br /> | title7 = Nurellu Nindipoyayaa<br /> | length1 = 4:08<br /> | extra1 = [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]], [[Santhosh Narayanan]], Susha<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]<br /> | title1 = Rakita Rakita Rakita<br /> | extra2 = Santhosh Narayanan<br /> | extra3 = Vijaynarain<br /> | lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Kannada<br /> | lyrics7 = –<br /> | length5 = 3:53<br /> | title6 = Suruli (Theme)<br /> | lyrics6 = –<br /> | extra6 = Instrumental<br /> | length6 = 1:21<br /> | title7 = Barotta Master (Theme)<br /> | extra7 = Instrumental<br /> | lyrics5 = Ghouse Peer<br /> | length7 = 2:30<br /> | title8 = London Street (Theme)<br /> | lyrics8 = –<br /> | extra8 = Instrumental<br /> | length8 = 1:01<br /> | total_length = 22:25<br /> | extra5 = Divya Ramachandra<br /> | title5 = Nethi Mele Thoogo Kathi<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | length2 = 2:34<br /> | title1 = Rakita Rakita<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]]<br /> | extra1 = Ashwin Sharma, Divya Ramachandra, Velu Krishnamurthy<br /> | length1 = 4:07<br /> | title2 = Dhimta Taka Taka<br /> | lyrics2 = Vybhav<br /> | extra2 = Ashwin Sharma<br /> | length4 = 3:07<br /> | title3 = Nane The Massu-u<br /> | lyrics3 = Raathee<br /> | extra3 = Raathee<br /> | length3 = 3:50<br /> | title4 = Kanase Karagogi<br /> | lyrics4 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura<br /> | extra4 = Velu Krishnamurthy<br /> | all_writing = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Malayalam<br /> | lyrics7 = –<br /> | length5 = 5:44<br /> | title6 = Suruli (Theme)<br /> | lyrics6 = –<br /> | extra6 = Instrumental<br /> | length6 = 1:21<br /> | title7 = Barotta Master (Theme)<br /> | extra7 = Instrumental<br /> | lyrics5 = Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan<br /> | length7 = 2:30<br /> | title8 = London Street (Theme)<br /> | lyrics8 = –<br /> | extra8 = Instrumental<br /> | length8 = 1:01<br /> | total_length = 24:14<br /> | extra5 = Savitha Sai<br /> | title5 = Neela Nilaa<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | length2 = 2:33<br /> | title1 = Rakita Rakita<br /> | lyrics1 = Deepak Ramakrishnan<br /> | extra1 = Renjith Unni, Sannidhanandan, [[Surmukhi Raman]]<br /> | length1 = 4:07<br /> | title2 = Dheengu Thaakka<br /> | lyrics2 = Deepak Ramakrishnan<br /> | extra2 = Vishnu Sukumaran<br /> | length4 = 3:06<br /> | title3 = Njan Ennaal Mass<br /> | lyrics3 = Deepak Ramakrishnan<br /> | extra3 = Shenbagaraj<br /> | length3 = 3:50<br /> | title4 = Nnniramo Thelirkanthi<br /> | lyrics4 = Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan<br /> | extra4 = Sannidhanandan<br /> | all_writing = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Background score ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Jagame Thandhiram<br /> | type = Film score<br /> | artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 21 July 2021<br /> | recorded = 2019–2021<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 36:21<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]<br /> | producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> | misc = {{external media<br /> | audio1 = {{YouTube|r8BuLsrH0KA|Jagame Thandhiram – OST Jukebox}}}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The [[original soundtrack]] by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], featured 16 tracks including the three [[instrumentals]] released within the soundtrack album. It was launched by [[Sony Music India]] on 21 July 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Jagame Thandhiram - OST Jukebox (Tamil) {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Karthik Subbaraj| date=29 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8BuLsrH0KA|language=en|access-date=2021-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{track listing<br /> | title1 = Barotta Master{{ref|a|[a]}}<br /> | length1 = 2:33<br /> | title2 = International Suruli<br /> | length2 = 1:21<br /> | title3 = London Boys<br /> | length3 = 1:03<br /> | title4 = London Street{{ref|a|[a]}}<br /> | length4 = 1:00<br /> | title5 = Memories<br /> | length5 = 1:23<br /> | title6 = Namma Suruli<br /> | length6 = 1:03<br /> | title7 = Peter<br /> | length7 = 1:24<br /> | title8 = Pothitu Poda<br /> | length8 = 0:41<br /> | title9 = Rat Found<br /> | length9 = 2:58<br /> | title10 = Refugees<br /> | length10 = 1:37<br /> | title11 = Shoot Out<br /> | length11 = 1:50<br /> | title12 = Sivadoss Killed<br /> | length12 = 1:52<br /> | title13 = Sivadoss<br /> | length13 = 0:37<br /> | title14 = Suruli{{ref|a|[a]}}<br /> | length14 = 1:21<br /> | title15 = Verum Paper<br /> | length15 = 1:10<br /> | title16 = Warzone<br /> | length16 = 1:51<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ; Notes<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;{{note|a|a}}&lt;/sup&gt; Tracks 1,4,14, from the original soundtrack, were released within the soundtrack album.<br /> <br /> == Personnel ==<br /> Credits adapted from [[Sony Music India|Sony Music South]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Jagame Thandhiram - Jukebox (Tamil) {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Karthik Subbaraj| date=7 June 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZvPV_-Gd2E|language=en|access-date=2021-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{div col}}<br /> * [[Santhosh Narayanan]] – [[Composer]] (All tracks), [[Music Producer|producer]] (All tracks), [[Music programming|programmer]] (All tracks), [[musical arrangements]] (All tracks), [[Backing vocalist|backing vocals]] (Track 3,5), [[whistle]] (Track 3), [[flute]] (Track 6), [[audio recording]] (Future Tense Studios, [[Chennai]]) [All tracks], [[audio mixing]] (Karma Studios, [[Thailand]] &amp; Future Tense Studios, Chennai) [Track 1,2,6], [[audio mastering]] (Future Tense Studios, Chennai) [Track 6]<br /> *Rohith Fernandes – Chorus (Track 6)<br /> *Pravin Saivi – Chorus (Track 6)<br /> *Britto – Chorus (Track 6)<br /> *Chinna – Chorus (Track 6)<br /> *Joseph Vijay – [[Acoustic guitar]] (Track 1,2,3,6), [[electric guitar]] (Track 8)<br /> *[[Michael Murray (organist)|Michael Murray]] – Electric guitar (Track 2)<br /> *[[Keba Jeremiah]] – Electric guitar (Track 8)<br /> *Naveen – [[Bassoon|Bass]] (Track 1,2,4,6)<br /> *[[Ron Miller (musician)|Ron Miller]] – Bass (Track 2)<br /> *Viji – [[Trumpet]] (Track 1)<br /> *Giovanni Campanelli – [[Keyboard instrument|Keys]] (Track 1), [[clarinet]] (Track 1)<br /> *Rahul Muralidhar – [[Drum kit|Drums]] (Track 2)<br /> *Dian Klass – Drums (Track 2)<br /> *Giles Lewin – [[Pipe (instrument)|English pipes]] (Track 4), [[Fife (instrument)|fife]] (Track 4), [[fiddle]] (Track 4)<br /> *Raphael Mizraki – [[Tabor (instrument)|Tabor]] (Track 4), [[Log drum|low drum]] (Track 4), [[tambourine]] (Track 4)<br /> *Jeicha – [[Urumi (drum)|Urumi]] (Track 4)<br /> *Segar – [[Nadaswaram]] (Track 7)<br /> *Pichakani – [[Pambai]] (Track 7)<br /> *Rajinimurugan – [[Thavil]] (Track 7)<br /> *[[Anthony Daasan]] – Urumi (Track 7)<br /> *Ganapathy – Tapes (Track 7)<br /> *Buddhar Kalai Kuzhu – [[Rhythm]] (Track 1)<br /> *Thiruvannamalai Kuzhu – [[Percussion instrument|Percussions]] (Track 4)<br /> *RK Sundar – Percussions (Track 4,6,7)<br /> *[[Music of North Macedonia|Macedonian Symphonic Orchestra]] (Track 6)<br /> *Glenn Keiles – Audio recording (Sputnik Studios, [[London]]) [Track 4], [[side drum]] (Track 4), [[clackers]] (Track 4)<br /> *Sukumar NSR – Audio recording (Future Tense Studios, Chennai) [Track 1,2]<br /> *RK Sundar – Audio recording (Future Tense Studios, Chennai &amp; Lynx Studios, [[Toronto]]) [Track 1,2,4], audio mixing (Future Tense Studios, Chennai) [Track 1,4,7], audio mastering (Future Tense Studios, Chennai) [Track 1,4,7]<br /> *[[Sai Shravanam]] – Audio mixing (Resound India, Chennai) [Track 2,3,5,8], audio mastering (Resound India, Chennai) [Track 2,3,5,8]<br /> *Kurt Martinez – Recording assistance (Track 4)<br /> *Meenakshi Santhosh – Musicians coordinator<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}{{Santhosh Narayanan}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 soundtrack albums]]<br /> [[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Santhosh Narayanan soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Action film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Crime film soundtracks]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Aya_Singh_College&diff=488779 2026-04-13T19:18:07Z

<p>Renaldo97D: started a bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|College in Gurdaspur, Punjab, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|{{Orphan|date=March 2018}}}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> <br /> '''Baba Aaya Singh Riarki College''' is a [[private college]] in [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]. <br /> <br /> The original idea for the institution was conceived in 1923 by religious reformer Baba Aaya Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sant Baba Aaya Singh Ji, Hoti Mardan |url=http://www.santgarh.com/sant-baba-aaya-singh-ji-hoti-mardan |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.santgarh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jhunir |first=Kiranjit Kaur |date=2024-02-08 |title=Empowerment of girls: A college where every student is a teacher |url=https://villagesquare.in/punjab-college-girls-empowerment/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Village Square |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Using funds from other countries, the main school building was constructed, but was never opened after Baba Aaya Singh's death in 1957. <br /> <br /> Construction of the current college was started by Com. S. Chanan Singh, with the vision that there would be a free girls' college in the area. Until Singhh's death, the institution remained a free education college. Despite funding issues that delayed initial construction and opening, the institution opened on Women's Day in 1976 and the first class of students consisted of 14 girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baba Aya Singh Riarki College - A free Education College |url=https://www.riarkicollege.com/HIS.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.riarkicollege.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Com. S. Chanan Singh appointed Swaran Singh Virk as principal of this new institute, who was a teacher originally and later brought in his wife to be the warden of the college hostel when the girls' hostel was started. <br /> <br /> == Student body ==<br /> In 1999, there were total 4500 students, 496 of which were in-hostel. The teachers volunteer to educate the students, and senior students mentor underclassmen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deepika |date=2013-10-31 |title=A school that doesn't teach |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/governance-and-policy/governance/school-doesnt-teach |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=India Water Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> *<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> &lt;!-- Use the format: * [http://www.example.com/ example.com] --&gt;<br /> * http://www.ndtv.com/ndtv-at25/classics/special-report/304534<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Gurdaspur district]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1976]]<br /> [[Category:1976 establishments in Punjab, India]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulika_Maan&diff=542072 2026-04-13T16:06:23Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judoka (born 1998)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox judoka<br /> | name = Tulika Maan<br /> | image = Tulika Maan.jpg<br /> | caption = Maan in August 2022<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|9|9|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian judokas win three bronze medals at Asian junior championship |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/indian-judokas-win-three-bronze-medals-at-asian-junior-championship-4756672/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 July 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | height = <br /> &lt;!-- Sport --&gt;<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | weight_class = +78&amp;nbsp;kg<br /> | rank = &lt;!-- Belt color ONLY. Automated when &quot;dan&quot; is used. --&gt;<br /> | rank_ref = <br /> | dan = &lt;!-- Dan rank (number, 1-11), for Black belts only --&gt;<br /> | coach = Yashpal Solanki&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tulika Maan: A silver that feels like gold |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/tulika-maan-a-silver-that-feels-like-gold-101659554844703.html |access-date=4 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Achievements and titles --&gt;<br /> | olympics_rank = R32<br /> | olympics_year = 2024<br /> | olympics_weight = Women's +78 kg<br /> | worlds_rank = R16<br /> | worlds_year = 2022<br /> | worlds_weight = Women's +78 kg<br /> | worlds_year2 = 2024<br /> | worlds_weight2 = Women's +78 kg<br /> | regionals_type = AS<br /> | regionals_rank = 7<br /> | regionals_year = 2017<br /> | regionals_weight = &lt;!-- Optional – To link to specific weightclass competition article (when one exists) --&gt;<br /> | regionals_year2 = 2019<br /> | regionals_weight2 = <br /> | nationals = <br /> | commonwealth_rank = 2<br /> | commonwealth_year = 2022<br /> | commonwealth_weight = Women's +78 kg<br /> &lt;!-- Medal record --&gt;<br /> | show-medals = <br /> | medaltemplates =<br /> {{Medal|Sport| Women's [[judo]] }}<br /> {{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}<br /> {{Medal|Competition| [[Judo at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}<br /> {{Medal|S| [[Judo at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022&amp;nbsp;Birmingham]] | [[Judo at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's +78 kg|+78&amp;nbsp;kg]] }}<br /> {{Medal|Competition| [[South Asian Games]] }}<br /> {{Medal|G| [[Judo at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019&amp;nbsp;Kathmandu]] | +78&amp;nbsp;kg }}<br /> {{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Junior Judo Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] }}<br /> {{Medal|B| [[2017 Asian Junior Judo Championships|2017&amp;nbsp;Bishkek]] | +78&amp;nbsp;kg }}<br /> {{Medal|B| [[2018 Asian Junior Judo Championships|2018&amp;nbsp;Beirut]] | +78&amp;nbsp;kg }}<br /> | updated = 3 August 2024<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tulika Maan''' (born 9 September 1998) is an Indian [[judoka]]. She competes in the +78 kg weight class and won the silver medal at the [[Judo at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's +78 kg|2022 Commonwealth Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=CWG 2022: Raised by single mother, a cop, Tulika Maan battles odds to win judo silver medal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/commonwealth-games/cwg-2022-tulika-manns-judo-silver-result-of-sacrifice-of-single-mom-delhi-police-asi-8069240/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Birmingham 2022 Results |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/125445 |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=results.birmingham2022.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, Maan was ranked No. 91 in the Judo World Rankings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Selvaraj |first1=Jonathan |date=8 October 2022 |title=National Games judo gold winner Tulika Maan gears up for Olympic qualification bid with dodgy knee |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/tulika-maan-judo-gold-national-games-knee-injury-olympics/article65983632.ece |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> <br /> Maan is from [[Delhi]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hangzhou Asian Games: Judoka Tulika Maan loses in bronze medal match |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/hangzhou-asian-games-judoka-tulika-maan-loses-in-bronze-medal-match/articleshow/103959465.cms |access-date=24 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=26 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Judo at Asian Games: Tulika Maan loses in bronze medal match |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/judo-at-asian-games-tulika-maan-loses-in-bronze-medal-match/article67350305.ece |access-date=24 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=26 September 2023 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Achievements==<br /> <br /> Tulika Maan has received the following accolades throughout her career: &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Who is Tulika Maan? India Judoka who quit studies to win Silver at Commonwealth Games 2022 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-tulika-maan-indian-judoka-won-silver-at-commonwealth-games-2022-1659592834-1 |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Silver medallist at national junior level.<br /> * 2018: Winner of the Commonwealth Championship in Jaipur.<br /> * 2017: Debuted at the Budapest World Championship and participated in the Tokyo World Championship.<br /> * 2019: Winner of the Walsall Commonwealth Championship; Gold medallist at South Asian Games &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Who is Tulika Maan? All you need to know about the judoka who agonizingly missed out at Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/judo/who-tulika-maan-all-need-know-judoka-agonizingly-missed-asian-games-2023 |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=sportskeeda.com |date=26 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Commonwealth Championship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Who is Tulika Maan, who quit studies to win silver in judo at CWG 2022? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/commonwealth-games-2022-who-is-tulika-maan-who-quit-studies-to-win-silver-in-judo-2492945.html |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=Zee News |date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2022: Silver medallist in Commonwealth Games.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Judo at Asian Games: Tulika Maan loses in bronze medal match |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/judo-at-asian-games-tulika-maan-loses-in-bronze-medal-match/articleshow/103963543.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2023: Bronze medallist at the Asian Open Championship in Taipei.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Sports links}}<br /> * {{The-Sports}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Maan, Tulika}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1998 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female judoka]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female martial artists]]<br /> [[Category:Martial artists from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Judoka at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Olympic judoka for India]]<br /> [[Category:Judoka at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in judo]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games medalists in judo]]<br /> [[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Judoka at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games judoka for India]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-judo-bio-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_siege_of_Anandpur&diff=499185 2026-04-10T21:02:22Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Starting a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1701 battle during the Mughal-Sikh Wars}}<br /> {{About|a siege that took place in the year 1700|other sieges conducted at the same location|Battle of Anandpur (disambiguation){{!}}Battle of Anandpur}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = First Siege of Anandpur<br /> | partof = [[Hill States-Sikh Wars]]<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | date = {{start and end dates|1700|08|29|1700|10|03|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=08|day1=29|year1=1700|month2=10|day2=03|year2=1700}})}}<br /> | place = [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]]<br /> | territory = <br /> | result = Hill Raja victory<br /> | combatant1 = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|35px]] [[Khalsa]] ([[Sikhs]])<br /> | combatant2 = [[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|35px]] Alliance of the [[Hill States of India|Hill States of Sivalik Hills]]{{Efn|Comprises the states: <br /> Jammu, Mandi, Bhutan, Nurpur, Kullu, Keonthal, Guler, Chamba, Srinagar, Hindur, Dadhwal, Jaswan, Bilaspur, Kangra, Bijarwal, Darauil, Sirmur, and six other unknown rajas. Also included local tribesmen and villagers belonging to the Gujar and Ranghar castes.|group=note}} <br /> *[[Gurjar|Gujar]]s <br /> *[[Ranghar]]s<br /> | commander1 = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Guru Gobind Singh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Daya Singh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Dharam Singh]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Bhai Mohkam Singh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Himmat Singh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Sahib Singh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Uday Singh (Sikh warrior)|Bhai Uday Singh]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Bachitter Singh]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Jivan Singh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Johar<br /> | first = Surinder Singh<br /> | title = Holy Sikh shrines<br /> | year = 1998<br /> | publisher = M D Publications <br /> | location = [[New Delhi]]<br /> | isbn = 978-81-7533-073-3<br /> | oclc = 44703461<br /> | page = 46<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | commander2 = [[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|25px]] [[Raja Bhim Chand]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|25px]] Raja Ajmer Chand&lt;br/&gt;General Jagatullah{{KIA}}&lt;br/&gt;Raja Kesari Chand{{KIA}}&lt;br/&gt;Raja Ghumand Chand{{KIA}}&lt;br/&gt;Raja Bhup Chand<br /> | strength1 = 4,000&lt;ref name=Harbans&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n85/mode/1up?q=thousand|title=Banda Singh Bahadur And Sikh Sovereignty|author=Harbans Kaur Sagoo|date=2001|pages=70}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | strength2 = Unknown<br /> | casualties1 = Unknown<br /> | casualties2 = *More than 5000 were killed <br /> *Jagatullah was killed by [[Bhai Sahib Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=48|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=2015-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Kesari Chand was killed by [[Uday Singh (Sikh warrior)|Bhai Uday Singh]].<br /> *Ghumand Chand was killed by [[Bhai Himmat Singh]].<br /> * Intoxicated [[war elephant]] was killed by [[Bhai Bachittar Singh]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}{{Campaignbox Hill States-Sikh Wars}}<br /> <br /> The '''first siege of Anandpur''' was a thirty-five-day-long siege at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] led by the [[Raja]]s of the [[Sivalik Hills]] and the [[Gurjar|Gujar]] and [[Ranghar]] tribesmen against the armies of the Sikh under [[Guru Gobind Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of battles and sieges : a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the twenty-first century|last=Tony.|first=Jaques|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313027994|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=230808376}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S |url=http://archive.org/details/GuruGobindSingh-ABiographicalStudy |title=Guru Gobind Singh - A Biographical Study |pages=131 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bindra |first=Pritpal Singh |title=Guru Kian Sakhian Tales of the Sikh Gurus |pages=142–148}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Prelude==<br /> <br /> The hill Rajas were concerned about Guru [[Gobind Singh]]'s rising power and influence in their region. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] generals had failed to subdue the Guru in the [[Battle of Anandpur (1700)]]. The Rajas appealed to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] to aid them. Raja Bhup Chand of Hundar opposed seeking the aid of the emperor. He insisted the Rajas should be able to win themselves. The Rajas of hill states, [[Jammu]], [[Nurpur State|Nurpur]], [[Mandi State|Mandi]], [[Druk Desi|Bhutan]], [[Kullu]], [[Keonthal]], [[Guler State|Guler]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]], Dadhwal, [[Hindur State|Hindur]], [[Jaswan]], [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur]], [[Kangra State|Kangra]], Bijarwal, Darauli, and [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]], met in council under Ajmer Chand. Ajmer Chand convinced the council to follow him. Ajmer Chand recruited the [[Gurjar|Gujjar]]s and [[Ranghar]]s, both of whom had previous hostilities with the Gurus. They were led by Jagatullah.&lt;ref&gt;Suraj Granth Rut 4 Chapter 11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khalsa3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Amardeep S. Dahiya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA09BAAAQBAJ |title=Founder of the Khalsa |date=2014 | publisher=Hay House |isbn=9789381398616}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ammunition was distributed amongst the Rajas, and they began to march at night.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> They sent a letter to the Guru, asking him to pay the [[arrears]] of rent for Anandpur (which lay in Ajmer Chand's territory) or leave the city. The Guru insisted that the land was bought by his father and was his property.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kartar Singh |first=B. Sc |title=Life of Guru Gobind Singh : a biography |date=1998 |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |isbn=81-7647-007-4 |location=Ludhiana |pages=150 |oclc=137263473}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&amp;dq=battle+of+anandpur+siege&amp;pg=PA823 |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0858-5 |pages=816 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Duni Chand led five hundred men from [[Majha]] region to assist the Guru. Reinforcements from other areas also arrived to help the Guru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sagoo 2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep &amp; Deep Publications|isbn=9788176293006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Battle==<br /> {{See also|Battle of Taragarh}}<br /> <br /> === First day ===<br /> === Day two ===<br /> In the early morning of day two, the Sikhs fired cannons and musket at the camps of the Rajas which forced them to move back.&lt;ref&gt;Suraj Granth Ruth 4 Chapter 17&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Next day, Ajmer Chand launched a fierce attack on Fatehgarh with a do-or-die mentality. Fatehghar was still in construction with one of its walls only being half made. Bhagwan SIngh was one of the commanders of the fort. A five-hour battle ensued where many soldiers on both sides died. Bhagwan Singh died in this battle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi20072&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Surjit Singh Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&amp;q=Taragarh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist. |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |pages=816}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Other attacks ensued all throughout the day. Ajit Singh launched a counterattack in the afternoon. More than 500 Sikhs joined this counterattack. Ajit Singh's horse was killed, but he continued to fight. The troops of the alliance began to retreat, but Raja Kesari Chand managed to rally his troops and they stood their ground. Following this, the alliance of the Rajas, Gujars, and Ranghars decided to wait out the Sikh.&lt;ref&gt;Suraj Granth Ruth 4 Chapter 19&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Day three ===<br /> Fighting resumed as early as dawn in certain places. Ajmer Chand, after the previous day's success, attacked Anandpur. The attack lasted all day and spilled into the next day. This attack was a disaster for Ajmer Chand, but Sikh veteran generals such as Bagh Singh and Gharbar Singh fell in the battle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi20072&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Ajmer Chand decided to call another council of the Rajas. The Raja of Mandi insisted on peace, but his requests were dismissed. It was decided that the Rajas should put their focus on capturing Lohgarh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi20073&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Surjit Singh Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&amp;q=Taragarh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist. |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |pages=817}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi20072&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhGkVkhUuqoC&amp;dq=anandpur+elephant&amp;pg=PA146 |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-8382-075-2 |pages=146 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Siege continued ===<br /> [[File:Bhai Bachitter SinghJi.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A depiction of [[Bhai Bachitter Singh]] killing the drunk elephant set by Mughal forces on the Sikh forces in the battlefield with Nagni Barcha (cobra [[lance]]) given by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. This photo was taken outside the Sikh History Museum on way from Mohali to Sirhind]]<br /> <br /> The Rajas had decided to starve out the Sikhs, but were tired of waiting and planned to execute their elephant plan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; Duni Chand hearing rumors an elephant would attack and hearing Guru Gobind Singh comment that Duni Chand is the elephant of the Sikh army grew wary. At night, Duni Chand and his troops ran away and deserted the Guru. Duni Chand and his troops decided to go to Dhir Mal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The next day, the army commanded by Ajmer Chand positioned themselves outside of Lohgarh. The Rajas had planned to send one intoxicated Prasadi elephant to Lohgarh in hopes it would break the gates of the fort. The entirety of the [[war elephant]] except its tip was covered in steel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi20073&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The elephant was hit, and it went into a rageful fury to Lohgarh. Behind the elephant charged the army of the Hill Rajas. Guru Gobind Singh asked Bhai Bachitar Singh to become his elephant to which he agreed. He was given a nagini [[barcha]] (cobra lance) and took the Gurus blessings. Bachitarr Singh was ready to face the drunken elephant. Next Udai Singh took the blessings of the Guru and was given a sword to kill Kesari Chand. Udai Singh charged and slaughtered his way through the soldiers to get to his target.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi20073&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |title=Holy Sikh shrines |publisher=M D Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7533-073-3 |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=46 |oclc=44703461}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The elephant had made its way to the gates of the fort. It had killed many Sikhs. Bachittar Singh opened the gates of the fort. He raised his lance and pierced the elephant through the armor, wounding it. The elephant turned around and killed many soldiers of the Hill Rajas and was unstoppable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat Lakshman |title=Short Sketch of the Life and Work of Guru Govind Singh, The Tenth and Last Guru |publisher=Laurier Books Ltd. /AES |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-206-0576-3 |page=96 |oclc=55854929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> As this happened, Udai Singh met Kesari Chand. He shouted, &quot;Kesari Chand come and hit&quot;. Kesari Chand hit but missed. Udai Singh chopped Chand's head off. He put the head on a spear and raised it up high as he made his way back to the gates of the fort.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mokham Singh soon after finished the elephant off. Bhai Sahib Singh injured the Raja of Handur and the army of the Raja's retreated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Last attack ===<br /> The Hill Rajas once again held a council and peace was considered, but was not taken.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> On the following day, the troops of Raja Ghumand Chand of Kangra attacked Anandpur. A bloody battle happened. Ghumand Chand's horse was shot by Alam Singh. A melee happened around the Raja. His men managed to keep the Sikh at bay temporarily. The battle lasted till evening, with varying results and resulted in the death of Ghumand Chand at the hands of [[Bhai Himmat Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Prithi_PS_History&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Singh<br /> | first = Prithi Pal<br /> | title = The History of Sikh Gurus<br /> | publisher = Lotus Books<br /> | year = 2007<br /> | isbn = 978-81-8382-075-2<br /> | page = 146<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Final days of the siege ==<br /> Guru Gobind Singh was hesitant to accept the Rajas demands, but the Sikhs insisted on it. After meeting Sikh commanders who proposed leaving, Guru Gobind Singh and the Sikhs left Anandpur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> <br /> The Guru left for Nirmoh village (Nirmohgarh). The deal turned out to truly be a plan to attack the Sikhs and the Guru while they were weak. The Rajas attacked, and the Sikh fought the [[Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Singh<br /> | first = Dalip<br /> | title = Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline<br /> | year = 1992<br /> | publisher = Singh Bros.<br /> | location = [[Amritsar]]<br /> | isbn = 978-81-7205-071-9<br /> | oclc = 28583123<br /> | page = 256<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Anandpur (1701)]]<br /> [[Category:Anandpur Sahib]]<br /> [[Category:1700 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_(2025_film)&diff=545745 2026-04-10T01:25:57Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Created A Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Tamil-language crime thriller family drama film}}<br /> {{More plot|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Will (2025 film).jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = S. Sivaraman<br /> | writer = S. Sivaraman<br /> | producer = S. Sivaraman<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Sonia Agarwal]]<br /> * Alekhya Ramnaidu<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = T. S. Prasanna<br /> | editing = Dinesh G<br /> | music = Saurabh Aggarwal<br /> | studio = Foot Steps Production<br /> | released = {{Film date|2025|10|10|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Will''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film written, directed, and produced by S. Sivaraman under the banner of Foot Steps Production. The film stars [[Sonia Agarwal]] and Alekhya Ramnaidu in the lead roles with [[Vikranth]] in a special appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=Vikranth-Sonia Agarwal's Will gets a first look poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/18/vikranth-sonia-agarwals-will-gets-a-first-look-poster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704172125/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/18/vikranth-sonia-agarwals-will-gets-a-first-look-poster |archive-date=4 July 2025 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> When a new judge is transferred to the [[Madras High Court]], a series of lawyers' requests for preponement or postponement of multiple cases occurs. While one insists that a hearing be scheduled earlier, as it deals with a film's release date, another cites the unavailability of a senior lawyer to push a different case to a later time.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Vikranth]] as Palani Vel Murugan (special appearance)<br /> * [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Judge Thanu Randha<br /> * Alekhya Ramnaidu as Shraddha<br /> * Padam Venu Kumar as Vignesh Reddy<br /> * [[Mohan Raman]] as Mohan<br /> * [[Swaminathan]] as Rangarajan<br /> * [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Velmurugan<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film is written, directed, and produced by S. Sivaraman under his home banner Foot Steps Production. [[Principal photography]] took place in various{{Which|date=November 2025}} locations across Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-05-29 |title=Sonia Aggarwal Interview: Films are now deliberately made to create controversies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/May/29/sonia-aggarwal-interview-films-are-now-deliberately-made-to-create-controversies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704172124/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/May/29/sonia-aggarwal-interview-films-are-now-deliberately-made-to-create-controversies |archive-date=4 July 2025 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's technical team includes T. S. Prasanna as the cinematographer, Dinesh G as the editor, and Saurabh Aggarwal composing the background score and songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-04 |title=Vikranth and Sonia Agarwal's Will is based on true incidents |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/04/vikranth-and-sonia-agarwals-will-is-based-on-true-incidents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704172125/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/04/vikranth-and-sonia-agarwals-will-is-based-on-true-incidents |archive-date=2025-07-04 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Harshini SV of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that &quot;Sivaraman's debut film is full of heart, with a moving portrayal of a woman's life and the choices she makes to protect her family.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SV |first=Harshini |date=Oct 14, 2025 |title=Will Movie Review: This Sincere Legal Drama Meanders At Will |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/will/movie-review/124546216.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330083448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/will/movie-review/124546216.cms |archive-date=30 Mar 2026 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' stated that Sivaraman has written and directed the film in a way that reveals surprising information about the legal matters related to the will.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-13 |title=சோனியா அகர்வால் நடித்த &quot;வில்&quot; படம் எப்படி இருக்கிறது?- விமர்சனம் |trans-title=How is the film ''Will'', starring Sonia Agarwal? — Review |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/how-is-the-movie-will-starring-sonia-agarwal-review-1184608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410005021/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/how-is-the-movie-will-starring-sonia-agarwal-review-1184608 |archive-date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maalai Malar praised the performances of Agarwal and Vikranth, and the cinematography, but was critical of the screenplay for slowing down in the film's latter half.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-10 |title=வில் திரைப்படத்தின் விமர்சனம் |trans-title=Review of the film ''Will'' |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/review-of-the-movie-will-792311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010200836/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/review-of-the-movie-will-792311 |archive-date=2025-10-10 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2020s legal drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about families]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian courtroom films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian legal drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saat_Paake_Bandha_(2010_TV_series)&diff=531520 2026-04-03T10:41:05Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Bengali TV Serial}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = [[Drama]] &lt;br&gt; [[Romance film|Romance]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | developer = <br /> | story = Leena Gangopadhyay<br /> | screenplay = Lovely Mukherjee<br /> | director = Bijoy Maji<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | presenter = <br /> | starring = Oindrila Sen &lt;br&gt; [[Vikram Chatterjee]]<br /> | judges = <br /> | voices = <br /> | narrated = <br /> | theme_music_composer = Debjit<br /> | opentheme = 'Saat Paake Bandha' by [[Monali Thakur]]&lt;br&gt; Emon Chatterjee<br /> | endtheme = <br /> | composer = Prosenjit Mukherjee<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 956<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = Rajiv Mehra &lt;br&gt; Susanta Das<br /> | location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = <br /> | camera = <br /> | runtime = <br /> | company = One Plus One<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2010|7|5}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2013|7|20}}<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | channel = [[Zee Bangla]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Saat Paake Bandha''''' is an [[India]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language television [[soap opera]] that premiered on 5 July 2010, and aired on Bengali [[Zee Bangla]]. The show starred Oindrila Sen and [[Vikram Chatterjee]] in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/team-saat-paake-bandha-enjoys-an-emotional-reunion/articleshow/76811934.cms|title=Team 'Saat Paake Bandha' enjoys an emotional reunion|website= The Times of India|date=6 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/heres-how-co-stars-vikram-chatterjee-and-oindrila-sen-bond-off-screen/articleshow/69768468.cms|title=Here's how co-stars Vikram Chatterjee and Oindrila Sen bond off-screen|website=The Times of India|date=13 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/oiendrila-debuts-in-films/articleshow/56996758.cms|title=Oiendrila debuts in films|website= The Times of India|date=6 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-joins-saat-pake-bandha/articleshow/11376343.cms|title=Dev joins Saat Pake Bandha?|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Cast==<br /> * Oindrila Sen as Dustu &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/role-dustu-zee-banglas-saat-paake-badha-changed-life-oindrila-sen/2020/11/07|title=The role of Dustu from Zee Bangla's Saat Paake Badha changed my life - Oindrila Sen}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Vikram Chatterjee]] (before surgery)/ Vivaan Ghosh (after surgery) as Raja / (fake Rohan) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/oindrilla-and-i-are-like-tom-and-jerry-vikram/articleshow/67671576.cms?_gl=1*1ti73oy*_ga*MjQ2NTY5ODc1LjE2MDc0NDgwNzQ.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcwMTU5MDMyOC4yOC4wLjE3MDE1OTAzMjguNjAuMC4ww|title=Oindrilla and I are like Tom and Jerry: Vikram|website=The Times of India|date=24 January 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Recurring===<br /> * [[Rita Koiral]] as Charu: Shidu's wife; Dipu, Rumi, Munni and Raja's mother<br /> * [[Partha Sarathi Deb]] as Shidu, Dipu, Rumi, Munni and Raja's father<br /> * Baisakhi Marjit as Sudeshna: Abhirup's second wife and Dustu's mother<br /> * [[Santu Mukherjee]] / Rohit Mukherjee as Abhirup: Sudeshna's husband, Aranya and Dustu's father<br /> * Saswati Guha Thakurta as Abhirup's first wife and Aranya's mother<br /> * [[Subhrajit Dutta]] as Aranya: Abhirup's son and Dustu's step-brother <br /> * [[Manasi Sinha]] / Namita Chakraborty as Manu: Dustu's caretaker<br /> * [[Debottam Majumdar]] as Apu: Dustu's former fiancé<br /> * [[Sandip Chakraborty]] as Shidu: Raja's brother<br /> * Lopamudra Sinha as Kakoli: Shidu's wife<br /> * Sahana Sen as Rumi: Raja's sister<br /> * [[Lovely Maitra]] as Munni: Raja's sister<br /> * [[Animesh Bhaduri]] as Dipu: Raja's brother<br /> * Anindita Sarkar / Piyali Basu as Bisaka: Dipu's wife<br /> * Subho Roy Chowdhury / Sudip Sarkar as Shubo: Munni's husband<br /> * Indrakshi Nag as Megha<br /> * Rumki Chatterjee as Megha's mother<br /> * Prantik Banerjee as Anik / Rohan<br /> * [[Moumita Gupta]] as Domoyonti Sen<br /> * [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Domoyonti's husband <br /> * Priya Paul / Sneha Chatterjee as Juiee<br /> * [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] as Bubai<br /> * [[Rupsa Chatterjee]] / [[Sarmistha Acharjee]] as Rupsha<br /> * Chandraneev Mukherjee as Vijeet<br /> * [[Debaparna Chakraborty]] as Tushi<br /> * Manishankar Banerjee as Raja and Apu's maternal uncle<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Zee Bangla}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]<br /> [[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_in_the_ancient_world&diff=533786 2026-03-29T02:37:56Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Created Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Summary style|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> '''Science in the ancient world''' encompasses the earliest [[history of science]] from the [[protoscience]] of [[prehistory]] and [[ancient history]] to [[late antiquity]]. In ancient times, culture and knowledge were passed through [[oral tradition]]. The [[History of writing|development of writing]] further enabled the preservation of knowledge and culture, allowing information to spread accurately. <br /> <br /> The earliest scientific traditions of the ancient world developed in the [[Ancient Near East]], with [[Ancient Egypt]] and [[Babylonia]] in [[Mesopotamia]]. Later traditions of science during [[classical antiquity]] were advanced in ancient [[Ancient Persia|Persia]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], [[Ancient India|India]], [[Ancient China|China]], and [[Mesoamerican chronology|Mesoamerica]]. Aside from [[alchemy]] and [[astrology]] that waned in importance [[Science in the Age of Enlightenment|during the Age of Enlightenment]], civilizations of the ancient world laid the roots of modern sciences.<br /> <br /> ==Ancient Near East and North East Africa==<br /> <br /> ===Mesopotamia===<br /> {{further|Babylonian mathematics|Babylonian medicine}}<br /> &lt;!-- Useful resources from which to draw are http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolumeI/chap8.html (general) and http://www.stormpages.com/swadhwa/hofa/mesopotamia.html (astronomical)--&gt;<br /> [[File:Letter Luenna Louvre AO4238.jpg|thumb|[[Mesopotamian]] clay tablet-letter from 2400 BC, [[Louvre]] (from King of [[Lagash]], found at [[Girsu]])]]<br /> Around 3500 BC, in [[Sumer]] (now [[Iraq]]), the [[Mesopotamia]]n people began preserving some observations of the [[cosmos]] with extremely thorough numerical data. <br /> <br /> ==== Mathematics ====<br /> {{Main|Babylonian mathematics}}<br /> [[Pythagorean theorem]] has demonstrated evidence of ancient writing forms. It was recorded in the 18th century BC on the Mesopotamian [[cuneiform]] tablet known as [[Plimpton 322]]. The columns of numbers in the tablet generates several [[Pythagorean triple|Pythagorean triples]] such as {{math|(3, 4, 5)}} and {{math|(5, 12, 13)}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2001-01-27 |title=Mathematics |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.2307/3981737 |journal=Science News |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=56 |doi=10.2307/3981737 |jstor=3981737|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Astronomy ====<br /> {{Main|Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astrology}}{{More citations needed|section|date=May 2024}}<br /> Babylonian astronomy was &quot;the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1974-05-02 |title=Scientific astronomy in antiquity |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.1974.0007 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |language=en |volume=276 |issue=1257 |pages=21–42 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0007 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...21A |issn=0080-4614 |last1=Aaboe |first1=A. |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the historian [[Asger Aaboe]], &quot;all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the [[Hellenistic astronomy|Hellenistic world]], [[Indian astronomy|in India]], [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|in Islam]], and in [[European science in the Middle Ages#Western Europe|the West]]—if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the [[exact sciences]]—depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A. Aaboe |date=May 2, 1974 |title=Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=276 |issue=1257 |pages=21–42 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...21A |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0007 |jstor=74272 |s2cid=122508567}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Scribe]]s recorded observations of the cosmos such as the motions of the stars, the planets, and the Moon on [[clay tablet]]s. The cuneiform style of writing revealed that astronomers used mathematical calculations to observe the motions of the planets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2016 |title=The World's Oldest Writing |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43825139 |journal=Archaeology |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=26–33 |issn=0003-8113 |jstor=43825139}}&lt;/ref&gt; Astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian scientists remain widely used in Western calendars: the [[Tropical year|solar year]] and the [[lunar month]]. Using data, Mesopotamians developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight during the year, and to predict the [[Lunar phase|Lunar phases]] and planets along with eclipses of the [[Solar eclipse|Sun]] and [[lunar eclipse|Moon]]. <br /> <br /> Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as [[Kidinnu]], a [[Chaldea]]n astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for modern calendars. [[Hipparchus]] used this data to calculate the [[Axial precession|precession]] of the Earth's axis. Fifteen hundred years after Kiddinu, [[Al-Battani]] used the collected data and improved Hipparchus' value for the precession. Al-Batani's value, 54.5 [[arc-seconds]] per year, compares well with the current value of 49.8 arc-seconds per year (26,000 years for Earth's axis to round the circle of [[nutation]]). Astronomy and astrology were considered to be the same thing, as evidenced by the practice of this science{{clarify|date=January 2024}} in Babylonia by priests. Mesopotamian astronomy became more astrology-based later in the civilisation, studying the stars in terms of [[horoscope]]s and [[omen]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Early Astronomy in the University of Michigan Collections {{!}} Babylonian and Greek Astronomy |url=https://early-astronomy.classics.lsa.umich.edu/ancient_intro.php |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=early-astronomy.classics.lsa.umich.edu |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601115941/https://early-astronomy.classics.lsa.umich.edu/ancient_intro.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Archaeology ====<br /> Following the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]], the practice of various sciences continued in post–[[Iron Age]] Mesopotamia. For instance, in the nascent [[history of archaeology]], king [[Nabonidus]] of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] was a pioneer in the [[Post-excavation analysis|analysis of artifacts]]. Foundation deposits of king [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]] of the [[Akkadian Empire]] dated circa 2200{{Nbsp}}BC were discovered and analyzed by Nabonidus around the 550{{Nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;RS&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Silverberg |first1=Robert |title=Great Adventures in Archaeology |date=1997 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=978-0-8032-9247-5 |page=viii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ic2za8bZeYAC&amp;pg=PR8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RLK&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Robert L. |last2=Thomas |first2=David Hurst |title=Archaeology: Down to Earth |date=2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-133-60864-6 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LC0lzyqLi6gC&amp;pg=PA2 |language=en |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222091630/https://books.google.com/books?id=LC0lzyqLi6gC&amp;pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These deposits belonged to the temples of [[Shamash]] the sun god and the warrior goddess [[Annunitum]] in [[Sippar]], and Naram-Sin's temple to the moon god in [[Harran]], which were restored by Nabonidus.&lt;ref name=&quot;RS&quot; /&gt; Nabonidus was the first known figure in history to make an attempt at [[Chronological dating|dating archaeological artifacts]] found at excavated sites,&lt;ref name=&quot;hirst&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hirst|first=K. Kris|title=The History of Archaeology Part 1|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-first-archaeologists-167134|publisher=ThoughtCo.com|access-date=April 5, 2014|archive-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119023505/http://archaeology.about.com/cs/educationalresour/a/history1.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; though his estimates were inaccurate by hundreds of years.&lt;ref name=&quot;RS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hirst&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RLK&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Egypt===<br /> {{Main|Ancient Egyptian technology}}<br /> {{Further|Egyptian astronomy}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Megaliths Aswan Nubia museum.JPG|left|thumb|Megaliths from [[Nabta Playa]], constructed by Neolithic populations,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24409-9 |page=107 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; located in [[Aswan]], [[Upper Egypt]]. Excavations of the megalith structures were completed in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General history of Africa, IX: General history of Africa revisited |pages=469, 705–722|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&amp;queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Neolithic inhabitants constructed [[Nabta Playa]] megalithic structures, in [[Aswan]] located in [[Upper Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24410-5 |pages=107-110 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ancient_Africa/S5KjEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=christopher+ehret+nabta+playa&amp;printsec=frontcover |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These structures served to coordinate astronomical observations, religious practices and alignment with solar patterns and annual flooding cycles. These practices have been linked with the emergence of [[cosmology]] in Old Kingdom Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24410-5 |pages=107-110 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ancient_Africa/S5KjEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=christopher+ehret+nabta+playa&amp;printsec=frontcover |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Archaeological evidence has suggested that the Ancient Egyptian counting system had origins in Sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Eglash |first1=Ron |title=African fractals : modern computing and indigenous design |date=1999 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=0813526140 |pages=89,141}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also, fractal geometry designs which are widespread among Sub-Saharan African cultures are also found in Egyptian architecture and cosmological signs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eglash, R. |title=Fractal Geometry in African Material Culture |journal=Symmetry: Culture and Science |date=1995 |volume=6-1 |pages=174–177}}&lt;/ref&gt;The Ishango bone, according to scholar [[Alexander Marshack]], may have influenced the later development of mathematics in Egypt as, like some entries on the Ishango bone, Egyptian arithmetic also made use of multiplication by 2; this however, is disputed.&lt;ref&gt;Marshack, A. (1972). ''The Roots of Civilization: the Cognitive Beginning of Man's First Art, Symbol and Notation''. New York: McGraw-Hill.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Significant advances in [[ancient Egypt]] included astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Egypt was also a centre of [[Alchemy#Hellenistic Egypt|alchemical]] research for much of the Western world.<br /> <br /> ==== Architecture, engineering, and mathematics ====<br /> {{Main|Ancient Egyptian architecture|Ancient Egyptian agriculture|Ancient Egyptian mathematics}}<br /> Ancient Egyptian [[geometry]] was a necessary outgrowth of [[surveying]] to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the [[Nile]]. The [[Pythagorean triple|3–4–5 right triangle]] and other rules of thumb served to represent rectilinear structures, including [[Ancient Egyptian architecture|architecture]] such as [[post and lintel]] structures.<br /> <br /> ==== Writing ====<br /> {{Main|Egyptian hieroglyphs}}<br /> <br /> [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] served as the basis for the [[Proto-Sinaitic script]], the ancestor of the [[Phoenician alphabet]] from which the later [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], [[Greek alphabet|Greek]], [[Latin alphabet|Latin]], [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] alphabets were derived. The city of [[Alexandria]] retained preeminence with [[Library of Alexandria|its library]], which was damaged by fire when it fell under Roman rule,&lt;ref name=&quot;Plutarch&quot;&gt;[[Plutarch]], ''Life of Caesar'' 49.3.&lt;/ref&gt; being destroyed before 642.&lt;ref&gt;[[Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)|Abd-el-latif]] (1203): &quot;the library which [[Amr ibn al-A'as|'Amr ibn al-'As]] burnt with the permission of '[[Umar]].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Europe: A History'', p 139. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1996. {{ISBN|0-19-820171-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; With it, a large amount of antique literature and knowledge was lost.<br /> <br /> ==== Medicine ====<br /> {{Main|Ancient Egyptian medicine}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Papyrus Migraine Therapy.png|thumb|An Egyptian practice of treating [[migraine]] in ancient Egypt]]<br /> The [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern [[neuroscience]]. However, while ancient Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology was largely ineffective.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |editor-last=Whitelaw |editor-first=W. A. |title=Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days |url=http://www.hom.ucalgary.ca/Dayspapers2001.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407062556/http://www.hom.ucalgary.ca/Dayspapers2001.pdf |archive-date=April 7, 2008 |publisher=The University of Calgary}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, it applies the following components: examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, to the treatment of disease,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Edwin Smith papyrus |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edwin-Smith-papyrus |access-date=2024-05-03 |date=2016-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; which display strong parallels to the basic [[empirical method]] of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd&lt;ref&gt;Lloyd, G. E. R. &quot;The development of empirical research&quot;, in his ''Magic, Reason and Experience: Studies in the Origin and Development of Greek Science''.&lt;/ref&gt; played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The [[Ebers papyrus]] (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional [[empiricism]].<br /> <br /> According to a paper published by Michael D. Parkins, 72% of 260 medical prescriptions in the Hearst Papyrus had no curative elements.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=Med student paper; unclear peer review process|date=May 2024}} According to Parkins, sewage pharmacology first began in ancient Egypt and was continued through the Middle Ages. Practices such as applying cow dung to wounds, ear piercing and tattooing, and chronic ear infections were important factors in developing tetanus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Tetanus | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/tetanus.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306134607/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/tetanus.pdf | archive-date=2008-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frank J. Snoek wrote that Egyptian medicine used fly specks, lizard blood, swine teeth, and other such remedies which he believes could have been harmful.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Snoek |first=F. J. |date=1 August 2001 |title=The Mind Matters |journal=Diabetes Spectrum |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=116–117 |doi=10.2337/diaspect.14.3.116 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=Editorial; passing mention; unclear peer review process|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Ancient Nubia===<br /> <br /> ====Medicine====<br /> Nubian [[mummies]] studied in the 1990s revealed that Kush was a pioneer of [[History of antibiotics|early antibiotics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Armelagos, George |date=2000 |title=Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years: Use of Tetracycline by Nubians and Ancient Egyptians |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/482bd90a-de71-49b3-9bbc-d8ff0ab974b3 |journal=Natural History |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=50–3 |s2cid=89542474}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Tetracycline]] was being used by Nubians, based on bone remains between 350 AD and 550 AD. The antibiotic was in wide commercial use only in the mid 20th century. The theory states that earthen jars containing grain used for making beer contained the bacterium [[streptomyces]], which produced tetracycline. Although Nubians were not aware of tetracycline, they could have noticed that people fared better by drinking beer than just consuming the grain itself. According to Charlie Bamforth, a professor of biochemistry and brewing science at the University of California, Davis, &quot;They must have consumed it because it was rather tastier than the grain from which it was derived.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roach |first=John |date=17 May 2005 |title=Antibiotic Beer Gave Ancient Africans Health Buzz |journal=National Geographic |url=http://www.houblon.net/spip.php?article2100 |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207142106/http://www.houblon.net/spip.php?article2100 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mathematics ===<br /> Based on engraved plans of Meroitic King [[Amanikhabali]]'s pyramids, Nubians had a sophisticated understanding of mathematics as they appreciated the harmonic ratio. The engraved plans are indicative of much to be revealed about Nubian mathematics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bianchi |first=Robert Steven |date=2004 |title=Daily Life of the Nubians |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32501-4|p=230}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Nubia|ancient Nubians]] also established a system of geometry which they used in creating early versions of [[sun clock]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Gnomons at Meroë and Early Trigonometry|first=Leo|last=Depuydt|date=1 January 1998|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume=84|pages=171–180|doi=10.2307/3822211|jstor=3822211}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html|title=Neolithic Skywatchers|date=27 May 1998|first=Andrew|last=Slayman|website=Archaeology Magazine Archive|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234044/http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/nubia.html|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Meroitic period in Nubian history, the Nubians used a trigonometric methodology similar to the Egyptians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&amp;q=nubia&amp;pg=PA744|title=A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy|last=Neugebauer|first=O.|date=2004-09-17|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-06995-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Persia===<br /> {{main|Science and technology in Iran}}<br /> {{Further|Science in the medieval Islamic world|Persian astronomy|Ancient Iranian medicine}}[[File:Nersi&amp;Anahita.jpg|thumb|Scholar Nersi with [[Anahita]] in Persia]]<br /> In the [[Sasanian Empire]], great attention was given to mathematics and astronomy. The [[Academy of Gondishapur]] is a prominent example in this regard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Harold Walter |title=The Cambridge history of Iran |last2=Gray |first2=Basil |last3=Frye |first3=Richard Nelson |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge university press |others=University of Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-20093-6 |volume=4 |location=Cambridge, New York; Melbourne |pages=396}}&lt;/ref&gt; Astronomical tables date to this period, and Sassanid observatories were later imitated by [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|Muslim astronomers]] and astrologers of the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. In the mid-Sassanid era, an influx of knowledge came to Persia from the West in the form of views and traditions of Greece which, following the spread of Christianity, accompanied [[Syriac language]]. In the [[Early Middle Ages]], Persia became a stronghold of Islamic science. After the establishment of [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] states, many Iranian scholars were sent to the capitals of these Islamic dynasties.<br /> <br /> ==Greco-Roman world==<br /> {{main|Science in classical antiquity}}The legacy of [[classical antiquity]] included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy. Scholars advanced their awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes.&lt;ref&gt;[[G. E. R. Lloyd]], ''Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle'', (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), pp. 144-6.&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Hellenistic period]], scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research.&lt;ref&gt;Lloyd (1973), p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Scientific practices ===<br /> {{Unsourced section|date=May 2024}}[[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|[[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] (''[[The School of Athens]]'', 1511)]]In classical antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at practical goals, such as calendar-making and medicine, and in abstract investigations known as [[natural philosophy]]. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as &quot;natural philosophers&quot;, as practitioners of a skilled profession, or as followers of a religious tradition.<br /> <br /> Scientific thought in classical antiquity became tangible beginning in the 6th century{{Nbsp}}BC in the [[pre-Socratic philosophy]] of [[Thales of Miletus|Thales]] and [[Pythagoras]]. Thales, the &quot;father of science&quot;, was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena such as [[lightning]] and [[earthquake]]. Pythagoras founded the [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean school]], which investigated mathematics and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Thales/#:~:text=Thales%20discovered%20how%20to%20obtain,shadow%20are%20equal%20in%20length.&amp;text=Thales%20is%20said%20to%20have,Greeks%20the%20science%20of%20geometry. | title=Thales of Miletus - Biography }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In about 385{{Nbsp}}BC, [[Plato]] founded the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]]. [[Aristotle]], Plato's student, began the &quot;scientific revolution&quot; of the Hellenistic period culminating in the 3rd and 2nd centuries with scholars such as [[Eratosthenes]], [[Euclid]], [[Aristarchus of Samos]], [[Hipparchus]], and [[Archimedes]]. Plato and Aristotle's development of [[deductive reasoning]] was particularly useful to later scientific inquiry.<br /> <br /> === Architecture and engineering ===<br /> {{Further<br /> |topic = Ancient Greece<br /> |1 = Ancient Greek architecture<br /> |l1 = Architecture<br /> |2 = Ancient Greek technology<br /> |l2 = Technology<br /> }}<br /> {{Further<br /> |topic = Ancient Rome<br /> |1 = Ancient Roman architecture<br /> |l1 = Architecture<br /> |2 = Ancient Roman technology<br /> |l2 = Technology<br /> |3 = Ancient Roman engineering<br /> |l3 = Engineering}}<br /> {{Empty section|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Astronomy ===<br /> {{Main|Ancient Greek astronomy}}<br /> [[File:Antikythera mechanism.svg|thumb|Schematics of the [[Antikythera mechanism]]]]<br /> <br /> The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is shown by the [[Antikythera mechanism]]. The astronomer [[Aristarchus of Samos]] was the first known person to propose a [[heliocentric model]] of the [[Solar System]], while the geographer [[Eratosthenes]] accurately calculated the [[circumference of the Earth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;russo273277&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Russo |first=Lucio |title=The Forgotten Revolution |date=2004 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |pages=273–277 |author-link=Lucio Russo}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hipparchus]] produced the first systematic [[star catalogue]].<br /> <br /> === Mathematics ===<br /> {{Main|Greek mathematics|Ancient Roman mathematics}}<br /> <br /> The mathematician [[Euclid]] laid down the foundations of [[mathematical rigour]] and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyer Influence of the Elements&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Boyer |first=Carl B. |author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye |title=A History of Mathematics |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=1991 |isbn=0-471-54397-7 |edition=Second |chapter=Euclid of Alexandria |quote=The ''Elements'' of Euclid not only was the earliest major Greek mathematical work to come down to us, but also the most influential textbook of all times. [...] The first printed versions of the ''Elements'' appeared at Venice in 1482, one of the very earliest of mathematical books to be set in type; it has been estimated that since then at least a thousand editions have been published. Perhaps no book other than the Bible can boast so many editions, and certainly no mathematical work has had an influence comparable with that of Euclid's ''Elements''. |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Archimedes]] is credited with using the [[method of exhaustion]] to calculate the area under the arc of a [[parabola]] with the [[Series (mathematics)|summation of an infinite series]], and gave a remarkably accurate [[Approximations of π|approximation of pi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor, J.J. |last2=Robertson, E.F. |date=February 1996 |title=A history of calculus |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_rise_of_calculus.html |access-date=2007-08-07 |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also known in [[physics]] for his studies on [[hydrostatics]] and the principle of the [[lever]].<br /> <br /> === Medicine ===<br /> {{Main|Ancient Greek medicine|Medicine in ancient Rome}}<br /> In medicine, [[Herophilos]] was the first to base his conclusions on the dissection of the human body and to describe the [[nervous system]]. [[Hippocrates]] and his followers were the first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. [[Galen]] performed many audacious operations—including brain and eye surgeries—that were not tried again for more than a millennia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vesalius1543&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=[[Andreas Vesalius]] |url=http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/ |title=De humani corporis Fabrica, Libri VII |publisher=[[Johannes Oporinus]] |year=1543 |location=[[Basel]], [[Switzerland]] |language=la |access-date=7 August 2010 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/6321/20160901184031/http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/ |archive-date=1 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mineralogy ===<br /> {{Importance section|date=October 2024}}[[File:Pliny the Elder.png|thumb|[[Pliny the Elder]]: an imaginative 19th-century portrait]][[Theophrastus]] wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as [[hardness]]. [[Pliny the Elder]] produced the encyclopedia ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural HIstory]]'' in 77{{Nbsp}}AD. He accurately describes the [[octahedral]] shape of the [[diamond]]. His recognition of the importance of [[crystal]] shape is a precursor to modern [[crystallography]], while mentioning numerous other minerals presages [[mineralogy]]. He also recognises that other minerals have characteristic crystal shapes, but in one example, confuses the [[crystal habit]] with the work of [[Lapidary|lapidaries]]. He was also the first to recognise that [[amber]] was a fossilized resin from pine trees because he had seen samples with trapped insects within them.<br /> ==Indian subcontinent==<br /> {{main|Science and technology in ancient India|History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent}}<br /> [[File:Iron Pillar, Delhi, May 2008.jpg|thumb|175px|Ancient India was an early leader in [[metallurgy]], as evidenced by the [[wrought iron]] [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Pillar of Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://home.iitk.ac.in/%7Ebala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_17.pdf ''On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar''], R. Balasubramaniam, Corrosion Science, Volume 42 (2000) pp. 2103–2129.&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> === Mathematics and engineering ===<br /> {{Main|Indian mathematics}}<br /> Excavations at [[Harappa]], [[Mohenjo-daro]] and other sites of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (IVC) have uncovered evidence of the use of &quot;practical mathematics&quot;. The people of the IVC manufactured bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favourable for the stability of a brick structure. They used a standardised system of weights based on set ratios, with the unit weight equaling approximately {{Convert|28|g|oz|sigfig=1}}. They mass-produced weights in regular geometrical shapes, which included [[hexahedron|hexahedra]], [[barrel]]s, [[Cone|cones]], and [[Cylinder|cylinders]], thereby demonstrating knowledge of basic geometry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sergent |first=Bernard |title=Genèse de l'Inde |publisher=Payot |year=1997 |isbn=978-2-228-89116-5 |location=Paris |pages=113 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inhabitants of the IVC also tried to standardise the measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed the Mohenjo-Daro ruler, whose unit of length ({{Convert|34|mm|in}}) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-Daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Coppa |first=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2006-04-06 |title=Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7085 |pages=755–6 |bibcode=2006Natur.440..755C |doi=10.1038/440755a |pmid=16598247 |s2cid=6787162}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bisht |first=R. S. |title=Harappan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |publisher=Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. |year=1982 |editor-last=Possehl, Gregory L. |location=New Delhi |pages=113–124 |chapter=Excavations at Banawali: 1974-77}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The main authors of classical Indian mathematics (400{{Nbsp}}AD to 1200{{Nbsp}}AD) were scholars like [[Mahāvīra (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]], [[Aryabhata]], [[Brahmagupta]], and [[Bhāskara II]]. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the [[Decimal|decimal system]], [[0|zero]], [[Negative number|negative numbers]], [[arithmetic]], and [[algebra]]. [[Trigonometry]], having been introduced to ancient India through Greek works, was further advanced in India. The modern definitions of [[sine and cosine]] were developed in India. <br /> <br /> The [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] was developed in ancient India and spread to the later [[Islamic world]] to [[Al-Andalus]] where it was adopted (without the zero) by the French monk Gerbert of Aurillac, who would become [[Pope Sylvester II]]. Sylvester spread its usage throughout medieval Europe in the 11th century with the reintroduction of the Greco-Roman [[abacus]] calculating tool.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Seife |first=Charles |title=Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea |title-link=Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea |page=77 |year=2000 |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Books |bibcode=2000zbdi.book.....S |isbn=978-0-670-88457-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Bakhshali manuscript]] features negative numbers; it was compiled at an uncertain date between 200 AD and as late as 600 AD,&lt;ref&gt;[[Teresi, Dick]]. (2002). ''Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science–from the Babylonians to the Mayas''. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 65–66. {{ISBN|0-684-83718-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; after which they were used with certainty by Indian mathematician [[Brahmagupta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;needham volume 3 p 90&quot;&gt;Needham, Joseph. (1986). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, p. 90. {{ISBN|0-521-05801-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Medicine ===<br /> {{Main|Ayurveda|Siddha medicine}}<br /> [[Mehrgarh]], a [[Neolithic]] IVC site, provides the earliest known evidence for ''[[in vivo]]'' drilling of human teeth, with recovered samples dated to 7000–5500 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Coppa |first=A. |display-authors=etal |date=6 April 2006 |title=Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7085 |pages=755–6 |bibcode=2006Natur.440..755C |doi=10.1038/440755a |pmid=16598247 |s2cid=6787162}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ayurveda]] medicine traces its origins to the [[Atharvaveda]] and is connected to [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;Indian medicine has a long history. Its earliest concepts are set out in the sacred writings called the [[Veda|Vedas]], especially in the metrical passages of the [[Atharvaveda]], which may date as far back as the 2nd millennium BCE. According to a later writer, the system of medicine called Āyurveda was received by a certain [[Dhanvantari]] from [[Brahma]], and Dhanvantari was deified as the god of medicine. In later times, his status was gradually reduced until he was credited with having been an earthly king who died of snakebite. — Underwood &amp; Rhodes (2008)&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' of [[Sushruta]] appeared during the first millennium{{Nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dwivedi&amp;Dwivedi07&quot;&gt;Dwivedi &amp; Dwivedi (2007){{full citation needed|date=December 2021}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayurvedic practice was flourishing during the time of [[the Buddha]] (around 520{{Nbsp}}BC), and in this period ayurvedic practitioners were commonly using [[mercuric]]–[[Sulfur|sulphur]] medicines. An important ayurvedic practitioner of this period was [[Nagarjuna]]. During the regime of [[Chandragupta II]] (375–415 AD), ayurveda was part of mainstream Indian medical techniques, and continued to be so until the [[Colonial India|Colonial period]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Astronomy ===<br /> {{Main|Indian astronomy|Hindu astrology}}<br /> <br /> Early astronomy in India, as in other cultures, was intertwined with religion.The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the [[Vedas]]. According to Sarma, &quot;One finds in the [[Rigveda]] intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Weather forecast and conditions for Frankendael, North Holland, Netherlands - The Weather Channel {{!}} weather.com | url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/space/news/2020-10-05-world-space-week-ancient-astronomy-in-vedic-post-vedic-literature | access-date=2025-06-28 | website=weather.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Classical Indian astronomy documented in literature spans the [[Maurya Empire]] (with the ''[[Vedanga Jyotisha]]'') to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (with the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala school]]). Classical Indian astronomy can be said to begin in the 5th century. [[Aryabhata]] produced the ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' and the lost ''Arya-siddhānta'', and [[Varāhamihira]] wrote the ''[[Pancha-siddhantika]]''. Indian astronomy and astrology are based upon [[sidereal astrology|sidereal]] calculations, though a [[Tropical astrology|tropical]] system was also used in a few cases.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Alchemy ===<br /> {{Main|Rasayana}}<br /> {{see also|History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent}}<br /> Alchemy was popular in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/alchemy/Indian-alchemy | title=Alchemy - Indian, Chemistry, Philosophies &amp;#124; Britannica }}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian alchemist and philosopher [[Kaṇāda]] introduced the concept of ''anu'', which he defined as matter which could not be subdivided. This is analogous to the concept of the [[atom]] in modern science.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bal Ram |title=Contemporary Views on Indian Civilization |date=2003 |publisher=World Association for Vedic Studies |isbn=978-0-9666386-1-5 |pages=388–399 |chapter=Use of Chemistry to Understand Vedic Knowledge |chapter-url=https://www.umassd.edu/media/umassdartmouth/center-for-indic-studies/workshop2009_speakerbrs2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Linguistics ===<br /> {{Main|History of linguistics#India}}<br /> [[Linguistics]] (along with [[phonology]] and [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]) first arose among Indian grammarians studying [[Sanskrit]]. [[Hemachandra]] wrote [[Formal grammar|grammars]] of Sanskrit and [[Prakrit]]. His ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana'' included six Prakrit languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313378 | title=Shri Siddha Hemachandra Shabdanushashanam (Sanskrit Grammar) | date=1934 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He produced the only known grammar of [[Apabhraṃśa]], illustrating it with the folk literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |editor-last=Datta |editor-first=Amaresh |pages=15–16 |chapter=Aacharya Hemachandra Suri |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;pg=PA15}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pāṇini]]'s Sanskrit grammar contains a particularly detailed description of Sanskrit morphology, phonology, and roots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cardona |first=George |title=Pāṇini: a survey of research |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1494-3 |edition=Reprint d. Aufl. 1976 |location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==China and East Asia==<br /> {{main|History of science and technology in China}}<br /> {{Further<br /> |topic=science and technology<br /> |1=List of inventions and discoveries of Neolithic China<br /> |l1=Neolithic<br /> |2=Science and technology of the Han dynasty<br /> |l2=Han dynasty<br /> |3=Science and technology of the Tang dynasty<br /> |l3=Tang dynasty<br /> |4=Science and technology of the Tang dynasty<br /> |l4=Song dynasty<br /> |5=Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty<br /> |l5=Yuan dynasty}}<br /> {{History of science and technology in China}}<br /> <br /> === Inventions ===<br /> {{Main|List of Chinese inventions|Four Great Inventions}}<br /> {{See also|List of Chinese discoveries}}<br /> <br /> In his ''[[Science and Civilisation in China]]'', [[Joseph Needham]] outlined China's &quot;Four Great Inventions&quot; ([[papermaking]], [[compass]], [[printing]], and [[gunpowder]]). Needham highlighted the [[Han dynasty]] in particular as one of the most pivotal eras for Chinese sciences, noting the period's significant advancements in astronomy and calendar-making, the systematic documentation of living organisms in early forms of botany and zoology, and the [[philosophical skepticism]] and [[rationalism]] of the age embodied in works such as the ''[[Lunheng]]'' by [[Wang Chong]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]]. (1972). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations''. London: Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, p. 111. {{ISBN|0-521-05799-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Concurring with Needham, professors [[Jin Guantao]], Fan Hongye, and Liu Qingfeng emphasize the Han dynasty as a unique period for Chinese scientific advancements comparable to the medieval [[Song dynasty]]. They also write that the protoscientific ideas of [[Mohism]] developed during the [[Warring States period]] could have provided a definitive structure for Chinese science, but was hindered by [[Chinese theology]] and dynastic royal promotion of [[Confucianism]] and its literary classics.&lt;ref&gt;Jin, Guantao, Fan Hongye, and Liu Qingfeng. (1996). &quot;Historical Changes in the Structure of Science and Technology (Part Two, a Commentary)&quot; in ''Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology'', 165–184, edited by Fan Dainian and Robert S. Cohen, translated by Kathleen Dugan and Jiang Mingshan. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 178–179. {{ISBN|0-7923-3463-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Needham and other [[Sinology|sinologists]] indicate that cultural factors prevented Chinese achievements from developing into what might be considered modern science, as the religious and philosophical framework of Chinese intellectuals hampered their efforts to rationalize the laws of nature.<br /> <br /> === Engineering ===<br /> {{See also|Chinese architecture}}<br /> Greek astronomer [[Eratosthenes]] is the first known inventor of the [[armillary sphere]] in 255{{Nbsp}}BC. It is uncertain when the armillary sphere first appeared in China, though the Western Han astronomer Geng Shouchang was the first in China to add an [[equatorial ring]] to its design in 52{{Nbsp}}BC, with [[Jia Kui (scholar)|Jia Kui]] adding an ecliptic ring in 84{{Nbsp}}AD, followed by [[Zhang Heng]] adding the [[Astronomical rings|horizon and meridian rings]].&lt;ref&gt;Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., p. 343; {{Cite book |last=de&amp;nbsp;Crespigny |first=R. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220&amp;nbsp;CE) |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |year=2007 |page=1050 |isbn=978-90-04-15605-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Works by Zhang Heng were highly influential throughout later Chinese history. As a [[horologist]], Zhang demonstrated the movement of recorded stars and planets by being the first to apply the [[hydropower]] of [[Water wheel|water wheels]] and [[water clock]] timer for [[Power (physics)|automatically rotating]] the assembled rings of his [[armillary sphere]],&lt;ref&gt;Morton, W. Scott and Lewis, Charlton M. (2005). ''China: Its History and Culture''. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., p. 70; Loewe, Michael. (1968). ''Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC-AD 220''. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, p. 107.&lt;/ref&gt; a model that would directly inspire the liquid [[escapement]] in [[astronomical clock]]works pioneered in the [[Tang dynasty]] by [[Yi Xing]] and used by [[Song dynasty]] scientist [[Su Song]] in building his [[chain drive]] and water-driven astronomical [[clock tower]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., pp. 30, 466, 532.&lt;/ref&gt; Zhang was not the first in China to utilize the motive power of waterwheels, since they were used in [[ferrous metallurgy]] by [[Du Shi]] to operate the [[bellows]] of a [[blast furnace]] to make [[pig iron]], and the [[cupola furnace]] to make [[cast iron]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., p. 370; Wagner, Donald B. (2001). ''The State and the Iron Industry in Han China''. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing; pp. 75–76. {{ISBN|87-87062-83-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Zhang invented a [[seismometer]] device with an [[inverted pendulum]] that detected the [[cardinal direction]] of [[Seismology|distant earthquakes]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., p. 30; Huang, Ray (1997). ''China: A Macro History''. Revised edition. New York: An East Gate Book, M. E. SHARPE Inc., p. 64. {{ISBN|9781563247316}}; Wright, David Curtis (2001) ''The History of China''. Westport: Greenwood Press, p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear if Zhang invented or simply improved the designs of the [[odometer]] cart for measuring traveled distances and the non-magnetic [[south-pointing chariot]] that used [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential gears]] to constantly point southward [[History of navigation|for navigation]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Yan |first=Hong-sen |title=Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-6459-3 |series=History of Mechanism and Machine Science |volume=3 |page=128 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6460-9}}; [[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., pp. 40, 281–283; Balchin, Jon. (2003). ''Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the World''. New York: Enchanted Lion Books, p. 27. {{ISBN|1-59270-017-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; though [[Three Kingdoms]] era engineer [[Ma Jun (mechanical engineer)|Ma Jun]] created a successful model of the chariot.&lt;ref&gt;[[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110{{Nbsp}}BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century{{Nbsp}}BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century{{Nbsp}}AD).&lt;ref&gt;[[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]] (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reprinted: Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., pp. 281–283&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Cartography ===<br /> {{Main|Cartography of China}}<br /> [[File:Western Han Mawangdui Silk Map.JPG|thumb|An early [[Western Han]] (202 BC – AD 9) [[Mawangdui silk texts|silk]] [[History of cartography|map]] found in tomb 3 of [[Mawangdui]], depicting the Kingdom of [[Changsha Kingdom|Changsha]] and Kingdom of [[Nanyue]] in [[southern China]] (note: the south direction is oriented at the top)]]<br /> In cartography, [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] maps dating to the 4th century{{Nbsp}}BC have been discovered and the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)#Western Jin (266–316)|Western Jin dynasty]] official [[Pei Xiu]] is the first known Chinese cartographer to have used a geometric [[grid reference]] that allowed for measurements on a [[Scale (map)|graduated scale]] and for [[Topography|topographical]] [[elevation]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/03085699308592766|title=The Qin maps: A clue to later Chinese cartographic development|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=45|pages=90, 97|year=1993|last1=Hsu|first1=Mei-Ling}}&lt;/ref&gt; though this might have been based on a rectangular grid system in maps made by Zhang Heng that are now lost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0305741000011346|title=Chinese Maps: An Exhibition at the British Library|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=58|page=359|year=1974|last1=Nelson|first1=Howard|s2cid=154338508 }}; [[Rafe de Crespigny|de Crespigny, Rafe]]. (2007). ''A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)''. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 1050. {{ISBN|90-04-15605-4}}; Needham, Joseph. (1986). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, pp. 106–107, 538–540. {{ISBN|0-521-05801-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mathematics ===<br /> {{Main|Chinese mathematics}}<br /> In regards to mathematics, ''[[The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art]]'', compiled in its entirety by 179 AD during the Eastern Han, is perhaps also the first text to utilize [[Negative number|negative numbers]]. These were symbolized by [[counting rods]] in a slanted position, while red rods symbolizing negative numbers versus black rods that symbolize [[positive numbers]] may date back to the Western Han period.&lt;ref&gt;Needham, Joseph. (1986). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, pp. 89–91. {{ISBN|0-521-05801-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Zhang Heng approximated [[pi]] as 3.162 using the [[square root]] of 10 (with an 8:5 ratio of the volume of a cube to an inscribed sphere),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Yan |first=Hong-sen |title=Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-6459-3 |series=History of Mechanism and Machine Science |volume=3 |page=128 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6460-9}}; {{cite book |last1=Berggren |first1=Lennart |title=Pi: A Source Book |last2=Borwein |first2=Jonathan |last3=Borwein |first3=Peter |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4419-1915-1 |page=27 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-4217-6}}; [[Rafe de Crespigny|de Crespigny, Rafe]]. (2007). ''A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)''. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 1050. {{ISBN|90-04-15605-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; though this was less accurate than the earlier [[Liu Xin (scholar)|Liu Xin]] who calculated it as 3.154 using an unknown method.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Arndt |first1=Jörg |title=Pi — Unleashed |last2=Haenel |first2=Christoph |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=2001 |isbn=978-3-540-66572-4 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=177–176 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-56735-3 |s2cid=46515097}}; Needham, Joseph. (1986). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, pp. 99–100. {{ISBN|0-521-05801-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Zhang's calculation was improved upon by Three Kingdoms–era mathematician Liu Heng in his 263 AD commentary on ''[[The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art]]'', providing a [[Liu Hui's π algorithm|pi algorithm]] with a value of 3.14159,&lt;ref&gt;Needham, Joseph. (1986). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, pp. 100–101. {{ISBN|0-521-05801-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]] and [[Southern Qi]]–era mathematician [[Zu Chongzhi]] reached a [[Milü|value of 3.141592]], the most accurate figure Chinese would achieve before exposure to Western mathematics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Berggren |first1=Lennart |title=Pi: A Source Book |last2=Borwein |first2=Jonathan |last3=Borwein |first3=Peter |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4419-1915-1 |pages=20, 24–26 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-4217-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> === Astronomy ===<br /> {{Main|Chinese astronomy|Chinese calendar}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Lacquered Wood Suitcase, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (10167825784).jpg<br /> | width1 = 150<br /> | image2 = Constellations on the Suitcase Lid (10167849164).jpg<br /> | width2 = 150<br /> | footer = A [[lacquerware|lacquered]] wooden suitcase from the [[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]], dated to [[Chinese calendar|the first]] [[lunar month]] of 433 BC, decorated with a [[Chinese star map|star map]] depicting the [[twenty-eight mansions]] among [[Chinese constellations|constellations]] in [[Chinese astronomy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sun and kistemaker 1997 pp 16–19&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}Early Chinese astronomy provides an example of the exhaustive documentation of the natural world and observable universe that often preoccupied [[Scholar-official|Chinese scholars]]. Chinese star names are mentioned in [[oracle bone inscriptions]] of the [[Shang dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Sun |first1=X. |title=The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society |page=16 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |bibcode=1997csdh.book.....S |isbn=90-04-10737-1 |last2=Kistemaker |first2=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lists of stars along the [[ecliptic]] in the Chinese [[Twenty-Eight Mansions]] were provided on [[lacquerware]] of the 433{{Nbsp}}BC [[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]] and in the ''[[Lüshi Chunqiu]]'' encyclopedia of [[Qin (state)|Qin]] statesman [[Lü Buwei]], but it was not until the Han dynasty that full [[star catalogue]]s were published that listed all stars in the observable celestial sphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun and kistemaker 1997 pp 16–19&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Sun |first1=X. |title=The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society |pages=16–19 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |bibcode=1997csdh.book.....S |isbn=90-04-10737-1 |last2=Kistemaker |first2=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mawangdui Silk Texts]], interred within a [[Western Han]] tomb in 168{{Nbsp}}BC, provide writings and ink illustrations of [[Chinese star maps]] showing [[Chinese constellations]] as well as [[comet]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Loewe, Michael. (1994). ''Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China''. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, p. 61. {{ISBN|0-521-45466-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Warring States–era astronomers [[Shi Shen]] and [[Gan De]] are traditionally thought to have published star catalogues in the 4th century BC,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Cullen |first=C. |title=Joseph Needham on Chinese Astronomy |journal=[[Past &amp; Present (journal)|Past &amp; Present]] |issue=87 |pages=46ff |year=1980 |doi=10.1093/past/87.1.39}}&lt;/ref&gt; but it was the star catalogue of [[Sima Qian]] (145–86 BC) in his &quot;Book of Celestial Offices&quot; ({{Lang|zh|天官書}}; {{Lang|zh-Latn|Tianguan shu}}) in the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' that provided the model for all later Chinese star catalogues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Sun |first1=X. |title=The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society |pages=18–22 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |bibcode=1997csdh.book.....S |isbn=90-04-10737-1 |last2=Kistemaker |first2=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese constellations were later adopted in medieval Korean astronomy and Japanese astronomy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kanas |first=N. |title=Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] / Praxis Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-71668-8 |pages=40−41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Building upon the star catalogue of Sima Qian that featured 90 constellations,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kanas |first=N. |title=Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] / Praxis Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-71668-8 |page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; the star catalogue of Zhang Heng published in 120{{Nbsp}}AD featured 124 constellations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de&amp;nbsp;Crespigny |first=R. |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220&amp;nbsp;CE) |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15605-0 |page=1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nascent scientific ideas were established during the late [[Zhou dynasty]] and proliferated in the Han dynasty. Much like the earlier Aristotle in Greece, Wang Chong accurately described the [[water cycle]] of Earth but was dismissed by his contemporaries.&lt;ref&gt;Needham, Joseph. (1986). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, p. 468 {{ISBN|0-521-05801-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; However, Wang (similar to the Roman [[Lucretius]]) inaccurately criticized the then-mainstream Han Chinese hypotheses that the Sun and Moon are spherical and that the Moon is illuminated by the reflection of sunlight—the correct hypotheses being advocated by astronomer and music theorist [[Jing Fang]] and expanded upon by the polymath scientist and inventor [[Zhang Heng]].&lt;ref&gt;Needham, Joseph. (1986). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, pp. 227, 411–414. {{ISBN|0-521-05801-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Zhang theorized that the [[celestial sphere]] was round and structured like an egg with the Earth as its yolk, a [[geocentric model]] that was largely accepted in the contemporary Greco-Roman world.&lt;ref&gt; Huang, Ray (1997). ''China: A Macro History''. Revised edition. New York: An East Gate Book, M. E. SHARPE Inc., p. 64. {{ISBN|9781563247316}}; Balchin, Jon. (2003). ''Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the World''. New York: Enchanted Lion Books, p. 27. {{ISBN|1-59270-017-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Writing and linguistics ===<br /> Analytical approaches were also applied to writing itself. Though the ''[[Erya]]'' of the Warring States period provides a basic dictionary, the first analytical [[Chinese dictionary]] to explain and dissect the [[Logogram|logographic]] Chinese written characters, with 9,353 characters listed and categorized by [[Chinese character radicals|radicals]], was the ''[[Shuowen Jiezi]]'' composed by the [[Eastern Han]] [[Philology|philologist]] and politician [[Xu Shen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Shaughnessy |first=Edward L. |title=Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond |page=217 |year=2010 |editor=Christopher Woods |chapter=The Beginnings of Writing in China |edition= |location=Chicago |publisher=The [[Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures|Oriental Institute]] of the [[University of Chicago]] |isbn=978-1-885923-76-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Medicine ===<br /> {{Main|Traditional Asian medicine|Traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese herbology}}{{See also|Chinese alchemy}}<br /> <br /> A seminal work of traditional Chinese medicine was the ''[[Huangdi Neijing]]'' (''Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon'') compiled between the 3rd and 2nd centuries{{Nbsp}}BC, which viewed the human body's organs and tissues (''[[zangfu]]'') through the lens of the metaphysical [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|five phases]] and [[yin and yang]]. The ''Huangdi Neijing'' also stated a belief in two circulatory channels of ''[[qi]]'' vital energy.&lt;ref&gt;Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. (2006). ''Readings in Han Chinese Thought''. Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., pp. 181–182. {{ISBN|0-87220-710-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Physicians of the Han dynasty believed that [[pulse diagnosis]] could be used to determine which organs in the body emitted ''qi'' energy, and therefore the ailments suffered by patients.&lt;ref&gt;Hsu, Elisabeth. (2001). &quot;Pulse diagnostics in the Western Han: how mai and qi determine bing,&quot; in ''Innovations in Chinese Medicine'', 51–92. Edited by Elisabeth Hsu. Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press, p. 75. {{ISBN|0-521-80068-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Huangdi Neijing'' is the first known Chinese text to describe the use of [[acupuncture]], while golden acupuncture needles have been discovered in the tomb of [[Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan]] (d. 113 BC) and stone-carved artworks of the Eastern Han period depict the practice.&lt;ref&gt;Omura, Yoshiaki. (2003). ''Acupuncture Medicine: Its Historical and Clinical Background''. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 15, 19–22. {{ISBN|0-486-42850-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Huangdi Neijing'' is also the first known text to describe [[diabetes]] and link it to the excessive consumption of sweet and fatty foods.&lt;ref&gt;Medvei, Victor Cornelius. (1993). ''The History of Clinical Endocrinology: A Comprehensive Account of Endocrinology from Earliest Times to the Present Day''. New York: Pantheon Publishing Group Inc., p. 49. {{ISBN|1-85070-427-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Qigong taiji meditation.jpg|thumb|upright|The physical exercise chart; a [[Mawangdui Silk Texts|painting on silk]] depicting [[calisthenics]]; unearthed in 1973 in [[Hunan]], China, from the 2nd-century BC Western Han burial site of [[Mawangdui]], Tomb Number 3]]<br /> <br /> In surgery, Han texts offered practical advice for certain procedures such as [[clinical lancing]] of [[abscess]]es.&lt;ref&gt;Hsu, Elisabeth. (2001). &quot;Pulse diagnostics in the Western Han: how mai and qi determine bing,&quot; in ''Innovations in Chinese Medicine'', 51–92. Edited by Elisabeth Hsu. Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press, pp. 28–29. {{ISBN|0-521-80068-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The first known physician in China to describe the use [[anesthesia]] for patients undergoing surgery was the Eastern Han physician [[Hua Tuo]], who utilized his knowledge of Chinese herbology based in the ''Huangdi Neijing'' to create an ointment that [[History of wound care|healed surgical wounds within a month]].&lt;ref name=&quot;de Crespigny 2007 p. 332&quot;&gt;[[Rafe de Crespigny|de Crespigny, Rafe]]. (2007). ''A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)''. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 332. {{ISBN|90-04-15605-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; One of his surgical procedures was [[Intact dilation and extraction|the removal]] of a dead [[fetus]] from the womb of a woman whom he diagnosed and cured of her ailments.&lt;ref name=&quot;de Crespigny 2007 p. 332&quot; /&gt; Hua's contemporary physician and pharmacologist [[Zhang Zhongjing]] preserved much of the medical knowledge known in China by the Eastern Han period in his major work ''[[Shanghan Lun]]'' (''Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders'') as well as the ''[[Jingui Yaolüe]]'' (''Essential Medical Treasures of the Golden Chamber '').&lt;ref&gt;[[Rafe de Crespigny|de Crespigny, Rafe]]. (2007). ''A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)''. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 1055. {{ISBN|90-04-15605-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Outside the major canon of Chinese medicine established during the Han period, modern archaeology has revealed previous Chinese discoveries in medicine. The [[Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts]], dated to the 3rd century{{Nbsp}}BC, provide some of the earliest known descriptions of the symptoms of [[leprosy]] (predating the Roman author [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] and perhaps also the Indian ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', the oldest version of which is indeterminable).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = McLeod | first1 = Katrina C. D. | last2 = Yates | first2 = Robin D. S. |author2-link=Robin D. S. Yates | year = 1981 | title = Forms of Ch'in Law: An Annotated Translation of The Feng-chen shih | journal = [[Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies]] | volume = 41 | issue = 1| pages = 152–153 &amp; footnote 147 | doi =10.2307/2719003 | jstor = 2719003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mawangdui]] silk texts of the 2nd century BC provide illustrated diagrams with textual captions for exercises in [[calisthenics]].&lt;ref&gt;Loewe, Michael. (1994). ''Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China''. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, p. 65. {{ISBN|0-521-45466-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica==<br /> {{further|Ancient American engineering|6=Maya architecture|7=Maya medicine|8=Aztec medicine|10=Aztec architecture}}<br /> === Writing ===<br /> {{Main|Zapotec script|Olmec hieroglyphs|Maya script}}<br /> During the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Middle Formative Period]] (c.{{Nbsp}}900{{Nbsp}}BC{{Nbsp}}– c.{{Nbsp}}300{{Nbsp}}BC) of [[Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica]], either the script of the [[Zapotec civilization]] or the script of the [[Olmec civilization]] (with the [[Cascajal Block]] being perhaps the earliest evidence) represent the earliest full writing systems of the Americas.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Palka |first=Joel W. |title=Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond |page=226 |year=2010 |editor=Christopher Woods |chapter=The Development of Maya Writing |edition= |location=Chicago |publisher=The [[Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures|Oriental Institute]] of the [[University of Chicago]] |isbn=978-1-885923-76-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The Maya script, developed by the [[Maya civilization]] between 400–200{{Nbsp}}BC during its [[Preclassic Maya|Preclassic period]], was rooted in [[Epi-Olmec script|the Olmec]] and Zapotec writing systems, and became widespread in use by 100{{Nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Palka|first=Joel W.|chapter=The Development of Maya Writing|title=Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond|editor=Christopher Woods|publisher=The [[Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures|Oriental Institute]] of the [[University of Chicago]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-885923-76-9|edition=|location=Chicago|pages=226–227}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Classic Maya language]] was built on the shared heritage of the Olmecs by developing the most sophisticated systems of writing, astronomy, calendrical science, and mathematics among urbanized Mesoamerican peoples.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mesoamerican civilization, Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mesoamerican civilization {{!}} History, Olmec, &amp; Maya {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mesoamerican-civilization |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mathematics ===<br /> {{Main|Maya numerals}}<br /> <br /> The Maya developed a [[positional numeral system]] with a [[Vigesimal|base of 20]] that included the use of [[zero]] for constructing their calendars, with individual symbolic characters for numbers 1 through 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Numerals and numeral systems {{!}} Examples &amp; Symbols {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/numeral |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;palka maya writing 227&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Palka |first=Joel W. |title=Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond |page=227 |year=2010 |editor=Christopher Woods |chapter=The Development of Maya Writing |edition= |location=Chicago |publisher=The [[Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures|Oriental Institute]] of the [[University of Chicago]] |isbn=978-1-885923-76-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Astronomy ===<br /> {{Main|Maya astronomy|Maya calendar|Mesoamerican calendars}}<br /> [[File:La Mojarra Estela 1 (Escritura superior).jpg|thumb|upright|Detail showing columns of glyphs from a portion of the 2nd century AD [[La Mojarra Stela 1]] (found near [[La Mojarra]], [[Veracruz]], Mexico); the left column gives a [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar|Long Count]] [[Mesoamerican calendars|calendar date]] of 8.5.16.9.7, or 156 AD. The other columns visible are glyphs from the [[Epi-Olmec script]].]]The Zapotec created the first known astronomical calendar in Mesoamerica, though this was possibly under heavy influence by the Olmecs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mesoamerican civilization, Britannica&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |title=Images of the Past |author2=Gary M. Feinman |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2005 |isbn=0-07-286311-0 |edition=Fourth |location=New York}} p. 321&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Maya writing contains easily discernible calendar dates in the form of [[Logogram|logograms]] representing numbers, [[Coefficient|coefficients]], and calendar periods amounting to 20 days (within 360-day years) and even 20 years for tracking social, religious, political, and economic events.&lt;ref name=&quot;palka maya writing 227&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *'''The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).The odometer cart, depicted in Eastern Han art, was most likely invented in Western Han China by [[Luoxia Hong]] around 110 BC and separately by the Greeks (either [[Archimedes]] in the 3rd century BC or [[Hero of Alexandria]] in the 1st century AD).'''{{Cite journal |last1=Nasser |first1=Mona |last2=Tibi |first2=Aida |last3=Savage-Smith |first3=Emilie |date=1 February 2009 |title=Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine: 11th century rules for assessing the effects of drugs |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=78–80 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.08k040 |pmc=2642865 |pmid=19208873}}<br /> *[[Joseph Needham|Needham, Joseph]], ''Science and Civilization in China'', volume 1. (Cambridge University Press, 1954)<br /> * Pedersen, Olaf. ''Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction''. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.<br /> *Sardar, Marika. “Astronomy and Astrology in the Medieval Islamic World.” ''Metmuseum.org'', &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/astr/hd_astr.htm&lt;/nowiki&gt;. <br /> *{{Cite journal |last=Tibi |first=Selma |date=April 2006 |title=Al-Razi and Islamic medicine in the 9th century |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=206–207 |doi=10.1177/014107680609900425 |pmc=1420785 |pmid=16574977}}<br /> *{{Cite journal |last=Upton |first=Joseph M. |date=1933 |title=A Manuscript of 'The Book of the Fixed Stars' by ʿAbd Ar-Raḥmān Aṣ-Ṣūfī |journal=Metropolitan Museum Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=179–197 |doi=10.2307/1522800 |jstor=1522800}}<br /> <br /> {{History of science}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ancient science| ]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haripur_Gada&diff=502187 2026-03-28T23:52:26Z

