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Anindita Ghose

2026-05-05T18:56:00Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating

{{Short description|Indian author, journalist, editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Anindita Ghose
| image = AninditaGhose1.jpg
| occupation = Author, Journalist
| language = English
| nationality = Indian
| notable_works = ''[[The Illuminated]]''
| website = {{URL|https://aninditaghose.com}}
}}

'''Anindita Ghose''' is an Indian author, journalist, and editor based in Mumbai. Her debut novel, ''[[The Illuminated]]'', was published in 2021.

==Biography==
Ghose completed an MA in Linguistics from the University of Mumbai, and an MA in Arts & Culture Journalism from the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism|Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism]].<ref name="Kirpal 2021">{{cite news |last1=Kirpal |first1=Neha |title=Anindita Ghose: 'I was interested in exploring how much of women's identities are defined by the men in their lives' |url=https://thepunchmagazine.com/the-byword/interviews/anindita-ghose-amp-lsquo-i-was-interested-in-exploring-how-much-of-women-amp-rsquo-s-identities-are-defined-by-the-men-in-their-lives-amp-rsquo |access-date=10 August 2023 |work=The Punch Magazine |date=September 16, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She worked as a journalist at ''The Times of India'', ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]],'' and ''Vogue India''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Biswal |first1=Nikita |title=Anindita Ghose |url=https://www.thewritingdesk.net/anindita-ghose |website=The Writing Desk |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Modi |first1=Chintan Girish |title=Anindita Ghose on her debut novel The Illuminated: 'It is essentially a novel about shifts in perspective' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/anindita-ghose-on-her-debut-novel-the-illuminated-it-is-essentially-a-novel-about-shifts-in-perspective-10499221.html |website=Firstpost |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>

Her debut novel ''[[The Illuminated]]'' was published in the Indian subcontinent by 4th Estate [[HarperCollins]] and by [[Head of Zeus |Head of Zeus (Bloomsbury)]] internationally in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lim |first1=Charmaine |title=Book review: The Illuminated is a nuanced exploration of grief and identity |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/arts/book-review-the-illuminated-is-a-nuanced-exploration-of-grief-and-identity |website=The Straits Times |date=4 February 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cunningham |first1=Anne |title=The Illuminated is an elegant take on the universality of feminism |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/book-reviews/the-illuminated-is-an-elegant-take-on-the-universality-of-feminism-42316559.html |website=Irish Independent |date=29 January 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> It was described by author André Aciman as ‘extraordinary’<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mulji |first1=Priya |title=Shining new light on old practices |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/shining-new-light-on-old-practices/ |website=Eastern Eye |date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> and Peony Hirwani of ''[[The Independent]]'' picked Ghose as one of her nine best upcoming authors from India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/best-upcoming-authors-india-b1982774.html | title=The 9 best upcoming authors from India, from Rijula das to Shakoor Rather | website=[[Independent.co.uk]] | date=29 December 2021 }}</ref>

''The Only City'', an anthology of new short stories on Bombay edited by her, was published by HarperCollins in 2025. A review in ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' called it "tender, chaotic, and irresistibly sincere" and "proof that the short story still endures."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pant |first=Meghna |title=‘The Only City’ by Anindita Ghose: Sea-Saw that is Mumbai |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/the-only-city-by-anindita-ghose-sea-saw-that-is-mumbai/ |work=The Tribune|date=23 November 2025}}</ref>

Her journalism has been published in ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |date=2023-02-19 |title=My grandmother's indulgent recipes show how Indian women express their love |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/feb/19/my-grandmothers-indulgent-recipes-show-how-indian-women-express-their-love |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ''[[The Caravan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghose|first=Anindita|title=Why India must participate in the Venice Biennale|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/far-pavilions-venice-biennale-india|access-date=2023-01-11|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]],''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghose|first=Anindita|date=2022-09-27|title='A friendship stops being intense, but it doesn't stop being strong': Kamila Shamsie|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/interview-kamila-shamsie-eighth-novel-best-of-friends-british-pakistani-writer-anindita-ghose/article65922255.ece|access-date=2023-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'']] India,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghose |first1=Anindita |title=Jhumpa Lahiri on her new book, a new language and a new land |url=https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/jhumpa-lahiri-on-her-new-book-a-new-language-and-a-new-land/ |website=Vogue |date=9 February 2016 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> and [[Kinfolk (magazine)|''Kinfolk'']].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghose|first=Anindita|date=2019-05-07|title=At Work With: Bijoy Jain|url=https://www.kinfolk.com/at-work-with-bijoy-jain/|access-date=2023-01-11|website=Kinfolk|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*''First Proof: The Penguin Book of New Writing from India 6'' (anthology), India, Penguin, October 2010, {{ISBN| 9780143415510}}
*''The Illuminated'', India, 4th Estate [[HarperCollins]], July 2021, {{ISBN|9789354227257}}
*''The Book of Dog'' (anthology), India, [[HarperCollins]], January 2022, ISBN 978-9354893568
*''The Illuminated'', United Kingdom, [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Head of Zeus]], January 2023, {{ISBN| 978-1803289779}}
*''The Only City'' edited by Anindita Ghose (anthology), India, [[HarperCollins]], October 2025, {{ISBN|978-93-6989-325-6}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSANgF_etew Interview with Jonathan Franzen (video)], March 2022, ''Jaipur Literature Festival''
*[https://www.facebook.com/JaipurLitFest/videos/1008348223141302/ In conversation with Shunali Khullar Shroff (video)], March 2022, ''Jaipur Literature Festival''
*[https://asiasociety.org/video/illuminated-anindita-ghose-conversation-nilanjana-s-roy In conversation with Nilanjana Roy (video)], August 2021, ''Asia Society''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghose, Anindita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]

Parag Jain

2026-05-04T00:55:07Z

ReinaSligo4: Done

{{short description|25th Secretary of R&AW}}
{{infobox office holder
| image = Parag Jain IPS.jpg
| caption = Jain in 2025
| preceded = [[Ravi Sinha]]
| office = 25th [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]]
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 1 July 2025
| predecessor = [[Ravi Sinha]]
| office2 = [[Secretary (Security)]] of the [[Special Protection Group]]
| president2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start2 = 12 November 2025
| predecessor2 = Manoj Govil
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]
| service_years = 1989 — present
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|30px]] [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] '''ID No''' - 19891050
}}
| awards = [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] [[Indian Police Medal|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|01|01}}
| birth_place = Nawla village, [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = Seema Jain
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]) [[St Stephen's College, Delhi|St Stephen's College]] [[Delhi University]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 June 2025 |title= Pakistan expert Parag Jain, History '86 @StStephensClg, is new RAW Chief, succeeds Ravi Sinha |url= https://x.com/CafeSSC/status/1939381110573785318?t=4xCwoXdeMOJB5IJ8N8WhAA&s=19|access-date= 21 July 2025 |website= X.com|language=en}}</ref> ([[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]]) [[University of Birmingham]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Abhinandan |date=2025-06-29 |title=New R&AW chief known for humint-techint expertise |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/top-five/new-raw-chief-known-for-humint-techint-expertise |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]]
}}

'''Parag Jain''' (born 1 January 1967) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[bureaucrat]] and [[spymaster]] who is currently serving as the [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing|25th Secretary]] of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] since July 2025 and the [[Secretary (Security)]] of the [[Special Protection Group]] since November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-06-28 |title=Brain behind Operation Sindoor, IPS Parag Jain is new RAW Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/brain-behind-operation-sindoor-ips-parag-jain-is-new-raw-chief/article69748757.ece |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He is known for playing a crucial role in the [[Operation Sindoor]], which was launched by [[India]] in May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Parag Jain, IPS officer who played key role in Op Sindoor, is new R&AW chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parag-jain-1989-batch-ips-officer-who-played-key-role-in-op-sindoor-is-new-research-and-analysis-wing-chief-2747605-2025-06-28 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Jain was born on 1 January 1967 in Nawala village, [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="auto"/> He has completed [[M.A.]] in History from the [[St Stephen's College, Delhi|St Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]] and his [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]] in [[Public Service]] from the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS Civil List (2024) |url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/IPS_Civillist_2024.pdf |website=ips.gov.in}}</ref>

==Career==
Jain joined the [[Indian Police Service]] through [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-28 |title=Parag Jain appointed as new RAW Chief, succeeds Ravi Sinha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/parag-jain-appointed-as-new-raw-chief-succeeds-ravi-sinha/articleshow/122128048.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Jain spent his career both home and abroad. As an [[Senior superintendent#India|SSP]], he served at [[Chandigarh]]. Later he was appointed as DIG of the [[Ludhiana]] range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=চক্রবর্তী |first=দেবদীপ |date=2025-06-28 |title=পাকিস্তানের খুঁটিনাটি নখদর্পণে, নতুন 'র' প্রধান কে এই পরাগ জৈন? |url=https://eisamay.com/nation/parag-jain-ips-appointed-as-raw-head-know-the-details/200388664.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Who is Parag Jain? Operation Sindoor's intel head appointed as new R&AW chief; to take charge on July 1 - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/who-is-parag-jain-operation-sindoors-intel-head-appointed-as-new-raw-chief-to-take-charge-on-july-1-482290-2025-06-28 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2005, he was awarded the [[Indian Police Medal|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]].

Reportedly, while assigned at [[Hoshiarpur]], he fought against terrorists part of the [[Khalistan Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='অপারেশন সিঁদুর'-এ চিনিয়ে দেন পাক জঙ্গিঘাঁটি, সেই আইপিএস পরাগ জৈন এ বার 'র'-এর প্রধান |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/ips-officer-of-1989-batch-parag-jain-will-be-new-chief-of-research-and-analysis-wing-raw-dgtl/cid/1614807 |website=anandabazar.com}}</ref> He was known to handle affairs related to Pakistan within R&AW. He was serving at Kashmir during the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] and [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abrogation of Article 370]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Parag Jain, RAW's new chief and a 'super sleuth' who enabled precision strikes during Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/meet-parag-jain-raws-new-chief-and-a-super-sleuth-who-enabled-precision-strikes-during-operation-sindoor-11751103427536.html |website=livemint.com |date=28 June 2025 }}</ref> As foreign deputation, he was posted at [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Canada]]. While posted in Canada, he oversaw Khalistani activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior IPS Officer Parag Jain, Who Played Key Role In Op Sindoor, To Head RAW: Source |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ips-officer-parag-jain-who-played-key-role-in-op-sindoor-to-head-raw-source-8784075 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, he was promoted to the rank of [[Director General of Police]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-06-28 |title=Senior IPS officer Parag Jain appointed as new R&AW chief |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/senior-ips-officer-parag-jain-appointed-as-new-raw-chief-1503450877.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Parag Jain, The IPS Officer Appointed As India's New R&AW Chief? |url=https://www.news18.com/india/who-is-parag-jain-the-ips-officer-appointed-as-indias-new-raw-chief-ws-l-9409476.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On the time of promotion, he was on deputation to the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab government promotes three IPS officers to DGP rank |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-government-promotes-three-ips-officers-to-dgp-rank-192268/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to his appointment as Secretary of R&AW, he led the [[Aviation Research Centre]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-06-28 |title=Punjab cadre 1989-batch IPS Parag Jain appointed R&AW chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/28/punjab-cadre-1989-batch-ips-parag-jain-appointed-raw-chief |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> where he intensified the use of satellites and modernised the existing spy planes. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Priolon |first=Grégory |date=2025-09-26 |title=Parag Jain, the new head of Indian intelligence confronts Pakistan, China tensions |url=https://www.intelligenceonline.com/asia-pacific/2025/09/26/parag-jain-the-new-head-of-indian-intelligence-confronts-pakistan-china-tensions,110526639-art |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Intelligence Online |language=en}}</ref>

On November 12, 2025, he was given the additional charge of the Secretary ([[Special Protection Group|Security]]), administrative head of the elite force that protects the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=R&AW Chief Parag Jain given additional charge as Secretary (Security), Cabinet Secretariat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/12/raw-chief-parag-jain-given-additional-charge-as-secretary-security-cabinet-secretariat |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Parag}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]

C. S. Meenakshi

2026-05-02T05:51:35Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating details

{{Short description|Indian engineer and writer (born 1962)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = C. S. Meenakshi
| image = State of the Map Kerala 2024 Day 1 (193).jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|03|28}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala
| occupation = Engineer, writer and public speaker
| years_active =
| death_place =
| death_date =
| alma_mater = [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]]
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Bhaumachapam- Indian Bhoopada nirmmanatthinte vismaya charithra''| ''Penpattu Tarakal- Malayala Chalachitra Ganangalile Pennavishkarangal''}}
| spouse = Ajith Kumar
| children =
| parents =
| awards = {{bullet list|G.N. Pillai Award, given by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]]|[[O. V. Vijayan Literary Award]]}}
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''C. S. Meenakshi''' is an Indian engineer, writer and public speaker from [[Kozhikode]], Kerala. She has received several awards including the G.N. Pillai Award that was given by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], the [[O. V. Vijayan Literary Award]], the Kerala Science and Technology Council's Popular Writing Award, the Kerala Film Critics Association's Mannarakkayam Baby Award for Best Film Book, and the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]].

==Biography==
C. S. Meenakshi C.S. was born on 28th March 1962.<ref name="KAF">{{cite web |title=C.S. Meenakshi- Speaker in Kerala Architectural Festival KAF –2019{{!}} Keralaarchitecturalfestival.com |url=http://www.keralaarchitecturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MTIz |website=www.keralaarchitecturefestival.com}}</ref> She is a native of Kozhikode.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=സി എസ്‌ മീനാക്ഷി വെള്ളിത്തിരയിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/district-news/-85521/---73822 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=en}}</ref> After completing degree in Civil engineering from [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]], she worked in Neyveli Lignite Corporation, [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]], [[Kerala Water Authority]] and retired from the [[Local Self Government Department (Kerala)|Kerala Local Self Government Department]] as the Executive Engineer.<ref name="KAF"/><ref name="KLF">{{cite web |title=C S Meenakshi |url=https://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakerview/516/c-s-meenakshi |website=keralaliteraturefestival.com |publisher=[[Kerala Literature Festival]]}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Meenakshi is married to Ajith Kumar, a retired superintending engineer from the Irrigation Department, poet and documentary director.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Literary contributions==
''Bhaumachapam- Indian Bhoopada nirmmanatthinte vismaya charithram'' [Meaning:The Arc of the Earth - The Amazing History of Indian Mapmaking] written by Meenakshi is a scholarly book that tells the history of the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]], which was conducted in India from 1802 to 1871.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഇന്ത്യൻ ഭൂപട നിർമ്മാണത്തിന്റെ വിസ്മയ ചരിത്രം - സി.എസ്.മീനാക്ഷി - LUCA TALK |url=https://luca.co.in/cs-meenakshi-talk/ |website=luca.co.in |publisher=[[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] |date=18 June 2025}}</ref> The book by Meenakshi, a civil engineer, has been foreword by [[Anand (writer)|Anand]], a writer and civil engineer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ഭൗമചാപം - ഇന്ത്യൻ ഭൂപടനിർമ്മാണത്തിന്റെ വിസ്മയ ചരിത്രം: രസകരമായൊരു ഭൂപടവായന |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/book-shelf/778719 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref> The book has six chapters. The first two chapters discuss various topics such as the history of the survey, the colonial interests behind the survey, and how the survey helped the British occupation.<ref name=":0" /> The third chapter discusses the various surveys conducted by the British till then, such as the Revenue Survey, Topographical Survey, Leveling Survey, and Irrigation Survey.<ref name=":0" /> The fourth chapter explains the scientific aspects of the GTS, the interesting experiences related to the survey, and the difficulties the survey team had to overcome.<ref name=":0" /> The fifth chapter is about the survey team's journeys across the various terrains of the subcontinent, the various mountains and rivers in these places, the shortcuts used to conduct the survey in inhospitable places, the journeys, routes, and challenges they faced, including the foreigners and the locals they appointed.<ref name=":0" /> Chapter 6 depicts the Indians in this British survey and how the survey was viewed by ordinary people in India (fears, superstitions, and defenses).<ref name=":0" />

Meenakshi's ''Penpattu Tarakal- Malayala Chalachitra Ganangalile Pennavishkarangal'' [meaning: Paths of Female Singers-How women are mentioned in Malayalam flim songs], which meticulously analyzes the role of women in the Malayalam film and music industry, also deals with various streams of music, history of songs, interventions of classical music, singing styles, and dominant tendencies along with the history of Malayalam film singers from the old generation to the new generation.<ref name="manoramaonline">{{cite news |title=കർപ്പൂരനാളമായ് ഇനിയും കത്തിയെരിയുമെന്നോ, കണ്ണീരിൽ മുങ്ങും തുളസിക്കതിരാകുമെന്നോ; പാട്ടുകളുടെ ജുഡീഷ്യൽ കമ്മിറ്റി റിപ്പോർട്ടും പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/bookreview/2024/08/27/book-review-penpaattuthaarakal-by-c-s-meenakshi.html |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=പെൺപാട്ടുതാരകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/new-books/2024/06/08/book-penpaattuthaarakal-by-c-s-meenakshi.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref>

The book ''Penpattu Tarakal'' is divided into three sections: Uravakal, Pennuruvakal, and Uriyadal. In the first section, Uravakal, the author explains how gender roles work in music. In this, the author argues with reason that from the Puranas to the philosophers and social reformers known in Kerala history, women have been objectified.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title='പെണ്‍പാട്ടു താരകള്‍' പറയും; 'ആഘോഷമാക്കിയ ഒരുപാട് ചലച്ചിത്രഗാനങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് മറ്റൊരു അര്‍ഥംകൂടിയുണ്ട്' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/reviews/author-c-s-meenakshi-penpaattuthaarakal-book-review-mathrubhumi-books-88461d85 |work=@mathrubhumi |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=22 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In the second chapter of Uravakal, discussions about women's participation in non-cinematic music genres in Kerala come to the fore.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

The second and main part, Pennuruvangal, examines the cultural history of Malayalam film songs spanning eight and a half decades, chronologically.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> The third part, Uriyadalal, deals with the marginalization and misadventures of female artists in the music industry.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> It also includes an interview with Vimala B. Varma, the singer from Nirmala, the first Malayalam film to feature a playback song, followed by detailed notes on important female singers in the history of Malayalam film songs.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

Her third book, ''Anpenthiya Villali'', about poet and lyricist [[P. Bhaskaran]], was released in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=എഴുത്തുകാരി വെള്ളിത്തിരയിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.metrovaartha.com/entertainment/writer-to-actor-cs-meenakshi#google_vignette |work=Metro Vaartha |date=14 November 2025 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Meenakshi played the role of a teacher in 'Bhagyalakshmi', directed by Sajinlal, with journalist Babu Velappay's story and screenplay written.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Awards and honors==
In 2019, Meenakshi received the G.N. Pillai Award that is given by the Kerala Sahitya Akademi for the second-place work in the non-fiction category for her work ''Bhaumachapam- Indian Bhoopada nirmmanatthinte vismaya charithram''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അവാർഡുകൾ |url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Kerala Sahithya Academi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-02-15 |title=2019 ലെ കേരളാ സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; എസ്. ഹരീഷിന്‍റെ 'മീശ' മികച്ച നോവൽ |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/2019-kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-2019-announced |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> This book also received the Kerala Science and Technology Council's Popular Writing Award, and the [[O. V. Vijayan Literary Award]].<ref name="KLF"/> Her book titled, ''Penpattu Tharakal - Malayala Chalachitra Ganangalile Pennavishkarangal'', received the Satyajit Ray Film Society Award, and the Kerala Film Critics Association's Mannarakkayam Baby Award for Best Film Book of 2024.<ref name="KLF"/><ref>{{cite news |title=ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്സ് മണ്ണാറക്കയം ബേബി പുരസ്‌കാരം സി.എസ്. മീനാക്ഷിക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/cs-meenakshi-film-critics-award-eetc0zwi |work=@mathrubhumi |date=29 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, her book ''Penpattu Tharakal'', received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]].<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meenakshi, C. S.}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Government Engineering College, Thrissur, alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Seer Jagir

2026-05-01T13:34:29Z

ReinaSligo4: Post

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Seer Jagir
| official_name = Seer Jagir
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| motto =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|34.2701|74.4594|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sopore]]
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_acre =
| population_total = 7997
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193202<ref>{{cite web |title=SEER Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/jammu-and-kashmir/baramulla/seer-pincode-193202.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=23 July 2022}}</ref>
| postal2_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 01954
| registration_plate = JK-05
| blank_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank_info_sec1 = 56.81%
| blank_name_sec2 = Village Code
| blank_info_sec2 = 002191
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|barammulla.nic.in}}
| area_total_ha = 471.5
}}

'''Seer Jagir''' is a census village in the Sopore tehsil of [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Quraishi |first=Zaheer Masood |title=Elections & State Politics of India : A Case-study of Kashmir |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |year=1979 |location=Delhi |pages=76 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherji |first=Nirmalangshu |title=December 13, Terror Over Democracy |publisher=Promilla & Co., Publishers in association with Bibliophile South Asia |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-85002-54-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=119 |language=English}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Seer Jagir has a total population of 7,997 people including 4,085 males and 3,912 with a literacy rate of 56.81%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract data for scheduled tribes, Jammu and Kashmir - District Baramula - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6199/download/9276/DDW_PCA0108_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112553/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41906/download/45537/PCA_ST0108_2011_MDDS_DDW.xlsx |archive-date=23 July 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Santha Rama Rau

2026-04-29T04:40:03Z

ReinaSligo4: Added

{{Short description|American writer (1923–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Santha Rama Rau
| image = SanthaRamaRauPic.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1923|1|24}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[British India]] (now Chennai, [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|4|21|1923|1|24}}
| death_place = [[Amenia, New York|Amenia]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
| occupation =
| nationality = 
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Wellesley College]], [[Wellesley, Massachusetts|Wellesley]], [[Massachusetts]]
| period =
| genre = Travel writer, novelist, playwright
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''This is India'' (1953) (novel) ''[[A Passage to India (play)|A Passage to India]]'' (1960) (play adaptation)
| spouse = [[Faubion Bowers]] (1951–1966; divorced) Gurdon Wattles (1970–1995; his death)
| partner = ((Faubion Bowers))
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Santha Rama Rau''' (24 January 1923 – 21 April 2009)<ref name=NYTObit>{{cite news|title=Santha Rama Rau, Who Wrote of India's Landscape and Psyche, Dies at 86|first=Bruce|last=Weber|date=24 April 2009|accessdate=27 April 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/arts/24ramarau.html}}</ref> was an [[India]]n-born [[Indian American|American]] writer.

==Early life and background==

While Santha's father was a [[Konkani people|Konkani]] [[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin]] from [[Kanara]]. Her mother was a [[Kashmiri Brahmin]] from North India, who grew up in [[Hubli]].<ref name="Antoinette M. Burton">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vjetvMK6eV0C&q=Santha+Rama+Rau+kashmiri&pg=PA116| title = The postcolonial careers of Santha Rama Rau| date = 26 September 2007|publisher = [[Duke University Press]]| isbn = 978-0822390503|quote=Here Rama Rau details how her mother's ancestors had fled Muslim invaders three hundred years ago ("to settle inappropriately enough, in another Muslim stronghold, Allahabad"). Despite being migrants-and, of course, because of it-the women of the family preserved Kashmiri customs such as brewing green tea, cooking in ghee as opposed to oil, and preferring a variety of breads to rice. In all of this, their fierce sense of origins, their strong feeling for the "Kashmiri Brahmin" community," remained undiminished even though they were exiled in uncomprehending, if not hostile territory.|accessdate = 2007-03-25}}</ref>

In her early years, Rama Rau lived in an India under [[United Kingdom|British]] rule. When aged 5 and a half, with her 8-year-old sister Premila, she briefly attended an Anglo-Indian School where the teacher anglicized their names. Santha's name was changed to Cynthia and her sister's was changed to Pamela. The environment there they found to be condescending, as their teacher told them that "Indians cheat". They walked home, and never returned to that school. The incident was recounted in Rama Rau's short memoir entitled "By Any Other Name".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rama Rau |first1=Santha |title=By Any Other Name |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1951/03/17/by-any-other-name-2 |website=By Any Other Name |publisher= The New Yorker |access-date=27 June 2022 |date=March 17, 1951}}</ref>

==Career==
When India won its independence in 1947, Rama Rau's father was appointed as his nation's first [[ambassador]] to [[Japan]]. While in [[Tokyo]], Japan, she met her future husband, an [[United States|American]], [[Faubion Bowers]]. After extensive traveling through Asia and a bit of Africa and Europe, the couple settled in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. Rama Rau became an instructor in the English language faculty of [[Sarah Lawrence College]], [[Bronxville, New York|Bronxville]], New York, in 1971, also working as a freelance writer.

She adapted the novel ''[[A Passage to India]]'', with author [[E. M. Forster]]’s approval, for the theater. The play [[A Passage to India (play)|of the same name]] was produced for the [[Oxford Playhouse]], [[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]], moved to the [[West End theatre|West End]] in [[London]], United Kingdom, in 1960 for 261 performances, and then on to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in New York City where it was staged 109 times. It was adapted by John Maynard and directed by [[Waris Hussein]] for BBC television's ''[[Play of the Month]]'' in 1965. Although the film rights originally required Rama Rau to write the screenplay, director [[David Lean]] found her draft unsatisfactory and was able to reject it, although she is still credited in the titles because he still used some of her dialogue.<ref>{{cite web|last=McGee|first=Scott|url=https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/152548|title=A Passage to India|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

Rama Rau is the author of ''Home to India'', ''East of Home'', ''This is India'', ''Remember the House'' (a novel), ''My Russian Journey'', ''Gifts of Passage'', ''The Adventuress'', (a novel), ''View to the Southeast'', and ''An Inheritance'', as well as co-author (with [[Gayatri Devi]]) of ''A Princess Remembers: the memoirs of the Maharani of Jaipur''.<ref>{{Cite web|author=RASHMEE ROSHAN LALL|date=Jul 30, 2009|title=Gayatri Devi: A maharani and a beauty {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gayatri-Devi-A-maharani-and-a-beauty/articleshow/4834040.cms|access-date=2021-01-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She married [[Faubion Bowers]] in 1951 and had one son, Jai Peter Bowers in 1952.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} The couple divorced in 1966. In 1970, Rama Rau married Gurdon B. Wattles, and had no children. Faubion Bowers died in November 1999.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
Mukherjee, Durba and Sayan Chattopadhyay. "Passage through India: self-fashioning in Santha Rama Rau's Indian Travel Writings." ''Studies in Travel Writings'' 24 (4), 366 - 384: 2020. <https://doi.org/10.1080/13645145.2021.1946735>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rau, Santha Rama}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:American dramatists and playwrights of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College faculty]]
[[Category:Wellesley College alumni]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:American women academics]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American people of Konkani descent]]
[[Category:American people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Arjun Maini

2026-04-28T10:38:47Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating

{{short description|Indian racing driver (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| name = Arjun Maini
| image = Arjun Maini 2022.jpg
| caption = Maini in 2022
| nationality = {{flagicon|IND}} Indian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| relatives = [[Kush Maini]] (brother) [[Chetan Maini]] (uncle)
| racing_licence = [[File:FIA Silver Driver.png|12px]] FIA Silver {{small|(until 2019)}} [[File:FIA Gold Driver.png|12px]] [[FIA Gold Categorisation|FIA Gold]] {{small|(2020–)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2019/11/19/2020-fia-driver-categorisation-list-published.html|title=2020 FIA Driver Categorisation List Published|website=Dailysportscar|last=Goodwin|first=Graham|date=19 November 2019|access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
| current_series = [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]]
| first_year = [[2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2021]]
| current_team = [[Hubert Haupt|HRT]] [[Ford Performance]]
| car_number = 36
| former_teams = GetSpeed
| starts = 80 (82 entries)
| wins = 0
| poles = 1
| fastest_laps = 0
| best_finish = 7th
| year = [[2024 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2024]]
| last_finish =
| titles =
| title_years =
| awards =
| award_years =
| updated =
|podiums=3|module={{Infobox racing driver|embed=yes
| current_series = [[GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GTWC Europe Endurance Cup]]
| first_year = [[2022 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|2022]]
| current_team = HRT [[Ford Performance]]
| car_number = 64
| former_teams =
| starts = 21
| wins = 3
| podiums = 11
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 0
| best_finish = 2nd
| year = [[2024 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|2024]] (Bronze Cup)
| prev_series = [[FIA Formula 2 Championship]] [[GP3 Series]] [[FIA Formula 3 European Championship]]
| prev_series_years = [[2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship|2018]]–[[2019 FIA Formula 2 Championship|19]] [[2016 GP3 Series|2016]]–[[2017 GP3 Series|17]] [[2015 FIA Formula 3 European Championship|2015]]–[[2016 FIA Formula 3 European Championship|16]]
}}}}

'''Arjun Maini''' (born 10 December 1997)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Arjun Maini {{!}} Young Drivers {{!}} British Racing Drivers' Club|url = http://www.brdc.co.uk/Arjun-Maini|website = www.brdc.co.uk|access-date = 2016-02-17|archive-date = 10 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310235843/http://www.brdc.co.uk/Arjun-Maini|url-status = dead}}</ref> is an Indian professional racing driver, currently competing in the [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]], and in the [[GT World Challenge Europe]] for [[Haupt Racing Team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Graham |date=2025-04-03 |title=Mardenborough Return Headlines HRT Ford Endurance Cup Roster |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2025/04/03/mardenborough-return-headlines-hrt-ford-endurance-cup-roster.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=www.dailysportscar.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GetSpeeds Schlüssel zum Einstieg: Ex-Haas-Tester soll erster DTM-Inder werden|url=https://www.motorsport-total.com/dtm/news/getspeeds-schluessel-zum-einstieg-ex-haas-tester-soll-erster-dtm-inder-werden-21032401|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Motorsport-Total.com|language=de}}</ref> He is currently a [[Ford Performance#Factory drivers|Ford Factory]] driver.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Euwema |first=Davey |date=2025-01-30 |title=Maini, Owega, Schumacher Added to Ford Factory Roster – Sportscar365 |url=https://sportscar365.com/industry/maini-owega-schumacher-added-to-ford-factory-roster/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=sportscar365.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He was the winner of [[Force India]]'s 'One in a Billion' driver hunt in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-28 |title=Arjun Maini wins Force India's One in a Billion driver hunt {{!}} Formula 1 News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/arjun-maini-wins-force-indias-one-in-a-billion-driver-hunt-1564269 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Maini comes from a family of racers. His brother [[Kush Maini|Kush]] is also a racer competing in the [[FIA Formula 2 Championship]] with [[ART Grand Prix]], and his father, Gautam, raced in the National Racing Championship in the late 1990s, at the [[Formula Maruti|Formula India Single Seater Maruti Engine]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Maini siblings on fast track|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/article278980.ece?|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160223145056/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/article278980.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 23 February 2016|website = The New Indian Express|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Arjun and Kush Maini: India's answer to Schumacher brothers? - Firstpost|url = http://www.firstpost.com/sports/arjun-and-kush-maini-indias-answer-to-schumacher-brothers-1444503.html|website = Firstpost| date=24 March 2014 |access-date = 2016-02-17|language = en-US}}</ref> The teenager first fell in love with motorsport when his father gave him an electric car. Maini received his first go-kart, an 80cc Comer Kart at the age of five.

Maini's uncle [[Chetan Maini]] is an Indian business magnate best known for building India's first electric car, [[REVAi|REVA]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/formula-1-how-arjun-maini-went-from-talented-rookie-to-haas-f1-teams-development-driver-3439880.html|title=Formula 1: How Arjun Maini went from talented rookie to Haas F1 Team's development driver - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=12 May 2017 |access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref> and as the Founder of Reva Electric Car Company Ltd, now Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited, where he served as an advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/road-to-electric/chetan-maini-back-in-the-electric-mobility-business/49411/1|title=Chetan Maini: Back in the electric mobility business {{!}} Forbes India|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref>

Maini idolises [[Sebastian Vettel]] and in his free time enjoys wrestling, cycling, fitness activities and video editing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Arjun Maini - JK Tyre Motorsport|url = http://www.jktyremotorsport.com/arjun_maini|website = www.jktyremotorsport.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref>

== Junior career ==

=== Karting ===
Maini received his first go-kart, an 80cc Comer Kart, at the age of 5. At the young age of 8, Maini won his first two championships, the MRF Mini Max Championship in both the Rotax class and the 4-stroke Cadet class in his first year of racing. After his first titles, Maini raced on foreign soil for the first time in the Asia Max championship, which led to immediate success.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arjunmaini36.com/aboutus.html|title=Arjun Maini|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823165233/http://www.arjunmaini36.com/aboutus.html|archive-date=2017-08-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008, Maini became the youngest Indian to win a kart race abroad by winning the Malaysian Royal Kelantan Kart Prix held in 2008.<ref name=":2" />

Maini was the youngest driver to take part in the J.K. Tyre Rotax Max Junior Max National championship at the age of 11. He was selected by the Red Rooster Racing Team in 2009.<ref name=":4" /> He then took part in the Rotax Max Challenge India - Junior in 2010 and finished in 2nd place, with the highest number of fastest laps.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/rotax-max-challenge-india---junior/2010/|title=Rotax Max Challenge India - Junior 2010 standings {{!}} Driver Database|website=www.driverdb.com|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> Maini's major breakthrough came in 2011 where he won the J.K.Tyre Rotax Max National Karting Championship title in the Junior Max category and followed this up by becoming the Sahara Force India team's One from a Billion winner. He was also the winner of AKOC race in Macau as well as the Ask KF3 Race in Elite, Malaysia. He finished second overall in the AKS Malaysian Championship 2011.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

In his penultimate year of karting, Maini finished a creditable fifth in the ROK Cup International Final in Junior ROK category. Maini was awarded the best rookie at Rowrah while racing in the MSA British Karting Championship. He also finished in second place in Junior category in the Indonesia Kart Prix 2012 along with first place in the Junior max category in Rotax Invitational Karting Race held at Kuala Lumpur.<ref name=":4" />

=== Lower formulas ===
Maini then stepped up into cars in 2013. He finished runner up in the J.K.Tyre Racing Series championship, winning two races at the Buddh International Circuit as well as winning the Malaysian Super 6 Series. He also competed in the WSK Euro and Master karting in the KF category.<ref name=":4" />

In 2014, Maini then went on to compete in the [[BRDC Formula 4 Championship|BRDC Formula 4 championship]]; finishing second overall and missing out on the championship by three points to teammate George Russell. He finished the championship with eight wins and nine podium finishes. He was also the highest ranked Indian driver in the Driver Database <ref name=":0" />[[File:Arjun Maini at Belgian GP 2017.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Maini at the GP3 race at the 2017 Belgian GP]]

At the beginning of 2015, Maini showed remarkable pace in the [[2015 Toyota Racing Series|Toyota Racing Series]] in New Zealand en route to a 4th overall in the championship with two wins, five podiums and three poles. He also finished fourth overall in Race 2 of the Pau Grand Prix. However, a learning year in the FIA European Formula 3 series meant he could only manage 18th overall and ninth in the rookie class. Maini did manage to end the season on a high, finishing tenth at the [[2015 Macau Grand Prix|Macau Grand Prix]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/arjun-maini-on-track-to-formula-one/article7291754.ece|title=On track to Formula One|last=Achal|first=Ashwin|date=2015-06-07|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-03}}</ref>

=== GP3 Series ===
==== 2016 ====
[[File:Arjun Maini at 2017 Abu Dhabi F2 test.jpg|alt=Arjun Maini with the Russian Time team at the Abu Dhabi F2 post season test|left|thumb|Maini with the Russian Time team at the Abu Dhabi F2 post season test]]
In 2016, Maini raced for [[Jenzer Motorsport]] in the [[GP3 Series|GP3 series]], he finished the season in tenth position in the championship despite missing the first four races. He also became the first Indian to secure a podium in the [[GP3 series]] at [[Hungaroring]], after finishing second.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/gp3-series/2016/|title=Driver Database|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Maini also raced in the Macau GP for Team Motopark.

==== 2017 ====
Maini signed for [[Jenzer Motorsport|Jenzer]] again in 2017, for his second stint in the [[2017 GP3 Series|GP3 Series]]. He scored two podiums, including a victory in the sprint race at [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya]], and ended up 9th in the championship, two positions behind teammate [[Alessio Lorandi]].

=== FIA Formula 2 Championship ===
At the end of 2017, Maini took part in a post season test in Abu Dhabi with F2 teams Trident and Russian Time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-30|title=Arjun Maini tests with Formula 2 champion team Russian Time|language=en|work=hindustantimes.com/|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/arjun-maini-tests-with-fomula-2-champion-team-russian-time/story-G2hrYwLKT6rpdQCtufk4hI.html|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>

==== 2018 ====
Maini signed for [[Trident Racing]] in the [[2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship]], partnering with fellow [[Haas F1 Team]] development driver [[Santino Ferrucci]].

While driving in a race at [[Circuit Paul Ricard]], Maini said over the radio that the car lacked power and tearfully claimed people didn't believe him and didn't support him, and that Formula 2 was not providing good equipment.<ref>[https://us.motorsport.com/fia-f2/news/maini-killing-our-careers-new-car-issues-1047413/3128422/ "Maini: F2 "killing our careers" with new car issues"], Motorsport.com</ref><ref>[https://www.foxsports.com.au/news/f2-france-haas-f1-junior-driver-arjun-maini-delivers-foulmouthed-tirade-on-team-radio/news-story/43d7612704b41a330031c26d3179c3c9 "F2 France: Haas F1 junior driver Arjun Maini delivers foul-mouthed tirade on team radio"], Fox Sports Australia</ref> The Trident team analyzed data and agreed and approached F2, and Maini was given a new engine shortly after.<ref>[https://www.autosport.com/formula2/news/haas-f1-junior-arjun-maini-gets-new-engine-from-formula-2-5296882/5296882/ "Haas F1 junior Arjun Maini gets new engine from Formula 2"], Autosport.com</ref>

Later that season, teammate Ferrucci ran Maini off the track in a race at [[Silverstone Circuit]] and then crashed into the back of Maini's car later in the same race after the checkered flag had been waved, both of which were found to be deliberate actions, and Trident apologized to Maini.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.racefans.net/2018/07/08/trident-apologises-to-maini-after-ferrucci-is-banned-for-collision/ | title=Trident apologises to Maini after team mate Ferrucci receives four-race ban | date=8 July 2018 }}</ref> Ferrucci also "appeared to mock" Maini on Twitter over Maini's rant about the car's power.<ref>[https://www.racefans.net/2018/07/08/trident-apologises-to-maini-after-ferrucci-is-banned-for-collision/ "Trident apologises to Maini after team mate Ferrucci receives four-race ban"]</ref>

Ferrucci was banned for several races and was fired by Trident shortly thereafter, due to these incidents and others.<ref>[https://www.thedrive.com/accelerator/22242/trident-f2-shows-santino-ferrucci-the-door-for-ramming-teammate "Trident F2 Shows Santino Ferrucci the Door for Ramming Teammate"], The Drive</ref><ref>[https://www.autosport.com/formula2/news/trident-f2-team-ready-to-take-action-against-dropped-ferrucci-5290384/5290384 "Trident F2 team ready to take action against dropped Ferrucci", Autosport]</ref>

==== 2019 ====
[[File:FIA F2 Austria 2019 Nr. 14 Maini.jpg|thumb|Maini with [[Campos Racing]] at the [[2019 Spielberg Formula 2 round]], replacing [[Dorian Boccolacci]]]]
Maini replaced [[Dorian Boccolacci]] at [[Campos Racing]] in the [[2019 FIA Formula 2 Championship]] at [[2019 Spielberg Formula 2 round|Spielberg]]. He raced in six races, scoring no points, before being replaced by [[Marino Sato]].

== Formula One ==
In May 2017, it was announced that the [[Haas F1 Team]] signed Maini as a development driver.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Haas sign Indian racer Arjun Maini|work=Formula1.com|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2017/5/haas-sign-indian-racer-arjun-maini.html|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031440/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2017/5/haas-sign-indian-racer-arjun-maini.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He remained in his role throughout 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maini to continue in Haas development role|work=Formula1.com|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2018/3/maini-to-continue-in-haas-development-role.html|access-date=2018-03-29|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051005/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2018/3/maini-to-continue-in-haas-development-role.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Endurance racing ==
Maini changed from single seaters to Endurance racing in the [[European Le Mans Series]] with RLR M SPORT. He also competed in the prestigious [[2019 24 Hours of Le Mans]] as well as competing in the Asian Le Mans Series where he won the first race at [[Shanghai International Circuit]].

== DTM ==
[[File:2023-05-28 Motorsport, DTM, Oschersleben 1DX 5142 by Stepro.jpg|thumb|Maini in his No. 36 Team HRT [[Mercedes-AMG GT|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]] at the [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|Oschersleben]] in 2023]]
In 2021, Maini joined the [[2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]] driving for [[Mercedes-AMG]] Team GetSpeed. He picked up his first podium finish in the series at the [[Norisring]]. This was also the first podium finish by an Indian in the history of the series. He switched to Mercedes-AMG Haupt Racing Team for the [[2022 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2022 season]], achieving two fourth-place finishes. He stayed with the team for [[2023 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2023]].

== Karting record ==

=== Karting career summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Series
!Team
!Position
|-
!2010
| align="left" |Rotax Max Challenge India — Junior
| align="left" |
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" |'''2nd'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |2011
| align="left" |ROK Cup International Final — Junior ROK
| align="left" |
|19th
|-
| align="left" |National Rotax Max Championship India — Junior
| align="left" |
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" |'''1st'''
|-
| align="left" |Asian Karting Open Championship — Formula 125 Junior Open
| align="left" |
|8th
|-
! rowspan="3" |2012
| align="left" |Trofeo delle Industrie — [[KF3]]
| align="left" |Baby Race
|NC
|-
| align="left" |ROK Cup International Final — Junior ROK
| align="left" |
|5th
|-
| align="left" |[[Karting Academy Trophy|CIK-FIA Academy Trophy]]
| align="left" |
|38th
|-
! rowspan="2" |2013
| align="left" |[[WSK Super Master Series]] — [[KF3|KFJ]]
| align="left" |
|41st
|-
| align="left" |[[Andrea Margutti Trophy]] — [[KF3|KFJ]]
| align="left" |
|17th
|}

== Racing record ==

===Racing career summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Season
! Series
! Team
! Races
! Wins
! Poles
! F/Laps
! Podiums
! Points
! Position
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2013
| align="left" | AsiaCup Series
| align="left" | [[Meritus.GP]]
| 12
| 0
| ?
| 1
| 4
| 108
| 4th
|-
| align="left" | JK Racing India Series
| align="left" | [[EuroInternational]]
|12
|2
|4
|3
|10
|198
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | '''2nd'''
|-
! 2014
|align=left| [[2014 BRDC Formula 4 Championship|BRDC Formula 4 Championship]]
| align="left" | Lanan Racing
| 24
| 4
| 0
| 6
| 9
| 480
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | '''2nd'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2015
| align="left" | [[2015 FIA Formula 3 European Championship|FIA Formula 3 European Championship]]
| align="left" | [[Van Amersfoort Racing]]
| 33
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 27
| 18th
|-
| align="left" | [[2015 Macau Grand Prix|Macau Grand Prix]]
| align="left" | T-Sport
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| N/A
| 10th
|-
| align="left" | [[2015 Toyota Racing Series|Toyota Racing Series]]
| align="left" | [[M2 Competition (team)|M2 Competition]]
| 16
| 2
| 3
| 2
| 5
| 732
|4th
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2016
| align="left" | [[2016 GP3 Series season|GP3 Series]]
| align="left" | [[Jenzer Motorsport]]
| 14
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 50
| 10th
|-
| align="left" | [[2016 FIA Formula 3 European Championship|FIA Formula 3 European Championship]]
| align="left" | [[ThreeBond Racing|Threebond]] with T-Sport
| 12
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 21st
|-
! rowspan="2" |2017
| align="left" | [[2017 GP3 Series|GP3 Series]]
| align="left" | [[Jenzer Motorsport]]
| 15
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 2
| 69
| 9th
|-
|align=left| [[2017 Formula One World Championship|Formula One]]
|align=left| [[Haas F1 Team]]
| colspan="7" |Development driver
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2018
| align="left" | [[2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship|FIA Formula 2 Championship]]
| align="left" | [[Trident Racing|Trident]]
| 23
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 24
| 16th
|-
|align=left| [[2018 Formula One World Championship|Formula One]]
|align=left| [[Haas F1 Team]]
| colspan="7" |Development driver
|-
! rowspan="4" | 2019
| align="left" | [[2019 Formula 2 Championship|FIA Formula 2 Championship]]
| align="left" | [[Campos Racing]]
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 24th
|-
|align=left| [[2019 European Le Mans Series|European Le Mans Series - LMP2]]
|align=left| RLR MSport
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 5.5
| 21st
|-
|align=left| [[2019 Macau Grand Prix|Macau Grand Prix]]
|align=left| [[Jenzer Motorsport]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|N/A
|23rd
|-
| align="left" |[[2019 24 Hours of Le Mans|24 Hours of Le Mans - LMP2]]
| align="left" |RLR M Sport/[[Capone Motorsports|Tower Events]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|N/A
|NC
|-
! nowrap| 2019–20
|align=left| [[2019–20 Asian Le Mans Series|Asian Le Mans Series - LMP2]]
|align=left| RLR MSport
| 2
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 1
| 26
| 5th
|-
! 2020
|align=left| [[2020 European Le Mans Series|European Le Mans Series - LMP2]]
|align=left| [[Algarve Pro Racing]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 8
| 22nd
|-
!rowspan=2| 2021
|align=left| [[2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]]
|align=left| [[Mercedes-AMG]] Team Getspeed
| 15
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 48
| 12th
|-
|align=left| [[2021 Asian Le Mans Series|Asian Le Mans Series - LMP2]]
|align=left| [[Algarve Pro Racing|Racing Team India]]
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 42
| 6th
|-
! rowspan="7" | 2022
|align=left| [[2022 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]]
|align=left| [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Haupt Racing Team|Team HRT]]
| 15
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 24
| 19th
|-
|align=left| [[2022 Asian Le Mans Series|Asian Le Mans Series - GT]]
|align=left| [[Haupt Racing Team|Bilstein Haupt Racing Team]]
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 16
| 9th
|-
|align=left| [[2022 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup]]
| rowspan="3" align="left" | [[Haupt Racing Team]]
| rowspan="2" |5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC
|-
|align=left| [[2022 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup - Gold]]
|0
|0
|0
|2
|56
|5th
|-
|align=left| [[2022 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie - SP9]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC†
|-
|align=left| [[2022 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie - V6]]
| rowspan="2" align=left|Team Mathol Racing e.V.
| rowspan="2" |0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|NC†
|-
|align=left| [[2022 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie - VT3]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC†
|-
! rowspan="7" | 2023
| align="left" | [[2023 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]]
| align="left" | [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Haupt Racing Team|Team HRT]]
| 16
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 30
| 20th
|-
| align="left" | [[2023 Asian Le Mans Series|Asian Le Mans Series - GT]]
| rowspan="5" align="left" | [[Haupt Racing Team]]
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6
|15th
|-
|align=left| [[2023 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup]]
| rowspan="2" | 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| NC
|-
|align=left nowrap| [[2023 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup - Bronze Cup]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 89
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2nd'''
|-
|align=left| [[2023 ADAC GT Masters|ADAC GT Masters]]
|4
|0
|1
|0
|1
|41
|13th
|-
|align=left| [[2023 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie - SP9]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC†
|-
|align=left| [[2023 24 Hours of Nürburgring|24 Hours of Nürburgring - SP9]]
|align=left nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG]] Team Bilstein by [[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|N/A
|8th
|-
! rowspan="10" |2024
|align=left| [[2024 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]]
|align=left| [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Haupt Racing Team|Team HRT]]
| 16
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 3
| 139
| 7th
|-
|align=left| [[2024 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Haupt Racing Team]]
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC
|-
|align=left| [[2024 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup - Gold Cup]]
|5
|1
|0
|0
|4
|95
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3rd'''
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[2024 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie - SP9]]
| align="left" | [[Mercedes-AMG]] Team Bilstein by [[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
| rowspan="2" |*
| rowspan="2" |*
|-
|align=left| Team [[Yokohama Rubber Company|ADVAN]] x [[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]]
|2
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
| align="left" | [[2024 24 Hours of Nürburgring|24 Hours of Nürburgring - SP9]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Mercedes-AMG]] Team Bilstein by [[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|N/A
|11th
|-
| rowspan="3" align="left" | [[2024 Intercontinental GT Challenge|Intercontinental GT Challenge]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
| rowspan="3" |12
| rowspan="3" |18th
|-
|align=left| [[Haupt Racing Team]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|align=left| [[Triple Eight Race Engineering|Triple Eight JMR]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|align=left| [[2024 GT World Challenge America|GT World Challenge America - Pro-Am]]
|align=left| [[Triple Eight Race Engineering|Triple Eight JMR]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC†
|-
! rowspan="4" |2025
|align=left| [[2025 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]]
| rowspan="4" align="left" | [[Hubert Haupt|HRT]] [[Ford Performance]]
| 16
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 62
| 15th
|-
|align=left| [[2025 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie - SP9]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|align=left| [[2025 24 Hours of Nürburgring|24 Hours of Nürburgring - SP9]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|N/A
|DNF
|-
|align=left| [[2025 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup]]
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|8
|20th
|-
! rowspan="3" |2026
| align="left" |[[2026 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]]
| rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Haupt Racing Team|HRT Ford Racing]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 14
| 7th*
|-
| align="left" |[[2026 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie - SP9]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" |[[2026 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


===Complete BRDC Formula 4 Championship results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2014 BRDC Formula 4 Championship|2014]]
!nowrap| Lanan Racing
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 2]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 3]] {{small|2}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[Brands Hatch|BRH1 1]]'' {{small|2}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Brands Hatch|BRH1 2]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Brands Hatch|BRH1 3]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE1 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE1 2]]'' {{small|1}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''[[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE1 3]]'' {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Oulton Park|OUL 1]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''[[Oulton Park|OUL 2]]'' {{small|1}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Oulton Park|OUL 3]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 1]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 2]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 3]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''[[Brands Hatch|BRH2 1]]'' {{small|3}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''[[Brands Hatch|BRH2 2]]'' {{small|2}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Brands Hatch|BRH2 3]] {{small|1}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Donington Park|DON 1]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Donington Park|DON 2]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Donington Park|DON 3]] {{small|1}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE2 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE2 2]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE2 3]] {{small|5}}
!style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2nd
!style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 480
|}

===Complete Toyota Racing Series results===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2015 Toyota Racing Series|2015]]
!nowrap| [[M2 Competition]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Mike Pero Motorsport Park|RUA 1]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Mike Pero Motorsport Park|RUA 2]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Mike Pero Motorsport Park|RUA 3]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Teretonga Park|TER 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Teretonga Park|TER 2]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Teretonga Park|TER 3]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''''[[Hampton Downs Motorsport Park|HMP 1]]''''' {{small|1}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Hampton Downs Motorsport Park|HMP 2]] {{small|16}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | ''[[Hampton Downs Motorsport Park|HMP 3]]'' {{small|4}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | '''[[Taupo Motorsport Park|TAU 1]]''' {{small|12}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Taupo Motorsport Park|TAU 2]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Taupo Motorsport Park|TAU 3]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''[[Taupo Motorsport Park|TAU 4]]''' {{small|1}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Manfeild: Circuit Chris Amon|MAN 1]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Manfeild: Circuit Chris Amon|MAN 2]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | '''[[Manfeild: Circuit Chris Amon|MAN 3]]''' {{small|14}}
! 4th
! 750
|}

=== Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! Entrant
! Engine
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! 25
! 26
! 27
! 28
! 29
! 30
! 31
! 32
! 33
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2015 European Formula 3 season|2015]]
!nowrap| [[Van Amersfoort Racing]]
!nowrap| [[Volkswagen]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 2]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 3]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 3]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 1]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 2]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 3]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 3]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 3]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 3]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|21}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|22}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG 1]] {{small|28}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG 2]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG 3]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 3]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|29}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 3]] {{small|17}}
! 18th
! 27
|-
|rowspan=2| [[2016 FIA European Formula 3 Championship|2016]]
!rowspan=2 nowrap| [[ThreeBond Racing|Threebond]] with T-Sport
!nowrap| Threebond
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 3]] {{small|16}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!rowspan=2| 21st
!rowspan=2| 3
|-
! NBE
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN 2]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN 3]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 1]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 2]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 3]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|18}}
| [[Norisring|NOR 1]]
| [[Norisring|NOR 2]]
| [[Norisring|NOR 3]]
| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 1]]
| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 2]]
| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 3]]
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]]
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]]
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 3]]
| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 1]]
| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 2]]
| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 3]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 3]]
|
|
|
|}

=== Complete GP3 Series results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! Pos
! Points
|-
| [[2016 GP3 Series|2016]]
!nowrap| [[Jenzer Motorsport]]
| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT FEA]]
| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT SPR]]
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR FEA]]
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR SPR]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL FEA]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL SPR]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN FEA]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN SPR]] {{small|2}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC FEA]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC SPR]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA FEA]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA SPR]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ FEA]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ SPR]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP FEA]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP SPR]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC FEA]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC SPR]] {{small|14}}
! 10th
! 50
|-
| [[2017 GP3 Series|2017]]
!nowrap| [[Jenzer Motorsport]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT FEA]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT SPR]] {{small|1}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR FEA]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR SPR]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL FEA]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL SPR]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN FEA]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN SPR]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA FEA]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA SPR]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ FEA]] {{small|16†}}
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ SPR]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuito de Jerez|JER FEA]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuito de Jerez|JER SPR]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC FEA]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC SPR]] {{small|6}}
|
|
! 9th
! 72
|}
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

===Complete FIA Formula 2 Championship results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
!23
!24
! DC
! Points
|-
| {{F2|2018}}
!nowrap| [[Trident Racing|Trident]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR FEA]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR SPR]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Baku City Circuit|BAK FEA]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Baku City Circuit|BAK SPR]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT FEA]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT SPR]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Monaco|MON FEA]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Monaco|MON SPR]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC FEA]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC SPR]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR FEA]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR SPR]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL FEA]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL SPR]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN FEA]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN SPR]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA FEA]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA SPR]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ FEA]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ SPR]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Sochi Autodrom|SOC FEA]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Sochi Autodrom|SOC SPR]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC FEA]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC SPR]] {{small|DNS}}
! 16th
! 24
|-
| {{F2|2019}}
!nowrap| [[Campos Racing]]
| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR FEA]]
| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR SPR]]
| [[Baku City Circuit|BAK FEA]]
| [[Baku City Circuit|BAK SPR]]
| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT FEA]]
| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT SPR]]
| [[Circuit de Monaco|MON FEA]]
| [[Circuit de Monaco|MON SPR]]
| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC FEA]]
| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC SPR]]
|style="background:#000000; color:white"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR SPR]] {{small|DSQ}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR SPR]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL FEA]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL SPR]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN FEA]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN SPR]] {{small|16}}
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA FEA]]
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA SPR]]
| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ FEA]]
| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ SPR]]
| [[Sochi Autodrom|SOC FEA]]
| [[Sochi Autodrom|SOC SPR]]
| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC FEA]]
| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC SPR]]
! 24th
! 0
|}


===Complete European Le Mans Series results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; results in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! Class
! Chassis
! Engine
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! Rank
! Points
|-
| [[2019 European Le Mans Series|2019]]
!nowrap| RLR MSport
! LMP2
!nowrap| [[Oreca 07]]
!nowrap| [[Gibson Technology|Gibson]] GK428 4.2 L V8
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG]] {{small|15}}
! 21st
! 5.5
|-
| [[2020 European Le Mans Series|2020]]
!nowrap| [[Algarve Pro Racing]]
! LMP2
!nowrap| [[Oreca 07]]
!nowrap| [[Gibson Technology|Gibson]] GK428 4.2 L V8
| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC]]
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA]]
| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG]] {{small|8}}
|
! 22nd
! 8
|}


===Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! Year
! Team
! Co-Drivers
! Car
! Class
! Laps
! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Overall Position}}
! {{Tooltip|Class Pos.|Class Position}}
|-
! [[2019 24 Hours of Le Mans|2019]]
|align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|GBR}} RLR M Sport/Tower Events
|align="left" nowrap| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[John Farano]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Norman Nato]]
|align="left" nowrap| [[Oreca 07]]-[[Gibson Technology|Gibson]]
| LMP2
| 295
| NC
| NC
|}

=== Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! Car
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! Pos
! Points
|-
| [[2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2021]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG|Mercedes-AMG Team GetSpeed]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[EuroSpeedway Lausitz|LAU 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[EuroSpeedway Lausitz|LAU 2]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Zolder|ZOL 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Circuit Zolder|ZOL 2]] {{small|DNS}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|63}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 2]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|83}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]] {{small|2}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]] {{small|6}}
! 12th
! 48
|-
| [[2022 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2022]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Haupt Racing Team|Team HRT]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG 1]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG 2]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 1]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 2]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|DNS}}
! 19th
! 24
|-
| [[2023 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2023]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Haupt Racing Team|Team HRT]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC 2]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#000000; color:white"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|DSQ}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 2]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 2]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|13}}
! 20th
! 30
|-
| [[2024 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2024]]
! [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Haupt Racing Team|Team HRT]]
! [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC 1]] {{small|83}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC 2]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 1]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 2]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|33}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 1]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]]''' {{small|31}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|13}}
! 7th
! 139
|-
| [[2025 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2025]]
! [[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]] [[Ford Performance]]
! [[Ford Mustang GT3]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC 1]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC 2]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 1]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 2]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]] {{small|53}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 1]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|13}}
! 15th
! 62
|-
| [[2026 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2026]]
! [[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]] [[Ford Racing]]
! [[Ford Mustang GT3 Evo]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Lausitzring|LAU 2]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC 2]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 2]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|}}
! 7th*
! 14*
|}


===Complete GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup results===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
|-
! Year
! Team
! Car
! Class
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! Pos.
! Points
|-
| [[2022 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|2022]]
!nowrap| [[Haupt Racing Team]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG GT|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
! Gold
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 6H]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 12H]] {{small|31†}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 24H]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT]] {{small|36}}
! 5th
! 56
|-
| [[2023 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|2023]]
!nowrap| [[Haupt Racing Team]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
! Bronze
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 6H]] {{small|36}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 12H]] {{small|34}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 24H]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT]] {{small|25}}
!style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2nd
!style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 89
|-
| [[2024 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|2024]]
!nowrap| [[Haupt Racing Team]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
! Gold
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC]] {{small|47}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 6H]] {{small|47}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 12H]] {{small|40}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Spa 24 Hours|SPA 24H]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ]] {{small|22}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Jeddah Corniche Circuit|JED]] {{small|19}}
!style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3rd
!style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 95
|-
|[[2025 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|2025]]
!nowrap|[[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]] [[Ford Performance]]
!nowrap|[[Ford Mustang GT3]]
!Pro
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#efcfff;" |[[Monza Circuit|MNZ]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[2025 24 Hours of Spa|SPA 6H]] {{small|40}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[2025 24 Hours of Spa|SPA 12H]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#efcfff;" |[[2025 24 Hours of Spa|SPA 24H]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Nürburgring|NÜR]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT]] {{small|51{{dagger}}}}
!20th
!8
|-
| [[2026 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup|2026]]
!nowrap|[[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]] [[Ford Racing]]
!nowrap|[[Ford Mustang GT3 Evo]]
!Pro
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[2026 24 Hours of Spa|SPA 6H]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[2026 24 Hours of Spa|SPA 12H]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[2026 24 Hours of Spa|SPA 24H]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR]] {{small|}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG]] {{small|}}
! NC*
! 0*
|}
* Season still in progress.