<p>Renaldo97D: put up a details...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox historical site<br /> | name = Haripur Gada<br /> | location = [[Mayurbhanj district]], Odisha<br /> | nearest_city = [[Baripada]]<br /> | area = {{convert|25|acre|ha}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|80|ft}}<br /> | founded = Maharaja Harihar Bhanj<br /> | current_use = <br /> | governing_body = [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]<br /> | owner = [[Government of Odisha]]<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | locmapin = Odisha<br /> | map_relief=yes<br /> | architect = <br /> | designation1_type = Ruins of ancient [[fort]]<br /> | built = [[14th century]] <br /> | native_name = ହରିପୁର ଗଡ଼<br /> | native_language = or<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|21.8036|86.7158|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | built_for = Capital of [[Mayurbhanj State]]<br /> | original_use = Recidency of [[Bhanja dynasty]]<br /> | architecture = <br /> | designation1 = MANI<br /> | designation1_offname = Haripurgarh<br /> | designation1_partof = <br /> | designation1_number = N-OR-29<br /> | designation1_criteria = <br /> | designation1_free1name = Collection circle<br /> | designation1_free1value = [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Odisha|Odisha]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Haripur gada''' or '''Haripurgarh''' is the capital of the erstwhile [[Mayurbhanj State]] in India. It is located in [[Badasahi (community development block)|Badsahi Block]] of the [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] district, on the bank of the [[Budhabalanga River|Budhabalanga river]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historical Bhanja palace in Odisha's Haripur village, a monument of neglect |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/jan/05/historical-bhanja-palace-in-odishas-haripur-village-a-monument-of-neglect-1745007.html |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 Feb 2020 |title=Rasika Raya, The Magnificent Brick Temple Of Haripur Gada |url=https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/blog-details.html?url=rasika-raya-the-magnificent-brick-temple-of-haripur-gada }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Maitreyee |date=August 2015 |title=Haripura Gada: The Bhanja Capital in Ruins |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2015/August/engpdf/44-46.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |pages=44–46}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Senapati |first1=Nilamani |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08558 |title=Orissa district gazetteers: Mayurbhanj |last2=Sahu |first2=Nabin Kumar |date=1967 |publisher=Orissa Government Press, Cuttack}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Taradatt|first=Dr|editor-last=Basa|editor-first=Kishor K|title=Odisha District Gazetteer (Mayurbhanj)|url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Mayurbhanj_Gazetteer.pdf|url-status=live|website=gopabadhuacademy.gov.in|publisher=Gopabandhu Academy of Administration [Gazetters Unit], General Administration Department Government Of Odisha|page=97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507215956/http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Mayurbhanj_Gazetteer.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayurbhanj |website=IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/archaeological-sites/orissa/mayurbhanj/ |access-date=2022-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architectural description==<br /> [[File:Layout of Haripurgarh, Mayurbhanj.svg|thumb|Site plan of Jaripurgarh]]<br /> ===Rasika Ray temple===<br /> [[File:Rasik Ray temple, Haripur Garh, Mayurbhanj.jpg|thumb|[[Building restoration|Restored]] Rasik Ray Temple inside Haripur Gada]]<br /> Haripur holds a prominent place in history; for instance, references to Haripurgarh can be found in the works of [[Vaishnava Padavali|Vaishnava poets]]. It is associated with [[Sri Chaitanya]], who passed through this place on his way to [[Puri]]. Raja Baidyanath Bhanja, a devout [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]], erected a magnificent brick temple inside the ''garh'' in honor of his tutelary god, Rasika Raya. Structurally, the Rasika Ray temple stands as one of the few temples in Odisha built in the [[Architecture of Bengal|Bengal temple architectural]] style.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]<br /> [[Category:Historic sites in Odisha]]<br /> <br /> {{Mayurbhanj-geo-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Bhavan,_Ranchi&diff=513470 2026-03-22T02:25:09Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Starting The Data Initial Version - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Official residence of the Governor of Jharkhand}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Lok Bhavan (Jharkhand)<br /> | image = File:ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱧᱪᱤ Raj Bhawan.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.381297|85.317533|display=inline,title}}<br /> | construction_start_date = <br /> | completion_date = <br /> | number_of_rooms = <br /> | current_tenants = [[Santosh Gangwar]]<br /> | elevator_count = <br /> | cost = <br /> | floor_area = <br /> | architect = <br /> | engineer = <br /> | main_contractor = <br /> | developer = <br /> | owner = [[Government of Jharkhand]]<br /> | operator = <br /> | references = [http://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/ Website]<br /> }}<br /> ''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governors of Jharkhand|governor of Jharkhand]]. It is located in the capital city of [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} Raj Bhavan Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/introduction/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-06 |title=Rediscovering Jharkhand’s legacy of colonial buildings |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/rediscovering-jharkhands-legacy-of-colonial-buildings/article33617885.ece |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IDN |date=2025-02-06 |title=Jharkhand’s historic Raj Bhavan Garden opens to public, huge crowds gather on day one |url=https://www.illustrateddailynews.com/india/jharkhands-historic-raj-bhavan-garden-opens-to-public-huge-crowds-gather-on-day-one-820474 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.illustrateddailynews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present governor of Jharkhand is [[Santosh Gangwar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-07-31 |title=Santosh Kumar Gangwar sworn in as Jharkhand Governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/santosh-kumar-gangwar-sworn-in-as-jharkhand-governor/article68468128.ece |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Building==<br /> <br /> The Raj Bhavan is spread over an area of {{convert|62|acre|m2}}, The construction of the Raj Bhavan was started in 1930 and completed in March 1931 at an estimated cost of Rs. 700,000. It was designed by Ar.Sadlow Ballerd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the premises of Raj Bhavan there is ''Audrey House'', which is now the Governor's Secretariat, was built much earlier by Captain Hannyington, who was the Deputy Commissioner of Chota Nagpur from 1850 to 1856.<br /> <br /> ==Gardens==<br /> <br /> In Raj Bhavan they are many lawns and gardens, which have been named after noted figures.<br /> *'''Akbar garden''' has been newly developed in 2005 and has a beautiful collection of roses and seasonal flowers. <br /> *'''Buddha garden''', named after the Buddha, has a beautiful landscape and a green house.<br /> *'''Ashoka''', the main lawn has an area of approximately {{convert|52000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}, <br /> *'''Murti garden''' has an area of approx. {{convert|15000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} and the 'Lily pond' has an area of {{convert|12000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.<br /> *'''Mahatma Gandhi garden''' is in the south side of Raj Bhavan and it is a collection of medical plants. It has in its midst a beautiful fountain.<br /> *'''Nakshatra Vana''' is the new garden which has been developed.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/ Official web site of Raj Bhavan]<br /> <br /> {{Raj Bhavan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Governors' houses in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Ranchi]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Houses completed in 1931]]<br /> [[Category:1931 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-struct-stub}}<br /> {{India-gov-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omar_Abedeen_Qasmi_Madani&diff=522919 2026-03-18T13:46:42Z

<p>Renaldo97D: added first data needs work!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (b. 1981)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox scholar<br /> | name = Omar Abedeen Qasmi Madani<br /> | image = Mufti Omar Abedeen at the 'Prophet for the World' Event (14-09-2024).jpg<br /> | caption = Madani, announcing at the launch ceremony of his father [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]]'s book ''Prophet for the World'', on 14 September 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-14 |title=Telangana CM releases book 'Prophet for the World' |url=https://theprint.in/india/telangana-cm-releases-book-prophet-for-the-world/2268204/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-15 |title=Revanth terms Asad Owaisi as the voice of poor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/revanth-terms-asad-owaisi-as-the-voice-of-poor/article68643041.ece |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | education = [[Dars-e-Nizami|Aalimiyyah]], Fazīlah, B.A, Double M.A<br /> | alma_mater = {{Bulleted list|Darul Uloom Sabil-us-Salam, Hyderabad|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|[[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]]|[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]|[[Osmania University]]|[[Islamic University of Madinah]]}}<br /> | occupation = Islamic scholar, mufti, writer, researcher, educational trainer<br /> | honorific_prefix = Maulana, Mufti<br /> | birth_name = Omar Abedeen<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1981|10|13}}<br /> | parents = [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] (father)<br /> | relatives = {{Bulleted list|[[Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]] (great-uncle)|Zafar Abedeen Nadwi (brother)}}<br /> | notable_works = {{Bulleted list|''Uloom-ul-Hadīth''|''Hindustān Mein Islam Ki Aamad Aur Ishā'at''|''Huqūq Aur Unki Kharīd-o-Farokht''|''Qurān-e-Karīm: Aadāb o Ahkām''|''Ulama-e-Hind Ki Chand Aham Qurani Khidmāt''}}<br /> | website = {{URL|learndeenwithabedeen.com}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Omar Abedeen Qasmi Madani''' is an Indian Islamic scholar, Mufti, and writer who serves as the deputy director of [[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]]. He is an alumnus of Darul Uloom Sabil-us-Salam in Hyderabad, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], [[Osmania University]], and the [[Islamic University of Madinah]]. He has authored several books, including ''Uloom-ul-Hadīth'', ''Hindustān Mein Islam Ki Aamad Aur Ishā'at'', ''Huqūq Aur Unki Kharīd-o-Farokht'', ''Qurān-e-Karīm: Aadāb o Ahkām'', and ''Ulama-e-Hind Ki Chand Aham Qurani Khidmāt''.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> === Background ===<br /> Omar Abedeen Qasmi Madani was born on 13 October 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayurbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=25 May 2024 |title=Maulana Mufti Omar Abedeen Qasmi Madani: Mukhtasar Sawanihi Khaka |trans-title=Maulana Mufti Umar Abidin Qasmi Madani: A Brief Biographical Sketch |url=https://abulmahasin.com/مولانا-مفتی-عمر-عابدین-قاسمی-مدنی-مختص/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525021258/https://abulmahasin.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5/ |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=abulmahasin.com |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> His father is [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-02-25 |title=AIMPLB secretary diagnosed with COVID |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/aimplb-secretary-diagnosed-with-covid/article33936021.ece |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hurairah |first=Syed |date=2023-06-03 |title=Maulana Rahmani of Hyderabad becomes 5th President of All India Muslim Personal Law Board |url=https://www.siasat.com/maulana-khalid-rahmani-of-hyderabad-becomes-5th-president-of-muslim-personal-board-2606223/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> According to [[Zafeeruddin Miftahi]], Madani's family belongs to a long-established scholarly lineage from [[Jale, Bihar]], known for its contributions to Islamic education and public service. His great-great-grandfather, Maulana Abdul Ahad, was among the early graduates of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and a classmate of [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]] under [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]. Abdul Ahad's son, Hakim Zainul Abedeen, was a physician and scholar, while another son, [[Qazi Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]], later served as President of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]. Khalid Saifullah Rahmani, Madani's father, is Zainul Abedeen's son, making Mujahidul Islam Qasmi his great-uncle. This lineage places Madani within a family closely connected to Deobandi scholarship and Islamic jurisprudence traditions.{{Sfn|Khalid|2010|p=13}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author-last1=Ghāzi Qāsmi |author-first1=Aftāb |author-last2=Haseeb Qāsmi |author-first2=Abdul |title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmat |trans-title=Services of the Graduates of Deoband in Islamic Jurisprudence |url=https://besturdubooks.net/tag/fuzala-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmat-pdf-book/ |publisher=Kutub Khana Naimia |location=[[Deoband]] |page=395 |chapter=Khalid Saifullah Rahmani |date=February 2011 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Education ===<br /> After completing the Dars-e-Nizami course at Darul Uloom Sabil-us-Salam, Hyderabad, in 1999, he pursued the final year of the curriculum, specializing in Hadith studies, at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 2000 and received a certificate of excellence. From 2002 to 2004, he completed a two-year Mufti course, a one-year diploma in manuscript research, and a one-year diploma in English language, all at [[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]]. In 2004, he completed a BA in History and [[Sociology]] from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], Hyderabad. In 2006, he received an MA in Urdu literature from [[Osmania University]]. In 2010, he completed a four-year BA in [[Hadith]] at the [[Islamic University of Madinah]]. In 2015, he completed his MA (Islamic Studies) from Maulana Azad National Urdu University.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Obaidullah |date=April 2010 |title=Huqūq Aur Unki Kharīd-o-Farokht (a book review) |url=https://deobandi-books.aislam.org/book.php?b=500&amp;p=13 |journal=Monthly Al-Farooque |location=Karachi |publisher=[[Jamia Farooqia]] |volume=26 |issue=5 |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706013812/https://deobandi-books.aislam.org/book.php?b=500&amp;p=13 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |access-date=6 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ubaid&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rahmani|first1=Ubaid Akhtar|last2=Nadwi|first2=Muhammad|title=Hazrat Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani: Hayāt-o-Afkār |publisher=Naeemia Book Depot|location=[[Deoband]]|edition=1st|year=2024|pages=159–160, 321|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> === Teaching ===<br /> From 2010 to 2016, Madani taught as a lecturer in Hadith and [[Islamic Jurisprudence|Jurisprudence]] at Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad. From 2013 to 2016, he chaired the Islamic Courses (Department of Islamization of Textbooks). Between 2013 and 2014, he served as a Mufti on Munsif TV Hyderabad's question-and-answer program ''Rāh-e-Hidāyat'' ({{translation|The Path of instruction}}), and from 2014 to 2016, he served as a Mufti on [[ETV Bharat News|ETV Hyderabad]]'s program ''Sharī'at Ki Roshni Main ({{translation|In the Light of Shariah}})''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin&quot; /&gt; In March 2024, he gave a speech titled Ramadan Ka Paigham ({{translation|The Message of Ramadan}}) on ETV Hyderabad's program ''Raunaq-e-Ramadan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raunaq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-15 |title=Raunaq-e-Ramadan: Māh-eMuqaddas Ka Roohani Paigham |trans-title=The Radiance of Ramadan: The Spiritual Message of the Holy Month |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!bharat/the-message-of-ramzan-urn24031505431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706015716/https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!bharat/the-message-of-ramzan-urn24031505431 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Etv Urdu|ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Administrative roles ===<br /> He is the Deputy Director of Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |date=2020-04-08 |title=Discussions on culture, faith move to cyberspace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/discussions-on-culture-faith-move-to-cyberspace/article31292716.ece |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sonal |date=2020-11-23 |title=Students Reading in Seminary Viral as ‘Muslims Altering the Vedas’ |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/no-this-pic-does-not-show-muslims-tampering-with-the-vedas |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[TheQuint]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Priyanka |date=2020-07-28 |title=Old image of Muslim students studying Hinduism viral as &quot;altering&quot; Hindu scriptures |url=https://www.altnews.in/2014-image-from-hyderabad-where-muslim-students-study-about-hinduism-shared-with-false-claim-that-veda-upanishad-are-being-changed/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=[[Alt News]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; the General Secretary of the All India Milli Council, Telangana;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Madrasa in Hyderabad where practical life-saving techniques are taught along with spiritual education |url=https://munsifdaily.com/madrasa-in-hyderabad-where-practical-life-saving-techniques-are-taught-along-with-spiritual-education/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[The Munsif Daily]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |date=2024-03-30 |title=Zakaat, the Islamic form of charity, frees jail inmates during Ramzan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/zakaat-the-islamic-form-of-charity-frees-jail-inmates-during-ramzan/article68009319.ece |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-16 |title=جامعہ اسلامیہ شانتاپورم کیرالا میں جلسہ تقسیم اسناد کی تیاری شباب پر |trans-title=Jamia Islamia Shanthapuram, Kerala, distribution of credentials, preparation in full swing |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/90315 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Millat Times]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; a member of the [[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] ([[Doha]], Qatar); and an Islamic legal adviser for IndiaZakat.com. He also serves as the President of the Imam Foundation for Training and Development, UK (India branch), the Friday Imam and [[Khatib]] at [[Jubilee Hills#Places of Worship|Jubilee Hills Mosque and Islamic Centre]], and a member of the editorial board for the magazines ''Bahs-o-Nazar'' and ''Al-Modawana'' ([[Morocco]]). Additionally, he directs e-Madrasah (Learn Deen with Abedeen).&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mufti Mohammad Omar Abedeen Qasmi Madani |url=https://indiazakat.com/Team?TeamID=32 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=indiazakat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Public engagement ===<br /> Between 2013 and 2016, Madani appeared on religious television programs such as ''Rāh-e-Hidāyat'' on Munsif TV and ''Sharī'at Ki Roshni Main'' on ETV Hyderabad, where he answered viewers’ questions on Islamic jurisprudence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin&quot; /&gt; In 2024, he also addressed audiences on ETV Urdu’s Ramadan special, ''Raunaq-e-Ramadan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raunaq&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Guidance during the pandemic ===<br /> During the COVID-19 pandemic, Madani was active in guiding the community on religious observances under lockdown. He advised Muslims to stay at home and pray during Shab-e-Baraat in 2020, citing Islamic principles of preserving human life and compliance with government health guidelines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Stay home on Shab-e-Baraat, say clerics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/stay-home-on-shab-e-baraat-say-clerics/article31283746.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2025-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also instructed those observing Eid-ul-Fitr that year to pray at home with family instead of gathering in mosques, and supported the movement encouraging people to donate their Eid shopping budget to the needy. Madani highlighted that Islamic prayers like Chaasht could be performed individually at home as acts of gratitude.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Id celebration to be a low-key affair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/id-celebration-to-be-a-low-key-affair/article31666166.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 May 2020 |access-date=2025-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political views ==<br /> === Social and religious issues ===<br /> According to [[The Times of India]], while talking about [[Islamic feminism]], Madani said that Islamic Shariah has given women the right and authority to terminate their marriages through [[Khul']] if their husbands subject them to oppression and deprive them of their rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-10 |title=‘Shariah for women’s share in inheritance’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/shariah-for-womens-share-in-inheritance-understanding-muslim-personal-law/articleshow/105872332.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In connection with raising the slogan [[Bharat Mata]], Madani said that love for the country and worshipping it are two separate subjects that should not be confused with each other. &quot;Without worshipping it, one can love the country as much as any other countryman. The person is like any other patriot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-03-22 |title=Islamic seminary issues fatwa on Bharat Mata slogan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/islamic-seminary-issues-fatwa-on-bharat-mata-slogan/articleshow/51503884.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], he stated that taking the [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccine]] while [[Fasting in Islam|fasting]] is permissible and does not break the fast, citing a hadith from [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] that emphasizes precautionary measures during a [[pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |date=2021-04-10 |title=Taking vaccine while fasting does not invalidate roza |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/taking-vaccine-while-fasting-does-not-invalidate-roza/article34291894.ece |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Waqf legislation and related developments ===<br /> Madani expressed concerns over the [[The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024|Waqf Amendment Bill, 2024]]. He criticized the bill for attempting to undermine the [[Waqf|Waqf system]] and highlighted the unconstitutional inclusion of Hindus on Waqf panels. He emphasized that Waqf is a religious act, and the amendments could obstruct its purpose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |date=2024-09-05 |title=Muslim groups on same page against Waqf Amendment Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/muslim-groups-on-same-page-against-waqf-amendment-bill/article68609415.ece |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2025, Madani, as an office bearer and convener of the Waqf Act Protest Committee for Telangana (WAPCTG), responded to the Supreme Court’s interim ruling on the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. While welcoming certain aspects of the judgment, such as the Court’s refusal to accept that Waqf property could lose its status when questioned as government land, he described other parts as unsatisfactory. Abedeen objected to the proposal for determining whether a person had been practising Islam for five years before creating an endowment, arguing that a person attains full religious identity upon declaring the Islamic faith. He also criticized the inclusion of non-Muslim members in Waqf bodies, calling it unconstitutional, and reiterated that the committee would continue to safeguard both Sharia and constitutional rights through its “Save Waqf Campaign.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Waqf Protest Committee welcomes some aspects of SC interim order, disappointed over others |date=2025-09-17 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/waqf-protest-committee-welcomes-some-aspects-of-sc-interim-order-disappointed-over-others/article70061825.ece |access-date=2025-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=V. Shivani |date=2025-09-16 |title=Telangana Waqf Body Disappointed With SC Ruling |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/tg-waqf-body-disappointed-with-sc-ruling-1904150 |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2025, following a [[2025 Pahalgam attack|terror attack on tourists in Pahalgam]], Kashmir, Madani, serving as the spokesperson of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, condemned the attack, describing it as a &quot;failure of the security apparatus.&quot; He expressed deep sorrow over the killings, extended condolences to the bereaved families, and emphasized that there is no place for violence in a democracy. As a mark of respect and solidarity, he announced a three-day mourning period and declared the suspension of AIMPLB’s ongoing protests against the Waqf Board Amendment Act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Samdani |first=MN |date=2025-04-24 |title=All India Muslim Personal Law Board announces three days mourning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-announces-three-days-mourning/articleshow/120591450.cms |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=The Times of India |language=en |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Public statements and community appeals ===<br /> In October 2024, Madani condemned recent communal conflicts in Telangana, urging swift police intervention to restore peace and prevent divisive narratives. He highlighted the need for immediate action to curb activities and rhetoric that could increase communal tensions, reflecting his commitment to fostering unity in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=21 October 2024 |title=All India Milli Council Telangana condemns rising communal incidents |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-india-milli-council-telangana-condemns-rising-communal-incidents/article68779382.ece |access-date=30 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 October 2024 |title=All India Milli Council condemn desecration of the Muthyalamma temple |url=https://telanganatoday.com/all-india-milli-council-condemn-desecration-of-the-muthyalamma-temple |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In early November 2024, Madani urged the [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Telangana government]] to release caste survey forms in Urdu and English to ensure accessibility and clarity for the public. He emphasized that many people are unaware of the information required for the ongoing survey and that providing forms in these languages, even as PDFs, would help them participate more effectively in the process.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=9 November 2024 |title=Telangana govt. urged to release caste survey forms in English and Urdu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-govt-urged-to-release-caste-survey-forms-in-english-and-urdu/article68849577.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109223639/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-govt-urged-to-release-caste-survey-forms-in-english-and-urdu/article68849577.ece |archive-date=9 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Views on social and community issues ==<br /> === Community welfare ===<br /> Madani has spoken about the economic hardships faced by huffaz and imams during the COVID-19 lockdown, noting that their income largely depends on leading Taraweeh prayers in Ramadan, which could not take place due to restrictions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Without Taraweeh congregations, imams stare at hard times |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/without-taraweeh-congregations-imams-stare-at-hard-times/article31391430.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 April 2020 |access-date=2025-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He has also expressed concern over pilgrims being unwittingly used as couriers by unscrupulous travel agents, arguing that fundamental community needs such as income, education, and healthcare should be prioritized over non-obligatory pilgrimages like Umrah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Unsuspecting travellers forced to become ‘couriers’ for smugglers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/unsuspecting-travellers-forced-to-become-couriers-for-smugglers/article28276942.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 July 2019 |access-date=2025-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Social harmony ===<br /> Madani has warned against the use of social media in fueling sectarian tensions, emphasizing that religious debates should remain in scholarly contexts and not be misused to create discord.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sectarian strife on the rise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sectarian-strife-on-the-rise/article26304379.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2025-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Literary works ==<br /> === Research and writing ===<br /> Madani researched the hadiths included in the first volume of his father Khalid Saifullah Rahmani's ''Kitab al-Fatawa''. He Islamized more than 30 school curriculum books from the first to the fifth grade and organized two dozen national and international conferences. He has presented papers in Urdu, Arabic, and English at over 100 seminars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Books ===<br /> His works include:&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madani |first=Muhammad Siddique |date=2013-11-12 |title=مسائل جدیدہ اور علماء ہند کی خدمات |trans-title=Modern Issues and Services of Indian Scholars |url=https://hamariweb.com/articles/39666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706012557/https://hamariweb.com/articles/39666 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Hamariweb.com |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Khalid|2010|p=13}}{{Sfn|Rahmani|Nadwi|2024|p=321}}<br /> * ''Uloom-ul-Hadīth''<br /> * ''Hindustān Mein Islam Ki Aamad Aur Ishā'at'' (Arrival and [[Spread of Islam in India]])<br /> * ''Huqūq Aur Unki Kharīd-o-Farokht'' (Rights and their purchase and sale)<br /> * ''Qurān-e-Karīm: Aadāb o Ahkām'' (The Holy Quran: Etiquette and Commandments)<br /> * ''Ulama-e-Hind Ki Chand Aham Qurani Khidmāt'' (Some important Quranic services of Indian scholars)<br /> * ''Islam Aur Amn-e-Aalam'' (Islam and world peace)<br /> * ''Fiqh-e-Hanafi Ki Kitāb Halabi Kabīr Ke So Ahādīth Ki Takhrīj'' (Research work on the hundred hadiths of [[Ibrahim al-Halabi]]'s ''Halabi Kabir'', a book of Hanafi jurisprudence)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaDwLvB3mFY8AzyFsS3O WhatsApp channel]<br /> * [https://youtube.com/@omarabedeen YouTube channel]<br /> <br /> {{Hanafi scholars}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Madani, Omar Abedeen Qasmi}}<br /> [[Category:Deobandis]]<br /> [[Category:Hanafis]]<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Maulana Azad National Urdu University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic University of Madinah alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Osmania University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sutarfeni&diff=538761 2026-03-14T21:21:12Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Pheni#Sutarfeni]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowther&diff=455332 2026-03-13T22:18:23Z

<p>Renaldo97D: adjusted formatting additionally and updated info for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|South Indian predominant Muslim community}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{ethnic group<br /> | group = Rowther<br /> | native_name = இராவுத்தர்/ராவுத்தர்/റാവുത്തർ<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = Muslims of tamilnadu.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Tamil Muslims of [[Madras presidency]] in 1830<br /> | population = <br /> | popplace = [[Tamilnadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Western Europe]], [[North America]]<br /> | rels = [[Islam]] (Sect – [[Sunni]], Madhab – Majority [[Hanafi]])<br /> | related_groups = [[Tamil People]] • [[Tamil Muslims]] • [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]]<br /> | langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (Mother Tongue) • [[Malayalam]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''Rowther''' ({{ipa|ta|(i)ra(ːʋ)ut̪ːɐr|ipa}}, also known as ''Irauttar, Rawther, Ravuttar, Ravutta, Ravuthar, Ravuthamar'') are a distinct [[Muslim]] community living largely in the [[States and union territories of India|south Indian states]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=More |first=J. B. Prashant |title=The political evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947 |date=1997 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-1011-4 |location=Hyderabad, India |pages=21–22 |oclc=37770527}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are a native warrior clan population who converted to Islam under the influence of saints like [[Nathar Shah|Nathar Shah (Nathar Wali)]] in 10th–11th centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7d7NNdswXA4C&amp;dq=Rowthers+Turkish&amp;pg=PA206 |title=Utopia and the Village in South Asian Literatures |date=2012-07-24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-03189-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beexzq__jCsC&amp;q=Rowthers+Turkish |title=People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85938-99-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Veneration of the prophet Muhammad in an Islamic Pillaittamil. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Veneration+of+the+prophet+Muhammad+in+an+Islamic+Pillaittamil.-a014320853 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even after conversion they retained their '''''Ravuttar''''' caste name. they were one of the earliest Muslim communities in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Soorian Kasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&amp;dq=tiruchirapalli+Ravuttans&amp;pg=PA49 |title=India, That Is, Sidd |date=1996 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-561-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were elite cavalrymen of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya kingdoms]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tschacher|first=Torsten |title=Islam in Tamilnadu : varia|date=2001|publisher=Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg|isbn=3-86010-627-9|location=Halle (Saale)|pages=94, 95|oclc=50208020}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were traditionally a martial clan like the [[Maravar]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel, Alf |title=The cult of Draupadī|date=1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-34045-7|location=Chicago|page=13|oclc=16833684}}&lt;/ref&gt; and constitute large part of the multi-ethnic [[Tamil Muslim]] community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=People of India: India's communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=Singh, K. S. |isbn=0-19-563354-7|location=New Delhi, India |pages=3001–3002 |oclc=40849565}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rowthers have also been found as Tamil [[polygar]]s, [[zamindar]]s and chieftains from the 16th to 18th centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel, Alf|title=The cult of Draupadī|date=1988–1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-34045-7|location=Chicago|pages=13–14, 102|oclc=16833684}}&lt;/ref&gt; The traditional homelands of the Rowthers were in the interior of Southern [[Tamilakam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=More |first=J. B. Prashant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&amp;dq=ravuttars++in+tamil+country&amp;pg=PA13 |title=Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2632-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rājāmukamatu|first=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=ravuthars+heroic|title=Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900|date=2005|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jairath |first=Vinod K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKIT9muBRuoC&amp;q=Rowthers+caste&amp;pg=PT107 |title=Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India |date=2013-04-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19679-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hussein |first=Asiff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kVuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Rajputs |title=Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka |date=2007 |publisher=Asiff Hussein |isbn=978-955-97262-2-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The name ''Ravuttar'' (or ''Ravutta'', ''Ravuthar'', ''Rowther'', ''Rawther'') means king, horseman, or cavalry warrior in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language and is derived from the word ''[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|Rājaputra]]'', in the sense of 'prince', 'nobleman', or 'horseman'. D.C. Sircar points out that ''Ravutta'' or ''Rahutta'', as a title, means a 'subordinate ruler'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=C. V. Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YowBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Ravutta|title=Administration and Society in Medieval Āndhra (A.D. 1038–1538) Under the Later Eastern Gaṅgas and the Sūryavaṁśa Gajapatis|publisher=Mānasa Publications|year=1976|page=88|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some scholars claim that the name comes from [[Rathore (surname)|Rathore]], a name common among the [[Muslim Rajputs]] of North India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bayly, Susan|title=Saints, goddesses, and kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|date=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-37201-1|location=Cambridge, England|page=98|oclc=70781802}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, they are parts of clans traditionally holding positions as rulers and military folk. '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''Ravuta''' means a high-ranking title King, lord, or feudatory ruling chief.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWN4SiqU9VQC&amp;q=Ravutta|title=Itihas|date=1975|publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Rahut'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' or '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''rowt'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' means Warrior and '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''raya'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' means captain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKg-AAAAcAAJ&amp;q=rahut&amp;pg=PA18|title=The Wars of the Rajas, Being the History of Anantapuram: Written in Telugu; in Or about the Years 1750–1810. Translated Into English by Charles Philip Brown. II|date=1853|publisher=Printed at the Christian knowledge society's Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''Rāvuttarayan'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' or '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''Rāvuttakartan''' means high military chief of cavalry.<br /> <br /> == Demography ==<br /> Rowthers are largest Muslim community in Tamil Nadu. they found all over [[Tamil Nadu]] and in Central and Southern [[Kerala]]. Their mother tongue is [[Tamil language|Tamil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SUDHEER |first=NISHADA |date=12 September 2021 |title=The History of Ravuthers in Irinjalakuda: Life, Culture and History of Ravuthharangadi |url=http://dspace.christcollegeijk.edu.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1346/11/CCATMHI015.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of them are familiar with the [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange|Perso-Arabic script]]. They adhere to the principles of [[Islam]], engaging in the study of the [[Quran]] and other religious texts in Arabic. Simultaneously, despite their commitment to their Islamic faith, they share a common pride with all [[Tamils]] in their rich Tamil language and vibrant cultural heritage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh 2007 707&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ashok Pratap |title=Psychological implications in industrial performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Pub. House |first2=Patiraj |last2=Kumari |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=707 |oclc=295034951}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> Rowthers generally speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Parmar|first=Pooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ik3zCQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rauther+tamil+culture&amp;pg=PA44|title=Indigeneity and Legal Pluralism in India: Claims, Histories, Meanings|date=2015-07-20|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08118-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> They have their own distinct culinary traditions which notably include Rowther [[Biryani]].,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Priyadarshini|date=2020-05-23|title=The Indian Eid feast goes beyond biryani and sevaiyan|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/a-very-indian-eid-11590161532702.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=mint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jeshi|first=K.|date=2021-05-04|title=The myriad tastes and cultural influences of iftar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/the-myriad-tastes-and-cultural-influences-of-iftar/article34481550.ece|access-date=2022-01-12|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=rawthers+|title=A Handbook of Kerala|date=2000|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|isbn=978-81-85692-31-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is made of Jeera Samba rice, and desserts like ''Dumroot'', a cake-like dish made out of [[semolina]]. [[Lamb and mutton|Mutton]] is the preferred meat for special occasions like wedding events, house warming ceremonies, etc.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> Much like other Muslim communities, [[Drinking culture|Drinking Culture]] is non-existent due to Islam's stance regarding consumption of [[Khamr|alcohol]]. As is the consumption of [[pork]] and usage of products derived from pigs. Due to following Hanafi rulings, they also might abstain from consuming [[shellfish]] like prawns, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, etc.due to them being deemed ''[[Makruh]]'' in the Hanafi madhab.<br /> <br /> The Elderly Men wear solid white [[Vēṭṭi|''Vēṭṭis'']] (unstitched) or solid white ''[[Lungi|Kayili]]'' (stitched) for formal occasions. For more informal settings, a colored and patterned (checkered or striped) ''kayili'' is worn, usually as [[Casual wear|loungewear]], regardless of age group and social standings. Religious Clerics or men who might be devout in their beliefs wear a ''[[Kurta|jubbah]],'' often paired with a ''kayili''. For special occasions, men might wear a [[waistcoat]]. Men usually get married wearing either a [[Suit|Western Suit]] or a [[Sherwani]]. They wear a white [[Taqiyah (cap)|skullcap]] as headgear, especially if they are devout. Other headgear include the [[Turban]] and the [[Fez (hat)|Fez]], which aren't worn as frequently as everyday headgear as how the white skullcap might be, usually reserved for special occasions.<br /> <br /> Women's traditional attire is the ''[[sari]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh 2007 707&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=தமிழ் முஸ்லிம்களின் பொங்கல் கொண்டாட்டம் கொண்டிருக்கும் சேதி |url=https://www.arunchol.com/kombai-anwar-article-on-tamil-muslims-pongal |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=அருஞ்சொல்}}&lt;/ref&gt; serving as a [[Wedding dress|bridal wear]] and for other formal occasions. Elderly women usually wear the ''sari'' as an everyday attire, regardless of the occasion. Over the decades, both as formal and informal wear, as is the case with the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the [[Shalwar kameez|''Salwar Kameez'']] has become more prevalent, especially among working women and among the younger generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Osella |first1=Caroline |last2=Osella |first2=Filippo |date=June 2007 |title=Muslim Style in South India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/136270407X202790 |journal=Fashion Theory |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2–3 |pages=233–252 |doi=10.2752/136270407X202790 |issn=1362-704X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The older generations used to wrap around an unstitched and white over-sheet by the name of ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Thupathi''' over their garments'','' as a marker of modesty and ''[[Purdah]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/IMCollectiveSG/posts/the-much-awaited-post-on-the-thuppati-or-duppati-is-here-before-the-burqa-made-i/138137807904280/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, due to evolving trends and cultural exchange, nowadays, as Purdah, women wear the ''[[Abaya]]'', usually black in colour, paired with a [[headscarf]].<br /> <br /> Both men and women might dye their hair (and beard, in the case of men) with [[Henna]], in compliance with a [[Sunnah|Prophetic tradition]]. Women also apply Henna as [[Mehndi|bridal makeup]] and for other special occasions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Zainab |date=2022-10-30 |title=Henna: An Ode To Islamic Tradition |url=https://muslimgirl.com/henna-an-ode-to-islamic-tradition/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Muslim Girl |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Applying [[Kohl (cosmetics)|''Surma'']] as an eyeliner is another Prophetic tradition, as it is also a local cultural practice, especially more prevalent among women. Men might refrain from wearing silk garments and gold accessories due to a religious dictate of gold and silk being [[Makruh|discouraged]] for men.<br /> <br /> The community also celebrates a festival called Chandanakudam every year.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Titles/surname ==<br /> 'Ravuttar', 'Rawther', and 'Rowther' are common surnames among the group,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWN4SiqU9VQC&amp;q=ravutta+prince|title=Itihas|date=1975|publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; but other titles often used are below:<br /> <br /> * [[Sahib]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S. |title=Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=0-19-563357-1|location=Delhi|oclc=35662663}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Khan (title)|Khan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrXUAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=rawthers+khan|title=Census of India, 1961: Pondicherry state|date=1964|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Shah]]<br /> * [[Pillai (surname)|Pillai/Pillay/Thampi/Thambi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=pillai+title+Rawthers |title=Many Rawthers in erstwhile Travancore used the title &quot;Pillai/Pillay&quot; in south kerala, A Handbook of Kerala |date=2000 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-31-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Travancore]] and [[Tamil Nadu]])<br /> * Ambalam and Vijayan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kamāl |first=Es Em |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIIcAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D |title=Muslīmkaḷum Tamil̲akamum |date=1990 |publisher=Islāmiya Āyvu Paṇpāṭu Maiyam |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Ramnad estate|Ramnad Zamindhari Estate]])<br /> * Servai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ9DAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Ravuthar+servai|title=Proceedings|date=2000|publisher=Indian History Congress|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Servaikkarar (In 1730s, ''Ravuttan Servaikkarar'' (''Rauten Cheerwegaren'') was a high military ranked man in [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad Kingdom]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.academia.edu/8170165/The_Heirs_of_Vijayanagara_Court_Politics_in_Early_Modern_South_India_in_preparation_ The Heirs of Vijayanagara Court Politics in Early-Modern South India] Author ; Lennart Bes&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> <br /> == Identity and origins ==<br /> Rowthers are Soldiers, officials, and literati attached to Muslim Court in the Deccan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Richman|first=Paula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgqqQAsXOW0C&amp;q=Ravuttars&amp;pg=RA1-PA34|title=Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre|date=1997-10-01|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1063-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In described as a Rāuta, Rāutta or Rāvutta derived from Sanskrit ''Rajaputra'' and was often assumed by subordinate rulers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGPVAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Ravuta+title|title=Indian Studies|date=1967|publisher=Ramakrishna Maitra|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Aiyangar|first1=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066742|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|year=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=95–96|ref=Aiyangar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later, Chola kings too invited Horse traders from the [[Seljuk Empire]] who belonged to the [[Hanafi]] school.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abraham&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&amp;q=rawther+muslim+turkish+cavalry&amp;pg=PT404|title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life…|date=2020-12-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64899-659-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During 8th-10th centuries, an armada of Turkish traders settled in [[Madurai]], [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tharangambadi]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Muthupet]], [[Koothanallur]] and [[Podakkudi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Pferde in Asian : Geschichte, Handel und Kultur |trans-title=Horses in Asia : history, trade, and culture |author=Fragner, Bert G. |author2=Kauz, Ralph |author3=Ptak, Roderich |author4=Schottenhammer, Angela |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-7001-6638-2 |location=Wien |pages=150–160 |oclc=1111579097}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. There are some [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] and [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] inscriptions found in a wide area from [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] to [[Thiruvarur]] and in many villages. These inscriptions are seized by the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Madras Museum]]. Some Turkish inscriptions were also stolen from the Big Mosque of [[Koothanallur]] in 1850.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Arunachalam, S. |title=The history of the pearl fishery of the Tamil coast |date=2011 |publisher=Pavai Publications |isbn=978-81-7735-656-4 |page=96 |oclc=793080699}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are two factions of Rowthers in Tamil Nadu, Tamils cavalry warriors covers majority of Tamil Nadu while Seljuk Turkic clan remains in [[Chola Nadu|Delta districts]] and some [[Pandya Nadu|south tamilnadu]] districts and [[Kerala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Abraham&quot; /&gt; Both now Tamil and Turkish Hanafi expanded with population and some circumstantial evidence in historical sources that the Rowthers are related to [[Vellalar]] converts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tschacher, Torsten |title=Islam in Tamilnadu : varia |date=2001 |publisher=Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg |isbn=3-86010-627-9|location=Halle (Saale)|page=99|oclc=50208020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rowthers worked in the administration of the Vijayanagar Nayaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Madras, Chennai : a 400-year record of the first city of modern India|date=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |editor=Muthiah, S. |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|edition=1st |location=Chennai|page=140|oclc=419265511}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Social system: kinship ===<br /> The Rowthers were an [[Endogamy|endogamous group]]. But like all modern societies, they have adapted to modern norms and rituals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=Ashok Pratap Singh&amp; Patiraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&amp;q=rawther&amp;pg=PA707|title=Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance|date=2007|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-200-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Kinship terms ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !''English''<br /> !''Rowther's Tamil/Malayalam''<br /> |-<br /> |''Father''<br /> |''Aththaa or Atthaa''/ Vappichi <br /> |-<br /> |''Mother''<br /> |''Amma''/''Buva''<br /> |-<br /> |''Elder Brother''<br /> |''Annan''<br /> |-<br /> |''Younger Brother''<br /> |''Thambi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Elder Sister''<br /> |''Akka''<br /> |-<br /> |''Younger Sister''<br /> |''Thangai''/''Thangachi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Paternal Grandfather''<br /> |''Atthatha/Ayya/Appa/Radha''<br /> |-<br /> |''Paternal Grandmother''<br /> |''Aththamma/Radhima'' or ''Thathima''<br /> |-<br /> |''Maternal Grandfather''<br /> |''Ayya/Appa or Ammatha/Nanna''<br /> |-<br /> |''Maternal Grandmother''<br /> |''Mooma/Ammama/Nannimma''<br /> |-<br /> |''Father's Elder Brother/ Husband of Mother's Elder Sister''<br /> |''Periyatha'' or ''Periyavaapa''<br /> |-<br /> |''Mother's Elder Sister / Wife of Father's Elder Brother''<br /> |''Periyamma'' or ''Periyabuva''<br /> |-<br /> |''Father's Younger Brother''<br /> |''Chaacha/Chinnaththa''<br /> |-<br /> |''Mother's Younger Sister''<br /> |''Khalamma/Chinnamma/Chiththi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Maternal Uncle''<br /> |''Mama''<br /> |-<br /> |''Maternal Aunt''<br /> |''Maami''<br /> |-<br /> |''Cousins''<br /> |''Machan &amp; Machi''<br /> |-<br /> |''Elder Brother's Wife''<br /> |''Madhini/Machi''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Rites and rituals ==<br /> === Marriage ===<br /> Nevertheless, in cities, inter-marriages do occur, although they are rare&quot; (Vines, 1973). cross-cousins are potential spouses. Remembering the community's historic valor, during marriage ceremonies, the bridegroom is conducted in a horseback procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Occupational activities ===<br /> Traditionally the Rowthers were [[landlord]]s and landowning community (historically mentioned as Rowthers were brave cavaliers and early Muslim horse-traders in Tamil literature&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIDWAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Horse+trader|title=Special Volume on Conservation of Stone Objects|date=2003|publisher=Commissioner of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;), but today, they deal with various trade and occupations, mostly being [[Self-employment|self-employed]]. They deal in gemstones, gold, textiles, and real estate and participate in the [[Foodservice|food, beverage, and hospitality]] industry, construction work, and general merchandising. Some profess traditionally [[White-collar worker|white-collar professions]] like doctors, engineers, advocates, civil servants, accountants, and teachers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Administration and justice ===<br /> There is traditional caste council or panchayat among the Rowthers. In Kerala Rawther Welfare Society (Rawther federation of India) and also Learned and Elderly individuals, and Religious Clerics act as advisors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ashok Pratap |title=Psychological implications in industrial performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Pub. House |first2=Patiraj |last2=Kumari |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=708 |oclc=295034951}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Religion ===<br /> Rowthers belong to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] sect of Islam and subscribe to the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence. They follow the five basic tenets of Islam, which are:<br /> <br /> # Belief in the [[Shahada]]h,<br /> # Offering mandatory [[Salah|Prayers]] five times a day, at specific and prescribed time periods,<br /> # Observing fast during the month of [[Ramadan]],<br /> # Giving charity ([[Zakah]]) to the poor, and<br /> # Going on the [[Haj]]j pilgrimage, once in a person's lifetime, if said person has the means to do so (financially, physically, or otherwise).<br /> <br /> Their adherence to the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi madhab]]<br /> <br /> Being Hanafi adherents, Rowthers tend to subscribe to the [[Deobandi movement]], which is a reformist movement that arose during the 19th century in North India. The aim of this movement is to eradicate [[Bid'ah|religious innovations]] and other practices that the movement might deem 'heretical' or 'deviant', all of which might have crept within the subcontinent's Muslims and their practices over the centuries.<br /> <br /> In contrast, they can also be part of the [[Barelvi movement]] (''Sunnat Jamaath''), which also began in North India during the late 19th century. The Barelvi movement emphasise more on retaining the centuries of religious traditions and practices, and encourages visiting the resting place ([[Dargah]]s) of Awliyas and seeking [[Tawassul|intercession]].<br /> <br /> The major festivals celebrated are [[Puthandu]], [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid-Ul-Fitr]], Chandanakudam, and [[Eid al-Adha|Bakr-id]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Closeness in Tamil inscriptions and literature ==<br /> The well-known legend of the [[Shiva]] saint [[Manikkavacakar]] of the 9th century is connected with the purchase of horses for the Pandya king. In that, the god Shiva who appeared in disguise as a horse trader to protect the saint and he is called as Rowther. Also, the Tamil god [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] is praised by saint [[Arunagirinathar]] as ''சூர் கொன்ற ராவுத்தனே'' (Oh Ravuttan, who vanquished Sooran) and ''மாமயிலேரும் ராவுத்தனே'' (Oh Ravuttan, who rides on the great peacock) in his Kanthar Alangaram ([https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D கந்தர் அலங்காரம்]) and in Kanthar Venba (கந்தர் வெண்பா).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=மயிலேறும் இராவுத்தன்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/anantha-jothi/562251-lord-muruga.html|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=2 July 2020 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=கமால்|first=எஸ் எம்|title=முஸ்லீம்களும் தமிழகமும்/ராவுத்தர் - விக்கிமூலம்|url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ta.wikisource.org|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Madras, Chennai: a 400-year record of the first city of modern India |date=2008 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |author=Muthiah, S. |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |page=140 |oclc=419265511}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This shows the religious harmony of Rowthers and [[Shaivism|Saivites]] in early [[Tamilakam]] till now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rājāmukamatu|first=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=rawthar|title=Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900|date=2005|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cōmale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYkeAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|title=Maturai Māvaṭṭam|date=1980|publisher=Kastūrpā Kānti Kan̲yā Kurukulam, Veḷiyīṭṭup Pakuti|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Anwar|first=Kombai S.|date=2018-06-07|title=A secular temple in Kongu heartland|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-secular-temple-in-the-heart-of-kongu-nadu/article24103046.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There were Tamil Rowthers working in the administration of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the Khurram Kunda. The inscription details the dedication of the land by the Rowther to a [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] temple in Cheyyur.<br /> [[File:Murugan Ravuttan.jpg|thumb|Arunagirinathar Tamil poet say Murugan as Ravuttar]]<br /> [[File:Sri Muthallu Rawother.JPG|thumb|Muththal Ravuttar Deity]]<br /> Muththaal Ravuttar (meaning Muslim Rowther is a Prakrit derivation from ''raja-putra'') figures as Tamil male deities who protect Tamil land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Modernisation ==<br /> Rowthers are one of the most prominent Muslim groups in South India, making their mark in various fields, from jurisprudence to Entertainment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The community gives importance to education. Due to Globalization and [[Economic liberalisation in India|the 1991 Economic Reforms]], a lot of societal and cultural shifts have taken place. The aftermath has resulted in women being more active participants of the workforce and an increase in their participation in higher education and academia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=More Muslim Women Enrolled in Higher Edu Institutes Than Muslim Men: AISHE Report |url=https://thewire.in/education/more-muslim-women-in-higher-education-than-muslim-men-aishe-report |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=The Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grants and scholarships have been established by numerous Muslim minority institutions to make education easier for women to seek and access. Thus, women today, are encouraged and emphasised to pursue and excel in secular education as much as it might be encouraged for them to excel in religious education.<br /> <br /> Due to easier and better access to religious resources and more religious awareness, the community has also gradually begun to allow women to pray in [[Mosque|masjids]], particularly during the occasions of [[Friday prayer|Jummah]] and [[Eid prayers|Eid]], and make them more active participants in masjid activities (hosting seminars, workshops, and classes). Historically, in the Indian subcontinent, due to societal and cultural reasons, more so than any religious mandate, women were discouraged to attend, pray, and participate in masjids.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-01-08 |title='No ban on women entering Vavar mosque' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/no-ban-on-women-entering-vavar-mosque/article25941783.ece |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-04-19 |title=Juma Masjid to be opened for women |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/juma-masjid-to-be-opened-for-women/article8496761.ece |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aafaq |first=Zafar |date=2022-12-16 |title=For Muslim women in India, mosques remain largely out of bound – even without entry bans |url=https://scroll.in/article/1039610/for-women-jama-masjids-temporary-entry-ban-is-a-reminder-of-their-exclusion-from-mosques-in-india |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> {{Main|List of Rowthers}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Tamils|Tamil people]]<br /> *[[M. Muhammad Ismail|Quaid-e-Millath]]<br /> *[[Tamil Muslim]]s<br /> *[[Mukkulathor]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> *J. P. Mulliner. ''Rise of Islam in India''. University of Leeds chpt. 9. Page 215<br /> *{{Cite book|author=Hussein, Asiff |title=Sarandib : an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka|date=2007|publisher=Asiff Hussein|isbn=978-955-97262-2-7|edition=1st |location=Nugegoda|oclc=132681713}}<br /> *{{Cite book |title=People of India. Tamil Nadu|date=1997|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India|editor=Singh, K. S. |editor2=Thirumalai, R. |editor3=Manoharan, S. |isbn=81-85938-88-1|location=Madras|pages=1259–1262|oclc=48502905}}<br /> *{{Cite book |title=Kerala|date=2002|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India|editor=Singh, K. S. |editor2=Madhava Menon, T. |editor3=Tyagi, D. |editor4=Kulirani, B. Francis |isbn=81-85938-99-7|location=New Delhi|page=1306|oclc=50814919}}<br /> * Mines, Mattison. ''Social Stratification among the Muslim Tamils in Tamil Nadu, South India'', Imtiaz Ahmad, ed, Caste, and Social Stratification among the Muslims, Manohar book service, New Delhi, 1973.<br /> * Nanjundayya, H.V. and lyer, LK.A, 1931, ''The Mysore Tribes and Castes, IV'', The Mysore University. Mysore.<br /> * Thurston, E., ''Castes and Tribes of Southern India'', Government Press, Madras, 1909.<br /> <br /> {{Indian Muslim}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Muslim communities lists]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim communities of India]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:South Indian communities]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country&diff=498143 2026-03-13T19:47:22Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Starting new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}} &lt;!-- &quot;none&quot; is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> [[File:Roman gold coins excavated in Pudukottai India one coin of Caligula 31 41 and two coins of Nero 54 68.jpg|thumb|Roman gold coins excavated in Pudukottai of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> <br /> The '''economy of the ancient Tamil country''' ([[Sangam era]]: 600 BCE – 300 CE) describes the ancient economy of a region in [[South India|southern India]] that mostly covers the present-day states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. The main economic activities were agriculture, weaving, [[pearl hunting|pearl fishery]], manufacturing and construction. [[Rice]] was the most important crop; it was the staple cereal, grown widely in [[paddy fields]], and served as a medium of exchange for inland&lt;!--&quot;domestic trade&quot;? If you change it, do so below, too.--&gt; trade. [[Black pepper|Pepper]], [[millet]]s, [[Pulse (legume)|pulse]]s and [[sugarcane]] were other commonly grown crops. [[Madurai]] and [[Urayur]] were important centres for the [[Textile|textile industry]]; [[Korkai]] was the center of the pearl trade. Industrial activity flourished.<br /> <br /> Inland trading was conducted primarily through [[barter]] in busy market places by merchant associations and commercial lending institutions&lt;!--The lenders conducted trade? I'd have thought they played a secondary role, enabling others to conduct it--&gt;. Merchants formed associations that operated autonomously, without interference from the state. The people of ancient Tamil country engaged in brisk overseas trade with [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]; the trade reached a peak after the discovery of a direct route for merchant ships between Tamilakam and [[Egypt]]&lt;!--in [year or decade or part of century?]--&gt;, taking advantage of the [[monsoon|monsoon winds]]. Pepper, pearls, ivory, textiles and gold ornaments were exported from Tamilakam, and the main imports were luxury goods such as glass, [[coral]], wine and [[topaz]]. Foreign trade brought in a large amount of internationally convertible [[Roman currency]].<br /> <br /> The state played an important role in building and maintaining [[infrastructure]] such as roads and ports—funded through taxation—to meet the needs of economic and social activity. Wealth was unequally divided among the people, giving rise to distinct economic classes.<br /> <br /> ==Agriculture==<br /> {{Main article|Agriculture in ancient Tamil country}}<br /> [[Agriculture]] was the main occupation of the ancient [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s and the most respected.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=26}}&lt;ref name=&quot;thirukkural-prestige&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/kural/kaviyogi/tks2d.htm<br /> | title = Thirukkural<br /> | quote = உழுதுண்டு வாழ்வாரே வாழ்வார்மற் றெல்லாம் தொழுதுண்டு பின்செல் பவர். They live who live to plough and eat; The rest behind them bow and eat.<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Farmers were aware of different soil types, the best crops to grow and the various irrigation systems suitable for any given region. In the five geographical divisions of the Tamil country in [[Sangam literature]], the [[Sangam landscape#Marutham .E2.80.93 Cropland|Marutam]] region was the most fit for cultivation, as it had the most fertile lands. Land was classified, according to its fertility, as ''Menpulam'' (fertile land), ''Pinpulam'' (dry land), ''Vanpulam'' (hardland) and ''Kalarnilam'' or ''Uvarnilam'' (salty land). ''Menpulam'' yielded rich produce on a variety of crops, but ''Pinpulam'' was cultivated only with dry crops due to limited irrigation facilities. The yield from ''Vanpulam'' was limited, while ''Kalarnilam'' was unfit for cultivation. Some of the well known types of soil were [[alluvial soil]], red soil, [[Vertisol|black soil]], laterite soil and sandy soil.{{sfnp|Balambal|1998|page=60}}<br /> [[File:Grain millet, early grain fill, Tifton, 7-3-02.jpg|thumb|Pearl millet]]<br /> The Tamils cultivated [[Paddy fields|paddy]], [[sugarcane]], [[millet]]s, [[Black pepper|pepper]], various [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], [[coconut]]s, [[beans]], [[cotton]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]], [[tamarind]] and [[sandalwood]]. Paddy was the main crop, with different varieties grown in the wetland of Marutam, such as ''Vennel'', ''Sennel'', ''Pudunel'', ''Aivananel'' and ''Torai''. The peasants lived in groves of trees close to the farmlands and each house had [[jackfruit|jack]], coconut, [[palmyra palm|palm]], [[arecanut|areca]] and plantain trees.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} Peasants grew [[turmeric]] plants in front of their houses and laid flower gardens in between the houses. Farmers believed that [[plough]]ing, [[manure|manuring]], [[weeding]], [[irrigation]] and the protection of crops must be done according to a specific method in order to obtain a good yield.{{sfnp|Pillai|1972|pages=50–51}} A wide range of tools needed for agriculture, from ploughing to harvesting, were manufactured. The basic tool was the plough also known as ''meli'', ''nanchil'' and ''kalappai''. ''Palliyadutal'' referred to the process of removing weeds using a toothed implement attached to a plank and drawn by oxen. Lower-class peasants used [[Sling shot|stone sling]] devices to scare animals and birds away from the standing crops. [[Sickle]]s were used for harvesting mature rice paddies.{{sfnp|Pillai|1972|page=51}} Since the rivers of the region were not [[Perennial stream|perennial]], several irrigation techniques were developed to ensure an adequate and continuous supply of water. Farmers used a bullock-propelled device called ''Kapilai'' for bailing out water from deep wells and a manual setup called ''Erram'', for shallow wells. [[Irrigation tank|Tank]]s, lakes and [[dam]]s were used as water storage systems and the water regulated using [[sluice]]s and shutters.{{sfnp|Pillai|1972|page=51}} [[Kallanai]], a dam built on river [[Kaveri]] during this period, is one of the oldest water-regulation structure in the world.{{sfnp|Balambal|1998|page=64}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kallanai_googlebook&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Singh<br /> | first = Vijay P.<br /> |author2=Ram Narayan Yadava<br /> | title = Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment<br /> | publisher = Allied Publishers<br /> | year = 2003<br /> | pages = 508<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&amp;dq=kallanai&amp;pg=PA508<br /> | isbn = 81-7764-548-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kallanai_oldest&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf<br /> |title=''This is the oldest stone water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world''<br /> |access-date=2007-05-27<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206130842/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf<br /> |archive-date=2007-02-06<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Surface irrigation, sprinkler mechanism and [[drip irrigation]] methods were followed to prevent wastage of water.{{sfnp|Balambal|1998|page=65}}<br /> [[File:Grand Anicut kallanai.JPG|thumb|left|Kallanai is one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world]]<br /> Most farmers cultivated their own plots of land and were known by different names such as ''Mallar'', ''Ulutunbar'', ''Yerinvalnar'', ''Vellalar'', ''Karalar'' and ''Kalamar''.{{sfnp|Balambal|1998|page=61}} There were also [[absentee landlords]] who were mostly [[brahmin]]s and poets who had received donations of land from the king and who gave these donations to [[tenant farmer]]s. Sometimes independent farm laborers, known as ''Adiyor'', were hired for specific tasks. Landlords and [[peasants]] paid tax on the land and its produce – the [[Land value tax|land tax]] was known as ''Irai'' or ''Karai'' and the tax on produce was called ''Vari''. One sixth of the produce was collected as tax.{{sfnp|Balambal|1998|page=67}} Taxes were collected by revenue officials known as ''Variya'' and ''Kavidi'', who were assisted by accountants called ''Ayakanakkar''. For survey and taxation purposes, various measurements were used to measure the land and its produce. Small lots of land were known as ''Ma'' and larger tracts as ''Veli''. Produce was measured using cubic-measures such as ''Tuni'', ''Nali'', ''Cher'' and ''Kalam'' and weight-measures such as ''Tulam'' and ''Kalanju''.<br /> <br /> ==Industry==<br /> {{Main article|Industry in ancient Tamil country}}<br /> During the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]], crafts and trade occupations were considered secondary to agriculture. Carpenters crafted wooden wares and blacksmiths worked in simple workshops. Weaving, [[Pearl hunting|pearl fishing]], smithy and [[Shipbuilding|ship building]] were prominent industries of ancient [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakam]]. Spinning and weaving was a source of income for craftsmen; weaving was practised part-time by the farmers in rural areas. [[Madurai]] and [[Urayur]] were important industrial centers, known for their cotton textiles. Muslin cloth was woven with fine floral work of different colors. Silk cloth was manufactured with its threads gathered in small knots at its ends. Clothing was embroidered for the nobles and aristocrats who were the main customers. Material was often dyed; the blue dye for the [[Loincloth|loin cloth]] was a [[preferred color]]. In addition to silk and cotton fabrics, cloth made of [[wood fibre]] called ''Sirai Maravuri'' and ''Naarmadi'' was used by the priestly class.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=86}} The cloth manufacturers wove long pieces of cloth and delivered it to the dealers. The textile dealers then scissored off bits of required length, called ''aruvai'' or ''tuni'', at the time of sale. Hence, the dealers were called ''aruvai vanigar'' and the localities where they lived ''aruvai vidi''. Tailors, called ''tunnagarar'' in Madurai and other big towns, stitched garments .{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|pages=240–241}}<br /> [[File:White pearl necklace.jpg|thumb|Pearl fishing was an important industry in ancient Tamilakam]]<br /> Pearl fishing flourished during the Sangam age. The Pandyan port city of [[Korkai]] was the center of the pearl trade. Written records from Greek and Egyptian voyagers give details of the pearl fisheries off the Pandyan coast. According to one account, the [[Paravar|fishermen]] who dove into the sea avoided attacks from sharks by bringing up the right-whorled [[conch]] and blowing on the shell.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | title = A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly<br /> | last = Caldwell<br /> | first = Robert<br /> | year = 1881<br /> | pages = 20<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC&amp;dq=musiri+pandyas&amp;pg=PA189<br /> | access-date = 2005-07-15<br /> | publisher = Asian Educational Services<br /> | isbn = 978-81-206-0145-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Convicts were used as pearl divers in Korkai. The Periplus mentions that &quot;Pearls inferior to the Indian sort are exported in great quantity from the marts of Apologas and Omana&quot;.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=55}} Pearls were woven together with muslin cloth before being exported and were the most expensive product imported by Rome from India.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=55}} The pearls from the [[Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyan kingdom]] were in demand in the kingdoms of [[North India]] as well. Several Vedic mantras refer to the wide use of the pearls, describing poetically that royal chariots and horses were decked with pearls. The use of pearls was so great that the supply of pearls from the [[Ganges]] could not meet the demand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Iyengar<br /> | first = P.T. Srinivasa<br /> | title = History Of The Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 AD<br /> | pages = 22<br /> | publisher = Asian Educational Services<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC&amp;dq=musiri+pandyas&amp;pg=PA189<br /> | access-date = 2007-07-15<br /> | isbn = 978-81-206-0145-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[blacksmith]], working in the ''Panikkalari'' (literally: workplace), played an important role in the lives of ancient Tamils. Some of the essential items produced by blacksmiths were weapons of war, tools such as the plough, domestic utensils and iron wheels. They used a blow pipe or a pair of bellows (a ''turutti'') to light the fire used for smelting and welding. There were not many blacksmith shops in the rural areas. Blacksmiths were overworked as they had to serve the needs of neighboring villages.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=241}} Shipbuilding was a native industry of Tamilakam. Ocean craft of varying sizes, from small catamarans (logs tied together) to big ships, navigated Tamil ports. Among the smaller crafts were ''ambi'' and ''padagu'' used as ferries to cross rivers and the ''timil'', a [[fishing boat]]. ''Pahri'', ''Odam'', ''Toni'', ''Teppam'', and ''Navai'' were smaller craft. The large ship, called ''Kappal'', Kalam had masts (''Paaymaram'') and sails (''Paay'').&lt;ref name=sundararajan_trade&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Ancient Tamil Country<br /> | last = Sundararajan<br /> | pages = 85}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=253}}<br /> <br /> Other industries were carpentry, fishing, salt-manufacture, forestry, pottery, rope making, chank-cutting, [[Gemcutter|gem cutting]], the manufacture of leather sheaths for war weapons, the manufacture of jewellery, the production of [[jaggery]], and the construction of temples, and other religion-related items such as procession cars and images. Baskets made of [[wicker]] for containing dried grains and other edible articles were also constructed.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=356}}&lt;ref name=sivathamby_trade&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Drama in ancient Tamil society<br /> | last = Sivathamby<br /> | pages = 173–174}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Inland trade==<br /> Ancient Tamilians were active traders in various commodities, both locally and outside Tamil country. The kingdoms of [[northern India]] sought pearls, cotton fabrics and conch shells from Tamilakam in exchange for woollen clothing, hides and horses.&lt;ref name=krishnamurthy_trade&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Sangam Age Tamil Coins<br /> | last = Krishnamurthy<br /> | pages = 5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Locally most trading was in food products – agricultural produce was supplemented by products from hunters, fishermen and shepherds who traded in meat, fish and dairy products. In addition, people bought other goods such as items for personal hygiene, adornment and transportation. Mercantile transactions took place in busy market places. Traders used various modes of selling: hawking their goods from [[Door-to-door|door to door]], setting up shops in busy market places or stationing themselves at royal households. Sellers of fish, salt and grain hawked their goods, the textile merchants sold cloths from their shops in urban markets and the goldsmith, the [[lapidary]] and sellers of sandalwood and ivory patronised the aristocrats' quarters.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=86}} Merchants dealt in conches and ivory.<br /> <br /> Most trade was by barter. Paddy was the most commonly accepted medium of exchange, followed by purified salt. Honey and roots were exchanged for fish liver oil and arrack, while sugarcane and rice flakes were traded for venison and toddy. Poems in ''[[Purananuru]]'' describe the prosperous house in [[Pandya]] land well stocked with paddy that the housewife had exchanged for grams and fish. Artisans and professionals traded their services for goods.&lt;ref name=&quot;sivathamby_trade&quot; /&gt; Quantities were measured by weighing balance, called the ''Tulakkol'' named after ''Tulam'', the standard weight. Delicate balances made of ivory were used by the goldsmiths for measures of ''Urai'', ''Nali'' and ''Ma''.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=87}} A different kind of barter involving deferred exchange was known as ''Kuri edirppai'' – this involved taking a loan for a fixed quantity of a commodity to be repaid by the same quantity of the same commodity at a later date. Since barter was prevalent locally, coins were used almost exclusively for foreign trade.<br /> <br /> ===Markets===<br /> Sangam works such as ''Maduraikkanci'' and ''Pattinappalai'' give a detailed description of the markets in big cities.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=45}}&lt;ref name=husaini_maduraikanci&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> | pages = 24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The market, or ''angadi'', was located at the centre of a city.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=81}} It had two adjacent sections: the morning bazaar (''nalangadi'') and the evening bazaar (''allangadi''). The markets of Madurai were cosmopolitan with people of various ethnicities and languages crowding into the shops. Foreign merchants and traders came to Madurai from such northern kingdoms as Kalinga to sell merchandise wholesale.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|pages=244–245}} According to the Mathuraikkanci, the great market was held in a large square and the items sold included garlands of flowers, fragrant pastes, coats with metallic belts, leather sandals, weapons, shields, carts, chariots and ornamented chariot steps. Garment shops sold clothing of various colours and patterns made of cotton, silk or wool, with the merchandise neatly arranged in rows. On the grain merchants' street, sacks of pepper and sixteen kinds of grains (including paddy, millet, gram, peas and [[Sesame|sesame seeds]]) were heaped by the side. The jewellers, who conducted business from a separate street, sold precious articles such as diamonds, [[pearl]]s, [[emerald]]s, [[ruby|rubies]], [[sapphire]]s, [[topaz]], coral beads and varieties of gold.&lt;ref name=&quot;husaini_maduraikanci&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Vanchi Muthur|Vanchi]], the capital of the [[Chera Dynasties|Cheras]], was a typical fortified city, with two divisions inside the fort – the ''Puranakar'' and the ''Akanakar''. The Puranakar was the outer city adjacent to the fort wall and was occupied by the soldiers. The Akanakar, the inner city, included the king's palace and the officers' quarters. The city market was located between these two divisions; the artisans and traders lived close to the market.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|pages=75–76, 80}} Kaveripumpattinam, the port city of the [[Cholas]], had its market in a central open area close to the two main suburbs of the city – ''Maruvurpakkam'' and ''Pattinapakkam''. Maruvurpakkam was adjacent to the sea where the fishermen and the foreign merchants lived. The main streets of the market met at the centre where there was a temple dedicated to the local guardian deity of the city.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|pages=71, 80}}<br /> <br /> The market of Kaveripumpattinam was similar to the one in Madurai. Large quantities of dyes, scented powder, flowers, textiles, salt, fish and sheep were sold. Flowers were in great demand, especially during festivals such as ''Indira vizha''. Near the [[bazaar]] were warehouses with little ventilation located underground.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} Since merchants from various places thronged the bazaar, each package for sale had the name and details of its owner written on it. Simple advertisements were used to indicate the goods available at different locations.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=254}}<br /> <br /> ===Mercantile organization===<br /> There were different types of merchants who operated in the ancient Tamil market, which gave rise to a wealth-based class distinction among them. Merchants in the lower levels of the hierarchy were of two varieties: the [[wikt:itinerant|itinerant]] merchants who sold goods that they manufactured themselves and the retailers who sold goods manufactured by others. Itinerant traders were found in both the rural and urban markets, but the retailers were concentrated in the cities. In the rural markets, salt and grain merchants usually produced the goods, transported them and sold them directly to the consumers. Salt merchants, known as ''umanar'', travelled with their families in trains of carts.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=86}} In the cities, artisans such as the blacksmiths and the oil mongers sold their products directly to the consumers. The bulk of the retailers operated in the textile industry. The textile dealers (''aruvai vanigar'') bought their products from the weavers (''kaarugar'') and resold them to the consumers. Merchants selling agricultural produce in the cities were also retailers. At the upper end of the merchant hierarchy, were the rich merchants who participated in the export trade. There were three classes among them - ''ippar'', ''kavippar'' and ''perunkudi'' - based on the extent of their wealth; the ''perunkudi'' made up the wealthiest class. Foreign merchants, mainly Romans, also did business in the Tamil markets – not just in the port cities, but in inland cities such as Madurai, where they exchanged indigenous goods for their offerings.{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} Another category of merchants were the intermediaries or the brokers, who acted as information channels and offered their services mainly to the foreign merchants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Mukund<br /> |title= The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant<br /> | pages = 17–19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg|thumb|Coin of Roman Emperor Augustus found in Pudukkottai]]<br /> Merchants organized themselves into groups called ''Sattu'' or ''Nikamam''. Stone inscriptions at [[Mangulam]] (c. 200 BCE) and pottery inscriptions found at Kodumanal refer to merchant guilds as ''nikamam'' and the members of the guilds as ''nikamattor''. These findings suggest that merchant guilds were established at several industrial and trade centres of ancient Tamil country.&lt;ref name=mahadevan_trade&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Mahadevan<br /> |title=Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D.<br /> | pages = 141}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of these merchant associations acted in union in their public activities. They were autonomous, meaning that they enjoyed freedom from state interference but also suffered from the lack of state backing. Merchants were expected to abide by a code of conduct, which was: &quot;Refuse to take more than your due and never stint giving to others their due&quot;.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} Therefore, they went about running their business by openly announcing the profit they were aiming at, known as ''Utiyam''.{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|page=86}}{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=246}} The mercantile community of Tamilakam was aware of elementary banking operations. Lending through houses specializing in monetary transactions and fixation of rates were common. This was, evidently, necessitated by the extensive overseas trade.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=360}} Accountants were in demand in view of monetary transactions and considerable trading activity.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=357}} Merchant groups from Madurai and Karur made endowments, or donations, as attested by inscriptions found in Alagarmalai (c. 1st century BCE) and Pugalur (c. 3rd century CE). These inscriptions also mention that the various commodities traded by such merchants included cloth, salt, oil, [[plowshare]]s, sugar and gold.&lt;ref name=mahadevan_trade/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Foreign trade==<br /> The economic prosperity of the Tamils depended on foreign trade. Literary, archaeological and numismatic sources confirm the trade relationship between Tamilakam and Rome, where spices and pearls from India were in great demand. With the accession of [[Augustus]] in 27 BCE, trade between Tamilakam and Rome received a tremendous boost and culminated at the time of [[Nero]] who died in 68 CE. At that point, trade declined until the death of [[Caracalla]] (217 CE), after which it almost ceased. It was revived again under the [[Byzantine]] emperors. Under the early [[Roman Emperor|Roman emperors]], there was a great demand for articles of luxury, especially [[beryl]]. Most of the articles of luxury mentioned by the Roman writers came from Tamilakam. In the declining period, [[cotton]] and industrial products were still imported by Rome.&lt;ref name=husaini_trade1&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> | pages = 20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The exports from the Tamil country included pepper, [[pearl]]s, [[ivory]], textiles and gold ornaments, while the imports were luxury goods such as [[glass]], [[coral]], [[wine]] and [[topaz]].&lt;ref name=&quot;krishnamurthy_trade1&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Sangam Age Tamil Coins<br /> | last = Krishnamurthy<br /> | pages = 6}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government provided the essential infrastructure such as good harbours, lighthouses, and warehouses to promote overseas trade.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=359}}<br /> <br /> ===Trade route===<br /> [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|250px| [[Silk Road]] map showing ancient trade routes.]]<br /> The [[trade route]] taken by ships from Rome to Tamilakam has been described in detail by the writers, such as [[Strabo]] and [[Pliny the Elder]]. Roman and Arab sailors were aware of the existence of the monsoon winds that blew across the [[Indian Ocean]] on a seasonal basis. A Roman captain named [[Hippalus]] first sailed a direct route from Rome to India, using the monsoon winds. His method was later improved upon by merchants who shortened the voyage by sailing due east from the port of Cana or [[Cape Guardafui]], finding that by this way it was possible to go directly from Rome to Tamilakam. Strabo writes that every year, about the time of the summer solstice, a fleet of one hundred and twenty vessels sailed from [[Myos Hormos]], a port of [[Egypt]] on the [[Red Sea]], and headed toward India. With assistance from the monsoons, the voyage took forty days to reach the ports of Tamilakam or Ceylon. Pliny writes that if the monsoons were blowing regularly, it was a forty-day trip to [[Muziris]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/more-studies-needed-at-pattanam/article4743789.ece|title=More studies needed at Pattanam|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |work=The Hindu|date=23 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; from [[Ocelis]] located at the entrance to the Red Sea from the south. He writes that the passengers preferred to embark at Bacare (Vaikkarai) in Pandya country, rather than [[Muziris]], which was infested with [[pirate]]s. The ships returned from Tamilakam carrying rich cargo which was transported in [[camel train]]s from the Red Sea to the [[Nile]], then up the river to [[Alexandria]], finally reaching the capital of [[Roman Empire|the Roman empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;husaini_trade2&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> |title=The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | pages = 18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Evidence of Tamil trading presence in Egypt is seen in the form of Tamil inscriptions on pottery in Red Sea ports.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603404 |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |date=1991 |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=734–735 |doi=10.2307/603404 |access-date=11 February 2024 |jstor=603404|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Imports and exports===<br /> Fine [[muslin]]s and jewels, especially beryls (''vaiduriyam'') and [[pearl]]s were exported from Tamilakam for personal adornment. Drugs, spices and condiments as well as [[Costus speciosus|crape ginger]] and other cosmetics fetched high prices. Even greater was the demand for pepper which, according to Pliny, sold at the price of 15 [[denarii]] (silver pieces) a pound. [[Sapphire]], called ''kurundham'' in Tamil, and a variety of [[ruby]] were also exported. The other articles exported from Tamilakam were [[ivory]], [[spikenard]], [[betel]], diamonds, [[amethysts]] and [[tortoiseshell]]. The Greek and Arabic names for rice (''Oryza'' and ''urz''), ginger(''Gingibar'' and ''zanjabil'') and cinnamon (''Karpion'' and ''quarfa'') are almost identical with their Tamil names, ''arisi'', ''inchiver'' and ''karuva''.&lt;ref name=husaini_trade3&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> |title=The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | pages = 19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The imports were mostly luxury items such as glass, gold and wine. Horses were imported from Arabia.&lt;ref name=&quot;krishnamurthy_trade&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Foreign exchange===<br /> [[File:AugustusIndianImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|left|Local imitation of a coin of Augustus, c. 1st century AD.]]<br /> The flourishing trade with the Romans had a substantial impact on the economy of ancient Tamil country and the royal treasury and the export traders accumulated large sums of Roman currency. Pliny writes that India, China and Arabia between them absorbed one hundred million [[sesterce]]s per annum from Rome. This sum is calculated by [[Theodor Mommsen|Mommsen]] to represent 1,100,000 pounds, of which nearly half went to India, the preponderance to [[South India]].&lt;ref name=husaini_coins&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> |title=The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | pages = 20–21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Coins hoarded by the early Roman emperors from [[Augustus]] to [[Nero]] have been found in the vicinity of the South Indian [[beryl]] mines which produced the best and purest beryl in the world. At fifty-five different locations, mostly in [[Madurai]] and [[Coimbatore]] districts, these coins have been unearthed; the number of gold coins discovered has been described as a quantity amounting to five coolly loads. The quantity of silver coins has been variously described as &quot;a great many in a pot&quot;, &quot;about 500 in an earthen pot&quot;, &quot;a find of 163 coins&quot;, &quot;some thousands enough to fill five or six Madras measures&quot;.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} Coins of all the Roman emperors from Augustus (27 BCE) to [[Alexander Severus]] (235 CE]) have been discovered, covering a period of nearly three centuries. By far the greatest number of these Roman coins belong to the reigns of Augustus and [[Tiberius]]. After 235 CE, for the next one hundred years, there are no coins that can be dated, suggesting a temporary abeyance of trade between Rome and [[South India]]. This could have been due to internal revolts and external attacks suffered by the Roman empire during that period. When order and good government were restored in Rome, trade with Tamilakam revived, as indicated by the finding of an increased number of coins from this period. [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]]'s coins have been traced to the end of the Roman empire. Scholars believe there was a Roman settlement near Madurai and that little copper coins with the Roman Emperors' heads on them might have been minted locally.&lt;ref name=&quot;husaini_coins&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Role of the state==<br /> The role of the state in trade related to two aspects: first, to provide an adequate infrastructure necessary to sustain the trade and second, to organise an efficient administrative apparatus for taxation.&lt;ref name=mukund_state&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Mukund<br /> | title = The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant<br /> | pages = 22–23<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the Sangam period, the main [[trade route]]s, such those going over the [[Western Ghats]], went through thick forests. It was the duty of the state to protect the merchant caravans on these trade routes from robbers and wild life. Main roads, known as ''Peruvali'', were built that connected the distant parts of the country. These roads were as important to the army as they were to the merchants. Commodities like salt had to be transported long distances, such as from the sea coast to the interior villages. The state also built and expanded the infrastructure for shipping such as ports, [[lighthouse]]s and [[warehouse]]s near the ports to promote overseas trade. Several ports were constructed on both the east and the west coasts of Tamilakam. [[Kaveripumpattinam]] (also known as ''Puhar'') was the chief port of the [[Cholas]]; their other ports were [[Nagapattinam]], [[Marakkanam]] and [[Arikamedu]], all on the east coast. The [[Pandyas]] had developed Korkai, Saliyur, Kayal, Marungurpattinam (present day Alagankulam) and Kumari (present day [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]]) as their centers of trade along the east coast. [[Ay Kingdom]] held sway over [[Niranam]] (Nelcynda of Periplus of the Erythraean/Red Sea - Late 1st century CE) and [[Vilinam]] (Vizhinjam) were their west coast ports. [[Muziris|Muchiri]], [[Tyndis|Tondi]], [[Kannur]],<br /> were the principal ports of the [[Chera Dynasties|Cheras]], all of them on the west coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;krishnamurthy_ports&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Sangam Age Tamil Coins<br /> | last = Krishnamurthy<br /> | pages = 5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> These ports were cited by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] (early 1st century CE and [[Ptolemy]] (2nd century AD) also.<br /> <br /> To collect revenue from commerce, the state installed [[customs]] checkposts (''sungachavadi'') along the highways and the ports. In the ports, duty was collected on inland goods, before being exported, and on overseas goods meant for the local markets, which were stamped with the official seal before being allowed into the country. The volume of trade in the port cities was high enough to warrant a large workforce to monitor and assess the goods. The state issued licenses to [[liquor]] shops, which were required to fly the license flag outside their premises. Flags were used by foreign merchants too, to indicate the nature of goods they were selling. The state also kept records of the weights and counts of all the goods sold by merchants. One of the significant aspects of the state intervention in commerce was that it reinforced the authority of the ruler.&lt;ref name=&quot;mukund_state&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal wealth==<br /> How wealth was assessed varied from one community to another. Farmers counted the number of [[ploughshare]]s owned and among the pastoral folk it was the number of cows. Wealth was distributed unequally among the people, leading to distinct economic classes - the rich, the poor and the middle class. The nobility, state officers, export traders and court poets formed the wealthy class. Most agriculturists and inland merchants made up the middle class. The lowest class consisted of labourers and wandering [[minstrel]]s. It was believed that this economic division of people was the result of a divine arrangement; the poor people were made to feel that their miserable condition was due to their past [[sin]]s, ''tivinai'', and was inevitable.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=232}} The extreme opulence of some people as well as the abject poverty of some others are clearly portrayed in the contemporary literature. Most of the rich spent a part of their wealth on charity, the king's philanthropy setting an example. It was believed that one needed to accumulate wealth in order to give donations and perform righteous obligations. Sometimes, the men of the household undertook a long journey to the north of the [[Venkata (hill)|Venkata Hill]] or the northern boundary of Tamilakam, to earn wealth. One possible region that they might have gone to is the [[Mysore (region)|Mysore region]], where the gold mines were getting famous. [[F. Raymond Allchin|F. R. Allchin]], who has discussed the antiquity of [[gold mining]] in the Deccan, says that the high period of mining in South India was the last centuries of the pre-Christian era and the first two centuries of the [[Anno Domini|Christian era]], which coincides with the Sangam period.&lt;ref name=sivathamby_wealth&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Drama in ancient Tamil society<br /> | last = Sivathamby<br /> | pages = 175}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{TNhistory}}<br /> {{Main article|Sources of ancient Tamil history}}<br /> The most important source of ancient [[Tamil people|Tamil]] history is the corpus of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poems, referred to as [[Sangam literature]], dated between the last centuries of the pre-[[Christian era]] and the early centuries of the Christian era.{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=22}}&lt;ref name=sahitya_sangamdate&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Sharma<br /> | first = TRS<br /> | title = Ancient Indian Literature: An Anthology. Vol III<br /> | pages = 43<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | publisher = Sahitya Academy, New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=brittanica_age&gt;{{cite encyclopedia<br /> | title = Cankam literature<br /> | encyclopedia = The Encyclopædia Britannica<br /> | volume = 2<br /> | pages = 802<br /> | year = 2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It consists of 2381 known poems, with a total of over 50000 lines, written by 473 poets.&lt;ref&gt;Rajam, V. S. 1992. A reference grammar of classical Tamil poetry: 150 B.C.-pre-fifth/sixth century A.D. Memoirs of the American philosophical society, v. 199. Philadelphia, Pa: American Philosophical Society. p. 12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. M. Varadarajan, ''A History of Tamil Literature'', (Translated from Tamil by E.Sa. Viswanathan), Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1988 p. 40&lt;/ref&gt; Each poem belongs to one of two types: ''Akam'' (inside) and ''Puram'' (outside). The ''akam'' poems deal with inner human emotions such as love, while the ''puram'' poems deal with outer experiences such as society, culture and warfare. These poems contain descriptions of various aspects of life in the ancient Tamil country. The ''[[Maduraikkanci]]'' by Mankudi Maruthanaar and the ''[[Netunalvatai]]'' by Nakkirar contain a detailed description of the Pandyan capital [[Madurai]], the king's palace and the rule of Nedunj Cheliyan, the victor of the Talaialanganam battle.&lt;ref name=&quot;sastri2_maduraikanci&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Sastri<br /> | title = A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar<br /> | pages = 127}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Purananuru]]'' and ''[[Agananuru]]'' collections contain poems sung in praise of various kings and poems that were composed by the kings themselves. The ''[[Pathirruppaththu]]'' provides the genealogy of two collateral lines of the Cheras and describes the Chera country. The ''[[Pattinappaalai]]'' talks about the riches of the Chola port city of [[Kaveripumpattinam]] and the economic activities in the city. The historical value of the Sangam poems has been critically analysed by scholars in the 19th and 20th centuries. Historians agree that the descriptions of society, culture and economy in the poems are authentic, for the most part: many eminent scholars including Sivaraja Pillay, Kanakasabhai, K.A.N Sastri and George Hart have used information from these poems to describe the ancient Tamil society.&lt;ref name=sivaraj_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Pillay<br /> | first = Sivaraja<br /> | title = The Chronology of the Early Tamils<br /> | pages = 11}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Venkata Subramanian|1988|pages=12–13}}{{sfnp|Subrahmanian|1980|page=23}}&lt;ref name=sundararajan_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Sundararajan<br /> |title= Ancient Tamil Country<br /> | pages = 3}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Pillai|1972|page=8}}&lt;ref name=sastri_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Sastri<br /> | title = The Pandyan Kingdom<br /> | pages = 14–15, 21, 31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mukund_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Mukund<br /> |title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant<br /> | pages = 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=husaini_reliability&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> |title=The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | pages = 7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Herman Tieken, a Dutch scholar, has expressed his disapproval of doing so, arguing that the poems were composed much later in the 8th-9th centuries CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;tiekenbook&quot;&gt;Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo (2001) Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten. pp. 229–230&lt;/ref&gt; Tieken's methodology and his conclusions about the date of Sangam poems have been criticized by other scholars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hart|first1=George|author-link=George L. Hart|title=Kāvya in South India: Old Tamil Caṅkam Poetry by Herman Tieken|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=2004|volume=124|issue=1|pages=180–184|jstor=4132191|publisher=American Oriental Society|doi=10.2307/4132191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|G.E. Ferro-Luzzi]]. Tieken, Herman, ''Kavya in South India'' (Book review). ''Asian Folklore Studies''. June 2001. pp. 373–374&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anne E. Monius]], Book review, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 1404–1406&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among literary sources in other languages, the most informative ones are Greek and Roman accounts of the maritime trade between the Roman empire and the kingdoms of Tamilakam. [[Strabo]] and [[Pliny the Elder]] give the details of the trade route between the Red Sea coast and the western coast of [[South India]]. Strabo (c. 1st century BCE) mentions the embassies sent by the Pandyas to the court of Augustus, along with a description of the ambassadors. Pliny (c. 77 CE) talks about the different items imported by the Romans from India and complains about the financial drain caused by them. He also refers to many Tamil ports in his work ''The Natural History''. The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] (c. 60 – 100 CE) an anonymous work, gives an elaborate description of the Tamil country and the riches of a 'Pandian Kingdom'.<br /> <br /> [[Archaeological]] excavations at many sites in Tamil Nadu including Arikamedu, Kodumanal, Kaveripumpattinam and Alagankulam, have yielded a variety of artifacts belonging to the Sangam era, such as various types of pottery and other items including black and red ware, rouletted ware, Russet coated ware, brick walls, ring wells, pits, industrial items, and the remains of seeds and shells.&lt;ref&gt;Begley, p. 461&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, p. 57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tripati et al., pp. 86, 89&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gaur and Sundaresh, pp. 126–27&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the pottery sherds contain Tamil-Brahmic inscriptions on them, which have provided additional evidence for the archaeologist to date them. Archaeologists agree that activities best illustrated in these material records are trade, hunting, agriculture and crafts.&lt;ref&gt;Abraham, p. 219&lt;/ref&gt; These excavations have provided evidence for the existence of the major economic activities mentioned in Sangam literature. Remnants of irrigation structures like reservoirs and ring wells and charred remains of seeds attest to the cultivation of different varieties of crops and knowledge of various agricultural techniques.&lt;ref&gt;Cooke et al., pp. 342–43, 348–49&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tripati et al., pp. 86–88&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gaur and Sundaresh, p. 124&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Begley, p. 472&quot;&gt;Begley, p. 472&lt;/ref&gt; Spinning whorls, cotton seeds, remains of a woven cotton cloth and dyeing vats provide evidence for the activities of the textile industry.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, p. 67&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Begley, p. 475&lt;/ref&gt; Metallurgy has been supported by the discovery of an ancient blast furnace, along with its base and wall, anvil, slags and crucibles. The remains have indicated that, in addition to iron, the blacksmith may have worked with steel, lead, copper and bronze.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, pp. 65–66, 95, 98–102&lt;/ref&gt; The Kodumanal excavation recovered several jewellery items and semi precious stones at different stages of manufacture, suggesting that they were locally manufactured.&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, pp. 66–67&lt;/ref&gt; Remains of import and export articles recovered from Arikamedu indicate the important role it played as an Indo-Roman trading station.&lt;ref&gt;Begley, pp. 472, 480&lt;/ref&gt; Building construction, pearl fishery and painting are other activities that have been supported by findings from these excavations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Begley, p. 472&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tripati et al., pp. 86, 88–89&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gaur and Sundaresh, p. 127&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rajan, p. 141&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Inscriptions are another source of deducing ancient Tamil history: most of them are written in Tamil-Brahmi script and found on rocks or pottery. The inscriptions have been used to corroborate some of the details provided by the Sangam literature. Cave inscriptions found at places such as Mangulam and Alagarmalai near Madurai, Edakal hill in Kerala and Jambai village in Villupuram district record various donations made by the kings and chieftains.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, pp. 7–24&lt;/ref&gt; Brief mentions of various aspects of the Sangam society such as agriculture, trade, commodities, occupations and names of cities are found in these inscriptions.&lt;ref&gt;Mahadevan, pp. 115–59&lt;/ref&gt; Several coins issued by the Tamil kings of this age have been recovered from river beds and urban centers of their kingdoms. Most of them carry the emblem of the corresponding dynasty, such as the bow and arrow of the Cheras; some of them contain portraits and written legends. Numismatists have used these coins to establish the existence of the Tamil kingdoms during the Sangam age and associate the kings mentioned in the legends to a specific period.&lt;ref&gt;Krishnamurthy, pp. 20–23, 97–107, 132–48&lt;/ref&gt; A large number of Roman coins have been found in Coimbatore and Madurai districts, providing more evidence for the brisk maritime trade between Rome and Tamilakam.&lt;ref&gt;Husaini, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> * [[Tamil people]]<br /> * [[Tamil culture]]<br /> * [[Tamil cuisine]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> {{div col|colwidth=48em}}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last = Abraham<br /> | first = Shinu<br /> | title = Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India<br /> | journal = Asian Perspectives<br /> | volume = 42<br /> | issue = 2<br /> | pages = 207–223<br /> | year = 2003<br /> | doi = 10.1353/asi.2003.0031| hdl = 10125/17189<br /> | s2cid = 153420843<br /> | hdl-access = free<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Balambal|first=V.|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XNuAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PP1|year=1998|publisher=Kalinga Publications|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-85163-87-1}} <br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last = Begley<br /> | first = Vimala<br /> | title = Arikamedu Reconsidered<br /> | journal = American Journal of Archaeology<br /> | pages = 461–81<br /> |date=October 2003<br /> | volume = 87<br /> | issue = 4<br /> | doi = 10.2307/504104<br /> | publisher = American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 87, No. 4<br /> | jstor = 504104| s2cid = 245265477<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia<br /> | title = Cankam literature<br /> | encyclopedia = The Encyclopædia Britannica<br /> | volume = 2<br /> | pages = 802<br /> | year = 2002}}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last = Cooke<br /> | first = M |author2=D.Q. Fuller |author3=K. Rajan<br /> | title = Early Historic Agriculture in Southern Tamil Nadu: Archaeobotanical Research at Mangudi, Kodumanal and Perur<br /> | journal = South Asian Archaeology<br /> | publisher = Proceedings of the European Association for South Asian Archaeology Conference, Bonn, Germany<br /> | pages = 341–50<br /> | year = 2003<br /> | url = http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/SAA_04%20Cooke%20et%20al%20(06-15).pdf<br /> | access-date = 2007-08-05}}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last = Gaur<br /> | first = A.S<br /> |author2=Sundaresh<br /> | title = Onshore and Near shore explorations along the Southern Tamilnadu Coast: with a view to locating ancient ports and submerged sites<br /> | journal = Riches of Indian Archaeological and Cultural Studies<br /> | pages = 122–30<br /> | url = http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/509/1/Mahasenasiri_2006_1_122.pdf<br /> | access-date = 2007-08-05}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Husaini<br /> | first = Dr. S.A.Q.<br /> | title = The History of the Pandya Country<br /> | year = 1962<br /> | publisher = Selvi Pathippakam, Karaikudi<br /> | oclc = 15033846}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Krishnamurthy<br /> | first = R.<br /> | title = Sangam Age Tamil Coins<br /> | year = 1997<br /> | publisher = Garnet Publications, Madras<br /> | oclc = 39131200}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Mahadevan<br /> | first = Iravatham<br /> | title = Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D.<br /> | publisher = Harvard University Press<br /> | year = 2003<br /> | isbn = 0-674-01227-5}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Mukund<br /> | first = Kanakalatha<br /> | title = The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant<br /> | publisher = Orient Longman, Hyderabad<br /> | year = 1999<br /> | isbn = 81-250-1661-9}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Pillai|first=Jaya Kothai|title=Educational System of the Ancient Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rJ_dBSIBlkC&amp;pg=PP1|year=1972|publisher=South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Pub. Society, Tinnevelly |oclc=732125}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Sastri<br /> | first = K.A. Nilakanta<br /> | title = The Pandyan Kingdom: From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century<br /> | year = 1972<br /> | publisher = Swathi Publications, Madras<br /> | oclc = 714083}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Sharma<br /> | first = TRS<br /> | title = Ancient Indian Literature: An Anthology. Vol III<br /> | pages = 43<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | publisher = Sahitya Akademy, New Delhi<br /> | isbn = 81-260-0794-X}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Sivathamby<br /> | first = Karthigesu<br /> | title = Drama in ancient Tamil society<br /> | year = 1981<br /> | publisher = New Century Book House, Madras<br /> | oclc = 9760754}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Subrahmanian|first=N|title=History of Tamilnad: 1565–1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHhuAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PP1|year=1972|publisher=Koodal Publishers|oclc=708451}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Subrahmanian|first=N|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GO21AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP1|year=1980|publisher=Ennes Publications|oclc = 7978869}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Sundararajan<br /> | first = Dr.S.<br /> | title = Ancient Tamil Country<br /> | year = 1991<br /> | publisher = Navrang Booksellers and Publishers, New Delhi<br /> | isbn = 81-7013-072-7}}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last1 = Tripati<br /> | first1 = Sila<br /> | first2= A.S. |last2=Gaur |last3=Sundaresh |first4=P. |last4=Gudigar<br /> | title = Marine Archaeological Explorations in the Kaveripoompattiname Region: Fresh light on the Structural Remains<br /> | journal = Man and Environment<br /> | volume = 21<br /> | issue = 1<br /> | pages = 86–90<br /> | year = 1996<br /> | url = http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/130}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Venkata Subramanian|first=T. K. |title=Environment and Urbanisation in Early Tamilakam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN4fAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP1|year=1988|publisher=Tamil University|isbn=978-81-7090-110-5}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil Veith|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&amp;pg=PP1|series=A History of Indian Literature|year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Pillai<br /> | first = K. N. Sivaraja<br /> | author-link = K. N. Sivaraja Pillai<br /> | title = The Chronology of the Early Tamils<br /> | orig-year = 1932| year = 1984<br /> | publisher = Asian Educational Services}}<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Economic history}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Ancient Tamil Country}}<br /> [[Category:Sangam period]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language literature]]<br /> [[Category:Economic history of Tamil Nadu]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goddess&diff=448454 2026-03-12T16:26:47Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Updated formatting and sections</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Feminine or female deity}}<br /> {{Other uses}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> [[File:Queen_Nefertari_being_led_by_Isis_MET_DP167142.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Queen [[Nefertari]] being led by [[Isis]], the ancient Egyptian mother goddess of magic]]<br /> <br /> A '''goddess''' is a female [[deity]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Ellwood|first1=Robert S.|title=The Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe|url-access=registration|date=2007|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=978-1438110387|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/181 181]|edition=Rev.}} Text: '''goddesses''' Female deities.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In some faiths, a sacred female figure holds a central place in religious prayer and worship. For example, [[Shaktism]] (one of the three major [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sects), holds that the ultimate deity, the source of all reality, is Supreme Goddess (Mahaiia) and in some forms of Tantric [[Shaivism]], the pair of [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]] are the ultimate principle (with the goddess representing the active, creative power of God). Meanwhile, in [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]], [[ultimate reality]] is often seen as being composed of two principles depicted as two deities in union ([[Yab-Yum|yab yum]], &quot;father-mother&quot;) symbolising the non-duality of the two principles of perfect [[wisdom]] (female) and skillful [[compassion]] (male).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Simmer-Brown 2002 p. 159&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Simmer-Brown |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZqiAgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA159 |title=Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism |publisher=Shambhala |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8348-2842-1 |page=159 |access-date=18 January 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A single figure in a [[monotheistic]] faith that is female may be identified simply as '''[[god]]''' because of no need to differentiate by gender or with a diminutive. An experiment to determine the effect of [[psychedelics]] on subjects composed of leaders from diverse religious groups revealed a general experience that the divine which the subjects encountered was feminine.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&amp;gt;Jocelyn, Hannah, ''[https://link.newyorker.com/view/5be9ee5d24c17c6adf0abc2cnrurr.b8rz/24e70546 Is God a Woman?]'', [[The New Yorker]], Daily, Monday, May 19, 2025&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Polytheism|Polytheist religions]], including [[polytheistic reconstructionism|Polytheistic reconstructionists]], honour multiple goddesses and gods, and usually view them as discrete, separate beings. These deities may be part of a pantheon, or different regions may have [[tutelary deities]]. In many known cultures, goddesses are often linked with literal or metaphorical pregnancy or imagined feminine roles associated with how women and girls are perceived or expected to behave. This includes themes of [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]], [[weaving]], beauty, love, sexuality, motherhood, [[wikt:domesticity|domesticity]], creativity, and [[List of fertility deities|fertility]] (exemplified by the ancient [[mother goddess]] cult). Many major goddesses are also associated with magic, war, strategy, hunting, farming, wisdom, [[fate]], earth, sky, [[power (social and political)|power]], laws, justice, and more. Some themes, such as [[wikt:discordianism|discord]] or disease, which are considered negative within their cultural contexts also are found associated with some goddesses. There are as many differently described and understood goddesses as there are male, [[shapeshifting]], devilish, or neuter gods.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The noun ''[[:wikt:goddess|goddess]]'' is a secondary formation, combining the Germanic ''[[god (word)|god]]'' with the Latinate ''[[:wikt:-ess|-ess]]'' suffix. It first appeared in [[Middle English]], from about 1350.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;BARNHART323&quot;&amp;gt;Barnhart (1995:323).{{Incomplete short citation|date=April 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The English word follows the linguistic precedent of a number of languages—including [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]], [[Classical Greek]], and several [[Semitic languages]]—that add a feminine ending to the language's word for ''god''. Occasionally, one finds the root term being applied without the secondary ending.<br /> <br /> ==Historical polytheism==<br /> {{Further|Polytheism}}<br /> <br /> ===Ancient Near East===<br /> ====Mesopotamia====<br /> {{Main|Assyro-Babylonian religion|Sumerian religion}}<br /> <br /> [[Inanna]] was the most worshipped goddess in ancient [[Sumer]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Wolkstein|first1=Diane|author1-link=Diane Wolkstein|last2=Kramer|first2=Samuel Noah|title=Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer|year=1983|publisher=Harper&amp;amp;Row Publishers|location=New York City, New York|isbn=0-06-090854-8|page=xviii}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&amp;gt;[[Sylvia Brinton Perera]], ''Descent to the Goddess'' (Toronto 1982) re Inanna and [[Ereshkigal]].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Nemet-Nejat|first=Karen Rhea|author-link=Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat|date=1998|title=Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0313294976|page=[https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182 182]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She was later [[syncretism|syncretised]] with the [[East Semitic]] goddess [[Ishtar]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Paul|article=The Sumerian Goddess Inanna (3400-2200 BC)|title=Papers of from the Institute of Archaeology|volume=5|publisher=UCL|date=1994|pages=110–111}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Other Mesopotamian goddesses include [[Ninhursag]], [[Ninlil]], [[Antu (goddess)|Antu]] and [[Gaga (god)|Gaga]].<br /> <br /> ==== Ancient Africa (Egypt) ====<br /> {{Main|Netjeret}}<br /> <br /> * Goddesses of the [[Ennead]] of [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]]: [[Tefnut]], [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], [[Nephthys]], [[Isis]]<br /> * Goddesses of the [[Ogdoad (Egyptian)|Ogdoad]] of [[Hermopolis]]: [[Naunet]], [[Amaunet]], [[Kauket]], [[Hauhet]]; originally a cult of [[Hathor]]<br /> * [[Satet|Satis]] and [[Anuket]] of the triad of [[Elephantine]]<br /> <br /> ====Canaan====<br /> {{Further|The Hebrew Goddess}}<br /> Goddesses of the [[Canaanite religion]]: [[Ba`alat Gebal]], [[Astarte]], [[Anat]].<br /> <br /> ====Anatolia====<br /> * [[Arinniti]]: Hittite coddess of the sun. She became patron of the [[Hittite Empire]] and monarchy.<br /> * [[Cybele]]: Her Hittite name was Kubaba, but her name changed to Cybele in [[Phrygia]]n and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] culture. Her effect can be also seen on [[Artemis]] as the Lady of Ephesus.<br /> * [[Hebat]]: Mother goddess of the Hittite pantheon and wife of the leader sky god, [[Teshub]]. She was the origin of the [[Hurrians|Hurrian]] cult.<br /> * [[Leto]]: A mother goddess figure in [[Lykia]]. She was also the main goddess of the capital city of Lykia League ([[Letoon]])<br /> <br /> ====Pre-Islamic Arabia====<br /> In pre-Islamic [[Mecca]] the goddesses [[Al-Uzza|Uzza]], [[Manāt]] and [[Al-Lat|al-Lāt]] were known as &quot;the daughters of god&quot;. Uzzā was worshipped by the [[Nabataean]]s, who equated her with the Graeco-Roman goddesses [[Aphrodite]], [[Urania]], [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] and Caelestis. Each of the three goddesses had a separate shrine near [[Mecca]]. Uzzā, was called upon for protection by the pre-Islamic [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]. In 624 AD, during the [[Battle of Uhud]], the war cry of the Qurayshites was, &quot;O people of Uzzā, people of [[Hubal]]!&quot; (Tawil 1993).<br /> <br /> According to [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s controversial account of the ''[[Satanic Verses]]'' (''q.v.''), these verses had previously endorsed them as intercessors for [[Muslims]], but were abrogated. Most Muslim scholars have regarded the story as historically implausible, while opinion is divided among western scholars such as [[Leone Caetani]] and John Burton, who argue against, and [[William Muir]] and [[William Montgomery Watt]], who argue for its plausibility.<br /> <br /> The Quran ([[Q53:19-31]]) warns of the vanity of trusting to the intercession of female deities, in particular &quot;the daughters of god&quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{citation-attribution|1=[[Quran 53:19-31]] {{cite book |last1=Wherry |first1=Elwood Morris |author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry |title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes |date=1896 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co |location=London}} }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Indo-European traditions===<br /> {{See also|Proto-Indo-European religion}}<br /> <br /> Pre-Christian and pre-Islamic goddesses in cultures that spoke Indo-European languages.<br /> <br /> ====Indian====<br /> {{Further|Proto-Indo-Iranian religion|Rigvedic deities}}<br /> <br /> * [[Agneya]]: or Aagneya is the Hindu Goddess of Fire. <br /> * [[Prithivi]]: the Earth, also appears as a goddess. [[Rigvedic rivers|Rivers]] are also deified as goddesses. <br /> * [[Ushas]]: is the main goddess of the ''[[Rigveda]]'' and is the goddess of the [[dawn]]. <br /> * [[Varuni]]: is the Hindu Goddess of Water. Bhumi, Janani, Buvana, and Prithvi are names of the Hindu Goddess of Earth.<br /> <br /> ====Iranian====<br /> * [[Anahita]]: or Nahid, or Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā, or Aban: the divinity of &quot;the Waters&quot; and hence associated with fertility, healing, beauty and wisdom.<br /> * [[Ashi]]: a divinity of fertility and fortune in the [[Zoroastrian]] hierarchy of [[yazatas]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url = http://roshangaran-pub.ir/bookshow/B968846641|title = Goddesses in Iranian Culture and Mythology|date = 2014|publisher = Tehran: Roshangaran va Motale’at-e Zanan Publications|last = Taheri|first = Sadreddin}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * [[Daena]]: a divinity, counted among the [[yazatas]], representing insight and revelation, hence &quot;conscience&quot; or &quot;religion&quot;.<br /> * [[Spenta Armaiti]]: or [[Sandaramet]], one of the [[Amesha Spentas]], a female divinity associated with earth and Mother Nature. She is also associated with the female virtue of devotion (to family, husband, and child). In the Iranian calendar, her name is on the twelfth month and also the fifth day of the month.<br /> <br /> ====Greco-Roman====<br /> {{Main|Religion in ancient Greece|Religion in ancient Rome}}<br /> [[File:Ceres statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of an unknown woman as [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]], Roman goddess of agriculture and motherly relationships]]<br /> <br /> * [[Eleusinian Mysteries]]: [[Baubo]] (goddess of mirth), [[Demeter]] (goddess of the harvest) and [[Persephone]] (goddess of spring, queen of the Underworld as the wife of Hades).<br /> * [[Muses|Greek muses]]: [[Calliope]] (goddess of [[epic poetry]]), [[Clio]] (history), [[Erato]] (love poetry), [[Euterpe]] (music, song, and [[lyric poetry]]), [[Melpomene]] (tragedy), [[Polyhymnia]] (sacred poetry), [[Terpsichore]] (dance), [[Thalia (Muse)|Thalia]] (comedy and pastoral poetry), and [[Urania]] (astronomy).<br /> * [[Aphrodite]]: Goddess of love and beauty.<br /> * [[Artemis]]: Virgin goddess of the wilderness and the hunt.<br /> * [[Athena]]: Virgin goddess of strategy, warfare, and crafts.<br /> * [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]]: Goddess of chaos.<br /> * [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]: Primordial goddess of the Earth. Most gods descend from her.<br /> * [[Hecate]]: Goddess of sorcery and crossroads. Often considered a [[chthonic]] or lunar goddess. She is either portrayed as a single goddess or a triple goddess (maiden, mother, crone).<br /> * [[Hera]]: Goddess of womanhood, marriage and childbirth, queen of Olympus as the wife of Zeus.<br /> * [[Hestia]]: Virgin goddess of the hearth, domesticity and family.<br /> * [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]]: Goddess of rainbows.<br /> * [[Leto]]: Titan goddess of childhood.<br /> * [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]: Goddess of victory. She is predominantly pictured with Zeus or Athena and sometimes Ares.<br /> * [[Selene]]: Titan goddess of the Moon.<br /> * [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]: Titan goddess of motherhood.<br /> <br /> ====Celtic====<br /> {{Main|Celtic pantheon}}<br /> <br /> Goddesses and otherworldly women in [[Celtic polytheism]] include:<br /> <br /> * Celtic antiquity: [[Brigantia (goddess)|Brigantia]]<br /> * [[Gallo-Roman]] goddesses: [[Epona]], [[Dea Matrona]]<br /> * Irish mythology: [[Áine]], [[Boann]], [[Brigid]], [[Cailleach|The Cailleach]], [[Danu (Irish goddess)|Danu]], [[Ériu]], [[Fand]] and [[The Morrígan]] ([[Nemain]], [[Macha]], and [[Badb]]) among others.<br /> <br /> The Celts honoured goddesses of nature and natural forces, as well as those connected with skills and professions such as healing, warfare and poetry. The Celtic goddesses have diverse qualities such as abundance, creation and beauty, as well as harshness, slaughter and vengeance. They have been depicted as beautiful or hideous, old [[Cailleach|hags]] or young women, and at times may transform their appearance from one state to another, or into their associated creatures such as crows, cows, wolves or eels, to name but a few. In [[Irish mythology]] in particular, tutelary goddesses are often associated with [[sovereignty]] and various features of the land, notably mountains, rivers, forests and [[holy well]]s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Juliette|title=The Celts: Life, Myth, and Art|url=https://archive.org/details/celtslifemythart0000wood_j3t9|url-access=registration|date=2001|publisher=Duncard Baird Publishers|location=London|isbn=9781903296264|page=[https://archive.org/details/celtslifemythart0000wood_j3t9/page/42 42]|edition=New}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ====Germanic====<br /> {{Further|List of Germanic deities and heroes#Goddesses}}<br /> [[File:Freia Gestures to Hyndla by Frølich.jpg|thumb|The goddess [[Freyja]] is nuzzled by the boar [[Hildisvíni]] while gesturing to [[Hyndla]] (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]].]]<br /> <br /> Surviving accounts of [[Continental Germanic mythology|Germanic mythology]] and [[Norse mythology]] contain numerous tales of female goddesses, [[Jötunn|giantesses]], and divine female figures in their scriptures. The [[Germanic peoples]] had altars erected to the [[Matres and Matrones|&quot;Mothers and Matrons&quot;]] and held celebrations specific to these goddesses (such as the Anglo-Saxon [[Mōdraniht|&quot;Mothers-night&quot;]]). Various other female deities are attested among the Germanic peoples, such as [[Nerthus]] attested in an early account of the Germanic peoples, [[Ēostre]] attested among the [[Anglo-Saxon paganism|pagan Anglo-Saxons]], and [[Sinthgunt]] attested among the pagan continental Germanic peoples. Examples of goddesses attested in Norse mythology include [[Frigg]] (wife of [[Odin]], and the Anglo-Saxon version of whom is namesake of the modern English weekday [[Friday]]), [[Skaði]] (one time wife of [[Njörðr]]), Njerda (Scandinavian name of [[Nerthus]]), that also was married to [[Njörðr]] during Bronze Age, [[Freyja]] (wife of [[Óðr]]), [[Sif]] (wife of [[Thor]]), [[Gerðr]] (wife of [[Freyr]]), and personifications such as [[Jörð]] (earth), [[Sól (Sun)|Sól]] (the sun), and [[Nótt]] (night). Female deities also play heavily into the Norse concept of death, where half of those slain in battle enter Freyja's field [[Fólkvangr]], [[Hel (being)|Hel]]'s realm [[Hel (location)|of the same name]], and [[Rán]] who receives those who die at sea. Other female deities such as the [[valkyries]], the [[norns]], and the [[dís]]ir are associated with a Germanic concept of [[destiny|fate]] (Old Norse ''[[Wyrd|Ørlög]]'', Old English ''[[Wyrd]]''), and celebrations were held in their honour, such as the [[Dísablót]] and [[Disting]].<br /> <br /> ===Pre-Columbian America===<br /> ====Aztec====<br /> {{Main|Aztec religion}}<br /> [[File:Toci and Xochiquetzal, Two Aztec Goddesses WDL6731.png|thumb|[[Xochiquetzal]] (left) and [[Chalchiuhtlicue]] (right) as depicted in the [[Tovar Codex]].]]<br /> <br /> * [[Chalchiuhtlicue]]: goddess of water (rivers, seas, storms, etc.) Jade symbolizes both femininity of the goddess and water, since jade metaphorically denotes water due to the similarity of color and brilliance between water and jade&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dehouve, D. (2020). THE RULES OF CONSTRUCTION OF AN AZTEC DEITY: CHALCHIUHTLICUE, THE GODDESS OF WATER. Ancient Mesoamerica, 31(1), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536118000056&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.<br /> <br /> * [[Chantico]]: goddess of the [[hearth]], flames<br /> * [[Coyolxauhqui]]: warrior goddess associated with the moon<br /> * Duality Earth Goddesses: [[Cihuacoatl]] (childbirth and [[maternal death]]), [[Coatlicue]] (earth as the womb and grave), [[Tlazolteotl]] (filth and purification)<br /> * [[Itzpapalotl]]: monstrous ruler of [[Tamoanchan]] (a paradise realm)<br /> * [[Mictecacihuatl]]: queen of [[Mictlan]] (the underworld)<br /> * [[Xochiquetzal]]: goddess of fertility, beauty, and female sexuality<br /> In Aztec goddess, the concept of women is shown by skirt. Not only skirts but also necklaces with jade and pectorals can imply femininity&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dehouve, Danièle. “The Rules of Construction of an Aztec Deity: Chalchiuhtlicue, the Goddess of Water.” Ancient Mesoamerica 31, no. 1 (2020): p.23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536118000056.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.<br /> <br /> ====Maya====<br /> {{Main|Maya religion}}<br /> <br /> *[[Ixchel]]: mother goddess<br /> *[[Maya moon goddess]]<br /> *[[Goddess I]]: eroticism, human procreation, and marriage<br /> <br /> ====Inca====<br /> {{Main|Religion in the Inca Empire}}<br /> <br /> * [[Pachamama]]: the supreme Mother Earth<br /> * [[Mama Killa]]: moon goddess<br /> * [[Mama Ocllo]]: fertility goddess<br /> * [[Mama Cocha]]: goddess of the sea and lakes<br /> <br /> ====Native North America====<br /> Goddesses of various Native North American peoples include:<br /> <br /> * [[Spider Grandmother]]: Creator goddess of the Southwestern United States<br /> * [[Atahensic]]: [[Iroquois]] sky goddess<br /> * [[Atira (goddess)|Atira]]: [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] earth and corn goddess<br /> * [[Tia (goddess)|Tia]]: [[Haida mythology|Haida]] goddess of peaceful death<br /> * [[Sedna (mythology)|Sedna]]: [[Inuit mythology|Inuit]] goddess of the sea and underworld<br /> * [[Atabey (goddess)|Atabey]]: [[Taino]] mother goddess<br /> <br /> ==Folk religion and animism==<br /> {{Further|Folk religion|Marian devotion}}<br /> <br /> ===African religions===<br /> {{Further|Traditional African religions|African diasporic religions}}<br /> {{Further|Mami Wata|Ala (mythology)|Asase Ya|Oshun|Oya|Yemaja}}<br /> <br /> In African and African diasporic religions, goddesses are often syncretised with [[Marian devotion]], as in [[Ezili Dantor]] ([[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]]) and [[Erzulie Freda]] ([[Mater Dolorosa]]). There is also Buk, a Sudanese and Ethiopian goddess still worshipped in the southern regions. She represents the fertile aspect of women. She is related to the deity of a similar name, Abuk.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Relke |first=RJ |date=2001 |title=CHAPTER 4: THE AFRICAN NILOTIC PEOPLES AS ETHNOGRAPHIC PARALLELS: FINDING THE RIGHT &quot;FIT&quot;: AN APPROPRIATE ETHNOGRAPHIC PARALLEL |url=https://rune.une.edu.au/web/retrieve/b3811fcd-608f-4f43-97ce-e08c90084902 |access-date=January 2, 2024 |website=UNE |at=25-32}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Another Ethiopian goddess is [[Atete]], the goddess of spring and fertility. Farmers traditionally leave some of their products at the end of each harvesting season as an offering while women sing traditional songs.<br /> <br /> A rare example of henotheism focused on a single Goddess is found among the [[Nuba|Southern Nuba]] of Sudan. The Nuba conceive of the creator Goddess as the &quot;Great Mother&quot; who gave birth to earth and to mankind.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Mbiti|first1=John S.|title=Introduction to African Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoaf0000mbit|url-access=registration|date=1991|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books|location=Oxford, England|isbn=9780435940027|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoaf0000mbit/page/53 53]|edition=2nd rev.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Chinese folk religion===<br /> {{Main|Chinese folk religion}}<br /> {{Further|Queen Mother of the West}}<br /> <br /> * [[Mazu (goddess)|Mazu]] is the goddess of the sea who protects fishermen and sailors, widely worshipped in the south-eastern coastal areas of China and neighbouring areas in Southeast Asia.<br /> * The Goddess Weaver Zhinü, daughter of the Celestial Mother, wove the [[stars]] and their light, known as &quot;the Silver River&quot; (what Westerners call &quot;The Milky Way Galaxy&quot;), for heaven and earth. She was identified with the star Westerners know as [[Vega]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Chang|first1=Jung|title=Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China|date=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=1439106495|page=429|edition=reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unM5hd_V13MC&amp;amp;pg=PA429 |access-date=22 April 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Shinto===<br /> [[File:Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_(Kunisada)_1856.png|thumb|390x390px|[[Amaterasu]], goddess of the sun, emerges from the [[Ama-no-Iwato|Heavenly Rock Cave]], triptych by [[Utagawa Kunisada]]]]<br /> <br /> Goddess [[Amaterasu]] is the chief among the [[Kami|Shinto gods]] (''kami''), while there are important female deities [[Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto]], Inari and [[Konohanasakuya-hime]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Amaterasu/|title=Amaterasu|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2019-02-21}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Indian religions ==<br /> In the [[Indian religions]] (mainly [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]), there are many goddesses that are widely venerated. The earliest source for several of these goddesses is the [[Vedas]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;kinsley&quot;&amp;gt;Kinsley, David (1988). ''Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions''. University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-06339-2}}.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, goddesses can also be found in the art of the even more ancient [[Indus Valley civilisation]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Glimpses of the 'Feminine' in Indian Religion and Society: A Christian Perspective |url=https://www.academia.edu/830821 |page=81 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharji |first1=Sukumari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UszWGeqkZcC&amp;amp;pg=PP11 |title=Legends of Devi |last2=Sukumari |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1438-6 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hinduism===<br /> {{Main|God and gender in Hinduism}}<br /> {{Further|Devi|Shakti}}<br /> [[File:Statues of Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani and Camunda, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|A relief depicting [[Hindu goddess]]es (from left to right) [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)|Vaishnavi]], [[Varahi]], [[Indrani]], and [[Chamunda]]; [[National Museum of India]]]]<br /> <br /> [[Hinduism]] is a diverse complex of many belief systems which includes numerous gods and goddesses. The earliest Hindu source, the ''Rigveda'', contains many goddesses such as [[Prithvi]] (earth), [[Aditi]] (cosmic moral order), [[Vāc]] (sound), [[Nirṛti (goddess)|Nirṛti]] (destruction) and [[Saraswati]]. The ''[[Devīsūkta]]m'' is an important source for the goddess idea in [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]. Important Hindu goddesses today include [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Durga]], [[Kali]], [[Tripura Sundari|Tripurasundari]], [[Parvati]], and [[Radha]].<br /> <br /> There is much diversity in the [[theology]] of the various traditions of Hinduism. Some theologies (e.g. [[Advaita]]) see all gods and goddesses as emanations of a single formless impersonal source called [[Brahman]]. Other theologies are more personal regarding the ultimate deity.<br /> <br /> Some traditions posit a dual deity in the form of [[Lakshmi]]-[[Vishnu]], [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]], [[Brahma]]-[[Saraswati]], or [[Shiva]]-[[Parvati]]. These are presented as a pair with a male god (Shaktiman, &quot;possessor of power&quot;) and his consort, a female &quot;power&quot; (Shakti), and their relationship is interpreted in different ways depending on the tradition's theology.<br /> <br /> In [[Shaktism]], the supreme deity is the Great Goddess ([[Mahadevi]]), called by different names such as Shakti or [[Shakti|Adi Parashakti]] (Primordial Supreme Power). [[Shaktas]] consider the Goddess to be the ultimate source of all things and the mother of all gods and goddesses. She is considered to have ten main avatars called the ten [[mahavidya]]s in some traditions. Another important concept is the Shakta trinity, the [[tridevi]], which sees Mahadevi as manifesting in three main goddesses: [[Saraswati|Mahasaraswati]], [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]], and [[Mahakali]].[[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|right|The Hindu warrior goddess [[Durga]] killing the buffalo-demon [[Mahishasura]].]]In the great Shakta scripture known as the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'' (Glory of the Goddess), all the goddesses are aspects of one presiding female force—one in truth and many in expression, which also is the creative power of the cosmos. It expresses through philosophical tracts and metaphor, that the potentiality of masculine being is actuated by the feminine divine.<br /> <br /> Local deities of different village regions in [[India]] were often identified with &quot;mainstream&quot; Hindu deities, a process that has been called ''Sanskritisation''. Others attribute it to the influence of [[monism]] or ''Advaita'', which discounts polytheist or monotheist categorisation. While the monist forces have led to a fusion between some of the goddesses (108 names are common for many goddesses), centrifugal forces have also resulted in new goddesses and rituals gaining ascendance among the laity in different parts of Hindu world. Thus, the immensely popular goddess [[Durga]] was a pre-Vedic goddess who was later fused with Parvati, a process that can be traced through texts such as Kalika Purana (10th century), Durgabhaktitarangini ([[Vidyapati]] 15th century), Chandimangal (16th century) etc.<br /> <br /> Widely celebrated [[Hindu festival]] [[Navaratri]] is in the honour of the divine feminine [[Devi]] ([[Durga]]) and spans nine nights of prayer in the autumn, also referred as Sharada Navratri.<br /> <br /> === Buddhism ===<br /> [[File:准提菩萨像轴.明代.纸本设色描金.台北故宫博物院藏.jpg|thumb|[[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cundī]] Buddha Mother (also known as Cundā), [[Ming dynasty|Ming Dynasty]] (1368–1644).]]<br /> [[File:Tara statue near Kulu.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], Urgyen Sanag Choling Gompa near [[Kullu district|Kulu]], [[Himachal Pradesh|Himchal Pradesh]]]]<br /> <br /> There are numerous female deities in the various Buddhist traditions.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&amp;gt;for a full overview and list of goddesses see: Shaw, Miranda (2006). ''Buddhist Goddesses of India,'' Princeton University Press.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Buddhist goddesses are widely depicted in [[Buddhist art]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt; [[Early Buddhist schools|Early Buddhism]] in India venerated various female goddesses. These were mostly considered to be [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]] or spirits (such as [[yakshini]]s). They include [[Prithvi|Prthivi]] (earth goddess), [[Hariti]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Mayadevi]] (the mother of the Buddha).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Shaw, Miranda (2006). ''Buddhist Goddesses of India,'' pp. 5-6. Princeton University Press.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Some of these figures remain important in [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]] today, including Maya and Prthivi (known as [[Phra Mae Thorani]] in [[Southeast Asia]]).<br /> <br /> Indian [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]] revered several female deities, including [[Prajñāpāramitā Devi]], [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cunda]], [[Marici (Buddhism)|Marici]], [[Sitatapatra|Sitātapatra]], [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tārā]], [[Usnisavijaya|Uṣṇīṣavijayā]] and [[Vasudhara|Vasudhārā]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&amp;gt;Shaw, Miranda (2006). ''Buddhist Goddesses of India,'' pp. 6-7. Princeton University Press.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the Mahayana, female deities grew in importance, becoming powerful bodhisattva savior figures, liberators associated with powerful mantras (which are also termed ''[[Vidya (philosophy)|vidyās]]'' when a mantra is seen as a feminine power) and [[dharani]]s.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&amp;gt; In some cases, such as with [[Prajñāpāramitā Devi]], these goddesses were even called &quot;mother of Buddhas&quot; (Sanskrit: buddhamatr) and bhagavati, indicating they were seen as fully awakened Buddhas themselves.<br /> <br /> In the Mahayana traditions, some are considered to be [[bodhisattva]]s (beings advancing on the path to Buddhahood) or full [[Buddhahood|Buddhas]], while others are just [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]] (worldly deities).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title={{!}} Wisdom, Compassion and Wrath: The Many Faces of Female Buddhist Deities – Intern Exhibition OnlineRuth Chandler Williamson Gallery |url=https://rcwg.scrippscollege.edu/blog/acquisition-essays/collection-highlights/wisdom-compassion-and-wrath-the-many-faces-of-female-buddhist-deities-intern-exhibition-online/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=rcwg.scrippscollege.edu}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The most important Buddhist female deities in [[East Asian Buddhism]] are the bodhisattva [[Guanyin]] and the &quot;mother of Buddhas&quot; [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cundi]]. In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] is the most important female deity (often considered to be a full Buddha).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&amp;gt;Shaw, Miranda (2006). ''Buddhist Goddesses of India,'' p. 8. Princeton University Press.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The tantric ''[[dakini]]'' [[Vajrayogini]] is an important tantric meditation deity ([[yidam]]) in Tibetan [[Vajrayana]], and is also considered to be a female Buddha in her own right.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Female Power in the Himalayas {{!}} Rubin Museum of Art |url=https://rubinmuseum.org/blog/female-power-in-the-himalayas |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=rubinmuseum.org |language=english}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&amp;gt; Tantric Buddhist goddesses were often considered to be fully awakened Buddhas and sometimes are depicted with unique tantric elements, such as skullcups and flaying knives. These tantric deities include [[Simhamukha]], [[Mahāmāyā Tantra|Mahamaya]], [[Vajrayogini]], [[Chinnamunda]] and [[Kurukullā|Kurukulla]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Mahayana goddesses are often termed &quot;devis&quot; (Sanskrit: devi, &quot;female deity&quot;, &quot;goddess&quot;, Tibetan: lhamo) or even bhagavani (the female version of [[bhagavan]], indicating Buddhahood).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Subject: Goddess Terminology (Devi) |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6330 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Abrahamic religions==<br /> ===Judaism===<br /> {{Further|The Hebrew Goddess|Shekhinah}}<br /> [[File:Lilith_(Carl_Poellath).jpg|thumb|''Lilith'', illustration by Carl Poellath from 1886 or earlier]]<br /> <br /> According to [[Zohar]], [[Lilith]] is the name of [[Adam]]'s first wife, who was created at the same time as Adam. She left [[Adam]] and refused to return to the [[Garden of Eden]] after she mated with [[archangel]] [[Samael]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://istina.rin.ru/eng/ufo/text/663.html|title=Samael &amp;amp; Lilith - Unexplained - IN SEARCH FOR TRUTH|work=rin.ru}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Her story was greatly developed during the [[Middle Ages]] in the tradition of [[Aggadic midrashim]], the [[Zohar]] and [[Jewish mysticism]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Schwartz|first1=Howard|title=Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195358708|page=218}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The Zohar tradition has influenced [[Jewish mythology|Jewish folklore]], which postulates God created Adam to marry a woman named [[Lilith]]. Outside of Jewish tradition, Lilith was associated with the [[Mother Goddess]], [[Inanna]] – later known as both [[Ishtar]] and [[Asherah]]. In The [[Epic of Gilgamesh]], Gilgamesh was said to have destroyed a tree that was in a sacred grove dedicated to the goddess Ishtar/Inanna/[[Asherah]]. Lilith ran into the wilderness in despair. She then is depicted in the Talmud and [[Kabbalah]] as first wife to God's first creation of man, [[Adam]]. In time, as stated in the Old Testament, the Hebrew followers continued to worship &quot;False Idols&quot;, like [[Asherah]], as being as powerful as God. [[Jeremiah]] speaks of his (and God's) displeasure at this behaviour to the Hebrew people about the worship of the goddess in the Old Testament. Lilith is banished from Adam and God's presence when she is discovered to be a &quot;demon&quot; and Eve becomes Adam's wife.<br /> <br /> The following female deities are mentioned in prominent Hebrew texts:<br /> <br /> * [[Agrat bat Mahlat]]<br /> * [[Anath]]<br /> * [[Asherah]]<br /> * [[Ashima]]<br /> * [[Astarte]]<br /> * [[Eisheth]]<br /> <br /> More commonly, modern Judaism acknowledges ''[[Shekhinah]]'' as the feminine aspect of God.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Shekhinah: The Divine Feminine |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Kabbalah_and_Mysticism/Modern_Times/Mysticism_Renewed/Jewish_Renewal.shtml |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Shekhina {{!}} Divine Presence, Feminine Aspect, Holiness {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shekhina |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ''Shekhinah'' is considered to be the presence of God on Earth and/or the spirit of the Jewish people, forever trying to reunite with the other elements of God through ''[[tikkun olam]]''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Tzvi |date=2014 |title=Who Is Shechinah, And What Does She Want from My Life? |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2438527/jewish/The-Shechina.htm |access-date=January 2, 2024 |website=Chabad}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She is also associated with the [[Lunar deity|moon]], the earth, [[David]], and [[Rachel]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Ten Sefirot: Shekhinah, Malkhut |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ten-sefirot-shekhinah-malkhut |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=The Shekhinah {{!}} telshemesh.org |url=https://www.telshemesh.org/shekhinah/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.telshemesh.org}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Christianity===<br /> ==== Apotheosis of Mary ====<br /> {{Main|Collyridianism|Al-maryamiyyun}}<br /> <br /> [[Collyridianism]] was a Christian sect that emerged in the [[4th century|fourth century]] and consisted of women who considered the Virgin Mary to be a goddess.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtzRNP0Z70C&amp;amp;q=+Collyridians|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III|last=Saint Epiphanius|publisher=Brill|year=2013|isbn=978-9004228412|location=Leiden|pages=637|language=en|translator-last=Williams|translator-first=Frank|orig-year=c. 375}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;In the [[6th century|sixth century]], another Christian sect called [[Al-maryamiyyun]] was mentioned, which believed that Mary is goddess.<br /> <br /> In 2006, ''[[The Remnant (newspaper)|The Remnant]]'' magazine published news about the emergence of a religious movement call &quot;Mary-Is-God Catholic Movement&quot; (MIGCM) in the [[Philippines]] that believes that the Virgin Mary is a goddess and It is the third [[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|Hypostasis]] of the [[Trinity]]. The magazine described this movement as a revival of a sect Collyridianism, as became Neo-Collyridianism.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&amp;gt; ''[[The Times]]'' reported that the founder of this group is called &quot;Dominic Sanchez Falar&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&amp;gt;[[University of Dayton|Dayton University]] published an article condemning this religious group.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Patrick Madrid]], an American [[Catholic]], [[author]], pointed out that there are various modern forms of Collyridianism, noting that some people exaggerate their focus on Mary to the point of excluding or almost excluding Jesus, which he considers a sin bordering on idolatry. He also mentioned that there is a feminist movement that worships the Mother Goddess and portrays God in feminine terms&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Veneration of Mary ====<br /> {{Main|Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church}}<br /> [[File:Sophia design.jpg|thumb|[[Sophia (wisdom)|Virgin Sophia]] design on a [[Harmony Society]] doorway in [[Harmony, Pennsylvania]], carved by Frederick Reichert Rapp (1775–1834)]]<br /> <br /> The veneration of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary, the mother of Jesus]], as an especially privileged [[saint]] has continued since the beginning of the [[Catholic Church|Catholic faith]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Redemptoris Mater (25 March 1987) {{!}} John Paul II |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.vatican.va}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Mary is venerated as the [[Mother of God]], [[Queen of Heaven]], [[Mother of the Church]], the Blessed Virgin Mary, [[Our Lady, Star of the Sea|Star of the Sea]], and other lofty titles.<br /> <br /> [[Marian devotions|Marian devotion]] similar to this kind is also found in [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] and sometimes in [[Anglicanism]], although not in the majority of denominations of [[Protestantism]].<br /> In some Christian traditions (like the Orthodox tradition), [[Sophia (wisdom)|Sophia]] is the personification of either divine wisdom (or of an archangel) that takes female form. She is mentioned in the first chapter of the [[Book of Proverbs]]. Sophia is identified by some as the wisdom imparting [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] of the [[Christian Trinity]], whose names in Hebrew—[[Ruach]] and [[Shekhinah]]—are both feminine, and whose symbol of the [[dove]] was commonly associated in the [[Ancient Near East]] with the figure of the [[Mother Goddess]].<br /> <br /> In [[mysticism]], [[Gnosticism]], as well as some [[Hellenistic religion]]s, there is a female spirit or goddess named Sophia who is said to embody [[wisdom]] and who is sometimes described as a [[Virginity|virgin]]. In [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] [[mysticism]], Saint [[Hildegard of Bingen|Hildegard]] celebrated Sophia as a cosmic figure both in her writing and art. Within the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] tradition in [[England]], the 17th-century mystic [[Universalism|universalist]] and founder of the Philadelphian Society [[Jane Leade]] wrote copious descriptions of her visions and dialogues with the &quot;Virgin Sophia&quot; who, she said, revealed to her the spiritual workings of the universe. Leade was hugely influenced by the theosophical writings of 16th-century [[Germany|German]] Christian mystic [[Jakob Böhme]], who also speaks of Sophia in works such as ''The Way to Christ''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Way&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book | title=The Way to Christ| url=http://www.passtheword.org/DIALOGS-FROM-THE-PAST/waychrst.htm| last=Böhme| first=Jacob| author-link=Jacob Böhme|others=William Law (trans.)| date=1622 &amp;lt;!--(1764)--&amp;gt;| publisher=M. Richardson| location=Pater-noster Row, London}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Jakob Böhme was very influential to a number of [[Christian mysticism|Christian mystics]] and religious leaders, including [[George Rapp]] and the [[Harmony Society]].<br /> <br /> ==== Latter Day Saint movement ====<br /> The members of most denominations in the [[Latter Day Saint movement]] believe in, although they do not directly worship, a [[Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)|Heavenly Mother]] who is the female counterpart of the [[God in Mormonism|Heavenly Father]]. Together they are referred to as [[Heavenly Parents]]. Adherents also believe that all humans, both women and men, have the potential to become gods through a process known as [[exaltation (Mormonism)|exaltation]].<br /> <br /> ==Neopaganism==<br /> {{Main|Goddess movement}}<br /> <br /> Most [[Modern Paganism|Modern Pagan]] traditions honour one or more goddesses. While some who follow [[Wicca]] believe in a [[Dualistic cosmology|duotheistic]] belief system, consisting of a single goddess and a single god, who in [[hieros gamos]] represent a united whole, others recognise only one or more goddesses.<br /> <br /> ===Wicca===<br /> {{Further|Goddess (Wicca)|Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)}}<br /> [[File:Triple Goddess Symbol.svg|thumb|The lunar [[Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)|Triple Goddess]] symbol.]]<br /> <br /> In [[Wicca]] &quot;the Goddess&quot; is the deity of prime importance, along with her consort the [[Horned God]].<br /> Within many forms of Wicca the Goddess has come to be considered as a universal deity, more in line with her description in the [[Charge of the Goddess]], a key Wiccan text. In this guise she is the &quot;Queen of Heaven&quot;, similar to [[Isis]]. She also encompasses and conceives (creates) all life, much like [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]. Similarly to Isis and certain late Classical conceptions of [[Selene]], she is the summation of all other goddesses, who represent her different names and aspects across the different cultures. The Goddess is often portrayed with strong lunar symbolism, drawing on various cultures and deities such as [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Hecate]], and [[Isis]], and is often depicted as the Maiden, Mother, and Crone triad popularised by [[Robert Graves]] (see [[#Triple Goddess|Triple Goddess]] below). Many depictions of her also draw strongly on [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] goddesses. Some Wiccans, or Witches, believe there are many goddesses, and in some forms of Wicca, notably [[Dianic Wicca]], the Goddess alone is worshipped, and the [[Horned God|God]] plays very little (or no) part in their worship and ritual. The first history of Wiccans or Witches (nature based religion) appear on cave paintings that show early humans worshipping a feminine nature deity for luck and harvest (BCE). Later Celtics form a more formal form of Witches (Wiccans) with the triquetra (maiden mother crone), pentagram etc. They have evolved into the strong, nature based, animal rights loving and women rights religion of today.<br /> <br /> Goddesses or demi-goddesses appear in sets of three in a number of ancient European pagan mythologies; these include the Greek ''[[Erinyes]]'' (Furies) and ''[[Moirai]]'' (Fates); the Norse ''[[Norns]]''; [[Brighid]] and her two sisters, also called Brighid, from Irish or [[Celtic mythology]].<br /> <br /> [[Robert Graves]] popularised the triad of &quot;Maiden&quot; (or &quot;Virgin&quot;), &quot;Mother&quot; and &quot;Crone&quot;, and while this idea did not rest on sound scholarship, his poetic inspiration has gained a tenacious hold. Considerable variation in the precise conceptions of these figures exists, as typically occurs in Neopaganism and indeed in pagan religions in general. Some choose to interpret them as three stages in a woman's life, separated by [[menarche]] and [[menopause]]. Others find this too biologically based and rigid, and prefer a freer interpretation, with the Maiden as birth (independent, self-centred, seeking), the Mother as giving birth (interrelated, compassionate nurturing, creating), and the Crone as death and renewal (holistic, remote, unknowable)&amp;amp;nbsp;— and all three erotic and wise.<br /> <br /> == Feminism ==<br /> {{Main|Feminist theology}}<br /> <br /> ===Goddess movement===<br /> {{Main|Goddess movement}}<br /> <br /> At least since [[first-wave feminism]] in the United States, there has been interest in analysing religion to see if and how doctrines and practices treat women unfairly, as in [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]]'s ''[[The Woman's Bible]]''. Again in [[second-wave feminism]] in the U.S., as well as in many European and other countries, religion became the focus of some feminist analysis in Judaism, Christianity, and other religions, and some women turned to ancient goddess religions as an alternative to Abrahamic religions (''Womanspirit Rising'' 1979; ''Weaving the Visions'' 1989). Today both women and men continue to be involved in the [[Goddess movement]] (Christ 1997). The popularity of organisations such as the [[Fellowship of Isis]] attest to the continuing growth of the religion of the Goddess throughout the world.<br /> <br /> While much of the attempt at gender equity in mainstream Christianity (Judaism never recognised any gender for God) is aimed at reinterpreting scripture and degenderising language used to name and describe the divine (Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991), there are a growing number of people who identify as Christians or Jews who are trying to integrate goddess imagery into their religions (Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996,&quot;Goddess Christians Yahoo Group&quot;).<br /> <br /> ===Sacred feminine===<br /> {{Main|Thealogy}}<br /> {{Redirect|Divine Feminine|the Mac Miller album|The Divine Feminine{{!}}''The Divine Feminine''}}<br /> {{Redirect|Feminine Divine|the Dexys album|The Feminine Divine{{!}}''The Feminine Divine''}}<br /> <br /> The term &quot;sacred feminine&quot; was first coined in the 1970s, in [[New Age]] popularisations of the Hindu [[Shakti]]. Hinduism also worships multitude of goddesses that have their important role and thus in all came to interest for the New Age, feminist, and lesbian feminist movements.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last1=Kinsley|first1=David|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|date=1988|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520908833|page=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/1 1]|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration|quote=goddess.|access-date=22 April 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Metaphorical use==<br /> The term &quot;goddess&quot; has also been adapted to poetic and secular use as a complimentary description of a non-mythological woman.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[OED]]: &quot;Applied to a woman. one's goddess: the woman whom one 'worships' or devotedly admires.&quot;{{Incomplete short citation|date=April 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[OED]] notes 1579 as the date of the earliest attestation of such figurative use, in ''[[Laura de Noves|Lauretta]] the diuine [[Petrarch]]es Goddesse''.<br /> <br /> [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] had several of his male characters address female characters as goddesses, including Demetrius to [[Helena (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Helena]] in ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (&quot;O Helen, goddess, nymph, perfect, divine!&quot;), Berowne to Rosaline in ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'' (&quot;A woman I forswore; but I will prove, Thou being a goddess, I forswore not thee&quot;), and Bertram to Diana in ''[[All's Well That Ends Well]]''. Pisanio also compares Imogen to a goddess to describe her composure under duress in ''[[Cymbeline]]''.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Religion}}<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=13em}}<br /> * [[Anima (Jung)]]<br /> * [[Gavari]]<br /> * [[Gender of God]]<br /> * [[Goddess movement]]<br /> * [[Heavenly Mother]]<br /> * [[List of goddesses]]<br /> * [[Matriarchy]]<br /> * [[Mother goddess]]<br /> * ''[[The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory]]''<br /> * [[Ochre]]<br /> * [[Oshun]]<br /> * [[Sophia (wisdom)|Sophia]]<br /> * [[Tree deity]]<br /> * [[Venus figurines]]<br /> * ''[[The White Goddess]]''<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). ''The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology: The Origins of American English Words''. [[HarperCollins]]. {{ISBN|0-06-270084-7}}.<br /> * Beavis, Mary Ann and Helen Hye-Sook Hwang, eds. (2018). [https://www.magobooks.com/textbooks/goddesses-in-myth-history-and-culture/ ''Goddesses in Myth, History and Culture'']. Mago Books. {{ISBN|1976331021}}.<br /> * Dexter, Miriam Robbins, and [[Victor Mair]] (2010). ''Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia''. [[Cambria Press]].<br /> * Gorshunova, Olga V. (2008). &quot;Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora...&quot; (&quot;Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia&quot;). ''Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie'' {{in lang|ru}}. no. 1, pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;71–82. {{ISSN|0869-5415}}.<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Taheri |first=Sadreddin |date=2014 |title=Goddesses in Iranian Culture and Mythology |url=http://roshangaran-pub.ir/bookshow/B968846641 |publisher=Tehran: Roshangaran va Motale’at-e Zanan Publications |isbn=9789641940821}}<br /> <br /> {{Theism}}<br /> {{Theology}}<br /> {{Religion topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Goddesses| ]]<br /> [[Category:Deities]]<br /> [[Category:Gender and religion]]<br /> [[Category:Jungian archetypes]]<br /> [[Category:Pantheism]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarn_Taran_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=539744 2026-03-08T15:50:11Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Created Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former Parliamentary Constituency in Punjab, India}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Tarn Taran<br /> | type = LS<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = Punjab<br /> | union_territory =<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | assembly_cons = <br /> | latest_election_year = 2008<br /> | reservation = <br /> | mp =<br /> | party =<br /> | electors =<br /> | preceded_by =<br /> }}<br /> '''Tarn Taran''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]. This constituency was dissolved in 2009 and replaced by [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tarn Taran Diary: Doing well in Khadoor Sahib will be a miracle for the BJP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/tarn-taran-diary-doing-well-in-khadoor-sahib-will-be-a-miracle-for-the-bjp-607296/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The assembly constituencies that were part of the Lok Sabha constituency: Tarn Taran, Khem Karan, Patti and Khadur Sahib.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constituencies {{!}} Welcome to District Tarn Taran,Govt. Of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://tarntaran.nic.in/constituencies/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2004, Rattan Singh Ajnala won the Lok Sabha election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tarn-taran Lok Sabha Constituency Map: tarn-taran Lok Sabha constituency details along with electoral map |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/punjab/tarn-taran |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {{Pie chart|value1=53.333|value2=40|label1=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD''' (8 Times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(6 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Tarn Taran Lok Sabha|label3=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|'''SAD (A)''' (1 Time)]]|color3={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}|value3=6.666}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Member<br /> !Party<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Sardar Surjit Singh Majithia]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot; {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | [[Mohan Singh Tur]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | [[Lehna Singh Tur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Indian general election|1985]]<br /> | [[Tarlochan Singh Tur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> | [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]<br /> | [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Indian general election|1992]]<br /> | [[Surinder Singh Kairon]]<br /> | [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot; {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> | [[Major Singh Uboke]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | [[Prem Singh Lalpur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1998^<br /> |rowspan=2| [[Tarlochan Singh Tur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> | [[Rattan Singh Ajnala]]<br /> |}<br /> ^By-Poll<br /> <br /> 2008 onwards : [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Tarn Taran}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)<br /> |candidate=[[Simranjit Singh Mann]]<br /> |votes = 527,707<br /> |percentage=88.1<br /> |change= <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ajit Singh Mann|votes=47,290|percentage=7.9|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Jaltar Singh Mehlanwala|votes=5,234|percentage=0.9|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=480,417|percentage=80.2|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=599,322|percentage=63.6%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 942,162 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)<br /> |loser =Shiromani Akali Dal<br /> |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}{{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Tarn Taran Sahib]]<br /> * [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}<br /> {{coords|31.46|74.93|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tarn Taran Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESAF_Small_Finance_Bank&diff=445344 2026-03-04T08:36:38Z