===Complete Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie results===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
|-
! Year
! Team
! Car
! Class
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! Pos.
! Points
|-
| [[2022 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|2022]]
! [[Haupt Racing Team]]
! [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
! SP9
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS4]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS5]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS6]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS7]]
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS8]] {{small|DNS}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS9]]
! NC†
! 0
|-
| [[2023 Nürburgring Endurance Series|2023]]
! [[Haupt Racing Team]]
! [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
! SP9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS1]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS2]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS4]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS5]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS6]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS7]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS8]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS9]] {{small|9}}
! NC†
! 0
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[2024 Nürburgring Langstrecken-Serie|2024]]
! [[Mercedes-AMG]] Team Bilstein by [[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
! rowspan="2"| SP9
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS2]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Nürburgring|24H-Q1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Nürburgring|24H-Q2]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS4]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS5]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS6]]
|
! *
! *
|-
! Team Advan x [[Haupt Racing Team|HRT]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|24H-Q1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|24H-Q2]]
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS3]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS4]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS5]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Nürburgring|NLS6]]
|
! *
! *
|}
†As Maini was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.

===Complete ADAC GT Masters results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! Car
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2023 ADAC GT Masters|2023]]
!nowrap| [[Haupt Racing Team]]
!nowrap| [[Mercedes-AMG GT#Motorsport|Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]]''' {{small|21}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Sachsenring|SAC 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]]
! 13th
! 41
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.arjunmaini36.com/ Website]
* {{DriverDB driver|arjun-maini}}
{{Mercedes-AMG Drivers}}{{DTM teams}}
{{Trident}}
{{Campos Racing}}
{{Jenzer Motorsport}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maini, Arjun}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Toyota Racing Series drivers]]
[[Category:FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Indian GP3 Series drivers]]
[[Category:FIA Formula 2 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:European Le Mans Series drivers]]
[[Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers]]
[[Category:Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers]]
[[Category:Asian Le Mans Series drivers]]
[[Category:Mercedes-AMG Motorsport drivers]]
[[Category:Van Amersfoort Racing drivers]]
[[Category:M2 Competition drivers]]
[[Category:Jenzer Motorsport drivers]]
[[Category:Trident Racing drivers]]
[[Category:Campos Racing drivers]]
[[Category:Team Meritus drivers]]
[[Category:Algarve Pro Racing drivers]]
[[Category:EuroInternational drivers]]
[[Category:T-Sport drivers]]
[[Category:Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers]]
[[Category:ADAC GT Masters drivers]]
[[Category:24 Hours of Spa drivers]]
[[Category:GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup drivers]]
[[Category:GT World Challenge America drivers]]
[[Category:Ford Racing drivers]]
[[Category:Haupt Racing Team drivers]]
[[Category:Tower Motorsports drivers]]
[[Category:Indian Racing League drivers]]

Sadha Nannu Nadipe

2026-04-24T04:41:20Z

ReinaSligo4: Stub...

{{No plot|date=July 2022}}
{{Short description|2022 Telugu romantic comedy film }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sadha Nannu Nadipe.jpg
| director = Lanka Pratheek Prem Karan
| producer = Lanka Karunakar Dass
| studio = Rahul Prem Movie Makers
| cinematography = SD Jaan Ahmed
| editing = SR. Sekhar
| music = Prabhu Praveen
| starring = Lanka Pratheek Prem Karan Vaishnavi Patwardhan [[Nagendra Babu]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|06|24}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sadha Nannu Nadipe''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Lanka Pratheek Prem Karan. The film stars Lanka Pratheek Prem Karan and Vaishnavi Patwardhan in the lead roles while [[Nagendra Babu]] and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sadha Nannu Nadipe |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/Sada-Nannu-Nadipe-Teaser-Launch/0201/122042196 |website=[[Eenadu]] |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> The film was released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sadha Nannu Nadipe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/sadha-nannu-nadipe/movieshow/92226452.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]] |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=అనుకోని పరిస్థితుల్లో హీరోగానూ మారిపోయాను: ప్రతీక్‌ ప్రేమ్‌|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/pratheek-prem-karan-talk-about-sadha-nannu-nadipe-movie-1465297|website=[[Sakshi TV|Sakshi]]|date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Lanka Pratheek Prem Karan as Michael Jackson "MJ"
*Vaishnavi Patwardhan as Samaya Hasini "Saha"
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as Dr. Sekhar
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Aaditya Bal Chandar Das "ABCD"
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Dr. Rajeev
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Dr. Sharma
*Mahesh Achanta as Billa
*Sudarshan as Ranga
*Naveen as Ananthu

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sadha Nannu Nadipe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/sadha-nannu-nadipe/articleshow/92450569.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic for ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' stated "Sadha Ninnu Nadipe is a decent entertainer and a one-time watch".<ref>{{cite web|title=Sadha Nannu Nadipe Review|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/sadha-nannu-nadipe-review-157181|website=[[Sakshi TV|Sakshi]]|access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref> Echoing the same, Aithagoni Raju of [[Asianet Star Communications|''Asianet Telugu'']] gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and praised Lanka Pratheek Prem Karan's work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=2022-06-24 |title=Sada Nannu Nadipe Review: 'సదా నన్ను నడిపే' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/sada-nannu-nadipe-movie-review-rdzpd3 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[Asianet Star Communications|Asianet Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11318302}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]

Regam Matyalingam

2026-04-23T09:23:37Z

ReinaSligo4: New.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Regam Matyalingam
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Chetti Palguna]]
| constituency = [[Araku Valley Assembly constituency|Araku Valley]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Regam Matyalingam''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-06-04 |title=Amid NDA wave, YSRCP manages to win Paderu and Araku Assembly constitiencies in Alluri Sitharama Raju district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/amid-nda-wave-ysrcp-manages-to-win-paderu-and-araku-assembly-constitiencies-in-alluri-sitharama-raju-district/article68251495.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is a member of [[YSR Congress Party]]. He has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Araku Valley Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Araku Valley, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: YSRCP's Regam Matyalingam wins Araku Valley with 65658 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/araku-valley-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548215-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Araku Valley Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/araku-valley-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916733.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matyalingam, Regam}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

Master Gurbanta Singh

2026-04-20T03:14:23Z

ReinaSligo4: Put up a bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Master Gurbanta Singh
| term =
| year = 2020
| date = 24 May
| footnotes =
| website =
| children = 4 sons
[[Jagjit Singh (politician)|Chaudhary Jagjit Singh]], Balbir Singh, [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary|Chaudhary Santokh Singh]], Ravinder Singh
| spouse = Sampuran Kaur
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| successor =
| predecessor =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| father =
| constituency = [[Kartarpur Assembly Constituency|Kartarpur]]
| death_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|02|05|1904|08|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaliwal, Nakodar|Dhaliwal]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1904|08|04|df=yes}}
| caption =
| image =
| source =
}}

'''Master Gurbanta Singh''' (4 August 1904 – 5 February 1980) was an Indian politician, educationist and social reformer from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.

He was a former member of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] and then [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=Badri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ&q=master+gurbanta+singh&pg=PT105|title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-670-0|language=en}}</ref> Master Gurbanta Singh was one of the tallest Dalit leaders of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-23 |title=Dalit icons of Punjab: The all-powerful Chaudharys of Doaba |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dalit-icons-the-all-powerful-chaudharys-of-doaba/story-Zb5pms2aKYj0Ut7C31HybK.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Master Gurbanta Singh was born in [[Dhaliwal, Nakodar|Dhaliwal]] village, [[Jullundur]], [[Punjab]], in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. He completed his education at Jalandhar and became a school teacher at Sain Dass A.S Senior Secondary School (Jalandhar).

His political career started when he became village sarpanch. After the influence of the Ad Dharm movement, he declared himself [[Ad-Dharmi|Ad Dharmi]] Sikh in the 1931 census along with other As Dharmis of Punjab, especially in Doaba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What it means to be a Dalit in Punjab|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141005/pers.htm}}</ref>

== Ad-Dharm Movement ==
In the mid-1920s, Gurbanta Singh came into contact with [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]], a fellow caste man and also a founder member of the [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar Party]]. Mangu Ram had started the [[Ad-Dharmi]] movement and established many mandals in the Doaba region of Punjab, where Dalits formed a major share of the population. Although in the initial years, Singh's closeness to the movement was because of oppression and illiteracy among Dalits of Punjab, later, he fully got involved in this social movement and became General Secretary of Ad-Dharm Mandal of Jalandhar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ad dharm movement and role of master gurbanta singh|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10099/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Both Mangu Ram and Gurbanta Singh took the Ad-Dharm movement to its zenith, and it became the most successful Dalit reform movement in North India. At the same time, he joined [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] and fought the election unsuccessfully.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tributes paid to Master Gurbanta Singh Ji on his 38th death anniversary|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/archive/tributes-paid-to-master-gurbanta-singh-ji-on-his-38th-death-anniversary-539484|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

After years of long contributions to the movement but due to differences with [[Seth Kishan Dass]], another prominent leader of the Ad-Dharm movement, he left the Mandal and became active in politics.

== Politics ==
Master Gurbanta Singh again fought elections from Jullundur (Reserved Seat) and became successful. He was made Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] (Premier of Punjab).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-minister Master Gurbanta remembered|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/ex-minister-master-gurbanta-remembered-36644|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>

In 1947, India gained independence, and he joined [[Indian National Congress]]. He fought elections in 1952 and 1957 also but lost elections. In 1962, he won from the [[Kartarpur Assembly Constituency|Kartarpur]] constituency and was chosen as a Minister in the Cabinet of Chief Minister [[Partap Singh Kairon|Pratap Singh Kairon]] from 1956 to 1964.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arora|first=Subhash Chander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41HYYdO21KQC&q=master+gurbanta+singh+minister&pg=PA100|title=President's Rule in Indian States: A Study of Punjab|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-234-9|language=en}}</ref>

He became Agriculture Minister of Punjab and played an instrumental role in establishing Punjab Agricultural University (Ludhiana), which paved the way for the Green Revolution in India and was a key player in the construction of the [[Bhakra Dam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Punjab Minister Master Gurbanta Singh remembered on his death anniversary|url=https://yespunjab.com/former-punjab-minister-master-gurbanta-singh-remembered-on-his-death-anniversary/|date=2020-02-05|website=YesPunjab|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525211312/https://yespunjab.com/former-punjab-minister-master-gurbanta-singh-remembered-on-his-death-anniversary/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972 Punjab Assembly Elections]], Gurbanta Singh was elected unopposed and joined the Ministry of [[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] (former Chief Minister of Punjab). He became a Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly six times and slowly became known as the biggest Dalit leader of Punjab. In those times, even the [[Republican Party of India]], founded by Dr B R Ambedkar himself became small in front of his stature.

== Gurbanta's political clan ==
Master Gurbanta's family is known to be one of Punjab's most prominent political families. His elder son, [[Jagjit Singh (politician)|Chaudhary Jagjit Singh]], became his successor who became a [[District Councils of India|Zila Parishad]] member of [[Jalandhar]] and later became a five-time MLA from [[Kartarpur Assembly Constituency|Kartarpur]] constituency and then a Minister in the cabinets of [[Beant Singh (politician)|Beant Singh]], [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]] and [[Amarinder Singh]]. His son [[Chaudhary Surinder Singh]] also became an MLA and a Zila Parshad member.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalit icons of Punjab: The all-powerful Chaudharys of Doaba|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dalit-icons-the-all-powerful-chaudharys-of-doaba/story-Zb5pms2aKYj0Ut7C31HybK.html|date=2016-12-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>

Gurbanta's youngest son, [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]], became his real political successor even without his declaration and became MLA of [[Phillaur Assembly Constituency|Phillaur]] and then [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]. He was also made Chief Parliamentary Secretary, Vice-President of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee|Punjab Congress]], four times Cabinet Minister in Punjab govt., and a member of Central Board of Film Certification.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second-generation politician looks for second term as Jalandhar MP {{!}} Ludhiana News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/second-generation-politician-looks-for-second-term-as-jalandhar-mp/articleshow/67953427.cms|date=February 12, 2019|first=IP |last=Singh |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>

His wife, [[Karamjit Kaur Chaudhary]], retired as Director of Public Instruction (Colleges) in the Government of Punjab and was earlier a principal of [[Government Sports and Arts College|Govt. Sports and Arts College]] (Jalandhar). Their son Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary is currently MLA of Phillaur and has served as the President of [[Indian Youth Congress|Punjab Youth Congress]] and General Secretary of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee|PPCC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=No 'son'rise yet for Chaudhary family|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/archive/no-sonrise-yet-for-chaudhary-family-349816|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary: This golfer has big plans for Punjab's Phillaur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/vikramjit-singh-chaudhary-this-golfer-has-big-plans-for-phillaur-8163304/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Master Gurbanta Singh Memorial Janta College at [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (India) was established by him and was later renamed after him. Master Gurbanta Singh Marg at Basti Bawa Khel in [[Jalandhar]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pawar|first=Ishwar Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-cPCwAAQBAJ&q=janta+college+kartarpur.named+after+gurbanta.singh&pg=PT60|title=My Struggle in Life|date=2015-11-30|publisher=Page Publishing Inc|isbn=978-1-68213-156-5|language=en}}</ref>

Master Gurbanta Singh is known as a Dalit stalwart in Punjab politics.

== See also ==

* [[Adi Dharm|Ad-Dharm]] movement
* [[Kartarpur Assembly Constituency]]
* [[Political families of Punjab, India|Political families of Punjab]]

== References ==

<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Master Gurbanta}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1962–1967]]

Paonta Sahib Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:40Z

ReinaSligo4: Done.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Paonta Sahib
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 58
| map_image = 58-Paonta Sahib constituency.svg
| mla = [[Sukh Ram Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:85540}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Paonta Sahib Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Paonta Sahib]] is also part of [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Paonta Sahib Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/paonta-sahib.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Kirnesh Jung]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sukh Ram Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paonta Sahib}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukh Ram Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,008 |percentage=46.93% |change={{decrease}}11.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kirnesh Jung]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,412 |percentage=33.92% |change={{decrease}}4.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manish Thakur |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=5,090 |percentage=7.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manish Tomar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,417 |percentage=5.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal Chaudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=1,872 |percentage=2.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suneel Chaudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=896 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=495 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashwani Verma |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=367 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=0.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seema |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=203 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,596 |percentage=13.01% |change= {{decrease}}7.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,075 |percentage=77.24% |change= {{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,540 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paonta Sahib<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukh Ram Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,011 |percentage=58.59% |change={{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kirnesh Jung]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,392 |percentage=38.06% |change={{increase}}26.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=624 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena Kumari |party=Lok Gathbandhan Party |votes=484 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,619 |percentage=20.53% |change= {{increase}}19.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,467 |percentage=81.62% |change= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,310 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}14.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paonta Sahib}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kirnesh Jung]] |party=Independent politician |votes=23,713 |percentage=44.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukh Ram Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,923 |percentage=42.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,152 |percentage=11.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarvar Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=678 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budh Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=378 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=790 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,847 |percentage=81.99% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,674 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Paonta Sahib]]
* [[Sirmour district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|30|26|N|77|37|E|display=title|region:IN_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sirmaur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mararikulam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:16Z

ReinaSligo4: Put up new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala Legislative Assembly}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mararikulam
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| established = 1957
| abolished = 2008
| electors = 141,433 (2006)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_KL_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093405/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_KL_2006.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| reservation = None
}}

'''Mararikulam Assembly constituency''' was one of the 140 state legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala in southern India, that existed before the 2008 delimitation of constituencies. It was also one among the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in Alleppey Lok Sabha constituency.

Mararikulam Assembly constituency came into existence in 1957. It was represented by veteran Communist leader and former Chief Minister VS Achuthanandan from 1991 to 1996. In 1996, Achuthanandan suffered a shock defeat from a constituency that was otherwise considered to be a Communist bastion. This thwarted Achuthanandan from becoming the Chief Minister. He had to wait for another decade, until 2006, when he could fulfill his ambition, this time being elected from Malampuzha Assembly constituency.

The following list contains all the members who have represented the constituency in the Kerala legislative assembly.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mararikulam Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mararikulam-kerala-assembly-constituency |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
!Majority
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| Sadasivan C. G.
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
| 1957 – 1960
| 9803
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| S. Kumaran
| 1960 – 1965
| 7350
|-
| [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| 3rd
| Susheela Gopalan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| N/A
| 5717
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| rowspan="2"|S. Damodaran
| 1967 – 1970
| 12031
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| 1970 – 1977
| 7407
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| rowspan="3" |A. V. Thamarakshan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| 1977 – 1980
| 4346
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| 1980 – 1982
| 9829
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
| 3399
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| T. J. Anjalose
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1987 – 1991
| 12091
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| 1991 – 1996
| 9980
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| P. J. Francis<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Sam Paul |date=March 17, 2021 |title=P.J. Francis, the giant-killer who stole the show in 1996 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/pj-francis-the-giant-killer-who-stole-the-show-in-1996/article34092651.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1996 – 2001
| 1965
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| rowspan="2" |[[T. M. Thomas Isaac]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2001 – 2006
| 8403
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006 – 2011
| 17679
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Kerala}}
{{coords|9.60|76.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Draupathi 2

2026-04-13T03:42:44Z

ReinaSligo4:

{{Short description|2026 Tamil historical drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Draupathi 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohan G.|Mohan G]]
| writer = {{ubl
|Mohan G
|Padma Chandrasekhar (dialogues)
}}
| producer = Sola Shakkaravathi
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Richard Rishi]]
*Rakshana Induchoodan
*[[Natty Subramaniam]]
}}
| cinematography = Philip R. Sundar
| editing = Devaraj
| music = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| studio = {{ubl
|Netaji Productions
|GM Film Corporation
}}
| released = {{Film date|2026|1|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Draupathi 2''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical drama|historical]] [[action drama]] film written and directed by [[Mohan G.|Mohan G]]. A [[prequel]] to ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'' (2020), it stars [[Richard Rishi]] in the lead role, reuniting with Mohan after ''Draupathi'' and ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]'' (2021). The film is produced jointly by Sola Shakkaravarthi under his Netaji Productions in association with GM Film Corporation. The film stars Rakshana Induchoodan in the titular role alongside [[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Y. G. Mahendran]], [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]], [[Saravana Subbiah]], [[Vela Ramamoorthy]], [[Dinesh Lamba]] and others in important roles.

''Draupathi 2'' released in theatres on 23 January 2026. The film received negative reviews from critics and become a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=24 January 2026 |title=Draupathi 2 box office collection day 1: Mohan G’s historical drama makes meagre Rs 20 lakh, only 8% of what first film minted |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/draupathi-2-box-office-collection-day-1-mohan-gs-historical-drama-makes-meagre-rs-20-lakh-only-8-of-what-first-film-minted/1498d2699e272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211010206/https://www.ottplay.com/news/draupathi-2-box-office-collection-day-1-mohan-gs-historical-drama-makes-meagre-rs-20-lakh-only-8-of-what-first-film-minted/1498d2699e272 |archive-date=11 February 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |access-date=13 February 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2026 |title=தோல்விப்படமான திரௌபதி - 2! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2026/Feb/01/draupathi-2-fails |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201154358/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2026/Feb/01/draupathi-2-fails |archive-date=2026-02-01 |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Premise ==

Kadavarayan is a soldier aiming to protect his people and country by joining the Royal Army called as Garuda Padai. His brave acts make him earn the position and also become a king of a small area. The issues he face from non-native forces and how he handles the sources through bravery and planning is the central plot.
== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Richard Rishi]] as King Veera Simha Kadavarayan<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2025 |title=Draupathi 2 first-look: Richard Rishi to play King Veera Simha Kadavarayan in Mohan G directorial |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/draupathi-2-first-look-richard-rishi-to-play-king-veera-simha-kadavarayan-in-mohan-g-directorial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910180626/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/draupathi-2-first-look-richard-rishi-to-play-king-veera-simha-kadavarayan-in-mohan-g-directorial |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rakshana Induchoodan]] as Draupathi Devi<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2025 |title=Rakshana's look from Draupathi 2 out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Nov/25/tamilnews2025nov24rakshanas-look-from-draupathi-2-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220045054/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Nov/25/tamilnews2025nov24rakshanas-look-from-draupathi-2-out |archive-date=20 December 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]] as [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=I can’t replicate Padmaavat’s Khilji or Chhaava’s Aurangzeb to portray Tughlaq: Chirag Jani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-cant-replicate-padmaavats-khilji-or-chhaavas-aurangzeb-to-portray-tughlaq-chirag-jani/articleshow/126388453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107063853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-cant-replicate-padmaavats-khilji-or-chhaavas-aurangzeb-to-portray-tughlaq-chirag-jani/articleshow/126388453.cms |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as Veera Vallalar
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]]
* [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]]
* [[Saravana Subbiah]]
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
* [[Dinesh Lamba]] as Ghiyasuddin Thamkani<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2026 |title=Dinesh Lamba's look as Ghiyasuddin Thamkani from 'Draupathi 2' released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dinesh-lambas-look-as-ghiyasuddin-thamkani-from-draupathi-2-released/articleshow/126761932.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120072419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dinesh-lambas-look-as-ghiyasuddin-thamkani-from-draupathi-2-released/articleshow/126761932.cms |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Ganesh Gaurang
* Divi
* Devayani Sharma
* Arunodayan
}}

== Production ==
In February 2025, [[Mohan G.]] announced his next project titled ''Draupathi 2'', a sequel to his 2020 film ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2025 |title=Mohan G announces 'Draupathi 2': A historical drama on forgotten warriors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohan-g-announces-draupathi-2-a-historical-drama-on-forgotten-warriors/articleshow/118575330.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501163503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohan-g-announces-draupathi-2-a-historical-drama-on-forgotten-warriors/articleshow/118575330.cms |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> reuniting with [[Richard Rishi]] for the sequel, where Richard is seen playing the role of the King Veera Simha Kadavarayan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2025 |title='Draupathi 2’ FIRST LOOK unveiled: Richard Rishi transforms into emperor King Veera Simha Kadavarayan for Mohan G's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/draupathi-2-first-look-unveiled-richard-rishi-transforms-into-emperor-king-veera-simha-kadavarayan-for-mohan-gs-film/articleshow/123540844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119213904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/draupathi-2-first-look-unveiled-richard-rishi-transforms-into-emperor-king-veera-simha-kadavarayan-for-mohan-gs-film/articleshow/123540844.cms |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film is jointly produced by Sola Shakkaravarthi under his Netaji Productions in association with GM Film Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Richard Rishi to play king in Draupathi 2 ; second look unveiled |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/richard-rishi-to-play-king-in-draupathi-2-second-look-unveiled-850497 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119112947/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/richard-rishi-to-play-king-in-draupathi-2-second-look-unveiled-850497 |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> Rakshana Induchoodan was cast in the film to play the titular role as Draupathi Devi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2025 |title='Draupathi 2': Rakshana Induchoodan's first look as Draupathi Devi unveiled, promises a grand historical film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/draupathi-2-rakshana-induchoodans-first-look-as-draupathi-devi-unveiled-promises-a-grand-historical-film/articleshow/125560426.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203084427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/draupathi-2-rakshana-induchoodans-first-look-as-draupathi-devi-unveiled-promises-a-grand-historical-film/articleshow/125560426.cms |archive-date=3 December 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Apart from the lead cast, the film also features [[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Y. G. Mahendran]], [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]], [[Saravana Subbiah]], [[Vela Ramamoorthy]], [[Dinesh Lamba]] and others in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2025 |title=Rakshana Induchoodan plays Draupathi Devi in Draupathi 2 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rakshana-induchoodan-plays-draupathi-devi-in-draupathi-2-854347 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122025501/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rakshana-induchoodan-plays-draupathi-devi-in-draupathi-2-854347 |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The film has dialogues written by Mohan along with writer Padma Chandrasekhar and the technical team consists of music composer [[Ghibran Vaibodha]], cinematographer Philip R. Sundar, editor Devaraj, art director Kamalnathan, dance choreographer Thanika Tony, and action choreographer Action Santosh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2025 |title=Makers of 'Draupathi 2' release new poster of Richard Rishi on actor's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-draupathi-2-release-new-poster-of-richard-rishi-on-actors-birthday/articleshow/124700249.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125092110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-draupathi-2-release-new-poster-of-richard-rishi-on-actors-birthday/articleshow/124700249.cms |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In an interview, Mohan stated that the film's story is inspired from a book called ''Moondram Vallalla Maharaja'' by Annal Kandar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2026 |title=Mohan G reveals inspiration behind Draupathi 2, says historical events shown in the film are "based on facts" |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/05/mohan-g-reveals-inspiration-behind-draupathi-2-says-historical-events-shown-in-the-film-are-based-on-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122025244/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/05/mohan-g-reveals-inspiration-behind-draupathi-2-says-historical-events-shown-in-the-film-are-based-on-facts |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in September 2025 after completing several schedules in five months that began in [[Mumbai]] and concluded in [[Ariyalur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=23 September 2025 |title=Draupathi 2 wraps filming |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/23/draupathi-2-wraps-filming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016035636/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/23/draupathi-2-wraps-filming |archive-date=16 October 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Draupathi 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| studio = Akshrah Sound Lab
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = Lahari Music
| producer = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| prev_title = [[BP 180]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2026
| next_title = [[Biker (film)|Biker]]
| next_year = 2026
| chronology = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Draupathi 2
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = EmKoney
|single1date = 1 December 2025
|single2 = Tarasuki Ram
|single2date = 7 January 2026
}}
}}
{{External media|audio1={{YouTube|7GtZLtz3QT4|Draupathi 2 Audio Jukebox}}}}
The film has music composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha]] in his first collaboration with Mohan and Richard Rishi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=30 November 2025 |title=Draupathi 2 first single titled 'Em Koney' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/30/draupathi-2-first-single-titled-em-koney |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207132159/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/30/draupathi-2-first-single-titled-em-koney |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single titled "EmKoney" sung by [[Chinmayi Sripada]] was released on 1 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2025 |title=‘EmKoney’ from Draupathi 2 is a regal wedding ballad |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/01/emkoney-from-draupathi-2-is-a-regal-wedding-ballad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207133812/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/01/emkoney-from-draupathi-2-is-a-regal-wedding-ballad |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[News18]]'', the makers decided to remove the Chinmayi version of "EmKoney" from the film after she apologised to the audience for unknowingly working with Mohan because of their conflicting ideologies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title='Draupathi 2': Mohan G drops ‘Emkoney’ sung by Chinmayi amid controversy; director BREAKS silence on BACKLASH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/draupathi-2-mohan-g-drops-emkoney-sung-by-chinmayi-amid-controversy-director-breaks-silence-on-backlash/articleshow/126372165.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106110742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/draupathi-2-mohan-g-drops-emkoney-sung-by-chinmayi-amid-controversy-director-breaks-silence-on-backlash/articleshow/126372165.cms |archive-date=6 January 2026 |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mohan later revealed that a new version of the song sung by [[Padmalatha]] will be included in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=Draupathi 2: Chinmayi replaced by this singer for 'Emkoney' song in Mohan G film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/14/draupathi-2-chinmayi-replaced-by-this-singer-for-emkoney-song-in-mohan-g-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122031348/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/14/draupathi-2-chinmayi-replaced-by-this-singer-for-emkoney-song-in-mohan-g-film |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single titled "Tarasuki Ram" released on 7 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=7 January 2026 |title='Tarasuki Ram' from Draupathi 2 out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/07/tarasuki-ram-from-draupathi-2-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122032626/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/07/tarasuki-ram-from-draupathi-2-out |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = EmKoney
| lyrics1 = Selvamira
| extra1 = [[Padmalatha]]
| title2 = Tarasuki Ram
| lyrics2 = [[Mohan G.]]
| extra2 = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]], Gold Devaraj, Guru Hariraj
| title3 = EmKoney
| note3 = reprise
| lyrics3 = Selvamira
| extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
}}

== Release ==
''Draupathi 2'' was released in theatres on 23 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=13 January 2026 |title=Mohan G's Draupathi 2 release date has been moved |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/13/mohan-gs-draupathi-2-release-date-has-been-moved |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122031221/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/13/mohan-gs-draupathi-2-release-date-has-been-moved |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Earlier it was scheduled for release in December 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2025 |title=New poster of Draupathi 2 unveiled; makers eye December release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/21/new-poster-of-draupathi-2-unveiled-makers-eye-december-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110102833/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/21/new-poster-of-draupathi-2-unveiled-makers-eye-december-release |archive-date=10 November 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and then was postponed to 23 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2025 |title=Did Mohan G indirectly reveal the release date of Draupathi 2? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/23/did-mohan-g-indirectly-reveal-the-release-date-of-draupathi-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122025052/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/23/did-mohan-g-indirectly-reveal-the-release-date-of-draupathi-2 |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> After ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' got delayed due to censorship issues,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2026 |title=With Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' postponed, 'Draupathi 2' SET for Pongal release, trailer to be OUT on January 10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/with-vijays-jana-nayagan-postponed-draupathi-2-set-for-pongal-release-trailer-to-be-out-on-january-10/articleshow/126433377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110025755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/with-vijays-jana-nayagan-postponed-draupathi-2-set-for-pongal-release-trailer-to-be-out-on-january-10/articleshow/126433377.cms |archive-date=10 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Draupathi 2'' was brought forward to 15 January 2026, during the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2026 |title=Draupathi 2 trailer: Richard Rishi's Veerasimha Kadavarayan is on a mission to defeat the Sultans and reclaim his motherland |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/11/draupathi-2-trailer-richard-rishis-veerasimha-kadavarayan-is-on-a-mission-to-defeat-the-sultans-and-reclaim-his-motherland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113081716/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/11/draupathi-2-trailer-richard-rishis-veerasimha-kadavarayan-is-on-a-mission-to-defeat-the-sultans-and-reclaim-his-motherland |archive-date=13 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2026 |title=Draupathi 2 to have a Pongal release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/09/draupathi-2-to-have-a-pongal-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115232024/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/09/draupathi-2-to-have-a-pongal-release |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic of ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title=திரெளபதி 2 |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3718/Draupathi-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123225657/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3718/Draupathi-2/ |archive-date=23 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Draupathi 2'' is a passion project about regional history most viewers won't recognize. That obscurity is both its purpose and its limitation. The committed will find material worth engaging with. The rest may admire the effort from a polite distance."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=24 January 2026 |title=Draupathi 2 Movie Review: History lesson without the hook |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/draupathi-2/movie-review/127368803.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260324060315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/draupathi-2/movie-review/127368803.cms |archive-date=24 March 2026 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en }}</ref> Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Draupathi 2'' is a historically convenient and ideologically indulgent film that ends up as a dead weight of sorts."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=23 January 2026 |title=Draupathi 2 Movie Review: Lays siege on subtlety |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Jan/23/draupathi-2-movie-review-lays-siege-on-subtlety |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123150245/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Jan/23/draupathi-2-movie-review-lays-siege-on-subtlety |archive-date=23 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTT Play|OTTPlay]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Positioned as a historical drama, ''Draupathi 2'' slips relies on flat characters, crude stereotypes and weak craft, leaving its strong political stance unsupported by storytelling or technique. Neither its performances, ideology nor technical making, help make ''Draupathi 2'' watchable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=23 January 2026 |title=Draupathi 2 review: Mohan G’s film is all about shoddy craft and crude portrayal |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/draupathi-2-movie-review-mohan-gs-period-drama-is-all-about-shoddy-craft-and-crude-portrayal/22429a9bf4416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123151822/https://www.ottplay.com/review/draupathi-2-movie-review-mohan-gs-period-drama-is-all-about-shoddy-craft-and-crude-portrayal/22429a9bf4416 |archive-date=23 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title=திரௌபதி 2- திரைவிமர்சனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/draupadi-2-movie-review-806377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123225051/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/draupadi-2-movie-review-806377 |archive-date=23 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s historical action films]]
[[Category:2020s historical drama films]]
[[Category:2026 action drama films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan G.]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian prequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thillana Mohanambal

2026-04-11T22:34:47Z

ReinaSligo4: New...

{{short description|1968 film by A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thillana Mohanambal
| image = Thillana Mohanambal.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| producer = A. P. Nagarajan
| screenplay = A. P. Nagarajan
| based_on = {{Based on|''Thillana Mohanambal''|[[Kothamangalam Subbu]]}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sivaji Ganesan]]|[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]|[[T. S. Balaiah]]}}
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]
| editing = M. N. Rajan T. R. Natarajan
| studio = Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1968|07|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thillana Mohanambal |url=https://www.amazon.in/Thillana-Mohanambal-Sivaji-Ganesan/dp/B00EIDSECQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007150630/http://www.amazon.in/Thillana-Mohanambal-Sivaji-Ganesan/dp/B00EIDSECQ |archive-date=7 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.in]]|date=January 1968 }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thillana Mohanambal''''' ({{Translation|The Dance Queen Mohanambal}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic musical]] [[dance film]] written, directed and produced by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[T. S. Balaiah]], with [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Nagesh]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] in supporting roles. It tells the story of Shanmugasundaram, a ''[[nadaswaram]]''{{efn|The ''Nadaswaram'' is a wind instrument similar to the [[North India]]n ''[[Shehnai]]'' but much longer, with a [[hardwood]] body and a large flaring bell made of wood or metal.}} player who falls in love with Mohanambal, a ''[[Bharatanatyam]]'' dancer who reciprocates his feelings, but unfortunate circumstances and their egoistic nature prevents them from confessing their love for one another. How they overcome their self-created obstacles and those created by the people around them forms the rest of the story.

The film was adapted from [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]'s novel of the same name, which was [[serial (literature)|serialised]] in the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' in 1957–58. The film was mostly shot in [[Thanjavur]], [[Thiruvarur]] and [[Madurai]]. Its original soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], and songs like "Nalandhana", "Maraindhirundhu" and "Pandian Naanirukka" became immensely popular among the [[Tamil diaspora]].

''Thillana Mohanambal'' was released on 27 July 1968. Critically acclaimed for subtly portraying the socio-cultural environment and the [[Thanjavur#Tourism and Culture|Thanjavur]] culture of dance and music prevailing at that time, it was also a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 175 days. The film won two [[National Film Awards]] {{Mdash}} [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]] (President's silver medal) and [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] {{Mdash}} and five [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]. ''Thillana Mohanambal'' has since acquired [[Cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema, and inspired several later films with similar themes of music and dance.

== Plot ==
"Sikkal" Shanmugasundaram is a devoted ''[[nadaswaram]]'' player, but is short-tempered and sensitive. He meets Mohanambal, a ''[[Bharatanatyam]]'' dancer, and they fall in love with each other. Sundaram's ego prevents him from developing his relationship with Mohana, who asks him to play a [[Tillana|''Thillana'']] on his ''nadaswaram'' while she dances. Mohana's mother Vadivambaal, an influential but greedy woman, wants her daughter to marry a wealthy man so that she can settle down in life properly. Blinded by love, she disobeys Vadivambaal, creating a rift between them.

Unaware of Mohana's feelings, Sundaram decides to leave the country along with Karuppayi, a folk dancer whom he considers to be his sister. Mohana calls him a coward and challenges him to stay, which he readily accepts. In a temple, Sundaram plays the ''Thillana'' and Mohana dances. Sundaram, impressed with Mohana's performance, bestows upon her the title of "Thillana Mohanambal". Suddenly Nagalingam, a landlord who wanted to marry Mohana, stabs Sundaram with a poisoned knife out of jealousy.

Sundaram is admitted to a hospital but recovers from the incident with the help of Mary, a nurse who works there. Later, he and Mohana meet in a concert programme where they perform, against Vadivambal's wishes. For his personal gains, "Savadal" Vaithi, a cunning man, befriends the [[Maharaja]] of Madhanpur, who is the programme's chief guest. Vaithi promises to make Mohana the Maharaja's mistress. Vaithi traps Mohana by telling her that the Maharaja has invited ''nadaswaram'' and ''Bharatanatyam'' performers to perform in his palace, and that Sundaram has also decided to attend. Mohana immediately accepts the offer and the two visit Madhanpur. Vaithi treats Sundaram's group badly and Sundaram decides to leave. He sees Mohana visiting the Maharaja's room.

The Maharaja asks Mohana to be his mistress. but she rejects his advances and is rescued by the Maharaja's wife, the Maharani. Sundaram decides that Mohana does not love him, despite her repeated denial of the Maharaja's offer. Depressed, Mohana runs away. The Maharaja reveals the truth to Sundaram that Mohana had refused his offer and she only loves Sundaram. Realising his mistake, Sundaram rushes to apologise to Mohana, but sees her trying to hang herself from the ceiling of a room in which she had locked herself. He screams to her to stop and promises he will never doubt her love again. Sundaram breaks the door and saves Mohana. They then get married with Vadivambaal's approval. Vaithi is arrested for his crimes.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=100%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Nadaswara Chakravarthi "Sikkal" Shanmugasundaram (Sundaram)
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Muthurakku
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Thangarathnam
* [[K. Balaji]] as "Singapuram Minor" Chelladurai
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as the [[Maharaja]] of Madhanpur<ref name="dbsjeyaraj">{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=4 December 2013 |title=M.N. Nambiar: Legendary "Villain" of Tamil Cinema |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/26645 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012123202/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/26645 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=12 October 2016 |website=DBSJeyaraj.com}}</ref>
* [[Nagesh]] as "Savadal" Vaithi / Vaithiyanathan Iyer
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Nattuvanar Muthukumara Swamy
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Varathan<ref name="OldHinduReview">{{Cite news |date=27 July 2018 |title=Thillana Mohanambal : When song met dance |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/thillana-mohanambal-when-song-met-dance/article24527301.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180928103046/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/thillana-mohanambal-when-song-met-dance/article24527301.ece |archive-date=28 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Sundaram's ''Nadaswaram'' teacher
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as a Saint living in Thiruvarur
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Sakthivel
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]] as 'Minor' Nagalingam
* [[A. Karunanidhi]] as Sudalai
* [[P. D. Sambandam]] as a ''Thaalam'' player in Sundaram's troupe
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Kadambavanam
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Mohanambal (Mohana)
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Karuppayi / "Jil Jil" Ramamani / Roja Rani
* [[Ambika Sukumaran|Ambika]] as Ashalata Devi, Queen of Madhanpur
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Vadivambal, Mohana's mother
* [[M. Saroja]] as Abaranji Vethalai Petti
* [[Udaya Chandrika]] as Maragatham, Singapuram Minor’s Wife
* [[M. Bhanumathi]] as Meri
* [[Shanmugasundari]] as a ''[[Veena]]'' player in Mohana's troupe

;Male support cast
* S. Rama Rao, M. K. Moorthy, Kallapart Natarajan, Balasundaram, T. N. Sivathanu, Chandranbabu, S. R. Dhasarathan, S. V. Rajagopal, Siva Sooriyan, and A. M. Maruthappa.

{{col-end}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Thillana Mohanambal'' was a novel written by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] under the pseudonym "Kalaimani". It was [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] in the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' in 1957–58.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=G. |date=15 September 2016 |title=The multifaceted Kothamangalam Subbu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/the-multifaceted-kothamangalam-subbu/article9110986.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012125157/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/the-multifaceted-kothamangalam-subbu/article9110986.ece |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The story portrayed the relationship between Mohanambal, a celebrated dancer, and Shanmugasundaram, a ''[[nadaswaram]]'' musician.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CVG |date=3 October 2000 |title=Romance of dance and melody |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/10/03/stories/1303017a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007125211/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/10/03/stories/1303017a.htm |archive-date=7 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sharadha |date=24 October 2010 |title=One hundred years of superstardom |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article294362.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009143849/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article294362.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Subramanian|2008|page=152}} The illustrations for the novel were done by sketch artist and cartoonist, [[Gopulu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=30 April 2015 |title=Cartoonist Gopulu dies |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cartoonist-gopulu-dies/article7156263.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508055735/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cartoonist-gopulu-dies/article7156263.ece |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=G. |date=8 May 2015 |title=Artist, as the muse |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/artist-as-the-muse/article7181884.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007152456/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/artist-as-the-muse/article7181884.ece |archive-date=7 October 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[S. S. Vasan]], who held the rights to the book, twice refused to allow director [[A. P. Nagarajan]] to make a film adaptation of it because Vasan wanted to produce a film adaptation himself under his banner [[Gemini Studios]]. When Nagarajan approached him for the third time, Vasan gave him the rights without any consideration.<ref name="dtnext">{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Venkatesh |date=30 December 2018 |title=A cult classic novel that was later adapted into a film |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/12/30090943/1101054/A-cult-classic-novel-that-was-later-adapted-into-a-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190306061950/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/12/30090943/1101054/A-cult-classic-novel-that-was-later-adapted-into-a-.vpf |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> Nagarajan paid Vasan {{INR}}{{formatnum:25000}} (about US$3,300 in 1968),{{efn|The exchange rate in 1968 was 7.57 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="value">{{Cite news |date=24 August 2013 |title=Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829085318/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |archive-date=29 August 2013 |access-date=11 October 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>|name = exchange1948}} but also went to visit Subbu with an additional {{INR}}{{formatnum:10000}} (about US$1,300 in 1968).{{efn|name = exchange1948}} Subbu declined the money, saying that Vasan had forwarded him the money Nagarajan had paid earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elias |first=Esther |date=18 August 2014 |title=Opening new doors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/looking-back-at-lloyds-road-madras-heritage-walk/article6328937.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007132211/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/looking-back-at-lloyds-road-madras-heritage-walk/article6328937.ece |archive-date=7 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Nagarajan's version of the film had a few creative differences from the novel; one of the significant ones was where the film ended with Mohana and Shanmugasundaram's marriage while the novel, in contrast, had a tragic ending.<ref name="BKTM">{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=6 August 2018 |title=Thillana Mohanambal: a film that celebrated music, dance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thillana-mohanambal-a-film-that-celebrated-music-dance/article24610177.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807112722/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thillana-mohanambal-a-film-that-celebrated-music-dance/article24610177.ece |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=7 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Nagarajan produced the film under his production company, Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures. [[K. S. Prasad]] was in charge of the film's cinematography, M. N. Rajan and T. R. Natarajan jointly handled the editing, and Ganga was the film's art director.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=240}} R. Rangasamy was lead actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]]'s make-up artist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=27 June 2011 |title=Kollywood's make-up specialists of the 1960s |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article447021.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011065720/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article447021.ece |archive-date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] was cast as Mohanambal, the title character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ge |first=Krupa |date=24 July 2018 |title=Ms.Representation: An equal music |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/jul/24/msrepresentation-an-equal-music-7132.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190306053540/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/jul/24/msrepresentation-an-equal-music-7132.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A younger artist was suggested instead of Padmini for the role, but Nagarajan refused to replace her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=13 August 2015 |title=When the accent is on creativity |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/tamizh-valartha-sandror-focuses-on-contributions-of-various-people-to-tamil/article7534836.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318155356/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/tamizh-valartha-sandror-focuses-on-contributions-of-various-people-to-tamil/article7534836.ece |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ganesan attended [[Carnatic music]] concerts, and consulted Carnatic musicians in preparation for his role.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|page=397}}<ref name="mayyam1">{{Cite news |last=Jiya |date=26 August 2011 |title=Thillana Mohanambal news |url=http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?10567-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Part-12/page211&s=9043418a826d0c75805a6e31284db2ac |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010015552/http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?10567-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Part-12%2Fpage211&s=9043418a826d0c75805a6e31284db2ac |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |work=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref name="mayyam">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=Thillana Mohanambal reviews |url=http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?10567-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Part-12/page211&s=c0a4cc33ace19fb0a056f17e8185069b |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010015552/http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?10567-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Part-12%2Fpage211&s=9043418a826d0c75805a6e31284db2ac |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=Mayyam}}</ref> [[T. S. Balaiah]] portrayed Muthurakku, the ''[[Thavil]]'' player. Tiruvidaimarudur Venkatesan played the instrument ''thavil'' off-screen for Balaiah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=21 September 2014 |title=An artist's experience of 'gurukulavasam' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/t-r-govindarajan-completes-50-years-in-thavil-playing/article6430610.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009020434/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/t-r-govindarajan-completes-50-years-in-thavil-playing/article6430610.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Balaiah had additional training for playing the instrument.<ref name="mayyam1" /> Madurai T. Srinivasan played the ''[[Mridangam]]'' off-screen for the song "Maraindhirundhe Paarkum".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=31 October 2012 |title=Artiste Cheena Kutty no more |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/artiste-cheena-kutty-no-more/article4048493.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113111226/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/artiste-cheena-kutty-no-more/article4048493.ece |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[A. V. M. Rajan]] portrayed Thangarathnam, the second ''nadaswaram'' player in Sundaram's troupe.<ref name="OldHinduReview" /> According to playwright [[Crazy Mohan]], Gopulu's caricature of the character Vaithi in Subbu's novel was similar to [[Nagesh]], who portrayed Vaithi in the film.<ref name="Crazy">{{Cite news |date=5 October 2007 |title=Why I like... Thillana Mohanambal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-thillana-mohanambal/article3023854.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009071033/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-thillana-mohanambal/article3023854.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anusha |date=26 January 2011 |title=Sketches from the past |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1125697.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010145014/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1125697.ece |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Nagesh, in an article published in ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' in 2004, revealed that Subbu initially created the character of Vaidhi with himself in mind.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=நாகேஷ் |author-link=Nagesh |date=25 April 2004 |title=காமெடிக்கு லாஜிக் கிடையாது! |trans-title=Comedy has no logic! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2004-04-25/kalki2004-04-25.pdf |access-date=3 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=76–78 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], who played the folk dancer Karuppayi alias Jil Jil Ramamani, stated that she was initially nervous acting in front of Ganesan and Balaiah, but Nagarajan assured her that whenever her character appeared she would be the centre of attention, which gave her the confidence to play her role.<ref name="MMM">{{Cite news |date=3 December 2013 |title='கொஞ்சும் குமரி'யில் கதாநாயகியாக நடித்தார், மனோரமா |trans-title=Manorama acted as the heroine in ''Konjum Kumari'' |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/03222838/manorama-cinema-history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010053255/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/03222838/manorama-cinema-history.html |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Serial and theatre artist M. L. Bhanumathi played the nurse who treats Shanmugasundaram.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 January 2011 |title=Grill Mill – M. Bhanumathi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grill-mill-m-bhanumathi/article1136899.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009063150/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grill-mill-m-bhanumathi/article1136899.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Other supporting actors included [[K. Sarangapani]],<ref name="Guy Balaiah" /> S. Ramarao, M. K. Murthy, Balusundaram, T. N. Sivadhanu, S. R. Dasarathan, Sivasooriyan, Senthamarai, Kallapart Natarajan, Gundu Karuppaiah, Chandranbabu, S. V. Rajagopal, A. M. Maruthappa, Udayachandrika, Ambika and Kalpalatha.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thillana Mohanambal |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures |year=1968 |time=1:09}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{quote box
| quote = We were happy but felt very nervous as we had very little film experience [...] Sivaji Ganesan listened to us lying on Kannadasan's lap. After a three-hour performance they showered ‘''sabashs''{{'}} and then director APN confirmed our selection for the film.
| source = M. P. N. Ponnusamy on his inclusion in the film along with his brother, M. P. N. Sethuraman.<ref name="Journey" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
''Thillana Mohanambal'', shot in [[Eastmancolor]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Directorate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfdpAAAAIAAJ&q=mohanambal |title=Panorama of Indian cinema |publisher=[[Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity]] |year=1969}}</ref> was filmed in [[Thanjavur]],{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=240}} [[Thiruvarur]] and [[Madurai]],{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|page=135}} in the [[Chola Nadu|Cauvery delta]].{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|page=134}} Many of the film's aesthetics were borrowed from Indian theatre, of which Nagarajan was an artist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V. Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=14 April 2012 |title=Master of mythological cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3314719.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009064423/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3314719.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The competition sequence between Ganesan and Padmini took about nine takes to be filmed.<ref name="Journey">{{Cite news |last=Kavitha |first=S. S. |date=26 May 2011 |title=On a musical journey |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-a-musical-journey/article2051507.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009065941/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-a-musical-journey/article2051507.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film presented a ''[[mise-en-scène]]'' feel, mostly using frontal shots. The actors were lined up to face the camera and deliver their dialogue. Nagarajan, a former employee of the T. K. S. drama company, paid tribute to Shankardas Swamigal{{mdash}}from whom the company had its ancestral roots{{mdash}}by naming a drama company in the film after the company's name.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|page=397}} Snippets of the film's behind-the-scenes production were filmed by French film director [[Louis Malle]] as a part of his 378-minute, seven-part documentary series, ''[[Phantom India|L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage]]'' (1969), when he visited Madras (now [[Chennai]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan Southern |date=2014 |title=Phantom India (1969) / Review Summary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/165696/Phantom-India/overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009155822/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/165696/Phantom-India/overview |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=[[The New York Times]] |department=Movies & TV Dept.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Madras Film Industry in the 1960s: On the sets of "Thillaanaa Mohanambal" in a French documentary! |url=http://tcrcindia.com/2013/05/06/the-madras-film-industry-in-the-1960s-on-the-sets-of-thillaanaa-mohanambal-in-a-french-documentary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009160352/http://tcrcindia.com/2013/05/06/the-madras-film-industry-in-the-1960s-on-the-sets-of-thillaanaa-mohanambal-in-a-french-documentary/ |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre (TCRC)}}</ref>{{Sfn|Southern|2006|page=119}}

As Sundaram, Ganesan did not actually play the ''Nadaswaram'';<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Vivek |date=2 October 2014 |title=Sivaji in Russian, fighting the good fight against alcohol |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sivaji-in-russian-fighting-the-good-fight-against-alcohol/article6466624.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004150253/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sivaji-in-russian-fighting-the-good-fight-against-alcohol/article6466624.ece |archive-date=4 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> he moved his fingers on the surface of the instrument, held his breath intermittently, and created an illusion on the screen with his facial expressions.{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayanaswami|2007|page=157}} The ''Nadaswaram'' played by Sundaram and Thangarathnam was played off-screen by the brothers, M. P. N. Sethuraman and M. P. N. Ponnusamy.<ref name="TreasureOfMelodies">{{Cite news |last=Venkataraman |first=Rajagopalan |date=25 December 2012 |title=A treasure of melodies from the glorious past |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1392816.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009144900/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1392816.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nagarajan had seen the duo performing at a wedding reception in [[Karaikudi]] and asked them to come to Chennai.<ref name="Journey" /> Their rehearsals took place over 15 days in Mahadevan's recording studio in Chennai.<ref name="Ponnusamy">{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=V. |date=17 July 2009 |title=Divine notes and movie magic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/divine-notes-and-movie-magic/article659197.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012021308/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/divine-notes-and-movie-magic/article659197.ece |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Nagarajan then listened to a radio recital by the duo, and was impressed with their rendition of [[Tyagaraja]]'s [[Kirtan|Keerthana]], "Nagumomu Ganaleni". The Keerthana was later selected as one of the soundtrack instrumentals in the film.<ref name="TreasureOfMelodies" />

The film shows the traditions exhibited by [[courtesan]]s, ''[[zamindar]]s'' in coaches drawn by horses, and palaces that resembled 19th century architecture. The contemporary areas of Madurai and Thanjavur, especially their railway junctions, gave the film a sense of ambiguity that was then very common in [[Tamil cinema]].{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|page=135}} The film recreated the manner in which the ''[[Devadasi]]s'' were portrayed in the early 20th century,{{Sfn|Ashokamitran|2002|page=18}} and also depicts the social conditions and the upper class milieu in Thanjavur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=17 March 2012 |title=Blast from the past – Naalvar 1953 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-naalvar-1953/article3006148.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007125315/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-naalvar-1953/article3006148.ece |archive-date=7 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Real locations were mixed with the fictional town of Madhanpur.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|page=397}} The film also had undertones of the [[Chithirai festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Saravanan |first1=T. |last2=Shrikumar |first2=A. |date=20 April 2016 |title=One festival and a million storylines |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/one-festival-and-a-million-storylines/article8499013.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508113323/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/one-festival-and-a-million-storylines/article8499013.ece |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Its final length was {{Convert|4825|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thillana Mohanambal |date=1968 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures |time=0:01}}</ref>


== Music ==

The film's soundtrack and score were composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref name="TM Audio label">{{Cite web |title=Thillaanaa Mohanambal Songs |url=http://www.saregama.com/portal/pages/film?mode=get_album_info&albumId=1168 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007134902/http://www.saregama.com/portal/pages/film?mode=get_album_info&albumId=1168 |archive-date=7 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref> The instrumental pieces "English Notes" and "Nadaswaram Bit" were originally composed by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2008 |title=Harikesanallur Muthiah Bhagavathar remembered |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1373303.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009130607/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1373303.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> After performing them at Ganesan's 42nd birthday celebrations, Ponnusamy and Sethuraman were asked to play them in the film.<ref name="Journey" /> "Maraindhirundhu" was based on ''[[Shanmukhapriya]]'' [[raga]].<ref name="Shanmukhapriya">{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – Sacred Shanmukhapriya |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009133403/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> It is said that the director insisted on this raga, as the heroine is someone who falls in love with the hero whose name is Shanmugasundaram, and hence the raga whose name translates to "Adorer of Shanmukha". "Nalandhana" was based on ''Nilamani'' raga, which closely resembles ''[[Shivaranjani]]'' raga.<ref name="Nilamani">{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=28 September 2012 |title=Sivaranjani for pathos |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3945587.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009133841/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3945587.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The first line of "Nalandhana" was later used in the film ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 November 2008 |title=Yuvan disappoints |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/07yuvan-disappoints.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009134608/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/07yuvan-disappoints.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> Under Mahadevan's supervision, Pugazhendi set the ''Sangatis''{{efn|Sangatis are pre-composed variations in a composition and rendered in a disciplined manner (as opposed to variations born from free improvisation).{{Sfn|Chaitanya Deva|1995|page=46}}}} for the film's soundtrack and score.<ref name="Ponnusamy" />

Singer [[Charulatha Mani]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'' on "Nalandhana" that, " ... one can feel the proximity in musicality. The Thavil beats, Nadaswara refrains and the honeyed voice all blend into an inviting melody composed by K.V. Mahadevan."<ref name="Nilamani" /> For "Maraindhirundhu" she said, "The nadaswaram and thavil back-ups for this song and the [[Glossary of Carnatic music#Jathi|''jathi''-s]] give it its typical classical flavour. 'Thooyane mayavaa mayane velava ennai aalum Shanmuga vaa' – these lines represent the ideal confluence of ''raga'', ''bhava'' and lyric, a perfect foil to each other."<ref name="Shanmukhapriya" /> According to film critic [[Randor Guy]], "Nalandhana" became "one of the memorable song sequences with Sivaji Ganesan and AVM Rajan, playing the [''Nadaswaram''] on screen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=31 December 2010 |title=Memorable notes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/memorable-notes/article1019404.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054909/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/memorable-notes/article1019404.ece |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He added, "In one song, the famous Tyagaraja kriti in [[Abheri]], ‘Nagumomu Kanaleni’, Balaiah played the thavil in excellent sync with the background song that was recorded earlier in the studio, revealing how adept he really was with the instrument".<ref name="Guy Balaiah" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:58
| title1 = Band Music
| extra1 = [[Instrumental]]
| length1 = 04:48
| title2 = Maraindhirundhu
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 05:11
| title3 = Pandian Naanirukka
| extra3 = [[L. R. Eswari]], S. C. Krishnan
| length3 = 03:18
| title4 = Thillana
| note4 = Nadaswaram
| extra4 = Instrumental
| length4 = 03:45
| title5 = Nagumomu Ganaleni
| note5 = Nadaswaram
| extra5 = Instrumental
| length5 = 05:21
| title6 = Nalandhana
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 05:11
| title7 = Nadaswaram Bit
| extra7 = M. P. N. Ponnusamy, M. P. N. Sethuraman
| length7 = 01:25
| title8 = English Notes
| note8 = Vaithi Dance Sequence
| extra8 = Instrumental
| length8 = 00:59
}}

== Release ==
''Thillana Mohanambal'' was released on 27 July 1968.<ref name="TreasureOfMelodies" /> It was released with English subtitles in overseas countries.<ref name="mayyam" /> The film was shown for six weeks at theatres in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]],<ref name="mayyam" /> and ran for 100 days in Ganesan's family-owned [[Shanti Theatre]] in Chennai. It also completed 100-day runs in theatres in [[Kovai]], Madurai and [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]],<ref name="mayyam" /> and was eventually shown for over 175 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Films that became silver jubilee hits |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618080147/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref>

''Thillana Mohanambal'' was screened in Chennai on 21 April 2010 at the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce|South Indian Film Chamber Theatre]] for the Dignity Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2010 |title=Dignity Foundation announces the opening of first of its kind Film Festival for the 50+ citizens |url=http://www.chennaimirror.com/pressnews/topstories_190410_4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010135845/http://www.chennaimirror.com/pressnews/topstories_190410_4.html |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=Chennai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2010 |title=Film festival revives pleasant memories |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article752547.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010140854/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article752547.ece |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> In November 2011, it was shown at the International Tamil Film Festival held in [[Uglich]], Russia, alongside ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005), ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007), ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' (2010), ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (2010), ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010) and ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=4 October 2011 |title=Taste of Sivaji magic for Russian film buffs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/taste-of-sivaji-magic-for-russian-film-buffs/article2511452.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011093754/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/taste-of-sivaji-magic-for-russian-film-buffs/article2511452.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received critical acclaim in India and abroad for its song and dance sequences, humour and portrayal of the prevailing socio-cultural milieu at that time.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=240}} The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' carried an 11-page review of ''Thillana Mohanambal'' with a discussion among several prominent people, which included [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officers, professors and actors who unanimously appreciated the film and the people associated with it. The review's conclusion was that the director should be given a prize for making such a film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 1968 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: தில்லானா மோகனாம்பாள் |trans-title=Movie Review: Thillana Mohanambal |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/43822--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712055751/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/43822--2 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> In its original review, ''The Hindu'' said the film "encompasses all the traditional wealth of the culture of [Tamil Nadu]."<ref name="OldHinduReview" /> The magazine ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' called the film "a brilliantly made entertainer".<ref name="mayyam" /> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' wrote "Not one would not have been mesmerized by the "Thillana" dance sequence".<ref name="mayyam" />

In 2011, film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] criticised ''Thillana Mohanambal'' for depicting a Tamil king as wearing a Marathi costume: "The film-makers completely neglect the aspects of dress, jewels and weapons that are depicted in our sculptures. They do not even do basic research."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=9 November 2011 |title=7 Aum Arivu row: Debate rages over Bodhi Dharma's identity |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/7-aum-arivu-row-debate-rages-over-bodhi-dharma%E2%80%99s-identity-006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109212945/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/7-aum-arivu-row-debate-rages-over-bodhi-dharma%E2%80%99s-identity-006 |archive-date=9 November 2011 |access-date=8 October 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Outcome
! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|[[16th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]] – President's Silver Medal
| [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| {{won}}
|rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=16th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010083612/http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| [[K. S. Prasad]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5"|Tamil Nadu State Film Awards – 1968
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (second prize)
| [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan=5 style="text-align: center;" |{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=242}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]]
| [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)|Best Character Artiste (Male)]]
| [[T. S. Balaiah]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Best Character Artiste (Female)]]
| [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
| {{won}}
|}

== Legacy ==
''Thillana Mohanambal'' became a cult film for bringing the traditional arts of South India into prominence and achieving more popularity than the novel.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=242}} It became a landmark film for Sivaji Ganesan.<ref name="Manorama Rediff">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=28 July 2001 |title='He had the luck of a king' – Manorama |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/28mano.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010130918/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/28mano.htm |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=Rediff}}</ref> Padmini's titular role become so iconic that the film was identified as her ''[[wikt:pièce de résistance|pièce de résistance]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Venkatesh |date=30 October 2006 |title=Reposited in history |url=http://blogs.rediff.com/venkatesh2007/2006/10/30/reposited-in-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010130827/http://blogs.rediff.com/venkatesh2007/2006/10/30/reposited-in-history/ |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=26 September 2006 |title=The very best of Padmini |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/26sd1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010130752/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/26sd1.htm |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=Rediff}}</ref> She considered ''Thillana Mohanambal'' to be the best film of her career.<ref name="Nyt">{{Cite news |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |date=2 October 2006 |title=Padmini Ramachandran, 74, Actress and Dancer, Is Dead |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/02/arts/02ramachandran.html?fta=y&_r=0 |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011031432/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/02/arts/02ramachandran.html?fta=y&_r=0 |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> The film is notable for catapulting Manorama to stardom.<ref name="Manorama Rediff" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=30 June 2008 |title=50 years of Manorama |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/50-years-of-manorama/article1419690.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011023013/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/50-years-of-manorama/article1419690.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> A dialogue, "Enakku anga oru beeda kadai kaarana theriyum" (I know a ''[[Betel nut chewing|paan]]'' shop owner there), which was spoken by Balaiah, became popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=23 August 2014 |title=100 years of laughter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/100th-birthday-of-one-of-actor-t-s-balaiah/article6345220.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011075512/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/100th-birthday-of-one-of-actor-t-s-balaiah/article6345220.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to the 2010 book ''Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai'' by R. Kannan, [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s sister's granddaughter, Kanmani, would enquire about his well-being during his last days by singing "Nalamdhana".{{Sfn|Kannan|2010|page=351}}

The film became a trendsetter and inspired several later films with similar themes of music and dance – including ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989), ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' (1999),{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=242}} and ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabindran |first=Dilani |date=9 November 2014 |title="That was an unbelievable feeling to realise we were going to create a Rahman musical" – Sashikanth |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-producer/s-sashikanth/an-exclusive-kaaviya-thalaivan-special-interview-with-producer-sashikanth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110043725/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-producer/s-sashikanth/an-exclusive-kaaviya-thalaivan-special-interview-with-producer-sashikanth.html |archive-date=10 November 2014 |access-date=10 November 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; four of them – [[C. V. Sridhar]], [[K. Balachander]], [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] and [[K. Bhagyaraj]] – named ''Thillana Mohanambal''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Actress Kavitha Nair, who made her debut with ''[[Mudhal Idam]]'' (2011), changed her screen name to Mohana because she liked the character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malini |first=Shankaran |date=19 December 2011 |title=Inspired by Thillana Mohanambal |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Inspired-by-Thillana-Mohanambal/articleshow/11166057.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011073556/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Inspired-by-Thillana-Mohanambal/articleshow/11166057.cms |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Crazy Mohan stated that the film made his top ten list, and that there was "excellence in all aspects – screenplay, dialogue, comedy, casting, music and direction. A winning combination, indeed. This gives ''Thillana Mohanambal'' its timeless appeal".<ref name="Crazy" /> Screenwriter-director Viji of ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' (2008) fame noted how the film showcased the culture of Thanjavur and that the acting performances and film formed a "complete package".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2009 |title=Why I like... Thillana Mohanambal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-thillana-mohanambal/article3021008.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011085833/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-thillana-mohanambal/article3021008.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Politician and writer [[M. Karunanidhi]] called it his favourite film and that he "had watched it innumerable times."<ref name="BKTM" />

The prints of the film in 16 mm format were acquired by the American Cultural Association for their archives to represent quintessential old-world Thanjavur culture, and by universities in the United States for the study of ''Bharatanatyam'' and ''Nadaswaram'' arts in particular.<ref name="Guy Balaiah">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 August 2014 |title=Darling of the masses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/t-s-balaiah-endeared-himself-to-millions-of-fans-with-a-career-spanning-nearly-four-decades-says-randor-guy/article6324279.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010144157/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/t-s-balaiah-endeared-himself-to-millions-of-fans-with-a-career-spanning-nearly-four-decades-says-randor-guy/article6324279.ece |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Guy |first1=Randor |last2=Rangarajan |first2=Malathi |date=29 September 2006 |title=Beauty, charm, charisma |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/beauty-charm-charisma/article3230823.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010133751/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/beauty-charm-charisma/article3230823.ece |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''Thillana Mohanambal'' is included with other Sivaji Ganesan-starrers in ''8th Ulaga Adhisayam Sivaji'', a compilation DVD featuring Ganesan's "iconic performances in the form of scenes, songs and stunts" which was released in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V. Iyer |first=Aruna |date=12 May 2012 |title=For the love of Sivaji |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704094406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Although film distributor Shanthi Chokkalingam stated in February 2012 that ''Thillana Mohanambal''<nowiki/>'s remaining prints were "totally damaged",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=20 February 2012 |title=Karnan: Old wine in new bottle |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Karnan-Old-wine-in-new-bottle/articleshow/11960607.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010135730/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karnan-Old-wine-in-new-bottle/articleshow/11960607.cms |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Pradeep Sebastian of ''Deccan Herald'' stated in April 2015 that he "recently" saw the film through a restored print.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Pradeep |date=26 April 2015 |title=The stuff legends are made of |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/473816/stuff-legends-made-of.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016095729/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/473816/stuff-legends-made-of.html |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=16 October 2015 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Jil Jil Ramamani became immensely popular;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kesavan |first=N. |date=26 June 2016 |title=Comediennes who made Tamil cinema bright |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/comediennes-who-made-tamil-cinema-bright/article8764250.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701153155/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/comediennes-who-made-tamil-cinema-bright/article8764250.ece |archive-date=1 July 2016 |access-date=1 July 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> in its obituary for Manorama, ''The Hindu'' noted Jil Jil Ramamani "probably bore the closest resemblance to Manorama" in terms of being able to perform ''[[Karakattam]]'' and ''[[w:ta:பொய்க்கால் குதிரை ஆட்டம்|Poikkal Kuthirai]]''.<ref name="Manorama The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2015 |title=Actor Manorama – She ruled the screen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-manorama-she-ruled-the-screen/article7751056.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508060145/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-manorama-she-ruled-the-screen/article7751056.ece |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Thillana Mohanambal'' has been parodied and referenced in many films. In a comedy scene from ''Karakattakkaran'', [[Senthil]] would be playing the nadheswaram, while [[Kovai Sarala]] would be dancing and an onlooker compares them to Ganesan and Padmini's characters from the film, resulting in [[Goundamani]] becoming irked by the comment.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Karagattakaran |date=1989 |medium=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Vijaya Movies |time=22:49}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' compared ''Karakattakkaran'' to ''Thillana Mohanambal'' because in both films, the male and female lead characters are in love with each other, despite being professional rivals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2009 |title=Thillana Mohanambal / Karagatakkaran |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2009/01/02&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02800 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507090844/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2009%2F01%2F02&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02800 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=8 May 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In the film ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' (1992), Goundamani asks Senthil to play "Nalandhana" on his thavil, resulting in a comical argument between the two.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Villu Pattukaran |date=1992 |medium=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Vijaya Movies |time=37:13}}</ref> In ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995), the title character ([[Rajinikanth]]), in a conversation with Malayasimman ([[Sarath Babu]]), says that Ambalarathar's ([[Radha Ravi]]) daughter, Padmini ([[Subhashri]]) looks like actress Padmini's character, Mohana, in the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Muthu |date=1995 |medium=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Kavithalayaa Productions]] |time=20:39}}</ref>

When Kuzhandaivelu ([[Vadivelu]]) is injured in ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' (2001), his mother-in-law ([[Revathi Sankaran]]) sings "Nalandhana" while enquiring about his health.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Middle Class Madhavan |date=2001 |medium=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=KRG Movies International |time=2:00:11}}</ref> In ''[[Perazhagan]]'' (2004), when [[Kyphosis|hunchback]] Chinna ([[Suriya]]) talks about improving his looks, Kuzhandaisamy ([[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]) jokes that if Chinna was given a [[party horn]] to play with, he would look like 'Sikkal' Shanmugasundaram.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrOuAIZKfTs |title=Perazhagan – Tamil Movie Comedy – Suriya, Jyothika, Vivek, Manorama, Manobala |date=14 May 2014 |publisher=[[Pyramid Saimira|AP International]] |place=India |time=8:03 |medium=motion picture |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708073608/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrOuAIZKfTs |url-status=live }}</ref> Scenes from ''Thillana Mohanambal'' were parodied in ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010). The film's poster depicts lead actor [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Ganesan's character, Shanmugasundaram and [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Balaiah's character, Muthurakku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=25 January 2010 |title=Tamil Padam's tunes are a laugh riot |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-music-review-padam/20100125.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011070932/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-music-review-padam/20100125.htm |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=4 February 2010 |title=Tamil Padam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tamil-Padam/movie-review/5534225.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011102148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tamil-Padam/movie-review/5534225.cms |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ |title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=[[Westland Books]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-9383260744 |orig-date=1996}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaitanya Deva |first=Bigamudre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-XKAfoa8WMC |title=Indian Music |date=1995 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-8122407303}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931 to 1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayanaswami |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQc_Xi0J8M0C |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-670-08328-2 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ashokamitran |author-link=Ashokamitran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOxkAAAAMAAJ |title=My Years with Boss at Gemini Studios |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-8125020875}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Southern |first=Nathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RplAAAAMAAJ |title=The Films of Louis Malle: A Critical Analysis |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7864-6440-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hY6PQ_eK7IUC |title=New Mansions for Music: Performance, Pedagogy and Criticism |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-8187358343}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
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[[Category:1960s romantic musical films]]
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[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
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[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

Pariyerum Perumal

2026-04-11T18:24:18Z

ReinaSligo4: Done

{{short description|2018 Indian film by Mari Selvaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pariyerum Perumal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mari Selvaraj]]
| writer = Mari Selvaraj
| producer = [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| starring = [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]
| cinematography = Sridhar
| editing = Selva R. K.
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| studio = [[Neelam Productions]]
| distributor = [[Lyca Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|09|28}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pariyerum Perumal''''' ({{translation|The Emperor who mounts a Horse}}){{Efn|Also the title character.}} is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Mari Selvaraj]], and produced by [[Pa. Ranjith]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 June 2020 |title=I Wanted Pariyerum Perumal To Be Like A Dream: Mari Selvaraj |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/i-wanted-pariyerum-perumal-to-be-like-a-dream-mari-selvaraj-baradwaj-rangan-pa-ranjith/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218192804/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/i-wanted-pariyerum-perumal-to-be-like-a-dream-mari-selvaraj-baradwaj-rangan-pa-ranjith/ |archive-date=18 December 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] and [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], while [[Yogi Babu]], [[Lingesh|Lijeesh]], [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] and [[G. Marimuthu]] appear in supporting roles. It follows Pariyan (Kathir), who befriends Jothi (Anandhi), who falls in love with him. Soon after, her family members begin harassing Pariyan due to his [[Caste system in India|caste]].

''Pariyerum Perumal'' is the directorial debut of Selvaraj, and drew inspiration from his 2012 short story collection ''Thamirabaraniyil Kollapadathavaragal'' ({{Translation|Those not killed in the [[Thamirabarani]]}}) and 2013 [[Serial (literature)|serial]] ''Marakave Ninaikiraen'' ({{Translation|I think only to forget}}). It is the first feature film produced by Ranjith's [[Neelam Productions]]. The film, announced in October 2016, was shot between January 2017 and March 2018, with [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Thoothukudi]] as the primary filming locations. [[Pariyerum Perumal (soundtrack)|The music]] was composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], with cinematography handled by Sridhar and editing done by Selva R. K.

''Pariyerum Perumal'' was released on 28 September 2018, and became a critical and commercial success. The film received four [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], including Best Story and Best Director, six nominations at the [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]], receiving two wins, four nominations at the [[66th Filmfare Awards South]], winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]], and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. The film was honoured at the 16th [[Chennai International Film Festival]], receiving an award for the best feature, and was also screened at the [[49th International Film Festival of India]]. It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Karki (film)|Karki]]'' (2024) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Dhadak 2]]'' (2025).

== Plot ==
Pariyerum Perumal, alias Pariyan, is a youth hailing from Puliyankulam village near [[Tirunelveli]], and belongs to an [[Paraiya|oppressed caste]]. The film begins with the murder of his beloved black dog, Karuppi ({{Translation|Blackie}}) due to caste hegemony.

Pariyan moves on to secure a seat at Government Law College, Tirunelveli, where he wishes to become a lawyer like [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. He meets Jothi Mahalakshmi "Jo", a naive girl from [[Ambasamudram]] who takes it upon herself to teach Pariyan English. She eventually falls for his innocence and honesty. This newfound friendship irks Sankaralingam, a fellow law student and Jo's cousin. He awaits a chance to teach a lesson to Pariyan and establish his caste superiority. He does so while the blissfully unaware Jo invites Pariyan to a family wedding.

At the wedding that he was invited to, Pariyan is almost beaten to death by Sankaralingam and his friends, and they also urinate on him. It is stopped, and Pariyan is warned by Jo's father to stay out of her life. Jo, unaware of all this, berates Pariyan the next day for not attending her sister's wedding as he was the only one from her college who she had invited.

Pariyan, who becomes upset the next day, drinks alcohol and attends the class, which leads him to the principal's room. When he is asked to bring his father, he bribes a person to be his father, and the man does the job successfully. Another day, Pariyan's teacher tries to reconcile Pariyan with Jo, but Pariyan notes that Jo gave an invitation-only to him, making it clear that he treats her only as his friend, which infuriates her. On the same day, he sits on Sankaralingam's bench. The latter gets infuriated as he does not see Pariyan as his equal, pushes Pariyan into the ladies' toilet, and locks the door. This gets Pariyan in trouble once again, and Pariyan is called to the principal's room. Pariyan is again asked to bring his father. This time, he brings his real father, a folk dancer in drag clothing.

The principal understands Pariyan's innocence and asks him to be brave and continue to fight like this. As Pariyan comes out of the principal's room, he finds his father brutally [[Hazing|hazed]] by Sankaralingam and his mates, and they pull Pariyan's father's [[dhoti]]. Pariyan's father runs out of college half-naked, followed by Sankaralingam and his group, and Pariyan runs after them. Pariyan takes his father to a hospital for medical treatment. Meanwhile, Jo's father realises that his daughter is madly in love with Pariyan. Fearing humiliation and ostracisation from his caste if his daughter elopes with someone from a lower caste, he hires "Thatha Maistry", an ageing assassin who murders people to protect the [[Honor killing|honour of the people of his caste]]. Maistry reveals that he looks at his work as a divine ordinance and promises that the day that he is unsuccessful, he will kill himself.

Maistry and Pariyan know each other, and Maistry even offers to fix the problem by talking to Pariyan. Pariyan, who is by his father's bedside at the hospital, contemplates taking revenge, but his mother asks him not to do so. She reminds him that humiliation and oppression are things that they have dealt with their whole lives, and that violence will not fix anything. He is informed that Jo is waiting in the hospital for him. An emotional Jo makes Pariyan realise how important he is to her, and though she loves him, she asks him to be the same old Pariyan, who was very friendly with her. Pariyan makes a promise to be like that.

Maistry asks for a ride on Pariyan's cycle and tries to kill him by tying Pariyan on a railway track, in the same way that Karuppi was killed, but Pariyan escapes, which leads to a fight between Maistry and Pariyan. Pariyan realises that he was sent by Jo's father and Sankaralingam. He beats Sankaralingam and others brutally. He then tells Jo's father that the life he is living is a gift from Pariyan because if Jo becomes aware of the activities of her father, she will not spare him. Pariyan asks him to stop harassing him and leaves. Maistry, having failed to kill his mark for the first time, commits suicide on the railway track.

Jo, who remains completely oblivious to the violence around her, brings her father to meet Pariyan, and as she goes to buy tea for them, Jo's father asks for an apology for his behaviour. He speaks cordially to Pariyan, who replies that as long as he remains the same and expects Pariyan to remain a dog, nothing will change.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] as S. Pariyerum Perumal (Pariyan)
*[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Jothi Mahalakshmi (Jo)
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Anand
*[[Lingesh|Lijeesh]] as Sankaralingam
*[[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] as Pariyan's senior
*[[Shanmugarajan]] as Pariyan's false father
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Jo's father
*[[Poo Ramu]] as the college principal
*Karate Venkatesan as Thatha Maistry
*[[Lizzie Antony]] as a college professor
*Suganthi Nachchiyal as a college professor
*Raghu as Jo's brother
*Janaki{{efn|Credited as ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' Janaki.}} as Pariyan's mother
*Vannarpettai Thangaraj as Pariyan's father
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as R. K. Raja
*[[Anthony Daasan]] in a special appearance ("Engum Pugazh Thuvanga")
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Pa. Ranjith]] registered his maiden film production company, [[Neelam Productions]] in late October 2016. Although the company had produced two documentary films,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2016 |title=Pa. Ranjith ventures into production |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Pa.-Ranjith-ventures-into-production/article16073852.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413224320/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Pa.-Ranjith-ventures-into-production/article16073852.ece |archive-date=13 April 2022 |access-date=8 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ranjith announced his debut as a feature film producer, with his association with [[Mari Selvaraj]], a former assistant of [[Ram (director)|Ram]], in his directorial debut, titled ''Pariyerum Perumal'', in December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2017 |title=Director Pa Ranjith turns producer |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/director-pa-ranjith-turns-producer-news-tamil-rbcj9fbgecgdg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104173436/http://www.sify.com/movies/director-pa-ranjith-turns-producer-news-tamil-rbcj9fbgecgdg.html |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=18 November 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was inspired by Selvaraj's ''Thamirabaraniyil Kollapadathavaragal'', a short story collection and ''Marakave Ninaikiraen'', a [[Serial (literature)|serial]] in ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Jaya Gomathi Mirra |date=28 September 2020 |title=The Literature and Cinema of Mari Selvaraj's Pariyerum Perumal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2020/sep/28/the-literature-and-cinema-of-mari-selvarajs-pariyerum-perumal-20513.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121095942/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2020/sep/28/the-literature-and-cinema-of-mari-selvarajs-pariyerum-perumal-20513.html |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Sridhar, Selva R. K. and Ramu joined the team as cinematographer, editor and art director respectively.<ref name=":0" />

=== Casting ===
Mari Selvaraj stated, "I wanted faces that reflected a kind of simplicity and innocence, and [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] and [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] fit that description perfectly".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=3 October 2018 |title=Mari Selvaraj on his sleeper hit 'Pariyerum Perumal': 'I want to use art to generate a debate' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/896799/mari-selvaraj-on-his-sleeper-hit-pariyerum-perumal-i-want-to-use-art-to-generate-a-debate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125055417/https://scroll.in/reel/896799/mari-selvaraj-on-his-sleeper-hit-pariyerum-perumal-i-want-to-use-art-to-generate-a-debate |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Kathir stated that after he heard about the project, he personally approached the director and was cast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=3 October 2018 |title='Pariyan is the role of a lifetime': Actor Kathir on 'Pariyerum Perumal' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyan-role-lifetime-actor-kathir-pariyerum-perumal-89373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412232809/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyan-role-lifetime-actor-kathir-pariyerum-perumal-89373 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Mari Selvaraj later revealed that [[Atharvaa]] was his first choice for the role as he was impressed with the actor's performance in ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013), but Atharvaa could not spare dates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2025 |title=Mari Selvaraj says he wanted to make Pariyerum Perumal with Atharvaa: 'I was feeling very upset...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/11/mari-selvaraj-says-he-wanted-to-make-pariyerum-perumal-with-atharvaa-i-was-feeling-very-upset |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821024103/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/11/mari-selvaraj-says-he-wanted-to-make-pariyerum-perumal-with-atharvaa-i-was-feeling-very-upset |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Anandhi's role was inspired from the characterisation of [[Shweta Tripathi]] in ''[[Masaan]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2019 |title=Shweta's Masaan role was inspiration for Pariyerum Perumal heroine character |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shwetas-masaan-role-was-inspiration-for-pariyerum-perumal-heroine-character/articleshow/67688998.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514140937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shwetas-masaan-role-was-inspiration-for-pariyerum-perumal-heroine-character/articleshow/67688998.cms |archive-date=14 May 2019 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Anupama Parameswaran]] later revealed that she was the first choice for the lead actress but declined due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2025 |title=Anupama Parameswaran on Bison Kaalamaadan: 'Mari Selvaraj sir's honesty breaks you, but…' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/19/anupama-parameswaran-on-bison-kaalamaadan-mari-selvaraj-sirs-honesty-breaks-you-but |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821021239/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/19/anupama-parameswaran-on-bison-kaalamaadan-mari-selvaraj-sirs-honesty-breaks-you-but |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film notably features a cross-breed dog named "Karuppi", which has traits of the [[Chippiparai]] breed.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=15 November 2018 |title=A mix that makes canine star Karuppi special |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-mix-that-makes-canine-star-karuppi-special/article25500206.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127112023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-mix-that-makes-canine-star-karuppi-special/article25500206.ece |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to the director, "The film incidentally starts and ends with her travel".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=4 March 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal is a film only I could have done |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/04/pariyerum-perumal--is-a-film-only-i-could-have-done-1782013.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127111617/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/04/pariyerum-perumal--is-a-film-only-i-could-have-done-1782013.html |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in late January 2017,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=1 January 2017 |title=Pa Ranjith picks Kathir, Anandhi for his venture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pa-ranjith-picks-kathir-anandhi-for-his-venture/articleshow/56272390.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828065726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pa-ranjith-picks-kathir-anandhi-for-his-venture/articleshow/56272390.cms |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Thoothukudi]] regions serving as the principal shooting locations.<ref name=":0" /> The film's shooting was completed in March 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal Shooting Completed |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2018/03/pariyerum-perumal-shooting-completed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828081242/https://moviegalleri.net/2018/03/pariyerum-perumal-shooting-completed.html |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=moviegalleri.net}}</ref> That November, the makers released a video titled "Pariyerum Perumal Making Video", showing how some of the film's perceived disturbing scenes were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2018 |title=Watch: Making of 'Pariyerum Perumal' video shows how its disturbing scenes were shot |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-making-pariyerum-perumal-video-shows-how-its-disturbing-scenes-were-shot-92372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128030524/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-making-pariyerum-perumal-video-shows-how-its-disturbing-scenes-were-shot-92372 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Pariyerum Perumal (soundtrack)}}
Pa. Ranjith's regular composer [[Santhosh Narayanan]], was assigned to compose the music and background score of ''Pariyerum Perumal''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBSDWRl3bWQ |title=Madras better than Kaala: Santhosh Narayanan |date=16 February 2019 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828082123/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBSDWRl3bWQ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=4 March 2018 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' reflects the life of people in the Tirunelveli-Thoothukudi region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pariyerum-perumal-reflects-the-life-of-people-in-the-tirunelveli-thoothukudi-region/articleshow/63147602.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325090501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pariyerum-perumal-reflects-the-life-of-people-in-the-tirunelveli-thoothukudi-region/articleshow/63147602.cms |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The album was launched by [[Dhanush]] on 9 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2018 |title='Pariyerum Perumal': Dhanush launches the audio of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pariyerum-perumal-dhanush-launches-the-audio-of-the-film/articleshow/65749357.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828063653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pariyerum-perumal-dhanush-launches-the-audio-of-the-film/articleshow/65749357.cms |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The film's first promotional poster which released on 14 February 2018, featured a dog with a collar and leash around its neck in the foreground while the silhouettes of a number of people can be seen in the background.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2018 |title=Pa Ranjith launches poster of 'Pariyerum Perumal', his home production |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pa-ranjith-launches-poster-pariyerum-perumal-his-home-production-76454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127225034/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pa-ranjith-launches-poster-pariyerum-perumal-his-home-production-76454 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film was originally slated to release in March 2018, but its release was postponed due to the standoff between [[Nadigar Sangam]] and Digital Service Providers on the increase of [[Virtual Print Fee]] charges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2018 |title=Industry strikes: From 'Kee' to 'Imaikka Nodigal', Tamil films which may be affected |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/industry-strikes-kee-imaikka-nodigal-tamil-films-which-may-be-affected-78177 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127152434/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/industry-strikes-kee-imaikka-nodigal-tamil-films-which-may-be-affected-78177 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The first trailer of the film was unveiled in June 2018, and received rave response from all corners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2018 |title=Pa Ranjith-Mari Selvaraj's 'Pariyerum Perumal' trailer out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pa-ranjith-mari-selvarajs-pariyerum-perumal-trailer-out-82485 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506093739/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pa-ranjith-mari-selvarajs-pariyerum-perumal-trailer-out-82485 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 June 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal teaser: Pa Ranjith film looks like an intriguing rural drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pariyerum-perumal-teaser-pa-ranjith-mari-selvaraj-1250243-2018-06-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126230650/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pariyerum-perumal-teaser-pa-ranjith-mari-selvaraj-1250243-2018-06-04 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |access-date=19 November 2020 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 28 September 2018,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2018 |title='Pariyerum Perumal': Pa. Ranjith reveals the release date of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pariyerum-perumal-pa-ranjith-reveals-the-release-date-of-the-film/articleshow/65672235.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006094835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pariyerum-perumal-pa-ranjith-reveals-the-release-date-of-the-film/articleshow/65672235.cms |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> after receiving a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] with no cuts but two mutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=26 September 2018 |title=Ranjith's 'PP' breezes past Censors |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260918/ranjiths-pp-breezes-past-censors.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127131833/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260918/ranjiths-pp-breezes-past-censors.html |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Despite being released in 121 theatres, the film got limited screens, due to the higher profile ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2018 |title='Pariyerum Perumal': The Pa Ranjith production opens to good response |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pariyerum-perumal-the-pa-ranjith-production-opens-to-good-response/articleshow/65995621.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605033916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pariyerum-perumal-the-pa-ranjith-production-opens-to-good-response/articleshow/65995621.cms |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, after the positive response received by the audience, theatre owners increased the number of shows and screens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Based on rave response, 'Pariyerum Perumal' gets more shows in TN |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/based-rave-response-pariyerum-perumal-gets-more-shows-tn-89249 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063404/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/based-rave-response-pariyerum-perumal-gets-more-shows-tn-89249 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Many filmmakers and actors heaped praise on the film, as did the politician [[M. K. Stalin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2018 |title=Filmmakers and stars heap praises upon Mari Selvaraj's 'Pariyerum Perumal' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/filmmakers-and-stars-heap-praises-upon-mari-selvarajs-pariyerum-perumal-89592 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127214229/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/filmmakers-and-stars-heap-praises-upon-mari-selvarajs-pariyerum-perumal-89592 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan appreciates the cast and crew of 'Pariyerum Perumal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-appreciates-the-cast-and-crew-of-pariyerum-perumal/articleshow/66054404.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517164846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-appreciates-the-cast-and-crew-of-pariyerum-perumal/articleshow/66054404.cms |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2018 |title=DMK president MK Stalin praises Pariyerum Perumal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dmk-president-mk-stalin-praises-pariyerum-perumal/articleshow/66106657.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207155359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dmk-president-mk-stalin-praises-pariyerum-perumal/articleshow/66106657.cms |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film opened to theatres across [[Karnataka]] on 12 October 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2018 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' to release in Karnataka on October 12 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-release-karnataka-october-12-89711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127231258/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-release-karnataka-october-12-89711 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and in [[Kerala]] on 26 October 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2018 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' to release in Kerala on October 26 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-release-kerala-october-26-90307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306142212/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-release-kerala-october-26-90307 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> following its positive critical acclaim. After its successful theatrical run, the film was made available to stream on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 11 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2018 |title=Mari Selvaraj's 'Pariyerum Perumal' now on Amazon Prime |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mari-selvaraj-s-pariyerum-perumal-now-amazon-prime-91359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127160301/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mari-selvaraj-s-pariyerum-perumal-now-amazon-prime-91359 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film was screened at the inaugural New York Dalit Film and Cultural Festival in 2019 along with ''[[Masaan]]'' (2015), ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018) and ''[[Fandry]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title='Pariyerum Perumal', 'Masaan' and 'Kaala' to be screened at New York's first Dalit Film Festival |url=https://scroll.in/reel/913254/pariyerum-perumal-masaan-and-kaala-new-york-dalit-film-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002933/https://scroll.in/reel/913254/pariyerum-perumal-masaan-and-kaala-new-york-dalit-film-festival |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Along with few other Tamil films, it was showcased at the [[49th International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title=Full list of south Indian films in the 49th International Film Festival of India |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/full-list-south-indian-films-49th-international-film-festival-india-90882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810065702/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/full-list-south-indian-films-49th-international-film-festival-india-90882 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal and Peranbu to be screened at IFFI 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/01/pariyerum-perumal-and-peranbu-to-be-screened-at-iffi-2018-1892871.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127132613/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/01/pariyerum-perumal-and-peranbu-to-be-screened-at-iffi-2018-1892871.html |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''Pariyerum Perumal'' received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2018 |title=Praise for Pariyerum Perumal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/praise-for-pariyerum-perumal/article25146293.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821023324/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/praise-for-pariyerum-perumal/article25146293.ece |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "With such strong statements to make against caste, the film could have easily adopted a dark theme but it prefers to stay hopeful. The climax is easily among its most touching moments. If there's one film you're watching this year, it has to be ''Pariyerum Perumal''."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=28 September 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal review: caste away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pariyerum-perumal-review-caste-away/article25074362.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903210455/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pariyerum-perumal-review-caste-away/article25074362.ece |archive-date=3 September 2022 |access-date=18 November 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars "''Pariyerum Perumal'' is a hard-hitting anti-caste drama."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=28 September 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pariyerum-perumal/movie-review/65984144.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502124142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pariyerum-perumal/movie-review/65984144.cms |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=18 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated 4.5 out of 5 and then stated it as "Pariyerum Perumal is a film that goes beyond your expectations and should not be missed at any cost!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=1 October 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal movie review: Goes beyond expectations, don't miss at any cost! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/011018/pariyerum-perumal-movie-review-goes-beyond-expectations-dont-miss.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003143849/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/011018/pariyerum-perumal-movie-review-goes-beyond-expectations-dont-miss.html |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=18 November 2018 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and stated "Pariyerum Perumal is more depressing when you realise everything that pans out in this disturbing film has actually happened or is happening or will continue to happen in our country."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=1 October 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal Review: Mari Selvaraj film is disturbing caste drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pariyerum-perumal-review-mari-selvaraj-film-is-disturbing-caste-drama-1351705-2018-09-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610180159/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pariyerum-perumal-review-mari-selvaraj-film-is-disturbing-caste-drama-1351705-2018-09-28 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Anjana Shekar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' reviewed as It can be quite easy to bind a film under seals of approvals like 'masterpiece' and 'milestone'. But there are few films that venture beyond the confines of such labels and ''Pariyerum Perumal'' is one such example. At a time when Tamil cinema is turning to look back at its portrayal of caste, more importantly, to rewrite its portrayals, ''Pariyerum Perumal'' can effortlessly be called its luminary."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=28 September 2018 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' review: Mari Selvaraj's film is effortlessly brilliant |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-review-mari-selvaraj-s-film-effortlessly-brilliant-89102 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924133714/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-review-mari-selvaraj-s-film-effortlessly-brilliant-89102 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]], writing for ''[[Film Companion]]'', gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "This film is a powerful, yet level-headed, drama about an oppressed youth carving out a place of his own."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=29 September 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/pariyerum-perumal-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110110008/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/pariyerum-perumal-movie-review/ |archive-date=10 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave the rating 3.5 out of 5 and stated "''Pariyerum Perumal'' is an artistic masterpiece from debutant filmmaker Mari Selvaraj and set the standards high for directors who have noble intentions but end up making preachy propaganda films."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal review: It's an inherently sincere and deeply affecting film |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pariyerum-perumal-review-its-an-inherently-sincere-and-deeply-affecting-film-review-tamil-sj2kmSiifcdjh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928100107/http://www.sify.com/movies/pariyerum-perumal-review-its-an-inherently-sincere-and-deeply-affecting-film-review-tamil-sj2kmSiifcdjh.html |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Ashameera Aiyappan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 and stated "The subtexts are painfully brilliant in a film that doesn't paint the world black and white."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=28 September 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal review: A hard-hitting examination of our social constructs |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/sep/28/pariyerum-perumal-review-a-hard-hitting-perspective-of-our-social-constructs-8084.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101005315/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/sep/28/pariyerum-perumal-review-a-hard-hitting-perspective-of-our-social-constructs-8084.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Ravichandran Bathran, writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', said, "''Pariyerum Perumal'' is a great movie to watch. However, the movie is neither anti-caste nor casteist. Rather, it merely discusses popular forms of discrimination and evokes memories of some earlier instances of caste violence. The movie eventually tries to find solutions within the caste system itself."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bathran |first=Dr Ravichandran |date=12 October 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal: Examining the anti-caste perspective of Mari Selvaraj's critically acclaimed film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pariyerum-perumal-examining-the-anti-caste-perspective-of-mari-selvarajs-critically-acclaimed-film-5369831.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118101456/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pariyerum-perumal-examining-the-anti-caste-perspective-of-mari-selvarajs-critically-acclaimed-film-5369831.html |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "Pariyerum Perumal shows it's not easy to overcome the challenges of all-pervasive caste. But it may not be impossible either."<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=19 July 2019 |title=South Stream: Mari Selvaraj's Pariyerum Perumal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/south-stream-pariyerum-perumal-5834767/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715212927/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/south-stream-pariyerum-perumal-5834767/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Pariyerum Perumal'' collected {{INRConvert|5.5|c|lk=}} in its lifetime box office collection, also receiving a share of {{INRConvert|3.5|c|lk=}},<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=11 October 2018 |title=Kollywood hits a purple patch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kollywood-hits-a-purple-patch/article25186974.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828063656/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kollywood-hits-a-purple-patch/article25186974.ece |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and became a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekar |first=Raja |date=11 November 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal, 96 record better box office runs than Saamy Square, Seema Raja |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pariyerum-perumal-96-record-better-box-office-runs-than-saamy-square-seema-raja-5531581.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012133759/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pariyerum-perumal-96-record-better-box-office-runs-than-saamy-square-seema-raja-5531581.html |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |20 December 2018
| rowspan="1" | 16th [[Chennai International Film Festival]]
| rowspan="1" | Best Tamil Feature
| rowspan="1" | [[Mari Selvaraj]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="thehindu2">{{Cite news |date=20 December 2018 |title=Pariyerum Perumal wins award for best Tamil feature film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/curtains-come-down-on-chennai-international-film-festival/article25792793.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416074541/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/curtains-come-down-on-chennai-international-film-festival/article25792793.ece |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=2 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |5 January 2019
| rowspan="4" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Director
| Mari Selvaraj
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2019-jan-09/ananda-vikatan-awards/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210250/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2019-jan-09/ananda-vikatan-awards/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018.html |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Best Comedian — Male
| [[Yogi Babu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Story
| Mari Selvaraj
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 25–28 April 2019
| rowspan="4" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| Best Film
| [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' bags Best Film award at Norway Tamil Film Festival |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416194435/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=10 January 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Best Director
| Mari Selvaraj
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Production
| [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 17 February 2019
| rowspan="1" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| Best Film
| [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2019 |url=http://edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=36 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241121071113/http://edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=36 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=edisonawards.in}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 15 April 2019
| rowspan="1" | Toulouse Indian Film Festival
| [[Film Critics Circle of India]] Award for Best Debut Film
| [[Mari Selvaraj]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="filmcriticscircle">{{Cite web |title=4th annual Film Critics Circle of India Citation Award |url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/fcci-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104025141/https://filmcriticscircle.com/fcci-awards/ |archive-date=4 January 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=[[Film Critics Circle of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 16 August 2019
| rowspan="5" | [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Film
| [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=Pooja |date=18 July 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019 FULL nominations list out! Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha Akkineni and others bag top honours |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-2019-full-nominations-list-out-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-and-others-bag-top-honours/455922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722163532/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-2019-full-nominations-list-out-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-and-others-bag-top-honours/455922 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|Special Jury for Outstanding Performance
|[[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|-
|Best Lyricist
|[[Viveka]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|[[Mari Selvaraj]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 21 December 2019
| rowspan="4" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Film
| ''Pariyerum Perumal''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Mari Selvaraj]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|[[Viveka]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 29 January 2026
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Pariyerum Perumal''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|archive-date=30 January 2026|access-date=30 January 2026|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Mari Selvaraj
|{{Won}}
|}

== Legacy ==
The portrayal of the film's central dog character Karuppi, became popular among audiences.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |date=27 September 2018 |title='Karuppi the dog is the film's soul' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karuppi-the-dog-is-the-films-soul/article25059177.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127170227/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karuppi-the-dog-is-the-films-soul/article25059177.ece |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Inspired from the famous '[[Doge (meme)|Dogelore]]' (which refers to the meme universe featuring dogs), the character was featured as the new addition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaveri |first=Megha |date=18 November 2020 |title=From Doge to Cheems, how dog memes have conquered Tamil social media |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/doge-cheems-how-dog-memes-have-conquered-tamil-social-media-137889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092731/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/doge-cheems-how-dog-memes-have-conquered-tamil-social-media-137889 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The dog playing Karuppi died in November 2024 after an accident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Karuppi, dog from Tamil film Pariyerum Perumal, dies in accident |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karuppi-dog-from-tamil-film-pariyerum-perumal-dies-in-accident-on-diwali-2627822-2024-11-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904042944/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karuppi-dog-from-tamil-film-pariyerum-perumal-dies-in-accident-on-diwali-2627822-2024-11-04 |archive-date=4 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Some of the film's plot inspired the 2020 Telugu film ''[[Colour Photo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Jahnavi |date=24 October 2020 |title='Colour Photo' review: A brave film that takes on caste, class and colour prejudice |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/colour-photo-review-brave-film-takes-caste-class-and-colour-prejudice-136045 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111061400/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/colour-photo-review-brave-film-takes-caste-class-and-colour-prejudice-136045 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Pariyerum Perumal'' was remade in Kannada as ''[[Karki (film)|Karki]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadha |first=A |date=21 September 2024 |title='Karki' movie review: This thoughtful, heartfelt adaptation stays true to the original |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/21/karki-movie-review-this-thoughtful-heartfelt-adaptation-stays-true-to-the-original |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922123028/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/21/karki-movie-review-this-thoughtful-heartfelt-adaptation-stays-true-to-the-original |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and in Hindi as ''[[Dhadak 2]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Sanghamitra |date=27 May 2024 |title=Triptii Dimri and Siddhant Chaturvedi to star in Dhadak 2 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/triptii-dimri-and-siddhant-chaturvedi-to-star-in-dhadak-2/cid/2022766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527090312/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/triptii-dimri-and-siddhant-chaturvedi-to-star-in-dhadak-2/cid/2022766 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Lyca Productions}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{Mari Selvaraj}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about animal cruelty]]
[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about hazing]]
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mari Selvaraj]]
[[Category:Films produced by Pa. Ranjith]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Works about reservation in India]]

Aurangzeb Road

2026-04-10T21:06:56Z

ReinaSligo4:

{{Short description|Road in New Delhi, India}}
[[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2008.jpg|thumb|'''A P J Abdul Kalam''']]
[[File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg|thumb|Emperor Aurangzeb]]
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
'''Aurangzeb road''' (officially known as Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road) is a road in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It lies at the north-east end, stretching from the 'Taj Mansingh Hotel' at the roundabout of Mansingh Road, [[Shahjahan Road]], Humayun Road, [[Prithviraj Road]] and a road to [[Khan Market]] in the north-east. At the south-west end it stretches up to the crossing at Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Marg and [[Safdarjung Road]] junction.

It is home to several Indian billionaires such as [[ArcelorMittal]]'s [[L N Mittal]], [[K.P. Singh|K P Singh]] of [[DLF Limited|DLF]] and [[Max Healthcare]]'s [[Analjit Singh]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

== Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam ==
{{Main|Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam}}
[[Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam]] (1931–2015) was an Indian scientist and politician. He served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. Kalam was a leading figure in [[India's space program]] and missile development, earning him the nickname "Missile Man of India". He also played a role in [[India's nuclear tests]]. Known for his down-to-earth personality, Kalam was popular with the public and is known as the "People's President." After his presidency, he continued to be active through education and writing. He died in 2015 at the age of 83.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Rishi |date=2015-07-28 |title=India Pays Tribute to 'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam |url=https://time.com/3974357/apj-abdul-kalam-death-tributes-condolences/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Time}}</ref>

==Junction==
A single junction is formed at the crossing of [[Tughlaq road]], land on this road is worth {{INR}} 500 Crore (roughly $80 million) per acre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rs 400-crore bungalows: Where billionaires live up|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-lutyens-delhi-where-indian-billionaires-live/20110427.htm |date=27 April 2011 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] }}
</ref>

==2014 renaming==
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road was earlier called ''Aurangzeb Road'', named so by the British after the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. In November 2014, [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] petitioned the [[Prime Minister of India]] to change the name of Aurangzeb Road after [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the [[Sikh gurus|ninth Sikh guru]], as a tribute to him on his martyrdom anniversary observed on 24 November.<ref name="Yudhvir RanaYudhvir Rana 2014">{{cite web | last=Yudhvir RanaYudhvir Rana | first=TNN | title=DSGMC demands naming Aurangzeb Road after Guru Teg Bahadur's name | website=The Times of India | date=22 November 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DSGMC-demands-naming-Aurangzeb-Road-after-Guru-Teg-Bahadurs-name/articleshow/45241062.cms | accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref> Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed in [[Delhi]] on the orders of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. [[Canadians|Canadian]] writer and activist of [[Pakistan]]i origin, [[Tarek Fatah]], suggested renaming Aurangzeb Road to [[Dara Shikoh Road]], after [[Dara Shikoh]], the brother of Aurangzeb, who was executed by the latter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/neither-bjp-nor-aap-it-was-tarek-fatah-who-first-suggested-renaming-aurangzeb-road-2413340.html |title=Neither BJP, nor AAP: It was Tarek Fatah who first suggested renaming Aurangzeb Road |publisher=Firstpost.com |accessdate=2017-02-19}}</ref>

''Aurangzeb Road'' was renamed to ''Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road'' by NDMC on request of [[Maheish Girri]] ([[BJP]] Member of the India Parliament for East Delhi) on 29 August 2015.

''"As a tribute to the People's President, I propose to rename the 'Aurangzeb Road' in New Delhi to 'Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road'. In my opinion, this will be a great way of preserving his memories and legacy forever,"'' wrote [[Maheish Girri]] for changing the name of the Road.