<p>Renaldo97D: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian small finance bank}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = ESAF Small Finance Bank<br /> | logo = ESAF Bank Logo.svg<br /> | logo_alt = Logo of ESAF Small Finance Bank<br /> | logo_caption = ESAF Small Finance Bank logo since 10 March 2017<br /> | former_name = ESAF Microfinance and Investments Pvt. Ltd.<br /> | image = File:Registered &amp; Corporate office of ESAF Small Finance Bank.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Registered and corporate office at [[Mannuthy]], Thrissur<br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]]<br /> | traded_as = {{Unbulleted_list|{{BSE|544020}}|{{NSE|ESAFSFB}}}}<br /> | num_locations_year = 2025<br /> | area_served = [[India]]<br /> | key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|P. R. Ravi Mohan&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Chairperson]])}}|K. Paul Thomas&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Managing director|MD]] &amp; [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}}}<br /> | industry = [[Banking]]<br /> | num_employees = 4,100<br /> | num_employees_year = 2022<br /> | num_locations = 788 branches<br /> | revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|3141|c}} (FY23)&lt;ref name=&quot;fy23&quot;/&gt;<br /> | operating_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|893|c}} (FY23)&lt;ref name=&quot;fy23&quot;/&gt;<br /> | profit = {{up}} {{INRconvert|302|c}} (FY23)&lt;ref name=&quot;fy23&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=ESAF Bank net profit soars 452% in FY23 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/esaf-bank-net-profit-soars-452-in-fy23/article66837777.ece |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=11 May 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{url|https://www.esaf.bank.in}}<br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|2017|03|10|df=yes}}<br /> | location = [[Mannuthy]], [[Thrissur]] (Registered &amp; Corporate Office)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''ESAF Small Finance Bank''' (formerly known as '''ESAF Microfinance and Investments''') is an Indian [[small finance bank]] headquartered in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], providing banking services and small loans to the [[underbanked]]. Having started its operations as an [[NGO]] in 1992 under the name of ''Evangelical Social Action Forum'', ESAF Microfinance was a non-banking finance company and [[microfinance]] institution (NBFC-MFI), licensed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). It became a small finance bank in March 2017 and started operating in January 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=sundarajan |first=Priya |date=2017-03-17 |title=ESAF Small Finance Bank launched |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/esaf-small-finance-bank-kicks-off-operations/article9589191.ece |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History and operations==<br /> On 11 March 1992, K. Paul Thomas,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ESAF to graduate into a bank soon|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/business/companies/esaf-to-graduate-into-a-bank-soon.html|website=OnManorama|access-date=18 March 2018|date=18 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with Mereena Paul and a few friends, started ESAF in a small house in [[Mannuthy]] named ''Little''.&lt;ref name=passline&gt;{{cite web|title=ESAF SFB fulfils banking dreams of common man|url=http://passlinebusinessmagazine.in/component/content/article/25-slider/675-esaf-sfb-fulfils-banking-dreams-pf-commom-man|website=passlinebusinessmagazine.in|access-date=18 March 2018|language=en-gb|date=4 August 2017|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616235044/http://passlinebusinessmagazine.in/component/content/article/25-slider/675-esaf-sfb-fulfils-banking-dreams-pf-commom-man|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jacob Samuel, one of the co-founders, coined the name ESAF, which is an acronym for Evangelical Social Action Forum. At inception, ESAF had five life members, seven annual members and eight honorary members. ESAF society was registered under the Travancore Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act. The initial president was Itty Mathew; J. Danabai was the vice president, Thomas was the secretary, supported by Samuel as joint secretary and Arun Ramakrishnan as treasurer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=History at a glance|url=http://esafindia.org/home/history-at-a-glance-.html|website=ESAF India|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ESAF started providing interest free loans in 1995 as one of the first microfinance institutions in the country and the first microfinance company in Kerala. It became ESAF Small Finance Bank after receiving the first banking license in [[Kerala]] since independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-issues-small-finance-bank-license-to-esaf-116111801066_1.html |title=RBI issues Small Finance Bank license to ESAFurl |newspaper=Business Standard |date=18 November 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/esaf-ties-up-with-fis-for-micro-finance-bank/articleshow/55605665.cms<br /> |title=ESAF ties up with FIS for micro finance bank |newspaper=Economic Times |date=24 November 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/the-small-finance-bank-will-be-profitable-within-first-year-of-operations-k-paul-thomas-116061600298_1.html |title=The small finance bank will be profitable within first year of operations: K Paul Thomas |newspaper=Business Standard |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 17 March 2017, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] officially inaugurated ESAF Small Finance Bank at [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]. By August 2017, the bank had 3,750 employees, 284 branches, and a presence in 11 states.&lt;ref name=passline /&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2018, a year after its launch, the bank had expanded to 4,000 employees and 400 branches, with {{currency|2,200|INR}} crore (US${{To USD|22000|IND|round=yes}} million) in deposits and {{currency|4,200|INR}} crore (US${{To USD|42000|IND|round=yes}} million) in loans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ESAF Crosses Rs.2300 Crore Retail Deposit in the first year - India Education Diary|url=http://indiaeducationdiary.in/esaf-crosses-rs-2300-crore-retail-deposit-first-year/|website=India Education Diary|access-date=20 March 2018|date=12 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ESAF Bank to celebrate first anniversary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/esaf-bank-to-celebrate-first-anniversary/article23038308.ece|access-date=20 March 2018|work=The Hindu|date=11 March 2018|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ESAF Small Finance Bank received RBI approval to operate as [[scheduled bank]] in December 2018, making it the fifth scheduled bank from Kerala. This will reduce the bank's cost of funds, while increasing the bank's ability and obligation to provide services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/with-rbi-nod-esaf-is-now-scheduled-bank/article25853930.ece|title=With RBI nod, ESAF is now scheduled bank|access-date=9 January 2019 |work=The Hindu BusinessLine |date=28 December 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bank's net profit increased to {{currency|190.39|INR}} crore in the 2019-2020 financial year from {{currency|90.28|INR}} crore the previous year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ESAF Small Finance Bank Q4 profit up over 3-fold |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/esaf-small-finance-bank-q4-profit-up-over-3-fold/articleshow/69311821.cms |access-date=16 November 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ESAF|url=https://www.esafbank.com/esaf-investor-info/|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.esafbank.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 March 2020, the bank received approval from [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] for issuing its {{currency|976|INR}} crore [[initial public offering]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ESAF Small Finance Bank gets Sebi nod for IPO|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/esaf-small-finance-bank-gets-133824412.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=in.finance.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed&gt;<br /> File:Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurating ESAF Small Finance Bank at Thrissur.jpg|Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurating ESAF Small Finance Bank at Thrissur in March, 2017<br /> File:K. Paul Thomas, MD &amp; CEO, ESAF Bank.jpg|K. Paul Thomas, Founder of ESAF, MD &amp; CEO of ESAF Small Finance Bank<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Banks}}<br /> * [[Banking in India]]<br /> * [[List of banks in India]]<br /> * [[Indian Financial System Code]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Banking in India}}<br /> {{Financial services in India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:ESAF, Small Finance Bank}}<br /> [[Category:Microfinance companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Small finance banks]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies established in 1992]]<br /> [[Category:Private sector banks in India]]<br /> [[Category:1992 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_the_Great&diff=528358 2026-03-03T17:52:59Z

<p>Renaldo97D: added first post w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2017 action comedy film by Anil Ravipudi}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Raja the Great<br /> | image = Raja the Great.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Anil Ravipudi]]<br /> | writer = Anil Ravipudi<br /> | producer = [[Dil Raju]]<br /> | starring = [[Ravi Teja]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mehreen Pirzada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]<br /> | cinematography = Mohana Krishna<br /> | editing = Tammiraju<br /> | music = [[Sai Karthik]]<br /> | studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2017|10|18|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 150 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | gross = {{Estimation}} ₹52 [[crore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adivi |first=Sridhar |date=December 16, 2017 |title=Raja The Great final collections: Ravi Teja starrer grosses Rs 52 crore approximately |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/raja-the-great-final-collections-ravi-teja-starrer-grosses-rs-52-crore-approximately/articleshow/62096025.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223183248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/raja-the-great-final-collections-ravi-teja-starrer-grosses-rs-52-crore-approximately/articleshow/62096025.cms |archive-date=23 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Raja the Great''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Anil Ravipudi]] and produced by [[Dil Raju]] on [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] banner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2016 |title=Ravi Teja's next with Anil Ravipudi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/081216/ravi-tejas-next-with-anil-ravipudi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127001545/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/081216/ravi-tejas-next-with-anil-ravipudi.html |archive-date=27 January 2017 |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Ravi Teja]] as a [[Visual impairment|visually impaired]] man, alongside [[Mehreen Pirzada]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]. [[Vivan Bhatena]] (in his Telugu Debut), [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Sampath Raj]] play supporting roles with music composed by [[Sai Karthik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2016 |title=Mehreen Kaur Pirzada for Ravi Teja's film? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/101216/mehreen-kaur-pirzada-for-ravi-tejas-film.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127001533/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/101216/mehreen-kaur-pirzada-for-ravi-tejas-film.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film marks the debut of Teja's son Mahadhan as child actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=Ravi Teja's son Mahadhan to make acting debut with Raja The Great |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ravi-tejas-son-mahadhan-make-acting-debut-raja-great-741109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190716/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ravi-tejas-son-mahadhan-make-acting-debut-raja-great-741109 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film began its production began in April 2017 with filming taking place in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Darjeeling]]. Released worldwide on 18 October 2017, the film received mixed reviews from critics and audience with praise towards the cast performances, action sequences and entertainment value but criticism for writing and uneven tone. It was a commercial success grossing over {{Indian Rupee|52 [[crore]]}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adivi |first=Sridhar |date=6 November 2017 |title=Raja The Great box-office collections: Ravi Teja movie becomes highest grosser of his career at the time |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/raja-the-great-box-office-collections-ravi-teja-movie-becomes-highest-grosser-of-his-career/articleshow/61533008.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2020-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113225258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/raja-the-great-box-office-collections-ravi-teja-movie-becomes-highest-grosser-of-his-career/articleshow/61533008.cms |archive-date=13 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Lucky is a very protected and pampered daughter of [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP]] Prakash. In one of his operations, Prakash kills the brother of a powerful gangster named Devaraj, for which Lucky is one of the reasons he died. Enraged, Devaraj kidnaps Lucky. Prakash confronts him and Devaraj and him and his team mates sacrificed themselves so Lucky can escape. Later Lucky runs away to [[Darjeeling]] and hides in her father's friend Prasad's house to evade an attempt on her life. Later, the police department looks for a special undercover team to provide security for Lucky since Lucky doesn't want another police officer to die for her.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Raja is a blind man who is trained by his head constable mother, Anantha Lakshmi, to use his disability to his advantage. Anantha Lakshmi's ambition is to make her son a police officer. She begs [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Viswaraj to include her blind son in the mission. After she goes personally to Viswaraj with Raja and his best friend Bujji. She comes with a big basket of sweets. Viswaraj's wife calls him, telling to include Raja in this mission (she loves sweets). Since Viswaraj didn't want to get in a fight with his wife, he allows Raja in the mission, but only to cook food for other officers. Raja, with his friend Bujji and three other officers, heads to Darjeeling. Raja meets Lucky and starts changing the depressed Lucky into making her have a happy mood with a few tricks. He also learns about Prasad's difficulties and solves their problems. Lucky comes out of her depressed state and starts celebrating her life with Raja's help. Meanwhile, Devaraj learns about Lucky's location and orders his goons to attack her. Knowing this, Viswaraj and his team protect Lucky by sending her abroad.<br /> <br /> Raja tells her not to run and fight back, but Viswaraj neglects him and takes Lucky away. Devaraj's goons attack Viswaraj and his team on the way and try to kill Lucky, but to everyone's surprise, Raja rescues them by defeating the goons. Lucky gains confidence in Raja, and she agrees to stay with him and fight back. Lucky and Raja go to her uncle's house in [[Madhira]], but her uncles do not accept her for a brief period. Raja makes them realize their mistakes. On Lucky's birthday, she learns about her father's wish to educate poor girls by adopting them, making her father's wish her ambition.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, a cat-and-mouse game ensues, and Raja defeats Devaraj's goons. Raja gives a strong warning not to trouble Lucky again. Devaraj kidnaps Anantha Lakshmi and Lucky. However, Raja saves his mother and Lucky with his intelligence. While escaping with Lucky and Bujji from Devaraj's factory, Raja gathers evidence against Devaraj. Viswaraj grants a warrant against Devaraj. When the police arrive at Devaraj's house to arrest him, he injures Raja and insults him (that he is scared of facing him alone and all), which raises Anantha Lakshmi's anger, and she challenges Devaraj to fight her son. Raja fights and defeats Devaraj, but he does not kill him. Viswaraj encounters Devaraj and involves Raja in future police operations.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Ravi Teja]] as Raja, Lucky's love-interest and Constable Anantha Lakshmi's son<br /> **Mahadhan Bhupathiraju as Young Raj<br /> *[[Mehreen Pirzada]] as Lucky, Raja's love-interest and [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP]] Prakash's daughter<br /> **Samskruthi as Young Lucky<br /> *[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Constable Anantha Lakshmi, Raja's mother<br /> *[[Vivan Bhatena]] as Devaraj (Voice dubbed by [[Vedala Hemachandra]])<br /> *[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as in dual role as Prasad and Prasad's Father<br /> *[[Prakash Raj]] as [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP]] Prakash and Lucky's Father<br /> *[[Sampath Raj]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Viswaraj<br /> *[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Mailaramgadda, Devaraj's father<br /> *[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Kabaddi Team Player<br /> *[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Lucky's uncle<br /> *[[Raghu Babu]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Babu Rao<br /> *[[Prudhvi Raj]] as Bank Manager Babji<br /> *[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Devaraj's henchmen<br /> *[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Bujji, Raja's friend<br /> *[[P. Sai Kumar]] as Surya Murthy<br /> *[[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Police Officer<br /> *[[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Police Officer<br /> *[[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Police Officer<br /> *[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Kung Fu Coach<br /> *[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Raja's father<br /> *[[Gautham Raju]] as Sahaayam<br /> *[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Lucky's uncle<br /> *[[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Lucky's uncle<br /> *[[Chitram Srinu]] as Lucky's uncle<br /> *[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Prasad's mother<br /> *[[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Gayatri and Prasad's wife<br /> *[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Pandu, Lucky's friend<br /> *[[Karate Kalyani]] as Servant Saraswathi<br /> *[[Hari Teja]] as Lucky's aunt<br /> *Surekha Vani as Lucky's aunt<br /> *[[Shanoor Sana]] as Lucky's aunt<br /> *[[Rajitha]] as Viswaraj's wife<br /> *[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Kabaddi Team Player<br /> *[[John Kokken]] as Devaraj's henchmen<br /> *[[Bithiri Sathi]] as Kabaddi Team Player<br /> *[[Chammak Chandra]] as Bank Cashier Siddharth<br /> *Ramachandra as Swamiji<br /> *Racha Ravi<br /> *[[Viva Harsha]] as Police Warriors (Commentator)<br /> * Viva Raghav as Bank Bulls (Commentator)<br /> *[[Sampoornesh Babu]] as Peter<br /> *[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Seenu<br /> *[[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Sastry<br /> *[[Raashii Khanna]] as a [[item number|special appearance]] in the song &quot;Naake Ne Nachestunna&quot;<br /> * [[Anil Ravipudi]] (cameo appearance in the song &quot;Raja The Great&quot;)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Anil Ravipudi had the idea to make a film with [[visually impaired]] character as a lead as he was fascinated by the talents they have. Ravipudi however didn't want the film to be [[art film]] and wrote the script in a commercial format.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ranjith |first=Gabbeta |title=Director Anil Ravipudi shares details of Raja The Great |url=https://telanganatoday.com/director-anil-ravipudi-shares-details-raja-great |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ravipudi approached [[Ram Pothineni]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] for the film but [[Ravi Teja]] was finalized.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soumick |date=2018-03-31 |title=Why did the other stars of Tollywood give Raja The Great a miss? |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/telangana/why-did-the-other-stars-of-tollywood-give-raja-the-great-a-miss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020160445/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/telangana/why-did-the-other-stars-of-tollywood-give-raja-the-great-a-miss |archive-date=20 October 2021 |website=[[Asianet News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mehreen Pirzada]] was cast opposite Teja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Lipika |date=2017-03-20 |title=Exclusive: Phillauri's Mehreen Kaur Pirzada didn't even know when she was auditioned |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/200317/mehreen-kaur-pirzadas-balancing-act.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418094102/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/200317/mehreen-kaur-pirzadas-balancing-act.html |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Principal photography of the film began in April 2017 in [[Hyderabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |date=2017-04-05 |title=Ravi Teja's Raja The Great kicks off |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050417/ravi-tejas-raja-the-great-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418094100/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050417/ravi-tejas-raja-the-great-kicks-off.html |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production moved to [[Darjeeling]] later that month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=2017-04-12 |title=Lights, camera, action! 'Raja The Great' starts shooting in Darjeeling |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/lights-camera-action-raja-the-great-starts-shooting-in-darjeeling-236186 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220130/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/lights-camera-action-raja-the-great-starts-shooting-in-darjeeling-236186 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Millennium Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; 70% of the shoot was completed by July 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Ravi Teja's Raja The Great slated for an October 12 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-tejas-raja-the-great-slated-for-an-october-12-release/articleshow/59635422.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418094100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-tejas-raja-the-great-slated-for-an-october-12-release/articleshow/59635422.cms |archive-date=18 April 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was released on 18 October 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The film was later dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Raja Raja Dhan'' in 2019 and the film was dubbed in [[Malayalam]] under the same title in 2021. The [[Hindi]] dubbed version was directly premiered on Goldmines TV channel on 3 July 2022.<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Raja The Great<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Sai Karthik]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 4 October 2017<br /> | recorded = 2017<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 17:16<br /> | label = [[Aditya Music]]<br /> | producer = [[Sai Karthik]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Darsakudu]]<br /> | prev_year = 2017<br /> | next_title = [[Next Nuvve]]<br /> | next_year = 2017<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music is composed by [[Sai Karthik]] and released on Aditya Music Company. Raja The Great (Title Song) was released online, for which Ravi Teja gave his voice.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | collapsed =<br /> | headline =<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 17:16<br /> | all_writing =<br /> | all_lyrics =<br /> | all_music =<br /> | title1 = Raja The Great<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Ravi Teja]], [[L. V. Revanth]], K. Saketh, [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]<br /> | length1 = 3:42<br /> | title2 = Nake Ne Nachestunna<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br /> | extra2 = Sameera Bharadwaj, M.L. Shruti<br /> | length2 = 3:21<br /> | title3 = Chinnari<br /> | lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> | extra3 = [[Haricharan]], Divija Kartheek<br /> | length3 = 3:10<br /> | title4 = Allabe Allabe<br /> | lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> | extra4 = [[Yazin Nizar]], Aditya Iyengar, Sri Krishna<br /> | length4 = 3:00<br /> | title5 = Yenniyalo Yenniyalo<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]<br /> | extra5 = [[Sai Karthik]]<br /> | length5 = 4:03<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Karthik Keramulu writing for the ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 2.5 of 5 and wrote: &quot;Raja The Great is an okayish entertaining affair in the theatre. However, the minute one walks out of the movie house, there’d be nothing to pull from the bed of the two-and-a-half-hour comedy to laugh about.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-10-19|title=Raja The Great movie review: Ravi Teja doesn't disappoint in this okay-ish entertaining affair|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raja-the-great-movie-review-ravi-teja-doesnt-disappoint-in-this-okay-ish-entertaining-affair-4157603.html|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Firstpost|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122005718/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raja-the-great-movie-review-ravi-teja-doesnt-disappoint-in-this-okay-ish-entertaining-affair-4157603.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Hindu]]''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s Sangeetha Devi stated: &quot;Anil Ravipudi takes the mass route with a blind protagonist and the result is silly humour.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2017-10-20|title=Raja the great: He's blind, but trained|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anil-ravipudi-takes-the-mass-route-with-a-blind-protagonist-and-the-result-is-silly-humour/article19887963.ece|access-date=2021-01-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121195346/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anil-ravipudi-takes-the-mass-route-with-a-blind-protagonist-and-the-result-is-silly-humour/article19887963.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Indian Express]]'' critic Manoj Kumar R who rated 2 stars, opined: &quot;You don't go to watch a Ravi Teja film, which is directed by Anil Ravipudi, expecting a Nayakan. It's only fair that we judge his latest offering, Raja The Great, by the standards of mindless entertainers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-10-19|title=Raja The Great movie review: Another mindless entertainer from Ravi Teja|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raja-the-great-movie-review-ravi-teja-star-rating-4896388/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121072459/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raja-the-great-movie-review-ravi-teja-star-rating-4896388/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sequel ==<br /> Ravipudi confirmed the film's sequel in one of the interviews, stating: &quot;There is a slight tease at the very end of the rolling titles hinting at the possibility of a sequel for the actioner. The sequel will definitely happen but I can’t tell you the exact schedule of the shooting, release, and other details at the moment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-28 |title=Raja The Great sequel ready to roll? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/28/raja-the-great-sequel-ready-to-roll-24215.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418094101/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/28/raja-the-great-sequel-ready-to-roll-24215.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt7322850}}<br /> {{Anil Ravipudi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 martial arts films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian martial arts films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]<br /> [[Category:Films about blind people in India]]<br /> [[Category:2010s vigilante films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:2017 masala films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Anil Ravipudi]]<br /> [[Category:2017 comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_(2018_film)&diff=455936 2026-03-03T16:49:41Z

<p>Renaldo97D: add page after review and fixed typos per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2018 film directed by Aanand L. Rai}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Zero<br /> | image = Zero official poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Aanand L. Rai]]<br /> | producer = [[Gauri Khan]]&lt;br&gt;Aanand L. Rai<br /> | writer = [[Himanshu Sharma]]<br /> | starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Katrina Kaif]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anushka Sharma]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Abhay Deol]]<br /> | music = [[Ajay-Atul]]<br /> | cinematography = Manu Anand<br /> | editing = Hemal Kothari<br /> | studio = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]&lt;br&gt;[[Colour Yellow Productions]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/172544/shahrukh-khan-dazzles-upcoming-films-teaser/ |title=Shahrukh Khan dazzles in his upcoming film's teaser |date=4 January 2018 |website=Daily Times |access-date=11 January 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106064859/https://dailytimes.com.pk/172544/shahrukh-khan-dazzles-upcoming-films-teaser/ |archive-date=6 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | distributor = [[Pen India Limited|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]] and [[PVR Pictures]] (India) &lt;br/&gt;[[Yash Raj Films]] (International){{efn|[[Red Chillies Entertainment]] sold the domestic distribution rights for ''Zero'' to individuals, rather than a single production house. Yash Raj Films (YRF) handled international distribution on a commissioned basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-india-distribution-rights-shah-rukh-khans-zero-sold-rs-100-crore-advance-basis/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: All India distribution rights of Shah Rukh Khan's Zero sold for Rs 100 Crore on Advance Basis! |first=Himesh |last=Mankad|date=26 October 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=9 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|12|21|India|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-february-01-2019-3006123/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan's new film with Anand L Rai to release on february01, 2019 |date=31 August 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |archive-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | runtime = 164 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/zero-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotmwnty|title=Zero |publisher=British Board of Film Classification |language=en|access-date=14 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|200}} crore&lt;ref name=&quot;mid budget&quot;/&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|191.43}} crore&lt;ref name=&quot;boibox&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5561 |title=Zero |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=8 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Zero''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] film written by [[Himanshu Sharma]], directed by [[Aanand L. Rai]] and produced by [[Colour Yellow Productions]] in collaboration with [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]. The film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Abhay Deol]], while [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] are the supporting cast. The plot revolves around Bauua Singh, a short man from [[Meerut]] who, after having difficulty finding a marriage partner, finds a companion in Aafia Bhinder, a NSAR (a fictional space research facility) scientist with [[cerebral palsy]]. However, film superstar Babita also gets close with him, testing his first relationship, before this [[love triangle]] takes them to far-off cities, thrusting Bauua into an adventure to discover both his true love and completeness in a life lived to the fullest.<br /> <br /> The project was conceived by Rai in 2012, before pre-production commenced in 2016. Initially under the working title ''Katrina Meri Jaan'', it went through numerous name changes before arriving at the final title in early 2018. [[Principal photography]] began in Mumbai during May 2017 and concluded in 2018 in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]. The soundtrack is composed by [[Ajay–Atul]] with lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]], under the label [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<br /> <br /> ''Zero'' was released on 21 December 2018, to mixed-to-negative reviews from both critics and audiences alike. The lead performances (especially Khan and Kaif) and visual effects received acclaim. However, the direction, story, plot, and inconsistent screenplay were largely criticized. Despite having widespread hype prior to release, the film was one of the biggest [[box office bomb|box-office failures]] in Khan's career leading him to take a five year hiatus.<br /> <br /> At the [[64th Filmfare Awards]], ''Zero'' received seven nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Kaif), and won [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019-list-of-winners |title=64th Filmfare Awards 2019: A Complete List of Winners |work=The Quint |date=23 March 2019 |access-date=23 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=12 March 2019 |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898.html |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=17 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Bauua Singh, a young man from [[Meerut]] with short stature, has trouble finding a marriage partner. After using matrimonial agencies with little luck, he eventually finds his companion in Aafia Yusufzai Bhinder, a NSAR scientist (a fictionalized depiction of [[NASA]]) with [[cerebral palsy]]. In the events that followed, both fall in love with each other, but Bauua dumps her after five months. However, Aafia comes looking for him, and Bauua's parents fix their marriage. On their marriage day, Bauua's friend Guddu tells him that he is shortlisted for a dance competition he had applied for earlier, where the winner gets a chance to meet Babita Kumari, a [[Bollywood]] actress. Baua, determined to meet Babita, runs away from the marriage after a confrontation with Aafia, leaving everyone devastated.<br /> <br /> Bauua wins and gets to meet Babita at a party, accompanied by other famous Bollywood actors. Babita offers him a job after he displays an ability to guess what goes on in people's mind by observing them. He accompanies her on film schedules and award functions, helping her patch up with her ex-boyfriend Aditya Kapoor, who had previously cheated on her. Bauua tells Babita about Aafia, who in turn falsely tells him that her parents were dwarves and her father cheated on her mother, to make Bauua realise his mistake. He realizes his wrongdoings and wishing to reconcile with Aafia, starts an argument at a party organized by Babita, following which Babita throws him out and breaks all ties with Aditya, realizing the latter is cheating on her again.<br /> <br /> Bauua and Guddu travel to [[New York City|New York]], where Aafia is attending a seminar. Bauaa crashes the seminar to meet her, but Aafia refuses to see him. Aafia's father tells him that Aafia was pregnant with Bauua's child, due to which she wanted him to marry her in the first place. A heartbroken Bauua decides to leave the city, but decides to try his luck one more time. After meeting with Aafia again at NSAR and getting rejected by her, Bauua enlists in a program recruiting human volunteers to be sent to Mars on a rocket. After painstaking training and getting help from one of the applicants, Bauaa gets selected, while Guddu is rejected for his vision disability. On the day of his launch, Aafia, who is supposed to marry Srinivasan, a fellow scientist and Aafia's colleague, leaves him, and she reaches NSAR seconds before Bauua's launch. Bauua assures her that he always loved her, just before the rocket takes off. The launch is witnessed by Aafia, Guddu and Srinivasan, along with Babita and Bauua's family via television broadcast. The launch is successful, and the rocket thrusts off in space.<br /> <br /> In a [[voice-over]] by Aafia, it is revealed that Bauua eventually reaches [[Mars]], and sends a video recording of himself from there. His rocket gets lost somewhere in space on the return journey, and Aafia waits for him. Fifteen years later, a Chinese space station receives the signal of Bauua's escape pod, which crash lands in the [[Pacific Ocean]], revealing Bauua is still alive.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Shah Rukh Khan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/zero-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan-wish-eid-mubarak-in-style-watch/1205943/ |title=Zero teaser: Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan wish Eid Mubarak in style; watch |date=14 June 2018 |work=The Financial Express|access-date=16 June 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Bauua Singh, a young man with [[dwarfism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/zero-teaser-released-fans-celebrate-shah-rukh-khan-and-salman-khans-friendship-with-hilarious-memes/240448 |title=Zero teaser released: Fans celebrate Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan's friendship with hilarious memes|access-date=16 June 2018 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Katrina Kaif]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-has-joined-us-anushka-sharma-will-join-soon-shah-rukh-khan-on-aanand-l-rai-s-film/story-B9BgQhEzH5Qr2IiTHV3snM.html |title=Katrina Kaif has joined us, Anushka Sharma will join soon: Shah Rukh Khan on Aanand L Rai's film |date=25 September 2017 |website=Hindustantimes.com |access-date=4 November 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043102/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-has-joined-us-anushka-sharma-will-join-soon-shah-rukh-khan-on-aanand-l-rai-s-film/story-B9BgQhEzH5Qr2IiTHV3snM.html |archive-date=24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Babita Kumari, an [[alcoholic]] actress&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://in.yahoo.com/news/zero-katrina-kaif-reveals-she-112410597.html |title=Zero: Katrina Kaif Reveals She Wanted to Play Aafia but the Role Went to Anushka Sharma – Watch Video |date=5 November 2018 |website=Yahoo.com |access-date=5 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Anushka Sharma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;trailer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Red Chillies Entertainment |date=2 November 2018 |title=Zero – Official Trailer – Shah Rukh Khan – Aanand L Rai – Anushka – Katrina – 21 Dec 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ru4lEmhHTF4&amp;t=1s |access-date=2 November 2018 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Aafia Yusufzai Bhinder, a NSAR scientist with [[cerebral palsy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=News Desk |date=3 November 2018 |title=The trailer of Shah Rukh Khan's 'Zero' trending 2nd on social media |publisher=Globalvillagespace.com |url=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/the-trailer-of-shah-rukh-khans-zero-trending-2nd-on-social-media/|access-date=3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Abhay Deol]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/abhay-deol-play-katrina-kaifs-love-interest-zero/ |title=Abhay Deol to play Katrina Kaif's love interest in 'Zero' |date=5 March 2018 |website=Bizasialive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Aditya Kapoor, Babita's love interest&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-zero-spoiler-alert-these-indirect-references-made-to-katrina-kaif-s-ex-ranbir-kapoor-are-just-too-hard-to-be-ignored-2698564 |title='Zero' Spoiler Alert: These indirect references made to Katrina Kaif's ex Ranbir Kapoor are just too hard to be ignored |date=21 December 2018 |website=dna |language=en|access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[R. Madhavan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/madhavan-star-aanand-l-rais-zero-alongside-shah-rukh-katrina-kaif-anushka-sharma-770013 |title=Madhavan to star in Aanand L Rai's Zero alongside Shah Rukh, Katrina Kaif, Anushka Sharma |last=Gaikwad |first=Pramod |date=24 May 2018 |newspaper=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Kartik Srinivasan, a fellow scientist and Aafia's colleague<br /> * [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/why-shah-rukh-khans-raees-co-star-mohammed-zeeshan-ayyub-is-trending-in-connection-with-zero-1941523 |title=Why Shah Rukh Khan's Raees Co-Star Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub Is Trending in Connection With Zero |website=NDTV |access-date=26 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Guddu Mukhi, Bauua's friend<br /> * [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/aanand-l-rai-tigmanshu-dhulia-shah-rukh-khan-srk-mumbai-bollywood-news/18284187 |title=Aanand L Rai signs Tigmanshu Dhulia for his next film starring Shah Rukh Khan |website=Mid-day.com |date=27 May 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093904/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/aanand-l-rai-tigmanshu-dhulia-shah-rukh-khan-srk-mumbai-bollywood-news/18284187 |archive-date=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Ashok Singh, Bauua's wealthy and successful businessman father<br /> * [[Sheeba Chaddha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/reel/903821/a-larger-than-life-celebration-of-love-and-imperfection-anushka-sharma-on-aanand-l-rais-zero |title=A larger-than-life celebration of love and imperfection: Anushka Sharma on Aanand L Rai's 'Zero' |author=Scroll Staff |work=Scroll.in|access-date=2 December 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Beena Singh, Ashok's wife and Bauua's mother<br /> * [[Brijendra Kala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;latestly.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/zero-trailer-shah-rukh-khan-as-bauua-singh-spells-magic-but-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharma-steal-the-show-too-watch-video-467932.html |title=Zero Trailer: Shah Rukh Khan as Bauua Singh Spells Magic But Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma Steal The Show Too – Watch Video |website=Latestly.com |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Dikshit Pandey, an agent&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-anushka-sharmas-insipid-tale-of-bizarre-possibilities-1979677.html |title=Zero Movie Review: Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma's Insipid Tale of Bizarre Possibilities |website=News18|date=11 July 2012 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Preeti Singh as Bauua's sister-in-law<br /> * [[Mallika Dua]] as NSAR Volunteer Applicant<br /> * [[Nataša Stanković]] as Sonali<br /> * [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-zero-puts-model-sushrii-shreya-mishraa-on-trends-list-details-here-1857681 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Zero Puts Model Sushrii Shreya Mishraa On Trends List. Details Here |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Gunjan<br /> <br /> === Cameo appearances ===<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Salman Khan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-and-salman-khan-new-click-from-anand-l-rai-next-srk-dwarf-vfx-see-photos-4738369/lite/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan share a selfie moment on the sets of Anand L Rai's next film leaving fans curious, see photos |date=6 July 2017 |website=Indianexpress.com |access-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729173258/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-and-salman-khan-new-click-from-anand-l-rai-next-srk-dwarf-vfx-see-photos-4738369/lite/ |archive-date=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; as himself judging a dance show<br /> * [[Rani Mukerji]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/deepika-padukone-talks-role-shah-rukh-khans-next-aanand-l-rai/414522 |title=Deepika Padukone Talks About Her Role in Shah Rukh Khan's Next With Aanand L Rai |date=18 October 2017 |website=Businessofcinema.com |access-date=4 November 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173212/https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/deepika-padukone-talks-role-shah-rukh-khans-next-aanand-l-rai/414522 |archive-date=29 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; as herself at a party<br /> * [[Karisma Kapoor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IT special apps&quot; /&gt; as herself at a party<br /> * [[Kajol]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IT special apps&quot; /&gt; as herself at a party<br /> * [[Sridevi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IT special apps&quot; /&gt; as herself at a party<br /> * [[Juhi Chawla]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/i-had-to-keep-looking-down-on-srk-says-juhi-chawla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152143/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/i-had-to-keep-looking-down-on-srk-says-juhi-chawla/1182223|url-status=dead |title='I had to keep looking down on SRK', says Juhi Chawla |archive-date=9 December 2017 |website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories &amp;#124; Free Press Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; as herself at a party<br /> * [[Deepika Padukone]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IT special apps&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dwarf-srk-serenades-his-lovely-ladies-again/articleshow/60916407.cms |title='Dwarf' SRK serenades his lovely ladies again – Pune Mirror - |website=Punemirror.indiatimes.com |date=3 October 2017 |access-date=4 November 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029175920/http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dwarf-srk-serenades-his-lovely-ladies-again/articleshow/60916407.cms |archive-date=29 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; as herself at a party<br /> * [[Alia Bhatt]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IT special apps&quot; /&gt; as herself at a party<br /> * [[Ganesh Acharya]]&lt;ref name = &quot;dancers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title= Zero Song Issaqbaazi: Watch Shah Rukh Khan Dance with Salman Khan, Ganesh Acharya, Remo D'Souza| url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/zero-song-issaqbaazi-watch-shah-rukh-khan-dance-with-salman-khan-ganesh-acharya-remo-dsouza-1960003.html | website = News 18 | date=4 December 2018 | access-date= 5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; as himself in a dance show<br /> * [[Remo D'Souza]]&lt;ref name = &quot;dancers&quot;/&gt; as himself in a dance show<br /> * [[Arjun Kapoor]] as himself at an award show<br /> * [[Jaya Bachchan]] as herself at an award show<br /> * [[Javed Jaffrey]] ([[voice-over]] at a dance competition)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shah-rukh-khans-zero-fire-on-set-of-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-zero-in-mumbai-film-city-report-1955489 |title=Fire On Sets Of Shah Rukh Khan-Starrer 'Zero' In Mumbai Film City: Report |work=NDTV.com|access-date=2 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ditya Bhande]] in the song &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;<br /> * [[Rajat Sharma]] as himself<br /> * Anshul Chauhan as herself<br /> &lt;!-- Please add cast with sources--&gt;<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Development===<br /> {{Quote box|width=33%|align=right|quote=&quot;Like the way we say that perfect is boring, imperfection is much interesting... Our film is also celebrating the same. The story of the film is celebrating a perfect love story of two imperfect people. Though the protagonist of the film is a dwarf but more than the physical disability of an individual, the story talks about the space of emotional incompleteness of our life.&quot;|source=Aanand L. Rai on the decision to name the film ''Zero'' and its implications&lt;ref name=&quot;teaser&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Director [[Aanand L. Rai]] conceived the film in 2012 after watching ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006) and drawing parallels of the titular character with that of American [[superhero]]es such as [[Superman]], [[Batman]] and [[Spider-Man]]. He appreciated the achievement of Indians having their own superhero film but felt wary of the outreach, saying, &quot;I loved seeing [[Hrithik Roshan]] fly off a 250-feet building, it was brilliantly done, but deep down I felt this wasn't us. Apart from our mythological [[demigods]], Indians aren't ready for superheroes&quot; and &quot;That's what made me want to live life from the perspective of a dwarf [''[[sic]]''].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mmm&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aanand-l-rai-opens-up-about-his-dwarf-film-with-shah-rukh-khan-i-wanted-to-cut-two-feet-from-a-star-as-big-as-khan-saab/articleshow/59952840.cms |title=Aanand L Rai Opens Up About His Dwarf Film With Shah Rukh Khan: I Wanted To Cut Two Feet From A Star As Big As Khan Saab |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=7 August 2017 |access-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002232203/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aanand-l-rai-opens-up-about-his-dwarf-film-with-shah-rukh-khan-i-wanted-to-cut-two-feet-from-a-star-as-big-as-khan-saab/articleshow/59952840.cms |archive-date=2 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was initially titled ''Katrina Meri Jaan''. However, this was later scrapped because the producers thought the title would be too misleading to people and make them presume the film is about Kaif.&lt;ref name=&quot;TIE&quot;/&gt; In between productions, the film underwent numerous working titles such as ''Bauaa'', ''Bauna'', ''Butka'', ''Bandhua'' and ''Batla''. Red Chillies Entertainment registered three names for use as the film's title.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-batlaa-bauna-dwarf-zero-title-shah-rukh-khan-aanand-l-rais-film-like/ |title=BREAKING: Batlaa, Bauna, Dwarf, Zero – which title of Shah Rukh Khan and Aanand L Rai's film do you like the most? |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 September 2017 |access-date=6 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174115/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-batlaa-bauna-dwarf-zero-title-shah-rukh-khan-aanand-l-rais-film-like/ |archive-date=6 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the end, a unanimous decision was made to call the film ''Zero'', revealed in January 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNAI&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-dwarf-aanand-l-rai-anushka-sharma-katrina-kaif/1/1086512.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan is not in any hurry to reveal his look in the Aanand L Rai film. |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218211518/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-dwarf-aanand-l-rai-anushka-sharma-katrina-kaif/1/1086512.html |archive-date=18 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/040118/unanimous-decision-to-title-the-movie-zero-says-aanand-l-rai.html |title=Unanimous decision to title the movie Zero, says Aanand L Rai |work=The Asian Age |access-date=4 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103213525/http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/040118/unanimous-decision-to-title-the-movie-zero-says-aanand-l-rai.html |archive-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Bollywood Hungama]] reported the budget of the film to be around {{INR}}150 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-rs-150-cr-budget-dwarf-film-starring-shah-rukh-khan/ |title=BREAKING: Rs. 150 cr. budget for Dwarf film starring Shah Rukh Khan? – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061000/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-rs-150-cr-budget-dwarf-film-starring-shah-rukh-khan/ |archive-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rai refuted these reports and stated that the film did have a big budget at that time, but less than the reported amount, and that the amount might change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/shah-rukh-khans-upcoming-dwarf-movie-has-massive-budget-rs-150-crore-aanand-l-rai-answers-720011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328010416/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shah-rukh-khans-upcoming-dwarf-movie-has-massive-budget-rs-150-crore-aanand-l-rai-answers-720011|url-status=dead |title=Does Shah Rukh Khan's upcoming dwarf movie have a massive budget of Rs 150 crore? Director Aanand L Rai answers |first=Suparno |last=Sarkar |date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2018, after post-production work was completed, the film's budget was revealed to be {{INR}}2&amp;nbsp;billion, making it the most expensive film starring Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;mid budget&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan Has A Contingency Plan For His Film, Zero |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/shah-rukh-khan-has-a-contingency-plan-for-his-film-zero/19866183 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=6 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Himanshu Sharma]], who wrote the script, confirmed the story to be a romantic drama.&lt;ref name=Sharma&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/size-does-not-matter-shahrukh-khan-dwarf-film-with-aanand-l-rai-is-a-romantic-drama-says-writer-himanshu-sharma-1459925298.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610171753/http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/size-does-not-matter-shahrukh-khan-dwarf-film-with-aanand-l-rai-is-a-romantic-drama-says-writer-himanshu-sharma-1459925298.html|url-status=dead |title=Size doesn't matter: Shah Rukh Khan's next is a romantic drama, says writer Himanshu Sharma |archive-date=10 June 2016 |website=CatchNews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He stated that while the story does feature a little person as a character, the plot does not revolve only around that character.&lt;ref name=Sharma/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Casting===<br /> Initially, [[Salman Khan]] was approached for the role in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/aanand-l-rai-on-his-dwarf-drama-working-with-shah-rukh-khan-and-salman-khans-cameo-in-the-film-3978503.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831181314/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/aanand-l-rai-on-his-dwarf-drama-working-with-shah-rukh-khan-and-salman-khans-cameo-in-the-film-3978503.html|url-status=dead |title=Aanand L Rai on his 'dwarf' drama, working with Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan's cameo in the film |date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; The role then went to [[Shah Rukh Khan]]. His casting was confirmed in March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-feature/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-feature/shah-rukh-khan-lesser-known-facts/Confirmed-Shah-Rukh-Khan-to-play-a-dwarf-in-Aanand-L-Rais-next/photostory/51507427.cms |title=Confirmed! Shah Rukh Khan to play a dwarf in Aanand L Rai's next – Shah Rukh Khan: Lesser known facts {{!}} The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103115516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-feature/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-feature/shah-rukh-khan-lesser-known-facts/Confirmed-Shah-Rukh-Khan-to-play-a-dwarf-in-Aanand-L-Rais-next/photostory/51507427.cms|archive-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He plays a man with dwarfism.&lt;ref name=&quot;firstpost&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-talks-about-playing-a-dwarf-in-aanand-l-rai-next-we-dont-have-to-empathise-with-differently-abled-people-4687356/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan talks about playing a dwarf in Aanand L Rai's next: We don't have to empathise with differently abled people |date=3 June 2017 |website=Indianexpress.com |access-date=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rai cast Khan to play the lead role because he needed a big star for the story to penetrate globally. He needed &quot;an intelligent actor, who also can carry that happy-go-lucky attitude,&quot; and he felt Khan possessed those qualities.&lt;ref name=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zero-first-poster-pint-sized-shah-rukh-khan-makes-huge-impact-1794637?amp=1&amp;akamai-rum=off |title=Zero First Poster: Pint-Sized Shah Rukh Khan Makes Huge Impact |author=Shruti Shikha |date=2 January 2018 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102080601/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zero-first-poster-pint-sized-shah-rukh-khan-makes-huge-impact-1794637?amp=1&amp;akamai-rum=off |archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mm&quot;/&gt; Rai realised the difference between a six-foot tall person saying &quot;I love you&quot; and a four-foot tall person; hence he hired Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mmm&quot;/&gt; Khan is the fifth actor of normal stature in Indian cinema to play a little person after [[Kamal Haasan]] in ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-2-feet-shorter-director-reveals-why-he-made-khan-saab-a-dwarf-1734616 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, 2-Feet Shorter. Director Reveals Why He Made 'Khan Saab' A Dwarf |work=NDTV.com|access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807225509/http://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-2-feet-shorter-director-reveals-why-he-made-khan-saab-a-dwarf-1734616 |archive-date=7 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Johnny Lever]] in ''[[Aashiq (2001 film)|Aashiq]]'' (2001), [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu]]'' (2005) and [[Anupam Kher]] in ''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]'' (2006).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Not just Shah Rukh Khan, these actors also took the role of a vertically challenged man |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-zero-5010816/ |date=4 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104043650/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-zero-5010816/ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |last=Jain |first=Arushi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After much speculation, Rai confirmed [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] as the female lead actors in the film in June 2017; this would be the second collaboration between the two actresses and Khan after their 2012 film ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''. While Kaif was the first choice for the first lead, Sharma's role was initially offered to [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] who play cameos in the film, they dropped out due to date issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-shah-rukh-khan-anushka-sharma-katrina-kaif-aanand-l-rais-next/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601083848/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-shah-rukh-khan-anushka-sharma-katrina-kaif-aanand-l-rais-next/|url-status=dead |title=CONFIRMED: Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma and Katrina Kaif in Aanand L Rai's next &amp;#124; Celebrity Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=1 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharma was reported to play a differently-abled person,&lt;ref name=&quot;TIE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-zero-5008329/ |title=Zero: Everything we know about the Shah Rukh Khan starrer so far |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102080503/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-zero-5008329/ |archive-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; whereas Kaif confirmed that she will portray the role of an actress.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNAI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-katrina-kaif-asked-aanand-l-rai-to-change-the-name-of-her-shah-rukh-khan-film-starrer-and-it-has-a-ranbir-kapoor-connect-2539200 |title=The ex-factor? Here's why Katrina Kaif had the name changed of her film with Shah Rukh Khan |work=DNS India |date=24 August 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103115515/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-katrina-kaif-asked-Aanand-L-Rai-to-change-the-name-of-her-shah-rukh-khan-film-starrer-and-it-has-a-ranbir-kapoor-connect-2539200 |archive-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both Sharma and Kaif were offered the role not because of their stardom but because they fit the role according to Rai.&lt;ref name=&quot;mm&quot;/&gt; According to Kaif, she was offered the film before Khan was cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/01/05/shah-rukh-khan-wasnt-a-part-of-zero-initially-katrina-kaif/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan wasn't a part of Zero initially: Katrina Kaif |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105125243/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/01/05/shah-rukh-khan-wasnt-a-part-of-zero-initially-katrina-kaif/ |archive-date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/katrina-kaif-on-srks-film-i-was-supposed-to-play-myself-in-zero/18895187 |title=Katrina Kaif on SRK s film: I was supposed to play myself in Zero |date=5 January 2018 |website=Mid-day.com |access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105054309/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/katrina-kaif-on-srks-film-i-was-supposed-to-play-myself-in-zero/18895187 |archive-date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; She later confirmed that the script and story of ''Zero'' had changed over two years, hinting that Khan recommended this.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/katrina-kaif-with-shah-rukh-khan-zero-aanand-l-rai-anushka-sharma/190669 |title=Katrina Kaif just confirmed that Zero's script and title has been changed over the last two years |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=20 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] portrayed the father of Khan's character. He showed interest in the project after hearing about its heavy technical involvements.&lt;ref name=&quot;TIE&quot; /&gt; [[Abhay Deol]] was cast as a love interest,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], who had previously worked with Rai in both ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' films, announced his casting by sharing a selfie with Rai on the film's set in late May 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Khan refrained from signing any other film during ''Zero''{{'}}s production.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-denies-signing-dhoom-4-says-his-full-focus-is-on-aanand-l-rais-film-4191157.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan denies signing Dhoom 4; says his full focus is on Aanand L Rai's film |work=Firstpost |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=5 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105125244/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-denies-signing-dhoom-4-says-his-full-focus-is-on-aanand-l-rais-film-4191157.html |archive-date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film features guest appearances by Salman Khan, [[Sridevi]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Kajol]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], Deepika Padukone and Alia Bhatt who will portray themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;USA shoot&quot; /&gt; This marked [[Sridevi]]’s posthumous appearance in a film, as she died before the film's release shortly after filming.&lt;ref name=&quot;TIE&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sridevi-will-be-seen-one-last-time-in-shah-rukh-khan-s-zero-see-pics/story-5al2RcNiSyv6WM05DxVbXP.html |title=Sridevi will be seen one last time in Shah Rukh Khan's Zero. See pics |date=25 February 2018 |work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=26 February 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Principal photography===<br /> In August 2016, it was said that filming would begin in December 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-to-start-shooting-for-aanand-l-rai/article_566ca6f2-6583-11e6-a4d6-271d5a5721a7.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan to Start Shooting for Aanand L. Rai's Next in December |work=India West |access-date=2 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819160336/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-to-start-shooting-for-aanand-l-rai/article_566ca6f2-6583-11e6-a4d6-271d5a5721a7.html |archive-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was later postponed to 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-aanand-l-rai-4463484/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan to begin shooting for Aanand L Rai's romantic film this year |date=7 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110233155/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-aanand-l-rai-4463484/ |archive-date=10 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Principal photography]] of the film eventually began in May 2017 in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/240517/leaked-srk-begins-filming-anand-l-rais-untitled-next-where-he-plays-a-dwarf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529104739/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/240517/leaked-srk-begins-filming-anand-l-rais-untitled-next-where-he-plays-a-dwarf.html|url-status=dead |title=Leaked: SRK begins filming Anand L Rai's untitled next where he plays a dwarf |date=24 May 2017 |archive-date=29 May 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-victim-of-death-hoax-european-news-network-says-star-died-in-air-crash-4684066 |title=Shah Rukh Khan victim of death hoax, European news network says star died in air crash |date=1 June 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 June 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601092530/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-victim-of-death-hoax-european-news-network-says-star-died-in-air-crash-4684066/ |archive-date=1 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May, an accident occurred on the set, in which crew members were injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-escapes-accident-as-2-injured-on-anand-l-rai-film-set-4682489/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603095820/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-escapes-accident-as-2-injured-on-anand-l-rai-film-set-4682489/|url-status=dead |title=Shah Rukh Khan escapes accident as 2 injured on Anand L Rai film set |date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2017, Khan revealed that only 10 minutes of footage had been completed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-status-of-shah-rukh-khans-film-in-which-he-plays-a-dwarf-1717497 |title=The Status Of Shah Rukh Khan's Film in Which He Plays A Dwarf |website=NDTV.com|access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912145258/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-status-of-shah-rukh-khans-film-in-which-he-plays-a-dwarf-1717497 |archive-date=12 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaif joined the team on 22 September 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/katrina-kaif-shah-rukh-khan-aanand-l-rai-film-shoot-photo-1050104-2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111111847/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-shah-rukh-khan-aanand-l-rai-film-shoot-photo/1/1053548.html|url-status=dead |title=PHOTO: Katrina Kaif begins shooting for Aanand L Rai's film with Shah Rukh Khan, and we can't keep calm |first=Charu |last=Thakur |archive-date=11 November 2017 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharma started shooting in September.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/anushka-sharma-soon-begin-shoot-aanand-l-rais-next/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103115515/https://www.bizasialive.com/anushka-sharma-soon-begin-shoot-aanand-l-rais-next/|url-status=dead |title=Anushka Sharma soon to begin shoot for Aanand L Rai's next |first=Amrita |last=Tanna |date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January, she resumed her shooting after taking a break for a couple of weeks for her wedding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/anushka-sharma-returns-to-zero-set-shah-rukh-khan-extends-a-floral-welcome-1625699.html |title=Anushka Sharma Returns to Zero Set, Shah Rukh Khan Extends a Floral Welcome |website=News18.com |date=8 January 2018 |access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111193813/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/anushka-sharma-returns-to-zero-set-shah-rukh-khan-extends-a-floral-welcome-1625699.html |archive-date=11 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two days later, Khan was photographed on the sets of the film in suburban Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-feature/zero-interesting-facts-about-the-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-film/srks-another-experiment-with-vfx/photostory/62377123.cms |title=SRK's another experiment with VFX – 'Zero': Interesting facts about the Shah Rukh Khan starrer film – The Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108141118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-feature/zero-interesting-facts-about-the-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-film/srks-another-experiment-with-vfx/photostory/62377123.cms |archive-date=8 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crew took a break during the Makara Sankranti festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/people/shah-rukh-khan-celebrates-makar-sankranti-on-zero-sets-pic-2074045.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan celebrates Makar Sankranti on 'Zero' sets—Pic |date=15 January 2018 |website=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shoot was also extended to Bandra, Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-shah-rukh-khan-and-anushka-sharma-spotted-on-the-sets-of-zero-aanand-l-rai-421730 |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma spotted on the sets of Zero, see pictures |website=Indiatvnews.com |date=12 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around January 2018, Kajol completed filming for her cameo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kajol-shoots-for-shah-rukh-khans-zero-26091.html |title=Kajol shoots for Shah Rukh Khan's Zero |website=M.filmfare.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parts of the film were also shot in [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/shah-rukh-khan-s-latest-movie-zero-was-partially-shot-in-dubai-1.790041 |date=10 November 2018 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's latest movie 'Zero' was partially shot in Dubai |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, the film took 200 days to shoot, instead of the originally allotted 140 days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/shah-rukh-khan-on-zero-being-the-game-changer-for-him-31773-2.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan on Zero being the game-changer for him {{!}} filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For the scenes in the film taking place in [[Meerut]], preparations were undertaken by the producers to ensure an authentic setting. A large-scale replica of the city was reproduced in Mumbai's Film City, where special attention was given to recreating the streets (and even buildings like the famed clock-tower) accurately. Director Rai also flew 300 actors from Meerut onto the sets to simulate the &quot;feel&quot; of the town; actors familiar with the Meerut area, like Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub, also helped Shah Rukh Khan understand and integrate local mannerisms into Bauua's character.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/aanand-l-rai-flew-down-300-people-from-meerut-to-recreate-the-set-in-mumbai/20123172 |title=Aanand L Rai flew down 300 people from Meerut to recreate the set of Zero movie in Mumbai |date=20 December 2018 |website=mid-day |language=en|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Visual effects were heavily used to make Khan's character three feet tall.&lt;ref name=&quot;firstpost&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-first-look-shah-rukh-khan-reveals-title-teaser-and-release-date-of-upcoming-film-with-aanand-l-rai-4282961.html |title=Zero first look: Shah Rukh Khan reveals title, teaser and release date of upcoming film with Aanand L Rai |work=Firstpost |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=1 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194729/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-first-look-shah-rukh-khan-reveals-title-teaser-and-release-date-of-upcoming-film-with-aanand-l-rai-4282961.html |archive-date=1 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Khan, this was done as &quot;I would have a problem if I have to do it on my knees. I am trying to avoid that part because that looks unreal also, and in today's time and age, you don't want to do that.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/kamal-haasan-midget-srk-appu-raja-aburva-sagodharargal-anand-rai-tanu-weds-manu-returns-cgi-optical-illusion |title=SRK! Here's How Kamal Haasan Became a Midget Without CGI |date=11 June 2016 |access-date=5 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105125243/https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/kamal-haasan-midget-srk-appu-raja-aburva-sagodharargal-anand-rai-tanu-weds-manu-returns-cgi-optical-illusion |archive-date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The makers took inspiration from the technology used in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]''. Khan noted that he had to be careful about the &quot;little things&quot; in enacting Bauua, such as not making his strides too long, and using a ramp instead of stairs; for many scenes, he would be made to stand in a pit (which would be edited out in post-production), so the other actors would be looking at him from a slightly higher vantage point and hence creating a sense of realism for his short stature.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The character was also shot using Forced Perspective, which according to [[NDTV]], is &quot;a technique that employs optical illusion to make an object appear farther away, closer, larger or smaller than it actually is. It will make [[SRK]] look shorter.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/honey-i-shrunk-shah-rukh-khan-the-role-of-vfx-in-his-next-film-1718483 |title=Honey, I Shrunk Shah Rukh Khan. The Role Of VFX In His Next Film |work=NDTV.com|access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912145302/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/honey-i-shrunk-shah-rukh-khan-the-role-of-vfx-in-his-next-film-1718483 |archive-date=12 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Rai, the film will use the most visual effects for an Indian film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aanand-l-rai-shah-rukh-khan-zero-5015154/ |title=Aanand L Rai on working with Shah Rukh Khan in Zero: There is nervousness and I enjoy that |date=7 January 2018 |website=Indianespress.com |access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062626/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aanand-l-rai-shah-rukh-khan-zero-5015154/ |archive-date=8 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To better prepare for playing a wheelchair user, Sharma met with an occupational therapist and an audiologist, who taught her how to create an involuntary spasm-like action during her dialogue scenes; the occupational therapist was always on set to monitor Sharma's performance.{{fact|date=August 2025}} In an interview with [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]], Sharma noted that in the beginning stages of the shoot, shaping the physicality of the character was difficult for her and that she would ask for many more takes than usual because her movements didn't feel correct. During the first schedule, she asked Khan to be more patient with her during their scenes while she got used to the character, which he obliged. She observed that because the character performed involuntary movements, they were very difficult to do and required &quot;heavy breathing, which would get me very tired and my body would go into spasms because I had tightened it so much.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/this-profession-could-turn-you-into-a-monster-or-it-could-turn-you-into-a-saint-anushka-sharma/cid/1677113 |title=This profession could turn you into a monster or it could turn you into a saint: Anushka Sharma |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en|access-date=2 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; She eventually got more comfortable in her performance later on. In between takes, instead of returning to her normal physicality as most actors would, she would stay in the wheelchair, then &quot;go to another mark on my wheelchair and sit there alone. I would rarely leave the wheelchair on set, and ended up staying away from everybody as well.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kaif was initially relucatant to play Babita; to her the character &quot;seemed like just another film star going through pain,&quot; with Kaif herself having recently reached a personal point of equilibrium after coming out a challenging phase in her life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/dec/19/no-one-likes-a-person-who-asks-for-sympathy-1913781.html |title=Interview {{!}} I liked Babita Kumari in 'Zero' because she's always fighting for herself, says Katrina Kaif|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Director Rai eventually convinced her of the role and the internal transformation the character would undertake, with Kaif noting that it was &quot;an intense journey we went on together.&quot; Babita's vulnerability, and her continuous struggle to hide her true feelings from the world, appealed to Kaif and she eventually found the character intriguing. She noted that in real life, most people eventually hide their feelings from the real world in some way or another, and that they would find Babita relatable as she was dealing with her own issues and personal insecurities; she would often react defensively or aggressively, and yet the fact that she was &quot;fighting for herself&quot; gave her respectability and makes her interesting to watch.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the behind-the-scenes video of the making of the song &quot;Mere Naam Tu,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Red Chillies Entertainment |title=Zero {{!}} The Making of Mere Naam Tu {{!}} Shah Rukh Khan {{!}} Anushka Sharma {{!}} Aanand L. Rai {{!}} Ajay – Atul|date=7 December 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw7KsS-FnRk|access-date=7 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anushka Sharma details the video in a voice-over, and she mentions several aspects of the song's making. She noted that choreographer [[Remo D'Souza]] directed the video and brought his trademark creativity, including the inclusion of children, into the song's dance sequence. The sequence was filmed over the course of 14 days, with Sharma mostly wearing pajamas and using a wheelchair for its duration. It was filmed in the corridor of a hotel, yet was transformed into a &quot;fantasy land,&quot; with the addition of on-set rain and [[Holi]] colors. While on set, wheelchair user Sharma can be seen on an elevated platform while interacting with Shah Rukh Khan's character Bauua, to create the illusion of his short stature.<br /> <br /> Most of the film was filmed entirely in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/aamir-salman-and-srk-to-shoot-together-2018-01-24-1.664378 |title=Aamir, Salman and SRK to shoot together! |first=Sanskriti |last=Media |date=24 January 2018 |website=Emirates247.com |access-date=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2018, it was reported that the post-production work of a second teaser was being carried out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-all-set-to-promote-zero-during-all-festivals-this-year-26432.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan all set to promote Zero during all festivals this year |website=M.filmfare.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 4–8 April 2018, Khan shot the film's schedule in Vasai, Mumbai, flying in a helicopter to avoid the traffic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-flies-vile-parle-vasai-escape-mumbai-traffic-zero-shoot/1/274124.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan flies from Vile Parle to Vasai to escape Mumbai traffic for Zero shoot |website=M.businesstoday.in|date=4 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In middle April, the film's shooting was reported to shift to the United States for a sequence.&lt;ref name=&quot;USA shoot&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/for-zero-shah-rukh-khan-and-anushka-sharma-visit-us-consulate-mumbai-heres-why/218877 |title=For Zero, Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma visit US Consulate Mumbai |website=Timesnownews.com|date=18 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some sequences were also filmed in [[Huntsville, Alabama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.al.com/news/huntsville/index.ssf/2018/05/indian_movie_megastar_shah_ruk.html |title=Indian movie megastar Shah Rukh Khan filming in Alabama |website=Al.com|date=11 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan finished filming for ''Zero'', and wrapped the film's principal photography in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], during the month of June 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-wraps-zero-thanks-crew-for-fruitful-and-hectic-shoot-1870742 |title=Shah Rukh Khan Wraps Zero, Thanks Crew For 'Fruitful And Hectic Shoot' |website=Ndtv.com |date=20 June 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whnt.com/2018/12/17/huntsvilles-bollywood-debut-this-friday/ |title=Huntsville makes its Bollywood debut Friday |last=Stokes |first=Alex |date=17 December 2018 |website=WHNT.com |language=en |access-date=18 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{main|Zero (soundtrack)}}<br /> The film's score and soundtrack were composed and produced by [[Ajay–Atul]] collaborating with Khan for the first time, while [[Tanishk Bagchi]] worked as a guest composer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-shah-rukh-khan-reveals-nusrat-fateh-ali-khans-main-roz-roz-tanha-recreated-zero/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: Shah Rukh Khan reveals Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's 'Main Roz Roz Tanha' is recreated in Zero |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 December 2018 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|access-date=18 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lyrics are written by [[Irshad Kamil]] and [[Kumaar]]. The first single, &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot; was released on 23 November 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; It was sung by [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]] (who made Bollywood debut) and arranged by Ustad K. Shayan-Hussaini (who also played its piano pieces); other instrumentals include the Indian flute by Varad Kathapurkar and the Nylon guitar by Pawan Rasayli. On 4 December, &quot;Issaqbaazi,&quot; the film's second song, was released; a fast-paced, rustic dance number picturized on a jubilant Bauua dancing with [[Salman Khan]] after being kissed by Babita, it was sung by [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], and was composed by Ajay–Atul, with lyrics by Irshad Kamil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zero-song-issaqbaazi-shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan-reunite-dance-video-5475813/ |title=Zero song Issaqbaazi: Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan burn the dance floor |date=4 December 2018 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=4 December 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The third single track &quot;Husn Parcham&quot; was released on 1 December 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; The song was sung by [[Bhoomi Trivedi]] and [[Raja Kumari]]. On 20 December 2018, a fourth song was released, titled &quot;Heer Badnaam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-song-heer-badnaam-features-katrina-kaif-shah-rukh-khan-and-a-surprise-watch-video/story-w2DRfsLWF7ZhyHZSzw6KeK.html |title=Zero song Heer Badnaam features Katrina Kaif, Shah Rukh Khan and a surprise. Watch video |date=20 December 2018 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |language=en|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Revealing the stardom and personal issues of Babita Kumari, and depicting Bauua as her long-standing fan, the song is reminiscent of the Punjabi song &quot;Daru Badnaam&quot; by Kamal Kahlon and Param Singh; it is composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], lyricized by [[Kumaar]], and sung by Romy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zero-song-heer-badnaam-katrina-kaif-5502330/ |title=Zero song Heer Badnaam: Katrina Kaif's stardom is presented perfectly |date=20 December 2018 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 7 December 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/zero/x4kUj2lbw-g_ |title=Zero – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=21 December 2018 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Marketing==<br /> The title of the film was announced by Khan and Rai on 1 January 2018 in a minute long [[teaser trailer]] posted on [[Twitter]] due to robust demand from fans. The video showed Khan in his dwarf avatar singing and dancing to [[Mohammed Rafi]]'s &quot;[[Jab Jab Phool Khile|Hum Ko Tum Pe Pyar Aaya]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-zero-film-aanand-l-rai-anushka-sharma-katrina-kaif-watch-video-5007582/ |title=Zero: Shah Rukh Khan reveals title of his next film, set to impress in a never-seen-before avatar |author=Anvita Singh |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=1 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102012724/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-zero-film-aanand-l-rai-anushka-sharma-katrina-kaif-watch-video-5007582/ |archive-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aanand-l-rai-i-wanted-to-celebrate-incompleteness-with-zero/articleshow/62333906.cms |title=Aanand L Rai: I wanted to celebrate incompleteness with 'Zero' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although neither Kaif nor Sharma appeared in the teaser video, in one of the scenes, Khan wore a jacket with a collage of Kaif's pictures imprinted on it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-zero-could-you-spot-katrina-kaif-in-film-teaser-1794773 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Zero: Could You Spot Katrina Kaif In Film Teaser? |author=Divya Goyal |work=NDTV |date=2 January 2017 |access-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102124027/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-zero-could-you-spot-katrina-kaif-in-film-teaser-1794773 |archive-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In less than 24 hours, the video garnered over 3 million views on [[YouTube]] alone, and Khan's announcement tweet had over 30,000 likes.&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-everything-you-need-to-know-about-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-aanand-l-rai-s-ambitious-film/story-Njf3B6XPikd4ekArYHNLZK.html |title=Zero: Everything you need to know about Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, Aanand L Rai's ambitious film |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808141322/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-everything-you-need-to-know-about-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-aanand-l-rai-s-ambitious-film/story-Njf3B6XPikd4ekArYHNLZK.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Red Chillies Entertainment later announced that ''Zero''-related posts had reached over 10 million views, likes and mentions across various social media platforms like [[Facebook]], YouTube, Twitter and [[Instagram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/redchilliesent/status/948138649673011201 |title=10 Million and counting! Thank you for the love .. #ChhaGayaZERO Watch the title announcement now – bit.ly/Zero-Title @iamsrk @aanandlrai @AnushkaSharma #KatrinaKaif @gaurikhan @cypplOfficial |work=[[Twitter]] |date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103115516/https://twitter.com/redchilliesent/status/948138649673011201 |archive-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following day, the first teaser poster with the tagline &quot;21st December 2018 se aapke piche&quot; was unveiled by Red Chillies Entertainment, revealing that the film would release on 21 December 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;teaser&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/behind-scenes-heres-avinash-gowariker-shot-poster-shah-rukh-khans-zero/ |title=Behind the Scenes: Here's how Avinash Gowariker shot the poster of Shah Rukh Khan's Zero – Bollywood Hungama |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=9 January 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111193814/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/behind-scenes-heres-avinash-gowariker-shot-poster-shah-rukh-khans-zero/ |archive-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Anushka Sharma promoting Zero.jpg|right|thumb|[[Anushka Sharma]] promoting ''Zero'']]<br /> According to Rai, ''Zero'' was chosen to be released in December since it is &quot;a month when we celebrate life and what better time for a boy who celebrates that he is physically incomplete and in his incompleteness completes others as he travels from [[Meerut]] to [[New York City|New York]]. There is a beauty in incompleteness we are celebrating.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mm&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zero-director-aanand-l-rai-on-shah-rukh-khan-even-if-you-cut-two-feet-off-khansaab-will-still-stand-tall/articleshow/62330559.cms |title=ZERO DIRECTOR AANAND L RAI ON SHAH RUKH KHAN: 'EVEN IF YOU CUT TWO FEET OFF, KHANSAAB WILL STILL STAND TALL' |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101232711/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zero-director-aanand-l-rai-on-shah-rukh-khan-even-if-you-cut-two-feet-off-khansaab-will-still-stand-tall/articleshow/62330559.cms |archive-date=1 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Islamic festival of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], a promotional teaser&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Red Chillies Entertainment |title=Zero {{!}} Eid Teaser {{!}} Shah Rukh Khan {{!}} Salman Khan {{!}} Aanand L Rai {{!}} 21 December 2018|date=13 June 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89aTDByJTz4|access-date=14 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; was released on 13 June 2018, featuring Shah Rukh and Salman, the latter in the attire sported by him in the film ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' (2017).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zero-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-dances-with-salman-khan-in-a-never-seen-before-avatar/articleshow/64584086.cms |title='Zero' teaser: Shah Rukh Khan dances with Salman Khan in a never seen before avatar – Times of India ► |work=The Times of India|access-date=14 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In late August 2018, Rai confirmed to news agency [[Bollywood Hungama]] that the trailer for ''Zero'' would release on 2 November, Khan's birthday.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/zero-trailer-shah-rukh-khan-film-unveiled-birthday/ |title=ZERO: The trailer of the Shah Rukh Khan film to be unveiled on his birthday |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In late October 2018, as part of the promotional campaign, a verified Twitter account emerged in the name of Bauua, Khan's character from the film, featuring the cartoon version of Bauua Singh's first look and posting humorous tweets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/shah-rukh-khan-aka-bauua-singh-from-zero-joins-twitter/videoshow/66372431.cms |title=Shah Rukh Khan aka Bauua Singh from 'Zero' joins Twitter |work=The Times Of India |date=26 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zero-shah-rukh-khan-engages-in-hilarious-twitter-banter-with-his-character-bauua-singh/articleshow/66392194.cms |title=Zero: 'Zero': Shah Rukh Khan engages in hilarious Twitter banter with his character Bauua Singh |work=The Times Of India |date=29 October 2018 |access-date=29 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 November, the day before the release of the trailer, two official posters&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zero-posters-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-anushka-sharma-5428110/ |title=Zero movie posters: SRK is adorable, Anushka is a smiling beauty and Katrina is oozing oomph |date=1 November 2018 |website=Indianexpress.com |access-date=1 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; were revealed by Khan on his social media pages: one featuring Khan's character Bauua Singh and Anushka Sharma's character in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in [[New Delhi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/almost-zero-hour-shah-rukh-khans-birthday-countdown-begins-with-new-posters-1941009 |title=Almost Zero Hour: Shah Rukh Khan's Birthday Countdown Begins With New Posters |website=Ndtv.com |access-date=1 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and another with Singh and Katrina Kaif's character in front of [[Meerut]]'s clock tower.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/1/16596/paraplegic-anushka-gorgeous-katrina-mark-two-forms-of-beauty-in-zero-posters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101175529/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/1/16596/paraplegic-anushka-gorgeous-katrina-mark-two-forms-of-beauty-in-zero-posters |url-status=live |archive-date=1 November 2018 |title=Paraplegic Anushka, gorgeous Katrina mark two forms of beauty in Zero posters |first=Shriram |last=Iyengar |website=Cinestaan.com |access-date=1 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> On the morning of 2 November, Director Aanand L. Rai released a third poster on his Twitter page, depicting Khan's Bauua Singh standing on a street near [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in [[New York City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-aanand-l-rai-wishes-his-khan-saab-sharing-new-zero-poster-430750 |title=Happy Birthday Shah Rukh Khan: Aanand L Rai wishes his Khan Saab by sharing a new Zero poster |website=Pinkvilla.com |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103092134/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-aanand-l-rai-wishes-his-khan-saab-sharing-new-zero-poster-430750 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The same day, Red Chillies Entertainment released the official trailer on YouTube.&lt;ref name=&quot;latestly.com&quot;/&gt; The trailer recorded more than 54 million views within 24 hours,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/shah-rukh-khan-starrer-zeros-trailer-breaks-record/19947180 |title=Shah Rukh Khan starrer Zero's trailer breaks record |date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and eventually recorded the fastest 100 million views on YouTube for any Indian film, surpassing ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'' to become [[Trailer (promotion)#Most-viewed on YouTube|YouTube's most-watched Indian trailer]] of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/zero-trailer-breaks-all-records-fastest-indian-movie-trailer-to-hit-100-million-views-on-youtube/20048164 |title=Zero trailer breaks all records; fastest Indian movie trailer to hit 100 million views on YouTube |date=4 December 2018 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=11 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 November, ''Zero''{{'}}s trailer was screened at the 24th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] in the presence of Khan and [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/amitabh-bachchan-inaugurates-kolkata-film-festival-shah-rukh-s-zero-trailer-screened/story-ulaRYLPKUHtD3aZWjgZlWO.html |title=Amitabh Bachchan inaugurates Kolkata film festival, Shah Rukh's Zero trailer screened |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 November, Red Chillies Entertainment uploaded an official promo video to their YouTube channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=This NEW promo of Shah Rukh Khan-starrer Zero will make the wait for its release even harder – watch video |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/this-new-promo-of-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-zero-will-make-the-wait-for-its-release-even-harder-watch-video/317626 |website=Times Now News |access-date=20 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the same day, the film's makers launched an exclusive Bauua Singh [[WhatsApp]] sticker pack available for download.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ZERO ko WhatsApp stickers ki 'Feel aa gayi' – The first ever Indian Film to launch the WhatsApp sticker pack! |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-ko-whatsapp-stickers-ki-feel-aa-gayi-the-first-ever-indian-film-to-launch-the-whatsapp-sticker-pack-5584501.html |website=firstpost |date=20 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 November, in starting a month-long countdown to the release of the film, a humorous behind-the-scenes look was released, entitled &quot;Mera Samosa Waapis Karo&quot; – revealing Director Aanand L. Rai's fondness for [[samosas]] and Shah Rukh Khan's playful prank on him about it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-shah-rukh-khan-with-daughter-suhana-khan-teases-anand-l-rai-over-his-obsession-with-samosa-in-behind-scenes-video-485257 |title=Shah Rukh Khan with daughter Suhana Khan teases Anand L. Rai over his obsession with samosa in this BTS video |website=India TV News |access-date=22 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also on 21 November, Red Chillies Entertainment tweeted to announce official merchandise for the film – including phone covers, mugs, shirts, and headphone sets – which would be available for purchase on their company website's store page.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=RedChilliesEnt |author=Red Chillies Entertainment |date=21 November 2018 |number=1065221347197009920 |title=Guys, we hear you loud and clear: You can't get enough of @BauuaSingh! With just #1MonthToZero, here's a special gift for you, #BauuaKiDukaan live now! Visit the store and get ready for the big day: http://shop.redchillies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 November, Red Chillies Entertainment revealed a new film poster depicting Bauua kissing Aafia on the forehead in front of a large sunlit dome-arched window, and announced that the first song of the film would release the following day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/the-first-song-of-zero-mera-naam-tu-to-drop-tomorrow-shah-rukh-khan-announces-on-twitter-with-a-photo/318835 |title=The first song of Zero, Mera Naam Tu, to drop November 23, Shah Rukh Khan announces on Twitter with a photo |date=22 November 2018 |work=Times Now News|access-date=22 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 23 November, the first song of the film was released, titled &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Zero song Mera Naam Tu: Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma beautifully depict the colour of love |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/zero-song-mera-naam-tu-shah-rukh-khan-and-anushka-sharma-beautifully-depict-the-colour-of-love-bollywood-news/316436 |website=Times Now News |access-date=23 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; an orchestral ballad picturized on Bauua as he sweepingly proclaims his love for Aafia, it was composed by Ajay–Atul, lyricized by Irshad Kamil and sung by [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Anushka-Shah Rukh Khan's 'Mere Naam Tu' depicts a romance between equals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anushka-shah-rukh-khans-mere-naam-tu-depicts-a-romance-between-equals/articleshow/66751331.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=23 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 November, Red Chillies Entertainment announced a fan-interaction website, called &quot;Bauua Ki Toli.&quot; By completing social-media related activities and earning points, fans can earn the chance to become Bauua's &quot;Khaasam Khaas&quot; and win ''Zero'' merchandise, personalised autographed posters from Shah Rukh Khan, as well as movie ticket cashback from [[Paytm]] and exclusive Bauua apparel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/say-hello-to-bauua-ki-toli-the-makers-of-zero-launch-a-fan-engagement-initiative-5646631.html |title=Say hello to Bauua Ki Toli: The makers of ZERO launch a fan engagement initiative |work=Firstpost|access-date=30 November 2018 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 December, the producers released a new poster, featuring Khan's Bauua Singh being held by Salman Khan in the center-stage of a crowded dance hall, announcing the release of a new song, &quot;Issaqbaazi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/zero-song-ishqbaazi-the-much-awaited-track-featuring-shah-rukh-khan-and-salman-khan-out-tomorrow-view-poster-bollywood-news/324929 |title=Zero song Issaqbaazi: The much-awaited track featuring Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan out tomorrow – view poster {{!}} Bollywood News|access-date=3 December 2018|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 5 December, Shah Rukh Khan flew to [[Dubai]] to promote the film, greeting fans at a club on the rooftop of the [[Meydan Racecourse]]'s grandstand;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/in-the-city/Where-to-meet-Shah-Rukh-Khan-in-Dubai-this-week--- |title=Where to meet Shah Rukh Khan in Dubai this week |author=Staff report |website=Khaleej Times |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045900/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/in-the-city/Where-to-meet-Shah-Rukh-Khan-in-Dubai-this-week--- |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-enjoys-and-interacts-with-fans-in-dubai/articleshow/66968034.cms |title=Shah Rukh Khan enjoys and interacts with fans in Dubai – Times of India |website=The Times of India|access-date=6 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; the following day, he entertained 100,000 viewers&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/iamsrk/status/1070752619197534214 |title=This much love for #Zero, only possible in Dubai. Thanks Global Village for the 100,000 hearts beating for Bauua, Aafia &amp; Babita. Will convey ur #Ishaqbaazi to them in India. Love u Dubaiwaalon yeh dekho Bauua ki selfie!pic.twitter.com/Os5S2VJBnc |last=Khan |first=Shah Rukh |date=6 December 2018 |website=@iamsrk |language=en|access-date=6 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; at Dubai's [[Global Village (Dubai)|Global Village]], dancing to several hit songs from his films. On 7 December, he travelled to [[Muscat]] (Oman), and Kuwait as part of the film's promotional tour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/in-the-city/shah-rukh-khan-shrugs-off-fall-from-forbes-rich-list |title=Shah Rukh Khan shrugs off fall from Forbes rich list |last=Sachin |first=Ambica |website=Khaleej Times|access-date=6 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 December, Red Chillies Entertainment uploaded onto YouTube a behind-the-scenes video of the making of the &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot; music video.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; On 10 December, a teaser for a new song was released, &quot;Husn Parcham.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/zero-song-teaser-husn-parcham/videoshow/67022332.cms |title=Zero Song Husn Parcham Teaser {{!}} Katrina Kaif {{!}} Sharkhuh Khan {{!}} Husn Parcham Video Song from Zero|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=10 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 December, a new dialogue promo featuring Bauua Singh was released, called &quot;Bhabhi Ke Naam Ki Biryani,&quot; revealing his relationship with his father and his &quot;quirky sense of humor.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/zero-new-dialogue-promo-srk-as-bauua-singh-is-all-set-to-bring-the-house-down-with-his-hilarious-antics-watch-video-bollywood-news/330983 |title=Zero new dialogue promo: SRK as Bauua Singh is all set to bring the house down with his hilarious antics – watch video {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=14 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=14 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In late December, Red Chillies Entertainment partnered with [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] to bring an interactive Bauua Singh voice (available only in India) to their [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]] device, [[Amazon Echo|Echo]] smart speakers, and other Alexa built-in devices, which allows users to listen to his &quot;jokes, anecdotes, and poetry&quot; as requested; the producers have also released special GIFs from the film that can be used across all social-media platforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bedatrichoudhury/2018/12/11/shah-rukh-khans-zero-now-on-alexa-whatsapp-and-beyond/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Zero: Now On Alexa, Whatsapp, And Beyond |last=Choudhury |first=Bedatri |website=Forbes |language=en|access-date=18 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Zero'' also partnered with [[Snapchat]] to become the first film in India to use their Augmented Reality Lens' feature promotionally; users applying the Lens can transform into Bauua, with his sunglasses and a garland around them, and will be &quot;able to interact with the plotline of the movie.&quot; Shah Rukh Khan debuted the feature on Snapchat himself, sharing a story using the Lens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/zero-becomes-indias-first-movie-to-launch-snapchat-lens-its-lights-camera-snap-for-srk-starrer-546044.html |title=Zero Becomes India's First Movie to Launch Snapchat Lens! Its Lights, Camera, Snap for SRK-Starrer |date=18 December 2018 |website=Latestly |language=en|access-date=18 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 December 2018, a fourth poster for the film was released to announce advance-show bookings, showing Bauua sitting on the railing of a high-rise building, with one arm around a chimpanzee, and his other arm pointing up at the sky.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/zero-shah-rukh-khans-bauua-singh-sitting-on-a-ledge-with-a-chimp-is-the-most-wtf-poster-of-the-year-547025.html |title=Zero: Shah Rukh Khan's Bauua Singh Sitting On a Ledge With a Chimp is the Most WTF Poster of the Year! |date=18 December 2018 |website=Latestly |language=en|access-date=19 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A fifth poster was also released by Red Chillies Entertainment on the same day, depicting Bauua and Aafia in a zero-gravity simulator, holding onto each other's arms, with an enlarged and well-lit moon and sky in the background.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/RedChilliesEnt/status/1075747733254930434 |title=Sach kehte hain pyaar ki koi seema nahi hoti, ye to pyaar mein akaash ke bhi paar nikal gaye.ZeroTomorrow |last=Entertainment |first=Red Chillies |date=20 December 2018 |website=@RedChilliesEnt |language=hi|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/to-the-moon-and-back-shah-rukh-khan-and-anushka-sharmas-new-zero-poster-is-dropping-major-hints-about-the-plot-of-the-film-550887.html |title=To the Moon and Back! Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma's New Zero Poster is Dropping Major Hints About the Plot of the Film |date=20 December 2018 |website=Latestly |language=en|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> ===Theatrical===<br /> ''Zero'' was released on 21 December 2018. According to film trade analyst [[Taran Adarsh]], it was shown on 4380 screens in India and 1585 overseas (noting that additional international territories will open later), for a worldwide total of 5965 screens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shah-rukh-khan-and-anushka-sharma-starrer-zero-to-release-across-5965-screens-worldwide-details-inside/334396 |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma starrer Zero to release across 5965 screens worldwide – details inside {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=20 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domestically, the film had the third-widest release of all Hindi films released in 2018, behind only [[Thugs of Hindostan]] (5000 screens) and [[Race 3]] (4400 screens).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-shah-rukh-khan-s-zero-film-gets-the-third-highest-screen-count-of-2018-in-india-494809 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Zero film gets the third highest screen count of 2018 in India |date=21 December 2018 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en|access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In mid-December 2018, the film passed the [[British Board of Film Classification]] with a certified 12A rating and a 164-minute runtime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/zero-the-runtime-of-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-and-anushka-sharmas-film-revealed-540480.html |title=Zero: The Runtime of Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma's Film REVEALED! |date=14 December 2018 |website=Latestly |language=en|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Pakistan, ''Zero'' was cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Censors]] without any cuts. It was released in 156 screens across the country by local distributor Eveready Pictures, which is said to be the highest number of screens for any film in Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.entertainmentpk.com/zero-live-updates-in-pakistan/ |title=Exclusive Live Feed: Screen Count of Zero in Pakistan |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=entertainmentpk.com |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808142518/https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=entertainmentpk.com |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The film, which was initially planned for a 20 December 2018 release in Germany, was postponed on 17 January 2019, to ensure a wider release.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Yash Raj Films confirms German release for Shah Rukh Khan starrer ZERO |url=https://bollyspice.com/yash-raj-films-confirms-german-release-for-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-zero/ |work=Bollyspice |date=5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The film released in China in March 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Good News! Shah Rukh Khan's Zero to release in China early next year, confirms Aanand L Rai |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/good-news-shah-rukh-khans-zero-to-release-in-china-early-next-year-confirms-aanand-l-rai-bollywood-news/307432 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=31 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Zero'' was the closing film of [[Beijing International Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/beijing-film-festival-shah-rukh-khan-1203179326/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Zero,' Chinese Propaganda Titles Set as Beijing Festival Highlights |first1=Rebecca |last1=Davis |date=3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> Upon release on [[home video]] in 2019, ''Zero'' became the top-selling film on the [[Google Play Store]], beating ''[[Bohemian Rhapsody (film)|Bohemian Rhapsody]]'' and ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star is Born]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesnow&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Despite failing at the box office, Shah Rukh Khan's Zero becomes the top-selling film on Google Play store |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/despite-failing-at-the-box-office-shah-rukh-khans-zero-becomes-the-top-selling-film-on-google-play-store/378128 |access-date=12 March 2019 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=7 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsnation&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Zero beats Bohemian Rhapsody, A Star is Born to become top selling film on Google store |url=https://www.newsnation.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/shah-rukh-khans-zero-beats-bohemian-rhapsody-a-star-is-born-to-become-top-selling-film-on-google-store-article-216244.html |access-date=12 March 2019 |work=[[News Nation]] |date=7 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> === Box office ===<br /> ''Zero'' collected {{INR|18.78&amp;nbsp;Crore}} at the Indian box office on its first day. In its three-day opening weekend, the film earned approximately {{INR|53&amp;nbsp;Crore}} domestically.&lt;ref name=&quot;boibox&quot; /&gt; It earned on Monday {{INR}}9.5&amp;nbsp;Crore and on Tuesday (Christmas holiday) {{INR|12.75&amp;nbsp;Crore}} in domestic circuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;box&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet |number=1077785690493005824 |user=taran_adarsh |title=#Zero witnessed growth on Day 5 [#Christmas]… Day 6 [Wed] and Day 7 [Thu] biz crucial... Fri 20.14 cr, Sat 18.22 cr, Sun 20.71 cr, Mon 9.50 cr, Tue 12.75 cr. Total: ₹ 81.32 cr. India biz. |first=Taran |last=Adarsh |date=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zero-box-office-collection-day-2-shah-rukh-khan-and-anushka-sharmas-film-continues-to-struggle-at-th-1966897 |title=Zero Box Office Collection Day 2: Shah Rukh Khan And Anushka Sharma's Film Continues To Struggle. Earns Rs 38.36 Crore |website=NDTV.com|access-date=23 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The USA Box office collection of ''Zero'' on Day 2 (22 December) was {{USD|283,808|long=no}} ({{INR|19.9&amp;nbsp;million}}) from 262 screens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=Bollyhungama |author=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 December 2018 |number=1076910640785059840 |title=#BoxOffice: #Zero Day 2 (Saturday) U.S.A box office – 283,808 USD [Rs. 1.99 cr] from 262 screens}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The total domestic gross collection of the film is {{INR|87&amp;nbsp;Crore}}, and the overseas gross collection was $14&amp;nbsp;million according to [[Box Office India]]. The film's worldwide gross collection is {{INR|191&amp;nbsp;Crore}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;boibox&quot;/&gt; The film was considered highly unsuccessful.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-zero-failure-shah-rukh-khan-hopes-to-make-this-kind-of-film-2113574|title=After Zero Failure, Shah Rukh Khan Hopes to Make This Kind of Film}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical response ===<br /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=31|count=16|average=4.7|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=22 December 2023}}<br /> <br /> ''Zero'' released to mixed reviews from critics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zero-movie-review-what-critics-have-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-film-788412 |title=Zero movie review and rating: What critics have to say about Shah Rukh Khan film |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=20 December 2018 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en|access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most praised the film's visual effects and agreed that Kaif gave the best performance of her career, while they were critical about its plot,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/zero-movie-review-katrina-kaif-gets-praises-left-right-and-center-from-critics-for-her-performance-551605.html |title=Zero Movie Review: Katrina Kaif Gets Unanimous Praise from the Critics as She Delivers Her Best Performance Yet |date=21 December 2018 |website=Latestly |language=en|access-date=24 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was &quot;cut short by the resources at hand&quot;, and that the second half in particular was &quot;aimless&quot; and &quot;scattered.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/shah-rukh-khan-zero-box-office-collection-day-1-zero-fails-to-impress-critics-earnings/story/303126.html |title=Zero box office collection Day 1: Zero fails to impress critics; all hopes on weekend earnings now |website=www.businesstoday.in|date=21 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-zero-manmarziyaan-writer-kanika-dhillon-calls-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-one-of-the-most-important-films-of-2018-495196 |title=Zero: Manmarziyaan writer Kanika Dhillon calls Shah Rukh Khan starrer one of the most important films of 2018 |date=23 December 2018 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en|access-date=24 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] gave the film 3.5 stars out of five, saying the film was &quot;all heart&quot; and that he found it &quot;easy to embrace&quot;. He called the film Rai's most &quot;fluid&quot; film yet, and mentioned that Khan was &quot;fantastic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/zero-review-this-very-literal-flight-of-fancy-is-the-years-most-audacious-love-story/ |title=Zero, this very literal flight of fancy, is the year's most audacious love story |date=23 December 2018 |website=Film Companion}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Raja Sen of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, calling the first half of the film &quot;flat-out fantastic, an unabashed charm-offensive,&quot; and noting that the writing and dialogues &quot;crackle with spontaneity and inventiveness.&quot; Yet he says that when the film outgrows the small town of Meerut, it finds it hard to keep its witty nature along with the ambitious second half; where the film should have &quot;gone bonkers,&quot; it takes a melodramatic approach that doesn't work. Sen commends the actors, particularly Sharma's commitment to the role and Khan's tremendous energy. He implies that Khan saves the film with his trademark acting, regardless of the film's writing issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-dazzles-in-a-strange-romance/story-SdQK5zHgA4ZTva8cNcJhAJ.html |title=Zero movie review: Shah Rukh Khan dazzles in a strange romance |date=21 December 2018 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |language=en|access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Swetha Ramakrishnan of ''Firstpost'' praised the &quot;ambitious&quot; nature of the film and called it &quot;extremely self-aware,&quot; particularly in its first half, crediting it for grounding the plot in warmth. She praised Sharma's &quot;impassioned&quot; role and Kaif's performance as a strong yet vulnerable actress, and commended both actresses for digging into their roles. She also praised Khan's charm and wrote, &quot;You may or may not like the film, but you will most certainly fall in love with Bauua Singh.&quot; However, she noted that the second half felt &quot;surreal&quot; and that it was hard to keep up with, saying that it &quot;falls prey to the second-half curse&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-review-shah-rukh-khan-katrinas-impressive-performances-lift-aanand-l-rais-film-from-average-to-ambitious-5766111.html |title=Zero: Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina's compelling performances take this film from average to ambitious |date=21 December 2018 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Rachit Gupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, saying the film had an &quot;inspiring concept&quot; yet was poorly executed. He said that while the film puts forth many ideas, few of them stick and the romantic moments and visuals, while striking, only stay for a little while. The film felt too long and the second half, when Bauua travels out of his hometown, feels more audacious than the first. Yet the positive is that the characters stay upbeat despite their challenges, and the lead actors (particularly Kaif in a striking role) give good performances. Gupta concludes in saying that while the film builds up an exciting story well, it doesn't quite finish it in the way the viewer would anticipate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Zero Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Zero by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/zero/movie-review/67185916.cms|access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ankur Pathak of ''[[HuffPost|Huffington Post India]]'' praised the performances of the leads, yet says that the film was &quot;weighed down by its own excesses.&quot; While the film was ambitious, it was mostly &quot;heightened and exaggerated and hyper-glamorized.&quot; He called the main characters excellent, and praised Khan's performance, with Kaif being &quot;a huge revelation&quot; and acting in ways hitherto unseen. Yet the &quot;starkly different, bizarre visual language of the second half hampers the overall experience of the movie.&quot; Despite this, Pathak believes that Khan's performance saves the film and that &quot;although this ride has a few breakdowns, overall, one comes out smiling...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-powers-this-ambitious-drama-with-a-terrific-performance_in_5c1bf672e4b08aaf7a8685ab |title=Zero Movie Review: Shah Rukh Khan Powers This Ambitious Drama With A Terrific Performance |date=21 December 2018 |website=HuffPost India |language=en|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[News18]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, saying that while the first half was impressive, the ambitious screenplay and ideas were plagued by an &quot;overwrought screenplay&quot; and that the second half that &quot;feels like an entirely different film.&quot; He commended the effort of the actors and producers, particularly the acting of Khan; yet noted that the second half becomes undone. He said it seemed as if the writers &quot; threw everything at the wall and decided to see what sticks. Unfortunately, very little does.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/long-and-short-of-it/|title=Long and short of it {{!}} Rajeev Masand – movies that matter : from bollywood, hollywood and everywhere else|website=www.rajeevmasand.com|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230612/https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/long-and-short-of-it/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, saying that it was so &quot;bizarre and implausible and incoherent&quot; despite having &quot;ferociously talented people both in front of the camera and behind it.&quot; She says in the second half the &quot;promising premise derails;&quot; while the individual characters are interesting, the &quot;connective tissue between...is so thin that the narrative starts to wobble.&quot; She praised the VFX, scope and imaginative feel, but was &quot;sad&quot; that the artistic ambition of the creators wasn't achieved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/zero-movie-review-a-surreally-bad-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-but-a-worse-aanand-l-rai-film/ |title=Zero Movie Review: A Bizarre Story That Leaves You Stumped, And Eventually, Sad |date=21 December 2018 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US|access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, noting that while the impressive acting of the leads and stellar visual effects aided the film, ultimately the screenplay was its undoing and left it a &quot;monumental mess.&quot; The plot was undermined by a &quot;slew of whimsicalities that defy logic and an uneven tone that borders on the gratuitously facetious.&quot; He notes that while Khan's electric performance powers the film, it never gives the film enough to make sense, noting that the second half &quot;flies too high and too helter-skelter.&quot; He commended the physical efforts of Sharma's acting and Kaif's vulnerability, yet felt that the film aimed too high without sensitively portraying the struggles of disabled people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-anushka-sharma-katrina-kaif-get-a-for-effort-in-outlandish-film-2-s-1965981 |title=Zero Movie Review: Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma, Katrina Kaif Get A For Effort In Outlandish Film |website=NDTV.com|access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anna MM Vetticad of ''Firstpost'' gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars, saying that Shah Rukh Khan is the best part about it, and that without him the film would have little to show; the first half lets the actor have fun to the hilt, while the second tries to take a serious message but fails to deliver properly. She noted that while Zero does not have the misogyny of Rai's previous films, it also &quot;does not know what to do with&quot; its female characters – while commending Bauua's sharp wit and strong character in facing the odds of life. Writer Sharma doesn't know how to write about relatable women – and thus Aafia and Babita come off as &quot;bores.&quot; Overall, the film was &quot;a spluttering, tottering affair.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khans-comic-timing-is-the-only-thing-going-for-this-spluttering-tottering-affair-5769221.html |title=Zero movie review: Shah Rukh Khan's comic timing is the only thing going for this spluttering, tottering affair |date=21 December 2018 |website=Firstpost |language=en|access-date=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Recipient(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| [[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| [[64th Filmfare Awards|23 March 2019]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> | [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898.html |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2019 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=18 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2019/winners |title=Winners of the 64th Filmfare Awards 2019 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=23 March 2019 |access-date=18 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> | [[Katrina Kaif]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | [[Ajay–Atul]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | [[Irshad Kamil]] – (for &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]] – (for &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br /> | [[Remo D'Souza]] – (for &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]<br /> | [[Red Chillies VFX]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[20th IIFA Awards|18 September 2019]]<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | Irshad Kamil – (for &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2019-nominations-andhadhun-tops-the-chart-raazi-and-padmaavat-follow-5944184/ |title=IIFA 2019 nominations: Andhadhun grabs maximum nods, Raazi and Padmaavat follow |work=The Indian Express |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=18 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Abhay Jodhpurkar – (for &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]<br /> | [[11th Mirchi Music Awards|16 February 2019]]<br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/11th-mirchi-music-awards-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/68040370.cms |title=11th Mirchi Music Awards: Complete list of winners |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2019 |access-date=18 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[2019 Zee Cine Awards|19 March 2019]]<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]<br /> | Katrina Kaif<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode| title=Zee Cine Awards 2019| url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-cine-awards-2019/0-6-1385 |access-date=18 June 2021 |series=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |network=[[Zee Cinema]] |date=31 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zee-cine-awards-full-winners-list-ranbir-kapoor-and-deepika-padukone-win-big-1482407-2019-03-20 |title=Zee Cine Awards full winners list: Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone win big |work=India Today |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=18 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | Irshad Kamil – (for &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]<br /> | Abhay Jodhpurkar – (for &quot;Mere Naam Tu&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Special Effects<br /> | Red Chillies VFX<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|6527426}}<br /> * [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/zero/ ''Zero''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes|zero_2018}}<br /> * {{Mojo title|zero}}<br /> <br /> {{Films by Aanand L. Rai}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about people with dwarfism]]<br /> [[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about disability in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about people with cerebral palsy]]<br /> [[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Aanand L. Rai]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Alabama]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Dubai]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural depictions of Salman Khan]]<br /> [[Category:Colour Yellow Productions films]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Window_Seat_(film)&diff=545796 2026-03-03T12:10:26Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Created Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|2022 Indian Kannada film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Window Seat<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = Sheetal Shetty <br /> | producer = Jack Manju<br /> | starring = [[Nirup Bhandari]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sanjana Anand]] &lt;br&gt; [[Amrutha Iyengar]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Arjun Janya]]<br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|07|01}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Window Seat''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[mystery film|mystery thriller]] directed by Sheetal Shetty which stars [[Nirup Bhandari]], [[Sanjana Anand]] and [[Amrutha Iyengar]] in lead roles. The music is composed by [[Arjun Janya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/window-seat-movie-review-sheetal-shetty-makes-impressive-directorial-debut-with-this-whodunit/e46856b68f757 | title=Window Seat movie review: Sheetal Shetty makes impressive directorial debut with this whodunit }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/window-seat/movie-review/92595222.cms | title=Window Seat Movie Review: A whodunit that is laced with many twists | website=[[The Times of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/window-seat-review-a-lost-opportunity-1123139.html | title='Window Seat' review: A lost opportunity | date=July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Nirup Bhandari]] as Raghu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teaser of Nirup Bhandari's Window Seat released - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/teaser-of-nirup-bhandaris-window-seat-released/articleshow/79211579.cms|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Times of India|date=13 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sanjana Anand]] as Maya<br /> *[[Amrutha Iyengar]] as Anjali <br /> *[[P. Ravishankar]] <br /> *[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]<br /> *Lekha Naidu<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack album has three singles composed by [[Arjun Janya]], and released on [[Anand Audio]].<br /> {{Tracklist<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = <br /> | headline = ''Window Seat'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<br /> | title1 = Khaali Akaasha<br /> | extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]<br /> | length1 = 3:56<br /> | title3 = Jazz<br /> | extra3 = Soundarya Jaychandran<br /> | length3 = 3:40<br /> | title2 = Ati Chendada <br /> | extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]<br /> | length2 = 5:01<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film was released on 1 July 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sheetal Shetty's Window Seat release date out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jun/07/sheetal-shettys-window-seatrelease-date-out-2462495.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[digital distribution]] rights of the film were acquired by [[ZEE5]]. The film started streaming digitally on ZEE5 from 21 October 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=Window Seat is a winner on OTT, too!<br /> |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/regional-film-news/window-seat-is-a-winner-on-ott-too |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt12593572}}<br /> * ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/window-seat/0-0-1z5243210 Window Seat]'' on [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language romantic drama films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}<br /> {{2020s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rendu&diff=530308 2026-03-03T04:36:16Z