=== Criticism ===
The Renaming of ''Aurangzeb road'' to ''Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road'' also got criticism from various sections of historians<ref name="Firstpost 2015">{{cite web | title=Renaming Aurangzeb Road after Kalam isn't right: Delhi was inspired by history not bigotry | website=Firstpost | date=2 September 2015 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/renaming-aurangzeb-road-after-apj-abdul-kalam-new-delhi-was-inspired-by-history-not-bigotry-2416606.html | accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref> and politicians, such as [[Sharad Yadav]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/renaming-aurangzeb-road-is-trying-to-rewrite-delhis-history-please-intervene-sharad-yadav-writes-to-pm-modi-2416818.html |title=Renaming Aurangzeb Road is trying to rewrite Delhi's history, please intervene: Sharad Yadav writes to Modi |publisher=Firstpost.com |date=2015-02-11 |accessdate=2017-02-19}}</ref> [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] president [[Mayawati]],<ref name="Ashish TripathiAshish Tripathi 2015">{{cite web | last=Ashish TripathiAshish Tripathi | first=TNN | title=Mayawati opposes renaming of Aurangzeb road after Kalam | website=The Times of India | date=31 August 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mayawati-opposes-renaming-of-Aurangzeb-road-after-Kalam/articleshow/48743885.cms | accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Don’t rename Aurangzeb Road, name new road after Kalam, says Mayawati | website=The Indian Express | date=1 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/dont-rename-aurangzeb-road-name-new-road-after-kalam-says-mayawati/ | accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref> [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]] of [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/ncp-leader-writes-to-pm-over-renaming-of-aurangzeb-road/912379 |title=NCP Leader Writes to PM Over Renaming of Aurangzeb Road |magazine=Outlook|location=New Delhi |date=2015-09-09 |accessdate=2017-02-19}}</ref> and [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]].<ref name="The Hindu 2015">{{cite web | title=Owaisi objects to renaming Aurangazeb Road | website=The Hindu | date=31 August 2015 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/owaisi-objects-to-renaming-aurangazeb-road/article7597514.ece | accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Hans India 2015">{{cite web | title=Owaisi Protests Abdul Kalam Name For Aurangzeb Road | website=The Hans India | date=31 August 2015 | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-08-31/Owaisi-protests-Abdul-Kalam-name-for-Aurangzeb-road--173620 | accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dara Shikoh Road]]
* [[Lok Kalyan Marg]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|28.599406|77.215991|region:IN_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:wikimapia|display=title}} 

[[Category:Roads in Delhi]]
[[Category:Streets in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Memorials to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Road]]

Faisal Farooqui

2026-04-06T18:29:51Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating data

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Faisal Farooqui
| image = Faisal Farooqui.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_date = 1976 or 1977
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]]
| alma_mater = [[State University of New York at Binghamton]]
| occupation = Businessman Investor Founder & CEO of Mouthshut.com
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = Young Leaders by [[British High Commission]]
}}
'''Faisal Farooqui''' is an Indian technology entrepreneur, investor, and digital rights activist. He is the founder and CEO of [[MouthShut.com]], a consumer review and ratings platform established in 2000.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Surabhi |date=2015-03-26 |title=Newsmaker: Faisal Farooqui |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/newsmaker-faisal-farooqui-115032601198_1.html |access-date=2021-09-24 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Sujata |date=2017-03-01 |title=Food above all! Not just meetings, Mouthshut's Faisal Farooqui pitches in at the office canteen too |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/food-above-all-not-just-meetings-mouthshuts-faisal-farooqui-pitches-in-at-the-office-canteen-too/articleshow/57405035.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Known for building early large-scale systems for user-generated content in India, his work emphasizes data privacy, encryption, and scalable infrastructure. He co-founded Zarca Interactive, the parent company of Sogolytics and K12Insight<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Minimising Legal Risks of Online Intermediaries while Protecting User Rights — The Centre for Internet and Society |url=https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/events/minimising-legal-risks-of-online-intermediaries-while-protecting-user-rights |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=[[Centre for Internet and Society (India)]]}}</ref> and was an early investor in the agritech platform DeHaat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omnivore, AgFunder invest in agri-tech startup DeHaat |url=https://www.vccircle.com/omnivore-agfunder-invest-in-agri-tech-startup-dehaat |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref>

Farooqui was a lead petitioner in the 2015 [[Supreme Court of India]] case that resulted in the striking down of [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Section 66A of the Information Technology Act]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soma |title=Section 66A of IT Act: We took up battle, big guys didn't, says MouthShut founder Faisal Farooqui |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/section-66a-of-it-act-we-took-up-battle-big-guys-didnt-says-mouthshut-founder-faisal-farooqui/articleshow/46683331.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-24 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In 2022, he authored ''[[In the Shadow of a Legend: Dilip Kumar]]'', a memoir detailing his decades-long relationship with the actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Faisal Farooqui on his new Dilip Kumar memoir: I wanted people to know the man behind the legend - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/faisal-farooqui-book-on-dilip-kumar-films-bollywood-saira-banu-14552592.htm |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Faisal Farooqui was born in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]], as the youngest of ten children to Idris Farooqui and Tahera Farooqui.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 2014 |title=Alumnus credits Binghamton for inspiring his award-winning review website |url=https://www.binghamton.edu/alumni/news/alumni-connect/sep-2014/international-alumnus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204195333/https://www.binghamton.edu/alumni/news/alumni-connect/sep-2014/international-alumnus.html |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Alumni Connect- Binghamton University}}</ref> His father, originally a farmer, came from a land-owning family whose ancestors had rebelled against [[British Empire|British colonial rule]] in 1857. He later established bakeries in Mumbai, expanding the traditional joint family business.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Work for the sake of passion, not a paycheck' |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/2009/jun/30work-for-the-sake-of-passion-not-a-paycheck.htm |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Brun pav to berry pulao: Iran’s mark on Mumbai’s foodscape |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/brun-pav-to-berry-pulao-irans-mark-on-mumbais-foodscape/amp_articleshow/130025527.cms |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Farooqui attended [[St. Stanislaus High School]] in [[Bandra]] and completed his higher secondary education at [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai.<ref name="expresscomp22">{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Sushma |date=3 October 2009 |title=Swades, the dotcom way |url=http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20051003/technologylife02.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029150704/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20051003/technologylife02.shtml |archive-date=29 October 2005 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=Express Computer}}</ref> He later moved to the United States, where he earned a Bachelor's degree in Information Systems and Finance from the [[Binghamton University|State University of New York at Binghamton]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" />

During his time at university, he was elected to the Faculty Senate Committee and student government, and served as technology editor of the campus newspaper, ''[[Pipe Dream (newspaper)|Pipe Dream]]''.<ref name=":12" /> Farooqui developed an interest in computing during his school years. In 1988, he encountered a computerized railway reservation system at Mumbai's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], which encouraged him to explore programming. He began experimenting with BASIC on a Casio SF-3500 digital diary, later gained access to an [[IBM]]-compatible PC at school, and worked with database tools such as dBASE IV while developing a system to manage surgical records for a family member. He worked on MS-DOS and Unix environments and learned COBOL and other early programming languages.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=How early exposure to computing influenced an Indian Internet entrepreneur |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/trending/how-early-exposure-to-computing-influenced-an-indian-internet-entrepreneur/4081556/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Farooqui began his career as a telecommunications consultant at [[American Management Systems]] in the U.S.<ref name="expresscomp22" /> In 2000, he returned to India to found [[MouthShut.com]] with approximately ₹1.2 million in seed capital.<ref name=":02" /> To manage costs during the dot-com downturn, the company avoided venture capital and used non-traditional marketing, such as advertising on [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaws]]. In 2001, he introduced the Dial-the-CEO feature on the platform that allowed users to connect directly with the company CEO. Similar consumer-engagement models were later adopted by other businesses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnakumar |first=Aparna |date=2005-04-20 |title=Ice people: Faisal Farooqui |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/ice-people-faisal-farooqui-105042001022_1.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref>

In 2007, Farooqui launched Dekhona.com, a localized video platform. The standalone service was later discontinued due to operational costs, and its underlying technology was integrated into MouthShut to support video-based reviews. In 2011, he beta-launched Dealface.com, an SMS-based coupon service for local businesses,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2011 |title=Mouthshut.com launches Dealface.com |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/mouthshutcom-launches-dealfacecom/16307.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=[[Moneylife]] |language=en}}</ref> which was subsequently merged into MouthShut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shanbaug |first=Amit |date=19 December 2011 |title=Mouthshut.com: Building funds via feedback |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mouthshut-com-building-funds-via-feedback/articleshow/11143968.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-22 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

=== Auto rickshaw advertising ===
Farooqui is often credited with pioneering of auto-rickshaw advertising in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vahanvaty |first=Insiyah |title='Work for the sake of passion, not a paycheck' |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/work-for-the-sake-of-passion-not-a-paycheck/20090630.htm |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-03-23 |title=Chunnu, Munnu left out as autos load dotcom ads |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/newet/business-of-brands/chunnu-munnu-left-out-as-autos-load-dotcom-ads/articleshow/1795955.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Starting in 2001, he negotiated directly with drivers to paint the MouthShut.com URL on vehicle hoods as a low-cost alternative to traditional media.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Moinak |title=Chunnu, Munnu left out as autos load dotcom ads |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/chunnu-munnu-left-out-as-autos-load-dotcom-ads/articleshow/1795954.cms |access-date=2022-09-24 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006-12-15 |title=Your ad is on auto-pilot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/your-ad-is-on-auto-pilot/story-M3mMrOuia4jPVI92CUMZ0H.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The campaign expanded from [[Mumbai]] to [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] and [[Delhi]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seetha |title=Dotcoms discover a new marketing vehicle |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dotcoms-discover-a-new-marketing-vehicle-1055159 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> According to the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', the visibility of these ads contributed to the wider adoption of transit media by larger Indian corporations by 2007.<ref name=":1" />

=== Other ventures ===
In 2003, Farooqui co-founded Zarca Interactive with his brothers, Suhail and Hamid. The company provided enterprise feedback and customer-experience solutions. Its products and operations later expanded through subsidieries Sogolytics and K12Insight, where Farooqui serves as a board member.<ref name=":5" />

== Legal activism and public policy ==
Farooqui has been active in public policy discussions regarding digital rights and intermediary liability in India.

=== Section 66A and IT Rules ===
In 2013, Farooqui and [[MouthShut.com]] filed a writ petition under [[Constitution of India|Article 32 of the Constitution of India]] challenging provisions of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-11 |title=We believe that a consumer's review is sacrosanct: MouthShut.com |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/interviews/story/we-believe-that-a-consumer-review-is-sacrosanct-mouthshutcom-133218-2014-03-11 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The petition argued that the rules required intermediaries to assess the legality of user-generated content without judicial oversight, which, according to the petitioners, led to excessive content removal.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Sriram |first=Jayant |date=2015-03-24 |title=SC strikes down 'draconian' Section 66A |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-66-a-of-the-it-act-finds-it-unconstitutional/article61470585.ece |access-date=2022-03-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The filing cited multiple takedown requests and legal notices received by the platform, including claims from private entities seeking the removal of negative reviews.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soma |date=25 March 2015 |title=Section 66A of IT Act: We took up battle, big guys didn't, says MouthShut founder Faisal Farooqui |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/section-66a-of-it-act-we-took-up-battle-big-guys-didnt-says-mouthshut-founder-faisal-farooqui/articleshow/46683331.cms |access-date=2022-03-22 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

The petition was heard alongside other challenges to [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Section 66A of the Information Technology Act]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tiwary |first=Avinash |date=25 March 2015 |title=Section 66A of IT Act: Entire digital ecosystem will take off from here, says MouthShut founder Faisal Farooqui |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/entire-digital-ecosystem-will-take-off-from-here-faisal-farooqui/57177/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2015, the Supreme Court of India struck down Section 66A as unconstitutional, holding that it violated the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a).<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Balaji |first=Indira |date=2021-08-05 |title=Section 66A of the IT Act is dead; punish the police who still use it |url=https://thefederal.com/opinion/section-66a-of-the-it-act-is-dead-punish-the-police-who-still-use-it/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref> The court also clarified the conditions under which intermediaries are required to remove online content, limiting such obligations to cases involving court orders or government notifications.<ref name=":02" />

=== Net Neutrality and IST Reform ===
During the 2015 national debate on [[net neutrality]], Farooqui publicly supported the principle of non-discriminatory data access. He has also been associated with Project MoreSunlight,<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTelecom.com |title=Net neutrality: Wary of the DoT matrix - Tele-Talk by Faisal Farooqui {{!}} ET Telecom |url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/tele-talk/net-neutrality-wary-of-the-dot-matrix/796 |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref> which advocates advancing Indian Standard Time by 30 minutes to GMT +06:00 to improve energy efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-11 |title=Internet users represent new India with aspirations – and they want net neutrality: Faisal I Farooqui |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-interviews-blog/internet-users-represent-new-india-with-aspirations-and-they-want-net-neutrality-faisal-i-farooqui/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2015 |title=Nine Indian startup CEOs write to TRAI against zero-rating platforms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/facebooks-free-basics-9-indian-startup-ceos-jointly-write-to-trai-chairman-against-it/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Community initiatives ===
In 2017, Farooqui co-founded the Save [[Jogger's Park|Joggers Park]] campaign, which opposed the redevelopment of a public green space in Bandra, Mumbai. He has also served as visiting faculty at institutions including the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] and [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Attri |first=M. |date=2025-12-06 |title=How a Foundation Helped 1,000 Mumbai Families in 2020 — And Why It Still Matters |url=https://news.abplive.com/infotainment/how-a-community-led-foundation-delivered-essentials-to-1-000-mumbai-households-in-2020-and-why-the-story-still-matters-today-1815498 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

== Association with Dilip Kumar ==
Farooqui maintained a long-standing friendship with the actor [[Dilip Kumar]], originating from decades-long association between their families.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-02 |title=Saira Banu was under stress after Dilip Kumar's death, spokesperson Faisal Farooqui says |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saira-banu-was-under-stress-after-dilip-kumars-death-7482278/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He managed the actor's official social-media presence, including his Twitter handle launched in 2011, and has served as a spokesperson for the family. Farooqui has described Kumar as a mentor and father figure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Dilip Kumar admitted to hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dilip-kumar-admitted-to-hospital/articleshow/66118198.cms |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=Dilip Kumar Death: Who is Faisal Farooqui who used to give information related to Dilip Kumar's health every moment, know what is the relationship with the actor |url=https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/dilip-kumar-death-who-is-faisal-farooqui-who-used-to-give-information-related-to-dilip-kumars-health-every-moment-know-what-is-the-relationship-with-the-actor/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=News NCR |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=Dilip Kumar Social Media : कौन हैं फैसल फारूकी जो हर पल देते थे दिलीप कुमार की हेल्थ से जुड़ी जानकारी, जानिए क्या है एक्टर से रिश्ता |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/dilip-kumar-death-know-who-is-faisal-farooqui-who-used-to-give-actor-health-update-know-what-is-his-relation-with-him-725587.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> In 2022, he published a memoir about the actor titled ''[[In the Shadow of a Legend: Dilip Kumar]]'', which focuses on the actor's private life and personal principles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title='Yusuf sahab would often tell me about his fear of Dilip Kumar' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/dilip-kumar-muhammad-yusuf-khan-book-superstardom-faisal-farooqui-8107477/ |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
[[Pune]]-based Kumar builders sent a legal notice to Faisal and MouthShut.com and demanded Rs.2000 crore damages for fake reviews appearing on MouthShut.com about them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelkar |first=Suhit |date=2013-06-13 |title=The Irony of a Name |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-irony-of-a-name/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open The Magazine]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

Institute of Management and Technical Studies sent a legal notice to Faisal for fake review post on his website MouthShut about the institute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Angshumitra C. |date=2014-03-05 |title=Louder please |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/louder-please/100547 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref> It alleged that the reviews were intended to bring the institute's reliability down.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMTS Institute send a Legal notice MouthShut.com for Fake Review |url=https://imtsinstitute.com/imts-institute-send-a-legal-notice-to-faisal-farooqui-for-fake-review/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=imtsinstitute |language=en}}</ref>

=== IT Act/Section 66A ===
Faisal was among the lead petitioners who challenged the sections of [[Information Technology Act, 2000#Section 66|IT Act section 66 A]] through a petition in the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2013.<ref name=":3" /> In 2015, the court struck down 66A, holding it unconstitutional and diluting many other sections.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":7" />

Faisal's firm MouthShut has received 790 takedown notices, 240 legal notices, and 11 court cases against it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Saurav |date=18 September 2014 |title=This Supreme Court petition could be a big step in the fight for Internet democracy in India |url=http://scroll.in/article/678539/this-supreme-court-petition-could-be-a-big-step-in-the-fight-for-internet-democracy-in-india |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":023">{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Surabhi |date=2015-03-26 |title=Newsmaker: Faisal Farooqui |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/newsmaker-faisal-farooqui-115032601198_1.html |access-date=2021-09-24 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Hence, Farooqui and Mouthshut.com decided to challenge these notices by petitioning the Supreme Court of India to read down the Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Shreeja |date=2014-08-30 |title=SC seeks govt reply on PIL challenging powers of IT Act |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/DSjZ9XsezZ4fN2GGfkWu1N/SC-seeks-govt-reply-on-PIL-challenging-powers-of-IT-Act.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pahwa |first=Nikhil |date=2013-04-29 |title=MouthShut Challenges IT Rules In The Supreme Court Of India |url=https://www.medianama.com/2013/04/223-mouthshut-it-rules-supreme-court-of-india/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=MediaNama |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Tiwary |first=Avinash |date=25 March 2015 |title=Section 66A of IT Act: Entire digital ecosystem will take off from here, says MouthShut founder Faisal Farooqui |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/entire-digital-ecosystem-will-take-off-from-here-faisal-farooqui/57177/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Atria Convergence Technologies|Beam Fiber]], an [[Internet service provider|ISP]] in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bangalore]] blocked access to Mouthshut.com.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balanarayan |first=N. T. |date=2014-02-04 |title=Update: Mouthshut Blocked By Beam Fibre; Issue Escalated To TRAI And DoT |url=https://www.medianama.com/2014/02/223-mouthshut-blocked-beam-trai-dot/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=MediaNama |language=en-US}}</ref> Farooqui challenged this illegal block and Beam Fiber later unblocked its access with an apology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2014 |title=Mouthshut finally unblocked, will consider legal action against ISP - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/mouthshut-finally-unblockedwill-consider-legal-action-against-isp-54504.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

== Board membership ==

* Board of Governors, [[Software Freedom Law Center]] (SFLC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian civil society to WhatsApp, Facebook: Ask users before they are added to group chats |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/indian-civil-society-to-whatsapp-facebook-ask-users-before-they-are-added-to-group-chats-2580949.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Governing Body {{!}} SFLC.in |url=https://sflc.in/about-us/board-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924081754/https://sflc.in/about-us/board-members |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=sflc.in}}</ref>
* Committee, Ghalib Institute, Delhi
* Convenor, [[MoreSunlight]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanti |first=Anurit |title=Shifting India's Time-Zone By 30 Minutes Will Have Economic, Social, Health And Environmental Benefits: Faisal Farooqui |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Shifting-India-s-Time-Zone-By-30-Minutes-Will-Have-Economic-Social-Health-And-Environmental-Benefits-Faisal-Farooqui/11-09-2017-125868 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>
* Founding Member, Lead Angels Investment<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraswathy |first=M. |date=2013-11-11 |title=Former IIT Bombay team members start angel network |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/former-iit-bombay-team-members-start-angel-network-113111100606_1.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref>
* [[Charter|Charter Member]], [[TiE|The Indus Entrepreneurs]] (TiE)

== Philanthropy ==
Farooqui is a founding trustee of the Tahera & Idris Farooqui Foundation, a family-run charitable organization. The foundation's initiatives focus on education, healthcare, and rural development. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India, the foundation distributed medical supplies and essential goods to underserved communities.<ref name=":10" />

== Awards and honors ==

* Named as one of the 50 Indian's in list of Young Leaders by [[British High Commission]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxSIUHinjewadi {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/16706 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>
* Mentioned as one of the first Indian dotcom founders of the 21st century <ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Class of the Indian Startups: The Unsung Heroes |url=https://www.startupguru.co/blog/the-first-class-of-indian-internet-startups/ |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.startupguru.co}}</ref>
* Received the [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. Kalam Startup Award]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Kalam Ko Salam: BJP Minority Front launches ‘Dr Kalam Startup Award’ to honour former President’s legacy |url=https://risingkashmir.com/kalam-ko-salam-bjp-minority-front-launches-dr-kalam-startup-award-to-honour-former-presidents-legacy/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Manthan Award]] for Best Youth website<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manthan Awards announced in 14 categories |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/15690_manthan-awards-announced-in-14-categories |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=afaqs!}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Farooqui |first=Faisal |title=Dilip Kumar : In the Shadow of a Legend (A Biography) |publisher=Om Books International |year=2022 |isbn=978-9392834660 |location=India |language=English}}

* ''Application of market research towards proactive customer relationship management''
* {{Cite web |title=Application of market research towards proactive customer relationship management {{!}} WARC |url=http://origin.warc.com/content/paywall/article/application-of-market-research-towards-proactive-customer-relationship-management/en-gb/en-GB/78467 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812021322/https://origin.warc.com/content/paywall/article/application-of-market-research-towards-proactive-customer-relationship-management/en-gb/en-GB/78467 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=origin.warc.com |language=en-GB}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farooqui, Faisal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Junior (2025 film)

2026-04-05T04:07:04Z

ReinaSligo4: created new entry...

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Radha Krishna Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Junior
| image = Junior (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Radha Krishna Reddy
| writer = Radha Krishna Reddy
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Kalyan Chakravarthi}}
}}
| producer = [[Sai Korrapati]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Kireeti Reddy
* [[Genelia D'Souza]]
* [[Sreeleela]]
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
}}
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editing = Niranjan Devaramane
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| studio = [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]
| distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* Telugu
* Kannada}}
| budget = {{INR}}25 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanigarapu |first=Chandu |title=శ్రీలీల గ్లామర్ పని చేసిందా? జూనియర్ మూవీకి మూడు రోజులు ఎన్ని కోట్లు వచ్చాయంటే? లాభాల్లోకి వెళ్లేనా? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/junior-movie-box-office-day-3-collection-sreeleela-kiriti-genelia-121753021301886.html |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}16 crore<ref name="Sakshi">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2025 |title=Kireeti Reddy's Junior Set for Prime Video OTT Release on August 15 |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/ott/kireeti-reddy-s-junior-set-prime-video-ott-release-august-15-440234 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Junior box office collection day 7: Kireeti Reddy's film slow down but grosses Rs 16 crore |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/junior-box-office-collection-day-7-kireeti-reddys-film-slow-down-but-posts-decent-numbers/38b5518c3e381 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Junior''''' is a 2025 Indian [[action drama film|action drama]] film written and directed by Radha Krishna Reddy, and produced by [[Sai Korrapati]] through [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]. Shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] languages, the film features Kireeti Reddy, [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Sreeleela]] and [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=17 July 2025 |title=Kireeti Reddy: I'm here to carve my own path, and Junior is just the beginning |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Jul/17/kireeti-reddy-im-here-to-carve-my-own-path-and-junior-is-just-the-beginning |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreeleela Marks Her Return To Kannada Films With Junior: 'Connected With The Story' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/sreeleela-marks-her-return-to-kannada-films-with-junior-connected-with-the-story-aa-9447159.html |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema Buzz Junior Movie: Kireeti Reddy's Debut Film 'Junior' to Release in July |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-telugu-bilingual-film-junior-to-release-in-july-3542967 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The film was a [[box office bomb]].<ref name="Sakshi" />

== Plot ==
College is where Abhinav hopes to finally find some distance between him and his possessive father Kodandapani, after enduring a childhood of helicopter parenting. He dedicates the 4 years of his engineering degree to making memories, with teachers, friends and a special someone. Desperate to keep his father at arm’s length and to woo his love-interest Spoorthy, Abhi lands an internship with a software giant Rise Solutions. After joining, he gets into beef with his headstrong manager Vijaya Soujanya, who happens to be the daughter of the company’s chairman Gopal. Frustrated with Vijaya’s rude and strict mannerisms, Abhi works with dedication and uncovers a scam within the company planted by Vijaya’s rival.

In the process of setting this issue right, Abhi uncovers secrets about his family from Gopal. He realizes that Vijaya is actually his elder sister and she was adopted by Gopal long before he was born, as his father was unable to bear her medical expenses and gave her up to Gopal and his wife. He also realizes that Vijaya turned cold because of this and despises both Gopal and her father. How Abhi manages to win her cold heart, reunite her with their father and fix the issues within the company forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Kireeti Reddy as K. Abhinav "Abhi"
* [[Genelia D'Souza]] as Vijaya Soujanya, Abhi's sister
* [[Sreeleela]] as Spoorthy, Abhi’s love-interest
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Kodandapani
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Gopal
* [[Sudha Rani]] as Shyamala
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Vittalachari, [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat President]]
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Manish Manjurekar
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as S. Kamal Hassan aka Kannan
* [[Kiran Srinivas]] as Vijaya’s rival
* Killi Kranthi
* [[Girija Lokesh]] as Saroja’s grandmother
* Govinde Gowda as Vittalachari’s assistant
* Sharmitha Gowda as Gopal’s wife
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as a doctor
* [[Suman Setty]] as Shopkeeper
* Lakshman Tekumudi as Abhi’s friend
* Geetha Bhaskar as a Villager
* Inaya Sulthana as Saroja
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]]
* [[Brahmanandam]] (cameo appearance in the song "Viral Vayyari")
}}

==Production==
It marked Genelia return to Telugu film industry after 13 years.

== Music ==
The soundtrack and background score is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2025 |title='Junior': Kireeti Reddy and Sreeleela's electrifying dance moves wins over fans amid mixed plot reviews |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/junior-kireeti-reddy-and-sreeleelas-electrifying-dance-moves-wins-over-fans-amid-mixed-plot-reviews/articleshow/122758192.cms |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =
| title1 = Let's Live This Moment
| length1 = 4:28
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra1 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]]
| title2 = Viral Vayyari
| length2 = 4:48
| lyrics2 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra2 = Haripriya, Devi Sri Prasad
| title3 = Junior Anthem
| length3 = 3:16
| lyrics3 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| title4 = Update Avvaale
| length4 = 2:59
| lyrics4 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra4 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title5 = Jola Padina
| length5 = 2:38
| lyrics5 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra5 = Kareemullah
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Kannada track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = Pavan Bhat
| all_music =
| title1 = Let's Live This Moment
| length1 = 4:28
| extra1 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| title2 = Viral Vayyari
| length2 = 4:48
| extra2 = Haripriya, Deepak Blue
| title3 = Junior Anthem
| length3 = 3:16
| extra3 = Deepak Blue
| title4 = Update Aagbeku
| length4 = 2:59
| extra4 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| title5 = Helo Devane
| length5 = 2:38
| extra5 = Santhosh Venky
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Junior'' was released 18 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=17 July 2025 |title='Junior' pre-release event held; all set for release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/junior-pre-release-event-held-all-set-for-release-988861 |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Telugu version was later released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 30 September 2025, and Kannada version was released on Namma Flix.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=30 September 2025 |title=Kireeti Reddy-Sreeleela starrer Junior now available for streaming |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/30/kireeti-reddy-sreeleela-starrer-junior-now-available-for-streaming |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Junior'' plays out like an extended showreel for Kireeti Reddy, highlighting his screen presence, dancing chops, aptitude for action, and ability to well up on cue".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=18 July 2025 |title='Junior' movie review: Genelia, Kireeti-starrer is a partly-entertaining, albeit dated drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/junior-movie-review-genelia-kireeti-starrer-is-a-partly-entertaining-albeit-dated-drama/article69826037.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and felt that the film lacks "novelty, emotional depth, or engaging drama".Film turned out to be commercial failure and nothing new to offer audience<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=18 July 2025 |title=Junior Movie Review: A Tedious Star Launch with No Spark |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/junior-movie-review-a-tedious-star-launch-with-no-spark-1892241 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|30068605}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]

Dabhaura

2026-04-02T15:33:08Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating entry

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dabhaura
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Rewa Express. 2.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Rewa–Anand Vihar Superfast Express|Rewa-Delhi Express]] which stops at Dabhaura
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.11|N|81.30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 305
| population_total = 8,260
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Dabhaura''' is a [[Nagar Parishad]] in [[rewa District|Rewa district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is located on [[Prayagraj–Jabalpur section|Jabalpur Prayagraj Railway Section]], and a major railway station of this section.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/nagar-nigam-and-nagariya-nikay/|title=Nagar Nigam and Nagariya Nikay | District Rewa, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Dabhaura is located in {{Coord|25.11|N|81.30|E}}. It has an average elevation of 305 [[metre]]s (1,000 [[foot (length)|feet]]). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Dabhaura.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Dabhaura, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

It is located northwest part and [[Baghelkhand]] region of Madhya Pradesh. 486556 is pin code of Dabhaura. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/public-utility/post-office-dabhaura/|title=Post Office Dabhaura | District Rewa, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per [[Census of India]] 2011 Dabhaura town has population of 8,260 of which 4,270 are males while 3,990 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/465158-dabhaura-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Dabhaura Village Population - Jawa - Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rewa Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rewa district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

Rahul Vilas Gokhale

2026-04-02T14:38:00Z

ReinaSligo4: Done

{{short description|Indian Navy Admiral}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| name = Rahul Vilas Gokhale
| honorific_suffix = [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Vice Admiral Rahul Vilas Gokhale.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1 January 1992 – present
| rank = [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-8.svg|20px]] [[File:13-Indian Navy-VADM.svg|20px]] [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| servicenumber = 03857-R <ref>{{cite web |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>
| unit =
| commands = [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] [[INS Circars]] {{ship|INS|Kolkata|D63}} {{ship|INS|Khukri|P49}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]] [[File:Nao Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Nao Sena Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Naval Academy]]
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
}}

[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''Rahul Vilas Gokhale''', [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] is a serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He currently serves as the Chief of Staff, [[Western Naval Command]]. He was the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] during [[Operation Sindoor]] for which he was awarded the [[Yudh Seva Medal]]. He earlier command the naval base [[INS Circars]] and the [[guided missile destroyer]] {{ship|INS|Kolkata|D63}}.

==Naval career==
Gokhale attended the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] on 1 January 1992. He later specialized in Navigation and Direction. He has served on board, as the navigating officer, the [[Sukanya-class patrol vessel]] {{ship|INS|Subhadra|P51}}, the [[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|Nilgiri-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Udaygiri|F35}}, the [[Kora-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Kirch|P62}} and the [[Godavari-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Gomati|F21}}.<ref name="TH">{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Rahul Vilas Gokhale is new FOST |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/rear-admiral-rahul-vilas-gokhale-is-new-fost/article65379254.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=24 August 2024 |language=en-IN |date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

Gokhale served as the [[executive officer]] of the [[Kora-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Kora|P61}} and commanded the lead ship of [[Khukri-class corvette|her class]] of corvettes, {{ship|INS|Khukri|P49}}. He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. He was the navigating officer of [[Delhi-class destroyer|her class]] of [[guided missile destroyer]]s {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61}}.

Gokhale attended the Naval higher command course at the [[Naval War College, Goa]]. He served as the Director of Personnel Policy at naval headquarters. He also served as the [[Naval attache|Naval Advisor]] at the [[High Commission of India, Islamabad]]. He also attended the [[Australian Defence College]], Canberra. He commanded the lead ship of [[Kolkata-class destroyer|her class]] of [[stealth ship|stealth]] [[guided-missile destroyer]]s, {{ship|INS|Kolkata|D63}}.<ref name="FOCWF"/> During his tenure as Commanding Officer, ''Kolkata'' sailed on a two-month deployment to the Western Indian Ocean and called on multiple African ports to promote maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Good will visit by Indian naval ships to Kenya |url=https://www.hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_listview/NTc2 |website=hcinairobi.gov.in |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>
[[File:RAdm Rahul Vilas Gokhale, NM Takes Over as Flag Officer Sea Training 01.jpg|right|thumb|RAdm Gokhale taking over as [[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|FOST]] from RAdm [[Rajesh Dhankhar]].]]

As a [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]], Gokhale served as the Fleet Operations Officer (FOO) of the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]]. On 29 May 2020, he took over as the 23rd Commanding Officer of the naval base [[INS Circars]] and as the station commander, Visakhapatnam. The oldest naval establishment on East Coast, ''Circars'' is the base depot ship providing administrative and logistics support to the Headquarters of the [[Eastern Naval Command]] and a large number of units based in and around Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vizag Appointments - Commodore Rahul Vilas Gokhale takes over INS Circars |url=https://vizagcityonline.com/appointments/Commodore-Rahul-Vilas-Gokhale-takes-over-INS-Circars.htm |website=vizagcityonline.com |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit |title=Commodore A.S. Dadwal takes over command of INS Circars |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/commodore-as-dadwal-takes-over-command-of-ins-circars/article65342344.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=24 August 2024 |language=en-IN |date=21 April 2022}}</ref> On 26 January 2021, he was awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] for devotion to duty.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Shri Ram Nath Kovind approves 455 Gallantry & other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692363 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

===Flag rank===
Gokhale was promoted to flag rank in May 2022 and was appointed [[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST), at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Visakhapatnam: Commodore Dadwal new co of INS Circars |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-commodore-dadwal-new-co-of-ins-circars-739242 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=24 August 2024 |language=en |date=22 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_HQSNC/status/1640394350143377410 |website=x.com |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> As FOST, his charter included the conduct of the operational sea training of all ships of the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref name="TH" /> After a year-long tenure, he relinquished charge and handed over to Rear Admiral [[Susheel Menon]]. He then moved to naval headquarters as the Assistant Chief of Personnel (HRD) (ACOP HRD).<ref>{{cite web |title=Spokesperson Navy |url=https://x.com/indiannavy/status/1794375157714419724 |website=x.com |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=15th IndianNavy-Republic of Singapore Navy Staff Talks |url=https://alumni.indiannavy.gov.in/observer-school/news-details/3lZ1kX |website=alumni.indiannavy.gov.in |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> On 23 August, he took over as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] from Rear Admiral [[C. R. Praveen Nair]].<ref name="FOCWF">{{cite web |title=Western Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_WNC/status/1827003763804016720 |website=x.com |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> He led the Western Fleet during [[Operation Sindoor]] in the aftermath of the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]]. Within 96 hours of the attack, Western Fleet ships deployed at sea and carried out firings of [[surface-to-surface]] & [[surface-to-air missiles]] and torpedoes on the western coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Operation Sindoor is India’s frontal assault against terrorism; If Pakistan resorts to anything evil, it will face Indian Navy’s firepower: Raksha Mantri onboard INS Vikrant |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2132653#:~:text=Describing%20the%20Indian%20Navy's%20role,defensive%20posture%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20said. |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref> The carrier battle group was led by [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']] and had around 36 warships and submarines operating together. The Pakistani naval fleet was reported to have remained confined within [[Karachi Harbour]], unable to respond effectively due to the fleet's overwhelming presence. The heightened risk even led to international commercial vessels re-routing to avoid the tense waters around Karachi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Shivani |title=INS Vikrant-led 36-ship armada was in position to hit Karachi: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-vikrant-brahmos-equipped-warships-submarines-blockaded-paks-karachi-port-during-op-sindoor-sources-2724482-2025-05-14 |website=India Today |access-date=27 September 2025 |language=en |date=14 May 2025}}</ref> For his command of the fleet, he was awarded the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref> He relinquished command of the Western Fleet and handed over to Rear Admiral Vivek Dahiya on 27 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Vivek Dahiya assumes command of Navy's Western Fleet |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/rear-admiral-vivek-dahiya-assumes-command-of-navys-western-fleet-3746225 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 October, he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed Chief of Staff of the [[Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Western Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_WNC/status/1974053473218936951 |website=x.com |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
Gokhale was awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] (Devotion to duty) in 2021 and the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medal Winners |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/medal-winners?page=3 |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
||{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Nao Sena Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|-
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]
* [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before = K. A. Bopanna}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding Officer]] [[INS Circars]]|years=2020 – 2022}}
{{s-aft|after = A. S. Dadwal}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Rajesh Dhankhar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]]|years=2022 – 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Susheel Menon]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[C. R. Praveen Nair]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]|years=2024 – 2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vivek Dahiya (admiral)|Vivek Dahiya]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Ajay Kochhar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = Chief of Staff [[Western Naval Command]]|years=2025 - Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Rahul Vilas}}
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Western Fleet]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Sea Training]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Naval War College, Goa alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Highway 10 (India)

2026-03-25T15:44:30Z

ReinaSligo4: Put up a details

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For|the old National Highway 10|National Highway 9 (India)|National Highway 10 (India, old numbering)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 10
| length_km = 174
| length_notes = 28 Km under NHIDCL
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q25203046|title=National Highway 10|text= Map of National Highway '''10''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]]
| terminus_b = [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 9
| next_route = 11
| destinations =
| junction =
| states = [[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]]
}}

'''National Highway 10''' ('''NH 10''') (old NH 31A) is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[North East India]] that connects Indo/Bangladesh border via Siliguri to Gangtok. It passes through the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Sikkim]].The highway is being maintained by the [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL) from Rangpo to Ranipool (28 km) in the state of Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf|title=State-wise length of National Highways in India |date=30 November 2018|publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=9 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929205249/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf| archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>

==Route==
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
NH10 starts from Indo/Bangladesh border connecting [[Phulbari, Jalpaiguri|Phulbari]], [[Siliguri]], [[Sevoke]], [[Kalijhora]], [[Rambi Bazar]], [[Teesta Bazaar]], [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]], [[Melli]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Rangpo]], [[Majitar]], [[Singtam]], [[Ranipool]] and terminating at [[Gangtok]] in the State of [[Sikkim]]. [[Atal Setu Bridge]] constructed by [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited|NHIDCL]], the longest roadway bridge of Sikkim is also the part of National Highway 10 which lies on the border of West Bengal's Kalimpong district and Sikkim's Pakyong District at the town of [[Rangpo]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/157719.pdf|title=Route substitution (amendment) for national highways 10 and 717 |website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1222">{{Cite web |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168966.pdf |title=Route correction notification for NH 717A dated April, 2016|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=11 Aug 2018}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{Cleanup road junction list|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|17|country=IND}} Terminal at [[Sevoke]].
: {{jct|NH|717A|country=IND}} Terminal at [[Ranipool]].
: {{jct|NH|310|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Gangtok]].
: {{jct|NH|310A|country=IND}} Terminal at [[Gangtok]].
: {{jct|NH|510|country=IND}} Terminal at [[Singtam]].
: {{jct|NH|710|country=IND}} Terminal at [[Melli]].

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[National Highway 717A (India)|National Highway 717A]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11659922 NH 10 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH10 sr}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Highway 10}}
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:National highways in Sikkim]]
[[Category:National highways in West Bengal]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Gangtok]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Rayalaseema

2026-03-23T20:21:30Z

ReinaSligo4:

{{Short description|Geographic region in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=May 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Update|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rayalaseema
| other_name = Tirupati region
| settlement_type = [[#Administrative divisions|Geographic region of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
|image1 = Andhra Pradesh - Landscapes from Andhra Pradesh, views from Indias South Central Railway (77).JPG
|image2 = Venkateshwara Tirupati Temple.jpg
|image3 = Shiva's Bull at Lepakshi (Lepakshi Nandi).jpg
|image4 = 23 - Telugu Talli Statue with Kondareddy Buruju as background.JPG
|image5 = Garudasila at Tirupati 7.jpg
|image6 = Saumyanatha temple.JPG
|image7 = 200 years memorable pylon.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Monolithic Bull, Andhra Pradesh|Lepakshi Monolithic Bull]], [[Tirumala]] Garudasila, 200 years memorable Pylon in [[Kadapa]], [[Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple (Nandalur)]], Konda Reddy Fort, and [[Venkateswara Temple]].
| nickname = Cultural Region of Andhra Pradesh
| image_map = Rayalaseema Andhra Pradesh new districts.png
| map_caption = Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District|District(s)]]
| subdivision_name2 = *[[Anantapuramu district]]
*[[Annamayya district]]
*[[Chittoor district]]
*[[Kurnool district]]
*[[Markapuram district]]
*[[Nandyal district]]
*[[Sri Sathya Sai district]]
*[[Tirupati district]]
*[[Kadapa district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Largest cities
| subdivision_name3 = *[[Tirupati]]
*[[Kurnool]]
*[[Kadapa]]
*[[Anantapur]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/andhrapradesh/andhrapradesh-factsheet.htm|title=Andhra Pradesh Fact Sheet|work=mapsofindia.com}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 81,234
| area_rank = 14
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 15184908
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 246
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP02, AP03, AP04, AP21, AP39, AP40
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest airport
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Airport]]
| website =
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Gooty Fort Watchtower.jpg|alt=|thumb|Gooty Fort In Anantapur District]]
[[File:Gandikota fort view.jpg|thumb|Gandikota Fort view]]
[[File:PSLV-C40- Lift off from First Launch Pad of SDSC SHAR Sriharikota 004.jpg|thumb|Satish Dhawan Space Centre In Tirupati District]]

'''Rayalaseema''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Rāyalasīma'') ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: రాయలసీమ) is a geographic region in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It comprises nine southern districts of the State, namely [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]], [[YSR Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]], [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]], [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]], [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]], [[Markapuram district | Markapuram]]. As of [[2011 census of India]], the region had a population of 15,184,908 and cover an area of {{convert|81,234|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=Population of AP districts(2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Population.pdf|publisher=ap.gov.in|access-date=25 May 2014|page=14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112141602/http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Population.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The region was previously called ''Ceded districts'' during the rule of the [[British Raj]]. This is with reference to the time when the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], Ali Khan, ceded the region to the British as a part of subsidiary alliance. Chilukuri Narayana Rao, a Telugu lecturer and activist from Anantapur, deemed the term "ceded" as derogatory and coined the term ''Rayalaseema''.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/the-birth-of-rayalaseema/article5948111.ece|title=The birth of Rayalaseema|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> In the Andhra Mahasabha and Ceded Districts Conference held at [[Nandyal]]a in November 1928, he moved a resolution to the effect which was accepted by the other delegates of the conference.

The name ''Rayalaseema'' hearkened back to the [[Vijayanagara]] times, whose Kings used a suffix ''Rāya'' (tadbhava of Sanskrit Rāja) or ''Rāyalu'' in Telugu as their regnal title. The boundaries of Rayalaseema roughly match the territorial extent of the [[Aravidu dynasty]], the last dynasty to rule the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref name=":0" /> People of region coined their land as a '''Raya Desam.'''

=== Post independence ===
{{Main|Andhra State|Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014}}

The four districts of the region were part of the [[Madras Presidency]] until 1953.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19531001&printsec=frontpage|work=The Indian Express|via=Google News Archive Search|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref> From 1953 to 1956, the region was a part of [[Andhra State]] and in 1956, the [[Telangana]] region was merged with [[Andhra State]] to form [[Andhra Pradesh]] State.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560221&printsec=frontpage|work=The Indian Express|via=Google News Archive Search|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search}}</ref> On 2 February 1970, three taluks from [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] i.e., [[Markapur]], [[Cumbum, Andhra Pradesh|Cumbum]] and [[Giddalur]] were merged along with some other taluks of [[Nellore district]] and [[Guntur district]] to form [[Prakasam district]].

In February 2014, the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] bill was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] for the formation of [[Telangana]] state comprising [[List of districts of Telangana|ten districts]]. [[Hyderabad]] will remain as a joint capital for 10 years for both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<ref name=reorganisation>{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 |url=http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts2014/6%20of%202014.pdf|website=India Code Legislative Department|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice|access-date=14 July 2015|page=2|date=1 March 2014}}</ref> The new State of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307142700/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2014|title=Telangana state formation gazette|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> The formation of a new state named ''Telangana'' from ''Andhra Pradesh'' is not considered an amendment to the Constitution of India per article 3 and 4 of that document.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1015123/ | title=Constitution of India Sub-section |website=Indiankanoon.org| date=4 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|left|200px|Rayalaseema districts before 4th April 2022]]
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Rayalaseema <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by mother tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112190710/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 81.09 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 12.10 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value3 = 3.00 |color3 = cornflowerblue
|label4 = [[Kannada]] |value4 = 2.13 |color4 = darkslateblue
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.68 |color5 = grey
|thumb=right}}

== Geography ==
Rayalaseema region is located in the southern region of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The region borders the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south, [[Karnataka]] to the west and [[Telangana]] to the north, Nellore, Markapuram districts and bay of Bengal in the east. Some areas in [[Coastal Andhra]], such as [[Markapur revenue division]] of Markapuram district, share similar geography, culture and climate to Rayalaseema as they are once part of the Kurnool district.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh – end of an era|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/andhra-pradesh-end-of-an-era-113073001018_1.html|access-date=8 April 2016|work=Business Standard|date=30 July 2013|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
===Lake===
The only lake located in the region of Rayalaseema is [[Pulicat Lake]]. The major part of the lake is located in [[Sullurupeta revenue division|Sullurpeta]] division of [[Tirupati district]].
[[Pulicat Lake]] is the second largest [[brackish water]] [[lagoon]] in [[India]], (after [[Chilika Lake]]), measuring 759 square kilometres (293 sq mi). Major part of the lagoon comes under [[Tirupati district]] of Andhra Pradesh. The lagoon is one of the three important wetlands to attract [[northeast monsoon]] rain clouds during the October to December season. The lagoon comprises the following regions, which adds up 759 square kilometres (293 sq mi) according to [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== Education ==

=== Universities ===
* [[Sri Venkateswara University]]
* [[Sri Krishnadevaraya University]]
* [[Yogi Vemana University]]
* [[Rayalaseema University]]
* [[Dr. Abdul Haq Urdu University]]
* [[Dravidian University]]
* [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]]
* [[JNTU Anantapur]]
* Sanskrit Vidyapeeth

=== Medical colleges ===
* [[Sri Venkateswara Medical College]],[[Tirupati]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa]]
* [[Kurnool Medical College]]
* [[Government Medical College, Anantapur]]
* [[Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women]],[[Tirupati]]
* [[Santharam Medical College, Nandyal]]
* [[PES Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Kuppam]]
* Govt medical college,[[Pulivendula]]

=== Central institutions ===
* [[Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati]]
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati]]
*[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Sri City]]
* [[Indian Culinary Institute, Tirupati]]
* [[National Sanskrit University]]
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool]]
* [[Central University of Andhra Pradesh]]

=== Deemed universities ===
* [[Sri Sathya Sai University]], Puttaparthi
* [[Annamacharya Institute of Technology And Science]], Rajampeta

== Transport ==
=== Roadways ===
[[File:Plvd-Kdp road.jpg|thumb|Pulivendula-Kadapa 4 lane road near pulivendula]]

The road network in region consists of many [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] such as, [[National Highway 40 (India)|NH 40]], [[National Highway 42 (India)|NH 42]], [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]], [[National Highway 140 (India)|NH 140]], [[National Highway 167 (India)|NH 167]], [[National Highway 340 (India)|NH 340]], [[National Highway 67 (India)|NH 67]], [[National Highway 69 (India)|NH 69]], [[National Highway 71 (India)|NH 71]], [[National Highway 716 (India)|NH 716]].
[[File:NH 716 Near Renigunta.jpg|thumb|NH 716 Near Renigunta]]
NH 544F
NH 544G
NH 544DD

=== Railways ===
{{Main|Guntakal railway division}}

[[File:Long View of Station Building.jpg|thumb|Kadapa Railway Station Premises]]

The rail connectivity is getting better with the projects allocated or being part of the region such as, [[Nandyal–Yerraguntla section|Nandyal–Yerraguntla]], [[Nadikudi–Srikalahasti section|Nadikudi–Srikalahasti]], [[Kadapa–Bangalore section]]s are the under development projects which forms a part of the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Proper rail connectivity still a far cry in Rayalaseema|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/proper-rail-connectivity-still-a-far-cry-in-rayalaseema/article6850373.ece|access-date=26 May 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Most of the region falls under the jurisdiction of [[Guntakal railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].

=== Airports ===

[[File:Air India and Jetairways.jpg|thumb|[[Air India]] and [[Jet Airways]] at [[Tirupati Airport]]]]

Rayalaseema region has air connectivity with four airports [[Tirupati International Airport]], [[Sri Sathya Sai Airport]], [[Kadapa Airport]] and [[Kurnool Airport]].

===Waterways===
[[Dugarajapatnam Port]] is a proposed port in [[Tirupati district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Decks cleared for Dugarajapatnam port |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Decks-cleared-for-Dugarajapatnam-port/articleshow/30299638.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
=== Power ===
[[File:Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station.jpg|thumb|Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]]
Rayalaseema Region has thermal as well solar power plants. [[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]] is located in [[Kadapa district]] and Andhra Pradesh government recently sanctioned solar power parks in Rayalaseema districts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-solar-corpn-sanctions-4000-mw-power-parks/article8018438.ece|title=AP Solar Corpn sanctions 4,000 MW power parks|date=22 December 2015|website=M.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref> with a capacity of 4000MW's.Today the state of Andhra Pradesh stood No.1 position in solar power generation with an installed capacity of 1868 MW<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/with-kurnool-solar-park-state-takes-a-giant-leap/article18289685.ece|title=With Kurnool solar park, State takes a giant leap|first=V.|last=Raghavendra|date=29 April 2017|access-date=16 February 2019|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In India and also offers world's largest solar power park of 1000 MW is also located in Andhra Pradesh.

== Politics ==
[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]], [[N. Janardhana Reddy]], [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy|K.V. Bhaskara Reddy]], [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]], [[N.Kiran Kumar Reddy]] and [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], who served as [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], hail from the Rayalaseema region of the state. The region saw as many as [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|8 chief ministers]] for the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telangana.com/why_telangana.htm|title=Telangana.com – Committed For Development|website=Telangana.com|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-date=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150324/http://www.telangana.com/why_telangana.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Factionalism ===
{{See also|Organised crime in India#Andhra Pradesh factionalism}}Rayalaseema is home to numerous factional families who are often intertwined with political parties and violently clash with each other. Government employees consider as dead postings in the region. The high crime rate is attributed to Rayalaseema's high poverty rate. Although violence has declined since 2000s. Police records estimate that in the past 35 years, about 8,465 civilians have died as a result of factional violence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Factionalism, Violence and Politics in Andhra Pradesh's Rayalaseema|url=https://thewire.in/politics/rayalaseema-politics-andhra-pradesh|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Mar 23, 2019|title=Of the sordid theatre of faction killings in Rayalaseema region {{!}} Vijayawada News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/of-the-sordid-theatre-of-faction-killings-in-rayalaseema-region/articleshow/68529414.cms|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Sri Bagh act ===
Based on Sri Bagh Act signed on 18 November 1937, Kurnool was made the capital of the new state after the division of [[Andhra State]] from the [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Raju|first1=P. Yenadi|title=Rayalaseema during colonial times : a study un indian nationalism|date=2003|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7211-139-7|page=214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3C11beCHF0C&q=Sri+Baghpact&pg=PA214|access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html|title=APonline – History and Culture – History-Post-Independence Era|work=aponline.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html|archive-date=20 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As per the second State Resolution Commission, the state capital was shifted to [[Hyderabad]] upon formation of Andhra Pradesh by [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Revive Sri Bagh pact, demands vedika|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/revive-sri-bagh-pact-demands-vedika/article6128868.ece|access-date=3 September 2015|date=19 June 2014|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Coastal Andhra]]
* [[Uttarandhra]]
* [[List_of_districts_of_Andhra_Pradesh#Districts|List of districts of Andhra Pradesh by regions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rayalaseema}}
{{Wikivoyage|Rayalaseema}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |title=Making of Micro-Regional Identities in the Colonial Context: Studying the Rayalaseema Maha Sabha, 1934–1956 |first=G. Samba Siva |last=Reddy |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |date=2006–2007 |pages=500–513 |jstor=44147969 }}

{{commons category-inline|Rayalaseema}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Rayalaseema| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Geography of Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Geography of Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Geography of Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Geography of Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]

Kannepally

2026-03-20T14:24:45Z

ReinaSligo4: created a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kannepally
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village and Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|08|38|N|79|43|00|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = 
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_rank = 
| population_demonym = 
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics2_title1 = Other
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type = 
| registration_plate = TS
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 =
}}

'''Kannepally''' is a village and new mandal of [[Mancherial district]] in [[Telangana]] state of [[India]].

==Administrative divisions==
There are 24 Villages in Kannepally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.districtsinfo.com/2016/11/mancherial-district-revenue-divisions.html|title=Schedule - II Reorganization Of Mandals In Mancherial District|date=Nov 2016|website=www.districtsinfo.com|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Sl.No.
! Name of the Mandal
! Villages in the Mandal
! Name of the Erstwhile Mandals from which the present Mandal is formed
|-
|1
| rowspan="24" | Kannepalli (New)
|Metpalle
| rowspan="19" | Bheemini
|-
|2
|Kannepalle
|-
|3
|Surjapur
|-
|4
|Babapur
|-
|5
|Lingapur
|-
|6
|Gollaghat
|-
|7
|Polampalle
|-
|8
|Shiknam
|-
|9
|Jajjarvelly
|-
|10
|Kothapalle
|-
|11
|Rebbena
|-
|12
|Veerapur
|-
|13
|Tekulapalle
|-
|14
|Jankapur
|-
|15
|Yellaram
|-
|16
|Muthapur
|-
|17
|Dampur
|-
|18
|Mothkupalli (D)
|-
|19
|Ankannapet (D)
|-
|20
|Salegaon
| rowspan="2" | Dahegaon
|-
|21
|Madavelli
|-
|22
|Nagapelli
| rowspan="3" |Vemanpalli
|-
|23
|Lingala
|-
|24
|Chinthapudi
|} Total 24 Mandalams

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mancherial district}}
[[Category:Villages in Mancherial district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Mancherial district]]

Vikas Swarup

2026-03-20T06:04:16Z

ReinaSligo4: typo fix

{{Short description|Former Indian diplomat and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| name = Vikas Swarup
| image = VikasSwarup (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 180px
| caption = Swarup in 2007
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|6|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = *[[Civil Servant]] ([[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]])
*Author
| nationality = {{flag|India|name=Indian}}
| spouse = Aparna Swarup
| office = Secretary (West), [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister = [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
| term_start = 1 December 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vikas-swarup-appointed-secretary-west-in-foreign-ministry/articleshow/72478720.cms|title=Vikas Swarup appointed Secretary (West) in foreign ministry|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| term_end = 30 June 2021
| predecessor = [[A. Gitesh Sarma|A. Gitesh Sharma]]
| successor = Reenat Sandhu
| office1 = [[Indian Foreign Secretary|Secretary of Consular, Passport, Visa and Overseas Indian Affairs]]<ref name=HB1>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/vikas-swarup-appointed-secretary-of-overseas-indian-affairs/article28399233.ece | title=Vikas Swarup appointed Secretary of Overseas Indian Affairs | date=12 July 2019 | newspaper=The Hindu Business Line | agency=PTI | access-date=16 August 2019 }}</ref>
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1 = [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
| term_start1 = 1 August 2019
| term_end1 = 1 December 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Dnyaneshwar Mulay]]
| office2 = [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner of India to Canada]]
| term_start2 = 3 March 2017
| term_end2 = 1 August 2019
| predecessor2 = Vishnu Prakash<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/vikas-swarup-external-affairs-ministry-spokesperson-india-ambassador-high-commissioner-to-canada|title=MEA Spokesperson Vikas Swarup Named High Commissioner to Canada|date=16 February 2017|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
| successor2 = [[Ajay Bisaria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ajay-bisaria-appointed-indias-next-high-commissioner-to-canada/articleshow/73804604.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131215510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ajay-bisaria-appointed-indias-next-high-commissioner-to-canada/articleshow/73804604.cms |archive-date=2020-01-31 |website=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ajay Bisaria appointed India's next High Commissioner to Canada |date=Jan 31, 2020 |access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister2 = [[Sushma Swaraj]] [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
| office3 = [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/personnel.htm|title = MEA | Spokesperson's Office : Personnel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/slumdog-millionaire-author-vikas-swarup-to-take-over-syed-akbaruddin-as-mea-spokesperson-2174715.html|title = Slumdog Millionaire author Vikas Swarup to take over Syed Akbaruddin as MEA spokesperson|date = 27 March 2015}}</ref>
| term_start3 = 18 April 2015
| term_end3 = 28 February 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Syed Akbaruddin]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister3 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| successor3 = [[Gopal Bagalay]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| signature =
| known_for = ''[[Q & A (novel)|Q & A]]'' (2005) ''[[Six Suspects (novel)|Six Suspects]]'' (2008) ''[[The Accidental Apprentice]]'' (2013)
| website = {{URL|http://vikasswarup.net}}
| successor1 = Sanjay Bhattacharya
}}

'''Vikas Swarup''' (born 22 June 1961)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/interviews/0023961-interview-vikas-swarup-the-author-of-qa-the-novel-behind-the-oscar-winning-film-slumdog-millionaire.html|title=Interview: Vikas Swarup - The author of Q&A, the novel behind the Oscar-winning film Slumdog Millionaire|date=24 January 2013|publisher=The Cambridge Student}}</ref> is an [[Indian nationality|Indian]] [[writer]] and [[retired]] [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who served as the Secretary (West) at the [[Ministry of External Affairs, India]] on 30 June 2021 and previously served as High Commissioner of India in Canada and has been the [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs|official spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vikas Swarup to be new spokesperson of External Affairs Ministry|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vikas-swarup-to-be-new-spokesperson-of-external-affairs-ministry/article7035772.ece|access-date=14 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=26 March 2015}}</ref> He authored the novel ''[[Q & A (novel)|Q & A]]'', adapted in film as ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', the winner of Best Film for the year 2009 at the [[Academy Awards]], [[Golden Globe Awards]] and [[BAFTA Awards]].

Swarup joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1986 and served in [[Turkey]], the [[United States]], [[Ethiopia]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[South Africa]] and [[Japan]] in various Indian diplomatic missions. His other novels are ''[[Six Suspects (novel)|Six Suspects]]'' and ''[[The Accidental Apprentice]]''. In April 2015, he was appointed as the official spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs of India to head its [[Public Diplomacy|Public Diplomacy divisions]] at [[New Delhi]], succeeding [[Syed Akbaruddin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/slumdog-millionnaire-author-vikas-swarup-succeed-syed-akbaruddin-mea-spokesman-2174715.html|title=Slumdog Millionaire author Vikas Swarup to take over Syed Akbaruddin as MEA spokesperson|work=Firstpost|date=27 March 2015}}</ref>

In December 2019, Swarup took charge as Secretary (West) in the Ministry of External Affairs, looking after relations with Europe, Central Asia as well as the United Nations system.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-12|title=Vikas Swarup, appointed as Secretary (West) in MEA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vikas-swarup-appointed-as-secretary-west-in-mea/article30281275.ece|access-date=2021-01-21|issn=0971-751X}}
He died on 17 July 2022 due to heart attack</ref>

==Early life and education==
Swarup was born in 1961 in the Indian city, [[Prayagraj]] in a family of lawyers.<ref name=bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.vikasswarup.net/bio/|title=Bio|work=vikasswarup.net}}</ref> He did his schooling at [[Boys' High School & College, Allahabad]] and pursued further studies at [[Allahabad University]] in [[Psychology]], [[History]] and [[Philosophy]].

==Diplomatic career==
Swarup is a career diplomat and joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1986. He has served in different capacities in New Delhi and in India's missions abroad including his last assignment as High Commissioner of India to Canada followed by the post of the official spokesperson of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-02-16|title=Vikas Swarup appointed High {{sic|Commis|ioner|nolink=y}} to Canada|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/SWARUP_ENVOY/article17313382.ece|access-date=2021-01-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Panda|first=Sushmita|date=2019-07-12|title=Author-Diplomat Vikas Swarup moved to Delhi as Indo-Canadian ties remain cold|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world-author-diplomat-vikas-swarup-moved-delhi-indo-canadian-ties-remain-cold-534573|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> He also served in [[Ankara]], Washington D.C., [[Addis Ababa]], London, [[Pretoria]] and as [[Consulate General of India, Osaka|Consul General in Osaka-Kobe]], Japan.

==Writing career==

===''Q & A''===
Swarup's [[debut novel]], ''[[Q & A (novel)|Q & A]]'', tells the story of how a penniless waiter in [[Mumbai]] becomes the biggest quiz show winner in history.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kannan|first=Indira|date=2018-10-28|title=Slumdog Millionaire has opened up doors for me as a diplomat: Vikas Swarup|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/slumdog-millionaire-has-opened-up-doors-for-me-as-a-diplomat-vikas-swarup-118102700691_1.html|access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> Critically acclaimed in India and abroad, this international best-seller has been translated into 43 different languages. It was shortlisted for the Best First Book by the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and won South Africa's [[Exclusive Books Boeke Prize]] in 2006, as well as the Prix Grand Public at the 2007 Paris Book Fair. It was voted winner of the Best Travel Read (Fiction) at the Heathrow Travel Product Award 2009.

A [[BBC]] radio series based on the book won the Gold Award for Best Drama at the 2008 [[Sony Radio Academy Awards]] and the 2008 IVCA Clarion Award. [[HarperCollins]] brought out the audio book, read by [[Kerry Shale]], which won the Audie for best fiction audio book of the year. [[Film4]] of the UK had optioned the movie rights and the movie titled ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', directed by [[Danny Boyle]], was first released in the US to great critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mendes|first=Ana Cristina|date=2010|title=Showcasing India Unshining: Film Tourism in Danny Boyle's Slumdog Millionaire|journal=Third Text|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=471–479|doi=10.1080/09528822.2010.491379|s2cid=145021606|issn=0952-8822}}</ref> It won the People's Choice Award at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and three awards (Best Film, Best Director and Most Promising Newcomer) at the [[British Independent Film Awards]] 2008. The [[National Board of Review]] picked ''Slumdog Millionaire'' as the best film of 2008. The movie swept five awards out of its six nominations at the [[Critics' Choice Awards]], and all four nominations awarded at the [[Golden Globe Awards]] including best director, picture, screenplay and score, and seven [[BAFTA Awards]]. It received ten [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominations of which it won eight, including Best Picture and Best Director. From ''[[The NY Times]]'' report: "[T]hough it had no actors nominated for prizes, [it also] swept many awards other than those on the top line, including prizes for cinematography, sound mixing, score and film editing. ''Slumdog'''s eight Oscars was the largest total won by a single film since ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' won 11 in 2004."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/movies/awardsseason/23oscar.html "A ‘Slumdog’ Kind of Night at the Oscar Ceremony"] by [[Michael Cieply]] and [[David Carr (journalist)|David Carr]], ''The New York Times'', 23 February 2009. Retrieved 2–23–09.</ref> The film was released in the UK on 9 January 2009 and in India on 23 January with William Losch.

===''Six Suspects''===
Swarup's second novel ''[[Six Suspects (novel)|Six Suspects]]'', published by [[Transworld Publishers|Transworld]], was released on 28 July 2008 and has been translated into more than 30 languages. The US edition was published by [[Minotaur Books]] in 2009. It was optioned for a film by the BBC and Starfield productions and [[John Hodge (screenwriter)|John Hodge]], who has been commissioned to write the screenplay.

===''The Accidental Apprentice''===
Swarup's third novel is ''[[The Accidental Apprentice]]'', published by Simon & Schuster (UK) in 2013.

=== ''The Girl with Seven Lives'' ===
Swarup's most recent novel ''The Girl with Seven Lives'', published by S&S India (16 July 2024). The novel made longlist in 2025 for the [[International Dublin Literary Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IGO |date=2025-01-14 |title=The Girl with Seven Lives |url=https://dublinliteraryaward.ie/the-library/books/the-girl-with-seven-lives/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Dublin Literary Award |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Other works===
Swarup's short story "A Great Event" was published in ''The Children's Hours: Stories of Childhood'', an anthology of stories about childhood to support [[Save the Children]] and raise awareness for its fight to end violence against children.

Swarup has participated in the [[Oxford Literary Festival]], the [[Turin International Book Fair]], the Auckland Writers' Conference, the [[Sydney Writers' Festival]], the [[Kitab Festival]] in New Delhi, the [[St. Malo]] International Book & Film Festival in France, the 'Words on Water' Literary Festival at the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] in Johannesburg, the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in India, the Hay-on-Wye Festival in Wales and the Franschhoek Literary Festival in South Africa. In 2009, he participated in the 33rd [[Cairo International Film Festival]] as a jury member for the International Competition for Feature Digital Films.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

He has written for ''TIME'', Newsweek, ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' (UK), [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] magazine (India) and ''[[Libération]]'' (France).{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Vikas Swarup gives motivational talks at institutions internationally.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Recognition==
On 21 September 2010, the [[University of South Africa]] (UNISA) conferred the degree of Doctor of Literature & Philosophy ([[honoris causa]]) on Swarup at a graduation ceremony in Pretoria. On 18 June 2020, Montreal-based Concordia University conferred an Honorary Doctorate on Swarup for literary excellence and dedication to diplomacy. On 16 June 2023, Swarup was awarded with an Honorary Doctorate at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Swarup took over as the [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs|spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]] on 18 April 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Slumdog Millionaire' writer Vikas Swarup appointed as External Affairs Ministry spokesperson|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/slumdog-millionaire-writer-vikas-swarup-appointed-as-external-affairs-ministry-spokesperson/articleshow/46705115.cms|access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Swarup speaks Turkish apart from English and other Indian languages. He is married to Aparna, an artist, and the couple have two sons.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian writers]]
*[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]
*[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
*[[Vinay Mohan Kwarta]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3139511}}

===Interviews and articles===
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks-terrorism Vikas Swarup: Mumbai will recover from this, just as it has many times before]
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02inter1.htm The Rediff Interview/Vikas Swarup]
* [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/slumdog-success-it-all-started-in-allahabad_100141686.html How the story of Slumdog Millionaire started.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502015814/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/slumdog-success-it-all-started-in-allahabad_100141686.html |date=2 May 2009 }}

{{Authority control}}
{{USC Scripter Awards — Film}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swarup, Vikas}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Canada]]
[[Category:Spokespersons for the Ministry of External Affairs of India]]

Feudalism

2026-03-19T15:03:33Z

ReinaSligo4: slightly improved article after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Legal and military structure in medieval Europe}}
{{About|the classic, medieval, Western European form of feudalism|feudalism in other societies, as well as that of the Europeans|Examples of feudalism}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}

[[File:BNF Fr 4274 8v knight detail.jpg|thumb|[[Investiture]] of a knight (miniature from the statutes of the [[Order of the Holy Spirit#Order of the Knot|Order of the Knot]], founded in 1352 by [[Louis I of Naples]])]]
[[File:Slovakia Oravsky Podzamok.jpg|thumb|[[Orava Castle]] in Slovakia. Medieval castles are a traditional symbol of a feudal society.]]
'''Feudalism''', also known as the '''feudal system''', was a combination of various customs and systems that flourished in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]] from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

The classic definition, by [[François Louis Ganshof]] (1944),<ref name=ganshof>[[François Louis Ganshof]] (1944). ''Qu'est-ce que la féodalité''. Translated into English by [[Philip Grierson]] as ''Feudalism'', with a foreword by [[F. M. Stenton]], 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976.</ref> describes a set of reciprocal legal and [[Medieval warfare|military obligations]] of the warrior [[nobility]] and revolved around the key concepts of [[lord]]s, [[vassal]]s, and [[fief]]s.<ref name=ganshof/> A broader definition, as described by [[Marc Bloch]] (1939), includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three [[estates of the realm]]: the nobility, the [[clergy]], and the [[peasant]]ry, all of whom were bound by a system of [[manorialism]]; this is sometimes referred to as a "feudal society".

Although it is derived from the Latin word {{lang|la|feodum}} or {{lang|la|feudum}} (fief),<ref>''feodum'' – see {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfgUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA365 |title=The Cyclopedic Dictionary of Law |first1=Walter A. |last1=Shumaker |year=1901 |publisher=George Foster Longsdorf |pages=365, 1901 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> which was used during the medieval period, the term ''feudalism'' and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal [[political system]] by the people who lived during the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book |last=Noble |first=Thomas |title=The Foundations of Western Civilization |publisher=[[The Teaching Company]] |location=Chantilly, VA |year=2002 |isbn=978-1565856370 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofwes04nobl}}</ref> Since the publication of [[Elizabeth A. R. Brown]]'s "The Tyranny of a Construct" (1974) and [[Susan Reynolds]]'s ''Fiefs and Vassals'' (1994), there has been ongoing inconclusive discussion among medieval historians as to whether feudalism is a useful construct for understanding medieval society.{{refn|<ref name=ebo>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034150/feudalism |title=Feudalism |last=Brown |first=Elizabeth A. R. |author-link=Elizabeth A. R. Brown |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]}}</ref><ref name=ebrown/>{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}}<ref name="halsall">{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html#Feudalism |title=Feudalism? |first=Paul |last=Halsall |author-link=Paul Halsall |website=[[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018025458/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html#Feudalism |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=4 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html |title=The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay |first=Robert |last=Harbison |date=1996 |website=[[Western Kentucky University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229034347/http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html |archive-date=29 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Charles |last=West |title=[[Reframing the Feudal Revolution: Political and Social Transformation Between Marne and Moselle, c. 800–c. 1100]] |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2013}}</ref>}}

Some scholars have also applied the label outside of Europe, including [[History of Japan#Feudal Japan|feudal Japan]], [[Ethiopia in the Middle Ages|medieval Ethiopia]],<ref name="jessee1996" /> [[Spring and Autumn period]] China, [[ancient Egypt]], the [[Parthian Empire]], [[Indian feudalism|India until the Mughal dynasty]] and the [[Antebellum South]] and [[Jim Crow laws]] in the [[Southern United States|American South]].<ref name="jessee1996" /><ref name="ebo" />

== Definition ==
The adjective ''feudal'' was in use by at least 1405, and the noun ''feudalism'' was in use by the end of the 18th century,<ref name=ebo/> paralleling the French {{lang|fr|féodalité}}.

According to a classic definition by Ganshof,<ref name=ganshof/> ''feudalism'' describes a set of reciprocal legal and [[Medieval warfare|military obligations]] of the warrior nobility that revolved around the key concepts of [[lord]]s, [[vassal]]s and [[fief]]s,<ref name=ganshof/> though Ganshof himself noted that his treatment was only related to the "narrow, technical, legal sense of the word."

A broader definition, as described in [[Marc Bloch]]'s 1939 ''Feudal Society'', includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three [[estates of the realm]]: the nobility, the [[clergy]], and those who lived off their labour, most directly the [[peasant]]ry, which was bound by a system of [[manorialism]].{{sfn|Bloch|1964|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}} This order is often referred to as a ''feudal society'', echoing Bloch's usage.

Outside its European context,<ref name=ebo/> the concept of feudalism can be extended to [[analogy|analogous]] social structures in other regions, most often in discussions of [[History of Japan#Feudal Japan|feudal Japan]] under the ''[[shogun]]s'', and sometimes in discussions of [[Ethiopia in the Middle Ages|medieval Ethiopia]],<ref name="jessee1996">{{Cite web |last=Jessee |first=W. Scott |editor-last=Cowley |editor-first=Robert |editor2-last=Parker |editor2-first=Geoffrey |title=Feudalism |url=http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_017900_feudalism.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112062036/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_017900_feudalism.htm |archive-date=12 November 2004 |website=Reader's Companion to Military History |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Company]] |publication-place=New York |publication-date=1996}}</ref> which had some feudal characteristics (sometimes called "semifeudal").<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semifeudal |title=Semifedual |work=Webster's Dictionary |access-date=8 October 2019 |quote="having some characteristics of feudalism"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mWv1Xgn9poC&q=semifeudal+japan&pg=PT71 |title=Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook |first=L. Shelton |last=Woods |date=2002 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781576074169 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Some have taken the feudalism analogy further, seeing feudalism (or traces of it) in places as diverse as [[Spring and Autumn period]] China, [[ancient Egypt]], the [[Parthian Empire]], and [[Indian feudalism|India until the Mughal dynasty]]. <ref name=jessee1996/>

The term ''feudalism'' has also been applied—often pejoratively—to non-Western societies where institutions and attitudes similar to those in [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Europe are perceived to prevail.<ref>Cf. for example: {{Cite news |issn=0312-6315 |last=McDonald |first=Hamish |title=Feudal Government Alive and Well in Tonga |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=7 September 2008 |date=17 October 2007 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/feudal-government-alive-and-well-in-tonga/2007/10/16/1192300767418.html |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Some historians and political theorists believe that the term ''feudalism'' has been deprived of specific meaning by the many ways it has been used, leading them to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.<ref name=ebo/><ref name=ebrown/>

The applicability of the term feudalism has also been questioned in the context of some [[Central and Eastern Europe]]an countries, such as Poland and Lithuania, with scholars observing that the medieval political and economic structure of those countries bears some, but not all, resemblances to the Western European societies commonly described as feudal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dygo |first=Marian |date=2013 |title=Czy istniał feudalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej w średniowieczu? |trans-title=Did feudalism exist in Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages? |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_12775_KH_2013_120_4_01 |journal=Kwartalnik Historyczny |language=PL |volume=120|issue=4 |page=667 |doi=10.12775/KH.2013.120.4.01 |issn=0023-5903 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skwarczyński |first=P. |date=1956 |title=The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4204744 |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |volume=34 |issue=83 |pages=292–310 |jstor=4204744 |issn=0037-6795}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Backus |first=Oswald P. |date=1962 |title=The Problem of Feudalism in Lithuania, 1506-1548 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000579 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=639–659 |doi=10.2307/3000579 |jstor=3000579 |s2cid=163444810 |issn=0037-6779|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=Poland+feudalism+davies&pg=PA420 |title=God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-925339-5 |pages=165–166 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[File:Codex Manesse Reinmar von Zweter.jpg|thumb|Herr [[Reinmar von Zweter]], a 13th-century [[Minnesang|Minnesinger]], was depicted with his noble arms in [[Codex Manesse]].]]
The word ''feudal'' comes from the medieval Latin {{lang|la|feudālis}}, the adjectival form of {{lang|la|feudum}} 'fee, feud', first attested in a charter of [[Charles the Fat]] in 884, which is related to Old French {{lang|fro|fé}}, {{lang|fro|fié}}, Provençal ''feo, feu, fieu,'' and Italian {{lang|it|fio}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=fee, ''n. 2'' |url=https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=EDF9DEAB4B7B735C3B23565BEB3C0017?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311182818/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=EDF9DEAB4B7B735C3B23565BEB3C0017?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/68943 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |language=en}}</ref> The ultimate origin of ''feudālis'' is unclear. It may come from a Germanic word, perhaps ''fehu'' or ''fehôd'', but these words are not attested with this meaning in Germanic sources, or even in the Latin of the Frankish laws.<ref name=":0" />

One theory about the origin of {{lang|gem|fehu}} was proposed by [[Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern]] in 1870,<ref>"fee, n.2." OED Online. [[Oxford University Press]], June 2017. Web. 18 August 2017.</ref><ref>H. Kern, '[http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa005187001_01/_taa005187001_01_0032.php Feodum]', ''De taal- en letterbode'', 1( 1870), pp. 189-201.</ref> being supported by, amongst others, [[William Stubbs]]<ref name="lubetski">Meir Lubetski (ed.). ''Boundaries of the ancient Near Eastern world: a tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon''. "Notices on Pe'ah, Fay' and Feudum" by Alauddin Samarrai. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dO4rbfA_WVIC&pg=PA248 Pg. 248–250], Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998.</ref><ref>[[William Stubbs]]. ''The Constitutional History of England'' (3 volumes), 2nd edition 1875–78, Vol. 1, pg. 251, n. 1</ref> and Marc Bloch.<ref name="lubetski" /><ref name="bloch-ety1">{{cite book |first=Marc |last=Bloch |author-link=Marc Bloch |date=1964a |title=Feudal Society |volume=1 |pages=165–166}}</ref><ref name="bloch-ety2">{{cite book |first=Marc |last=Bloch |author-link=Marc Bloch |title=Feudalism |date=1961 |page=106}}</ref> Kern derived the word from a putative [[Franks|Frankish]] term ''*fehu-ôd'', in which ''*fehu'' means 'cattle' and ''-ôd'' means 'goods', implying "a movable object of value".<ref name="bloch-ety1" /><ref name="bloch-ety2" /> Bloch explains that by the beginning of the 10th century it was common to value land in monetary terms but to pay for it with objects of equivalent value, such as arms, clothing, horses or food. This was known as ''feos'', a term that came to mean paying for something in place of money. This meaning was later applied to land, where land was used as payment for fealty, such as to a vassal. Thus, the old word ''feos'', meaning "movable property," eventually shifted to ''feus'', meaning the exact opposite: "landed property."<ref name="bloch-ety1" /><ref name="bloch-ety2" />

[[Archibald Ross Lewis]] proposes that the origin of ''fief'' is not {{lang|la|feudum}} (or {{lang|la|feodum}}), but rather ''foderum'', the earliest attested use being in ''[[Vita Hludovici]]'' (840) by Astronomus.<ref name="arlewis">{{cite book |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |title=The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718–1050 |date=1965 |pages=76–77}}</ref> In that text is a passage about [[Louis the Pious]] that says {{Lang|la-x-medieval|annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant}}, which can be translated as "Louis forbade that military [[wiktionary:provender|provender]] (which they popularly call "fodder") be furnished."<ref name="lubetski" />

Initially in medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service was called a {{Lang|la-x-medieval|[[beneficium]]}} (Latin).<ref name="lubetski" /> Later, the term {{Lang|la-x-medieval|feudum}}, or {{Lang|la-x-medieval|feodum}}, began to replace {{Lang|la-x-medieval|beneficium}} in the documents.<ref name="lubetski" /> The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one-hundred years earlier.<ref name="lubetski" /> The origin of the {{Lang|la-x-medieval|feudum}} and why it replaced {{Lang|la-x-medieval|beneficium}} has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below.<ref name="lubetski" />

The term "{{lang|fr|féodal}}" was first used in 17th-century French legal treatises (1614)<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/feudal |title=Feudal (n.d.) |dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=16 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Civilization of the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi00cant |url-access=registration |last=Cantor |first=Norman F. |author-link=Norman F. Cantor |year=1994 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9780060170332}}</ref> and translated into English legal treatises as an adjective, such as "feodal government".

In the 18th century, [[Adam Smith]], seeking to describe economic systems, effectively coined the forms "feudal government" and "feudal system" in his book ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776).<ref name=cheyette>{{cite dictionary |first=Fredric L. |last=Cheyette |title=Feudalism, European. |dictionary=[[New Dictionary of the History of Ideas]] |volume=2 |editor1-first=Maryanne Cline |editor1-last=Horowitz |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Gale |date=2005 |isbn=0-684-31379-0 |pages=828–831|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons }}</ref> The phrase "feudal system" appeared in 1736, in ''Baronia Anglica'', published nine years after the death of its author [[Thomas Madox]], in 1727. In 1771, in his book ''The History of Manchester'', [[John Whitaker (historian)|John Whitaker]] first introduced the word "feudalism" and the notion of the feudal pyramid.<ref name="earbrown160">{{cite book |first=Elizabeth A. R. |last=Brown |author-link=Elizabeth A. R. Brown |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315582252-15/reflections-feudalism-thomas-madox-origins-feudal-system-england |chapter=Reflections on Feudalism: Thomas Madox and the Origins of the Feudal System in England,"] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306062442/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315582252-15/reflections-feudalism-thomas-madox-origins-feudal-system-england |archive-date=6 March 2023 |title=Feud, Violence and Practice: Essays in Medieval Studies in Honor of Stephen D. White |editor1-first=Belle S. |editor1-last=Tuten |editor2-first=Tracey L. |editor2-last=Billado |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Farnham, Surrey |date=2010 |pages=135–155 [145–149] |doi=10.4324/9781315582252-15 |doi-broken-date=8 December 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-58225-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historymanchest02whitgoog/page/n378/mode/2up?q=feudalifm  |title=The History of Manchester: In Four Books |publisher=J. Murray |author=John Whitaker |author-link=John Whitaker (historian) |year=1773 |page=359}}</ref>

Another theory by [[Alauddin Samarrai]] suggests an Arabic origin, from ''fuyū'' (the plural of ''fay'', which literally means 'the returned', and was used especially for 'land that has been conquered from enemies that did not fight').<ref name=lubetski/><ref name="samarrai">[[Alauddin Samarrai]]. "The term 'fief': A possible Arabic origin", ''Studies in Medieval Culture'', 4.1 (1973), pp. 78–82.</ref> Samarrai's theory is that early forms of 'fief' include ''feo'', ''feu'', ''feuz'', ''feuum'' and others, the plurality of forms strongly suggesting origins from a [[loanword]]. The first use of these terms is in [[Languedoc]], one of the least Germanic areas of Europe and bordering [[Al-Andalus]] (Muslim Spain). Further, the earliest use of ''feuum'' (as a replacement for ''beneficium'') can be dated to 899, the same year a Muslim base at [[Fraxinetum]] ([[La Garde-Freinet]]) in [[Provence]] was established. It is possible, Samarrai says, that French scribes, writing in Latin, attempted to [[Transliteration|transliterate]] the Arabic word ''fuyū'' (the plural of ''fay''), which was used by the Muslim invaders and occupiers at the time, resulting in a plurality of forms – ''feo, feu, feuz, feuum'' and others—from which eventually ''feudum'' derived. Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as [[Islamic Golden Age|Medieval and Early Modern Muslim]] scribes often used etymologically "fanciful roots" to support outlandish claims that something was of Arabian or Muslim origin.<ref name=samarrai/>

== History ==
Feudalism, in its various forms, usually emerged as a result of the [[decentralization]] of an empire: such as in the [[Carolingian Empire]] in the 9th century AD, which lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure[<nowiki/>[[Bharatpedia:Please clarify|''clarification needed'']]] necessary to support [[cavalry]] without allocating land to these mounted troops. Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land and their power over the territory came to encompass the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres.

These acquired powers significantly [[federation|diminished unitary power]] in these empires. However, once the infrastructure to maintain unitary power was re-established—as with the European monarchies—feudalism began to yield to this new power structure and eventually disappeared.<ref name="Gat, Azar 2006. pp. 332">{{cite book |last=Gat |first=Azar |title=War in Human Civilization |date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0199236633 |location=New York |pages=332–343}}</ref>

=== Classic feudalism ===
{{See also|Feudalism in England|Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire|Examples of feudalism}}
The classic [[François Louis Ganshof]] version of feudalism<ref name=ebo/><ref name=ganshof/> describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations of the warrior nobility based on the key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. In broad terms a lord was a noble who held land, a vassal was a person granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the use of the fief and protection by the lord, the vassal provided some sort of service to the lord. There were many varieties of [[Feudal land tenure in England|feudal land tenure]], consisting of military and non-military service. The obligations and corresponding rights between lord and vassal concerning the fief form the basis of the feudal relationship.<ref name=ganshof/>

=== Vassalage ===
[[File:Hommage du comté de Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.png|thumbnail|[[Homage (feudal)|Homage]] of [[Clermont, Oise|Clermont-en-Beauvaisis]]]]
Before a lord could grant land (a [[fief]]) to someone, he had to make that person a vassal. This was done at a [[commendation ceremony]] comprising an act of [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] and an oath of [[fealty]]. During homage, the lord and vassal entered into a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command, whilst the lord agreed to protect the vassal from external forces. ''Fealty'' comes from the Latin ''fidelitas'' and denotes the [[fidelity]] owed by a vassal to his feudal lord. "Fealty" also refers to an oath that more explicitly reinforces the commitments of the vassal made during homage; such an oath follows homage.<ref name=stephenson>{{cite book |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/28860952/Mediavel-Feudalism |title=Medieval Feudalism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209083705/http://www.scribd.com/doc/28860952/Mediavel-Feudalism |archive-date=9 February 2012 |author-link=Carl Stephenson (historian) |first=Carl |last=Stephenson |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |date=1942 |chapter=Classic introduction to Feudalism}}</ref>

Once the commendation ceremony was complete, the lord and vassal were in a feudal relationship with agreed obligations to one another. The vassal's principal obligation to the lord was to provide aid or military service. Using whatever equipment the vassal could obtain by virtue of the revenues from the fief, the vassal had to answer calls to military service by the lord. This security of military help was the primary reason the lord entered into the feudal relationship. In addition, the vassal could have other obligations to his lord, such as attendance at his court, whether [[Manorial court|manorial]], baronial, both termed [[Manorial court#Court baron|court baron]], or at the king's court.<ref>Encyc. Brit. op.cit. It was a standard part of the feudal contract (fief [land], fealty [oath of allegiance], faith [belief in God]) that every tenant was under an obligation to attend his overlord's court to advise and support him; [[Sir Harris Nicolas]], in ''Historic Peerage of England'', ed. [[William Courthope (officer of arms)|Courthope]], p.18, quoted by Encyc. Brit, op.cit., p. 388: "It was the principle of the feudal system that every tenant should attend the court of his immediate superior".</ref>

[[File:Map France 1477-en.svg|thumb|France in the late 15th century: a mosaic of feudal territories]]
It could also involve the vassal providing "counsel", so that if the lord faced a major decision he would summon all his vassals and hold a council. At the level of the [[Manorialism|manor]] this might be a fairly mundane matter of agricultural policy, but also included sentencing by the lord for criminal offences, including capital punishment in some cases. Concerning the king's feudal court, such deliberation could include the question of declaring war. These are [[examples of feudalism]]; depending on the period of time and location in Europe, feudal customs and practices varied.

=== The feudal revolution in France ===
In its origin, the feudal grant of land had been seen in terms of a personal bond between lord and vassal, but with time and the transformation of fiefs into hereditary holdings, the nature of the system came to be seen as a form of "politics of land" (an expression used by the historian Marc Bloch). The 11th century in France saw what has been called by historians a "[[feudal revolution]]" or "mutation" and a "fragmentation of powers" (Bloch) that was unlike the development of [[feudalism in England]] or Italy or [[Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire|in Germany]] in the same period or later:{{sfn|Wickham|2010|pp=522–523}} Counties and duchies began to break down into smaller holdings as [[castellan]]s and lesser ''[[seigneur]]s'' took control of local lands, and (as [[Count|comital]] families had done before them) lesser lords usurped/privatized a wide range of prerogatives and rights of the state, including travel dues, market dues, fees for using woodlands, obligations, use the lord's mill and, most importantly, the highly profitable rights of justice, etc.{{sfn|Wickham|2010|p=518}} (what [[Georges Duby]] called collectively the "''seigneurie banale''"{{sfn|Wickham|2010|p=518}}). Power in this period became more personal.{{sfn|Wickham|2010|p=522}}

This "fragmentation of powers" was not, however, systematic throughout France, and in certain counties (such as [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]], [[County of Anjou|Anjou]], [[County of Toulouse|Toulouse]]), counts were able to maintain control of their lands into the 12th century or later.{{sfn|Wickham|2010|p=523}} Thus, in some regions (like [[Normandy]] and [[Flanders]]), the vassal/feudal system was an effective tool for [[Duke|ducal]] and comital control, linking vassals to their lords; but in other regions, the system led to significant confusion, all the more so as vassals could and frequently did pledge themselves to two or more lords. In response to this, the idea of a "liege lord" was developed (where the obligations to one lord are regarded as superior) in the 12th century.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Elizabeth M. |editor1-last=Hallam |editor2-first=Charles |editor2-last=West |date=2019 |title=Capetian France 987–1328 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=17}}</ref>

===End of European feudalism (1500–1850s)===
{{Further|Abolition of feudalism in France}}

Around this time, rich, "middle-class" commoners chafed at the authority and powers held by feudal [[Lord|lords]], [[Overlord|overlords]], and [[Nobility|nobles]], and preferred the idea of [[Autocracy|autocratic]] rule where a king and one royal court held almost all the power.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Slosson |first=Preston W. |title=Pictorial History of the American People |publisher=Gallery Books |year=1985 |isbn=0-8317-6871-1 |edition=Revised |location=[[New York City|New York]] |pages=13 |oclc=12782511}}</ref> Feudal nobles regardless of ethnicity generally thought of themselves as arbiters of a politically free system, so this often puzzled them before the fall of most feudal laws.<ref name=":1" />

Most of the military aspects of feudalism effectively ended by about 1500.<ref>"The End of Feudalism" in J.H.M. Salmon, ''Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century'' (1979) pp 19–26</ref> This was partly since the military shifted from armies consisting of the nobility to professional fighters thus reducing the nobility's claim on power, but also because the [[Black Death]] reduced the nobility's hold over the lower classes. Vestiges of the feudal system hung on in France until the [[French Revolution]] of the 1790s. Even when the original feudal relationships had disappeared, there were many institutional remnants of feudalism left in place. Historian [[Georges Lefebvre]] explains how at an early stage of the French Revolution, on just one night of 4 August 1789, France abolished the long-lasting remnants of the feudal order. It announced, "The [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] abolishes the feudal system entirely." Lefebvre explains:

{{blockquote|Without debate the Assembly enthusiastically adopted equality of taxation and redemption of all manorial rights except for those involving personal servitude—which were to be abolished without indemnification. Other proposals followed with the same success: the equality of legal punishment, admission of all to public office, abolition of venality in office, conversion of the tithe into payments subject to redemption, freedom of worship, prohibition of plural holding of benefices ... Privileges of provinces and towns were offered as a last sacrifice.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lefebvre|first=Georges|author-link1=Georges Lefebvre|title=The French Revolution: Vol. 1, from Its Origins To 1793|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bd-JDOw8v5QC&pg=PA130|year=1962|publisher=Columbia U.P|page=130|isbn=9780231085984}}</ref>}}

Originally the peasants were supposed to pay for the release of seigneurial dues; these dues affected more than a quarter of the farmland in France and provided most of the income of the large landowners.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 650023|title = The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution|journal = Past & Present|issue = 37|pages = 71–86|last1 = Forster|first1 = Robert|year = 1967|doi = 10.1093/past/37.1.71| issn = 0031-2746 }}</ref> The majority refused to pay and in 1793 the obligation was cancelled. Thus the peasants got their land free, and also no longer paid the [[tithe]] to the church.<ref>Paul R. Hanson, ''The A to Z of the French Revolution'' (2013) pp 293–94</ref>

In the [[Kingdom of France]], following the French Revolution, [[Abolition of feudalism in France|feudalism was abolished]] with a decree of 11 August 1789 by the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|Constituent Assembly]], a provision that was later extended to various parts of [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Italian kingdom]] following the invasion by French troops. In the [[Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Naples]], [[Joachim Murat]] abolished feudalism with the law of 2 August 1806, then implemented with a law of 1 September 1806 and a royal decree of 3 December 1808. In the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] the abolishing law was issued by the [[Sicilian Parliament]] on 10 August 1812. In [[Piedmont]] feudalism ceased by virtue of the edicts of 7 March, and 19 July 1797 issued by [[Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia|Charles Emmanuel IV]], although in the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], specifically on the island of [[Sardinia]], feudalism was abolished only with an edict of 5 August 1848.

In the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]], feudalism was abolished with the law of 5 December 1861 n.º 342 were all feudal bonds abolished. The system lingered on in parts of Central and Eastern Europe as late as the 1850s. [[Slavery in Romania]] was abolished in 1856. [[Serfdom in Russia#Abolition|Russia finally abolished serfdom]] in 1861.<ref>John Merriman, ''A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Age of Napoleon'' (1996) pp 12–13</ref><ref>Jerzy Topolski, Continuity and discontinuity in the development of the feudal system in Eastern Europe (Xth to XVIIth centuries)" ''Journal of European Economic History'' (1981) 10#2 pp: 373–400.</ref>

More recently in Scotland, on 28 November 2004, the [[Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000]] entered into full force putting an end to what was left of the Scottish feudal system. The last feudal regime, that of the island of [[Sark]], was abolished in December 2008, when the [[2008 Sark general election|first democratic elections]] were held for the election of a local parliament and the appointment of a government. The "revolution" is a consequence of the juridical intervention of the [[European Parliament]], which declared the local constitutional system as contrary to [[human rights]], and, following a series of legal battles, imposed [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]].

== Feudal society ==
{{main|Manorialism}}

[[File:Reeve and Serfs.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[socage]] on the royal [[demesne]] in feudal England, {{Circa|1310}}]]
The phrase "feudal society" as defined by Marc Bloch offers a wider definition than Ganshof's and includes within the feudal structure not only the warrior aristocracy bound by vassalage, but also the [[peasant]]ry bound by manorialism, and the estates of the Church.{{sfn|Bloch|1964|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}} Thus the feudal order embraces society from top to bottom, though the "powerful and well-differentiated social group of the urban classes" came to occupy a distinct position to some extent outside the classic feudal hierarchy.

== Historiography ==
The idea of ''feudalism'' was unknown and the system it describes was not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period. This section describes the history of the idea of feudalism, how the concept originated among scholars and thinkers, how it changed over time, and modern debates about its use.

=== Evolution of the concept ===
{{English Feudalism}}
The concept of a feudal state or period, in the sense of either a regime or a period dominated by lords who possess financial or social power and prestige, became widely held in the middle of the 18th century, as a result of works such as [[Montesquieu]]'s {{lang|fr|De L'Esprit des Lois}} (1748; published in English as ''[[The Spirit of Law]]''), and [[Henri de Boulainvilliers]]'s {{lang|fr|Histoire des anciens Parlements de France}} (1737; published in English as ''An Historical Account of the Ancient Parliaments of France or States-General of the Kingdom'', 1739).<ref name=cheyette/> In the 18th century, writers of the Enlightenment wrote about feudalism to denigrate the antiquated system of the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}}, or French monarchy. This was the [[Age of Enlightenment]], when writers valued reason and the Middle Ages were viewed as the "[[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]". Enlightenment authors generally mocked and ridiculed anything from the "Dark Ages" including feudalism, projecting its negative characteristics on the current French monarchy as a means of political gain. For them "feudalism" meant [[Fief|seigneurial]] privileges and prerogatives. When the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|French Constituent Assembly]] abolished the "feudal regime" in August 1789, this is what was meant.<ref name=bartlett>{{cite book |author-link=Robert Bartlett (historian) |first=Robert |last=Bartlett |chapter=Perspectives on the Medieval World |title=Medieval Panorama |date=2001 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=0-89236-642-7}}</ref>

[[Adam Smith]] used the term "feudal system" to describe a social and economic system defined by inherited social ranks, each of which possessed inherent social and economic privileges and obligations. In such a system, wealth derived from agriculture, which was arranged not according to market forces but on the basis of customary labour services owed by [[Serfdom|serfs]] to landowning nobles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh315/Feudal.htm |title=Feudalism |first=Richard |last=Abels |publisher=usna.edu |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705064653/https://www.usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh315/Feudal.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Heinrich Brunner ===
[[File:Francia at the death of Pepin of Heristal 714-es.svg|thumb|The Frankish domains in the time of Charles Martel (boundaries approximate), primarily modern day France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Czech Republic and Austria]]
[[Heinrich Brunner]], in his ''The Equestrian Service and the Beginnings of the Feudal System'' (1887), maintained that [[Charles Martel]] laid the foundation for feudalism during the 8th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fouracre |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Fouracre |title=Debating Medieval Europe: the Early Middle Ages, c. 450-c.1050 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=9781526117328 |editor-last1=Mossman |editor-first1=Stephen |location=Manchester |pages=35–62 |language=English |chapter=The Successor States, 550-750}}</ref> Brunner believed Martel to be a brilliant warrior who secularized church lands for the purpose of providing ''[[precaria]]s'' (or leases) for his followers, in return for their military service. Martel's military ambitions were becoming more expensive as it changed into a cavalry force, thus the need to maintain his followers through the despoiling of church lands.<ref name="FouracreIntroduction">{{Cite book |last=Fouracre |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Fouracre |title=The Age of Charles Martel |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2000 |isbn=9781315845647 |edition=1st |location=London |publication-date=2000 |pages=1–11 |language=English |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

Responding to Brunner's thesis, [[Paul Fouracre]] theorizes that the church itself held power over the land with its own ''precarias''.{{sfn|Fouracre|2007|p=19}} The most commonly utilized ''precarias'' was the gifting of land to the church, done for various spiritual and legal purposes.{{sfn|Fouracre|2007|p=19}} Although Charles Martel did indeed utilize ''precaria'' for his own purposes, and even drove some of the bishops out of the church and placed his own laymen in their seats, Fouracre discounts Martel's role in creating political change, that it was simply a military move in order to have control in the region by hording land through tenancies, and expelling the bishops who he did not agree with, but it did not specifically create feudalism.{{sfn|Fouracre|2007|p=18}}

=== Karl Marx ===
[[Karl Marx]] also uses the term in the 19th century in his analysis of society's economic and political development, describing feudalism (or more usually feudal society or the feudal [[mode of production]]) as the order coming before [[capitalism]]. For Marx, what defined feudalism was the power of the ruling class (the [[aristocracy]]) in their control of arable land, leading to a [[Social class#Class society|class society]] based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under [[serfdom]] and principally by means of labour, produce and money rents.<ref name=daileader/> He deemed feudalism a 'democracy of unfreedom', juxtaposing the oppression of feudal subjects with a holistic integration of political and economic life of the sort lacking under industrial capitalism.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halikias |first1=Dimitrios |title=The Young Marx on Feudalism as the Democracy of Unfreedom |journal=The Historical Journal |date=2023 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=281–304 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000493 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1E4726CDDF8401225BFFAD350B7607BC/S0018246X23000493a.pdf/the-young-marx-on-feudalism-as-the-democracy-of-unfreedom.pdf |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>

He also took it as a paradigm for understanding the power-relationships between capitalists and wage-labourers in his own time: "in pre-capitalist systems it was obvious that most people did not control their own destiny—under feudalism, for instance, serfs had to work for their lords. Capitalism seems different because people are in theory free to work for themselves or for others as they choose. Yet most workers have as little control over their lives as feudal serfs."<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Singer |title=Marx: A Very Short Introduction |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2000 |orig-date=1980 |page=91}}</ref> Some later Marxist theorists (e.g. [[Eric Wolf]]) have applied this label to include non-European societies, grouping feudalism together with [[History of China#Imperial China|imperial China]] and the [[Inca Empire]], in the [[pre-Columbian era]], as 'tributary' societies .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Eric Robert |title=Europe and the people without history |date=2010 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-26818-0 |oclc=905625305}}</ref>

=== Later studies ===
{{Feudal status}}

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, [[J. Horace Round]] and [[Frederic William Maitland]], both historians of medieval Britain, arrived at different conclusions about the character of [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon English society]] before the [[Norman Conquest]] in 1066. Round argued that the Normans had brought feudalism with them to England, while Maitland contended that its fundamentals were already in place in Britain before 1066. The debate continues today, but a consensus viewpoint is that England before the Conquest had commendation (which embodied some of the personal elements in feudalism) while [[William the Conqueror]] introduced a modified and stricter northern French feudalism to England incorporating (1086) oaths of loyalty to the king by all who held by feudal tenure, even the vassals of his principal vassals (holding by feudal tenure meant that vassals must provide the quota of [[knight]]s required by the king or a money payment in substitution).{{cn|date=February 2026}}

In the 20th century, two outstanding historians offered still more widely differing perspectives. The French historian Marc Bloch, arguably the most influential 20th-century medieval historian,<ref name=daileader/> approached feudalism not so much from a legal and military point of view but from a sociological one, presenting in ''Feudal Society'' (1939; English 1961) a feudal order not limited solely to the nobility. It is his radical notion that peasants were part of the feudal relationship that sets Bloch apart from his peers: while the vassal performed military service in exchange for the fief, the peasant performed physical labour in return for protection – both are a form of feudal relationship. According to Bloch, other elements of society can be seen in feudal terms; all the aspects of life were centred on "lordship", and so we can speak usefully of a feudal church structure, a feudal courtly (and anti-courtly) literature, and a feudal economy.<ref name=daileader/>

In contradistinction to Bloch, the Belgian historian [[François Louis Ganshof]] defined feudalism from a narrow legal and military perspective, arguing that feudal relationships existed only within the medieval nobility itself. Ganshof articulated this concept in ''Qu'est-ce que la féodalité?'' ("What is feudalism?", 1944; translated in English as ''Feudalism''). His classic definition of feudalism is widely accepted today among medieval scholars,<ref name="daileader">{{Cite book |last=Daileader |first=Philip |title=The High Middle Ages |publisher=[[The Teaching Company]] |date=2001 |isbn=1-5658-5827-1 |chapter=Feudalism |author-link=Philip Daileader |issue=869}}</ref> though questioned both by those who view the concept in wider terms and by those who find insufficient uniformity in noble exchanges to support such a model.

Although [[Georges Duby]] was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and [[Lucien Febvre]], that came to be known as the [[Annales school]], Duby was an exponent of the {{lang|fr|Annaliste}} tradition. In a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled {{lang|fr|La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise}} (''Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the [[Mâconnais]] region''), and working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian [[Cluny Abbey|monastery of Cluny]], as well as the dioceses of [[Ancient Diocese of Mâcon|Mâcon]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dijon|Dijon]], Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the Mâconnais region and charted a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000. He argued that in early 11th century, governing institutions—particularly comital courts established under the [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] monarchy—that had represented public justice and order in [[History of Burgundy|Burgundy]] during the 9th and 10th centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong-arm tactics and threats of violence.

In 1939, the Austrian historian [[Theodor Mayer (historian)|Theodor Mayer]] subordinated the feudal state as secondary to his concept of a ''[[Territorial state#Personenverbandsstaat|Personenverbandsstaat]]'' (personal interdependency state), understanding it in contrast to the [[territorial state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bentley |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWqIAgAAQBAJ&q=personenverbandsstaat&pg=PA126 |title=Companion to Historiography |date=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-1349-7024-7 |page=126 |access-date=17 November 2019 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> This form of statehood, identified with the [[Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]], is described as the most complete form of medieval rule, completing conventional feudal structure of lordship and vassalage with the personal association among the nobility.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elazar |first=Daniel Judah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKOIqPsf7acC&q=personenverbandsstaat&pg=PA381 |title=Covenant and commonwealth : from Christian separation through the Protestant Reformation |date=1996 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4128-2052-3 |volume=2 |page=76 |access-date=17 November 2019 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> But the applicability of this concept to cases outside of the Holy Roman Empire has been questioned, as by Susan Reynolds.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=397}} The concept has also been questioned and superseded in German [[historiography]] because of its bias and reductionism towards legitimating the {{lang|de|[[Führerprinzip]]}}.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

=== Challenges to the feudal model ===
In 1974, the American historian [[Elizabeth A. R. Brown]]<ref name=ebrown>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1869563 |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=1063–1088 |last=Brown |first=Elizabeth A. R. |title=The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |date=October 1974 |jstor=1869563}}</ref> rejected the label ''feudalism'' as an anachronism that imparts a false sense of uniformity to the concept. Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of ''feudalism'', she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back "tyrannically" into the historical record. Supporters of Brown have suggested that the term should be expunged from history textbooks and lectures on medieval history entirely.<ref name=daileader/> In ''Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted'' (1994),{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=}} [[Susan Reynolds]] expanded upon Brown's original thesis. Although some contemporaries questioned Reynolds's methodology, other historians have supported it and her argument.<ref name=daileader/> Reynolds argues:
{{Blockquote|Too many models of feudalism used for comparisons, even by Marxists, are still either constructed on the 16th-century basis or incorporate what, in a Marxist view, must surely be superficial or irrelevant features from it. Even when one restricts oneself to Europe and to feudalism in its narrow sense it is extremely doubtful whether feudo-vassalic institutions formed a coherent bundle of institutions or concepts that were structurally separate from other institutions and concepts of the time.{{sfn|Reynolds|1994|p=11}}}}

The term ''feudal'' has also been applied to non-Western societies, in which institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to have prevailed (see [[Examples of feudalism]]). Japan has been extensively studied in this regard.{{Sfn|Hall|1962|pages=15–51}} [[Karl Friday]] notes that in the 21st century historians of Japan rarely invoke feudalism; instead of looking at similarities, specialists attempting comparative analysis concentrate on fundamental differences.<ref>[[Karl Friday]], [https://www.academia.edu/download/71051487/j.1478-0542.2009.00664.x20211002-26720-9g3rf8.pdf "The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan"],{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''History Compass'' 8.2 (2010): 179–196.</ref> Ultimately, critics say, the many ways the term ''feudalism'' has been used have deprived it of specific meaning, leading some historians and political theorists to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.<ref name=daileader/>

Historian [[Richard Abels]] notes that "Western civilization and world civilization textbooks now shy away from the term 'feudalism'."<ref>Richard Abels, "The Historiography of a Construct: 'Feudalism' and the Medieval Historian." ''History Compass'' (2009) 7#3 pp: 1008–1031.</ref>

== See also ==
=== General ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Barons in Scotland]]
* [[Bastard feudalism]]
* {{lang|fr|[[Cestui que]]}}
* [[English feudal barony]]
* [[Feudal baron]]
* [[Feudal duties]]
* [[List of feudal wars 12th–14th century]]
* [[Investiture]]
* {{lang|de|[[Lehnsmann]]}}
* [[Majorat]]
* [[Neo-feudalism]]
* ''[[Nulle terre sans seigneur]]''
* [[Protofeudalism]]
* [[Quia Emptores]]
* [[Statutes of Mortmain]]
* [[Suzerainty]]
* [[Vassal state]]
* [[Ziamet]]
{{div col end}}

=== Non-European ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Fengjian]] (Chinese)
* [[Feudalism in Pakistan]]
* [[History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan|Feudal Japan]]
* {{lang|es|[[Hacienda]]}}
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Mandala (political model)]]
*[[Sakdina]], a Thai feudal system
* [[Samanta]], an Indian feudal system
* [[Zemene Mesafint]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bloch |first=Marc |author-link=Marc Bloch |date=1964 |title=Feudal Society |volume=2 |translator-first=L. A. |translator-last=Manyon |location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0226059792}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fouracre |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Fouracre |title='Writing About Charles Martel' in Law, Laity and Solidarities: Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds / Edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. Nelson and Jane Martindale |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2007 |location=Manchester |publication-date=2007 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |date=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkQ8z7S2cIIC&q=personenverbandsstaat&pg=PA397 |title=Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-1982-0648-4 |ol=7397539M |author-link=Susan Reynolds |access-date=17 November 2019 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Wickham |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Wickham |date=2010 |title=The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 |title-link=The Inheritance of Rome |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0140290141}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book
| publisher = Longmans, Green
| last = Ganshof
| first = François Louis
| title = Feudalism
| url = https://archive.org/details/feudalism00gans
| url-access = registration
| location = London; New York
| year = 1996
| orig-year = 1st pub. 1952
| isbn = 978-0-8020-7158-3
}}
* Guerreau, Alain, ''L'avenir d'un passé incertain.'' Paris: Le Seuil, 2001 (complete history of the meaning of the term).
* Poly, Jean-Pierre and Bournazel, Eric, ''The Feudal Transformation, 900–1200.'', Tr. Caroline Higgitt. New York and London: Holmes and Meier, 1991.

===Historiographical works===
* {{Cite journal |last=Abels |first=Richard |date=2009 |title=The Historiography of a Construct: "Feudalism" and the Medieval Historian |journal=History Compass |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1008–1031 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00610.x}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Elizabeth |date=1974 |title=The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe |journal=American Historical Review |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=1063–1068|doi=10.2307/1869563 |jstor=1869563 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Cantor |first=Norman F. |title=Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth century |date=1991 |publisher=Quill |author-link=Norman Cantor}}
* {{Cite journal |last={{not a typo|Friday}}|first=Karl |date=2010 |title=The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan |journal=History Compass |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=179–196 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00664.x}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harbison |first=Robert |url=http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html |title=The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay |date=1996 |publisher=Western Kentucky University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229034347/http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html |archive-date=29 February 2008}}

=== End of feudalism ===
* {{Cite book |last=Bean |first=J.M.W. |title=Decline of English Feudalism, 1215–1540 |date=1968 |ol=23803960M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Davitt |first=Michael |title=The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland: Or, The Story of the Land League Revolution |date=1904 |oclc=1595429 |ol=23299170M |author-link=Michael Davitt}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=John Whitney |author-link=John Whitney Hall |date=1962 |title=Feudalism in Japan-A Reassessment |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=15–51 |doi=10.1017/S001041750000150X |jstor=177767 |s2cid=145750386}}; compares Europe and Japan.
* {{Cite journal |last=Nell |first=Edward J. |author-link=Edward Nell |date=1967 |title=Economic Relationships in the Decline of Feudalism: An Examination of Economic Interdependence and Social Change |journal=History and Theory |volume=6 |doi=10.2307/2504421 |jstor=2504421 |pages=313–350 |number=3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Okey |first=Robin |title=Eastern Europe 1740–1985: Feudalism to Communism |date=1986 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=0816615616 |oclc=13644378 |ol=2718094M}}

==== France ====
* Herbert, Sydney. ''The Fall of Feudalism in France'' (1921) [https://archive.org/details/falloffeudalismi00herbrich full text online free].
* Mackrell, John Quentin Colborne. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kb7WAQAAQBAJ ''The Attack on Feudalism in Eighteenth-century France''] (Routledge, 2013).
* Markoff, John. ''Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution'' (Penn State Press, 2010).
* {{Cite journal |last=Sutherland |first=D. M. G. |year=2002 |title=Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 1780-1820 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |jstor=2697970}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Feudalism}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034150/feudalism "Feudalism"], by [[Elizabeth A. R. Brown]]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''.
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html#Feudalism "Feudalism?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018025458/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html#Feudalism |date=18 October 2014 }}, by [[Paul Halsall]]. [[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]].
* [https://www.academia.edu/634989/Feudalism_the_history_of_an_idea "Feudalism: the history of an idea"], by Fredric Cheyette (Amherst), excerpted from ''New Dictionary of the History of Ideas'' (2004)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209083705/http://www.scribd.com/doc/28860952/Mediavel-Feudalism ''Medieval Feudalism''], by [[Carl Stephenson (historian)|Carl Stephenson]]. Cornell University Press, 1942. Classic introduction to Feudalism.
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131755/http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html |date=26 February 2009 |title="The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay" }}, by Robert Harbison, 1996, [[Western Kentucky University]].

{{History of Europe}}
{{Types of societies}}
{{Middle Ages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Feudalism}}
[[Category:Feudalism| ]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1861 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Economic systems]]
[[Category:Political systems]]
[[Category:Social systems]]

Udit Narayan

2026-03-17T11:36:56Z

ReinaSligo4: add article for consistency

{{short description|Indian playback singer (born 1955)}}
{{about||the Fijian politician|Udit Narayan (politician)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Udit Narayan
| image = Udit-Narayan-2019.jpg
| caption = Narayan in 2019
| birth_name = Udit Narayan Jha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1955|12|01}}
| birth_place = Baisi, [[Supaul district]], [[Bihar]], India
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
| {{nowrap|{{marriage|Ranjana Jha|1984||end=separated}}}}
| {{marriage|Deepa Gahatraj|1985}}
}}
| children = [[Aditya Narayan]]
| parents = 
| relatives = [[Shweta Agarwal]] (daughter-in-law)
| honours = {{ubl|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]] (2001)|[[Padma Shri]] (2009)|[[Padma Bhushan]] (2016)}}
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Udit Narayan|Full list]]
| alma_mater = [[Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus]], [[Tribhuvan University]]
| website =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Pop music|pop]]
* [[Semi-classical music|Semi-Classical]]
* [[Bhajan]]
* [[Folk music|folk]]}}
| instrument = [[Vocal]]
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Yash Raj Films]]
* [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]]
* SKS Music Company
* [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
* [[Sony BMG]]
* [[Tips Industries|Tips]]
* [[Saregama]]
* [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus]]}}
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox youtuber
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = @RealUditNarayan
| youtube_display_name =
| youtube_years_active = 2020–present
| youtube_genre = Music
| youtube_subscribers = 3.5 million
| youtube_views = 3.3 billion
| stats_update = 1 December 2025
}}
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 1980–present
| signature =
}}
'''Udit Narayan Jha''' (born 1 December 1955; {{audio|LL-Q33810 (ori)-Psubhashish-ଉଦିତ ନାରାୟଣ.wav|pronunciation}}) is an Indian [[playback singer]] whose songs are featured in [[Indian cinema]], primarily [[Hindi films]].