<p>Renaldo97D: added the info basic info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{For|the German wine grape that is also known as Rendu|Riesling}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Rendu DVD cover.jpg<br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | director = [[Sundar C]]<br /> | writer = Velam C. Manohar (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay = Sundar C&lt;br /&gt;[[Subha (writers)|Subha]]<br /> | story = Sundar C<br /> | starring = [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Reema Sen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anushka Shetty]]<br /> | producer = [[Khushbu Sundar]]<br /> | studio = [[Avni Cinemax]]<br /> | distributor = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd]]<br /> | music = [[D. Imman]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Prasad Murella]]<br /> | editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2006|11|24|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 146 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Rendu''''', also known as '''''Irandu''''' ({{translation|Two}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Sundar C]] and produced by [[Khushbu Sundar]]. The film stars [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] in dual roles, with [[Reema Sen]] and [[Anushka Shetty]] as the lead actresses. [[Vadivelu]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] also appear in supporting roles alongside a large ensemble cast. ''Rendu'', which featured music composed by [[D. Imman]], was released on 24 November 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rendu |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/preview.php?cid=2423 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117143915/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/preview.php?cid=2423 |archive-date=2007-01-17 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It marks the debut of Shetty in [[Tamil cinema]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{long plot|date=October 2021}} &lt;!--per [[WP:FILMPLOT]], plot summaries should be between 400 and 700 words--&gt;<br /> Shakti is a young man from a village with no job but much ambition and dreams. As he sees his life pass him by, stuck in a rut in his hometown, he decides that he will try his fortunes elsewhere. He goes off to Chennai to join his uncle Kirikalan, who has a stall of magic tricks at an exhibition. However, Kirikalan merely poses as a magician, and his amateurish tricks do not bring in big crowds. Next door to Shakti and Kirikalan's stall is one ever-populated with visitors. It is an all-girls stand with mermaid costumes as the theme. Velli is the &quot;head mermaid&quot; at the stall, run by her sister. Bitter quarrels between Velli and Shakti ensue when he feels that she and her team are unfairly taking their customers away, and she has an impression of him being an unsavory character. However, love has been brewing as an undercurrent between them.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, the exhibition grounds owner keeps harassing Velli under some pretext or the other. He has a soft spot for her but is thoroughly rejected by her. He finally abducts her, but Shakti rescues her. Similarly, Velli's plight is repeated when her betrothed suitor enters the scene and tries to force her to be with him, and Shakti steps in once again to save and protect Velli. The undercurrents of love blow up into a full-fledged torrent, and Velli and Shakti make up for all of their lost time professing their love for each other and romancing their way happily through the exhibition.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, a series of murders in different towns of the state and two perpetrators of these crimes slinking away from each are shown. At one crime scene, a witness spots the main culprit. Going through various fact files, the police comes across the incident of a bad fire at a marriage hall in Kumbakonam, and as the investigating officer flips through the picture files of the deceased. Shakti's face is shown, and the witness jumps. He then points to a photo of Kannan, Shakti's doppelganger, and tells the police that Kannan is the main murderer. Investigations into the murder lead the police to Chennai. As luck would have it, Shakti is spotted, recognised, and arrested. Kannan, on the other hand, follows the murder investigation and is upset to find that an innocent man has been captured for crimes he has committed. He meets Kirikalan and Velli and plots to help Shakti get out. He does so and escapes with Shakti. After much chase-and-hide, Kannan tells the story of what led him to murder everyone.<br /> <br /> Kannan, his elder brother Ganesh, and his father were renowned caterers and were commissioned to cook for a marriage function in Kumbakonam. The host was Kannan's father's friend, and this gentleman's daughter Manjula was going to be married in a joyous ceremony. There, Kannan meets Jothi and instantly falls in love with her. At first he panics that Jothi is the bride at the function but is vastly relieved when he finds out she is not. Jothi likes Kannan as well. However, the groom's family creates trouble at the wedding and walks out, leaving the family distraught and desperate. Suddenly, Kannan suggests to his father that Ganesh marry Manjula, and the idea comes to plan. Unfortunately, all hell breaks loose, and a raging fire attacks the marriage house. Manjula's father, a dignitary in Kumbakonam, learns that some powerful thugs and gang leaders have sold a large piece of government property to a north Indian landlord, completely illegally at exorbitant prices, with no gain for the townspeople themselves. He strongly opposes them, and all their mischief comes to public notice and foils their plans. The villains want his blood as revenge. They set fire to the building of the wedding and kill every single inmate inside, but Kannan and his friend Seenu manage to escape.<br /> <br /> Kannan, whose light eyes are a result of the fire (he walks with help and not very clear sight), is heartbroken and devastated at the loss of his entire family and lady love at what was to be a happy occasion. He vows retribution on the villains and sets about cold-bloodedly fulfilling this. Shakti decides to help Kannan achieve his revenge with the help of Velli and Kirikalan. At the end, Kannan sacrifices his life to kill the main villain Rakesh by jumping on the lava along with him. He reunites with his family and lady love in heaven.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[R.Madhavan|Madhavan]] as Shakthi and Kannan<br /> *[[Reema Sen]] as Velli<br /> *[[Anushka Shetty]] as Jothi<br /> *[[Vadivelu]] as Kirikalan<br /> *[[K. Bhagyaraj]] as CBI Officer<br /> *[[Manivannan]] as Exhibition Grounds owner<br /> *[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Seenu<br /> *[[Nikita Aria|Nikita Palekar]] as Manjula<br /> *Shyam Ganesh as Ganesh<br /> *[[Mayilswamy]] as Thief<br /> *[[Madhan Bob]] as Eyewitness<br /> *[[Bala Singh]] as Rathnasamy<br /> *[[Hariraj]] as Rakesh<br /> *Kumaresan as Auto Driver<br /> *[[Devadarshini]] as Devi, Kannan's sister<br /> *[[A. C. Murali Mohan]] as Kannan's brother-in-law<br /> *[[Neelu]] as Kannan's grandfather<br /> *Raviprakash as Jothi's father<br /> *[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Velli's father<br /> *[[Tharika]] as Velli's sister<br /> *[[Crane Manohar]] as Man who irritates Kirikalan at temple<br /> *[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as magic show audience<br /> *V. M. Subburaj as magic show audience<br /> *[[Amarasigamani]] as Wedding Guest<br /> *Kritheeka<br /> *[[Bonda Mani]] as Kirikalan's assistant<br /> *[[Chelladurai]]<br /> *[[Nellai Siva]]<br /> *[[Halwa Vasu]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> &lt;!-- https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/20sd3.htm --&gt;&lt;!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20061214053919/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/actors/1344/3/general/3/ --&gt;<br /> [[Anushka Shetty]] was signed on to make her first appearance in Tamil films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anushka back in Kollywood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anushka-back-in-kollywood-imagegallery-kollywood-jezrIaffhebsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170427154901/http://www.sify.com/movies/anushka-back-in-kollywood-imagegallery-kollywood-jezrIaffhebsi.html |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hariraj]], who had made his debut as a lead actor in ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' (1993), made a comeback as an antagonist through the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2009 |title=Back to cinema |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/28/back-to-cinema-36477.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219090525/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/28/back-to-cinema-36477.html |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was predominantly shot in Chennai, with a small portion of the flashback shot in Karaikudi. A set resembling Courtallam was put up by art director Jana at Island Garden in Chennai, with twenty truckloads of water used for the scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2006 |title=Maddy vs Maddy in Rendu |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/20sd4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627044217/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/20sd4.htm |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=21 February 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack album was composed by [[D. Imman]].{{Cn|date=March 2025}}{{Track listing<br /> <br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | total_length = 23:09<br /> | all_writing =<br /> | all_lyrics =<br /> | all_music =<br /> <br /> | title1 =Kurai Onrumillai<br /> | extra1 =Adharsh, Janani Madhan (Jey)<br /> | lyrics1 = Thabu Shankar<br /> | length1 = 04:06<br /> <br /> | title2 =Mobila Mobila<br /> | extra2 = [[D. Imman]], Maya<br /> | lyrics2 = Thabu Shankar<br /> | length2 = 04:44<br /> <br /> | title3 =Nee En Thozhiya<br /> | extra3 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> | lyrics3 = Thabu Shankar<br /> | length3 = 04:42<br /> <br /> | title4 =Varta Varta Varta<br /> | extra4 = Adharsh, Lavanya<br /> | lyrics4 = Thabu Shankar<br /> | length4 = 04:48<br /> <br /> | title5 =Yaaro Evalo<br /> | extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br /> | lyrics5 = [[P. Vijay]]<br /> | length5 = 04:49<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> Sify.com labelled the film as &quot;corny but unpretentious and adequate time pass for an unfussy viewer&quot;, adding that &quot;the charisma of Madhavan that makes the film watchable&quot; and that &quot;he looks good and proves his mettle for comedy and with Vadivelu the combo runs riot&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2006 |title=Rendu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rendu-review-tamil-pclwhqdghadfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212104803/http://www.sify.com/movies/rendu-review-tamil-pclwhqdghadfi.html |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=11 February 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, Rediff.com gave the film a negative review stating the venture was &quot;too dumb to watch&quot; and that &quot;since most of the stars in the movie seemed to be adlibbing, one wonders what exactly was directed by Sundar C.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hari |first=TSV |date=27 November 2006 |title=Madhavan's Rendu is too dumb to watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/27rendu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220115114/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/27rendu.htm |archive-date=20 February 2016 |access-date=11 February 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote it has become fun to watch the films of Sundar C, this film too proves it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=10 December 2006 |title=ரெண்டு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-12-10/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240411142832/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-12-10/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=11 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after the film's release, the team renamed the project as ''Irandu'' in order to gain tax exemptions as the government had considered ''Rendu'' to be colloquial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Rendu' is now 'Irandu' |url=https://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/27112006-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131044258/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/27112006-3.shtml |archive-date=31 January 2010 |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Sundar C}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about lookalikes]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xuance&diff=549844 2026-02-28T09:26:44Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Page!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Chinese diplomat and general}}<br /> {{family name hatnote|[[Wang (surname)|Wang]]|lang=Chinese}}<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wang Xuance''' ({{zh|c=王玄策|p=Wáng Xuáncè}}, fl. 7th century) was a Chinese diplomat, military general, and travel writer. <br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> In 643 CE he went on a pilgrimage to India, together with Li Yibiao.{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=21}} Due to Tibet's aggressive stance, which threatened both Chinese and Indian states,{{efn-la|Nepal had been subdued by the Tibetan King [[Songtsen Gampo|Songtsen]] {{harv|Sen|2003|pp=22}}. }} The Tang and Kannauj had started to maintain friendly relations, and in 648, [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Tang Taizong]] (reign 626 to 649) of the [[Tang dynasty]] (618 to 907) sent him to the Kingdom of Kannauj (510–1036), India, heading the third Tang mission, in response to [[Harsha|Harshavardhana]] (reign 606 to 647) sending an ambassador to China.{{sfn|Sen|2003|pp=9, 22–24}} According to Chinese sources,{{efn-la|The confrontation is only described in Tibetan and Chinese sources, not in Indian sources, and may have been exaggerated by the Chinese.{{harv|Sen|2003|pp=22-24, 253}}.}} on arriving in India he discovered that Harshavardhana had died.{{sfn|Sen|2003|pp=22}} The new king, Aluonashun (supposedly [[Arunāsva]]{{sfn|Sen|2003|pp=22}}{{efn-la|The pretender's name was recorded in Chinese records as &quot;Na-fu-ti O-lo-na-shuen,&quot; probably a reference to [[Mithila (region)|Tirabhukti]] and [[Arunasva]].{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=22-23}}{{sfn|Sircar|1990|p=326}}}}), attacked Wang and his 30 mounted subordinates.{{sfn|Bennett|Connoll|1998|p=336}} Wang Xuance escaped to Tibet, and assembled a regiment of 7,000 [[Nepal]]ese [[mounted infantry]] and 1,200 [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] [[mercenaries]], which attacked Arunāsva at the [[Battle of Chabuheluo]],{{sfn|Sen|2003|pp=23}} captivating him{{sfn|Yule|1915|p=69}}{{sfn|Pordenone|Tabib|Balducci Pegolotti|Marignolis|1998|p=69}} and 2,000 prisoners,{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=38}} and also taking a reported Buddhist relic for China.{{sfn|Chen|2002}} The success of this attack won Xuance the prestigious title of the &quot;Grand Master for the Closing Court.&quot;{{sfn|Sen|2003|pp=23}} He wrote the book ''Zhong Tianzhu Guo Xingji'' (Travel Notes of Central India), which included a wealth of geographical information.{{sfn|Needham|1959|p=511}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist|35em}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> ;Printed sources<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> &lt;!-- B --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book | last =Bagchi | first =Prabodh Chandra | year =2011 | title =India and China: interactions through Buddhism and diplomacy; a collection of essays | publisher =Anthem Press | isbn =978-93-80601-17-5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=MB4CHPi7dycC&amp;q=tibetan+nepal+648&amp;pg=PA158}}<br /> * {{cite book | last =Benn | first =Charles D. | year =2002 | title =Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30955-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeintradi00benn/page/38}}<br /> * {{cite book | last1 =Bennett | first1 =Matthew | last2 =Connoll | first2 =Peter | year =1998 | title =The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient &amp; Medieval Warfare | publisher =Taylor &amp; Francis| url =https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn}}<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> * {{cite journal | last =Chen | first =Jinhua | year =2002 | title =Śarīra and Scepter. Empress Wu's Political Use of Buddhist Relics | journal =Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |volume=25 |issue=1–2 | url =https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/purchaseform.php?id=3157100&amp;sid=}}<br /> &lt;!-- N --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book | last =Needham | first=Joseph | year =1959 | title =Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-05801-5 | url ={{GBurl|jfQ9E0u4pLAC|p=511}}}}<br /> &lt;!-- P --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Pordenone | first1 =Odorico, da | last2 =Tabib | first2 =Rashīd al-Dīn | last3 =Balducci Pegolotti | first3 =Francesco | last4 =Marignolis | first4 =Joannes, de | last5 =Batuta | first5 =Ibn | year =1998 | title =Cathay and the Way Thither: Preliminary essay on the intercourse between China and the western nations previous to the discovery of the Cape route|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. | isbn =9788121508391 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69UMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=648}}<br /> &lt;!-- S --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book | last =Schaik | first =Sam, Van | year =2011| title =Tibet: A History | publisher =Yale University Press |isbn =978-0-300-17217-1 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RpLAKGG1ZX4C&amp;q=tibetan+nepal+648&amp;pg=PT48}}<br /> * {{cite book | last =Sen | first =Tansen | year = 2003 | title =Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | isbn =978-0-8248-2593-5 | url =https://archive.org/details/buddhismdiplomacyandtradetherealignmentofsinoindianrelations6001400tansensen_202003_687_X}}<br /> * {{cite book | last =Sircar | first =D.C. | year =1990 | title =Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-0690-0 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&amp;q=tibetan+nepal+648&amp;pg=PA326}}<br /> &lt;!-- Y --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book| last =Yule | first =Henry | year =1915 | title =Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China | publisher =Asian Educational Services | isbn =978-81-206-1966-1 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqgAb41ifIC&amp;q=tibetan+nepal+648&amp;pg=PA69}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Xuance}}<br /> [[Category:Chinese travel writers]]<br /> [[Category:Tang dynasty diplomats]]<br /> [[Category:Tang dynasty generals at war against Tibet]]<br /> [[Category:Tang dynasty generals from Henan]]<br /> [[Category:Tang dynasty writers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers about India]]<br /> [[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Ishfaqul_Mazid&diff=471650 2026-02-26T21:59:16Z

<p>Renaldo97D: minor updated intro for clarity and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bengali army general}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> |name=Mohammad Ishfaqul Mazid<br /> |native_name=মুহাম্মদ ইশফাকুল মজিদ<br /> |native_name_lang=bn<br /> |image=Major Mohammad Ishfakul Majid in Shillong Assam 1942.jpg<br /> |caption=Majid in his family home in [[Shillong]], [[Undivided Assam|Assam]] (1942)<br /> |birth_date={{birth date|1903|03|17|df=y}}<br /> |birth_place=[[Jorhat]], [[North-East Frontier|Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br /> |alma_mater={{ubl|[[Cotton College, Guwahati]]|[[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]}}<br /> |death_date={{death date and age|1976|03|31|1903|03|17|df=y}}<br /> |death_place=[[Combined Military Hospital (Dhaka)|Combined Military Hospital]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh<br /> |allegiance={{ubl|{{flag|British India}}|{{PAK}}}}<br /> |branch={{army|British India}} {{small|(1924–1947)}}&lt;br /&gt;{{army|PAK}} {{small|(1947–1951)}}<br /> |serviceyears= 1924-1951<br /> |rank=[[File:OF-7 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] [[Major General]]<br /> |unit=[[Royal Lincolnshire Regiment]]<br /> |commands=*GOC of [[XI Corps (Pakistan)|9th Infantry Division]]<br /> *Commander of [[34th Light Infantry Division|335th Infantry Brigade]]<br /> |battles=[[World War II]]<br /> *[[Burma campaign]]<br /> *[[Malayan campaign]]<br /> [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Muhammed Ishfakul Majid''' (17 March 1903 — 31 March 1976) was the first [[Bengalis|Bengali]] General in the [[Pakistan Army]] and the senior most Pakistani Bengali officer at the time of the [[Partition of India]].&lt;ref name=bpedia&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Mazid,_Mohammad_Ishfaqul|title=Mazid, Mohammad Ishfaqul}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Majid was born on 17 March 1903 in [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]], [[British India]] to [[Abdul Majid (justice)|Abdul Majid]], the first Muslim who served as a Justice in the [[Calcutta High Court|Bengal High Court]]. He completed his undergraduate degree at [[Cotton College, Guwahati]]. On 2 February 1922, he joined the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]. He was the first graduate from Sandhurst in modern Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=bpedia/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military career==<br /> [[File:Captain Mohammad Ishfakul Majid with British and Indian army officers 1934.jpg|thumb|Majid with British and Indian army officers (1934)]]<br /> Majid joined the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] on 2 February 1922. He was commissioned on 27 August 1924 on the Unattached List for the [[Indian Army]]. After his commission, he was attached with the second battalion of the [[Lincolnshire Regiment]] of the [[British Army]] for a year. On 31 October 1925, he was accepted for the [[British Indian Army]], being posted to the 4th Battalion 19th Hyderabad Regiment. He was promoted Lieutenant on 27 November 1926, Captain on 27 August 1933 and Major on 1 December 1941. He served in [[Burma]] and [[British Malaya]] during the [[Second World War]] attached to the [[Assam Regiment]].&lt;ref name=bpedia/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1947, Majid joined the [[Pakistan Army]]. In the Pakistan Army, he was promoted to the rank of Major General.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Shah|first1=Sabir|title=Appointments of Pakistan Army commanders and historic facts|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-217644-Appointments-of-Pakistan-Army-commanders-and-historic-facts|website=thenews.com.pk|publisher=The News International|accessdate=30 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He became the [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] of the [[XI Corps (Pakistan)|9th Infantry Division]] of the [[Pakistan Army]].&lt;ref name=&quot;waqar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Waqar A. |date=2021-11-01 |title=Maj. Gen. Ishfakul Majid: Soldier &amp; Gentleman |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/maj-genishfakul-majid-soldier-gentleman-2210766 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majid was senior in rank to [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]], but Ayub Khan became the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army bypassing him, due to the lobbying of [[Iskander Mirza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appointments of Pakistan Army commanders and historic facts |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/470253-appointments-of-pakistan-army-commanders-and-historic-facts |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majid was named in the [[Rawalpindi conspiracy]] but he was later proved innocent.&lt;ref name=bpedia /&gt;<br /> <br /> Majid returned to [[East Pakistan]] in 1962.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} <br /> <br /> == Bangladesh Liberation War ==<br /> He and Colonel [[M. A. G. Osmani]] met [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in March 1971 on behalf of retired Bengali soldiers and showed their loyalty towards an independent Bangladesh. Majid was later arrested in July 1971. <br /> The army authorities intensely pressurized him to give a statement against Sheikh Mujib denouncing him as a traitor, which he steadfastly refused to comply with. He was later sent to [[Old Dhaka Central Jail|Dhaka Central Jail]] where he was held in isolation and finally released in August 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;waqar&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Majid married three times. In 1935, Majid married Ayesha Rahim, the youngest daughter of Justice [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Sir Abdur Rahim]] of [[Midnapore]], Bengal. Ayesha's eldest sister Niaz Fatima was married to [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]. After Ayesha's death in 1941, Majid married Zohra Raza, the sister-in-law of Raja Syed Mohammad Sa'adat Ali Khan of [[Nanpara]] State in [[Bahraich]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]]). The marriage ended in a divorce in the late 1950s. After moving to [[East Pakistan]], he married Begum Marium Ladli in 1961. The couple adopted a daughter.&lt;ref name=waqar/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Majid died on 31 March 1976 in [[Combined Military Hospital (Dhaka)|Combined Military Hospital]], Dhaka.&lt;ref name=bpedia/&gt; He was buried at [[Azimpur, Dhaka|Azimpur]] Graveyard with full military honours.&lt;ref name=&quot;waqar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * London Gazette (various dates)<br /> * Indian Army List (various dates)<br /> * The History Of The Assam Regiment Vol-I (Captain Peter Steyn)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Majid, Major General Ishfakul}}<br /> [[Category:1903 births]]<br /> [[Category:1976 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Shillong]]<br /> [[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]<br /> [[Category:British Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Army major generals]]<br /> [[Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali military personnel]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loyola_School,_Jamshedpur&diff=468734 2026-02-21T07:12:56Z

<p>Renaldo97D: fixed information for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Private primary and secondary school in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India}}<br /> {{distinguish|Loyola Collegiate School, Jamshedpur}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Loyola School, Jamshedpur<br /> | logo = Loyola Jamshedpur logo.png<br /> | logo_size =<br /> | image = Loyola School Jamshedpur.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Loyola School Jamshedpur<br /> | motto = {{langx|la|In Caritate et Justitia, Ad Majorem Dei Glorium}}<br /> | motto_translation = In charity and justice, for the greater glory of God<br /> | city = [[Jamshedpur]]<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | postal_code = 831001<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|22|48|28|N|86|10|57|E|display=title,inline|region:IN-JH_type:edu}}<br /> | type = [[private school|Private]] primary and secondary school<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]<br /> | denomination = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]s<br /> | gender = {{ubl|[[Single-sex education|Boys only]] (1947–2001)|[[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]] (since 2001)}}<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1947}}<br /> | founder = <br /> | district = [[East Singhbhum]]<br /> | school_code = JH05<br /> | rector = Father Michael, S.J.<br /> | principal = Father Vinod Fernandes, S.J.<br /> | faculty = ~100<br /> | grades = [[K-12 (education)|K-12]]<br /> | houses = {{color box|green}}&amp;nbsp;Cheetahs&lt;br /&gt;{{color box|blue}}&amp;nbsp;Leopards&lt;br /&gt;{{color box|yellow}}&amp;nbsp;Panthers&lt;br /&gt;{{color box|red}}&amp;nbsp;Jaguars<br /> | nickname = Loyoleans<br /> | website = {{URL|https://loyolajsr.com/ | loyolajsr.com}}<br /> | affiliation = {{ubl|[[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]]|[[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]}}<br /> | language = [[English language|English]]<br /> | enrollment = ~3251<br /> | colours = Blue and gold {{color box|blue}}{{color box|Gold}} <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Loyola School, Jamshedpur''' is a [[private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] primary and secondary school located in the Beldih Triangle of [[Jamshedpur]], in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. Founded in 1947 by [[Jesuit]] missionaries from [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], in the United States, the school provides students with an education from kindergarten (KG) to 12th grade.<br /> <br /> The school was a [[single-sex education|boys' only]] school with the exception of girls studying only in standards 11 and 12, and in 2001 it became [[mixed-sex education|co-educational]] from K-12.<br /> <br /> The school consistently ranks as one of the best schools in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/loyola-ahead-of-doon-in-race-jamshedpur-s-pride-ranks-all-india-sixth-in-survey/cid/683245 |title=Loyola ahead of Doon in race - Jamshedpur's pride ranks all-India sixth in survey |website=www.telegraphindia.com |date= |access-date=2018-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmseducation.org/results_&amp;_achievements/schoolranking.html |title=Top 45 schools of India in ISC 2015 by &quot;Number of students in a school with 90% or more aggregate percentage mark in English + Best 3 Subjects&quot; |website=www.cmseducation.org |date= |access-date=2018-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/jamshedpur-produces-jharkhand-toppers-in-icse-isc-exam-result/119680/ |title=Jamshedpur produces Jharkhand toppers in ICSE, ISC exam result |date=2018-05-15 |work=Avenue Mail |access-date=2018-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2021 survey conducted as part of the annual Education World India School Rankings (EWISR) by education newsmagazine, Education World India, Loyola School, Jamshedpur was ranked among the country’s top 100 schools. In the top 100 list, Loyola scored 87th rank.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://avenuemail.in/loyola-school-jamshedpur-is-among-countrys-top-100-schools/ |title=Loyola School Jamshedpur is among country's top 100 schools |website=www.avenuemail.in |date= 30 November 2021|access-date=2021-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The school crest==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}<br /> The &quot;chakra&quot; or wheel on the left-hand corner is found in the center of India's Tri-colour and stands for progress. The symbol on the right is the logo of the Society of Jesus - which gives the universal trait of the Jesuits - being all things to all people. The symbol in the bottom left corner is a ladle from [[Tata Steel]]'s blast furnace in Jamshedpur and signifies that the school is located in India's Steel City. The symbol in the right-hand corner of two wolves drinking out of a cauldron is taken from the coat of arms to be found in the Castle of Loyola, Spain, the birthplace of [[Ignatius of Loyola]], the founder of the Jesuit Society. The Latin motto &quot;In Caritat et Justitia&quot; appearing on the ribbon underlining the base of the crest translates to &quot;In charity and justice&quot;. The universal motto of the Society of Jesus is &quot;Ad Majorem dei Glorium&quot; meaning &quot;For the greater glory of God&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==Fests, events, and news==<br /> {{COI|date=June 2018}}<br /> In 2017 Loyola witnessed 'Azionare', a two-day fest as a joint effort of the Debating Club, Computer Club, Maths Club, GK Club, Physics, and Chemistry Club, Art &amp; Craft club, Astronomy club, Entrepreneurship club &amp; Entertainment club. More than 500 students from 17 schools of the city participated. The event saw a number of new subevents in the on stage as well as the offstage category. Events like Gauntlet, Sherlock in Space, Soap Carving also were new to the city. Quizzes like the Thomas Paul Science Quiz, Battle of Minds, and the Cyclotron were also held under the 'Azionare' banner. The annual was held in 2018 and 2019 as well. The Thomas Paul Science Quiz is an annual, inter-school event in memory of one of the former teacher of the school, Thomas Paul; Veritas, the former annual event of Debate Club was merged with Azionare. Helix (formerly, the Maths Fest) used to be an annual maths extravaganza conducted by the Maths Club.Etrix (formerly Abacus) used to be one of the biggest computer fests of the East India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WordPress.com|url=http://loyolamathsclub.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/helix-2011/|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009191809/http://loyolamathsclub.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/helix-2011/|archivedate=9 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Quiz Club of Loyola School is particularly active with a host of regular intra-school quizzes including, The Battle of Minds(2008), Battle of Neophytes, and the Bookworm Quiz. The Quiz Club &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Loyola Quiz Club - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/c/LoyolaQuizClub|access-date=2022-02-03|website=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; used to be called the GK Club until late 2021. Battle of Aces&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-08|title=लोयोला की प्लैटिनम जुबली पर पूर्ववर्ती छात्रों का क्विज, कनिष्क और डॉ श्रीकांत की टीम प्रथम|url=https://newswing.com/kanishk-and-dr-srikanth-team-first-in-alumnis-quiz-on-loyolas-platinum-jubilee/280093/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=NEWSWING|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Jigyasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=लोयला स्कूल के जीके क्लब की ओर से हिंदी स्कूल के छात्रों के बीच इंटर स्कूल एवं जिज्ञासा....| date=8 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhjRevBQNoo|language=en|access-date=2022-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; were introduced in the year 2021 for the alumni of Loyola School and the students of Loyola Hindi/Project School respectively. The Quiz Club introduced a competitive league called Loyola Quiz League&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Loyola Quiz Club (@loyola_quiz_club) • Instagram photos and videos|url=https://www.instagram.com/loyola_quiz_club/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=www.instagram.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2021 which is divided into four seasons and spans over a period of twelve months. The Club drafted its own Constitution for a smooth functioning and enforced it on the Republic Day of 2022. The Quiz Club of the school has brought a number of National and International accolades to the school as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=News Desk|date=2021-10-28|title=Jamshedpur: Loyola Boys glitter at National Finals of Fr. George Hess ASISC Quiz|url=https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpur-loyola-boys-glitter-at-national-finals-of-fr-george-hess-asisc-quiz/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=The Avenue Mail|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=लोयोला के विद्यार्थियों ने राष्ट्रीय क्विज में लहराया परचम|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-loyola-students-wave-in-national-quiz-4943479.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=लोयोला के प्रह्लाद व प्रेम ने देश भर में फहराया परचम, फादर जॉर्ज हेस मेमोरियल एएसआइएससी क्विज के बने विजेता|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-loyola-jamshespur-student-prahlad-nair-and-prem-ansh-sinhaa-hoisted-the-flag-across-the-country-22157856.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The school also plays host to entertainment events. Rhapsody is the annual extravaganza organised by the JYOTI unit of Loyola School. Tamanna, a showpiece event, was held in the XLRI Auditorium for three consecutive years, as a platform for singers, dancers, and performers in the school. In 2011 it was organised in the Assembly Ground (within the school premises itself), and included an audience of underprivileged, as well as handicapped children, from the local charitable organisations.<br /> <br /> The school has undergone major upgrades such as a new computer lab for the junior school, and an upgraded chemistry lab. The former Jesuit hostel has been turned into a staff room for the teachers. A new library named Knowledge Centre has been constructed. Examination Centres has been constructed in on the 3rd and 4th floors of the Knowledge Centre. The handball court, basketball court and CNR Ground has been renovated. The Senior School Computer Lab and the Physics Lab have been updated.<br /> <br /> == The Loyolean ==<br /> &quot;The Loyolean&quot;, first published in 1992, is the official magazine of Loyola School, Jamshedpur. It started due to the interest shown by the students of XII Commerce 1993 batch who were supported by the then principal Father Eric Cassel and Mrs Leela Ghose, and is the successor to an earlier newspaper called &quot;Jai Loyola&quot; which was discontinued in the 1980s and is considered to be the oldest school newspaper in Eastern India.<br /> <br /> An original hand-drawn logo of The Loyolean still remains in the Loyola Press Club room. It is believed to have been drawn by Father Cassel himself.<br /> <br /> ==House system==<br /> The students as well as the faculty are divided into four houses - ''Panthers'', ''Cheetahs'', ''Leopards'' and ''Jaguars''. The students from these houses compete throughout the year and the House Championship is given to the house with maximum points after the annual Sports Day, which is generally held in early December.<br /> <br /> ==Uniform==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}<br /> * Kindergarten to 5 (girls): white short sleeved blouse. Khaki checkered tunic black shoes and black socks.<br /> * Kindergarten to 5 (boys): white shirt, khaki short pants, black shoes with lace and black socks.<br /> * 6 to 10 (girls): white half sleeve shirt, with a checkered tunic, black shoes, and navy blue socks.<br /> * 6 to 10 (boys): white half sleeve shirt, khaki full pants, black shoes with lace and navy blue socks.<br /> * Plus 2 (girls): light blue half sleeve shirt, dark grey tunic, black shoes, and white socks.<br /> * Plus 2 (boys): light blue half sleeve shirt, dark grey full pants, black shoes with lace and white socks.<br /> <br /> All uniforms have a monogram according to house colour.<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> Students, staff, and alumni of Loyola School, Jamshedpur, are known as ''Loyoleans''.<br /> {{alumni|date=April 2021}}<br /> * [[Shar Dubey]], CEO of Match Group<br /> * [[Ananth Raman]], Professor and Economist at Harvard Business School<br /> * [[Shiv Visvanathan]], noted author and academician<br /> * [[Adarsh Gourav]], actor<br /> * [[Varun Aaron]], cricketer<br /> * [[Mahesh Aney]], cinematographer<br /> * [[Rajdeep Chatterjee]], singer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Rajdeep Chatterjee - Facebook page |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/rajdeep.idol |accessdate=7 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Astad Deboo]], modernist dancer<br /> * [[Rajit Gadh]], professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering, University of California, Los Angeles<br /> * [[Neeraj Kabi]], actor<br /> * [[Sanjivan Lal]], film director<br /> * [[Shilpa Rao]], singer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B9PE_eeAPXs | title=Shilpa Rao on Instagram: &quot;Trip to my school ... And the @filmfare trophy met our dear principal Father Pious. Here's to @loyolaschooljamshedpur and to all my fellow Loyoleans ... Jai #Loyola 🤘🤘🤘. . . . . #shilparao #school #loyola #filmfare #award #principal #l4l #f4f #jamshedpur&quot; }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}<br /> * [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]<br /> * [[List of schools in Jharkhand]]<br /> * [[Violence against Christians in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> 15.&lt;https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/staff/rohit-shankar&gt;<br /> 16.&lt;https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2938824&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.loyola.edu.in/ Loyola School, Jamshedpur]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100927063351/http://www.etrix.in/ Annual Computer Fest – Etrix]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026222258/http://geocities.com/gagan_p/loyola.htm Loyola School on Gagan's website]<br /> * [http://bsgindia.org/ Bharat Scouts and Guides]<br /> * [http://www.cisce.org/ Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]<br /> * http://math.mit.edu/people/profile.php?pid=141<br /> <br /> {{Jesuit Schools of India}}<br /> {{Life in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Christian schools in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Education in Jamshedpur]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1947]]<br /> [[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:1947 establishments in India]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Connection&diff=536664 2026-02-06T01:23:07Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Created A Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Musical TV Show}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Song Connection.jpg<br /> | caption = Official poster of Song Connection<br /> | genre = Musical Show<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | director = Nilanjan Mukherjee<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | presenter = [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]<br /> | narrator = [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]<br /> | music = <br /> | open_theme = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 113<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = <br /> | camera = <br /> | runtime = <br /> | network = [[Zee Bangla Cinema]]<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2024|05|06}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2024|08|27}}<br /> }}<br /> '''''Song Connection''''' is an Indian [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]] musical show which airs on [[Zee Bangla Cinema]] from 6 May 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla Cinema : কালজয়ী শিল্পীদের গান নিয়ে জি বাংলা সিনেমায় আসছে 'সং কানেকশন'! সঞ্চালনায় গৌরব চক্রবর্তী |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/13505/zee_bangla_cinema_presents_a_musical_extravaganza_with_the_launch_of_quot_song_connection_quot_hosted_by_actor_gourab_chakraborty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503120322/https://aajkaal.in/story/13505/zee_bangla_cinema_presents_a_musical_extravaganza_with_the_launch_of_quot_song_connection_quot_hosted_by_actor_gourab_chakraborty |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=The News |date=2024-05-06 |title=Zee Bangla Cinema unveils new musical show 'Song Connection'; ropes in Gourab Chakraborty as host |url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-bangla-cinema-song-connection/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=Zee Bangla Cinema presents 'Song Connection', a musical show hosted By Gourab Chakraborty |url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/zee-bangla-cinema-presents-song-connection-a-musical-show-hosted-by-gourab-chakraborty |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show is hosted and narrated by [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaurav Chakrabarty: দীর্ঘ ৮ বছর পরে বাংলা টেলিভিশনে ফিরছেন গৌরব, রয়েছে জোড়া সুখবর |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/gaurav-chakrabarty-to-comeback-bengali-television-after-8-years-to-host-song-connection-new-music-show-new-cookery-show-randhane-bandhan-anchor-gaurav-ridhima-ghosh-soc-1000212-2024-05-06 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=নয়া ভূমিকায় গৌরব চক্রবর্তী, জি বাংলা সিনেমায় গানের কানেকশন সঞ্চালনা করছেন অভিনেতা |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/zee-bangla-cinema-presents-song-connection-a-musical-show-hosted-by-gourab-chakraborty/tid/129047 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=গানে গানে জমজমাট 'সং কানেকশন', সঞ্চালক হিসাবে নতুন জার্নি গৌরবের, কবে কোথায় দেখা যাচ্ছে এই শো? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/gaurav-chakrabarty-hosts-new-show-song-connection-starts-from-6-may-monday-to-sunday-telecast-it/articleshow/109885829.cms |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Eisamay |date=6 May 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Trivia collector' Gaurav turns host with Bengali music show |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/trivia-collector-gaurav-turns-host-with-bengali-music-show-558182 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=MillenniumPost |date=April 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Format==<br /> Song connection is a musical show that will explore the musical world of Bengali and Hindi cinema. Each episode will contain behind-the-scene tales, trivia and stories from cinematic legends. It will create a new dimension to the audience's appreciation of Bengali and Hindi cinema. This show will feature a range of classic and contemporary Bengali and Hindi songs, including film tracks, folk tunes and Rabindra-Sangeet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zee Bangla Cinema launches musical show 'Song Connection', IBW News: English News, Breaking News in English, ताज़ा हिदी समाचार |url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/zee-bangla-cinema-musical-show/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Indian Broadcasting World |date=7 May 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Debasmita |date=2024-03-29 |title=Zee Bangla Cinema: তিনকোটির মাইলফলক ছোঁয়ার উদযাপন |url=https://71by1mb.com/zee-bangla-cinema-celebrates-crossing-three-milions-viewership-milestone/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=71BY1MB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Gaurav Chakrabarty: যিশু, আবীরের তালিকায় জুড়ল গৌরবের নাম, অভিনেতার মুকুটে নতুন পালক |url=https://bengali.timesnownews.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-gaurav-chakrabarty-going-to-host-a-show-on-zee-bangla-cinema-for-the-first-time-article-108839311 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=TimesNowBengali |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musical television series]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhenuka_(raga)&diff=447512 2026-02-05T12:15:05Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ninth raga in the Melakarta}}<br /> {{Infobox ragam<br /> | name = Dhenuka<br /> | synonym =<br /> | image_name =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | mela =<br /> | chakra =<br /> | type =<br /> | arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}<br /> | avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S}}<br /> | jeeva =<br /> | chhaya =<br /> | nyasa =<br /> | vishesha =<br /> | equivalent = [[Neapolitan minor scale]]<br /> | similar =<br /> }}<br /> {{Carnatic}} <br /> '''Dhenuka''' (pronounced dhēnukā) is a [[rāga]]m (musical scale) in [[Carnatic music]]. It is the 9th [[Melakarta]] rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music.<br /> <br /> It is called '''Dhunibinnashadjam'''&lt;ref name=&quot;ragas&quot;&gt;''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;raganidhi&quot;&gt;''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of Carnatic music.<br /> <br /> ==Structure and Lakshana==<br /> [[Image:Dhenuka_scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Dhenuka scale with Shadjam at C]]<br /> <br /> It is the 3rd rāgam in the 2nd chakra ''Netra''. The mnemonic name is ''Netra-Go''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ri ga ma pa dha ni''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ragas&quot; /&gt; Its {{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}} structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see ''[[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]]'' for details on below notation and terms):<br /> *[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|foot=yes}}<br /> *[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|foot=yes}}<br /> (Suddha Rishabham, Sadharana Gandharam, Suddha Madhyamam, Suddha Dhaivatham, Kakali Nishadham)<br /> <br /> As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a [[sampoorna raga|sampoorna rāgam]] (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the Suddha madhyamam equivalent of [[Shubhapantuvarali]], which is the 45th melakarta.<br /> <br /> == Asampurna Melakarta ==<br /> '''Dhunibinnashadjam''' is the 9th ''Melakarta'' in the original list compiled by [[Venkatamakhin]]. The notes used in the scale are the same as ''Dhenuka''.&lt;ref name=&quot;dikshitar&quot;&gt;Shree Muthuswami Dikshitar Keerthanaigal, by A Sundaram Iyer, Music Book Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Janya Rāgams==<br /> Dhenuka has a few [[janya]] rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See ''[[List of Janya Ragas#Dhenuka|List of Janya Rāgams]]'' for full list of rāgams associated with Dhenuka.<br /> <br /> ==Compositions==<br /> *''Teliyaleru Rama'' composed by [[Tyagaraja]] is one of the most often rendered in concerts.<br /> *''Chidhambareshwaram'' composed by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]<br /> *''Raavayya Rama'' composed by [[Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna]]<br /> *''Kamadhenukam Ashraye'' by Shri Anandhanadha Sadhguru <br /> *''Karunai Kadale'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]]<br /> <br /> == Film Songs ==<br /> === Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Song<br /> !Movie<br /> !Composer<br /> !Singer<br /> |-<br /> |Aattuviththaal Yaaroruvar<br /> |[[Avandhan Manidhan]]<br /> |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> |[[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Yen Soga Kadhaiye<br /> |[[Thooral Ninnu Pochchu]]<br /> |rowspan=7|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> |[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Krishnamoorthi<br /> |-<br /> |Roja Poonthotam<br /> |[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]<br /> |[[P. Unni Krishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kadhal Ragamum<br /> |[[Indrudu Chandrudu|Indiran Chandiran]]<br /> |[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Malligai Poo Kathilile<br /> |[[Enne Petha Raasa]]<br /> |[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> |-<br /> |Raathiri Neram Railadi Oram<br /> |[[Bramma]]<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Maayonae <br /> |[[Maayon (film)|Maayon]]<br /> |[[Ranjani–Gayatri]]<br /> |-<br /> |Unnoda Nadantha<br /> |[[Viduthalai Part 1]]<br /> |[[Dhanush]], [[Ananya Bhat]]<br /> |-<br /> |Uthaya geetham Paaduven<br /> |[[Uthaya Geetham]]<br /> |[[Ilayaraaja]]<br /> |[[S.P. Balasubramaniam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Related rāgams==<br /> This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.<br /> <br /> Dhenuka's notes when shifted using [[Graha bhedam]], yields 3 other Melakarta rāgams, namely, ''[[Shanmukhapriya]]'', ''[[Chitrambari]]'' and ''[[Shoolini]]''. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the Shadjam to the next note in the rāgam.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Portal|India|Music}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Janya|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Melakarta ragas]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations&diff=457747 2026-01-24T16:50:21Z

<p>Renaldo97D: minor cleanup references as per guidelines also and fixed typos for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Slovakia|India|Slovakia|filetype=png|map=India Slovakia Locator.png}}<br /> <br /> '''India–Slovakia relations''' are the bilateral ties between [[India]] and [[Slovakia]]. Both countries established relations in 1921 with a Czechoslovak consulate in [[Bombay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.czechindia.com/en/history-of-relations |title=History of Relations &amp;#124; Czech-Indian Chamber of Commerce |access-date=2018-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104349/http://www.czechindia.com/en/history-of-relations |archive-date=2016-10-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern relations began in 1993 after the dissolution of [[Czechoslovakia]].<br /> <br /> Slovakia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. It also has Honorary Consuls in [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Bangalore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.mzv.sk/web/dilli-en/honorary-consulates |title=Embassy and consulates of Slovakia in India |access-date=2017-03-23 |archive-date=2017-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516175620/https://www.mzv.sk/web/dilli-en/honorary-consulates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; India operates an embassy in [[Bratislava]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=MEA {{!}} Indian Missions Abroad {{!}} Indian Mission |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?195/Slovak_Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603165544/https://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?195/Slovak_Republic |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Both nations are free from any bilateral problem, and they cooperate well in international forums.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - Slovakia Relations |url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Slovak-Republic-February-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027152413/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Slovak-Republic-February-2012.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=mea.gov.in |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Foreign relations of India}}<br /> {{Foreign relations of Slovakia}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Slovakia]]<br /> [[Category:Bilateral relations of Slovakia]]<br /> [[Category:India–Slovakia relations| ]]<br /> <br /> {{Bilateralrelations-stub}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:India-Slovakia relations}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_B_or_Not_to_B&diff=541603 2026-01-10T05:42:24Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Created Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = To B or No to B<br /> | image = To B or Not to B poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[Vierendrra Lalit]]<br /> | writer = [[Sanjeev Tiwari]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rakesh Chaturvedi]]<br /> | music = [[Ishwar]]<br /> | producer = [[JV Manisha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tarsem Antil]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anil Rastogi]]<br /> | starring = [[Rahul Roy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Trivikram Mattoo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Akansha Shivhare]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vivek Srivastava]]<br /> | studio = [[Harikrit Films]]<br /> | released = <br /> | country = India<br /> }}<br /> '''To B or Not To B''' is an unreleased Indian psycho-[[social thriller]] film directed by [[Vierendrra Lalit]] and starring [[Rahul Roy]], [[Trivikram Mattoo]], [[Akansha Shivhare]], [[Vivek Srivastava]] in the lead roles. ''[[To B or Not To B (2016 film)|To B or Not To B]]'' is a [[psychological drama]] with heavy focus on the unstable emotional states of characters, in combination with [[mystery film|mystery]] and thriller. The story and dialogues and the screenplay are written by Sanjeev Tiwari and Rakesh Chaturvedi. The film is produced by JV Manisha, Tarsem Antil &amp; Dr. Anil Rastogi under the Harikrit Films banner.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> It’s around the festival of [[Holi]], a couple are on their way to their Farm house, located in a remote hilly jungle. <br /> It’s raining, little dark and as they are about to reach the destination, they find frequent police barriers. The atmosphere seems to be tensed.<br /> The couple Nikhil, age 38 and Priya, age 26, are married since Five years and marriage is in somewhat, the Difficult stage.<br /> They do not have any Children. So this involuntary childlessness has given a way for the Stage of Grief which is infesting their Life with Denial, Despair, Remorse, Anger, Fear and Physical Grief and what not.<br /> In order to give a last chance to their incorrigible relationship, they are on a short trip to their Farm House.<br /> At their Farm House, when both are alone, they hear the knock on the door. Both are surprised to see an intruder, asking for shelter.<br /> After If’s and But’s, Nikhil allows him to stay...though Priya disagrees!!!...<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Rahul Roy]] as Nikhil<br /> * [[Trivikram Mattoo]] as [[Shakespeare]]/ Pratush<br /> * [[Akansha Shivhare]] as Priya<br /> * Vivek Srivastava as Ramdas<br /> <br /> == Filming ==<br /> The film was shot in Delhi and Morni Hills, Panchkula, Haryana at various locations.<br /> <br /> == Post production ==<br /> Post production work is on at Harikrit Films Studios, New Delhi.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{No footnotes|date=December 2013}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rahul-roy-returns-to-big-screen-with-psychological-thriller-217814-2013-11-17|title=Rahul Roy returns to big screen with psychological thriller|date=18 November 2013|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=10 December 2013}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-second-coming/article5427031.ece|title=A second coming|last=Tripathy|first=Nandini D.|date=6 December 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=10 December 2013}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://2bornottob.com/}}<br /> * {{IMDb title|3239126}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sevasadanam&diff=457378 2026-01-10T00:31:32Z

<p>Renaldo97D: updated article based on references and added references for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1938 Indian Tamil film by Krishnaswami Subramanyam}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Sevasadanam<br /> | image = Sevasadanam 1938.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[K. Subrahmanyam]]<br /> | producer = K. Subrahmanyam<br /> | writer = [[Premchand]]&lt;br /&gt;K. Subramanyam<br /> | starring = [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[F. G. Natesa Iyer]]&lt;br /&gt;S. G. Pattu Iyer&lt;br /&gt;[[S. Varalakshmi]]<br /> | music = [[Papanasam Sivan]]<br /> | cinematography = Sailen Bose&lt;br /&gt;Ellappa&lt;br /&gt;Rama Rao<br /> | editing = Dharam Veer Singh<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1938|5|2}}<br /> | runtime = 210 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Sevasadanam''''' ({{Translation|House of Service}}) is a 1938 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. Subramanyam|K. Subrahmanyam]]. It is one of the early Tamil films to be set in a contemporary social setting and to advocate reformist social policies. This was the first film for [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] and the Tamil debut of Telugu actress [[S. Varalakshmi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm|title=The stamp of honour|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 July 2000|access-date=20 January 2017|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806041332/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm|archive-date=6 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first=S. Theodore| last=Baskaran | author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 1996| title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema | publisher= East West Books| location= Chennai| pages=15 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first=Yves| last= Thoraval| year= 2000| title= The cinemas of India | publisher= Macmillan | location= India| pages=37 | isbn= 0-333-93410-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first1= Ashish | last1=Rajadhyaksha| first2=Paul |last2=Willemen| year= 1994| title= Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema | publisher= British Film Institute| pages=259 | isbn=0-85170-455-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOZkAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Film News Anandan| language= ta| year= 2004 | title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru | publisher=Sivagami Publications| location= Chennai| pages=28:14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> An abused wife Sumathi ([[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]) is driven out of her house by her husband and later forced into prostitution. Later she reforms her ways and devotes her life to running an institution for the children of prostitutes.<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> After the success of ''[[Balayogini]]'' (1937), director Subramanyam was encouraged to make more socially oriented films. In 1938 he decided to make a film version of [[Premchand]]'s novel ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn]]'' and bought the rights for {{INR}}4,000 (worth {{INR}}7.2 million in 2021 prices). While ''Balayogini'' was about the travails of widows, ''Sevasadanam'' dealt with domestic abuse, prostitution and women's liberation. Subramanyam wrote the screenplay himself and made the film under his Madras United Artists Corporation banner.&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot; /&gt; The completed film was 18,900 feet in length with a run time of 210 minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] - Sumathi<br /> *[[F. G. Natesa Iyer]] - Eashwara Iyer<br /> *[[S. Varalakshmi]]<br /> *S. G. Pattu Iyer<br /> *[[Kumari Kamala]]<br /> *&quot;Jolly&quot; Kittu Iyer<br /> *Jayalakshmi<br /> *Ram Pyari<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''Sevasadanam'' was released on 2 May 1938. It was a critical and commercial success.&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot; /&gt; [[Ananda Vikatan]] favourably reviewed the film on 8 May 1938:<br /> <br /> {{Cquote | We should always expect somethings from Subramaniam's direction – for instance depiction of social ills.. If we have to say only two words about this talkie based on Premchand's story it is – Go see (it).&lt;ref name=&quot;F&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Arandhai Narayanan| language= ta| year= 2008 | title=Arambakala Tamil Cinema (1931–41) | publisher=Vijaya Publications| location= Chennai| pages=26}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> As was the case with ''Balayogini'', conservative Hindus were upset with ''Sevasadanam''.&lt;ref name=&quot;G&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first=Gautam| last= Kaul| year= 1998| title= Cinema and the Indian freedom struggle: covering the subcontinent | publisher= Sterling Publishers| pages=84 | isbn= 81-207-2116-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNxkAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The veteran Marxist leader [[N. Sankaraiah]], has described Seva Sadhanam as an &quot;unusual film&quot; for choosing the subject of marriages between young girls and old men (which had social sanction). According to him, the film successfully brought out the &quot;sufferings of the girl&quot; and the &quot;mental agony of the aged husband&quot;. Sankariah particularly appreciated Natesa Iyer's performance in the role of the old man, which he said &quot; was impressive&quot;. Tamil film critic and historian Aranthai Narayanan observes in his book ''Thamizh Cinemavin Kathai'' (The Story of Tamil Cinema) that &quot;Seva Sadhanam proved a turning point in the history of Tamil cinema. In the climax, the aged husband, now a totally changed man, was shown as casting aside with utter contempt his `sacred thread', which symbolises his Brahmin superiority. It came as a stunning blow to the then Brahmin orthodoxy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2114/stories/20040716001508200.htm | last=Vishwanathan | first=S. | title=A progressive film maker; Tribute to K.Subramanian | volume=21 | issue=14 | date=3–16 July 2004 | work=Frontline | publisher=Hindu Publications | location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Availability ==<br /> No print of ''Sevasadanam'' is known to survive, making it a [[lost film]]. While K. Subrahmanyam's family only have a few surviving photographs related to the film in their possession, the complete set of 78 rpm gramophone records in their original envelopes has survived in the collection of musicologist [[V. A. K. Ranga Rao]] in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=M. S. Subbulakshmi: The Definitive Biography | publisher=Aleph Book Company | last=George | first=T. J. S. | author-link=T. J. S. George | year=2016 | pages=99 | isbn=978-93-84067-60-1 | orig-date=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Tamil films of the 1930s]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist |2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0274825|Sevasadan}}<br /> * {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130805103009/http://www.dhingana.com/maa-ramanan-song-sevasadanam-tamil-oldies-399aa31 Article title]}}<br /> *Film India Magazine 1938 at [https://archive.org/stream/filmindia193804unse#page/n37/mode/2up Archive.org]<br /> <br /> [[Category:1938 films]]<br /> [[Category:Adaptations of works by Premchand]]<br /> [[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1938 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Papanasam Sivan]]<br /> [[Category:Lost Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1938 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:1938 lost films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by K. Subramanyam]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on works by Premchand]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagta_Bhai_Ka&diff=490676 2025-12-30T01:26:23Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{refimprove|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bhagta Bhai Ka<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = Bhagta<br /> | settlement_type = village <br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|30.4812|N|75.094|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Municipality<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 12587<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 151206<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 01651<br /> | registration_plate = PB 03<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhagta Bhai Ka''' is a village in the [[Bathinda district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]]. It is about 38 km from [[Bathinda]] city. It is a sub-[[tehsil]] of Phul town of [[Rampura Phul Assembly constituency|assembly area Rampura Phul]]. Gurduwara Mehal sahib and Bhootan wala khooh are notable places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2025 |title=Bhagta Bhai Ka Town Population Census 2011 - 2025 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800222-bhagta-bhai-ka-punjab.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=2011 Indian National Census |access-date=January 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bathinda district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Bathinda district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festivals_of_Odisha&diff=462770 2025-12-29T00:44:37Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> This article lists the traditional festivals and other cultural events in the [[Odisha]] region of India. Odisha celebrates 13 festivals in 12 months as the saying goes ''Bāra Māsare Tera Parba''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Prathamastami that celebrates firstborns |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/prathamastami-that-celebrates-firstborns.html |website=The Pioneer |date=9 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{Translation|''Thirteen festivals in twelve months''}}).<br /> <br /> ==Major festivals==<br /> This section lists festivals which are celebrated throughout Odisha.<br /> <br /> ===Autumn===<br /> ====Durga Puja====<br /> {{main|Durga Puja in Odisha}}<br /> [[File:Chaudhury Bazar Chandi Medha.jpg|thumb|A Durga idol in [[Cuttack]] with a [[tarakasi]] crown.]]<br /> <br /> [[Durga Puja]] (ଦୁର୍ଗା ପୂଜା) occurs in the month of [[Ashvin]] (October and September). It is a 10-day-long festival. During the period, goddess [[Durga]] is worshipped in [[Shakta pithas]] or temporary shrines called [[pandal]]s. [[Navratri]] refers to the first nine days of the festival. The nine forms of Durga, [[Navadurga]], are worshipped during these nine days. Navratri begins on the [[Prathama (day)|Prathama]] (first bright day) [[Paksha]] (lunar fortnight) of the Ashvin month. It also marks the end of the rainy season according to the traditional calendar. The [[asura]], [[Mahishasura]], was killed by Durga on the tenth day according to Hindu mythology. The final five days are considered especially important.&lt;ref name=durgapuja1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/Durga_Puja.pdf |title=Durga Puja |date=September 2013 |publisher=[[East Coast Railway]] |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810043612/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/Durga_Puja.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Durga Puja of [[Cuttack]] is notable for its usage of silver and gold [[tarakasi]] (filigree) work on the crown of the idols and also on the pandals. The city Cuttack attracts many tourists during this period of the year. Special trains are run during this time to cater to the rise in tourist traffic.&lt;ref name=durgapuja1/&gt; After the worship in Cuttack, on the tenth day of [[Vijayadashami]], the idols are taken out in extravagant processions and are immersed in the [[Kathajodi]] river.&lt;ref name=durgapuja2&gt;{{cite web |title=Durga Puja |url=http://orissa.gov.in/festivals/pujas.htm |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030070412/http://orissa.gov.in/festivals/pujas.htm |archive-date=30 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Kali Puja ====<br /> [[Kali Puja]] occurs in the month of Ashvin (October). It is celebrated after [[Durga Puja in Odisha|Durga Puja]] ends. It is to commemorate the legendary tale of Goddess Kali dancing in anger and stepping over Lord Shiva &amp; to celebrate the triumph of good over evil. It is considered a big festival in the northern districts of Odisha, such as [[Kendujhar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Kali-in-chains-at-Keonjhar-shrine/articleshow/25280143.cms|title=Kali in chains at Keonjhar shrine |website=The Times of India|access-date=21 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In particularly [[kendujhar]] district a week long [[mela]] goes on during [[Kali Puja]]. After the week is over the idol of Goddess [[Kali]] is taken on a grand procession and then submerged in a [[holy river]] or any water body nearby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/nov/11/silver-city-bids-adieu-to-goddess-kali-1896726.html|title=Silver City bids adieu to Goddess Kali|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=21 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Kumar Purnima====<br /> {{main|Kumar Purnima}}<br /> [[Kumar Purnima]] (କୁମାର ପୂର୍ଣିମା) occurs on the first full moon day of the month of Ashvin. It is primarily celebrated by unmarried girls who pray for a handsome husband. According to the belief, the handsome god [[Kartikeya]] also known as Kumar was born on this day. Girls also play traditional games like ''puchi'' on this day and wear new clothes.&lt;ref name=kumar1&gt;{{cite web|title=Kumar Purnima|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/101Kumar_Purnima.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|access-date=8 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Deepabali====<br /> {{main|Diwali}}<br /> <br /> Deepabali (ଦୀପାବଳି) is celebrated on [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]] [[Amavasya]].&lt;ref name=deepabali&gt;{{cite web|title=Deepabali |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/17Deepabali.pdf |access-date=17 September 2014 |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123160644/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/17Deepabali.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The families remember their forefathers by burning [[jute]] stalks and call upon them for blessing with the ''Badabadua'' verse:&lt;ref name=Badabadua&gt;{{cite news|title=Thousands chant 'Bada Badua Ho' in Puri|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/thousands-chant-bada-badua-ho-in-puri.html|access-date=17 September 2014|work=The Pioneer (newspaper)|date=5 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Bada badua ho,'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''andhara re aasa,'' &lt;br&gt; <br /> ''alua re jaa.'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''Mahaprasad khai'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''Baaisi pahaacha re gada gadu thaa.''<br /> <br /> ''ବଡ଼ ବଡୁଆ ହୋ,'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''ଅନ୍ଧାରରେ ଆସ'', &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''ଆଲୁଅରେ ଯାଅ'', &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''ମହାପ୍ରସାଦ ଖାଇ'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''ବାଇଶି ପାହାଚ ରେ ଗଡ଼ା ଗଡୁଥାଅ।''<br /> <br /> ''O forefathers,'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''come to us in this dark evening,'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''we light your way to heaven.'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''Having [[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]],'' &lt;br&gt;<br /> ''May you attain salvation on the 22 steps of the [[Jagannath temple]] of Puri.''&lt;ref name=deepabali/&gt;<br /> <br /> In some parts of the state, [[Kali Puja]] is also celebrated on the same day.&lt;ref name=deepabali/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Winter===<br /> ====Prathamastami====<br /> {{main|Prathamastami}}<br /> [[File:Enduri.jpg|thumb|[[Enduri Pitha]] which is prepared on Prathamastami.]]<br /> On [[Prathamastami]] (ପ୍ରଥମାଷ୍ଟମୀ), households pray for the long life of the firstborns. [[Enduri Pitha]] is a special delicacy which is prepared for this occasion.&lt;ref name=Prathamashtami1&gt;{{cite news|title=Oriyas prefer 'Enduri Pitha' on 'Prathamashtami'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/oriyas-prefer-enduri-pitha-on-prathamashtami/article923205.ece|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has the cultural significance that first born were usually expected to take over as the family head. It falls on the eighth day of [[Margasira]] month.&lt;ref name=Prathamastami2&gt;{{cite web|title=Prathamastami |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/113Prathamastami.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113815/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/113Prathamastami.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Spring===<br /> ====Vasant Panchami====<br /> {{See also|Vasant Panchami}}<br /> <br /> [[Vasanta Panchami]] (ବସନ୍ତ ପଞ୍ଚମୀ) occurs on the fifth day of the first lunar fortnight of [[Magha (month)|Magha month]] (Magha Shukla Panchami), which usually falls in January or February. It is also observed as [[Saraswati Puja]] (ସରସ୍ୱତୀ ପୂଜା). [[Saraswati]] is the goddess of knowledge and wisdom in [[Hinduism]]. Traditionally, children get their letters on this day. Many educational institutions also observe the festival. It also marks the arrival of spring.&lt;ref name=Vasant1&gt;{{cite web|title=Vasant Panchami|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/45Vasant_Panchami.pdf|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=odisha-festivals&gt;{{cite web|title=Odisha: Fairs and Festivals|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=79|website=Know India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923070714/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=79|archive-date=23 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Maha Shivaratri====<br /> {{See also|Maha Shivaratri}}<br /> [[File:Lingaraja.jpg|thumb|[[Lingaraja temple]]]]<br /> [[Maha Shivaratri]] (ମହା ଶିବରାତ୍ରି) is celebrated on the 13th night or 14th day on the waning lunar fortnight in the [[Phalguna]] month. It usually falls in February or March. It is considered the night on which [[Shiva]] perform the [[Tandava]] dance. It is observed by fasting by adherents, especially. Married women pray for the well-being of their spouses. Unmarried women may pray for an ideal husband. Shiva temples are visited on this day and night. Bael fruit and leaves are offered to the god, who is worshiped in the form of a [[lingam]]. Worshipers may hold an all-night [[jagran|jagarana]] and break their fast the next morning.&lt;ref name=shivaratri&gt;{{cite web |title=Mahashiva Ratri |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/150MAHA_SHIVA_RATRI.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327171257/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/150MAHA_SHIVA_RATRI.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shivaratri is celebrated in major [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] temples like [[Lingaraja temple]], [[Kapilash Temple]], and [[Muktesvara deula|Mukteswar temple]]. Shivaratri is also important to [[ascetic]]s as Shiva is considered an ascetic god. Ascetics may partake in drinks like [[Thandai]] on this day.&lt;ref name=shivaratri/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Dola Purnima and Holi====<br /> {{main|Dola Jatra purnima}}<br /> <br /> It also known as [[Dola Jatra purnima|Dola Yatra]] ({{langx|or|ଦୋଳ ଯାତ୍ରା}}, a five-day long Dola Purnima festival celebrated with pomp and fervor across the state. Followed by Dola Purnima comes [[Holi]]. On this day, the [[Odia calendar]] becomes ready and is offered to the deity [[Jagannath]], who is also known as &quot;Dolagovinda&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dolapurnima&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dola Purnima |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/55Dola_Purnima.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810080713/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/55Dola_Purnima.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The celebration is mostly celebrated in Villages where Idols of [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]] come to a common place.<br /> <br /> ===Summer===<br /> ====Ratha Yatra====<br /> {{Main|Ratha Yatra}}<br /> [[File:Rath Yatra Puri 2007 11028.jpg|200px|thumb|Rath Yatra in Puri (2007)]]<br /> [[Ratha Yatra]] (ରଥଯାତ୍ରା) is an annual Hindu festival which originated in [[Puri]] in [[Odisha]]. The festival is celebrated all over [[Odisha]] on the 2nd day of dark fortnight the lunar month of [[Ashadha]] (Asadha Sukla Dutiya) usually in June/July. The festival involves transporting of the idols of the deities [[Jagannatha]], [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]] on giant chariot from the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] to the [[Gundicha Temple]]. The chariots are pulled by devotees with ropes. After nine days, the idols are returned. The 2014 festival in Puri was attended by 900000 people.&lt;ref name=Seaofhumanity&gt;{{cite news|title=Sea of humanity at Puri Rath Yatra|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/sea-of-humanity-at-puri-rath-yatra/article6161785.ece|access-date=24 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Vamana&gt;{{cite web|title=A glimpse of the Vamana, the dwarf or Lord Jagannath |url=http://orissa.gov.in/portal/Orissa-Rath_checked/jagannth_rathajatra.html |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=24 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224100017/http://orissa.gov.in/portal/Orissa-Rath_checked/jagannth_rathajatra.html |archive-date=24 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Monsoon===<br /> ====Ganesh Chaturthi====<br /> {{See also|Ganesh Chaturthi}}<br /> <br /> [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] (ଗଣେଶ ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ) is celebrated as the birthday of the god [[Ganesh]], usually in August. It is primarily observed by educational institutes and students. The god is offered [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]] like [[modak]] and [[laddu]] in [[pandal]]s. Students may also offer writing utensils and notebooks, which are used by them after the festival. During the festival, student do not undertake any study related activity. After [[Ganesh Visarjan]], study activities are resumed.&lt;ref name=ganesha&gt;{{cite web|title=Ganesh Chaturthi |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/92Ganesha_Chaturthi.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074655/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/92Ganesha_Chaturthi.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Regional festivals==<br /> This section lists festivals which are specific to a region.<br /> <br /> ===Coastal Odisha===<br /> <br /> ====Raja Parba====<br /> {{Main|Raja Parba}}<br /> [[Raja Parba]] (ରଜ ପର୍ବ) is a three-day festival celebrated in the coastal districts in [[Ashadha]] month starting with the first day of the month. It usually falls mid-June. This is festival dedicated to [[Bhūmi|Basu-mata]], the Earth goddess. During this period, no agricultural activities occur to allow the goddess to rest. The first day is called ''pahila raja'', the second day is proper ''raja'' and third day is called ''basi raja''.(Bhuin Na a na/ ଭୂଇଁ ନଅଣ) All the agricultural weapons got Wash and worshipped this day. Girls play on various types of [[swing (seat)|swings]]. People exchange [[pitha]]s among relatives and friends. Raja is also called Mithuna Sankranti. In places it is celebrated for four days and is known as Basumata Puja.&lt;ref name=Raja&gt;{{cite web|title=Raja Sankranti|url=http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/portal/Festivals/ReligiousFestivals/RajaSankranti.aspx|publisher=Odisha Tourism, Government of Odisha|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150224071424/http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/portal/Festivals/ReligiousFestivals/RajaSankranti.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DampenRaja&gt;{{cite news|title=Rain likely to dampen Raja festival spirit|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rain-likely-to-dampen-raja-festival-spirit/article4813357.ece|access-date=24 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Raja2&gt;{{cite web |title=Raja Sankranti : The Festival of Swings |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june2006/engpdf/122-123.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=24 February 2015 |date=June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101185928/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june2006/engpdf/122-123.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Bali Jatra/Kartika Purnima====<br /> {{main|Bali Jatra}}<br /> [[File:Balijatra cuttack.JPG|thumb|The entrance to the 2012 [[Bali Jatra]] trade fair in [[Cuttack]].]]<br /> [[Bali Jatra]] (ବାଲି ଯାତ୍ରା) is celebrated to mark the voyages made by ancient sea traders from Odisha to [[Bali]]. It falls on the day of [[Kartik Purnima]]. On this day, miniatures of the boats called [[boita]]s are released in ponds, rivers and the sea. The festival is celebrated for a week all across the state.&lt;ref name=balijatra&gt;{{cite news|title=Odisha celebrates glorious maritime past|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/odisha-celebrates-glorious-maritime-past/article5365220.ece|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A major annual [[trade fair]] is also held in [[Cuttack]].&lt;ref name=bali2&gt;{{cite news|title=Lakhs turn up for Bali Yatra on opening day|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/lakhs-turn-up-for-bali-yatra-on-opening-day/article904926.ece|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Central Odisha===<br /> ====Gajalaxmi Puja====<br /> [[File:ଢେଙ୍କାନାଳ ଗଜଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା.jpg|thumb|Dhenkanal's Gajalaxmi Puja]]<br /> The [[:or:ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ_ପୂଜା|Gaja-Lakshmi Puja]] (ଗଜଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା) is celebrated primarily in [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]] and [[Kendrapara]] town.[https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/celebrations-of-gajalaxmi-puja-begin-with-fervor-across-odisha-245927] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021094826/https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/celebrations-of-gajalaxmi-puja-begin-with-fervor-across-odisha-245927 |date=21 October 2019 }} It is an 11-day festival dedicated to Goddess [[Lakshmi]], which begins on [[Kumar Purnima]].&lt;ref name=&quot;laxmi&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Dhenkanal-gears-up-for-Laxmi-Puja/articleshow/16998200.cms|title=Dhenkanal gears up for Laxmi Puja|access-date=13 August 2014|date=29 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dhenkanal's Gajalaxmi Puja is a major and famous festival of Odisha. It is an important part of the cultural identity not only of Dhenkanal district but of the entire state of Odisha. Every year, this puja begins on the full moon day of the Ashwina month, which is also known as Kumar Purnima, and is celebrated with great pomp and grandeur for about 11 days. During this time, the entire city of Dhenkanal remains immersed in a spiritual and festive atmosphere.<br /> <br /> ===Western Odisha===<br /> ====Nuakhai====<br /> {{main|Nuakhai}}<br /> <br /> [[Nuakhai]] (ନୂଆ ଖାଇ) is particularly celebrated in the Sambalpuri cultural region. It is celebrated to welcome the new [[paddy field|paddy]] (ଧାନ) harvest. It falls on the day after [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]. In various regions, priests calculate the [[tithi]] and offer the new grains to the local goddesses at a precise auspicious moment. People on this occasional greet each other with the words &quot;''Nuakhai Juhar''&quot;. At evening, folk dance and song events may be organized which are called &quot;''Nuakhai Bhetghat''&quot;.&lt;ref name=nuakhai&gt;{{cite web|title=Nuakhai |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/93Nuakhai.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810082410/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/93Nuakhai.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Sitalasasthi====<br /> {{main|Sitalsasthi}}<br /> <br /> [[Sitalsasthi]] is celebrated to observe the marriage of god [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. One of the devotees acts as the parent of Shiva and another devotee acts as the parent of Parvati. The devotee acting as the father of the god travels to the goddess's house with a bundle of [[sal tree]] leaves to make a proposal. After the marriage is fixed, deities of the locality and general public are invited to the ceremony. The general public also financially contributes to the ceremony. Sitalasasthi is also celebrated in many parts of South Ddisha mainly in [[Ganjam district]] and [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]].&lt;ref name=sitalsasthi&gt;{{cite news|title=Sambalpur in festive mood for Sital Sasthi|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Sambalpur-in-festive-mood-for-Sital-Sasthi/2013/06/10/article1628458.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613045440/http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Sambalpur-in-festive-mood-for-Sital-Sasthi/2013/06/10/article1628458.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2013|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The marriage ceremony is undertaken on the sixth day of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] month. Various artists including eunuchs perform street performances during the festival.&lt;ref name=sixthday&gt;{{cite news|title=Rituals start for divine marriage in Sambalpur|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Rituals-start-for-divine-marriage-in-Sambalpur/articleshow/35741345.cms|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=eunuchs&gt;{{cite news|title=Eunuchs put up impressive show|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Eunuchs-put-up-impressive-show/articleshow/36092698.cms|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Dhanu Jatra====<br /> {{main|Dhanu Jatra}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Dhanu jatra.jpg|thumb|An actor playing king [[Kamsa|Kansa]] during [[Dhanu Jatra]]]]<br /> <br /> [[Dhanu Jatra]] is a large-scale [[Historical reenactment|reenactment]] of the reign and death of the [[asura]] king [[Kamsa|Kansa]] which takes place annually in [[Bargarh]]. During the period of 1 to 11 January, the town of Bargarh is assumed to be the mythical city of [[Mathura]]. The neighboring settlements also take up names from the [[Mahabharata]]. The district collector and police superintendent also pretend to be employees of Kansa. The festival begins with the marriage of Vasudeva and [[Devaki]]. Ambapalli village is treated as [[Gokul|Gopapur]]. During the festival, an actor pretending to be Kansa issues social messages which are contrary to mythical character.&lt;ref name=dhanu1&gt;{{cite news|title=Bargarh gears up for Dhanu Yatra|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/bargarh-gears-up-for-dhanu-yatra/article1399914.ece|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dhanu2&gt;{{cite news|title=Dhanu Yatra gets under way|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/dhanu-yatra-gets-under-way/article2765589.ece|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * [http://myodia.com/category/festvals-of-odisha/ Festivvals of Odisha]<br /> * [https://www.odiaweb.in/top-5-best-place-to-visit-to-celebrate-maha-shivaratri-in-odisha/ Maha Shivaratri in Odisha]<br /> <br /> {{Odisha}}<br /> {{Odia culture}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Festivals Of Odisha}}<br /> [[Category:Odisha-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals in Odisha]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barkhan,_Uttar_Pradesh&diff=489872 2025-12-27T17:57:36Z

<p>Renaldo97D: started post</p> <hr /> <div>{{One source|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Barkhan<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28|30|00|N|79|42|00|E|display=inline,title|region_IN:type_village}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 180<br /> | population_total = 4078<br /> | population_as_of = Census 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 262406<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nawabganj, Bareilly]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = 57%<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Climate]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|cold]] &lt;small&gt;([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Barkhan''' is a village in [[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabganj]] of [[Bareilly district]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/130659-barkhan-uttar-pradesh.html census2011.co.in] Retrieved 2018-04-14&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Villages in Bareilly district}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in Bareilly district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Bareilly-geo-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nivruttinath&diff=446703 2025-12-24T03:12:01Z