He has won four [[National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/bollywood/features/2018/happy-birthday-udit-narayan-six-best-songs-of-the-prince-of-playback-singing-279998.html|title=Udit Narayan National award|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> and five [[Filmfare Awards]], with twenty nominations among many others. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] three times for the songs ''Mitwa'' from [[Lagaan]] (2001), ''Jaane Kyon Log'' from [[Dil Chahta Hai]] (2001), ''Chhote Chhote Sapne'' [[Zindagi Khoobsoorat Hai]] (2002) and ''Yeh Taara Woh Taara'' from [[Swades]] (2004). He also won the ''National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bhojpuri'' in 2005 as the producer of ''Kab Hoi Gawna Hamar''. He was awarded the [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]] by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh ]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lata Mangeshkar Samman given to Usha Khanna, Udit Narayan and Anu Malik |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/lata-mangeshkar-samman-given-to-usha-khanna-udit-narayan-and-anu-malik-1767708 |website=NDTV |publisher=NDTV Convergence Ltd. |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="NFAwards">{{cite web |title=National Film Award Winners |url=https://dff.gov.in |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Government of India |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Directorate of Film Festivals – Official}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Padma Shri]] in 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160125-seven-years-after-padma-shree-udit-narayan|title=Seven years after Padma Shree, Udit Narayan honoured with Padma Bhushan|website=Radioandmusic.com|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2016 for his contribution to arts and culture.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

His contribution to the Indian music industry was recognised by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], who bestowed upon him the title ''Prince of Playback Singing''.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |title=Udit Narayan reveals Lata Mangeshkar gave him the title 'Prince of Playback Singing' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/udit-narayan-reveals-lata-mangeshkar-gave-him-the-title-prince-of-playback-singing-1912230-2022-02-12 |publisher=India Today |date=12 February 2022 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

He made his Hindi playback debut with [[Mohammed Rafi]] in ''Unees-Bees'' (1980).<ref>{{cite web |title=Udit Narayan's breakthrough song |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/miscellaneous/song-of-life-diary-news-298795 |website=Outlook India |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

In recognition of his contribution to Nepalese music, the [[King of Nepal]], [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev]], awarded him the [[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udit Narayan to receive India's Padma Bhushan |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2016/01/25/udit-narayan-to-receive-indias-padma-bhushan|website=Kathmandu Post |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> He is the only male singer in [[Filmfare Awards]] history to have won across three decades: the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/udit-narayan |title=Udit Narayan: Latest News, Videos and Udit Narayan Photos |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Udit Narayan Jha was born on 1 December 1955 in an ethnic [[Maithil Brahmin]] family to Nepalese national Harekrishna Jha and Indian national Bhuvaneshwari Jha.<ref name='bday'>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/aditya-bakes-a-cake-for-father-udit-narayan-on-birthday/16736163 |title=Aditya bakes a cake for father Udit Narayan on birthday |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=3 December 2015 |access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaw |first1=Shri Ram |title=Exclusive – Udit Narayan on completing 40 years in Bollywood: Bitterness of struggle makes success sweeter |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/exclusive-udit-narayan-on-completing-40-years-in-bollywood-bitterness-of-struggle-makes-success-sweeter-qd00cc |access-date=17 November 2020 |publisher=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |date=5 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Outlook_int_2017"/> When his acceptance of the ''Padma Shri'' led to criticism in Nepal, he told the Nepalese daily ''[[Kantipur (daily)|Kantipur]]'' that he was "from Nepal but his mother's home was in Bihar."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Artistes-have-no-borders-Udit-Narayan-tells-Nepal/articleshow/4037648.cms |title=Artistes have no borders, Udit Narayan tells Nepal |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2009 |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref> In a 2017 interview with the Indian magazine ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', he clarified that he was born in Baisi, a village in [[Bihar]], and clarified that his father Harekrishna was a native of Nepal.<ref name="Outlook_int_2017">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/song-of-life-diary/298795 |title=Song Of Life Diary |author=Udit Narayan |date=8 May 2017 |work=Outlook |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref> In September 2018, at a ceremony held by the Bihar Jharkhand Association of North America, he stated that he identifies as a [[Bihari people|Bihari]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/13809-bihar-jharkhand-association-of-north-america-honors-singer-udit-narayan.html|title=Bihar Jharkhand Association of North America Honors Singer Udit Narayan|date=8 September 2018|work=PatnaDaily|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002441/https://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/13809-bihar-jharkhand-association-of-north-america-honors-singer-udit-narayan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 1970s: Early career ===
During his teen years, Narayan performed as a staff singer for [[Radio Nepal]] and sang in hotels around [[Kathmandu]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=We're a musical family |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/were-a-musical-family |website=Khaleej Times |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> He made active efforts to pursue a musical career, which were not supported by his father, who urged him to pursue a profession as a doctor or engineer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udit Narayan expresses gratitude to fan, wife, farmer parents |url=https://indiawest.com/udit-narayan-expresses-gratitude-to-fan-wife-farmer-parents/ |website=India West |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When Udit Narayan revealed what his papa asked him |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/101985/when-udit-narayan-revealed-what-his-papa-asked-to-make-it-big-in |website=AP7AM |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

In 1978, he received a music scholarship through a cultural-exchange programme to study classical music at ''Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan'' in Mumbai.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |title=Struggle Is Necessary for Any Artist; Its Bitterness Makes Success Sweeter: Udit Narayan |url=https://english.sahityapost.com/struggle-is-necessary-for-any-artist-its-bitterness-makes-success-sweeter-udit-narayan/ |website=Sahityapost English |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

While in Mumbai, he visited several music directors' offices and auditioned frequently, initially struggling to secure opportunities.<ref name="auto2"/>

=== 1980s-90s: Debut and breakthrough ===
Narayan’s Bollywood career began in 1980 when music director [[Rajesh Roshan]] offered him his first playback opportunity in the film ''Unees-Bees'', where he recorded a duet with Mohammed Rafi.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICYMI: Udit Narayan In A 41-Year-Old Pic From His Debut Song Recording |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/icymi-udit-narayan-in-a-41-year-old-pic-from-his-debut-song-recording-2480385 |website=NDTV |date=1 December 2023 |access-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

His major breakthrough came in 1988 with the soundtrack of ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'', performed with [[Alka Yagnik]]. The song ''Papa Kehte Hain'' became a nationwide hit and earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udit Narayan looks back at his career with affection |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/udit-narayan-looks-back-at-his-career-with-affection-14692.amp |website=Filmfare |access-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Udit Narayan Jha in 1990s.jpg|thumb|right|Narayan in 1990s]]
Narayan won his second [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song ''Mendi Laga Ke Rakhna'' from [[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]] at the 1996 Filmfare Awards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 1996 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-1996-1995 |website=Filmfare |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DDLJ Soundtrack |website=Filmfare |url=https://filmfare.com/features/filmfare-flashback-dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenges-memorable-big-win-at-the-filmfare-awards-26084.amp |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

=== 2000s ===
{{moresources|section|date=December 2025}}
Narayan won his fourth Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song ''Chand Chhupa Badal Mein'' from the film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000), making him the only singer in [[Filmfare]] history to win in three different decades.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

He won his fifth Filmfare Award for the song ''Mitwa'' from the film Lagaan (2001). For the same song, he also won his first [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]], sharing the honor with his other song ''Jaane Kyon Log'' from [[Dil Chahta Hai]] (2001). His second National Film Award in this category came for ''Chhote Chhote Sapne'' from [[Zindagi Khoobsoorat Hai]] (2002), and his third for "Yeh Taara Woh Taara" from [[Swades]] (2004). In addition, he won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bhojpuri in 2005 as the producer of ''Kab Hoi Gawna Hamar''.

He received the [[Padma Shri]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Getting Padma Shri a dream come true |website=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/getting-padma-shri-a-dream-come-true/story-yiohUwVr91LVN8cLJ8GR3H.html |date=28 January 2009 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===

[[File:UditNarayan5.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Narayan at an album launch event in 2010]]

In 2016, Narayan was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India’s third-highest civilian award, in recognition of his contribution to Indian music and playback singing.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/padma-awards-2016-full-list-1269936
|title=Padma Awards 2016: Full List
|website=NDTV
|publisher=NDTV
|date=25 January 2016
|access-date=11 December 2025
}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main|List of Hindi songs recorded by Udit Narayan|Bollywood selected discography of Udit Narayan|List of non-Hindi songs recorded by Udit Narayan|}}

== Accolades ==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Udit Narayan}}

Narayan has won four [[National Film Awards]] and five [[Filmfare Awards]]. He was awarded the Order of Gorkha Dakshin Bahu, Fourth Class by the King of Nepal in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udit Narayan |website=Top Nepal Information |url=https://top-nepal.com/udit-narayan/ |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> In India, he received the Padma Shri in 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/receiving-padma-shri-is-a-dream-come-true-udit-narayan_21649.html|title=Receiving Padma Shri is a dream come true: Udit Narayan|website=Zee News|date=26 January 2009|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> and the Padma Bhushan in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2016/01/25/udit-narayan-to-receive-indias-padma-bhushan|title=Udit Narayan to receive India’s Padma Bhushan|website=Kathmandu Post|date=25 January 2016|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/udit-narayan-on-padma-bhushan-i-am-speechless-it-feels-like-a-dream/|title=Udit Narayan on Padma Bhushan: “It feels like a dream”|website=The Indian Express|date=25 January 2016|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar National Contribution Award in 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/12-01-2023-governor-presents-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-national-awards-to-udit-narayan-kumar-sanu-ranvir-shorey/|title=Governor presents Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar National Awards to Udit Narayan|website=Raj Bhavan (Maharashtra)|date=12 January 2023|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/bhagat-singh-koshyari-governor-of-maharashtra-confers-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-national-contribution-award-to-deserving-indians/1317041/|title=Governor confers Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar National Contribution Award to Udit Narayan|website=The Print|date=16 January 2023|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> and the International Buddha Peace Award & Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Award in 2023, awarded by the Maitry Peace Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maitrypeace.in/raj-bhavan-kolkata/|title=Kolkata Governor graces the Buddha Peace Award|website=Maitry Peace Foundation|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://maitrypeace.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Award-Details-1.pdf|title=International Buddha Peace Award & Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Award – 2023 ceremony document|website=Maitry Peace Foundation|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> Additionally, in 2012, he served as a jury member for film music at the [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highonscore.com/gima-awards-2012-press-conference|title=GIMA Awards 2012 – Press Conference|website=HighOnScore.com|date=9 August 2012|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
Although primarily known as a playback singer, Narayan also made appearances as an actor, primarily in [[Cinema of Nepal|Nepali cinema]].

His most prominent acting role was in the 1985 Nepali film [[Kusume Rumal]], directed by [[Tulsi Ghimire]], in which he both played the lead character and performed the soundtrack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Idol 10: Udit Narayan reveals he was paid Rs 1,500 to act as a lead hero |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/indian-idol-10-udit-narayan-reveals-he-was-paid-rs-1500-to-act-as-a-lead-hero-20101178 |work=Mid-Day |date=10 November 2018 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Udit Narayan – Singer and Actor |url=https://www.thebiodiary.com/home/biograph/entertainment-singer-Udit-Narayan-en |publisher=The Bio Diary |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

In interviews, Narayan has stated that he took the acting role to support his career while establishing himself as a singer.<ref name="Filmfare_Feb2021">{{cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=19 February 2021 |title=Udit Narayan reflects on his career |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/udit-narayan-looks-back-at-his-career-with-affection-14692.html |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Udit and Deepa.jpg|thumb|Narayan with his wife Deepa Narayan Jha|upright=1.2|250px|left]]
In 2006, Ranjana Narayan claimed to be Narayan's first wife, but Narayan consistently denied it. Later, he accepted her as his wife, whom he married in 1984, and promised to provide for her maintenance.<ref name="firstwifecase2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Udit-Narayan-meets-first-wife-Ranjana/articleshow/1694218.cms |title=Udit Narayan meets 'first wife' Ranjana |work=The Times of India |date=30 June 2006 |agency=PTI |access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Tale-of-two-wives/articleshow/1833057.cms|title=Tale of two wives|website=The Times of India |access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Udit Narayan's first wife Ranjana Jha files case amidst kiss controversy |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/udit-narayans-first-wife-ranjana-jha-files-case-amidst-kiss-controversy-71702.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=24 February 2025 |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref> Udit began a relationship with Deepa Gahatraj while still married to Ranjana. Udit and Deepa were married in 1985. With Deepa Gahatraj, he has one son, [[Aditya Narayan]], who is also a playback singer.<ref name="uditson">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-l-il-champs-host-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-l-il-champs-aditya-narayan-today-people-know-me-by-my-name/story-1gH4kJrnmRyEXrFEHb7DYJ.html |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs' Aditya Narayan: Today people know me by my name |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="firstwifecase2" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/indian-celebrities-who-married-their-mistresses-277600-32.html|title=Indian Celebrities Who Married Their Mistresses|website=Indiatimes.com|date=26 October 2015|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731151731/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/indian-celebrities-who-married-their-mistresses-277600-32.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/28udit.htm|title=Udit Narayan wants compromise with first wife|website=Rediff.com|date=28 June 2006|first=Anand Mohan|last=Sahay|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Udit Narayan}}
* {{IMDb name| id=0621257}}
* {{facebook|UditNarayanOfficial}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleSinger}}
{{ScreenAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackMale}}
{{IIFAAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
{{BollywoodMovieAwardBestPlaybackMale}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Udit}}
[[Category:Udit Narayan| ]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Odia-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Indian people of Nepalese descent]]
[[Category:Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus alumni]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

K. B. Hedgewar

2026-03-13T09:07:37Z

ReinaSligo4: brief refined page per standard format also and updated info

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Promotional|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian activist and physician (1889–1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Keshav Baliram Hedgewar
| image = Dr. Hedgevar.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1889|04|01}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="birthplace_ref1"/><ref name="birthplace_ref2"/><ref name="birthplace_ref3"/><ref name="birthplace_ref4"/><ref name="birthplace_ref5"/>(Currently in [[Maharashtra]] State, [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1940|06|21|1889|04|01}}
| death_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], British India
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| succeeded = [[M. S. Golwalkar]]
| office = 1st [[Sarsanghchalak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| term_start = 27 September 1925
| term_end = 21 June 1940
| occupation = {{Hlist|[[Physician]]|political activist}}
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]
| alma_mater = [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College & Hospital, Calcutta]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1919-1923)<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/it-is-time-to-recognise-hedgewar-s-contribution-to-the-freedom-movement/story-scrZdE6fT9xVQ8TrDk9XxK.html It is time-to recognise Hedgewar's contribution to the freedom movement]. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-founder-hedgewar-was-with-congress-and-other-facts-you-didnt-know/387491/ | title=RSS founder Hedgewar was with Congress, and other facts you didn't know | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=25 March 2020 }}</ref> [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
| known_for = Founder of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
}}
'''Keshav Baliram Hedgewar''' (1 April 1889 – 21 June 1940) was an Indian physician who founded the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]], in [[Nagpur]] in 1925.

== Early life ==
Hedgewar was born on 1 April 1889 in a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family<ref>{{cite book|title=The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72jXAAAAMAAJ|author=John Zavos|year=2000| publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Dr Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, who would later go on to become the first Sarsanghchalak, or absolute leader of the Sangh. Hedgewar was a Deshastha Brahman; his family was resident in Nagpur and his father followed a traditional priestly occupation.|isbn=9780195651409}}</ref> in [[Nagpur]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]].<ref name="birthplace_ref1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-H8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|pages=7–8|title=Dr Hedgewar The Epoch Maker|author1=B. V. Deshpande|author2=S. R. Ramaswamy|publisher=Rashtrotthana Sahitya|year=1981|quote=The Hedgewar family was one such. They were Deshastha Brahmins of the Shakala branch. belonging to the Ashwalayana Sutra of the Rigveda. Their gotra was Kashyapa, and learning and transmission of the Vedas was their sole preoccupation. The agnihotra too was in vogue. There are documents indicating that in the course of his travels, Sri Shankaracharya used to nominate someone from the Hedgewar family to be in charge of propagation of Dharma in this area. Many are the families claiming to be followers of the Hedgewars, and their family documents speak with utmost reverence of the Hedgewars saying. "Hedage Kulaguru poorvapara, jaise suryavamsha vasisthavara" ("The tradition of Hedge kulagurus is (glorious) like that of Vasishtha in the solar dynasty."......Narahara Shastri, the great-grandfather of Baliram Pant of the Hedgewar clan. In 1853, Nagpur came under the yoke of the British rulers, and English education gained prominence to the utter neglect of traditional learning. Great scholars. well versed in many shastras, had to resort to priestcraft to their livelihood. Even under such hard conditions, Vedamurti Baliram Pant Hedgewar sustained the family tradition with efficiency and erudition. His wife Revatibai came from the Paithankar family, and was known for her serenity and amiable temperament. Despite poverty, the couple spent their days in peace and happiness. It was in such peaceful environs that Keshav was born, on the felicitous Yugadi (New Year) day, in the year Virodhi. 1811 of the Shaka Era, corresponding to Sunday, 1st April, 1889, in the early morning hours. And that was the auspicious hour when the Bhonsle palace and every Hindu home in Nagpur hoisted the insignia gudi symbolizing the victory of Shalivahana over the invading Shakas, an historic moment of national deliverance. How significant the birth of the child Keshav at this hour was! Keshav was the fifth issue for his parents. They had six issues in all: three sons Mahadev, Seetaram and Keshav; and three daughters Saroo, Rajoo and Rangoo.}}</ref><ref name="birthplace_ref2">{{Cite book|last1=Andersen|first1=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDqdDwAAQBAJ|title=Messengers of Hindu Nationalism: How the RSS Reshaped India|last2=Damle|first2=Shridhar D.|date=15 June 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-78738-289-3|pages=261|language=en|quote=Dr. Hedgewar, was a trained medical practitioner, and founded the RSS in 1925|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126151720/https://books.google.com/books?id=BDqdDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="birthplace_ref3">{{cite book|title=Changing political leadership in an Indian province: the Central Provinces and Berar, 1919-1939|author=David E. U. Baker|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1979|page=104|quote=Though Moonje was closely involved with this organization, its actual founder was his protege and associate, Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, a Deshastha Brahman doctor from Nagpur.}}</ref><ref name="birthplace_ref4">{{cite book|title=Dr. Hedgewar, the Epoch-maker: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn0eAAAAMAAJ|author=H. V. Seshadri|publisher=Sahitya Sindhu|year=1981|page=2|quote=The place was at one time the abode of scholars and prosperous Brahmin families. The Hedgewar family was one such. They were Deshastha Brahmins of the Shakala branch, belonging to the Ashwalayana Sutra of the Rigveda. Their gotra was Kashyapa, and learning and transmission of the Vedas was their sole preoccupation.|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126151721/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn0eAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="birthplace_ref5">{{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |title=Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth and Neo-Nazism |title-link=Hitler's Priestess |year=1998 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-3111-6 |language=en |page=58 |quote=As early as 1925 Dr. Hedgewar had founded the RSS to foster ''Hindutva'' activism among the Maharashtrian youth. Born into an orthodox Deshastha Brahmin family in Nagpur, Keshavrao Baliram Hedgewar (1889–1940) qualified as a medical doctor but devoted his whole life to the struggle for Indian political freedom.}}</ref> His great-grandfather Narhar Shastri migrated from [[Kandakurthi]], [[Nizamabad district]] in present-day [[Telangana]] to Nagpur.<ref>{{cite book |author=Christophe Jaffrelot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uywnx2IHH8cC |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India) |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=9781850653011 |page=45 |quote=The organization had been founded and developed by Maharashtrian Brahmins - Hedgewar came from a Telugu Brahmin family long resident in Kandakurti currently situated on banks of river Godavari at Maharashtra Telangana border near Biloli taluka Biloli Dist. Nanded Maharashtra and Golwalkar was a Karhada Brahmin – and all the early swayamsevaks were Brahmins.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2019 |title=How coastal Karnataka was saffronised; part 1: Hedgewar sends emissary to Mangalore, an RSS shakha is born |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/how-coastal-karnataka-was-saffronised-part-1-hedgewar-sends-an-emissary-to-mangalore-a-shakha-is-born-the-rss-takes-root-6364981.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423202120/https://www.firstpost.com/india/how-coastal-karnataka-was-saffronised-part-1-hedgewar-sends-an-emissary-to-mangalore-a-shakha-is-born-the-rss-takes-root-6364981.html |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=15 April 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinhā |first=Rākeśa |author-link=Rakesh Sinha |url=https://archive.org/details/drkeshavbaliramh00sinh/page/2/mode/2up |title=Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar |date=2015 |publisher=Publication Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India|Govt. of India]] |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-230-1986-4}}</ref> His parents were Baliram Pant Hedgewar and Revatibai, a [[Marathi people|Marathi]]{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} couple of modest means. When Hedgewar was thirteen both of his parents died in the [[Third plague pandemic|plague epidemic]]<ref name="Zavos2000">{{cite book|author=Zavos, John |title=The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72jXAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565140-9|page=184}}</ref> of 1902. Hedgewar's uncle ensured that he continued to receive a good education, and [[B. S. Moonje]] became a patron and a father-figure for the young Hedgewar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandha |first=Sachin |title=Hedgewar: a definitive biography |date=21 March 2025 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=9780143467663 |publication-date=21 March 2025 |pages=49 |language=English}}</ref>

He studied at Neel City High School in Nagpur, from where he was expelled singing "[[Vande Mataram]]" in violation of the circular issued by the then British colonial government.<ref name="Kanungo2002"/> As a result, he had to pursue his high school studies at the Rashtriya Vidyalaya in [[Yavatmal]] and later in [[Pune]]. After matriculating, he was sent to [[Kolkata]] by [[B. S. Moonje]] (a member of the [[Indian National Congress - Freedom Era|Indian National Congress]], who later became the President of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]]) in 1910 to pursue his medical studies.<ref name="Jaffrelot1999">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA33|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|page=33}}</ref> After passing the [[Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery|L.M.S.]] Examination from the [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]] in June 1916, he completed a yearlong apprenticeship and returned to Nagpur in 1917 as a physician.<ref>{{cite journal
| date = 4 February 1950
| title = The R.S.S.
| journal = Economic Weekly
| last1 = Kelkar
| first1 = D. V.
}}</ref>

== Ideological roots ==
During his education in Calcutta, Hedgewar joined the [[Anushilan Samiti]] in Bengal, which was influenced deeply by the writings of [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandha |first=Sachin |title=Hedgewar: a definitive biography |date=25 March 2025 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=9780143467663 |publication-date=21 March 2025 |pages=76 |language=English}}</ref> Hedgewar's initiation into this group, rooted in Hindu symbolism, was an important step in his path towards creating the RSS. Hedgewar was influenced equally by the likes of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]'s ideological pamphlet ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |title=How MS Golwalkar's virulent ideology underpins Modi's India |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/golwalkar-ideology-underpins-modi-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813060233/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/golwalkar-ideology-underpins-modi-india |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref> Hedgewar was also highly influenced by [[Samarth Ramdas]]'s Dasbodh and [[Lokamanya Tilak]]'s Geeta Rahasya. His letters often bore quotes from [[Tukaram]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Sunil Ambekar| title = The RSS: roadmaps for the 21st century| place = New Delhi| publisher = Rupa| year = 2019| pages = 19| isbn = 9789353336851| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zakKywEACAAJ| access-date = 15 September 2020| archive-date = 26 January 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240126151733/https://books.google.com/books?id=zakKywEACAAJ| url-status = live}}</ref>

== Formation of RSS ==
Hedgewar participated in the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 1920s, but he became disillusioned with their policies and politics. He had been an active member of the party's volunteer division – Hindustani Seva Dal, the predecessor of the [[Congress Seva Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-founder-hedgewar-was-with-congress-and-other-facts-you-didnt-know/387491/|title=RSS founder Hedgewar was with Congress, and other facts you didn't know|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=25 March 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030163601/https://theprint.in/india/rss-founder-hedgewar-was-with-congress-and-other-facts-you-didnt-know/387491/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was deeply influenced by the writings of [[Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Ganesh Damodar Savarkar]], [[Sri Aurobindo]] and [[B. S. Moonje]]. He also read [[Giuseppe Mazzini|Mazzini]] and other enlightenment philosophers. Between 1912 and 1922, Hedgewar developed a critique largely of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] society, where he diagnosed the problem as India's fragmented society caused by caste, class and creed. He wanted to remove [[Caste system in India|caste]] from Indian society "lock, stock, and barrel".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandha |first=Sachin |title=Hedgewar: a definitive biography |date=9 April 2025 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=9780143467663 |publication-date=21 March 2025 |pages=209}}</ref> He did nevertheless consider that the cultural and religious heritage of Hindus should be the basis of Indian nationhood, hence his pivot towards [[cultural nationalism]].<ref name="Malik 1994">{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Yogendra|title=Hindu nationalists in India : the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party|publisher=Westview Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8133-8810-6|location=Boulder|page=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandha |first=Sachin |title=Hedgewar: a definitive biography |date=10 April 2025 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=9780143467663 |publication-date=21 March 2025 |pages=18, 68, 147}}</ref>

[[File:RSS meeting 1939.jpg|thumb|Hedgewar and his initial followers during an RSS meeting in 1939]]
Hedgewar founded RSS in 1925 on the day of [[Vijayadashami]] with an aim to organise the Hindu society for its cultural regeneration and make it a tool for achieving complete independence for a united India.<ref name="Taneja 2009">{{cite book |last=Taneja |first=S. P. |title=Society and politics in India |publisher=Swastik Publishers & Distributors |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-89981-29-7 |location=Delhi, India |page=332}}</ref><ref name="Moyser 1991">{{cite book|last=Moyser|first=George|title=Politics and religion in the modern world|publisher=Routledge|year=1991|isbn=978-0-415-02328-3|location=London New York|page=158}}</ref> From the Hedgewarian perspective "to organise" meant something akin to what [[Robert D. Putnam|Prof. Robert Putnam]] called [[Social capital|Social Capital]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Arkamoy Datta |date=31 March 2025 |title=Did RSS founder Hedgewar think Subhas Bose was a fascist? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/did-rss-founder-hedgewar-think-subhas-bose-was-a-fascist-new-book-says-2701756-2025-03-31 |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> Hedgewar suggested the term 'Rashtriya' (national) for his Hindu organisation, for he wanted to re-assert the Hindu identity with 'Rashtriya'.<ref name="Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right">{{cite book|last=Basu|first=Datta|title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1993|isbn=9780863113833|location=New Delhi|page=18}}</ref> Hedgewar supported the setting up of a women's wing of the organisation in 1936 called [[Rashtra Sevika Samiti]].<ref name="Jayawardena 1996">{{cite book|last=Jayawardena|first=Kumari|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781856494489/page/126|title=Embodied violence: communalising women's sexuality in South Asia|publisher=Zed Books|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85649-448-9|location=London New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781856494489/page/126 126–167]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 April 2014|title=Hindutva's Other Half|publisher=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hindutva-s-other-half/story-47fbojv8PVaE4HvqsK4MHK.html|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114145201/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hindutva-s-other-half/story-47fbojv8PVaE4HvqsK4MHK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Those that participated in the movement were called Swayamsevaks (meaning volunteers). Early Swayamsevaks included [[Bhaiyaji Dani]], [[Babasaheb Apte]], [[M. S. Golwalkar]], [[Balasaheb Deoras]], and [[Madhukar Rao Bhagwat]], among others. The Sangh (Community) was growing in Nagpur and the surrounding districts, and it soon began to spread to other provinces. Hedgewar travelled extensively across Central, North and West India to set up RSS shakhas and inspire young people to join the Sangh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandha |first=Sachin |title=Hedgewar: a definitive biography |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2025 |isbn=9780143467663 |publication-date=21 March 2025 |pages=308, 309}}</ref>

== Later political activities ==
[[File:Keshav Baliram Hedgewar 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Hedgewar on a 1999 stamp of India]]
After founding the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in 1925, Hedgewar maintained a healthy distance from [[Indian Independence movement]] as led by Gandhi. Instead he encouraged local Swayamsevaks to participate on their own accord with the struggle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Nagpur archives |location=Nagpur, India}}</ref> Hedgewar was actively discouraging RSS cadres to not join the movement which was led by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]].<ref name="Undoing India">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ5pO46SPk0C|title=Undoing India the RSS Way|last=Islam|first=Shamsul|date=2002|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174951427|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126151727/https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ5pO46SPk0C|url-status=live}}</ref> The RSS biographer C. P. Bhishikar states, "after establishing Sangh, Doctor Saheb in his speeches used to talk only of Hindu organisation. Direct comment on (British) Government used to be almost nil."<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhishikar|first=C. P.|date=1994|title=Sangh Vriksh ke Beej: Dr. Keshav Rao Hedgewar|location=New Delhi|publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan]]}}</ref><ref name="Islam2006">{{cite book|author=Islam, Shamsul |title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA188|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|page=188}}</ref>

When the Congress passed the [[Purna Swaraj]] resolution in its Lahore session in December 1929, and called upon all Indians to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day, Hedgewar issued a circular asking all the RSS shakhas to observe the occasion through hoisting the [[Bhagwa Dhwaj]] (saffron flag), rather than the Tricolour.<ref name="Basu1993">{{cite book|author=Tapan Basu|title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CimVTTVHtwQC&pg=PA21|date=1993|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-383-3|pages=21–|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126151823/https://books.google.com/books?id=CimVTTVHtwQC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hadiz2006">{{cite book|author=Hadiz, Vedi R.|title=Empire and Neoliberalism in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dd99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-16727-2|page=252|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126152339/https://books.google.com/books?id=dd99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Puniyani, Ram |title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPipb-u21gC&pg=PA141|date=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3338-0|page=141}}</ref> Nandha, the author of Hedgewar: a definitive biography published by [[Penguin Random House|Penguin Random]] House claims, that first the Bhagwa Dhwaj represents India's culture for the RSS, and that a report commissioned by the [[Indian National Congress]], unanimously concluded that the national flag of an independent India should be kesari with an Ashoka chakra in the corner. This conclusion was vetoed by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and never saw the light of day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandha |first=Sachin |title=Hedgewar: a definitive biography |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2025 |isbn=9780143467663 |publication-date=21 March 2025 |pages=229, 230, 232 |language=English}}</ref> Hedgewar and the RSS disagreed with Gandhi. 1930 was the only year when the RSS celebrated 26 January and it stopped the practice from the next year onwards.<ref name="Basu1993"/> However, such celebration became a standard feature of the freedom movement and often came to mean violent confrontation with the official police.<ref name="Basu1993"/> C. P. Bhishikar states,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb9dAAAAIAAJ|title=Dr. Hedgewar, the epoch-maker: a biography|last=Seshadri|first=H. V.|date=1981|publisher=Sahitya Sindhu|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126152329/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb9dAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Conservatism in India|Politicians}}<blockquote>[In April 1930], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] gave a call for [[Salt Satyagraha|'Satyagraha']] against the British Government. Gandhi himself launched the Salt Satyagraha undertaking his Dandi Yatra. Dr. Hedgewar decided to participate only individually and not let the RSS join the freedom movement officially. He sent information everywhere that the Sangh will not participate in the Satyagraha. However those wishing to participate individually in it were not prohibited.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhishikar|first=C. P.|date=1994|title=Sangh Vriksh ke Beej: Dr. KeshavRao Hedgewar|publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan]]|page= 20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Puniyani, Ram |title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioyHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|date=6 July 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0206-9|page=129}}</ref></blockquote>

Hedgewar emphasised that he participated in the Civil Disobedience movement of 1930 in an individual capacity, and not as a RSS member. His concern was to keep the RSS out of the political arena.<ref name="Jaffrelot1996">{{cite book|author=Jaffrelot, Christopher|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA74|date=1996|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=978-0140246025|pages=74|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126152225/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Hedgewar's biography, when Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha in 1930, he sent information everywhere that the RSS will not participate in the Satyagraha. However those wishing to participate individually in it were not prohibited.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA183|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|last=Islam|first=Shamsul|date=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952363|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126152225/https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA183|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hedgewar saw the RSS as a tool to rebuild the social capital that had evaporated from Hindu society at-large.<ref name=":1" /> He did not wish for the RSS to engage in the day-to-day politics of his times. He distinguished between personal choice and organisational focus. Individuals, that is Swayamsevaks were free to choose to what extent they wanted to struggle for freedom from British tyranny, but the RSS was only focused on social capital through its shakhas.<ref name=":1" />

== Death and legacy ==
His health deteriorated in later years of his life. Often he suffered from chronic back pain. He started delegating his responsibilities to [[Golwalkar|M. S. Golwalkar]], who later succeeded him as [[Sarsanghchalak]] of RSS.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golwalkar |first1=M. S. |title=A bunch of thoughts }}</ref><ref name="Kanungo2002">{{cite book|author=Pralay Kanungo|title=RSS's tryst with politics: from Hedgewar to Sudarshan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi9uAAAAMAAJ|date= 2002|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-398-7}}</ref> In January 1940, he was taken to [[Rajgir]] in Bihar for the hot-spring treatment.<ref name="Islam2006"/>

He attended the annual ''Sangh Shiksha Varg'' (officer training camp) in 1940, where he gave his last message to Swayamsevaks, saying: 'I see before my eyes today a miniature Hindu Rashtra."<ref name="Kanungo2002"/><ref name="Basu1993"/> He died on the morning of 21 June 1940 in Nagpur. His last rites were performed in the locality of Resham Bagh in Nagpur, which was later developed as [[Hedgewar Smruti Mandir]].<ref name="Kanungo2002"/><ref name=timesnownews>{{cite news|title=Nagpur: RSS founder's memorial Smruti Mandir gets tourism status|work=www.timesnownews.com|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/nagpur-rss-founder-memorial-smruti-mandir-gets-tourism-status/225855|date=8 May 2018|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811131745/https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/nagpur-rss-founder-memorial-smruti-mandir-gets-tourism-status/225855|url-status=live}}</ref>

Former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee described Hedgewar as a great patriot, freedom fighter and nationalist during his commemoration on a postal stamp in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Vajpayee releases stamp on Hedgewar |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/18hedge.htm |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511051339/https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/18hedge.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Hedgewar was described as "a great son of [[Bharat Mata|Mother India]]" by former [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] during his visit to Hedgewar's birthplace in Nagpur.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pranab-hails-hedgewar-as-great-son-of-india-118060701079_1.html |title=Pranab hails Hedgewar as 'great son of India' |date=7 June 2018 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142037/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pranab-hails-hedgewar-as-great-son-of-india-118060701079_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Establishments named after Hedgewar ===
*Dr. Hedgewar Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research, [[Amravati]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hedgewarhospital.org/pages/aboutus.htm|title=Dr.Hedgewar Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research, Amravati|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105152342/http://hedgewarhospital.org/pages/aboutus.htm|archive-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
*Dr. Hedgewar Shikshan Pratishthan, [[Ahmednagar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drhedgewaredu.com/about_us.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105153755/http://www.drhedgewaredu.com/about_us.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2014|title=About us|publisher=Dr.Hedgewar Shikshan Pratishthan, Ahmednagar.}}</ref>
*Dr. Hedgewar Aarogya Sansthan, [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkardooma]], New Delhi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Health/health/home/hospitals/dr.hedgewar+aarogya+sansthan/dr.hedgewar+aarogya+sansthan|title=Dr.Hedgewar Aarogya Sansthan, Karkardooma, New Delhi, Delhi 110032|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=16 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116121042/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Health/health/home/hospitals/dr.hedgewar+aarogya+sansthan/dr.hedgewar+aarogya+sansthan|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Hedgewar Hospital, [[Aurangabad]], Maharashtra
*[[Keshav Srushti]], Bhayandar, Thane, Maharashtra
*[[Hedgewar Smruti Mandir]], Nagpur, Maharashtra

== See also ==
* [[Gopal Mukund Huddar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Rakesh |language=hi |title=Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar |year=2003 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, [[Government of India]] | asin=B00H1YYO3M }}
* Rakesh Sinha's Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (in Telugu) by Vaddi Vijayasaradhi. {{ISBN|8123011865}}.
* {{cite book |last=Bapu |first=Prabhu |title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Construction Nation and History |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415671651}}
* {{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Tapan |author2=Sarkar, Tanika |title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1993 |isbn=978-0863113833 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bhishikar |first=C. P. |title=Keshav: Sangh Nirmata |language=hi |publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan|Suruchi Sahitya Prakashan]] |location=New Delhi |year=2014 |isbn=978-9381500187 |orig-year=First published in 1979}}
* {{cite book |first=M. G. |last=Chitkara |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-8176484657}}
* {{cite book |first=Jean Alonzo |last=Curran |title=Militant Hinduism in Indian Politics: A Study of the R.S.S. |publisher=International Secretariat, Institute of Pacific Relations |year=1951 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001157509 |access-date=27 October 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029223414/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001157509 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |first=Robert Eric |last=Frykenberg |chapter=Hindu fundamentalism and the structural stability of India |editor1=Martin E. Marty |editor2=R. Scott Appleby |title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies and Militance |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0226508849 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/233 233–235] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/233 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|K. B. Hedgewar}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Sangh Parivar}}{{Fascism}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hedgewar, Keshav Baliram}}
[[Category:Sarsanghchalaks]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:People from the Central Provinces]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Indian far-right politicians]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha politicians]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]

Ganavya

2026-03-11T21:49:49Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating new data

{{Short description|Indian and American singer, songwriter, and musician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ganavya
| birth_name = Ganavya Doraiswamy
| alias =
| image = Ganavya on KEXP.jpg
| caption = ganavya playing for [[KEXP]].
| landscape =
| background =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1991|07|21}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], United States
| website = {{URL|https://www.ganavya.com/}}
}}

'''Ganavya Doraiswamy''' (born 1991), known [[mononymously]] as '''ganavya''', is an Indian and American singer, songwriter, and musician. She has released four albums, most recently ''Nilam'' in 2025, and has collaborated with musicians including [[Quincy Jones]], [[A. R. Rahman]], and [[Esperanza Spalding]].

==Biography==
Ganavya Doraiswamy was born on July 21, 1991, in [[New York City]], United States.{{r|allmusic-bio|nyt}} When she was 7, her family moved to the town of [[Senkottai]], and then later to [[Chennai]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].{{r|line-2024}} In India, Ganavya learned to play [[jalatharangam]] from her grandmother [[Seetha Doraiswamy]], and studied [[Carnatic music]] and [[Bharatanatyam]]. Her mother practiced the [[Pandharpur Wari]].{{r|allaboutjazz-bio|nyt}} She has one brother.

Ganavya was homeschooled for portions of her childhood instead prioritizing arts training, but later obtained undergraduate degrees in theater and psychology at [[Florida International University]] at 19.{{r|allaboutjazz-bio|line-2024}} She then worked briefly as a rehabilitation counselor at [[Everglades Correctional Institution]] in Florida before earning a graduate degree at [[Berklee College of Music]].{{r|line-2024}} After graduating, Ganavya taught a course on South Asian music at [[Berklee Valencia]].{{r|line-2024|allmusic-bio}}

She has a graduate degree in [[Ethnomusicology]] from [[UCLA]] and a Ph.D. in Creative Practice and Critical Inquiry from [[Harvard University]], where she helped lead the Songwrights Apothecary Lab, an experimental music-based research lab founded by Spalding. Her dissertation advisors were [[Esperanza Spalding]] and [[Claire Chase]], with committee members including [[Peter Sellars]].{{r|line-2024}}{{r|nyt}}

She co-founded the We Have Voice Collective.{{r|WHV}}

==Career==
In 2015, Ganavya recorded ''Aikyam: Onnu'', a collection of [[jazz standard]]s she translated to her native language of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[abhang]]s. The album was released in 2018.{{r|line-2024|allmusic-bio}}

In 2024, Ganavya released her second album ''like the sky I've been too quiet'', co-produced by [[Shabaka Hutchings]], and named after a line from a poem by [[Kaveh Akbar]].{{r|songlines-2024|ft}} Her third album ''Daughter of a Temple'' was recorded in 2022 at the [[Moores School of Music|Moores Opera House]] with over 40 featured musicians including [[Esperanza Spalding]], [[Wayne Shorter]], [[Shabaka Hutchings]], [[Immanuel Wilkins]], [[Rasika Shekar]] and [[Vijay Iyer]] and was released at the end of 2024 on Leiter.{{r|nyt}} The album is a selection of material from a week-long gathering, with initial decisions being made by Ganavya and Spalding, with the final round of mixing being led by [[Nils Frahm]] in [[Funkhaus Berlin]].{{r|songlines-2025a}} ''Daughter of a Temple'' was [[Giles Peterson]]'s Best Album of the Year, and was named by ''[[The Guardian]]'' as one of the best global albums of 2024.{{r|BBC6|guardian-2024}} Her fourth album ''Nilam'' was released in 2025, and features vocals in Tamil, [[English language|English]], and [[Old Marathi]].{{r|ft|songlines-2025b}} In 2025, a track from ''Nilam'' titled "Pasayadan" was listed as [[Barack Obama]]'s favorite tracks of the year.{{r|Obama}} ''Nilam'' was ''[[Songlines (magazine)|Songlines]]'' Album of the Year.{{r|songlines-best-of-2025}}

Ganavya has collaborated with [[Quincy Jones]], [[Nils Frahm]], [[Esperanza Spalding]], [[Immanuel Wilkins]], [[A.R. Rahman]], [[Charles Lloyd (jazz musician)|Charles Lloyd]], [[Alfredo Rodríguez (pianist, born 1985)|Alfredo Rodríguez]], [[Shabaka Hutchings]], [[Joy Harjo]], and [[Lauren Groff]]. She is a solo vocalist on multiple Grammy Award winning tracks, notably for [[Songwrights Apothecary Lab]], for which she helped create a lab by the same name at Harvard led by Spalding, and for having written and sung the first Tamil lyrics to win a [[Latin Grammy]] for [[Residente]]'s "[[Antes Que El Mundo Se Acabe]]". She has a longstanding collaborative relationship with [[Peter Sellars]], most recently having co-created an opera titled ''Nine Jewelled Deer'' with set design by [[Julie Mehretu]].{{r|allmusic-bio}}{{r|nyt}}{{r|Opera}}

==Albums==
*''Aikyam: Onnu'' (2018)
*''like the sky I've been too quiet'' (2024)
*''Daughter of a Temple'' (2024)
*''Nilam'' (2025)

==References==
<references>
<ref name=allmusic-bio>{{allMusic |id=mn0004505541 |title=Ganavya Biography |author=Timothy Monger |access-date=November 17, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=nyt>{{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/20/arts/music/ganavya-daughter-of-a-temple.html |title=The Singer Whose Work Feels Like Prayer
|work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Marcus J. Moore |date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

<ref name=songlines-2024>{{citation |url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/review/like-the-sky-ive-been-too-quiet |url-access=limited |title=ganavya – like the sky I've been too quiet |work=[[Songlines (magazine)|Songlines]] |author=Charlie Cawood |issue=196 (April 2024) |page=58 |issn=1464-8113 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

<ref name=songlines-best-of-2025>{{citation |url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/awards/2025 |title=Songlines Music Awards 2025 |work=[[Songlines (magazine)|Songlines]] |issue=214 (January 2026) |page=64 |issn=1464-8113 |access-date=2026-01-09 |archive-date=December 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216051715/https://www.songlines.co.uk/awards/2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=songlines-2025a>{{citation |url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/review/daughter-of-a-temple |url-access=limited |title=ganavya – Daughter of a Temple |work=[[Songlines (magazine)|Songlines]] |author=Charlie Cawood |issue=204 (January 2025) |page=60 |issn=1464-8113 |access-date=2025-11-17 |archive-date=December 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208064703/https://www.songlines.co.uk/review/daughter-of-a-temple |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=songlines-2025b>{{citation |url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/review/nilam |url-access=limited |title=ganavya – Nilam |work=[[Songlines (magazine)|Songlines]] |author=Jane Cornwell |issue=210 (August 2025) |page=67 |issn=1464-8113 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

<ref name=ft>{{citation |url=https://www.ft.com/content/efb8bc96-59f1-4d88-b204-db1f6ca65f5b |title=How the singer Ganavya infused jazz with spiritual soul |work=[[The Financial Times]] |author=David Honigmann |date=2025-09-27 |access-date=2025-11-17 |archive-date=November 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103233421/https://www.ft.com/content/efb8bc96-59f1-4d88-b204-db1f6ca65f5b |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=line-2024>{{citation |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/interviews/ganavya-all-life-learning-finding-wisdom-to-stand-still |title=All life is learning: How ganavya found the wisdom to stand still |type=interview |work=[[The Line of Best Fit]] |author=Alan Pedder |date=2024-03-18 |access-date=2025-11-17 |archive-date=April 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420132734/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/interviews/ganavya-all-life-learning-finding-wisdom-to-stand-still |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=allaboutjazz-bio>{{citation |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/musicians/ganavya-doraiswamy |title=Jazz Musicians: Ganavya Doraiswamy |work=[[All About Jazz]] |date=2019-02-15 |access-date=2025-11-17 |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927180407/https://www.allaboutjazz.com/musicians/ganavya-doraiswamy |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=BBC6>{{citation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002628d |title=BBC6 Music Gilles Peterson's Album of the Year |type=interview |work=[[BBC]] |author=Gilles Peterson |date=2024-11-15 |access-date=2026-01-09 |archive-date=December 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221103502/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002628d |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Obama>{{citation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/obamas-song-list-features-pasayadan-modern-rendition-of-13th-century-marathi-abhang/articleshow/126081594.cms |title=Obama's songfest features Pasayadan |type=interview |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Sharmila Ganesan |date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-11-17 |archive-date=December 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222103933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/obamas-song-list-features-pasayadan-modern-rendition-of-13th-century-marathi-abhang/articleshow/126081594.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=WHV>{{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/30/arts/music/we-have-voice-jazz-women-metoo.html |title=Women Fighting Sexism in Jazz Have a Voice. And Now, a Code of Conduct |type=interview |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Giovanni Russonello |date=2018-04-30 |access-date=2025-11-17 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401153059/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/30/arts/music/we-have-voice-jazz-women-metoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Opera>{{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/11/arts/design/sellars-mehretu-arles-aix-deer-opera.html |title=In a New Opera, Violence Against Women Is Not Just the Stuff of Fables |type=interview |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Laura van Straaten |date=2025-07-17 |access-date=2025-11-17 |archive-date=September 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930173751/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/11/arts/design/sellars-mehretu-arles-aix-deer-opera.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=guardian-2024>{{citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/dec/11/10-best-global-albums-of-2024 |title=The 10 best global albums of 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Ammar Kalia |date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2026-01-09}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
*{{discogs artist|artist=5921752-Ganavya|name=Ganavya}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganavya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women songwriters]]
[[Category:American women musicians]]
[[Category:American women singers]]
[[Category:American women songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from New York City]]

Rummy (2014 film)

2026-03-07T23:28:30Z

ReinaSligo4: Stub.

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Balakrishnan K.}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rummy
| image = Rummy Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Balakrishnan K.
| producer = K. Gurunathan P. Ealappan M. Dharmarajan Balakrishnan K.
| writer = Mona Palanisamy Balakrishnan K.
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
*[[Inigo Prabhakar]]
*[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
*[[Gayathrie Shankar]]
}}
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[C. Prem Kumar|Premkumar Chandran]]
| editing = [[Raja Mohammad]]
| studio = Sri Valli Studio<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2013 |title=Rummy Tamil Movie Stills |url=http://moviegalleri.net/2013/02/rummy-tamil-movie-stills-vijay-sethupathi-aishwarya-gayathri.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205211519/http://moviegalleri.net/2013/02/rummy-tamil-movie-stills-vijay-sethupathi-aishwarya-gayathri.html |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2013 |website=moviegalleri.net}}</ref>
| distributor = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|01|31|India|ref1=<ref name="censored">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-14 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Rummy' censored |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-14/news-interviews/45190054_1_rummy-soodhu-kavvum-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227152337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-14/news-interviews/45190054_1_rummy-soodhu-kavvum-film |archive-date=2013-12-27 |access-date=2013-12-26 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Rummy''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[action thriller]] film co-produced and directed by debutant Balakrishnan K. It features [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Inigo Prabhakar]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], and [[Gayathrie Shankar]], while [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and [[Joe Malloori]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[D. Imman]] with editing by [[Raja Mohammad]] and cinematography by Premkumar Chandran. The story revolves around college students, Sakthi and Joseph, fall in love with girls of the same family. When the family learns about the love affairs, they are ready to go to any length to save their honour.

The film was shot around [[Pudukottai]], [[Karaikudi]] and [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Pizza, NKPK to Rummy! |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-12-02/pizza-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-13-12-12.html |access-date=13 December 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''Rummy'' released on 31 January 2014 to mixed reviews.

==Plot==
Sakthi attends college in Sivagangai, where he meets classmates Joseph and Meenakshi. Sakthi and Joseph are roommates and are very close. Meanwhile, Sakthi falls in love with Meenakshi, the daughter of Periyavar, the headman of a nearby village. Periyavar and his family are practitioners of casteism to the extent of killing anyone involved in an inter-caste marriage. Meenakshi fears her father would kill Sakthi if he found out about her relationship with him. Sakthi and Joseph are expelled from the college hostel after a fight with another classmate. They then go to Meenakshi’s place. Joseph meets Swarna in the village and develops a liking for her, which is reciprocated. It is revealed that Swarna is actually Meenakshi's elder sister.

Periyavar finds out about Swarna’s love affair and makes plans to kill Joseph. However, Joseph and Swarna elope from the village and get married with the help of Sakthi and Meenakshi. Periyavar’s henchmen track them down and beat up Joseph. In the process, Joseph is killed, and Swarna is taken back to her village and locked up in a room. In the meantime, Periyavar discovers Meenakshi's love affair and plans to kill Sakthi. An angered Swarna kills Periyavar before he can kill Sakthi, effectively ending Periyavar’s honor killing practice. Sakthi and Meenakshi are united at the end.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Joseph
* [[Inigo Prabhakar]] as Sakthi
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Arunachalam
* [[Gayathrie Shankar]] as Meenakshi
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Swarna
* [[Joe Malloori]] as Periyavar, Swarna's father
* [[Sentrayan]] as Sakthi's uncle
* Pasanga Sivakumar as Meenakshi's father
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Sakthi's mother
* [[Saran Shakthi]] as Swarna's brother
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Tiger Garden Thangadurai]] as College Student
* [[L. Raja]] as Sakthi's father
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Swarna's uncle
* Janaki Devi as Swarna's sister
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In December 2012, [[Vijay Sethupathi]] signed up a project for debutant K. Balakrishnan, former assistant of [[N. Linguswamy]] who impressed him with his script.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2012 |title=Vijay Sethupathi signs up 'Rummy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-signs-up-Rummy/articleshow/17610001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054646/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-14/news-interviews/35819061_1_rummy-nkpk-vijay-sethupathy |archive-date=21 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> The film is said to be set in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |date=4 October 2013 |title=Vijay Sethupathy's 'Rummy' gets red hot |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathys-rummy-gets-red-hot-news-tamil-nkemNShcgig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007081154/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathys-rummy-gets-red-hot-news-tamil-nkemNShcgig.html |archive-date=7 October 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> According to sources, ''Rummy'' is a dark romantic thriller. The first look was released on 4 October 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2013 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's rusty look |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/news-interviews/42715902_1_vijay-sethupathi-aasaipattai-balakumara-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131024162300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/news-interviews/42715902_1_vijay-sethupathi-aasaipattai-balakumara-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom |archive-date=24 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> While it was reported that actress [[Remya Nambeesan]], a trained classical singer, would be making her Tamil singing debut with this film, the song apparently doesn't appear in the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2013 |title=Remya Nambeesan sings for Vijay Sethupathi |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-18/news-interviews/39354069_1_vijay-sethupathi-carnatic-music-remya-nambeesan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618004410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-18/news-interviews/39354069_1_vijay-sethupathi-carnatic-music-remya-nambeesan |archive-date=18 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remya to sing in Rummy |url=http://cinema.pluz.in/news/kollywood/69964/remya-to-sing-in-rummy.htm |access-date=18 May 2013 |website=Pluz Cinema}}</ref> Contrary to popular thought, [[Inigo Prabhakar]] plays the male lead role although the film was marketed as a Vijay Sethupathi film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Supporting actors turn heroes in Tamil films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Supporting-actors-turn-heroes-in-Tamil-films/articleshow/32303460.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rummy
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Rummy
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Cover art
| released = 25 October 2013<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2013 |title=Rummy audio launch on October 25 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Rummy-audio-launch-on-October-25/articleshow/24477619.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN}}</ref>
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Amara (film)|Amara]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[D. Imman]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=Imman's next music release |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Immans-next-music-release/articleshow/22536297.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN}}</ref> to the lyrics penned by [[Yugabharathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rummy movie songs lyrics |url=http://www.tamilsonglyrics.org/movies/p-t/rummy-tamil-movie-songs-lyrics/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610195144/http://www.tamilsonglyrics.org/movies/p-t/rummy-tamil-movie-songs-lyrics/ |archive-date=10 June 2015 |work=tamilsonglyrics}}</ref> The audio rights were bought by [[Sony Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |date=21 October 2013 |title=Vijay Sethupathy's Rummy audio on Oct 25 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathy-s-rummy-audio-on-oct-25-news-kollywood-nkvmImejgbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023185343/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathy-s-rummy-audio-on-oct-25-news-kollywood-nkvmImejgbj.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2013 |title=Rummy treats our ears on the 25th |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/the-audio-and-trailer-launch-of-rummy-to-happen-on-the-25th-of-october.html |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The album was released by [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=10 November 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Rummy - An edge-of-the-seat thriller |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-rummy-an-edgeoftheseat-thriller/article5333254.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Track list===
From ''Times of India''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2013 |title=Rummy track list |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Rummy-track-list/articleshow/23344463.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN}}</ref>
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Yugabharathi
| total_length =

| title1 = Koodamela Koodavechi
| extra1 = V. V. Prasanna, [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| length1 = 05:01

| title2 = Adiye Enna Raagam
| extra2 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Poornima Satish
| length2 = 04:42

| title3 = Oru Nodi
| extra3 = D. Imman, Divya Ramani
| length3 = 04:20

| title4 = Yedhukkaga Enna
| extra4 = Santhosh Hariharan, AV Pooja
| length4 = 04:06

| title5 = Yedhukkaga Enna
| note5 = instrumental
| extra5 = Karthick Iyer (violin)
| length5 = 04:06
}}

== Release ==
The satellite rights of the film were secured by [[Zee Tamil]]. The film was supposed to release on 31 December 2013, but due to the presence of many big films it was postponed and released on 31 January 2014.

==Reception==
The film received mixed reviews.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/536831/20140201/rummy-movie-review-aishwarya-vijay-sethupathi-gayathrie.htm ‘Rummy’ Review Roundup: Gets Mixed Reaction - International Business Times]</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "We keep waiting for something to happen and throw these aimless scenes into sharp relief. We await a twist in the tale. But there’s nothing...It’s a testament to the power of melodrama that the story turns mildly interesting in its final section, but the ending isn’t earned. It appears tacked on simply so that we leave the theatre on an emotional high — and that’s the worst kind of cheating".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=1 February 2014 |title=Rummy: A bad hand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/rummy-a-bad-hand/article5642771.ece |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "While it is, on the whole, a decent film, especially in the set-in-the-sickle-toting-south genre, ''Rummy'' is also wearisome, mainly because it is so predictable. There is a strong been-there-done-that whiff in the proceedings that you are hardly surprised and never really root for the characters".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rummy Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Rummy by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rummy/movie-review/29696675.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "K. Balakrishnan makes a decent debut with ''Rummy'', but it is predictable and at times the pace sags. As usual first half is decent, while the story loses its steam post-interval".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2014 |title=Movie Review : Rummy |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rummy-review-tamil-15048273.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201223109/http://www.sify.com/movies/rummy-review-tamil-15048273.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

[[Rediff]] gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and called ''Rummy'' "an engaging film, let down by an average screenplay and the extremely slow pace".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Rummy is engaging |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-rummy-is-engaging/20140131.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Rummy'' is often violent...There is more bloodshed and gore to come, more revenge and brutality -- sometimes treated with arrogant casualness. However, the high point of Balakrishnan's script is the shock it presents at the end".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2014 |title=Movie review: Rummy makes for an engaging watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/movie-review-rummy-makes-for-an-engaging-watch/story-ioB0Je4KahJwNM2hK2JTqI.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Behindwoods gave 2 stars out of 5 and called it "A familiar tale of oppositions to love which takes its own sweet time to move".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rummy (aka) Rummy review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rummy/rummy-review.html |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2946508}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Films set in 1980]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]

Perusu

2026-03-07T19:51:38Z

ReinaSligo4:

{{Short description|2025 Indian Tamil film by Ilango Ram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Perusu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ilango Ram
| producer = {{ubl|
* Kaarthekeyen Santhanam
* [[Harman Baweja]]
* Hiranya Perera
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]]
* [[Sunil Reddy]]
* Niharika NM
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
* [[Bala Saravanan]]
}}
| cinematography = Sathya Thilakam
| editing = Sooriya Kumaraguru
| music = Arun Raj
| studio = {{ubl|
* [[Stone Bench Creations|Stone Bench Films]]
* [[Baweja Studios]]
* Emberlight Studio
}}
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|14}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = 
}}

'''''Perusu''''' ({{lit|Respected elder}}; {{abbr|coll.|colloquially}} [[Erection]]) is a 2025 [[India]]n [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Black comedy|black comedy film]] directed by Ilango Ram and jointly produced by [[Stone Bench Creations|Stone Bench Films]], [[Baweja Studios]] and Ember Light Studio. The film stars [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Sunil Reddy]], Niharika NM, [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] and [[Bala Saravanan]]. It is a remake of Ilango's 2023 [[Sri Lanka]]n [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] film ''[[Tentigo]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=First look out of 'Perusu', starring Vaibhav and produced by Karthik Subbaraj's Stone Bench Films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-out-of-perusu-starring-vaibhav-and-produced-by-karthik-subbarajs-stone-bench-films/article69098575.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115102043/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-out-of-perusu-starring-vaibhav-and-produced-by-karthik-subbarajs-stone-bench-films/article69098575.ece |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film released on 14 March 2025 to positive reviews from critics.

== Premise ==
The film revolves around the funeral of an elderly man, whose two sons are dismayed to find his penis is erect upon his death. The brothers attempt to conceal the situation discreetly and are forced to confront their strained relationship and reveal their deceased father’s love life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=வைபவ், சுனில் கூட்டணியில் உருவாகி உள்ள பெருசு! படத்தின் கதை இதுதான்! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/perusu-a-certified-movie-starring-vaibhav-sunil-trailer-out-now-karthik-subbaraj-567152 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as Duraikannu "Durai"
* [[Sunil Reddy]] as M. Saamikannu "Saami"
* Niharika NM as Shanti, Durai's wife
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] as Thulasi, Saami's wife
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Ameen, Durai's friend
* [[Munishkanth]] as Singaram, Durai and Saami's uncle
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Satish, Saami's friend
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as a Doctor
* Kaarthekeyen Santhanam as Asokan, a lumberjack-turned-priest
* Nakkalites Dhanam as Bagyam, Durai and Saami's mother
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Sundari, Durai and Saami's aunt
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as a Freezer Box shop owner
* Gajaraj as VAO, family friend
* [[Rama_(actress)|Shanthi]] as Kamala, a neighbour
* [[Swaminathan]]
* Subatra Robert as Vanitha Mani
}}

== Production ==
On 13 January 2025, the first-look poster of the film titled ''Perusu'' was released by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]<ref name=":0" /> having [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] and his brother [[Sunil Reddy]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Perusu Teaser: Shock engulfs grief in this comedy entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/26/perusu-teaser-shock-engulfs-grief-in-this-comedy-entertainer |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film is directed by Ilango Ram, by remaking his own [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] film titled ''[[Tentigo]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ilango Ram's twin directorials Tentigo, Perusu go global |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ilango-rams-twin-directorials-tentigo-perusu-go-global-825582 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310062539/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ilango-rams-twin-directorials-tentigo-perusu-go-global-825582 |archive-date=10 March 2025 |access-date=9 March 2025 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> The film is jointly produced by [[Karthik Subbaraj|Karthik Subbaraj's]] [[Stone Bench Creations|Stone Bench Films]]<ref name=":1" /> managed by Kaarthekeyen Santhanam along with [[Harman Baweja]] and Hiranya Perera under their [[Baweja Studios]] and Ember Light Studio banners respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-27 |title=Perusu Teaser: A Family Discovers Some Secrets At A Funeral |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/perusu-teaser-starring-vaibhav-and-niharika-nm-is-out-article-118593185 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> The film also features Niharika NM in her Tamil debut,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Perusu First Look: Niharika NM Is All Set To Take Us On A Fun-Filled Ride |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/perusu-first-look-niharika-nm-is-all-set-to-take-us-on-a-fun-filled-ride-aa-9189207.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119121405/https://www.news18.com/movies/perusu-first-look-niharika-nm-is-all-set-to-take-us-on-a-fun-filled-ride-aa-9189207.html |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=9 March 2025 |work=[[News 18]]}}</ref> [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-03-09 |title=Perusu trailer: Vaibhav and Sunil are forced to face a long-standing issue in this fun family funeral film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/09/perusu-trailer-vaibhav-and-sunil-are-forced-to-face-a-long-standing-issue-in-this-fun-family-funeral-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309103250/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/09/perusu-trailer-vaibhav-and-sunil-are-forced-to-face-a-long-standing-issue-in-this-fun-family-funeral-film |archive-date=9 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The technical team consists of Arun Raj as the music composer, Sathya Thilakam as the cinematographer, Sooriya Kumaraguru as the editor and Sunil Villuwamangalath as the art director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-01-13 |title=Vaibhav and Sunil's next titled Perusu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/13/vaibhav-and-sunils-next-titled-perusu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114071655/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/13/vaibhav-and-sunils-next-titled-perusu |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Perusu'' released in theatres on 14 March 2025 in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=வைபவ் நடிக்கும் பெருசு படத்தின் கலக்கல் டீசர்! |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/actor-vaibhav-next-movie-perusu-trailer-is-out-niharika-leading-tamil-movie-perusu-release-date-video-151246977 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] Tamil}}</ref> The release date of its Telugu dubbed version titled ''Pedha'' is yet to be announced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Vaibhav-Sunil's Perusu clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/05/vaibhav-sunils-perusu-clears-censorship-formalities |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was certified "A" by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-03-05 |title=வைபவ் நடிக்கும் பெருசு படத்திற்கு 'A' சான்றிதழ்.. ஜூம் காலில் ஜாலியாக உரையாடிய படக்குழுவினர் {{!}} Vaibhav's Perusu movie gets 'A' certificate |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/vaibhavs-perusu-movie-gets-a-certificate-763176 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Perusu'' premiered on [[Netflix]] on 11 April 2025 in several Indian languages including its Telugu dubbed version which was renamed from ''Pedha'' to ''Perusu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Vaibhav starrer Perusu set to release on Netflix on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/04/vaibhav-starrer-perusu-set-to-release-on-netflix-on-this-date |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical response ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Perusu'' never pretends to reach beyond its raunchy premise or offer profound insights into the human condition. It’s a two-hour exercise in committed absurdity that delivers what it promises — a consistent stream of chuckles punctuated by a few genuine laughs."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Perusu Movie Review : Mourning wood provides comedy that won't go down in history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/perusu/movie-review/119033133.cms |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[News18]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "However, ''Perusu'' falls short of becoming a brilliant comedy largely due to its complacency. It doesn’t move away from the phallic jokes, which become redundant after a point. Also, it needed more character depth. We don’t know much about this family till the end."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perusu Movie Review: A Decent Adult Comedy That Struggles Beyond Its Double Entendre Jokes |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/perusu-movie-review-a-decent-adult-comedy-that-struggles-beyond-its-double-entendre-jokes-9261853.html |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "In a film that concentrates so much on gags and one-liners, ''Perusu'' could have utilised more of such emotional moments to bring some much-needed weight and reflection into the film's overall story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-03-14 |title=Perusu Movie Review: Humour rockets through this funeral drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Mar/14/perusu-movie-review-humour-rockets-through-this-funeral-drama |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Perusu'' is a harmless film which takes off on a high note, and gives some middling stretches, to finish off decently. Had the film worked more on its dialogues to escalate its characters and scenarios. [...] Nevertheless with its good attempt and clean performances, the film promises a unique watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perusu Movie Review: Adult comedy with slow rise, more potential, satisfying end |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/perusu-movie-review-an-adult-comedy-with-slow-rise-more-potential-and-satisfying-end/ac0dd71897314 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''Perusu'', with its simple but effective premise, is a mindless entertainer that works despite certain limitations. At a time when Tamil cinema is meddling more with action flicks and thrillers, ''Perusu'' has it all to satiate those who want to laugh out loud and lose track of the number of times you did it."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2025-03-14 |title='Perusu' movie review: 'Stand-up comedy' gets a new definition in Vaibhav's mindless entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/perusu-movie-review-vaibhav-sunil-niharika-nm-chandini-tamilarasan-ilango-ram/article69331324.ece |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=30406302}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Sri Lankan films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ashiana (1952 film)

2026-03-04T04:10:10Z

ReinaSligo4: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ashiana
| image = Ashiana (1952).jpg
| director = B. Trilochan
| producer = B. Swinder Sabharwal
| based_on =
| writer = Umesh Mathur
| story = Arjun Dev Rashk
| starring = [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Nargis]]
| music = [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]
| cinematography = V. Avadhoot
| editing = [[G. G. Mayekar]]
| studio = Sabharwals Productions
| distributor = Sabharwals Productions
| released = {{Film date|1952|08|1|df=yes|}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Ashiana''''' is a 1952 [[Hindi]] language romantic movie produced by B. Swinder Sabharwal. The film is directed by B. Trilochan. The film stars [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Nargis]] in lead roles along with [[Iftekhar]], Randhir and Shivraj. The film's music was composed by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]. The film was based on a story written by Arjun Dev Rashk.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0178205/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|title=IMDB-Ashiana 1952}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raju and Gaura are living in a beautiful village that has hills and mountains subsiding near to the village. Both of them were in love since their childhood and promised to hold together and get married. Jeevan a mutual friend of both Raju and Gaura becomes obsessed with Gaura and tries to part their relationship. He poisons Gaura's father and later tries to bring a quarrel between Raju and his brother. But all of his efforts turns in vain. Later Raju gets imprisoned for murder of Jeevan when Raju saves Gaura from being assaulted by Jeevan. Gaura's father tries to get Gaura married to another young man in the village as he do not want his daughter to marry a murderer. Standing by the window while her father was convincing her to get married, Gaura gets killed falling through the window to the lake. Though no one informs Raju of Gaura's death at that moment, later when he came to know about the incident he never believes it. The main reason was that her body was not yet retrieved from the lake. He kept looking for her but he was not disappointed unable to find her. He came upon the toy which he had made for her during their childhood. It was a symbol of their love. Later on he started seeing her and started talking to her as he looked at the toy. Thus the story is a clear picturisation of how true love remains even after death.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
* [[Raj Kapoor]] as Raju
* [[Nargis]] as Gaura
* [[Iftekhar]] as Jeevan
* [[Shivraj]] as Dwarkanath
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]] as Inder
* Surinder as Surinder Junior
* Master Ratan as Young Jeevan
* Ratan Gaurang as Young Raju
* Baby Sandhana as Young Gaura
* Om Sharma
* Mohana
* D S Dewan
* Kusum

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Main Pagal"
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Mera Karaar Le Ja"
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Mera Karaar Le Ja"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Mere Piya Se Koi Jake"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Mukh Mod Na Lena Sajna"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Tum Chand Ke Sath"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Sama Hai Bahar Ka"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Main Na Jaanun"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "O Madam, Do Se Ho Gaye Ek Hum, Na Phanka, Na Gham"
| [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0178205}}

[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1952 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1952 Indian films]]
[[Category:1952 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Mone Pore Aajo Shei Din

2026-03-04T00:23:26Z

ReinaSligo4: Put up new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mone Pore Aajo Shei Din
| image = Mone Pore Aajo Shei Din - Poster.jpg
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[Ajay Singh (filmmaker)|Ajay Singh]], Sudipto Ghatak
| producer = Pankaj Agarwal
| writer = [[Ajay Singh (filmmaker)|Ajay Singh]], Sudipto Ghatak
| starring = [[Sayantika Banerjee]] [[Joy Kumar Mukherjee]]
| music = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]] Dev Sen Debojit
| cinematography = Kumud Verma
| editing =
| studio = PB Films
| distributor = Brand Value Communications, PB Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|12|09}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
}}
'''''Mone Pore Aajo Shei Din''''' ({{langx|bn|মনে পড়ে আজও সেই দিন}}; {{langx|en|I remember that day}}) is a Bengali language romantic drama film directed by Ajay Singh and Sudipto Ghatak. The family entertainer is a love story with a twist. The title of the movie is based on its musical drama content. The [[soundtrack]] of the film was composed by [[Indradeep Dasgupta]], with one song by Dev Sen. The film stars [[Joy Kumar Mukherjee]], and [[Sayantika Banerjee]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Mone-Pore-Ajo-Sei-Din/movie-review/11117301.cms |title=Mone Pore Ajo Sei Din Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-12-15 |accessdate=2016-10-29}}</ref>

==Cast==

{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[Sayantika Banerjee]] (''left'') and [[Joy Kumar Mukherjee]] (''right'') Pair up for the first time.
| width =

| image1 =
| width1 = 120
| alt1 = Joy Kumar Mukherjee
| caption1 = Joy Kumar Mukherjee


| image2 =
| width2 = 120
| alt2 = Sayantika Banerjee
| caption2 = Sayantika Banerjee
}}

*[[Joy Kumar Mukherjee]] as Rahul
*[[Sayantika Banerjee]] as Sunaina
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
* [[Moumita Gupta]]
* [[Mousumi Saha]]

==Soundtrack album==
The music was composed by Indradeep Dasgupta, Dev Sen and Debojit. The album contains five songs.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = Prosen.
| title1 = Mera Man O Janeman
| lyrics1 = Prosen
| music1 = Dev Sen
| extra1 = Prosenjit Mallick, Anwesha Dutta Gupta
| length1 = 4:33
| title2 = Megha Re
| lyrics2 = Prosen
| extra2 = Anwesha Dutta Gupta
| music2 = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| length2 = 4.51
| title3 = Nach Nach O Mahi(Duet)
| lyrics3 = Prosen
| extra3 = Prosenjit Mallick, Anwesha Dutta Gupta
| music3 = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| length3 = 4.31
| title4 = Mone Pore Aajo Shei Din
| lyrics4 = Prosen
| extra4 = Madhura Bhattacharya
| music4 = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| length4 = 4.49
| title5 = Hay Ram Hore Hore
| lyrics5 = Prosen
| extra5 = Sujoy Bhowmik, Moinak Sinha
| music5 = Dev Sen
| length5 = 4.12
| title6 = Hayre Bhanga Mon
| lyrics6 = Prosen
| extra6 = Anwesha Dutta Gupta
| music6 = Debojit
| length6 = 3.44
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Bengali-language films]]
{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Prem Deewane

2026-03-03T23:41:19Z

ReinaSligo4: small improve content as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prem Deewane
| image = Prem Deewane.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
| producer = [[Ashok Ghai]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Vivek Mushran]] [[Pooja Bhatt]] [[Manohar Singh]] [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] [[Dara Singh]] [[Reema Lagoo]] [[Ashok Saraf]] [[Prem Chopra]] [[Kamal Chopra]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = [[Mukta Arts Ltd|Mukta Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|1992|06|12|[[India]]|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Prem Deewane''''' ([[translation]]: ''Love Crazies'') is a [[List of Hindi films of 1992|1992]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] and produced by [[Ashok Ghai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWJlAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Prem+Deewane%22&pg=PA7&article_id=496,1683673 |title=Love in D minor |date=19 June 1992 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/prem-deewane/movieshow/61302568.cms |title=Prem Deewane Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-06-24 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

The film was released in [[India]] on 12 June 1992 and stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Vivek Mushran]], [[Pooja Bhatt]], [[Manohar Singh]], [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]], [[Prem Chopra]] and Kamal Chopra.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105166/fullcredits/ |title=Prem Deewane (1992) - Full cast & crew - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-06-24 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

The music was composed by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]. In the film, Mannu (Mushran) and Radha (Bhatt) are a young couple in love who run away from home together after their parents oppose their relationship. Accordingly, Mannu and Radha are misguided into kidnapping a wealthy person, Ashutosh (Shroff), for a big ransom by a shrewd uncle, Natwarlal (Prem Chopra), who has his own agenda, and things take a turn when Ashutosh's long-lost love, Shivangi (Dixit), is also involved in the struggle.

== Plot ==
Manohar ([[Vivek Mushran]]), also known as Mannu, and Radha ([[Pooja Bhatt]]) are college sweethearts wishing to get married. But Radha's wealthy father, Somnath ([[Ashok Saraf]]), and Mannu's [[constable]] father, Loha Singh ([[Dara Singh]]), both refuse to approve of their marriage since Mannu comes from a modest family and Radha is still a [[Minor (law)|minor]]. Mannu and Radha's respective fathers instruct them not to leave their respective houses, but Radha finds a way out to run away and goes to Mannu's home. Anticipating more obstacles, Mannu and Radha escape from the city and are guided by Sumitra ([[Reema Lagoo]]), Mannu's mother, and Natwarlal ([[Prem Chopra]]), Radha's uncle, in the process. Natwarlal convinces Mannu and Radha to kidnap Ashutosh ([[Jackie Shroff]]), the [[heir]] to a wealthy family whom they had previously met in college, and demand a big [[ransom]] from his father, Arjun Singh ([[Manohar Singh]]), and take the money to impress Radha's father. Mannu and Radha then attempt to place their plan of kidnapping Ashutosh into action, but Ashutosh is way smarter and kidnaps the couple instead.

After spending time with Ashutosh, Mannu and Radha learn about his girlfriend, Shivangi Mehra ([[Madhuri Dixit]]), who had got separated from Ashutosh due to a misunderstanding created by his father, while Ashutosh's mother, Suman ([[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]), was in a critical condition at the hospital during that time. At the same time, Mannu and Radha also discover that Natwarlal is actually an escaped convict working for Thakral ([[Kamal Chopra]]), a powerful [[crime lord]], and plans to kill them and Ashutosh after the kidnapping to usurp his share of money from Ashutosh's father. Meanwhile, Natwarlal telephones Ashutosh's father as Mannu and informs him that his son has been kidnapped. Ashutosh's father visits the [[police station]] to file a missing police complaint of his son, and the [[inspector]] in charge is Shivangi herself. This leads to a riot of laughter as Mannu, Radha, and Ashutosh are on the run from the police and the criminals. When Shivangi finally catches up to them, Radha and Mannu plan to bring the two lovers together, and this clears up the misunderstanding between them. The [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] shows how Natwarlal and Thakral are both punished for their crimes, Ashutosh's love is revealed to Shivangi, both couples are reunited with their respective families, and all is well.
==Cast==
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Ashutosh Singh
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as [[Inspector]] Shivangi Mehra
* [[Vivek Mushran]] as Manohar Singh (a.k.a. Mannu)
* [[Pooja Bhatt]] as Radha
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Natwarlal
* [[Kamal Chopra]] as Thakral (Natwarlal's employer)
* [[Manohar Singh]] as Arjun Singh (Ashutosh's father)
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Suman Singh (Ashutosh's mother)
* [[Dara Singh]] as [[Constable]] Loha Singh (Mannu's father)
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Sumitra Singh (Mannu's mother)
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Somnath (Radha's father)
* [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Natwarlal's sidekick
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] as Man at Pedro's birthday party (cameo appearance)
* [[Bipin Varti]] as Man with [[guitar]] at Pedro's birthday party (cameo appearance)
* [[Jairam Kulkarni]] as Man who delivers Ashutosh's [[Letter (message)|letter]] to Shivangi (cameo appearance)
==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aise Lagi Dono Taraf Aag Barabar"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 2
| "Prem Deewane (Title Song)"
| [[Manhar Udhas]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 3
| "Pi Pi Pi Pi Piya Ji Ji Ji Ji Jiya"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 4
| "Yeh Ho Raha Hai Yeh Ho Na Jaye"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy, [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
|-
| 5
| "Happy Birthday To You Oh Mr. Pedro"
| Udit Narayan, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Jolly Mukherjee]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 6
| "Mohabbat Zindabad"
| Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy, [[Mohammad Aziz]], Alka Yagnik
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0105166}}

[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sachin (actor)]]
[[Category:Mukta Arts films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Arakshaka

2026-03-03T21:20:09Z

ReinaSligo4: minor update

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arakshaka
| image = Aarakshaka.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Arakshaka Poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = Krishna Prajwal
| writer = V. R. Bhaskar Upendra
(Dialogues)
| screenplay = P. Vasu
| story = P. Vasu
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Ragini Dwivedi]] [[Sadha]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Udayaravi Films
| distributor = Udaya Ravi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|01|26}}
| runtime = 2 hours 40 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}}4 Crore<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-03 |title=Sandalwood progress report of first half of 2012 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sandalwood-progress-report-of-first-half-of-2012-485642.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}0.80 Crore<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Arakshaka''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[psychological thriller]] [[mystery film|mystery]] film starring [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Sadha]] and [[Ragini Dwivedi]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/Jan/25/upendra-in-an-all-new-avatar-333672.html|title=Upendra in an all new avatar|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 January 2012|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924093808/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/jan/25/upendra-in-an-all-new-avatar-333672.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is directed by [[P. Vasu]]. Krishna Prajwal has produced the film under Udaya Ravi Films. [[Gurukiran]] is the music director of the film. [[Karnataka]]'s former CM and State Janata Dal President, [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] released the audio of the film. The film is loosely inspired by the 2010 Hollywood film ''[[Shutter Island (film)|Shutter Island]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bypassing-copycats-sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=29 January 2012|access-date=17 April 2022|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190329083728/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upendra has played a psychological role after a brief gap. He had last played such type of roles in his earlier psychological films like ''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'' (1998), ''[[Upendra (Kannada film)|Upendra]]'' (1999) which were directed by himself, and ''[[Preethse]]'' (2000).

The film was released on 26 January 2012 and opened to positive reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Arun and Vishnu, twin brothers
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Dr. Nandini
* [[Sadha]] as Catherine
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
* [[Shayaji Shinde]]
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
*Arasu Maharaj
*Mysore Ramanand
*[[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
*Venkata Rao
*Cool Chinna
*[[Rajesh Nataranga]]
*Jyothi Muroor
*[[Adi Lokesh]]
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aarakshaka
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|12}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Ashwini Media Networks
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
[[Gurukiran]] has composed 5 songs set to the lyrics of [[Kaviraj (Lyricist)|Kaviraj]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Hamsalekha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksongs.in/aarakshaka.html |title=Aarakshaka |publisher=Ksongs.in |date=2011-12-28 |accessdate=2012-01-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110192101/http://www.ksongs.in/aarakshaka.html |archivedate=10 January 2012 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = I'm a Barbie Girl
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kalli Kalli
| lyrics2 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| extra2 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Shruti Tumkur
| length2 =
| title3 = Kuch Kuch
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Rathri Yella
| extra4 = [[Gurukiran]], Akansha Badami
| lyrics4 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Thu Nan Makla
| extra5 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| lyrics5 = Upendra
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "While Upendra is super as a police officer, it's Ragini who steals the show with her brilliant emoting and body language. Sharana's comedy track is silly. Music by Gurukiran is okay. Cinematography by P K H Das is the highlight of the movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/aarakshaka/movie-review/11661661.cms?from=mdr|title=AARAKSHAKA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924090948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/aarakshaka/movie-review/11661661.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Gurukiran has done a neat job. The songs are melodious. VERDICT: Watch the movie, if you are ready to watch it twice. Else, it will be difficult for you to follow the plot line".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Jan/28/arakshaka-334543.html|title=Arakshaka|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=28 January 2012|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924090947/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/jan/28/arakshaka-334543.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Srikanth Srinivasa from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Gurukiran's music is nothing to write about. But the songs are choreographed well with Upendra doing some unusual dance steps. There is a song in praise of Anna Hazare. P K H Dass has captured the locales of Kannur in all its glory. The film has been shot in Thailand as well".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-aarakshaka-is-worth-a-watch/20120127.htm|title=Review: Aarakshaka is worth a watch|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=27 January 2022|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924090947/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-aarakshaka-is-worth-a-watch/20120127.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Shruti Gautham from [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] wrote "Vasu this time even seems to have run out of the luck that the letter ‘Aa’ had brought him in the case of Aapthamitra and Aaptharakshaka. Aarakshaka is not a film that is beyond your imagination more so if you have watched Shutter Island! ".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-aarakshaka-kannada-1642991/amp|title=Review: 'Aarakshaka' (Kannada)|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=28 January 2012|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924090947/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-aarakshaka-kannada-1642991/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Upendra gets a flattering makeover, resembling the composer. P Vasu, who has been busy with various versions of Manichitrathazhu in the last few years, has not come out of that hangover yet. By choosing a somewhat similar 'mental disease' to cure, he has only fed the audience too much of a problem".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/aarakshaka-stuttering-island/articleshow/21435006.cms|title=Aarakshaka : Stuttering island|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=27 January 2012|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924090947/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/aarakshaka-stuttering-island/articleshow/21435006.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "The climax drags a bit but panders to the hero’s image. According to Upendra, even the intelligent will require repeated viewing to understand the entire film. But then, the viewer is not a fool either".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/222542/aarakshaka.html|title=Aarakshaka|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=27 January 2012|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924090947/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/222542/aarakshaka.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2275521}}

{{P. Vasu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arakshaka}}
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals]]

London Bridge (film)

2026-03-03T20:41:47Z

ReinaSligo4: Put up a stub

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = London Bridge
| image = London-Bridge-2014.jpg
| caption = A bridge can join hearts too.
| director = Anil C. Menon
| producer = Satish B. Satish Antony Binoy
| writer = Jinu V. Abraham
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] | [[Andrea Jeremiah]] | [[Nanditha Raj]] | [[Pratap Pothen]] | [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]}}
| music = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Rahul Raj]] | [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]]}}
| cinematography = Jithu Damodar
| editing = Praveen Prabhakar
| studio = Ordinary Films
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|02|01}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
}}

'''''London Bridge''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2014|2014]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] directed by Anil C. Menon and written by Jinu V. Abraham, starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Nanditha Raj]], [[Pratap Pothen]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/92466.html |title=IndiaGlitz - A London Bridge with Prithviraj - Malayalam Movie News |access-date=14 April 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407060959/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/92466.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was entirely shot in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ukmalayalee.com/movie-news/news.php?id=MTMwOQ== | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630124737/http://www.ukmalayalee.com/movie-news/news.php?id=MTMwOQ== | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-06-30 | title=Movie News - After English another Malayalam film 'London Bridge' to … }}</ref>

[[Rahul Raj]] composed three original songs and left the project owing to scheduling conflicts. Thus [[carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist Dr. Sreevalsan Menon was hired to compose two additional songs and [[Gopi Sundar]] was signed in to compose the background score. The film is produced by Antony Binoy and Sathish B. Satish under the banner Ordinary Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-location-london-bridge-link-to-love/article5425294.ece|title = On Location: London Bridge - Link to love|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date = 5 December 2013|last1 = George|first1 = Vijay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/london-bridge/movie-review/29766502.cms|title=London Bridge Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of London Bridge by Times of India|access-date=26 April 2022|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-london-bridge-is-a-sloppy-love-story-south/20140204.htm|title=Review: London Bridge is a sloppy love story|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|website=Rediff.com|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/london-bridge-review-malayalam-pcmbjxiacgcgi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316081946/http://www.sify.com/movies/london-bridge-review-malayalam-pcmbjxiacgcgi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2017|title=London Bridge|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vijay Das is a career-oriented businessman in [[London]] who always listens to his brain. At the same time, Vijay's fiancée Pavithra, who is also the daughter of Vijay's mentor, C. S. Nambiar, and always listens to her heart. Vijay was asked to marry Pavitra by Nambiar, and Pavitra tests whether Vijay is the right guy for her.

Driving his way home after spending a day with Pavithra, Vijay hits Merin, a nurse who has just arrived from [[India]] to work in London. Her wrist gets paralyzed after the accident. Vijay takes care of her and eventually falls in love with her and vice versa.

Nambiar and Vijay's friend Francis fix Vijay's and Pavithra's marriage. But when he refuses to marry her, Francis forces him to marry Pavitra because of her wealth. Merin's job agreement gets terminated because they think that she is physically unfit. Francis tries to help her but fails. Eventually, Francis forces Vijay to not give her false hopes and gift her a sum of money and let her go back to India. Merin refuses the amount of money gifted and asks him to show her around London before she leaves. Then Merin goes back to India.

The next day, her relative Gracy calls Vijay to tell that Merin has not reached her home yet. Gracy's husband Thambi Kutty tells them that he will go to India to enquire about Merin, but Vijay says that he will go instead because he is the one who is supposed to go. Francis tries to force him to stay, but Vijay says that he really likes Merin and he will go to India no matter what.

Pavithra helps him to go to India by convincing her father to not stop him and personally dropping him at the airport. Vijay reaches India. While in a taxi, Francis calls Vijay and directs him to go to Merin's home. Vijay reaches Merin's home, where he finds out that Merin has reached home safely. But also find out that her house had been seized by a moneylender. When Vijay meets depressed Merin at her room, at that time, Pavithra called Vijay and reveals that Merin had lied to make Vijay realize his love for her. The film ends by showing Vijay and Merin uniting.

==Cast==
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Kannedathu Vijay Das
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Pavithra, Vijay's fiancée
* [[Nanditha Raj]] as Merin Elsa John
* [[Pratap Pothen]] as C. S. Nambiar
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Advocate Francis Pallipadan
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Thambi Kutty
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Gracy
* Amritha Anil as Maalu (Merin's sister)
* [[Prem Prakash]] as John Daniel
* Sreehari as Devassikutty
* Devi Krupa as Swathi

==Production==
''London Bridge'' was started in August 2013 in [[Central London]]. The film covers almost every part of [[London]] in its shots. The film was earlier planned to release during [[Onam|Onam Festival]] but since it was not completed yet, the release was postponed to 1 February 2014.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = London Bridge (film)
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = London Bridge (film)
| artist = [[Rahul Raj]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Official theatrical poster
| released = 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = Satyam Audios
| producer = Satish B Satish, Antony Binoy
| prev_title = '''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'''
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = '''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking 2]]'''
| next_year = 2014
}}

[[Rahul Raj]] was signed in as the composer of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmelon.com/movies/london-bridge |title=London Bridge | Filmelon |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114423/http://www.filmelon.com/movies/london-bridge |url-status=dead }}</ref> But after composing the main theme music and two songs, he left the project owing to time constraints and other commitments. [[carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist Dr. Sreevalsan Menon was hired to compose two additional songs. [[Rahul Raj]] was set to return to the project to compose the background score of the movie; but scheduling conflicts with his Telugu film ''[[Paathshala (Telugu film)|Paathshala]]'' forced him to opt out completely. However the main theme music composed by [[Rahul Raj]] was retained and used as the opening titles theme.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track name !! Singers !! Description
|-
| "London Bridge Theme" || Gitamba (''Netherlands'') || Composed by [[Rahul Raj]]
|-
| "Kannaadi Vaathil" ||[[Haricharan]] || Composed by Rahul Raj
|-
| "Chinni Chinni" ||[[Yazin Nizar]] || Composed by Rahul Raj
|-
| "Ennum Ninne" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] || Composed by [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]]
|-
| "Venmegham" || Amal Antony, Rachana Sinto, Deepu Nair || Composed by Sreevalsan J. Menon
|}

==Release==
The film was released on 1 February 2014 at 72 theaters across [[Kerala]] and the distribution was done by Central Pictures.

==Reception==
''London Bridge'' has received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics,<ref name="Review 3" /><ref name="Review 4" /> The Malayalam website ''Muyal Media'' has rated 3.2/5 stars for ''London Bridge'' and mentioned that "''London Bridge'', a triangular love story happening in [[London]] has got a kind of freshness in its visuals but lacks the same in the narrative."<ref name="Review 4" />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Review 3">[https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2014/london-bridge-movie-review-131101.html "Movie Review: London Bridge"] ''OneIndia''. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014. ''A Watchable Romantic Drama''
</ref>
<ref name="Review 4">{{cite web |url=http://muyals.com/london-bridge-a-breezy-romantic-tale/ |title=London Bridge: A Breezy romantic tale! | muyals.com |access-date=2014-02-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203202058/http://muyals.com/london-bridge-a-breezy-romantic-tale/ |archive-date=3 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}''MuyalMedia''.1 February 2014.'A breezy romantic tale'</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3685702}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sreevalsan J. Menon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2014 romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]

Australia–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement

2026-02-21T14:09:08Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating

{{Short description|Bilateral agreement, signed 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Australia, Mr. Scott Morrison, on the sidelines of East Asia Summit, in Singapore on November 14, 2018.JPG|thumb|Australian Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] (left) and Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] meeting on the sidelines of the [[East Asia Summit]] in [[Singapore]]; November 2018.]]

The '''Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement''' ('''AI-CECA''') is a bilateral agreement between [[Australia]] and [[India]]. The two nations launched negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement in May 2011. In September 2021, Australia and India formally re-launched CECA negotiations with the intention of quickly concluding an Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) to swiftly liberalise and deepen bilateral trade in goods and services, and to then use this foundation to resume negotiations on the more ambitious CECA. On 2 April 2022, an interim agreement was signed by Ministers [[Dan Tehan]], representing the [[Morrison government]] of Australia, and [[Piyush Goyal]], representing the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi Government]] of India.<ref>[https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/negotiations/aifta/australia-india-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (AI-CECA)]; dfat.gov.au</ref><ref>[https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/farmers-and-miners-winners-under-india-free-trade-deal-20220401-p5aa2u Farmers and miners winners under India free trade deal]; Financial Review; Apr 1 2022</ref>

The agreement cuts [[Tariff|tariffs]] on a range of Australian exports to India, including coal, lentils, sheep meat and wool, lobsters and rare earths. It also promises a phased reduction of tariffs on wine and other agricultural products, including avocados, cherries, nuts, blueberries, almonds, oranges, mandarins, pears and strawberries. "We are opening the biggest door of one of the biggest economies in the world in India," Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] said ahead of the signing. Minister Tehan predicted the agreement would lead to a doubling of trade in coming years. "India and Australia are natural partners. Like two brothers, both nations supported each other during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Our relationship rests on the pillars of trust and reliability", Minister Goyal said.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-02/india-australia-trade-deal-signed/100961618 'Historic' trade agreement with India signed after decade of negotiations]; abc.net.au; 2 April, 2022</ref>

==See also==

*[[Australia–India relations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/negotiations/aifta/australia-india-comprehensive-economic-cooperation-agreement Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (AI-CECA)]

{{Economy of Australia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economic Partnership Agreement}}
[[Category:Free trade agreements of Australia]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of India]]
[[Category:Australia–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Australia]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Australia]]

Bindu Ammini

2026-02-19T18:59:40Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating a post

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
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'''Bindu Ammini''' is an Indian lawyer and lecturer at [[Government Law College, Kozhikode]], and a [[Dalit]] activist.<ref name="Sharma 2022">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Ashutosh |title=First Woman To Enter Sabarimala, Dalit Activist Bindu Ammini Continues To Brave Social Backlash |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/dalit-activist-bindu-ammini-continues-to-brave-social-backlash/408902 |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=January 9, 2022}}</ref> She is one of the two first women between the age of 10 and 50 to enter the [[Sabarimala Temple]] after a [[Supreme Court of India]] decision allowed women of reproductive age to [[Entry of women to Sabarimala|enter the temple]].

==Early life and education==
Ammini is a [[Dalit]] who was raised in [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]].<ref name = personal>{{cite news |last1=Meethal |first1=Amiya |title=Bindu Ammini, husband were with CPI (ML) earlier |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/030119/bindu-ammini-husband-were-with-cpi-ml-earlier.html |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 January 2019 |ref=personal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="time" /> She is the youngest of five siblings.<ref name="time" /> After her mother left her father, Ammini and her siblings were raised in poverty by their mother, who was illiterate and worked at farms, factories, and hotels.<ref name="time" /><ref name="Schultz Jan2019" />

In 2001, Ammini became the first in her family to attend college.<ref name="time" /><ref name="Schultz Jan2019" /> As a student, she was a leader in [[Kerala Vidyarthi Sanghatana]], the student wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]] (CPI [ML]),<ref name="nminute"/><ref name = personal/> and became the youngest female state coordinator for CPI (ML).<ref name="time"/> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', "she clarifies that the party she was in is state-recognized and that she has never believed in armed rebellion", and she quit the party in 2011.<ref name="time" />{{refn|group=note|name=first|In 2019, CPI (ML) politburo member PJ James said Bindu had not been connected to the party for ten years.<ref name="nminute"/>}}

She attended Netaji Higher Secondary School in [[Pramadom]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], and did her [[pre-degree course]] at [[Catholicate College Pathanamthitta]]. She earned a [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LL.B.) from [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]] and a [[Master of Laws]] (LL.M.) from [[University of Kerala]], [[Kariavattom]] Campus, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="nminute"/><ref name="Schultz Jan2019" />

==Career==
Ammini has worked as a lawyer in the [[Koyilandy]] court, and has taught at [[University of Calicut|Calicut University]] and the School of Legal Studies at the [[Thalassery]] campus of [[Kannur University]].<ref name = personal/><ref name="nminute">{{cite news |title=A lawyer and a govt employee: Meet Bindu and Kanakadurga, who entered Sabarimala |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lawyer-and-govt-employee-meet-bindu-and-kanakadurga-who-entered-sabarimala-94382 |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=2 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Schultz Jan2019" /> She also runs a grocery store with her husband.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |title=They Entered a Forbidden Hindu Temple in the Name of Women's Rights. Now They're in Hiding |url=https://time.com/longform/bindu-kanakadurga-women-hinduism-india/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114053105/https://time.com/longform/bindu-kanakadurga-women-hinduism-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a lecturer at [[Government Law College, Kozhikode|Government Law College]] in [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="Sharma 2022" />

Ammini is a Kerala state leader for the [[Bhim Army]], a [[Dalit]] rights organization.<ref name="Henry 2021">{{cite news |last1=Henry |first1=Nikhila |title=Congress Using Sabarimala to Win Kerala: 1st Woman to Enter Temple |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/first-woman-to-enter-sabarimala-slams-congress-draft-bill#read-more |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The Quint |date=12 February 2021}}</ref> She ascribes to [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] feminism, which has a focus on the rights of women in oppressed classes.<ref name="time"/> In 2022, after she faced ongoing violence and [[cyberbullying]] following her entry into the [[Sabarimala Temple]],<ref name="Sharma 2022" /> she spoke about the [[caste]]ist nature of the abuse targeted at her, stating, "The 'absolutely unprotected' is not just me, it is the women, Dalits and [[Adivasi]]s" and "If you ask why I'm being targeted among all these women, caste is a factor", referring to other women who had attempted to enter the temple, such as [[Rehana Fathima]].<ref name="Bhavani 2022">{{cite news |last1=Bhavani |first1=Mrudula |title=There is an absence of unified resistance movements in Kerala: Bindu Ammini to TNM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/there-absence-unified-resistance-movements-kerala-bindu-ammini-tnm-160067 |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>

After Ammini was publicly assaulted in January 2022, she stated, "I am not safe here anymore, the only option is to leave the country and seek asylum."<ref name="TNM 2022">{{cite news |title=Bindhu Ammini, who entered Sabarimala, assaulted in public. It's not the first time |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bindhu-ammini-who-entered-sabarimala-assaulted-public-its-not-first-time-159552 |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=January 6, 2022}}</ref> Her legal advocate Prashant Padmanabhan has served a notice on the Kerala government, alleging a violation of the January 2019 Supreme Court order that requires the government to provide security for Ammini and Kanakadurga,<ref>{{cite news |title=Dalit woman who entered Sabarimala temple serves legal notice on Kerala Government for failing to protect her |url=https://www.theleaflet.in/dalit-woman-who-entered-sabarimala-temple-serves-legal-notice-on-kerala-government-for-failing-to-protect-her/ |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=The Leaflet |date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> and Ammini has alleged her Dalit identity is related to the failure of police to provide her protection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oommen |first1=Rickson |title=Kerala dalit social activist Bindu Ammini attacked, culprit arrested |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-dalit-social-activist-bindu-ammini-attacked-culprit-identified-1896664-2022-01-06 |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=January 6, 2022}}</ref>

==Sabarimala entry==
After the Supreme Court decision allowing the [[Entry of women to Sabarimala|entry of women]] between the ages of 10 and 50 into the Sabarimala Temple,<ref name="Schultz Feb2019" /> Ammini joined social media groups created by activists.<ref name="time" /> She met Kanakadurga on the Facebook page for Navothana Keralam Sabarimalayilekku (Renaissance Kerala), which was organized for women who wanted to visit the temple.<ref name="nminute" /><ref name="Schultz Jan2019" /> Ammini has said she believes the protest against women entering the temple is politically motivated,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Delhi |first1=India Today Web Desk New |title=Tale of Bindu and Kankadurga: 2 women who braved odds and entered Sabarimala temple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/who-are-bindu-ammini-and-kankadurga-sabarimala-1422689-2019-01-03 |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and, "We were not trying to start trouble", and "Our goal was only to visit the temple. For the next generation of women, this is motivation."<ref name="Schultz Jan2019">{{cite news |last1=Schultz |first1=Kai |title=Her Visit to a Men-Only Temple Went Smoothly. Then the Riots Started. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/18/world/asia/temple-india-sabarimala-ammini.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=18 January 2019}}</ref>

===First attempt===
On 22 December 2018, Ammini, Kanakadurga, and two other women, met in [[Thrissur]] and then attempted to go to Sabarimala.<ref name="time" /> The other two women quit during the trip, and on 24 December, Ammini and Kanakadurga were stopped by protesters.<ref name="time" /><ref name="Schultz Jan2019" /> They then went on a [[hunger strike]] to protest the lack of police protection.<ref name="time" /><ref name="Schultz Jan2019" />

===Second attempt===
Ammini and Kanakadurga entered the Sabarimala temple around 3:45 am on 2 January 2019.<ref name=entry>{{cite news |title=2 Women Below 50 Enter Sabarimala, Temple Reopens After "Purification" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/two-women-below-50-enter-keralas-sabarimala-temple-police-sources-1971204 |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> They wore black clothes and hurried inside, escorted by the police.<ref name=entry/> Videos of their temple entry were circulated in social media in India with messages of support and opposition.<ref name = france>{{cite news |title=Videos show women entering Indian temple after centuries-old ban |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20190102-videos-women-sabarimala-hindu-temple-india |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=The Observers - France 24 |date=2 January 2019 |ref=france |language=en}}</ref> Their temple entry was confirmed by the chief minister of Kerala, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saberin |first1=Zeenat |title=Indian women defy Hindu temple ban amid protests |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/1/2/two-indian-women-enter-sabarimala-temple-in-kerala-amid-protests |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> After they entered, the priests closed the temple for a purification ceremony.<ref name="time" /><ref name="BBC 2019" />

Ammini was placed under police protection after the entry to Sabarimala<ref name="Schultz/Venkataraman 2019">{{cite news |last1=Schultz |first1=Kai |last2=Venkataraman |first2=Ayesha |title=2 Indian Women Enter Sabarimala Temple, Setting Off Protests Near Hindu Shrine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/world/asia/india-women-wall-sabarimala.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 January 2019}}</ref><ref name = france/> and went into hiding after the entry.<ref>{{cite news |title='Sabarimala case will become like Ayodhya': Bindu Ammini who entered temple reacts |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sabarimala-case-will-become-ayodhya-bindu-ammini-who-entered-temple-reacts-112291 |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=14 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Indian Woman Who Entered Forbidden Temple Says Her Family Assaulted When She Returned Home |url=https://time.com/5513055/kanakadurga-sabarimala-hindu-temple-family-abandon/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |magazine=Time |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126101415/https://time.com/5513055/kanakadurga-sabarimala-hindu-temple-family-abandon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her house was mobbed by people belonging to Sabarimala Karma Samiti, and other organizations which opposed her entry to Sabarimala.<ref name = personal/> In February 2019, she said she was still receiving death threats.<ref name="Schultz Feb2019">{{cite news |last1=Schultz |first1=Kai |title=Let Women Enter Hindu Temple, Indian Religious Board Says, in Reversal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/world/asia/women-temple-hindu-india.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=6 February 2019}}</ref>

Some members of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] called their entry a "black day".<ref name="Schultz/Venkataraman 2019" /> The chief minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, a supporter of the Supreme Court decision, said the entry into the temple by Ammini and Kankadurga was a historic moment.<ref name="BBC 2019">{{cite news |title=Sabarimala: Indian women make history by entering temple |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46733750 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2 January 2019}}</ref> Senior lawyer [[Indira Jaising]] compared their entry to the temple entry movement led by [[B. R. Ambedkar]], and represented Ammini and Kanakadurga in legal actions to obtain police protection.<ref name="Sharma 2022" />

===Third attempt===
In November 2019, the Supreme Court kept its 2018 decision in place, but set the case for review by a larger bench.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vishwanath |first1=Apurva |title=Sabarimala majority ruling: Review pending, scope widened |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-review-pending-scope-widened-in-sabarimala-verdict-6120277/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> The Kerala government then withdrew its support and police protection for women entering the temple, pending the decision of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Shaju |title=Kerala govt's flip-flop on Sabarimala: Won't take young women to shrine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-govts-flip-flop-on-sabarimala-wont-take-young-women-to-shrine-6122147/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="IE Nov2019">{{cite news |last1=Web Desk |title=Bindu Ammini, who prayed at Sabarimala last year, attacked with chilli spray before fresh attempt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-protests-live-updates-bindu-ammini-trupti-desai-6137095/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 November 2019}}</ref> After this announcement, Ammini and other activists, including [[Trupti Desai]], went to the [[Ernakulam]] City Commissioner's office in late November to seek police protection for another attempt to visit the shrine.<ref name="IE Nov2019" /><ref name="LiveLaw2021"/>

Ammini was attacked by chili/[[pepper spray]] outside of the commissioner's office, and was hospitalized.<ref name="Poruthiyil 2019">{{cite news |last1=Poruthiyil |first1=Prabhir Vishnu |title=The Spectre Haunting Hindutva: An Assertive Dalit Woman |url=https://thewire.in/women/bindu-ammini-sabarimala-attack |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=November 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bindu Ammini, First Woman To Enter Sabarimala In 2018, Attacked With Chilli Powder |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/bindu-ammini-sabarimala-trupti-desai_in_5ddc9b28e4b00149f722a14f |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=HuffPost |date=26 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bindu Ammini, who prayed at Sabarimala last year, attacked with chilli spray before fresh attempt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-protests-live-updates-bindu-ammini-trupti-desai-6137095/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en |date=26 November 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, Prabhir Vishnu Poruthiyil described Ammini as the "[[Rosa Parks]] of our time", and wrote, "She has shown us the tenacity of patriarchy and has exposed the casteism lurking behind the facade of tradition."<ref name="Poruthiyil 2019"/>

The [[National Commission for Women]] asked the Kerala [[director general of police]] to send an action report regarding the incident.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=NCW asks Kerala DGP to send report on chilli powder attack on woman activist |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ncw-asks-kerala-dgp-to-send-report-on-chilli-powder-attack-on-woman-activist-119112701350_1.html |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=27 November 2019}}</ref> In December 2019, the Supreme Court declined to grant protection orders for the Sabarimala visit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Nilashish |title='We Know Law Is In Your Favour And There Is No Stay; But We Are Not Passing Any Orders': SC To Women Seeking Protection For Sabarimala Visit |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/sc-refuses-to-pass-protection-orders-for-women-seeking-sabarimala-temple-entry-150769 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=LiveLaw.in |date=12 December 2019}}</ref> On 24 February 2021, the Kerala High Court granted pre-arrest bail to two people alleged to be connected with the group that sprayed Ammini when she went to the Ernakulam City Commissioner's office in 2019.<ref name=LiveLaw2021>{{cite news |title=Kerala High Court Grants Pre-Arrest Bail To 2 Men Accused Of Attacking Sabarimala Activist; Finds Allegations Prima Facie Mala Fide |url=https://livelaw.in/news-updates/kerala-high-court-bail-men-accused-of-attacking-sabarimala-activist-bindu-ammini-170750 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=LiveLaw.in |date=5 March 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
When she was 18, Ammini met her husband, K.V. Hariharan, while active in student politics and they settled in Poyilkavu after their marriage.<ref name = personal/><ref name="time" /> She has a daughter, Olga, named after [[Olga Benário Prestes]] who was killed in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="time"/><ref name="Schultz Jan2019" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Entry of women to Sabarimala]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammini, Bindu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]

Suzabad

2026-02-03T21:10:52Z

ReinaSligo4: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Suzabad
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Suzabad
| pushpin_map_caption = Census town location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.319266|83.034795|display = inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District#India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi tehsil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 72.161
| population_total = 15,384 <ref name="Demography">{{cite news|title=Demography|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/209754-suzabad-uttar-pradesh.html}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221008
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-542
| registration_plate = UP65 ''XXXX''
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Census town code
| blank_info_sec1 = 209754
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008">{{cite news|title=Delimitation 2008|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi South (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi South]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008"/>
}}
'''Suzabad''' is a [[census town]] in [[Varanasi tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Demography"/><ref name="Census town details">{{cite news|title=Census town details|publisher=Local Government directory|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}</ref> The census town falls under the Sujabad [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="Census town details"/> Suzabad is about 7 kilometers South-East of [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]], 330 kilometers South-East of [[Lucknow]] and 7 kilometers North of [[Ramnagar Fort]].<ref name="Distances">{{cite news|title=Distances|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps?source=tldso}}</ref><ref name="Census town coordinates">{{cite news|title=Census town coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/}}</ref><ref name="Elevation">{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=daftlogic.com|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm}}</ref><ref name="Census town info">{{cite news|title=Census town info|publisher=WikiEdit.Org|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Sujabad/90874/}}</ref>

==Demography==
Suzabad has 2,514 families with a total population of 15,384. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the census town is 867 and [[child sex ratio]] is 903. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively {{ref|Demography|[note]}}.<ref name="Demography"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments
|-
| Number of houses || - || - || 2514 || rowspan="5"|(census 2011)<ref name="Demography"/>
|-
| Adult || 8,239 || 7,145 || 13,101
|-
| Children || - || - || 2,283
|-
| Total population || - || - || 15,384
|-
| Literacy || 76.7% || 58.9% || 68.4%
|-
|}

==Transportation==
Suzabad is connected by air ([[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]), by train ([[Kashi railway station]]) and by road. Nearest operational airports is [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] and nearest operational railway station is [[Kashi railway station]] (27 and 2 kilometers respectively from Suzabad).<ref name="Distances"/>

==See also==
* [[Varanasi tehsil]]
* [[Varanasi district]]
* [[Varanasi South (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi South]]
* [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

{{Portal bar|India}}

==Notes==
* {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Varanasi}}

{{Geographic location|Centre = '''Suzabad'''
|North = [[Kashi railway station]] (1.5 km)
|Northeast = [[Vasanta College for Women]] (1.5 km)
|East = [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] (5 km)
|Southeast = [[New Vishwanath Temple]] (16 km)
|South = [[Ramnagar Fort]] (7 km)
|Southwest = [[Mughal Sarai Junction]] (10 km)
|West =
|Northwest = [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]] (7 km)
}}

[[Category:Census towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Varanasi district]]

Srimathi Srinivas

2026-01-26T05:08:52Z

ReinaSligo4: Stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = SrimathiSrinivas.jpg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 224
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| channel = [[Star Maa]]
| company = Pixel Pictures Pvt. Ltd.
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|12|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|24|df=yes}}
| related = [[Thirumathi Selvam]]
}}

'''''Srimathi Srinivas''''' ({{Translation|Mrs Srinivas}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language television [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] that began airing on [[Star Maa]] on 20 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Maa airs "Srimathi Srinivas" from 20th Dec|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/star-maa-airs-srimathi-srinivas-from-20th-dec|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Telugu Cinema|date=20 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The show also streams on [[Disney Plus Hotstar]] . It is the remake of 2007 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] series ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]'', which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. It stars Ashwin and [[Ankita Amar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 ವರ್ಷದಿಂದ ಪರಭಾಷಾ ಆಫರ್ ರಿಜೆಕ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದ 'ನಮ್ಮನೆ ಯುವರಾಣಿ' ನಟಿ ಈಗ ತೆಲುಗು ಸೀರಿಯಲ್ ಒಪ್ಪಿದ್ದೇಕೆ?|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/why-actress-ankita-amar-accept-pavitra-rishta-telugu-remake-shrimati-srinivas/articleshow/88396977.cms|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Srinivas, a mechanic falls in love with Sridevi who is a straightforward girl. To protect his love, he bluffs about his true identity and marries her. What happens when Sridevi gets to know the truth forms the rest of the story.

The show is produced by Pixel Pictures Pvt. Ltd.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Ashwin (2022) as Srinivas: Sridevi's husband; Gopalam's son; Mangala's step-son; Vicky and Mouni's half-brother
** [[Chandan Kumar]] (2021–2022) as Srinivas
* [[Ankita Amar]] as Sridevi: Srinivas's wife; Meenakshi and Madhava Rao's daughter; Vinod, Kavya and Karthika's sister

=== Recurring ===
* Sri Charan as Madhav Rao; Sridevi's father
* Usha Sri (2022) as Meenakshi; Sridevi's mother
** Sheela (2021–2022) as Meenakshi
* Jyothi Reddy as Mangala: Srinivas's stepmother; Gopalam's second wife; Vicky and Mouni's mother
* Vishwa Mohan as Gopalam; Srinivas's biological father
* Basawaraj as Kikku; Srinivas's friend
* Srikar Krishna as Arjun; Sridevi's ex-fiance
* Uma Devi as Nagamani; Daksha & Gautham's mother
* Manasa Lanka as Anitha
* Bramar as Gautham; Daksha's brother
* Madhu Krishna as Daksha
* Ajay Kiran as Vicky; Srinivas's brother
* Teja Chowdary as Prakash
* Kiran Kanth as Santhosh
* Gopala Krishna Akella as Priest
* Jabardasth Ganapathi as Priest
* Netra Reddy as Geetha
* Baby Hasya Chaitra as Daksha's daughter
* Hasini Tarak as Sridevi's second younger sister
* Priya Prasad as Vidya; Srinivas's sister
* Amulya Reddy
* Aaradya Paruchuri as Kavya
* Unknown as Vinod
* Kavya Shree as Guest Appearance
* Sireesha Vallabhaneni as Guest Appearance

{| style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|
|}

== Production ==
The series had actor Chandan Kumar returning to the Telugu television industry after a brief gap.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chandan Kumar in the Telugu remake of Pavitra Rishta - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandan-kumar-in-the-telugu-remake-of-pavitra-rishta/articleshow/87644935.cms|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The Times of India|date=12 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The serial had Kannada actress [[Ankita Amar]] debuting into Telugu television through this serial.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ankita Amar forays into Telugu television - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ankita-amar-forays-into-telugu-television/articleshow/87712049.cms|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The Times of India|date=15 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The show is produced by Pixel Pictures Pvt. Ltd.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/srimathi-srinivas/1260076073] on [[Hotstar]]

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

List of protected areas of Himachal Pradesh

2026-01-23T12:12:04Z

ReinaSligo4:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
Forests in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] (northern [[India]]) currently cover an area of nearly {{convert|37,939|sqkm}}, which is about 68.16% of the total land area of the state. The forests were once considered to be the main source of income of the state<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma |first=L. R. |year=1987 |title=The Economy of Himachal Pradesh: Growth and Structure: a Study in Development Performance |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |oclc=16352893 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015055350063 }}</ref> and most of the original forests were clear felled. The emphasis has shifted, however, from exploitation to conservation. The state government aims to increase [[forest cover]] to 50% of the total land area. There have been various projects, including the establishment of protected areas such as National Parks, designed to preserve and expand the forests.

==Preservation and nationalisation of forests==
Steps are being taken to intensify [[environmental preservation]] and [[sustainable development]] in the Himachal Pradesh region. All remaining forests in Himachal Pradesh have been nationalised under the supervision of the officers like [[Indian forest service]], Himachal Forest Service and seasoned Range/Dy.Range Forest Officers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vasan |first=Sudha |year=2002 |title=Ethnography of the forest guard: contrasting discourses, conflicting roles and policy implementation |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |issue=40 |pages=4125–4133 |jstor=4412694 }}</ref> Felling of trees and sale of timber is now controlled by the State Forest Corporation, and an ''Enforcement Organisation'' has been established to prevent the illegal felling of trees and the [[smuggling]] of [[timber]]. [[Hunting]] has also been restricted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himachal Pradesh: Economy: Forest in Himachal |publisher=WebIndia 123 |date=2000 |url=http://www.webindia123.com/himachal/economy/forest.htm }}</ref>

The government has created 33 [[Sanctuaries]], and five [[National Parks]]. Additional national parks sites are proposed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.himachaltourism.gov.in/ |title=Himachal Tourism Department |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324124730/http://himachaltourism.gov.in/ |archive-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Reforestation programs==
A [[World Bank]] assisted ''Social Forestry Project'' has been launched. The aim of the project is to plant more trees for [[fuel]], [[fodder]], and [[timber]] to meet the basic requirements of the local people, thus avoiding depletion of the [[old growth forest]]s. The deforested ''Kandi'' areas are also being [[afforestation|reafforested]] in another project financially assisted by the World Bank.

==Other programs==
An integrated ''water shed department'' project for [[Siwalik Hills|Shivaliks]] is also under construction.