<p>Renaldo97D: quick fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Varkari saint}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu leader<br /> |name = Sant Nivruttinath<br /> |image = <br /> |caption = <br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> |birth_date = 11 February 1273<br /> |birth_place = Apegaon, [[Yadava dynasty]] ({{small|present day in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]], India}})<br /> |death_date = 24 June 1297<br /> |death_place = Sanjeevan [[Samadhi]] [[Trimbakeshwar]]<br /> |guru = Gahaninath (NathPhilosophy)<br /> |philosophy = [[Advaita vedanta]], [[Varkari]], [[Hinduism]]<br /> |disciples = [[Sant Dnyaneshwar]] (younger brother)<br /> |order = [[Vaishnavism]], [[Nath]]<br /> |known_for = Guru of Saint Dnyaneshwar<br /> |honors = ''[[Sant (religion)|Sant]]'' (Saint)<br /> |footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> {{Hindu philosophy}}<br /> <br /> '''Nivrutti Vitthalpant Kulkarni''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] : निवृत्तिनाथ) (c. 11 February 1273 – 24 June 1297) was a 13th-century [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Bhakti]] [[saint]], poet, philosopher and [[yogi]] of the [[Vaishnava]] [[Nath]] tradition. He was the elder brother and the [[guru|mentor (guru)]] of [[Dnyaneshwar]], the first Varkari saint.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Belsare |first=Kishori Devendra |year=983 |title=Sant Nivruttinath _ a critical study}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mysticisminindia0000rana|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/mysticisminindia0000rana/page/31 31]|title=Mysticism in India: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra|publisher=State University of New York|year=1983|isbn=9781438416861}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Family and early life==<br /> Nivruttinath was born in Apegaon village on the bank of [[Godavari]] river near [[Paithan]] in Maharashtra into a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family during the reign of the [[Yadava]] King Ramadevarava.{{sfn|Bahirat|2006|p=1}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Author Karhadkar 1976&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Karhadkar |first=K. S. |orig-year= January–February 1976 |title=Dnyaneshwar and Marathi Literature |jstor=24157251 |journal=Indian Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=90–95 |year=1976 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nivruttinath was one of the four children, and the eldest son, of Vitthalapant, a [[kulkarni]] (hereditary accountant), and Rakhumabai.{{sfn|Attwood|1992|p=333}} Vitthalpant did atonement for the acceptance of his children in society.<br /> Vitthal Panth and his wife were suggested to give up their life to get rid of the ex-communication as Vitthal Panth was believed to be a sannyasin but after the birth of his children, Orthodox Brahmins of the day saw a renunciate returning to his life as a householder as heresy and Nivruttinath and his siblings were denied the right to have in society.<br /> <br /> Vitthal Pant and his wife gave up their lives, within a year by jumping into the [[Indrayani River]],{{sfn|Bahirat|2006|p=13}} leaving their child behind. after that nivrutti had to look after his siblings. Being creative poet and philosopher,Nivrutti suggested his younger brother Dnyaneshwar to translate Geeta which was written in Sanskrit into Marathi language in order to get the people know easily. He offered Dnyaneshwar his entire spiritual wealth and achievement.<br /> <br /> ==Nath Tradition==<br /> At around the age of 10, Nivruttinath's family moved to [[Nashik]]. During a pilgrimage trip, Vitthalapant along with his family was confronted by a tiger. The family escaped while Nivruttinath got separated from the family. He hid in a cave on the Anjani mountain where he met Gahaninath, who initiated Nivruttinath into the wisdom of the [[Nath]] tradition.{{sfn|Bahirat|2006|p=13}}{{sfn|Ranade|1933|p=33}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/from-nivrutti-to-nivruttinath |title=From Nivrutti to Nivruttinath |work=www.speakingtree.in |accessdate=11 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dnyaneshwar as disciple==<br /> [[File:Dnyaneshwar humbles Changdev.jpg|300px|<br /> The siblings Muktabai, Sopan, Dnyaneshwar and Nivruttinath seated on the flying wall greet Changdev seated on a tiger. In the centre, Changdev bows to Dnyaneshwar.]]<br /> <br /> The Natha Tradition is an initiatory [[Guru–shishya tradition]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} After the death of their parents, {{sfn|Ranade|1933|p=33}} Nivruttinath initiated Dnyaneshwar into the Nath tradition and become his teacher (Guru).{{sfn|Bahirat|2006|p=6}}<br /> <br /> Nivruttinath advised Dnyaneshwar to write an independent philosophical work. This work later came to be known as [[Amrutanubhav]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/12485938|title=THE WARKARI MOVEMENT I: Sant Dnyaneshwar – Beyond Brahmanical Tyranny|accessdate=12 August 2017|last1=Abdi|first1=Rupa}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Bahirat|2006|p=14}}{{sfn|Ranade|1933|p=34}}<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Death and Resting Place==<br /> After the Samadhi of Dnyaneshwar, Nivruttinath left [[Alandi]] with his sister, [[Muktabai]] for a pilgrimage. During a thunderstorm, Muktabai was lost. Nivruttinath then attained Samadhi. The Resting place is situated near Trimbakeshwar. At his resting place, a temple has been erected which is visited by numerous devotees.<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Dnyaneshwar]]<br /> * [[Sopan]]<br /> * [[Muktabai]]<br /> * [[Bhakti movement]]<br /> * [[Changdev Maharaj]]<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist |33em}}<br /> <br /> '''Bibliography'''<br /> {{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Attwood|first=Donald W.|title=Raising cane: the political economy of sugar in western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0UfAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-1287-3}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Bahirat|first=B. P.|title=The Saint heritage of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJhJ6LuURz4C&amp;pg=PA1|year=2006|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-307-0124-0}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Ranade|first=Ramchandra Dattatraya|title=Mysticism in India: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ql0PUJJPp8C|year=1933|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-87395-669-7}}<br /> * {{citation|last1=Sundararajan|first1=K. R.|last2=Mukerji|first2=Bithika|title=Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC&amp;pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1937-5}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Marathi-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Warkari]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]<br /> [[Category:1297 deaths]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2012_IFA_Shield_final&diff=482362 2025-12-23T21:22:52Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox football match<br /> | title = 2012 IFA Shield final<br /> | image = <br /> | caption =<br /> | event = [[2012 IFA Shield]]<br /> | team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | team1score = 0<br /> | team2 = [[United SC|Prayag United]]<br /> | team2score = 0<br /> | details = '''East Bengal won 4&amp;ndash;2 on [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalties]]'''<br /> | date = 16 March 2012<br /> | stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal, India|West Bengal]]<br /> | man_of_the_match1a = [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;report&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=116th IFA SHIELD : &quot;Gurpreet is the hero of the match today&quot; James Morgan.|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mar21stpart_2012.html|work=Kolkata Football|date=16 March 2012|access-date=21 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202816/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mar21stpart_2012.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | referee = Santosh Kumar (Kerala) <br /> | attendance = 30,000 (approx.)<br /> | weather = <br /> | previous = 2011<br /> | next = 2013<br /> }}<br /> The '''2012 IFA Shield final''' was the 116th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata clubs [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[United SC|Prayag United]] on 16 March 2012.<br /> <br /> East Bengal won the final 4&amp;ndash;2 via [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalties]] after the game remained goal-less after extra-time, to claim their 28th IFA Shield title.&lt;ref name=&quot;final&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first=Abhishek|last=Ganguly|date=17 March 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/gurpreet-hands-east-bengal-ifa-shield-title/articleshow/12300716.cms|title=Gurpreet hands East Bengal IFA Shield title|work=The Times of India|accessdate=21 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625042144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/gurpreet-hands-east-bengal-ifa-shield-title/articleshow/12300716.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chowdhuri|date=17 March 2012|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/116th-ifa-shield-east-bengal-crowned-champions|title=116th IFA Shield: East Bengal crowned champions!|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203313/https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/116th-ifa-shield-east-bengal-crowned-champions|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Route to the final==<br /> {{see also|2012 IFA Shield}}<br /> <br /> ===East Bengal===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- |+ '''East Bengal''' --&gt;<br /> !scope=col width=&quot;80&quot; | Date<br /> !scope=col width=&quot;80&quot; | Round<br /> !scope=col width=&quot;120&quot; | Opposition<br /> !scope=col width=&quot;80&quot; | Score<br /> |-<br /> | 3 March 2012<br /> !scope=row style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Group Stage<br /> |[[Bhawanipore FC]]<br /> | 2–1<br /> |-<br /> | 9 March 2012<br /> !scope=row style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Group Stage<br /> | [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]<br /> | 3–0<br /> |-<br /> | 13 March 2012<br /> !scope=row style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Semi Final<br /> | [[Indian Arrows|Pailan Arrows]]<br /> | 1–0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> East Bengal entered the [[2012 IFA Shield]] as one of the [[I-League]] playing teams from Kolkata and were allocated into Group A alongside [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] and [[Bhawanipore FC]]. In the opening game against Bhawanipur, East Bengal managed a 2&amp;ndash;1 victory with striker [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] scoring a brace. Biswajit Biswas scored the goal for Bhawanipur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=PTI|date=3 March 2012|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/ifa-shield-east-bengal-edge-bhowanipore-club-2-1/20120303.htm|title=IFA Shield: East Bengal edge Bhowanipore Club 2-1|work=Rediff|accessdate=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624221101/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/ifa-shield-east-bengal-edge-bhowanipore-club-2-1/20120303.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the second group game against Shillong Lajong, East Bengal managed a comfortable 3&amp;ndash;0 win with goals from [[Tolgay Ozbey]], [[Gurwinder Singh]] and Robin Singh, to secure a place in the semis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=11 March 2012|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2012/03/11/east-bengal-drub-lajong-to-enter-ifa-shield-semis/|title=East Bengal drub Lajong to enter IFA Shield semis|work=The Shillong Times|accessdate=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201536/https://theshillongtimes.com/2012/03/11/east-bengal-drub-lajong-to-enter-ifa-shield-semis/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Semi Final, East Bengal club faced [[Indian Arrows|Pailan Arrows]], the topper of Group C, and managed a 1&amp;ndash;0 win courtesy of a Tolgay Ozbey strike to enter the final for the 40th time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Nilesh|last=Bhattacharya|date=14 March 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-down-arrows-in-ifa-shield-semifinal/articleshow/12254773.cms|title=East Bengal down Arrows in IFA Shield semifinal|work=The Times of India|accessdate=21 June 2012|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626150033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-down-arrows-in-ifa-shield-semifinal/articleshow/12254773.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Prayag United===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- |+ '''Dempo''' --&gt;<br /> !scope=col width=&quot;80&quot; | Date<br /> !scope=col width=&quot;80&quot; | Round<br /> !scope=col width=&quot;120&quot; | Opposition<br /> !scope=col width=&quot;80&quot; | Score<br /> |-<br /> | 7 March 2012<br /> !scope=row style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Group Stage<br /> | [[Mumbai F.C.]]<br /> | 3–2<br /> |-<br /> | 11 March 2012<br /> !scope=row style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Group Stage<br /> | [[Aryan FC|Techno Aryan]]<br /> | 1–0<br /> |-<br /> | 14 March 2012<br /> !scope=row style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Semi Final<br /> | [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo BFR]]<br /> | 1–0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Prayag United entered the [[2012 IFA Shield]] as one of the [[I-League]] playing teams from Kolkata and were allocated into Group D alongside [[Mumbai F.C.]] and [[Aryan FC|Techno Aryan]]. In their opening game, they defeated Mumbai FC 3&amp;ndash;2 with [[Yusif Yakubu]] scoring a brace and [[Denson Devadas]] scoring the other for Prayag. [[Gbeneme Friday]] and [[Chhangte Malsawmkima]] scored for Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=8 March 2012|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/prayag-sc-packs-off-mumbai-fc/article2971562.ece|title=Prayag SC packs off Mumbai FC|work=The Hindu|accessdate=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202715/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/prayag-sc-packs-off-mumbai-fc/article2971562.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In their second game, Prayag defeated Aryan 1&amp;ndash;0 with a long range effort from [[Bello Razaq]] to reach the semis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=12 March 2012|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/prayag-arrows-make-it-to-semifinals/article2985475.ece|title=Prayag, Arrows make it to semifinals|work=The Hindu|accessdate=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210052/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/prayag-arrows-make-it-to-semifinals/article2985475.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Semi-Final, Prayag United faced Brazilian team [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo BFR]] and won 1&amp;ndash;0 courtesy of a goal from Kiwi striker [[Kayne Vincent]] in the 115th minute to take Prayag United into the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=PTI|date=14 March 2012|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/234436/prayag-reach-title-round.html|title=Prayag reach title round|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201819/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/234436/prayag-reach-title-round.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Match==<br /> ===Details===<br /> &lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{footballbox<br /> |date=16 March 2012<br /> |time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |report= [https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mar21stpart_2012.html Report]<br /> |team2=[[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]]<br /> |score= 0–0 <br /> |aet=yes<br /> |goals1=<br /> |goals2=<br /> |penaltyscore= 4–2<br /> |penalties1=<br /> * [[Tolgay Ozbey|Ozbey]] {{pengoal}}<br /> * [[Khanthang Paite]] {{pengoal}}<br /> * [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{pengoal}}<br /> * [[Subodh Kumar]] {{pengoal}}<br /> |penalties2=<br /> * {{penmiss}} [[James Lukram Singh|James Singh]]<br /> * {{penmiss}} [[Bello Razaq]]<br /> * {{pengoal}} [[Jayanta Sen]]<br /> * {{pengoal}} [[Yusif Yakubu]]<br /> |stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]<br /> |attendance=30,000 (est.)<br /> |referee=Santosh Kumar (Kerala)}}<br /> <br /> {| width=92%<br /> |-<br /> |{{Football kit<br /> | pattern_b = _redhalf<br /> | pattern_la = <br /> | pattern_ra =<br /> | pattern_sh =<br /> | pattern_so=<br /> | leftarm = ffff00<br /> | body = ffff00<br /> | rightarm = ff0000<br /> | shorts = 000000<br /> | socks = FF0000<br /> | title = East Bengal<br /> }}<br /> |{{Football kit<br /> | pattern_la = <br /> | pattern_b = _whitesides<br /> | pattern_ra = <br /> | pattern_sh = <br /> | pattern_so =<br /> | leftarm = FFFF00<br /> | body = 351C75<br /> | rightarm = FFFF00<br /> | shorts = 351C75<br /> | socks = FFFFFF<br /> | title = Prayag United<br /> }}<br /> |}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;<br /> <br /> {| width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot;|<br /> {| style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;25&quot;| !!width=&quot;25&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] <br /> |-<br /> |RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Saikat Saha Roy || || {{suboff|77}}<br /> |-<br /> |CB || ||{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Uga Okpara]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br /> |-<br /> |CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurwinder Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saumik Dey]]<br /> |-<br /> |RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sushanth Mathew]] || || {{suboff|20}}<br /> |-<br /> |CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subodh Kumar]] <br /> |-<br /> |CM || ||{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Penn Orji]] <br /> |-<br /> |LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]] || || {{suboff|93}}<br /> |-<br /> |ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |ST || ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tolgay Ozbey]] <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''<br /> |-<br /> |MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanju Pradhan]] || || {{subon|20}}<br /> |-<br /> |MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khanthang Paite]] || || {{subon|77}}<br /> |-<br /> |DF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Robert Lalthlamuana]] || || {{subon|93}}<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=4|'''Manager:'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trevor Morgan (footballer)|Trevor James Morgan]]<br /> |}<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;|<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|<br /> {| style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; align=center<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;25&quot;| !!width=&quot;25&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhijit Mondal]]<br /> |-<br /> |RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupam Sarkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Mondal]] || {{suboff|14}}<br /> |-<br /> |CB || ||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bello Razaq]]<br /> |-<br /> |LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Narugopal Hait<br /> |-<br /> |LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[James Lukram Singh|James Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Denson Devadas]]<br /> |-<br /> |CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayanta Sen]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br /> |-<br /> |RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gouranga Biswas]] || {{suboff|103}}<br /> |-<br /> |ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Md. Rafique]] || {{suboff|50}}<br /> |-<br /> |ST || ||{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Yusif Yakubu]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''<br /> |-<br /> |MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukhen Dey (footballer)|Sukhen Dey]] || {{subon|14}}<br /> |-<br /> |DF || ||{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Kayne Vincent]] || {{subon|50}}<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shankar Oraon || {{subon|103}}<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=4|'''Manager:'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjoy Sen]]<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| width=100% style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;<br /> |<br /> '''Hero of the Match:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] (East Bengal)&lt;ref name=&quot;final&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> |style=&quot;width:60%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> '''Match rules'''<br /> *90 minutes.<br /> *30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.<br /> *[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2012.html IFA Shield 2012]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{IFA Shield}}<br /> {{SC East Bengal}}<br /> {{2011-12 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:IFA Shield finals]]<br /> [[Category:2011–12 in Indian football]]<br /> [[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]<br /> [[Category:United SC matches]]<br /> [[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrakant_Nawghare&diff=457945 2025-12-19T00:47:54Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Chandrakant alias Rajubhaiya Navghare<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|08}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Babhulgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br /> | party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] <br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> }}<br /> '''Chandrakant Ramakant Navghare''' commonly known as Rajubhaiya Navghare, is a member of the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represents [[Basmath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. He got elected in [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] &amp; 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basmath&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basmath |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1392.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212050741/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1392.htm |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=12 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Basmath Constituency Election Results 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Basmath Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/basmath |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212050921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/basmath |archivedate=12 December 2024 |accessdate=12 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Navghare is from [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. Rajubhaiya Navghare was first elected as a Member of the gram panchayat, then he was sarpanch from Babhulgaon. Rajubhaiya was also elected two times as agriculture produce market Committee Chairman, Director Rokdeshwar Cooperative Textile mill and Director of Purna cooperative Sugar factory.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Panditrao Ramrao Deshmukh]]<br /> * [[Manohar Joshi ministry (1995–99)|Manohar Joshi ministry]]<br /> * [[Narayan Rane ministry|Narayan Rane]]<br /> .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/ConstituencywiseS1392.htm?ac=92|title=Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/|title=Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Election 2019 Winners Full List|date=October 24, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nawghare, Chandrakant}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandlaguda_Jagir_Municipal_Corporation&diff=489519 2025-12-04T14:29:27Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Bandlaguda Jagir, Telangana, India}}<br /> '''Bandlaguda Jagir Municipal Corporation''' was the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] governing part of [[India|Indian]] city of [[Hyderabad]], known as [[Bandlaguda Jagir]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.&lt;ref name=&quot;May ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bandlaguda Jagir Municipal Corporation was headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. It was merged into [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] in December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-11-26 |title=Megapolis in making: Hyderabad set for major expansion as 27 ULBs join GHMC; 150 wards to get Rs 2cr each in massive development drive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/megapolis-in-making-hyderabad-set-for-major-expansion-as-27-ulbs-join-ghmc-150-wards-to-get-rs-2cr-each-in-massive-development-drive/articleshow/125578768.cms |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swathi |first=V. |date=2025-12-03 |title=GHMC expansion notified with 57 circles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ghmc-expansion-notified-with-57-circles/article70353842.ece |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History and administration ==<br /> <br /> Bandlaguda Jagir Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population. Bandlaguda Jagir Municipal Corporation has been categorised into 22 wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;ba1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rehman |first1=Esa Bin Abdul |title=14 wards identified as sensitive in Bandlaguda |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/14-wards-identified-as-sensitive-in-bandlaguda-598662 |access-date=18 June 2022 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=21 January 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Bandlaguda Jagir Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor Ms Latha Goud&lt;ref name=&quot;ba2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Maitreyi |first1=M. l Melly |title=Newly-elected Mayors get on with the job |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/newly-elected-mayors-get-on-with-the-job/article30745956.ece |access-date=18 June 2022 |publisher=The Hindu |date=5 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ba3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana: Polls to 130 ULBs on Jan 22, quotas for women, SC, STs announced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-130-ulbs-to-go-to-polls-on-jan-22-reservations-for-women-sc-sts-announced-6202722/ |access-date=18 June 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=6 January 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and administered by Municipal CommissionerVenugopal Reddy.&lt;ref name=&quot;ba4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rehman |first1=Esa Bin Abdul |title=Hyderabad : Rs 3 crore sanctioned for metalling of Kismatpur road |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/hyderabad-rs-3-crore-sanctioned-for-metalling-of-kismatpur-road-708992 |access-date=18 June 2022 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=1 October 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Functions ==<br /> Bandlaguda Jagir Municipal Corporationis created for the following functions:&lt;ref name=&quot;Ba9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ba10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .<br /> <br /> * Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.<br /> <br /> * Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.<br /> <br /> * Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.<br /> <br /> * Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.<br /> <br /> * Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.<br /> <br /> * Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.<br /> <br /> * Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.<br /> <br /> * Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.<br /> <br /> == Revenue sources ==<br /> <br /> The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ba11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ba12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ba13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes === <br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * [[Property tax]].<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from Documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://bandlagudajagircorporation.telangana.gov.in/ Official website]<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Categories --&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murthal_gang_rapes&diff=519220 2025-11-25T06:52:49Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Starting First Stub Basic Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=May 2017}}<br /> <br /> It was alleged by newspapers that on the night of 22–23 February 2016, &quot;at least 10 women were pulled out from cars, stripped and raped by the goons&quot; in [[Murthal]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Surendran |first=Vivek |date=24 February 2016 |title=Haryana goons dragged stranded women to fields, gang raped them near Murthal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/haryana/story/women-commuters-harassed-raped-murthal-haryana-sukhdev-dhaba-310303-2016-02-24 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=26 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hc_20_jan_2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Witness statements, evidence show Murthal gangrapes happened: HC raps SIT |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/witness-statements-evidence-show-murthal-gangrapes-happened-hc-raps-sit/story-QFcqsOXnbZgFCW832CPx8K.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event received large attention from both media and political parties with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanding &quot;[[President's rule]] in Haryana&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Murthal gang-rapes: Congress demands President's Rule in Haryana |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/murthal-gang-rapes-congress-demands-presidents-rule-in-haryana_1860914.html |work=[[Zee News]] |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] demanding &quot;strict punishment for Haryana's Murthal gangrape culprits&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Delhi CM Kejriwal demands strict punishment for Haryana's Murthal gangrape culprits |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-cm-kejriwal-demands-strict-punishment-for-haryana-s-murthal-rape-culprits-2182873 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=26 February 2016 |access-date=26 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A victim came forward after 6 days claiming that she was dragged from her car and raped in front of her daughter and accused her own brother-in-law of being one of the rapists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/murthal-sexual-assault-mystery-first-victim-of-gang-rape-comes-forward-files-complaint_1860387.html|title=Murthal gang-rape: First victim comes forward, files complaint against 7|date=2016-02-28|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2018-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two other alleged victims were also identified.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/two-alleged-murthal-gangrape-victims-record-statements-1238818.html|title=Two Women Give Statements Alleging Gang Rape at Murthal|website=News18|date=5 May 2016|access-date=2018-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 January 2017, the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] said that witness statements, evidence show Murthal gang rapes took place.&lt;ref name=&quot;hc_20_jan_2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Murthal gang rapes: Fresh suspects identified by SIT, Haryana tells HC |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/murthal-gang-rapes-fresh-suspects-identified-by-sit-haryana-tells-hc/story-QGge4NxTyFWe0F57jSBmWI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It has been alleged that the victims of the rapes were escorted to the Delhi border by senior police officers half an hour after the incidents which explains no victims were able to be found during the investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/murthal-gangrapes-hc-asks-haryana-for-call-details-of-key-officers/story-Jjs4Wnq6JfeDW6F3T3msmL.html|title=Murthal 'gangrapes': HC asks Haryana for call details of key officers|date=2018-02-22|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Rape in India}}<br /> [[Category:Gang rape in India]]<br /> [[Category:Crime in Haryana]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Crime-stub}}</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_2012&diff=478498 2025-09-05T06:59:00Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Created A Bio.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mens cricket tour}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=February 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tour<br /> | series_name = West Indian cricket team in England in 2012<br /> | team1_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg<br /> | team1_name = West Indies<br /> | team2_image = Flag of England.svg<br /> | team2_name = England <br /> | from_date = 5 May&lt;ref name=&quot;dates&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=West Indies in England 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/15095369 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=3 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | to_date = 24 June&lt;ref name=&quot;dates&quot;/&gt;<br /> | team1_captain = [[Darren Sammy]]<br /> | team2_captain = [[Andrew Strauss]] (Tests)&lt;br /&gt;[[Alastair Cook]] (ODIs)&lt;br /&gt;[[Stuart Broad]] (T20I)<br /> | no_of_tests = 3<br /> | team1_tests_won = 0<br /> | team2_tests_won = 2<br /> | team1_tests_most_runs = [[Marlon Samuels]] (386)<br /> | team2_tests_most_runs = [[Andrew Strauss]] (326)<br /> | team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Kemar Roach]] (8)<br /> | team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Stuart Broad]] (14)<br /> | player_of_test_series = [[Marlon Samuels]] (WI) and [[Andrew Strauss]] (Eng)<br /> | no_of_ODIs = 3<br /> | team1_ODIs_won = 0<br /> | team2_ODIs_won = 2<br /> | team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Dwayne Bravo]] (85)<br /> | team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Ian Bell]] (179)<br /> | team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Marlon Samuels]] (2)&lt;br /&gt;[[Darren Sammy]] (2)<br /> | team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Tim Bresnan]] (5)<br /> | player_of_ODI_series = [[Ian Bell]] (Eng)<br /> | no_of_twenty20s = 1<br /> | team1_twenty20s_won = 0<br /> | team2_twenty20s_won = 1<br /> | team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Dwayne Smith]] (70)<br /> | team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Alex Hales]] (99)<br /> | team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ravi Rampaul]] (2)<br /> | team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Steven Finn]] (2)<br /> | player_of_twenty20_series = [[Alex Hales]] (Eng)<br /> }}<br /> The West Indies cricket team toured England in the summer of 2012. The tour comprised three Test matches, three One Day Internationals and one Twenty20 International.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lord's to host 2012 West Indies Test |url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/about-ecb/media-releases/lords,315086,EN.html |work=ecb.co.uk |publisher=ECB |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=3 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; One Test was originally awarded to Cardiff,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Sheringham |title=West Indies to play at Cardiff, not Lord's, in 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/13672923 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=6 June 2011 |access-date=3 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; but this was later awarded to Lord's after [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club]] were unable to pay their fee for hosting the 2011 Sri Lanka Test in time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lord's awarded 2012 West Indies Test |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/524073.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN EMEA |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=3 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Squads==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tests<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|ODIs<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|T20I<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:16.6%&quot; | {{cr|ENG}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jonny Bairstow in England squad to face West Indies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/18049570 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width:16.6%&quot; | {{cr|WIN}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=West Indies recall Denesh Ramdin and Marlon Samuels |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/17875510 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=13 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width:16.6%&quot; | {{cr|ENG}}&lt;ref name=&quot;England ODIs &amp; T20s&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ian Bell backed to star in England ODIs by Andy Flower |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/18390390 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 June 2012 |access-date=11 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width:16.6%&quot; | {{cr|WIN}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chris Gayle returns to West Indies squad for England one-day series |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/18328627 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 June 2012 |access-date=5 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width:16.6%&quot; | {{cr|ENG}}&lt;ref name=&quot;England ODIs &amp; T20s&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width:16.6%&quot; | {{cr|WIN}}<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> *[[Andrew Strauss]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> *[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]<br /> *[[Jonny Bairstow]]<br /> *[[Ian Bell]]<br /> *[[Tim Bresnan]]<br /> *[[Stuart Broad]]<br /> *[[Alastair Cook]]<br /> *[[Steven Finn]]<br /> *[[Graham Onions]]<br /> *[[Kevin Pietersen]]<br /> *[[Matt Prior]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> *[[Graeme Swann]]<br /> *[[Jonathan Trott]]<br /> |<br /> *[[Darren Sammy]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> *[[Kirk Edwards]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])<br /> *[[Adrian Barath]]<br /> *[[Tino Best]]&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *[[Darren Bravo]]<br /> *[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]<br /> *[[Narsingh Deonarine]]<br /> *[[Fidel Edwards]]<br /> *[[Assad Fudadin]]<br /> *[[Shannon Gabriel]]<br /> *[[Sunil Narine]]&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *[[Kieran Powell]]<br /> *[[Denesh Ramdin]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> *[[Ravi Rampaul]]<br /> *[[Kemar Roach]]<br /> *[[Marlon Samuels]]<br /> *[[Shane Shillingford]]<br /> |<br /> *[[Alastair Cook]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> *[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]<br /> *[[Jonny Bairstow]]<br /> *[[Ian Bell]]<br /> *[[Ravi Bopara]]<br /> *[[Tim Bresnan]]<br /> *[[Stuart Broad]]<br /> *[[Jade Dernbach]]<br /> *[[Steven Finn]]<br /> *[[Craig Kieswetter]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> *[[Stuart Meaker]]&lt;sup&gt;‡&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *[[Eoin Morgan]]<br /> *[[Samit Patel]]<br /> *[[Graeme Swann]]<br /> *[[James Tredwell]]&lt;sup&gt;‡&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> *[[Jonathan Trott]]<br /> *[[Chris Woakes]]&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |<br /> *[[Darren Sammy]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> *[[Dwayne Bravo]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])<br /> *[[Tino Best]]<br /> *[[Darren Bravo]]<br /> *[[Johnson Charles]]<br /> *[[Fidel Edwards]]<br /> *[[Chris Gayle]]<br /> *[[Sunil Narine]]<br /> *[[Kieron Pollard]]<br /> *[[Denesh Ramdin]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> *[[Ravi Rampaul]]<br /> *[[Andre Russell]]<br /> *[[Marlon Samuels]]<br /> *[[Lendl Simmons]]<br /> *[[Dwayne Smith]]<br /> |<br /> *[[Stuart Broad]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> *[[Jonny Bairstow]]<br /> *[[Ravi Bopara]]<br /> *[[Tim Bresnan]]<br /> *[[Danny Briggs]]<br /> *[[Jos Buttler]]<br /> *[[Jade Dernbach]]<br /> *[[Steven Finn]]<br /> *[[Alex Hales]]<br /> *[[Craig Kieswetter]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> *[[Eoin Morgan]]<br /> *[[Samit Patel]]<br /> *[[Graeme Swann]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; Tino Best and Sunil Narine replaced the injured Shannon Gabriel and Kemar Roach for the second and third Test matches respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=West Indies seamer Shannon Gabriel replaced by Tino Best |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/18160309 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=22 May 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=West Indies replace injured Kemar Roach with spinner Sunil Narine |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/18272290 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=30 May 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Chris Woakes was added to the squad as cover for Jade Dernbach, who was given leave from the second ODI on compassionate grounds, following the death of his Surrey team-mate [[Tom Maynard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=England v West Indies: Chris Woakes replaces Jade Dernbach |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/18494097 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=18 June 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;sup&gt;‡&lt;/sup&gt; Stuart Meaker and James Tredwell replaced Stuart Broad, Tim Bresnan and Graeme Swann for the third ODI.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=England v West Indies: Bresnan, Swann &amp; Broad rested for final ODI |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/18514952 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=19 June 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tour matches==<br /> <br /> ===First-class: Sussex v West Indians===<br /> {{Test match<br /> | date = 5–7 May<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN|name=West Indians}}<br /> | team2 = [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 90/3 (34 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kieran Powell]] 35 (71)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chris Liddle]] 1/10 (6 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 =<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | venue = [[County Ground, Hove]]<br /> | umpires = [[Paul Pollard]] (Eng) and [[George Sharp (cricketer)|George Sharp]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-west-indies-2012/engine/match/534201.html Scorecard]<br /> | toss = Sussex won the toss and elected to field<br /> | rain = No play was possible on Day 1 due to rain.<br /> *''Play was reduced to 18 overs on Day 2 due to rain.''<br /> *''Play was reduced to 16 overs on Day 3 due to rain.''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===First-class: England Lions v West Indians===<br /> {{Test match<br /> | date = 10–13 May<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN|name=West Indians}}<br /> | team2 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 147 (48.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Darren Bravo]] 51 (90)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jack Brooks (cricketer)|Jack Brooks]] 3/23 (13 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 341 (90 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[James Taylor (cricketer, born 1990)|James Taylor]] 118 (179)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravi Rampaul]] 3/79 (24 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 390 (120.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kieran Powell]] 108 (235)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Matt Coles]] 4/76 (26.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 197/0 (48.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Joe Root]] 115[[not out|*]] (143)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | result = England Lions won by 10 wickets<br /> | venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Northampton|County Ground]], [[Northampton]]<br /> | umpires = [[Neil Bainton]] (Eng) and [[Steve Garratt]] (Eng)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-west-indies-2012/engine/match/534202.html Scorecard]<br /> | toss = England Lions won the toss and elected to field.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Two-day: Leicestershire v West Indians===<br /> {{Test match<br /> | date = 2–3 June<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN|name=West Indians}}<br /> | team2 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 150/3 (50 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Darren Bravo]] 66 (97)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Nadeem Malik (cricketer)|Nadeem Malik]] 2/35 (11 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 =<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | venue = [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]]<br /> | umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Russell Evans (cricketer)|Russell Evans]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-west-indies-2012/engine/match/534203.html Scorecard]<br /> | toss = West Indians won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = No play was possible on Day 2 due to rain.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===50-over: Middlesex Panthers v West Indians===<br /> {{Limited overs matches<br /> | date = 13 June<br /> | time = 10:45<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN|name=West Indians}}<br /> | score1 = 335/4 (50 overs)<br /> | score2 = 107 (31 overs)<br /> | team2 = [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex Panthers]]<br /> | runs1 = [[Darren Bravo]] 112[[not out|*]] (112)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Paul Stirling]] 1/26 (7 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Josh Davey]] 24[[not out|*]] (36)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 2/0 (1 over) <br /> | result = West Indians won by 228 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/534204.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Lord's]], London<br /> | umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Steve O'Shaughnessy (cricketer)|Steve O'Shaughnessy]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Middlesex Panthers won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Adam Rossington]] (Middx) made his List A debut.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Tests (Wisden Trophy)==<br /> <br /> ===1st Test===<br /> {{Test match<br /> | date = 17–21 May <br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|ENG}}<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 243 (89.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 87[[not out|*]] (175)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Stuart Broad]] 7/72 (24.5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 398 (113.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Andrew Strauss]] 122 (258)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shannon Gabriel]] 3/60 (21.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 345 (130.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 91 (250)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Stuart Broad]] 4/93 (34 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 193/5 (47 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Alastair Cook]] 79 (127)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kemar Roach]] 3/60 (13 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = England won by 5 wickets<br /> | venue = [[Lord's]], London<br /> | umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)<br /> | motm = [[Stuart Broad]] (Eng)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/534205.html Scorecard]<br /> | toss = England won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Eng) and [[Shannon Gabriel]] (WI) made their Test debuts.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd Test===<br /> {{Test match<br /> | date = 25–29 May <br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|ENG}}<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 370 (109.2 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 117 (261)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Tim Bresnan]] 4/104 (27 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 428 (123.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Andrew Strauss]] 141 (303)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravi Rampaul]] 3/75 (32 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 165 (60.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 76[[not out|*]] (160)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Tim Bresnan]] 4/37 (17 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 111/1 (30.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Andrew Strauss]] 45 (72)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 1/14 (5.4 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = England won by 9 wickets<br /> | venue = [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]<br /> | umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak)<br /> | motm = [[Tim Bresnan]] (Eng)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/534206.html Scorecard]<br /> | toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd Test===<br /> {{Test match<br /> | date = 7–11 June <br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|ENG}}<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 426 (129.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Denesh Ramdin]] 107[[not out|*]] (183)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Graham Onions]] 4/88 (29.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 221/5 (58 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kevin Pietersen]] 78 (81)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Tino Best]] 2/37 (12 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], Birmingham<br /> | umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Tony Hill (umpire)|Tony Hill]] (NZ)<br /> | motm = [[Tino Best]] (WI)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/534207.html Scorecard]<br /> | toss = England won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = No play was possible on Day 1, Day 2 or Day 5 due to rain.<br /> | notes = [[Assad Fudadin]] and [[Sunil Narine]] (both WI) made their Test debuts.<br /> *''[[Tino Best]]'s 95 was the highest score by any number 11 batsman in international cricket.''<br /> *''[[Tino Best]] and [[Denesh Ramdin]] shared a West Indies record 10th-wicket partnership of 143 runs.''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==ODI series==<br /> <br /> ===1st ODI===<br /> {{Limited overs matches<br /> | date = 16 June<br /> | time = 10:45<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}<br /> | score1 = 288/6 (50 overs)<br /> | score2 = 172 (33.4 overs)<br /> | team2 = {{cr|WIN}}<br /> | runs1 = [[Ian Bell]] 126 (117)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 2/43 (9 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Dwayne Smith]] 56 (44)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Tim Bresnan]] 4/34 (7.4 overs)<br /> | result = England won by 114 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/534209.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]<br /> | umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = [[Ian Bell]] (Eng)<br /> | toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = West Indies innings reduced to 48 overs due to rain, with a revised target of 287 runs.<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd ODI===<br /> {{Limited overs matches<br /> | date = 19 June<br /> | time = 10:45<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}<br /> | score1 = 238/9 (50 overs)<br /> | score2 = 239/2 (45 overs)<br /> | team2 = {{cr|ENG}}<br /> | runs1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 77 (82)<br /> | wickets1 = [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] 2/38 (10 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Alastair Cook]] 112 (120)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Darren Sammy]] 2/46 (10 overs)<br /> | result = England won by 8 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-west-indies-2012/engine/match/534210.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[The Oval]], London<br /> | umpires = [[Rob Bailey (cricketer)|Rob Bailey]] (Eng) and [[Tony Hill (umpire)|Tony Hill]] (NZ)<br /> | motm = [[Alastair Cook]] (Eng)<br /> | toss = England won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd ODI===<br /> {{Limited overs matches<br /> | date = 22 June<br /> | time = 10:45<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}<br /> | score1 = <br /> | score2 = <br /> | team2 = {{cr|WIN}} <br /> | runs1 = <br /> | wickets1 = <br /> | runs2 = <br /> | wickets2 = <br /> | result = Match abandoned without a ball bowled<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/534211.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]<br /> | umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = No toss.<br /> | rain = Rain prevented any play.<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==T20I==<br /> <br /> ===Only T20I===<br /> {{Limited overs matches<br /> | date = 24 June<br /> | time = 14:30<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}<br /> | score1 = 172/4 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 173/3 (19.4 overs)<br /> | team2 = {{cr|ENG}}<br /> | runs1 = [[Dwayne Smith]] 70 (54)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Steven Finn]] 2/22 (4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Alex Hales]] 99 (68)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Ravi Rampaul]] 2/37 (4 overs)<br /> | result = England won by 7 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/534208.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]<br /> | umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = [[Alex Hales]] (Eng)<br /> | toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2012}}<br /> ;England<br /> *[[Andrew Strauss]] scored his 20th Test century when he scored 122 in the 1st innings of the 1st Test.<br /> *[[Andrew Strauss]] scored his 21st Test century when he scored 141 in the 1st innings of the 2nd Test.<br /> *[[Stuart Broad]] took his 150th Test wicket in the 1st innings of the 1st Test.<br /> *[[Tim Bresnan]] took his 50th Test wicket in the 2nd innings of the 2nd Test.<br /> *[[Ian Bell]] scored his 2nd ODI century when he scored 126 in the 1st ODI.<br /> *[[Alastair Cook]] scored his 5th ODI century when he scored 112 in the 2nd ODI.<br /> <br /> ;West Indies<br /> *[[Marlon Samuels]] reached 2,000 career Test runs when he scored 117 in the 1st innings of the 2nd Test.<br /> *[[Marlon Samuels]] scored his 3rd Test century when he scored 117 in the 1st innings of the 2nd Test.<br /> *[[Darren Sammy]] scored his 1st Test century when he scored 106 in the 1st innings of the 2nd Test.<br /> *[[Shannon Gabriel]] took his 1st Test wicket when he bowled [[Matt Prior]] in the 1st innings of the 1st Test.<br /> *[[Denesh Ramdin]] scored his 2nd Test century when he scored 107 [[not out]] in the 1st innings of the 3rd Test.<br /> *[[Tino Best]] set the record for the highest score by a number 11 batsman when he scored 95 in the 1st innings of the 3rd Test.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{2012 English cricket season}}<br /> {{International cricket in 2012}}<br /> {{West Indies cricket tours of England}}<br /> {{International cricket tours of England}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:West Indian cricket tours of England|2012]]<br /> [[Category:International cricket competitions in 2012]]<br /> [[Category:2012 in English cricket|West Indies]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhi_Tailor&diff=484301 2025-08-28T08:25:16Z

<p>Renaldo97D: started article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Abhi Tailor serial.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = [[Drama]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | writer = <br /> | director = Suresh Shanmugam<br /> | starring = [[Reshma Muralidharan]] &lt;br&gt; Madhan Pandian<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 398<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | producer = <br /> | company = Media Mogul<br /> | theme_music_composer = Jay Kumarvaasan<br /> | opentheme = <br /> | cinematography = N. Daniel Thinesh<br /> | editor = Umesh Kumar<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 22 minutes<br /> | channel = [[Colors Tamil]]<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|07|19}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|08|19}} <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Abhi Tailor''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series, starring [[Reshma Muralidharan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/reshma-new-serial-in-colors-tv-abi-tailors-trailer-tamil-news-292522/|title=புதிய சீரியலில் புதுப் பொண்ணு ரேஷ்மா: எவ்ளோ நீளமா டயலாக் பேசுறாங்க!|website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/reshma-muralidaran-to-play-a-tailor-in-her-new-show-watch-promo/articleshow/82052176.cms|title=Reshma Muralidaran to play a tailor in her new show; watch promo|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=13 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Madhan Pandian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/love-birds-reshma-muralidharan-madhan-pandian-to-feature-in-abhi-tailor-details-inside/articleshow/84174684.cms|title=Love birds Reshma Muralidharan-Madhan Pandian to feature in 'Abhi Tailor'; details inside|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=6 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/madhan-pandian-is-excited-about-his-upcoming-show-abhi-tailor-urges-fans-to-extend-support/articleshow/84227908.cms|title=Madhan Pandian is excited about his upcoming show 'Abhi Tailor'; urges fans to extend support|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=8 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The show is produced by Media Mogul and directed by Suresh Shanmugam. It aired on [[Colors Tamil]] from 19 July 2021, to 19 August 2022, every Monday to Saturday for 398 episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/colors-tamil-new-serial-abhi-tailor-starts-on-19th-july-2021/articleshow/84215612.cms|title=புது சீரியல் 'அபி டெய்லர்' - ஒளிபரப்பு தேதி, நேரம் அறிவித்த கலர்ஸ் தமிழ் |website=tamil.samayam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/abi-tailor-new-serial-to-telecast-soon-in-colors-tamil-from-may-24/articleshow/82055127.cms|title=அபி டெய்லர்.. கலர்ஸ் தமிழில் தொடங்கும் புது சீரியல்|website=tamil.samayam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also available for [[Streaming television|streaming]] on [[Voot]].<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * [[Reshma Muralidharan]] as Abhirami<br /> * Madhan Pandian as Ashok<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/reshma-pasupuleti-is-all-excited-about-her-new-show-abhi-tailor-read-post/articleshow/84577533.cms|title=Reshma Pasupuleti is all excited about her new show 'Abhi Tailor'; read post - Times of India|website=The Times of India |date=20 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as Anamika: Ashok's elder sister<br /> * [[Sona Heiden]] as Neelambari: Ashok's mother<br /> * [[Farina Azad]] → Keerthi Vijay as Bhavani: Abhirami's friend<br /> * Siddharth Kapilavayi as Jaganathan: Ashok's elder brother-in-law<br /> * Srinivasan → Sathish as Chakravarthy: Ashok's father<br /> * Jayashri Chaki&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/abhi-tailor-fame-jayashree-makes-her-silver-screen-debut/articleshow/86481425.cms|title=Abhi Tailor fame Jayashree makes her silver screen debut|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=24 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as Anandhi: Abhirami's younger sister<br /> * Sanjay Raja as Aravind: Abhirami's younger brother<br /> * Badava Gopi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/badava-gopi-excited-about-his-tv-debut-with-abhi-tailor-read-post/articleshow/83631937.cms|title=Badava Gopi excited about his TV debut with Abhi Tailor; read post|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=20 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/06/27050055/1303347/The-quality-of-standup-comedy-has-come-down-drastically-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805160440/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/06/27050055/1303347/The-quality-of-standup-comedy-has-come-down-drastically-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2021|title=The quality of stand-up comedy has come down drastically: Badava Gopi |website=www.dtnext.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Sundaramoorthy: Abhirami's father<br /> * Vishnu → Santhosh as Atharva: Ashok's younger brother<br /> * Dharani Reddy → Suja Vasan → Chandini Prakash as Vaisali: Ashok's maternal cousin; Viswanathan's daughter<br /> * Kevin as Indrajith: Ashok's maternal cousin; Viswanathan's son<br /> * Mythili Sathyajith → Rekha Angelina as Indira: Ashok's maternal aunt<br /> * Vetri Kiran Kumar → Prakash Rajan as Viswanathan: Ashok's maternal uncle; Neelambari's younger brother<br /> * Anitha Venkat as Subbulakshmi<br /> * Nivy Nivetha as Subathra: Ashok's secretary<br /> * Mani KL → Adaavadi Ansar as Ganesha<br /> * VJ Tara as Dhanalakshmi<br /> * Subhageetha as Deivanai<br /> * Vishnukanth → Sudharsanam as Raghu: Abhi's friend<br /> * [[C. Ranganathan]] as VKR: Raghu's father<br /> * Gemini Mani as Manickam<br /> * KPY Adhi as Narayanan<br /> === Guest ===<br /> * [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath Niwas]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|15081348|Abi Tailor}}<br /> <br /> {{Colors Tamil shows}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language workplace television series]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965_Rajya_Sabha_elections&diff=481845 2025-08-13T08:16:06Z

<p>Renaldo97D: started new entry.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Rajya Sabha elections''' were held on various dates in 1965, to elect members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Indian Parliament]]'s [[upper chamber]].&lt;ref name=&quot;alist&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url= http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |publisher= Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |accessdate= 28 September 2017 |archive-date= 14 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190214083532/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elections==<br /> Elections were held to elect members from various states.<br /> ===Members elected===<br /> The following members are elected in the elections held in 1965. They are members for the term 1965–1971 and retire in year 1971, except in case of the resignation or death before the term.<br /> ''The list is incomplete.''<br /> <br /> State - Member - Party<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Rajya Sabha members for term 1965–1971<br /> ! State !! Member Name !! Party !! Remark<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Jammu and Kashmir || [[M Shafi Quershi]] || OTH || res 23/01/1967 4LS<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Orissa || [[Shraddhakar Supakar]] || INC || 26/02/1967<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Bye-elections==<br /> The following bye elections were held in the year 1965.<br /> <br /> State - Member - Party<br /> <br /> # UP - [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]] - CO ( ele 08/01/1965 term till 1970 )<br /> # Madras - G Lalitha Rajgopalan - INC ( ele 13/01/1965 term till 1970 )<br /> # Manipur - [[Sinam Krishnamohan Singh]] - INC ( ele 13/01/1965 term till 1966 )<br /> # Rajasthan - [[Jagannath_Pahadia]] - INC ( ele 02/03/1965 term till 1966 )21/03/1966<br /> # WB - Debabrata Mookerjee - OTH ( ele 04/11/1965 term till 1968 )<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Rajya Sabha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1965 elections in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|1965]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015%E2%80%9316_I-League_2nd_Division_final_round&diff=482536 2025-08-04T01:51:22Z

<p>Renaldo97D: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{main|2015–16 I-League 2nd Division}}<br /> {{Infobox football tournament season<br /> | title = I-League 2nd Division final round<br /> | year = 2015–16<br /> | other_titles = <br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | country = India<br /> | dates = <br /> | num_teams = 6<br /> | champions = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]<br /> | runner-up = [[Minerva Academy F.C.|Minerva]]<br /> | third = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]<br /> | fourth = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> | continentalcup1 = <br /> | continentalcup1 qualifiers = <br /> | matches = 30<br /> | goals = 70<br /> | attendance = <br /> | top goal scorer = <br /> | player = <br /> | prevseason = [[2015 I-League 2nd Division|2015]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]]<br /> | extra information = <br /> | updated = 23 June 2016<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2015–16 I-League 2nd Division final round''' was the final round of [[2015–16 I-League 2nd Division]]. Three teams each from Eastern Conference and Western Conference played in the final round.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/2nd-division-league/second-division-league-comes-in-new-avatar-kicks-off-on-14th-november/|title=Second Division League Comes In New Avatar; Kicks off on 14th November|date=1 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] were the winner of the tournament, however in spite of earning the promotion, they withdrew from [[2016–17 I-League]].<br /> <br /> ==Teams==<br /> {{location map+ |India<br /> |float=right<br /> |width=350<br /> |alt=Locations of the I-League 2nd Division teams<br /> |caption=Locations of the I-League 2nd Division teams<br /> |places=<br /> <br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=32.73 |long=74.87 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;&quot;&gt;{{nobreak|[[Lonestar Kashmir F.C.|Lonestar Kashmir]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;&quot;&gt;{{nobreak|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=15.49300 |long=73.81800 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;&quot;&gt;{{nobreak|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=27.33 |long=88.62 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;&quot;&gt;{{nobreak|[[Gangtok Himalayan S.C.|Gangtok Himalayan]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=24.82 |long=93.95 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;&quot;&gt;{{nobreak|[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |India |lat=30.75 |long=76.78 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;&quot;&gt;{{nobreak|[[Minerva Academy F.C.|Minerva]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{main|2015–16 I-League 2nd Division}}<br /> <br /> The following teams have qualified for the final round:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;<br /> ! style=background:#ccccff;|Team<br /> ! style=background:#ccccff;|State<br /> ! style=background:#ccccff;|Home Ground<br /> ! style=background:#ccccff;|Capacity<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lonestar Kashmir F.C.|Lone Star Kashmir]]<br /> | [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | [[Bakhshi Stadium]]<br /> | 30,000<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> | [[West Bengal]]<br /> | [[Barasat Stadium]]<br /> | 22,000<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]<br /> | [[Goa]]<br /> | Raia Panchayat Ground <br /> | 6,000<br /> |-<br /> | [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]<br /> | [[Manipur]]<br /> | [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]<br /> | 26,000<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gangtok Himalayan S.C.|Gangtok Himalayan]]<br /> | [[Sikkim]]<br /> | [[Paljor Stadium]]<br /> | 25,000<br /> |-<br /> | [[Minerva Academy F.C.|Minerva]]<br /> | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | [[Guru Nanak Stadium]]<br /> | 15,000<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Table==<br /> &lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style = WDL<br /> |update = complete<br /> |source = [http://i-league.org/second-division-league/results-fixtures-2nd-division/ Results &amp; Fixtures: 2nd Division I-League]<br /> |teamwidth = 135<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Update team positions here--&gt;<br /> |team1 = DSC |team2 = MA |team3 = NFC |team4 = MSC |team5 = GHSC |team6 = LK<br /> |result1 = KO<br /> <br /> |startpoints_MSC = -3<br /> |note_MSC = 3 points are deducted from Mohammedan SC as per the decision taken by the FIFA Disciplinary Committee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fifa-docks-mohammedan-sc-three-points/article8414498.ece|title=FIFA docks Mohammedan SC three points|date=30 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Update team results here and then (if needed positions above). Dont forget to update the date above (update parameter)--&gt;<br /> |win_MA = 5|draw_MA = 3|loss_MA = 2|gf_MA = 14|ga_MA = 11 &lt;!--Minerva--&gt;<br /> |win_LK = 1|draw_LK = 1|loss_LK = 8|gf_LK = 10|ga_LK = 20 &lt;!--Lonestar Kashmir--&gt;<br /> |win_DSC = 7|draw_DSC = 2|loss_DSC = 1|gf_DSC = 16|ga_DSC = 4|status_DSC = CP &lt;!--Dempo--&gt;<br /> |win_MSC = 4|draw_MSC = 3|loss_MSC = 3|gf_MSC = 10|ga_MSC = 8 &lt;!--Mohammedan--&gt;<br /> |win_GHSC = 1|draw_GHSC = 3|loss_GHSC = 6|gf_GHSC = 7|ga_GHSC = 16 &lt;!--Gangtok Himalayan--&gt;<br /> |win_NFC = 5|draw_NFC = 2|loss_NFC = 3|gf_NFC = 13|ga_NFC = 11 &lt;!--NEROC FC--&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Team definitions of lower division(wikilinks in table)--&gt;<br /> |name_MA = [[Minerva Academy F.C.|Minerva]]<br /> |name_LK = [[Lonestar Kashmir F.C.|Lonestar Kashmir]]<br /> |name_DSC = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]<br /> |name_MSC = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> |name_GHSC = [[Gangtok Himalayan S.C.|Gangtok Himalayan]]<br /> |name_NFC = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Table settings and rules--&gt;<br /> |show_limit = 5<br /> |class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) play-off match<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--&gt;<br /> |res_col_header = Q<br /> |col_KO = green1 |text_KO = Promotion to [[I-League]]<br /> }}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;<br /> ===Result table===<br /> &lt;!--It is not feasible to add background colors to cells right now!--&gt;<br /> {{#invoke:Sports results|main<br /> |update=complete|matches_style=FBR<br /> |source=[http://i-league.org/second-division-league/results-fixtures-2nd-division/ Results &amp; Fixtures: 2nd Division]<br /> |team1=DEM |team2=GHSC |team3=LKFC |team4=MAFC |team5=MDSP |team6=NFC<br /> <br /> &lt;!--The reason of using &amp;nbsp; and {{smaller}} to make cells look even, don't mess around unless you know what you're doing--&gt;<br /> |name_MAFC=[[Minerva Academy F.C.|Minerva]] |short_MAFC={{smaller|[[Minerva Academy F.C.|MAFC]]}}<br /> |name_LKFC=[[Lonestar Kashmir F.C.|Lonestar Kashmir]] |short_LKFC=[[Lonestar Kashmir F.C.|LKFC]]<br /> |name_DEM =[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] |short_DEM =[[Dempo S.C.|&amp;nbsp;DSC&amp;nbsp;]]<br /> |name_MDSP=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] |short_MDSP={{smaller|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|MDSP]]}}<br /> |name_GHSC=[[Gangtok Himalayan S.C.|Gangtok Himalayan]] |short_GHSC={{smaller|[[Gangtok Himalayan S.C.|GHSC]]}}<br /> |name_NFC =[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] |short_NFC =[[NEROCA F.C.|&amp;nbsp;NFC&amp;nbsp;]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Minerva Academy home matches--&gt;<br /> |match_MAFC_MAFC=<br /> |match_MAFC_LKFC= 2–1<br /> |match_MAFC_DEM = 0–1<br /> |match_MAFC_MDSP= 1–1<br /> |match_MAFC_GHSC= 2–0<br /> |match_MAFC_NFC = 3–2<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Lonestar Kashmir FC home matches--&gt;<br /> |match_LKFC_MAFC= 2–3<br /> |match_LKFC_LKFC=<br /> |match_LKFC_DEM = 0–1<br /> |match_LKFC_MDSP= 0–1<br /> |match_LKFC_GHSC= 3–2<br /> |match_LKFC_NFC = 1–3<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Dempo home matches--&gt;<br /> |match_DEM_MAFC=3–1<br /> |match_DEM_LKFC=4–1<br /> |match_DEM_DEM =<br /> |match_DEM_MDSP= 0–0<br /> |match_DEM_GHSC= 3–0<br /> |match_DEM_NFC = 3–0<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Mohammedan S.C. home matches--&gt;<br /> |match_MDSP_MAFC=1–2<br /> |match_MDSP_LKFC=1–0<br /> |match_MDSP_DEM =0–0<br /> |match_MDSP_MDSP=<br /> |match_MDSP_GHSC=3–1<br /> |match_MDSP_NFC =2–0<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Gangtok Himalayan S.C. home matches--&gt;<br /> |match_GHSC_MAFC=0–0<br /> |match_GHSC_LKFC=1–1<br /> |match_GHSC_DEM =0–1<br /> |match_GHSC_MDSP=2–1<br /> |match_GHSC_GHSC=<br /> |match_GHSC_NFC =1–1<br /> <br /> &lt;!--NEROCA F.C. home matches--&gt;<br /> |match_NFC_MAFC=0–0<br /> |match_NFC_LKFC=2–1<br /> |match_NFC_DEM =2–0<br /> |match_NFC_MDSP=2–0<br /> |match_NFC_GHSC=1–1<br /> |match_NFC_NFC =<br /> <br /> }}<br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[2015–16 I-League]]<br /> * [[2015–16 I-League 2nd Division]]<br /> * [[2015–16 I-League U18 final round]]<br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.i-league.org Official website]<br /> <br /> {{I-League 2nd Division}}<br /> {{2015–16 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2015-16 I-League 2nd Division final round}}<br /> [[Category:I-League 2 final rounds]]<br /> [[Category:2015–16 in Indian football|I-League 2nd Division]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethune_College&diff=455482 2025-07-15T02:21:05Z

<p>Renaldo97D: expand lead for consistency after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|First women's college in Bengal}}<br /> {{for-multi|the [[Residential college|constituent college]] of York University in [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]] |York University#Colleges and residences|the college in the United States|Bethune-Cookman College}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Bethune College<br /> | native_name =<br /> | image_name = Bethune School-Building.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = Bethune School Building, {{c.|1949}}<br /> | latin_name =<br /> | motto = Viddaya Vindatey Amritam<br /> | mottoeng = knowledge provides immortal bliss<br /> | established = {{start date and age|1879}}<br /> | accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<br /> | type = [[Women's college]]<br /> | affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]]<br /> | endowment =<br /> | officer_in_charge =<br /> | chairman =<br /> | chancellor =<br /> | president =<br /> | vice-president =<br /> | superintendent =<br /> | provost =<br /> | vice_chancellor =<br /> | rector =<br /> | principal = Dr. Rajyasri Roy<br /> | dean =<br /> | director =<br /> | head_label =<br /> | head =<br /> | faculty =<br /> | administrative_staff =<br /> | students =<br /> | undergrad =<br /> | postgrad =<br /> | doctoral =<br /> | other =<br /> | city = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | province =<br /> | country = India<br /> | coor = {{coord|22.5882|N|88.3679|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br /> | campus = Urban<br /> | former_names =<br /> | free_label =<br /> | free =<br /> | sports =<br /> | colors =<br /> | colours =<br /> | nickname =<br /> | mascot =<br /> | athletics =<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.bethunecollege.ac.in/}}<br /> | logo = Bethune College logo.png<br /> | footnotes = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Bethune College<br /> }}<br /> '''Bethune College''' is a women's college located on [[Bidhan Sarani]] in [[Kolkata]], India, and affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]]. It is the oldest women's college in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=LBR |first=Team |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT161 |title=Limca Book of Records: India at Her Best |date=2018-05-05 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351952404 |pages=161 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was established as a girls' school in 1849,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bagal1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bagal |first=Jogesh Chandra |title=Bethune School &amp; College Centenary Volume, 1849–1949 |publisher=Bethune College |year=1949 |editor1-last=Nag |editor1-first=Kalidas |editor1-link=Kalidas Nag |pages=11–12 |chapter=History of the Bethune School &amp; College (1849–1949) |author-link=Jogesh Chandra Bagal |editor2-last=Ghose |editor2-first=Lotika |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/BethuneSchoolAndCollegeCentenaryVolume18491949/page/n31}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|11–12}} and as a college in 1879.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Anima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u4JAAAAMAAJ |title=Higher Education in India in the 19th Century: The American Involvement, 1883-1893 |date=1978 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=249 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Founding of a Hindoo female school in Cornwallis-Square at Calcutta.jpg|thumb|Laying of the foundation stone at Cornwallis Square, November 1850]]<br /> [[File:Bethune College 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A 1999 stamp dedicated to the Bethune Collegiate School]]<br /> The college was founded as the Calcutta Female School in 1849 by [[John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaudhuri1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Poromesh |chapter=Education in Old Calcutta |year=1990 |editor-last=Chaudhuri |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |title=Calcutta: The Living City |volume=I: The Past |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=87 |isbn=978-0-19-563696-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the financial support of Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee. The school started in Mukherjee's home in [[Bowbazar|Baitakkhana]], with 21 girls enrolled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bagal |first=Jogesh Chandra |author-link=Jogesh Chandra Bagal |year=1949 |chapter=History of the Bethune School &amp; College (1849–1949) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/BethuneSchoolAndCollegeCentenaryVolume18491949/page/n31 |editor1-last=Nag |editor1-first=Kalidas |editor1-link=Kalidas Nag |editor2-last=Ghose |editor2-first=Lotika |title=Bethune School &amp; College Centenary Volume, 1849–1949 |publisher=Bethune College |pages=11–12}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, enrolment rose to 80.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Geraldine Hancock |author-link=Geraldine Forbes |year=1999 |title=Women in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&amp;pg=PA39 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=IV.2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=39 |isbn=978-0-521-65377-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November, on a plot on the west side of Cornwallis Square, the cornerstone for a permanent school building was laid. The name &quot;Hindu Female School&quot; was inscribed on the copper-plate placed in the stone and on the ceremonial silver trowel made for the occasion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bagal |first=Jogesh Chandra |author-link=Jogesh Chandra Bagal |year=1949 |chapter=History of the Bethune School &amp; College (1849–1949) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/BethuneSchoolAndCollegeCentenaryVolume18491949/page/n31 |editor1-last=Nag |editor1-first=Kalidas |editor1-link=Kalidas Nag |editor2-last=Ghose |editor2-first=Lotika |title=Bethune School &amp; College Centenary Volume, 1849–1949 |publisher=Bethune College |pages=15–16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Support for the school waned after Bethune's death in August 1851.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes1999&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Stamp of India - 1978 - Colnect 711272 - Centenary of Bethune College Calcutta.jpeg|thumb|Postage stamp of 1978 commemorating the centenary of Bethune College]]<br /> The government took it over in 1856, renaming it Bethune School after its founder in 1862–63.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaudhuri1990&quot; /&gt; In 1879 it was developed into Bethune College, the first women's college in India, and Bethune School was the second (the first being in Bhidewada Pune, by Jyotirao Phule) women's school in all of Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rankings==<br /> {{Infobox India university ranking<br /> | type = College<br /> |NIRF_C_2024=91<br /> }}<br /> The college is ranked 91st among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> *[[Kadambini Ganguly]] (1861–1923), one of the first two female graduates of the British Empire&lt;ref name=&quot;Ray1990&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Chandramukhi Basu]] (1860–1944), one of the first two female graduates of the British Empire&lt;ref name=&quot;Ray1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Bharati |chapter=Women in Calcutta: The Years of Change |year=1990 |editor-last=Chaudhuri |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |title=Calcutta: The Living City |volume=II: The Present and Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=34 |isbn=978-0-19-563697-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Abala Bose]] (1864–1951), social worker&lt;ref name=&quot;Southard1993&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Southard |first=Barbara |date=May 1993 |title=Colonial Politics and Women's Rights: Woman Suffrage Campaigns in Bengal, British India in the 1920s |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=405–406 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00011549 |jstor=312775 |s2cid=145276788 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Meenakshi Chatterjee (1957–2022), Applied Mathematician, and the 5th Indian Woman in Antarctica (as part of the Xth Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica, 1990–91); also the first scientist to represent the University of Calcutta<br /> *[[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]] (1872–1945), promoter of female education<br /> *[[Anwara Bahar Chowdhury]] (1919–1987), social activist and writer<br /> *[[Kamala Das Gupta]] (1907–2000), freedom fighter nationalist&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Durba |date=August 2013 |title=Revolutionary Women and Nationalist Heroes in Bengal, 1930 to the 1980s |journal=Gender &amp; History |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=355–375 |doi=10.1111/1468-0424.12017 |s2cid=143325110}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Amalprava Das]], social worker<br /> *[[Bina Das]] (1911–1986), revolutionary and nationalist&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh2013&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Tista Das]] (born 1978), transsexual actress<br /> *[[Kalpana Datta]] (1913–1995), independence activist&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh2013&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Mira Datta Gupta]] (1907–1983), freedom fighter and activist<br /> *[[Swarnakumari Devi]] (1855–1932), poet, novelist and social worker<br /> *[[Begum Khaleda Zia]], first female [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]<br /> *[[Ashoka Gupta]] (1912–2008), freedom fighter and social worker<br /> *[[Neena Gupta (mathematician)|Neena Gupta]], (b. 1984) mathematician, who has provided a solution to the [[Oscar Zariski|Zariski]] Cancellation Problem<br /> *[[Narmada Kar]] (1893–1980), completed her graduation in 1914 and became the first women graduate of Odisha.<br /> *[[Aditi Lahiri]] (born 1952), academic linguist<br /> *[[Abha Maiti]] (born 1925), politician<br /> *[[Kanak Mukherjee]] (1921–1995), political activist<br /> *[[Khanto Bala Rai]] (born 1897), teacher, school head in Midnapore<br /> *[[Shukhalata Rao]](1886–1969), social worker and children's author<br /> *[[Kamini Roy]] (1864–1933), poet, social worker and feminist&lt;ref name=&quot;Southard1993&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Leela Roy]] (1900–1970), politician and reformer<br /> *[[Shobha Sen]], actress<br /> *[[Amiya Tagore]] (1901–1988), singer<br /> *[[Pritilata Waddedar]] (1911–1932), revolutionary nationalist<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br /> *[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta]]<br /> *[[Education in India]]<br /> *[[Education in West Bengal]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Borthwick |first=Meredith |year=2015 |title=The Changing Role of Women in Bengal, 1849-1905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQPWCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA74 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=74– |isbn=978-1-4008-4390-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Ray |first=Bharati |year=2005 |title=Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=142HAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR44 |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=187– |isbn=978-81-321-0264-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Tattwabhushan |first=Sitanath |author-link=Sitanath Tattwabhushan |year=1904 |title=Social Reform in Bengal: A Side Sketch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM3KAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA43 |location=Calcutta |publisher=City Book Society |pages=43–}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Bethune College}}<br /> * [http://bethuneadmissions.ac.in/ Official website]<br /> <br /> {{University of Calcutta}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]<br /> [[Category:Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1849]]<br /> [[Category:1849 establishments in British India]]</div>

Renaldo97D https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_Vishwanath_Shetty&diff=519197 2025-05-21T15:12:17Z

<p>Renaldo97D: Starting Basic Post First Draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> In 2015 '''Vishwanath Shetty''' was allegedly murdered by [[Popular Front of India]] (PFI) activists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-vowed-justice-for-hindutva-worker-murders-in-karnataka-3-yrs-on-heres-where-cases-stand/855533/|title=BJP vowed ‘justice for Hindutva worker murders’ in Karnataka. 3 yrs on, here's where cases stand|date=3 March 2022|publisher=theprint.in|first=Anusha Ravi|last=Sood|accessdate=30 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=932255|title=Shivamogga: Mother of killed Hindu worker in penury, picks rags for survival|website=www.daijiworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/people-volunteer-to-repair-house-of-communal-clash-victim-in-shivamogga/article65144289.ece|title=People volunteer to repair house of communal clash victim in Shivamogga|date=1 March 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The clash started during a rally by PFI. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/460915/man-dies-group-attacks-him.html|title=Man dies as group attacks him after communal clash|date=20 February 2015|website=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minister [[Kimmane Rathnakar]] gave 5 Lakh to his family. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bolt-from-the-blue-for-this-family/article6918837.ece|title=Bolt from the blue for this family|first=Veerendra|last=P.m|date=21 February 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to police, Vishwanath was allegedly stabbed by PFI activists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/violence-rips-shimoga-section-144-imposed/articleshow/46304418.cms|title=Violence rips Shimoga, Section 144 imposed &amp;#124; Bengaluru News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; 56 people were arrested for violence after his murder in Gajanur village, and seven people were arrested for his murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prohibitory-orders-imposed-in-shimoga-after-communal-clash/|title=Prohibitory orders imposed in Shimoga after communal clash|date=21 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2015/apr/20/3-arrested-for-murder-in-shivamogga-744715.html|title=3 Arrested for Murder in Shivamogga|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Villagers of Gajanur accused PFI of attacking them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/communal-clash-in-shivamogga-56-held-more-arrests-likely-443563.html|title=Communal clash in Shivamogga: 56 held, more arrests likely|date=21 February 2015|website=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2015 murders in India|Shetty, Vishwanath]]<br /> [[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Shimoga]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in India]]<br /> [[Category:2015 in Indian politics]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths by person in India|Shetty, Vishwanath]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths by stabbing in India|Shetty, Vishwanath]]</div>

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