==Fact and figures==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Forest Cover (1996-1997)
! Area
|-
| Reserved Forests
| 1896 km2.
|-
| Protected Forests
| 33123 km2.
|-
| Unclassed Forest
| 886 km2.
|-
| Other Forests
| 370 km2.
|-
| Forests not under control of Forest Department
| 758 km2.
|}

==Sanctuaries and National Parks==
Himachal Pradesh has five national parks and thirty-two wildlife sanctuaries, which are listed below:<ref name="WII-database">{{Cite web|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Himachal Pradesh |date=22 January 2014 |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/himachal_pradesh }}</ref>
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! [[Sanctuaries]] and [[National Parks]]
! [[Area]] (km2)
! Year of Notification
|-
| [[Great Himalayan National Park]]
| 905.4 (2010),<ref name="GHNP-2005">Sainj WLS and Tirthan WLS were merged into the Great Himalayan National Park in 2010. {{Cite web|title=Department Notification Number FFE-B-F(6)11/2005, Great Himalayan National Park |date=28 July 2010 |author=Department of Forest, Government of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas |url=http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/hp_great%20himalayan%20np.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111211435/http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/hp_great%20himalayan%20np.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref> originally 754.40<ref name="List-PA-2000">{{Cite web|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Himachal Pradesh |date=2000 |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_himachal.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041224084937/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_himachal.htm |archive-date=24 December 2004 |url-status=dead |df=dmy}}</ref>
| 1984
|-
| [[Inderkilla National Park]]
| 104
| 2010
|-
| [[Khirganga National Park]]
| 710
| 2010
|-
| [[Pin Valley National Park]]
| 675
| 1987
|-
|[[Simbalbara National Park]]
| 27.88 (2010), originally 19.03<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department Notification Number FFE-B-F(6)11/2005, Simbalbara National Park |date=28 July 2010 |author=Department of Forest, Government of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas |url=http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/hp_simbalbara%20np.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111221718/http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/hp_simbalbara%20np.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref>
| 1958<ref name="List-PA-2000" />
|-
| [[Bandli Sanctuary|Bandli Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|41.32
|1974
|-
| [[Chail sanctuary|Chail Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 108.54
| 1976
|-
| [[Churdhar sanctuary|Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 56.15
| 1985
|-
| [[Daranghati sanctuary|Daranghati Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 167.00
| 1974
|-
| [[Darlaghat Sanctuary|Darlaghat Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|6.00
|1974
|-
|[[Dhauladhar Sanctuary|Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|943.98
|1994
|-
|[[Gamgul Siahbehi Sanctuary|Gamgul Siahbehi Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|108.85
|1974
|-
|[[Govind Sagar Sanctuary|Govind Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|100.34
|1962
|-
|[[Kais Sanctuary|Kais Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|14.19
|1954
|-
|[[Kalatop Khajjiar sanctuary|Kalatop Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 30.69
| 1949
|-
|[[Kanwar sanctuary|Kanwar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 61.57
| 1954
|-
|[[Khokhan Sanctuary|Khokhan Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|14.05
|1954
|-
|[[Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|2220.12
|1992
|-
|[[Kugti Sanctuary|Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|378.86
|1962
|-
|[[Lippa Asrang Sanctuary|Lippa Asrang Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|349 (2002), originally 30.89<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department Notification Number FFE-B-F(6)-2/99-II, Lipa Asrang Wild Life Sanctuary |date=16 March 2002 |author=Department of Forests, Government of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/images/himachalpradesh/LippaAsrangWLS.pdf }}</ref>
|1962
|-
|[[Maharana Pratap Sagar sanctuary|Maharana Pratap Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 3207.29
| 1983
|-
|[[Majthal sanctuary|Majthal Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 40.00
| 1974
|-
|[[Manali sanctuary|Manali Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 31.80
| 1954
|-
|[[Naina Devi Sanctuary|Naina Devi Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|123.00
|1962
|-
|[[Nargu Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|278.37
|1974
|-
|[[Raksham-Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary]] formerly Sangla Wildlife Sanctuary<ref name="R-Ch-2001">Sangla Wildlife Sanctuary was renamed and decreased in size in 2001. {{Cite web|title=Department Notification Number FFE-B-F(6)2199-II, Rakchham-Chhitkul Wildlife Sanctuary |date=7 September 2001 |author=Department of Forest, Government of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas |url=http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/hp_raksham%20chitkul%20(sangla)%20valley%20wls.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111202058/http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/hp_raksham%20chitkul%20(sangla)%20valley%20wls.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref>
|304 (2001),<ref name="WII-database" /><ref name="R-Ch-2001" /> originally 650<ref name="List-PA-2000" />
|1989
|-
|[[Renuka sanctuary|Renuka Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 4.02
| 1964
|-
|[[Rupi Bhaba Sanctuary|Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|269.00
|1982
|-
|Sainj Wildlife Sanctuary (merged into Great Himalayan National Park in 2010)<ref name="GHNP-2005" />
|90.00
|1994<ref name="List-PA-2000" />
|-
|[[Sechu Tuan Nala Sanctuary|Sechu Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|102.95
|1974
|-
|[[Shikari devi Sanctuary|Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|72.00
|1974
|-
|[[Shilli Sanctuary|Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|2.13
|1974
|-
|[[Shimla Water Catchment Sanctuary|Shimla Water Catchment Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|10.25
|1958
|-
|[[Talra Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|26.00
|1962
|-
|[[Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary]] (merged into Great Himalayan National Park in 2010)<ref name="GHNP-2005" />
|61
|1994<ref name="List-PA-2000" />
|-
|[[Tundah Sanctuary|Tundah Wildlife Sanctuary]]
|64
|1962
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Barking Deer.JPG|Barking deer (HP wildlife)
Image:White leopard.JPG|Snow Leopard (HP wildlife)
Image:Deerincage356.JPG|Deer (Kufri, nature park)
</gallery>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070115021800/http://himachaltourism.nic.in/ himachaltourism.nic.in]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190315050915/http://www.hptdc.gov.in/ hptdc.gov.in]

{{Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Geo HP}}
{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}

[[Category:Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Lists of protected areas of India|H]]
[[Category:Environment of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh|Protected areas]]

M. E. Grant Duff

2026-01-11T12:33:50Z

ReinaSligo4: clean up

{{Short description|Scottish politician, administrator and author (1829–1906)}}
{{for|the earlier Governor of Bombay|Mountstuart Elphinstone}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|CIE|FRS|size=100%}}
| image = Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff.jpg
| order1 = [[Governor of Madras Presidency]]
| term_start1 = 5 November 1881
| term_end1 = 8 December 1886
| governor_general1 = [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|The Marquess of Ripon]], [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|The Earl of Dufferin]]
| predecessor1 = [[William Huddleston (colonial administrator)|William Huddleston]] (acting)
| successor1 = [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara|Robert Bourke]]
| order2 = [[Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| term_start2 = 23 April 1880
| term_end2 = 26 June 1881
| monarch2 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| primeminister2 = [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
| predecessor2 = [[George Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan|The Earl Cadogan]]
| successor2 = [[Leonard Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith|Leonard Courtney]]
| order3 = [[Under-Secretary of State for India]]
| term_start3 = 8 December 1868
| term_end3 = 17 February 1874
| monarch3 = Queen Victoria
| primeminister3 = [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
| predecessor3 = [[Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 20th Baron Clinton|The Lord Clinton]]
| successor3 = [[Lord George Hamilton]]
| constituency_MP4 = [[Elgin Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Elgin Burghs]]
| term_start4 = 1857
| term_end4 = 1881
| predecessor4 = [[George Skene Duff]]
| successor4 = [[Alexander Asher]]
| monarch4 = Victoria
| birth_name = Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1829|2|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Eden, [[Aberdeenshire]], Scotland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1906|1|12|1829|2|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], London, England
| nationality = Scottish
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
| spouse = Anna Julia Webster
| children = 8, including [[Claire Annabel Caroline Grant Duff|Claire Grant Duff]]
| parents = [[James Grant Duff]] Jane Ainslie
}}
'''Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|CIE|PC|FRS|sep=,|size=100}} (21 February 1829 – 12 January 1906), known as '''M. E. Grant Duff''' before 1887 and as '''Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff''' thereafter, was a Scottish politician, administrator and author. He served as the [[Under-Secretary of State for India|under-secretary of state for India]] from 1868 to 1874, [[Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies|under-secretary of state for the colonies]] from 1880 to 1881 and the [[governor of Madras]] from 1881 to 1886.

The son of the distinguished British historian [[James Grant Duff]], he was educated at [[The Grange School, Sunderland|Grange School]] and [[Balliol College, Oxford]], before being called to the English bar. He practised and taught law for a short time before starting a political life and entering the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] as the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] Member of Parliament for [[Elgin Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Elgin Burghs]].

His abilities won him government positions and he was [[Under-Secretary of State for India]], [[Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies]] and [[Governor of Madras]]. His performance in politics and administration has received mixed reviews during the 1880s: "a politician of brilliant promise and scant performance, of wide information which he seemed to turn to much account, of abilities which would have made the fortunes of half a dozen men and of which he made little enough."<ref>J McCarthy, England, (2009), Bibliobooks reprint</ref>

On his return from Madras, he retired from politics and served in various art and scientific societies, before his death in 1906.

==Early life and education==
Duff was born in Eden, [[Banff, Banffshire]] on 21 February 1829, the elder son of [[James Grant Duff]], an East India Company army officer who administered the princely state of [[Satara State|Satara]] [[Bombay Presidency]], and his wife Jane Catherine, daughter of Sir [[Whitelaw Ainslie]].<ref name="dnbp150">{{cite DNB12|wstitle=Grant Duff, Mountstuart Elphinstone|volume=2|ISBN=978-1-4021-7063-8 |pages=150–151}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Middleton |first=Alex |date=2025 |title=M. E. Grant Duff, Philosophic Liberalism and the Global Liberal Cause |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-229X.70061 |journal=History |language=en |doi=10.1111/1468-229X.70061 |issn=1468-229X|doi-access=free }}</ref> He was named after [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], a governor of Bombay.<ref name=":0" /> He had his schooling at [[Edinburgh Academy]] and [[The Grange School, Sunderland|Grange School]] and at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], from 1847 to 1850.<ref name="dnbp150"/> He became a MA in 1853.<ref name="dnbp150"/> During these years he experienced problems with his vision, and for the rest of his life he relied on the sight of others.

He studied law at the [[Inns of Court]] and passed with honours, ranked only behind [[James Fitzjames Stephen]].<ref name="dnbp150"/> He was called to the bar at [[Inner Temple]], London on 17 November 1854<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1776435 George Taubman Goldie, "Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, P. C., G. C. S. I., F. R. S.", ''The Geographical Journal,'' Vol. 27, No. 3 (Mar., 1906), pp. 306-308]</ref> and practised as a junior under [[William Field, 1st Baron Field|William (later Mr Justice) Field]].<ref name="dnbp150"/> During this time he lectured at the Working Men's College and wrote for the ''Saturday Review''.<ref name="dnbp150"/> Soon afterwards, he entered politics and joined the Liberal Party.

==Political career==
In the 1857 election he was elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] as the Liberal Party's candidate for [[Elgin Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Elgin Burghs]], holding the seat without interruption until 1881.<ref name="dnbp150"/> He was returned unopposed at every election except in 1880, when he easily defeated a Conservative candidate. Every year from 1860, Stuart delivered an elaborate speech to his constituents, many of which were collected and reprinted, often on foreign affairs.

As an MP, Duff was mainly concerned with foreign policy, a subject on which he became known as an authority. He travelled widely, wrote extensively, and met with many of Europe's leading personalities. In 1866, he was elected rector of the University of Aberdeen, holding the post until 1872.

In 1868, [[William Ewart Gladstone]] appointed Duff [[Under-Secretary of State for India]] under the Duke of Argyll.<ref name="dilkep385">{{cite book|title=The Life of the Rt. Hon. Sir Charles W. Dilke, Volume 1|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|author=Stephen Lucius Gwynn|year=2009|isbn=978-0-559-13101-1 |page=385}}</ref> Duff held the office until the government was defeated in 1874. He worked well with the secretary of state Argyll; their relationship was described by Duthie as 'rather deliberately obedient to Argyll; and always in agreement with him on policy'.

When Gladstone came back to power in 1880, Grant Duff was appointed [[Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies]] and sworn of the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]].<ref name="dnbp150"/><ref name="dilkep385"/> He served until 26 June 1881, when he was appointed [[Governor of Madras]].<ref name="dnbp150"/><ref name="nytimes_appointment">{{cite news|title=Affairs in Foreign Lands|date=13 April 1880|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/04/14/98895428.pdf|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

== Governor of Madras ==
He was captivated by the beach at [[Madras]] on an earlier visit to the city.<ref name="beach_thehindu">{{cite news|title=the second longest beach|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/21/stories/2002082100220300.htm|author=S. Muthiah|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 August 2002|access-date=12 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819014536/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/21/stories/2002082100220300.htm|archive-date=19 August 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="tercentenary">{{cite book | title=Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume| last=Tercentenary Madras Staff| year=1939| publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford Press|pages=271–273}}</ref> As a result, when he became governor in 1881 he immediately commenced the construction of a promenade along the beach.<ref name="beach_thehindu"/> The beach was extensively modified and layered with soft sand and was named "[[Marina beach|The Marina]]".<ref name="beach_thehindu"/> The promenade was opened to the public in 1884.<ref name="beach_thehindu"/>

On the naming of the beach, Grant Duff explained in a letter:

{{Quotation|We have greatly benefitted Madras by turning the rather dismal beach of five years ago into one of the most beautiful promenades in the world. From old Sicilian recollections, I gave in 1884 to our new creation the name of Marina; and I was not a little amused when walking there last winter with the Italian General Saletta, he suddenly said to me 'On se dirai a Palerme'.<ref name="tercentenary"/>}}

In 1864, several specimens of a yellow flowering ''[[Iris (plant)|iris]]'' were collected by Mr. B. T. Lowne on the banks of the river [[Kishon River|Kishon]] in [[Israel]]. It was later found by Grant Duff on the plains of Esdraelon ([[Jezreel Valley]]).<ref name=israelflowers>{{cite web |title=Iris grant-duffii, Iris melanosticta |url=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Irisgrant-duffii_page.htm |publisher=flowersinisrael.com |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=D. |last=Kramb |date=6 September 2004 |title=Iris grant-duffii |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-grant-duffii |publisher=signa.org |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> The iris was then named after him, ''[[Iris grant-duffii]]''.<ref>{{cite web|first=Herbert |last=Maxwell |title=Memories of the months, being pages from the notebook of a field-naturalist and antiquary (Volume 1) online |page=114 |url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/herbert-maxwell/memories-of-the-months-being-pages-from-the-notebook-of-a-field-naturalist-and--hci-989/page-6-memories-of-the-months-being-pages-from-the-notebook-of-a-field-naturalist-and--hci-989.shtml |publisher=ebooksread.com |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref>

He was a strong supporter of [[Dietrich Brandis]] in his reorganization of the [[Madras Forest Department]] and expansion of [[Sustainable forest management|systematic forest]] [[Nature conservation|conservancy]] in India.<ref name="IF">
{{cite book
|last=Oliver
|first=J.W.
|title=The Indian Forester
|publisher=R. P. Sharma, Business Manager, Indian Forester
|location=Allahabad|year=1901
|edition=Original from Harvard University, Digitized 4 April 2008
|volume= v.27|pages=616–617
|chapter=Forestry in India
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U8YAAAAYAAJ&q=Sir+M.+Grant+Duff+indian+forester&pg=PA616
}}</ref>

His tenure was filled with a number of controversies and allegations of partisan behaviour and injustice. He was sharply criticised for the way he handled the [[Chingleput Ryots' Case]] and the arrests and trials following the [[Salem riots of 1882]]. ''[[The Hindu]]'' accused him of indulging in vindictive and vengeful behaviour. In one of the articles, he was criticised thus: "Oh! Lucifer! How art thou fallen? Oh! Mr Grant-Duff, how you stand like an extinct volcano in the midst of the ruins of your abortive reputation as an administrator! Erudite you may be, but a statesman you are not."<ref name="thehindu_willingtostrike">{{cite news|title=WILLING TO STRIKE AND NOT RELUCTANT TO WOUND |url=http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091300770200.htm |date=13 September 2003 |author=S. Muthiah |work=[[The Hindu]] |author-link=S. Muthiah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107181430/http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091300770200.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref> He was also accused of deliberately nurturing a movement against [[Brahmins]].<ref name="southindiap239">{{cite book|title=Dialogue and history: constructing South India, 1795-1895|page=239|author=Eugène F. Irschick|publisher=University of California Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-520-08405-6}}</ref>

However, [[Louis Mallet]], the then Under-Secretary of State for India, was all praise for him. On receipt of his last minute as governor, Mallett said, "I doubt whether any governor has left behind so able and so complete a record".<ref name="dnbp150"/>

[[Wilfrid Scawen Blunt|W. S. Blunt]], the British publicist, who visited Madras in November 1884, said of Grant Duff:

{{Quotation|"And Mr. Grant Duff?", I asked a friend. "We consider him", he said "a failure. He came out as Governor of Madras with great expectations, and we find him feeble, sickly, unable to do his work himself, and wholly in the hands of the permanent officials. The Duke of Buckingham, of whom we expected less, did much more, and much better." I found this opinion of Grant Duff a general one among the natives. Though a clever man, he had spent all his life in the confined atmosphere of the House of Commons, and was quite unable to deal with a state of society so strange to him as that which he found in India<ref name="tercentenary"/>}}

The [[Madras Mahajana Sabha]] was established in 1884 with [[P. Rangaiah Naidu]] as its president and [[R. Balaji Rao]] as its vice-president.<ref name="vocp1516">{{cite book|title=V.O. Chidambaram Pillai: Builders of modern India|url=https://archive.org/details/vochidambarampil00samp|pages=[https://archive.org/details/vochidambarampil00samp/page/15 15–16]|author=R. N. Sampath |author2=Pe. Cu Maṇi |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=1992}}</ref> This is considered to be one of the oldest Indian political organisations in the [[Madras Presidency]], notwithstanding the [[Madras Native Association]], which was a failure. Members of the Madras Mahajana Sabha played a pivotal role in corresponding with Indian associations in other provinces and forming the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885. The Indian National Congress held its first session at [[Bombay]] in December 1885, attended by 72 delegates including 22 from the Madras Presidency. Grant Duff was made a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1881 and a [[Order of the Star of India|Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] in March 1887. In July 1886, Gladstone tried to get a [[peerage]] for him but failed.

On an official visit to [[Rome]] a few years after the conclusion of his tenure, Grant Duff records that the Speaker of the [[Italian Parliament]] [[Biancheri (Italian Parliament)|Biancheri]] inquired about the size of the province that Grant Duff had governed.<ref name="thurstomp7">{{cite book|title=Provincial Geographies of India: The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and Associated States|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|author-link=Edgar Thurston|publisher=Cambridge University|year=1913|page=7}}</ref> On receiving the reply that the province was 'larger than Italy, including all the Italian islands', Biancheri astonishedly asked "What an empire is that, in which such a country is only a province?".<ref name="thurstomp7"/>

==Later life==
On his return to England in 1887, he devoted himself to the arts and sciences. He was Lord Rector of [[University of Aberdeen]] in 1866–1872. He was member of the ''Athenaeum'', the [[Cosmopolitan Club (London)|Cosmopolitan Club]], Literary Society, Grillion's Club, Breakfast Club, and the [[Roxburghe Club]], and was the president of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] from 1889 to 1893 and of the [[Royal Historical Society]] from 1892 to 1899.<ref name="dnbp150"/> He was treasurer of the exclusive dining club known as [[The Club (dining club)|The Club]] from 1893.<ref name="dnbp150"/> He was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1881, and was appointed a trustee of the [[British Museum]] in 1903.<ref name="dnbp150"/>

He was Chairman of the Liberty and Property Defence League, established to curb socialist tendencies in the Liberal Party.

==Personal life==
In April 1859 he married Anna Julia Webster; they had four sons and four daughters, including:
* [[Annabel Huth Jackson|Clare Annabel Caroline]] (1870–1944), wife of the financier [[Frederick Huth Jackson]].
*Evelyn Mountstuart Grant Duff, who married in March 1903 Edith Florence Bonham, daughter of [[George Francis Bonham|Sir George Francis Bonham, 2nd Baronet]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Marriages|date=30 March 1900 |page=1 |issue=36103}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel [[Adrian Grant-Duff]], CB (1869–1914),<ref>H. C. G. Matthew, 'Duff, Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant- (1829–1906)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004</ref> colonel of the Black Watch, was killed at the [[First Battle of the Aisne]] in September 1914. Adrian's daughter was [[Shiela Grant Duff]] while his son, Neill, was killed at Houdetot near St Valery-en-Caux France in 1940 whilst serving with the Black Watch.

He died in his home in Chelsea, London in January 1906, aged 76,<ref name="obituary_nytimes">{{cite news|title=Sir Grant Duff dead|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/01/13/101762570.pdf|date=12 January 1906|work=The New York Times}}</ref> and was buried in Elgin Cathedral, Scotland.

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = '''Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff'''
| 2 = James Cunningham Grant Duff of Eden
| 3 = Jane Catharine Ainslie
| 4 = John Grant of Kincardine O'Neill
| 5 = Margaret Miln Duff
| 6 = Sir Whitelaw Ainslie K.B., M.D
| 7 = Mary Cunninghame
| 8 = James Grant
| 9 = Margaret Stewart of Bonkyl
| 10= James Miln Duff
| 11= Jean Gordon
| 12= Robert Ainslie of Darnchester
| 13= Katherine Whitelaw of Whitelaw
| 14= James Cunninghame of Balbogie
| 15= Jean Ogilvy
| 16=
| 17=
| 18=
| 19=
| 20= George Miln
| 21= Margaret Duff of Corsindae
| 22= William Gordon, fourth & last of Farskane
| 23= Margaret Duff of Crombie
| 24= Robert Ainslie of Rowallen
| 25= Magdeline Elliot of Woolie
| 26= John Whitelaw of Whitelaw
| 27= Rachel Stirling
| 28=
| 29=
| 30= George Stirling of Carnock
| 31= Janet Hamilton of Preston
}}

== Works ==
* {{cite book|title=Studies in European Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesineurope01duffgoog|publisher=Edmonston and Douglas|year=1866|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff}} ([[iarchive:studiesineuropea00granrich|Scan]])
* {{cite book|title= Elgin Speeches|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff|publisher=1871}} ([[iarchive:elginspeeches00granuoft|Scan]])
* {{cite book|title=Notes of an Indian journey|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282504|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff|year=1876|publisher=[[Macmillan and Company]]}} ([[iarchive:notesofindianjou00gran|Scan]])
* {{cite book|title=[[Ernest Renan]]: In memoriam|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff|year=1893|publisher=Macmillan and Company}} ([[iarchive:ernestrenaninmem00granuoft|Scan]])
* ''Notes from a diary''. London: John Murray. - [[iarchive:notesfromadiary25duffgoog|(1851-1872):1]] [[iarchive:notesfromdiary1802granuoft|2]] - [[iarchive:notesfromadiary05duffgoog|(1873-1881):1]] [[iarchive:notesfromadiary29duffgoog|2]] - [[iarchive:notesfromadiary20duffgoog|(1881-1886):1]] [[iarchive:notesfromadiary21duffgoog|2]] - [[iarchive:notesfromadiary09duffgoog|(1886-1888):1]] [[iarchive:notesfromadiary12duffgoog|2]] - [[iarchive:notesfromadiary04duffgoog|(1889-1891):1]] [[iarchive:notesfromadiary08duffgoog|2]] - [[iarchive:notesfromadiary32duffgoog|(1892-1895):1]] [[iarchive:notesfromadiary06duffgoog|2]] - [[iarchive:notesfromdiary01gran|(1896-1901):1]] [[iarchive:notesfromdiary02gran|2]]
* {{cite book|title=A Political Survey|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023000999|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff|date=1868 }} ([[iarchive:politicalsurvey00gran|Scan]])
* {{cite book|title=Out of the past. Some biographical essays.|url=https://archive.org/details/outpastsomebiog00duffgoog|year=1903|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff}} [[iarchive:outpastsomebiog01duffgoog|volume 1]] [[iarchive:outpastsomebiog02duffgoog|volume 2]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{cite book|title=Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101033518/}}
*{{cite book |first=Anne |last=Fremantle |title=Three-Cornered Heart |url=https://archive.org/details/threecorneredhea00frem |url-access=registration |place=London |date=1971|isbn=978-0-670-70696-9 }}

== External links ==
{{wikisource|Author:Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff|Works of Grant Duff}}
{{wikisource|The Times/1906/Obituary/Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff|Obituary from ''The Times'' (transcript)}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-mountstuart-duff | M. E. Grant Duff }}
* {{UK National Archives ID}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Elgin Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Elgin Burghs]]
| years = [[1857 United Kingdom general election|1857]]–[[July 1881 Elgin Burghs by-election|1881]]
| before = [[George Skene Duff]]
| after = [[Alexander Asher]]
}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=[[Under-Secretary of State for India]] | before=[[Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 20th Baron Clinton|The Lord Clinton]] | after=[[Lord George Hamilton]] | years=1868–1874}}
{{succession box | title=[[Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies]] | before=[[George Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan|The Earl Cadogan]] | after=[[Leonard Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith|Leonard Courtney]] | years=1880–1881}}
{{succession box|title=[[Governor of Madras]]|years=1881–1886|before=[[William Huddleston (colonial administrator)|William Huddleston]]|after=[[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara|Robert Bourke]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box|title=[[Rector of the University of Aberdeen]]|before=[[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|The Earl Russell]]|after=[[Thomas Henry Huxley]]|years=1866–1872}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare|The Lord Aberdare]]|
title=[[Royal Historical Society|President of the Royal Historical Society]] |
years=1891–1899|
after=[[Adolphus William Ward|Sir Adolphus William Ward]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{RGSPresidents}}
{{Presidents of the Royal Historical Society}}
{{Rectors of the University of Aberdeen}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grant Duff, Mountstuart Elphinstone}}
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1857–1859]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1859–1865]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1865–1868]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1868–1874]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1874–1880]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1880–1885]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Historical Society]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:People from Banffshire]]

Raidurg

2025-12-18T06:51:24Z

ReinaSligo4: Done

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raidurgam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Raidurg, Hyderabad, Telangana State.jpg
| photo2a = Sattva Knowledge Park Hyderabad Telanagana.jpg
| size = 280
| color = white
}}
| image_caption = From top: Raidurg view at night, Sattva Knowledge Park
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500062
| coordinates = {{coord|17|25|22|N|78|22|55|E}}
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Shamshabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad Urban Development Authority|HUDA]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raidurg''' or '''Raidurgam''' is a neighbourhood in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is close to [[HITEC City]] and is part of the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority|HMDA]].<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://telanganatoday.com/rs-88000-per-yard-at-raidurg-in-hyderabad Rs 88,000 per yard at Raidurg in Hyderabad]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=P. Madhusudhan |date=2018-05-31 |title=Land prices zoom 20 per cent across Telangana |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-05-31/Land-prices-zoom-20-per-cent-across-Telangana/385495 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=S. Bachan Jeet |date=2018-03-20 |title=Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority to invest in metro rail to Rajiv Gandhi International Airport |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/Mar/20/hyderabad-metropolitan-development-authority-to-invest-in-metro-rail-to-rajiv-gandhi-international-a-1789689.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Salarpuria Sattva Knowledge City, [[T-Hub]] and [[T-Works]] are prominent buildings in its vicinity. In March 2023, [[Telangana High Court]] passed judgement that {{convert|84|acre|km2|adj=on}} on survey number 46 of Raidurg village, Serilingampally mandal is state government land.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/84-acres-in-raidurg-village-is-govt-land-telangana-hc/articleshow/98982685.cms|title=84 acres in Raidurg village is govt land: Telangana HC|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/sep/27/telangana-hc-refuses-to-reconsider-decision-in-raidurg-land-case-2502319.html|title=Telangana HC refuses to reconsider decision in Raidurg land case|date=27 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/dismiss-plea-on-84-acre-raidurg-land-t-to-hc/articleshow/90694772.cms|title=Dismiss plea on 84-acre Raidurg land: Telangana govt to HC|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/t-fighting-to-reclaim-30k-crore-govt-land-from-sharks-clutches/articleshow/92941975.cms|title=Telangana fighting to reclaim Rs 30,000 crore government land from sharks' clutches|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/state-govt-sweats-it-out-in-courts-to-reclaim-9k-acres/articleshow/88640695.cms|title=Telangana govt sweats it out in courts to reclaim 9,000 acres|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 January 2022 }}</ref> Several of the [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad|tallest buildings in Hyderabad]] are located in Raidurg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad secures second position in office leasing in 2024, reaches 13.1 million sq ft of gross absorption |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/hyderabad-secures-second-position-in-office-leasing-in-2024-reaches-131-million-sq-ft-of-gross-absorption-3424625 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

Tools dating to the [[Neolithic period]] (6000 years old) have been discovered underneath the natural rock formation at BN Reddy Hills at Raidurg.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/in-a-first-for-hyd-6000-yr-old-neolithic-tools-found-in-raidurg/articleshow/100388636.cms|title=In a first for Hyderabad, 6,000-year-old neolithic tools found in Raidurg|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/neolithic-tool-find-pushes-back-hyderabads-history/article66874107.ece|title=Neolithic tool find pushes back Hyderabad's history|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 May 2023 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Mindspace underpass Raidurg.jpg|thumb|215px|left|Mindspace underpass]]
It has good connectivity of buses by [[TSRTC]]. The suburb is part of the [[Hyderabad Metro]] rail line via the [[Raidurg metro station|Raidurgam metro station]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/metro-red-line-to-get-green-signal-by-july-end-says-kt-rama-rao/articleshow/64594886.cms Metro: Metro Red Line to get green signal by July-end, says KT Rama Rao | Hyderabad News - Times of India]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/spv-formed-to-extend-metro-from-raidurg-to-hyderabad-airport/articleshow/63459447.cms raidurg: SPV formed to extend Metro from Raidurg to Hyderabad airport | Hyderabad News - Times of India]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hyderabad district, India]]

Lasalgaon onion

2025-11-30T09:24:14Z

ReinaSligo4: Put up new stub

{{Short description|Type of onion variety from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name =Lasalgaon onion (लासलगाव कांदा)
| image =Lasalgaon Manganga Gulabi Onions freshly plucked from a field.jpg
| alt =Lasalgaon Manganga Gulabi Onions freshly plucked from a field
| caption = Lasalgaon Manganga Gulabi Onions freshly plucked from a field
| alternative names =Niphad red, Nashik red, Lasalgaon Light Red
| description =Lasalgaon onion is a red onion variety in [[Maharashtra]]
| type =[[onion]]
| area = Lasalgaon
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 31 March 2016
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/491|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Lasalgaon onion''' is a variety of [[red onion]] grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Onions sell at record price of Rs 130 per kg in wholesale market in Lasalgaon; rates to go up even further, caution traders |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/onions-sell-at-record-price-of-rs-130-per-kg-in-wholesale-market-in-lasalgaon-rates-to-go-up-even-further-caution-traders-7737461.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=Firstpost |date=4 December 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in [[Lasalgaon]] located in the [[Niphad|Niphad taluka]] of the [[Nashik district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Onion shortage: Here's why farmers gained little from record price rise |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/onion-shortage-here-s-why-farmers-gained-little-from-record-price-rise-119121101426_1.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |agency=Business Standard}}</ref> Lasalgaon has the largest onion market in India and the [[Asia|Asian continent]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lasalgaon onion market sets aside 74-yr-old belief to recover Covid losses, keeps business open on Amavasya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/lasalgaon-onion-market-covid-losses-7353693/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Pandit |first1=Vinaya Deshpande |title=Onion export duty slash: Mixed reactions in India's largest onion producing State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/onion-export-duty-slash-mixed-reactions-in-indias-largest-onion-producing-state/article68643014.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=5 December 2024 |language=en-IN |date=14 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Onion farmers content as prices up ahead of Maharashtra polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/onion-farmers-content-as-prices-up-ahead-of-maharashtra-polls-101731174572064.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/money/other/onion-export-ban-withdrawal-too-late-lasalgaon-farmers-traders/ar-BB1mpos4?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=www.msn.com}}</ref> Significantly, the Lasalgaon onion market rate serves as a benchmark, influencing onion prices across the Asian market.<ref>{{cite news |title=Onion prices rise in Lasalgaon wholesale market after scrapping of MEP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/agriculture/onion-prices-rise-in-lasalgaon-wholesale-market-after-scrapping-of-mep-124091400707_1.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |agency=Business Standard Private Ltd}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Lasalgaon onion".<ref name=":0" />

==Name==
Lasalgaon is a prominent hub for onion cultivation and thus the onion's name is derived from this town, with 99% of its agricultural area dedicated to this crop, engaging over 1,000 farmers. The region's onion market is equally impressive, handling approximately 2.5 lakh tonnes of onions annually. This variety is also known by other names, including Niphad red and Nashik red.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wazir |first1=Ravi |title=Beyond the Menu: A Restaurant Start-up Guide: Launching and Managing a Profitable Restaurant |date=20 June 2024 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-19792-23-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21UWEQAAQBAJ&dq=Lasalgaon+onion+black+soil&pg=PT97 |access-date=5 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Local name===
It is known locally as "Lasalgaon Kanda" (लासलगाव कांदा). The word "Kanda" means onion in the local state language of [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanda Bajarbhav : लासलगाव-निफाड मार्केटमधील उन्हाळ कांदा बाजारभाव, जाणून घ्या सविस्तर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/agriculture/market-yard/latest-news-kanda-bajarbhav-summer-onion-market-price-in-lasalgaon-niphad-market-know-in-detail-a-a993/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=Lokmat |date=22 September 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>

==Description==
List of characteristics and facts about Lasalgaon onion:<ref>{{cite web |title=Lasalgaon Onion |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/491 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

===Characteristics===
* Light red color with strong pungent taste
* High percentage of Sulphur in the soil<ref>{{cite news |title=8 Unique GI Tagged Foods In Maharashtra You Should Try |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/news/8-unique-gi-tagged-foods-in-maharashtra-you-should-try-article-111218540 |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=Times Now |date=24 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Larger bulb size (4–6 cm diameter)<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical indications of vegetables in india |url=https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IndHort/article/download/105392/41266/272934 |website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> with 16-17 layers of outer dried intact scales
* High total soluble sugar content (13°Brix) and high dry matter content (17.67-17.27%)
* Long storage life (8–9 months)

===Uses===
* Used in direct consumption or mixed with other vegetables and soups
* Used as a condiment and flavoring agent
* Made into [[sauce]], [[ketchup]], and [[chutney]]
* Exported as dried onion chips and powder
* Rich in vitamins B and C, and minerals Ca and Fe
* Medicinal properties for treating ear aches, colic pain, and more<ref>{{cite news |title=Agriculture department starts Geographical Indication process for Lasalgaon onions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/agriculture-department-starts-geographical-indication-process-for-lasalgaon-onions/articleshow/45486543.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

===Cultivation===
* Onion production typically occurs in three seasons: [[Kharif crop|Kharif]] (May–July to Oct-Dec.), Late-Kharif (Aug-Sep. to Jan-Mar), and [[Rabi crop|Rabi]] (Oct-Nov. to April–June).<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Kharif onion cultivation doubles in Nashik dist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/kharif-onion-cultivation-doubles-in-nashik-dist/articleshow/113576331.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=22 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why onion prices have crashed in Lasalgaon wholesale market |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-onion-prices-have-crashed-in-lasalgaon-wholesale-market-8470045/#:~:text=Farmers%20grow%20three%20crops%20in,from%20a%20bunching%20of%20arrivals. |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* The Lasalgaon Light Red variety is specifically cultivated during the Rabi season, which spans from October to March.
* Lasalgaon has a well-established market with many traders and a railway station, facilitating efficient marketing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railways to provide more rakes for onion transportation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/central-railway-boosts-onion-transportation-with-increased-rakes/articleshow/113557099.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2024}}</ref> The region's traditional method of onion storage (chawl) and cultivation practices have been passed down through generations.

===Soil and Climate===
* The [[Black Soil|black soil]] of Lasalgaon has a unique composition, with high [[alumina]], carbonates of [[calcium]] and [[magnesium]], and variable amounts of [[potash]]. The soil pH ranges from 6–8, making it mildly to moderately alkaline. The high [[Sulfur|sulphur]] content in the soil contributes to the onion's pungent taste.

===Storage facilities===
* [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)]] has established a specialized cold storage facility for onions at Krushak, the irradiation centre in Lasalgaon, Nashik in December 2023. This facility boasts a storage capacity of 250 tonnes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Onion cold storage facility at Lasalgaon irradiation plant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/onion-cold-storage-facility-at-lasalgaon-irradiation-plant/articleshow/105871900.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

===Exports===
* The export of Lasalgaon onions is driven by strong demand from countries such as [[Singapore]], [[The United Arab Emirates|The United Arab Emirates (UAE)]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Maldives]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign currencies from onion export dip 41% in last fiscal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/impact-of-centres-ban-on-onion-export-41-dip-in-foreign-currency-earnings/articleshow/111046426.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

==Photo Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Closeup of the onion cultivation in a field crop.jpg|Closeup of the onion cultivation in a field crop
File:Onion cultivation in a field.jpg|Onion cultivation in a field
File:Landscape view of onion cultivation at Lasalgaon.jpg|Landscape view of onion cultivation at Lasalgaon
File:Closeup view of onion collection.jpg|Closeup view of onion collection
</gallery>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 31 March 2016 and is valid until 28 November 2031.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Lasalgaon onion |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/491 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Niharika Sahoo |title=Geographical Indication Protection in India: The Evolving Paradigm |date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-4296-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdiIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Lasalgaon+onion+GI&pg=PA210 |access-date=5 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Baliraja Shetkari Gat from Lasalgaon, proposed the GI registration of Lasalgaon onion. After filing the application in November 2021, the Onion was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Lasalgaon onion" exclusive to the Onion grown in the region. It thus became the second onion variety from India after [[Bangalore rose onion]] of [[Karnataka]] and the 17th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=GI seal set to make Lasalgaon's onions a brand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/gi-seal-set-to-make-lasalgaons-onions-a-brand/articleshow/51656584.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=2 April 2016}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the onion from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
* [[Alibag White onion]]
* [[Bangalore rose onion]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Allium}}

[[Category:Onion cultivars]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Onion varieties of India]]
[[Category:Onion production in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]

Sunit Kumar Singh

2025-11-20T19:37:24Z

ReinaSligo4: Stub

Indian Molecular Virologist
{{EngvarB|date = May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| alma_mater = [[University of Wuerzburg|University of Wuerzburg, Germany]]
| workplaces = [[IMS-BHU|Banaras Hindu University]]
| discipline = [[Biology]]
| sub_discipline = [[Molecular virology]]
| image = Sunit Singh-Samarth.jpg
| caption = Singh in November 2022
| image_size =
}}

'''Sunit Kumar Singh''' is an Indian [[Molecular Biologist|molecular]] [[Virology|virologist]] and [[professor]] of Molecular Immunology & Virology at the [[Banaras Hindu University|Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://new.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946#faculty-product-tab1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811174140/https://new.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946#faculty-product-tab1 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=new.bhu.ac.in}}</ref> Currently, he is the director of the [http://acbrdu.edu/ Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research] (ACBR), New Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Milan |date=2022-05-27 |title=Natural immunity, Smallpox vaccine: Easy to control Monkeypox virus, says experts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/natural-immunity-vaccine-smallpox-monkeypox-virus-experts-1954854-2022-05-27 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New study raises prospect of Zika virus therapy |url=https://ftp.vigyanprasar.gov.in/isw/New-study-raises-prospect-of-zika-virus-therapy.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research |url=http://acbrdu.edu/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=acbrdu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research |url=http://acbrdu.edu/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=acbrdu.edu}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Sunit Kumar Singh earned his PhD in 2005 from [[University of Würzburg|University of Wuerzburg]] in [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunit_K._Singh |url=https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/EXT00252/_temp_/Sunit__K._Singh.pdf }}</ref> Prof. Singh has been a scientist at [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB)]], [[Hyderabad]] from 2006 to 2014. Dr. Singh led a research group in the area of neurovirology and inflammation biology as a scientist at CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad. In 2014, he joined the Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India. Prof. Singh has been Head of the Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Science, BHU, Varanasi for more than eight years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref> In addition, he has been the Professor Incharge of Center of Experimental Medicine & Surgery at the Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi for about five years <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref> Prior to these, Prof. Singh has worked in research roles at [[University of California]], and [[Yale School of Medicine|School of Medicine, Yale University]].<ref name=":0"/> In March 2023, Prof. Singh has been appointed as the Director of the [http://acbrdu.edu/ Dr B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR)], New Delhi in year 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Pallavi |date=21 March 2023 |title=Prof Sunit K Singh gets appointed as Director of Dr B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research |url=https://www.shiksha.com/news/medicine-health-sciences-prof-sunit-k-singh-gets-appointed-as-director-of-dr-b-r-ambedkar-center-for-biomedical-research-blogId-119025 }}</ref> In addition, Prof. Singh is also the Director of the Delhi School of Public Health (DSPH),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Sunit K. Singh – Institution of Eminence |url=https://www.ioe.du.ac.in/?page_id=10524 |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Institution of Eminence, [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]].

== Awards ==
{{Primary sources|section|date=May 2023}}
Sunit K. Singh, received many awards and fellowships for his contribution in the area of virology. Prof. Singh has been quite active in disseminating the right information to the society during various virus outbreaks such as: SARS-CoV2 and Monkeypox outbreaks as a part of his public outreach activity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunit K Singh |first=The Conversation |title=Explained: What's the 'Delta plus' variant? And will Covid-19 vaccines work against it? |url=https://scroll.in/article/999282/explained-whats-the-delta-plus-variant-and-will-covid-19-vaccines-work-against-it |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Scroll.in |date=4 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=Is Deltacron a new COVID-19 variant? Here's what you need to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/coronavirus/story/is-deltacron-a-new-covid-19-variant-heres-what-you-need-to-know-318444-2022-01-10 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stealth Omicron: What is The Fast Spreading Omicron BA.2 Sub-Variant That Can Escape RT-PCR Test? |url=https://www.india.com/health/health-health/stealth-omicron-what-is-the-fast-spreading-omicron-ba-2-sub-variant-that-can-escape-rt-pcr-test-all-that-we-know-so-far-5201383/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Covid negative despite symptoms, being close to infected person? Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/rtpcr-test-negative-covid-infected-people-symptoms-omicron-1902589-2022-01-21 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=If I've already had Covid, do I need a vaccine? And how does the immune system respond? An expert explains |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/if-ive-already-had-covid-do-i-need-a-vaccine-and-how-does-the-immune-system-respond-an-expert-explains-2/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Covid variant 'Deltacron' detected in Cyprus? Here's what we know so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/new-covid-variant-claim-deltacron-cyprus-what-we-know-so-far-1898011-2022-01-09 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural immunity, Smallpox vaccine: Easy to control Monkeypox virus, says experts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/natural-immunity-vaccine-smallpox-monkeypox-virus-experts-1954854-2022-05-27 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

* Elected Fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (FAMS)[https://www.nams-india.in/]
* Elected Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] India (FNASc)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Home |url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.nasi.nic.in}}</ref>
* Elected [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] of Biology (FRSB)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Society of Biology |url=https://www.rsb.org.uk/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.rsb.org.uk}}</ref>
* Elected Fellow of Indian Academy of Neuroscience (FIANS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=:: INDIAN ACADEMY OF NEUROSCINECE IN INDIA :: |url=http://neuroscienceacademy.org.in/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=neuroscienceacademy.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=:: INDIAN ACADEMY OF NEUROSCINECE IN INDIA :: |url=http://neuroscienceacademy.org.in/ian_fellows.php |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=neuroscienceacademy.org.in}}</ref>
* Professor Sohail Ahmad Award' of Indian Academy of Biomedical Sciences<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Academy of Biomedical Sciences |url=https://www.iabs.in/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ICMR- Prof. B. K. Aikat Oration Award for Tropical Diseases<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=वाराणसी: आईएमएस बीएचयू के प्रो. सुनीत को मिलेगा आईसीएमआर का राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/ims-bhu-prof-sunit-kumar-singh-will-be-awarded-by-icmr-national-award |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Council of Medical Research {{!}} Government of India |url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=main.icmr.nic.in}}</ref>
* NAVBD-Molecular Biology Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Vector Borne Diseases |url=https://www.navbd.in/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.navbd.in}}</ref>
* ICMR-Chaturvedi Ghanshyam Das Jaigopal Memorial Award for Immunology<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Council of Medical Research {{!}} Government of India |url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=main.icmr.nic.in}}</ref>
* ICMR-Dr. J. B Srivastav Memorial Oration Award for Virology<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_2246?FA000946 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Council of Medical Research {{!}} Government of India |url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=main.icmr.nic.in}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Sunit K. Singh contributed to the area of neurovirology and inflammation biology. Prof. Singh has published his research findings in various international peer reviewed journals in the area of Molecular Virology. In addition to his original research publications in high impact factor peer reviewed journals, Prof. Singh has published many books in the area of Infectious Diseases such as: ''Neuroviral Infections-'' ''Vol-I and Vol-II'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/9780429173868/neuroviral-infections-daniel-ruzek-sunit-singh |title=Neuroviral Infections: Two Volume Set |year=2020 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4822-6056-4 |editor2=Daniel Ruzek |editor1=Sunit K. Singh |doi=10.1201/9780429173868}}</ref> ''Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers |url=https://www.routledge.com/Viral-Hemorrhagic-Fevers/Singh-Ruzek/p/book/9780367379797 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> ''Human Respiratory Viral Infections'' <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/b16778/human-respiratory-viral-infections-sunit-singh |title=Human Respiratory Viral Infections |year=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-10287-5 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Sunit K. |doi=10.1201/b16778}}</ref> by CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis group, USA, ''Neglected Tropical Diseases-South Asia'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-68493-2 |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases - South Asia |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-68492-5 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-68493-2 |s2cid=3961034 |editor1=Singh, Sunit K }}</ref> ''Defense Against Biological Attacks- Vol-I and Vol-II''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-03053-7 |title=Defense Against Biological Attacks |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-030-03052-0 |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Sunit K. |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-03053-7 |editor-last2=Kuhn |editor-first2=Jens H. |s2cid=88480831}}</ref> by Springer, USA;''Viral Infections and Global Change'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118297469 |title=Viral Infections and Global Change |date=2013-10-15 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-29787-2 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Sunit K. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118297469}}</ref> ''Human Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases- Vol-I and Vol-II'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, 2 Volume Set {{!}} Wiley |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-ie/Human+Emerging+and+Re+emerging+Infections%2C+2+Volume+Set-p-9781118644645 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Wiley.com |language=en-ie}}</ref> by Wiley Blackwell Publications, USA. Prof. Singh has been associated with many reputed peer reviewed International journals as Deputy Editor, Section Editor and Editorial Board Member. Prof. Singh contributed immensely in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of different neurotropic viruses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Utkarsh |last2=Singh |first2=Sunit K. |date=June 2023 |title=Zika virus NS1 suppresses VE-cadherin via hsa-miR-29b-3p/DNMT3b/MMP-9 pathway in human brain microvascular endothelial cells |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0898656823000736 |journal=Cellular Signalling |language=en |volume=106 |article-number=110659 |doi=10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110659 |pmid=36948479 |s2cid=257675351|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=Astha |last2=Rastogi |first2=Meghana |last3=Singh |first3=Sunit K. |date=December 2021 |title=Zika virus NS1 suppresses the innate immune responses via miR-146a in human microglial cells |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141813021024594 |journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules |language=en |volume=193 |issue=Pt B |pages=2290–2296 |doi=10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.061 |pmid=34798192 |s2cid=244282312|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Utkarsh |last2=Singh |first2=Sunit K. |date=December 2021 |title=Zika Virus NS1 Suppresses VE-Cadherin and Claudin-5 via hsa-miR-101-3p in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12035-021-02548-x |journal=Molecular Neurobiology |language=en |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=6290–6303 |doi=10.1007/s12035-021-02548-x |issn=0893-7648 |pmid=34487317 |s2cid=237421965|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=Neha |last2=Rastogi |first2=Meghana |last3=Singh |first3=Sunit K. |date=December 2021 |title=Chandipura virus dysregulates the expression of hsa-miR-21-5p to activate NF-κB in human microglial cells |journal=Journal of Biomedical Science |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |page=52 |doi=10.1186/s12929-021-00748-0 |issn=1423-0127 |pmc=8265105 |pmid=34233673 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rastogi |first1=Meghana |last2=Singh |first2=Sunit Kumar |date=November 2020 |title=Japanese Encephalitis Virus exploits microRNA-155 to suppress the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in human microglial cells |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1874939920302224 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms |language=en |volume=1863 |issue=11 |article-number=194639 |doi=10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194639 |pmid=32987149 |s2cid=222168974|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rastogi |first1=Meghana |last2=Singh |first2=Sunit K. |date=September 2020 |title=Zika virus NS1 affects the junctional integrity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300908420301516 |journal=Biochimie |language=en |volume=176 |pages=52–61 |doi=10.1016/j.biochi.2020.06.011 |pmid=32640279 |s2cid=220435543|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rastogi |first1=Meghana |last2=Singh |first2=Sunit K. |date=2019-08-09 |title=Modulation of Type-I Interferon Response by hsa-miR-374b-5p During Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Human Microglial Cells |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=9 |page=291 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2019.00291 |issn=2235-2988 |pmc=6695837 |pmid=31448245 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-28 |title=IMS-BHU study spells hope for Zika treatment |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/ims-bhu-study-spells-hope-for-zika-treatment/articleshow/99049138.cms |access-date=2023-05-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ians |title=BHU Researchers Claim Key Finding In Zika Virus Treatment |url=https://odishatv.in/news/health/bhu-researchers-claim-key-finding-in-zika-virus-treatment-163410 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=BHU Researchers Claim Key Finding In Zika Virus Treatment |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=rLpvrbAAAAAJ&hl=en Sunit K. Singh - Google Scholar]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sunit Kumar}}
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kusum Ka Biyaah

2025-11-04T21:41:53Z

ReinaSligo4: created new entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kusum Ka Biyaah
| image = File:Poster_of_movie_Kusum_Ka_Biyaah.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Suvendu Raj Ghosh]]
| story = {{Plainlist|
* Vikash Dubey
* Sandip Dubey
}}
| writer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Pradip Chopra
* Balwant Purohit
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Lovekansh Garg
* Sujana Darjee
* Raja Sarkar
* Suhani Biswas
* Pradip Chopra
}}
| music = Bhanu Pratap Singh
| cinematography = Sourav Banerjee
| editing = Raj Sindhu Sidhu
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|01}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kusum Ka Biyaah''''' is a 2024 Indian Hindi film based on a true story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-kusum-ka-biyaah-movie-trailer-release-this-movie-based-on-real-incident-from-coronavirus-lockdown-period-watch-vidoe-23449452.html|title=लॉकडाउन में 48 घंटों तक बांस के पुल पर फंसी रही थी बारात असल घटना पर आधारित कुसुम का बियाह का ट्रेलर आउट - Kusum Ka Biyaah Movie Trailer Release This Movie Based On Real Incident From Coronavirus Lockdown Period Watch Vidoe|website=Jagran}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The plot revolves around Sunil's marriage, which faces numerous challenges. Just as the family members are excited about the wedding, a nationwide lockdown is imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This results in the entire wedding party getting stuck at Sunil's father-in-law's place in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://firstindia.co.in/articles/why-did-kusums-wedding-procession-get-stranded-on-the-bamboo-bridge-for-48-hours-watch-the-entertaining-trailer | title=Why Did Kusum's Wedding Procession Get Stranded on the Bamboo Bridge for 48 Hours? Watch the Entertaining Trailer }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-film-corona-kusum-ka-biyaah-indi-lockdown-real-incident-marriage/1748217 | title=Film on Corona: लॉकडाउन में हुई शादी तो पुल पर फंसे दूल्हा-दुल्हन, फिर क्या हुआ देखिए ट्रेलर में }}</ref>

==Cast==
* Lovekansh Garg
* Sujana Darjee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/acting-as-a-bihari-girl-in-debut-film-was-challenging-for-sikkimese-actor-sujana-sundash-but-hard-work-paid-off-101687695798886.html|title=Sujana Sundash: Getting my debut film back home in Gangtok was a lucky coincidence|date=25 June 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* Raja Sarkar
* Suhani Biswas
* Pradip Chopra

==Production==
It is produced by Pradip Chopra and Balwant Purohit under the banners of I Lead Films, Balwant Purohit Media, and SRG Films. The film is directed by Suvendu Raj Ghosh, with the story, screenplay, and dialogue written by Vikash Dubey and Sandip Dubey. The film's music is composed by Bhanu Pratap Singh, with lyrics also written by Bhanu Pratap Singh. The cinematography is handled by Sourav Banerjee, and the editing is done by Raj Singh Sidhu. The costumes are designed by Debjani Ghosh, while the executive producer is Chandan Sahoo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/kusum-ka-biyaah-trailer-release-interesting-story-of-procession-stuck-in-lockdown-for-48-hours-8329229/ | title="कुसुम का बियाह" का ट्रेलर हुआ जारी, लॉकडाउन में 48 घंटे फंसी बारात की दिलचस्प है कहानी | Kusum Ka Biyaah Trailer Release interesting story of procession stuck | date=23 June 2023 }}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Kusum Ka Biyaah'' emerges as a poignant commentary on the societal challenges, bureaucratic intricacies, and the indomitable resilience of individuals facing adversity".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kusum-ka-biyaah/amp_movie_review/108117618.cms|title=Kusum Ka Biyaah Movie Review: A heartfelt tale of resilience during pandemic times|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27916743/ Kusum Ka Biyaah]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kusum-ka-biyaah/movieshow/101159120.cms Kusum Ka Biyaah]

[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]

Ashok Group

2025-10-24T14:02:15Z

ReinaSligo4:

{{Short description|Tourism company in the Indian government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ashok Group
| native_name =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_size =
| type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertaking]]
| foundation = 1966
| defunct =
| fate =
| successors =
| predecessor =
| hq_location = [[New Delhi]]
| area_served =
| key_people =
| num_employees =
| revenue =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| divisions = [[India Tourism Development Corporation]]
| industry = Tourism
| products =
| website = {{URL|www.hotelkalingaashok.com/}}
}}

'''The Ashok Group''' is a [[Division (business)|division]] of [[India Tourism Development Corporation]] which is a [[Public sector undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]], under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], [[Government of India]].<ref name="ashok 1">{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Anumeha |last2=Sharma |first2=Yogima Seth |title=ITDC plans to put Delhi's iconic Ashok Hotel on lease |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/itdc-plans-to-put-delhis-iconic-ashok-hotel-on-lease/articleshow/64406483.cms |access-date=13 June 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=1 June 2018 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605123016/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/itdc-plans-to-put-delhis-iconic-ashok-hotel-on-lease/articleshow/64406483.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=ITDC hits upper circuit after govt fixes Rs 7,409 crore indicative value for 'The Ashok' hotel |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy-2/govt-fixes-rs-7409-crore-indicative-value-for-the-ashok-hotel-under-nmp-9597911.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818054527/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy-2/govt-fixes-rs-7409-crore-indicative-value-for-the-ashok-hotel-under-nmp-9597911.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=ITDC-owned The Ashok hotel monetisation ready to roll, roadshows from Aug 22 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/itdc-owned-the-ashok-hotel-monetisation-on-with-roadshows-starting-from-aug-22-14532192.htm |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605122923/https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/itdc-owned-the-ashok-hotel-monetisation-on-with-roadshows-starting-from-aug-22-14532192.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It is headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. It is the second largest [[Hospitality|central government-owned-hospitality service provider]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title='The Ashok' to be leased out to private companies, 7 other ITDC hotels to be monetised in 4 years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/the-ashok-to-be-leased-out-to-private-companies-7-other-itdc-hotels-to-be-monetised-in-4-years/articleshow/85594439.cms |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605123008/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/the-ashok-to-be-leased-out-to-private-companies-7-other-itdc-hotels-to-be-monetised-in-4-years/articleshow/85594439.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-24 |title=ITDC to hire hospitality firm to manage, operate Hotel Kalinga Ashok |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/itdc-to-hire-hospitality-firm-to-manage-operate-hotel-kalinga-ashok/articleshow/65122587.cms |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818054304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/itdc-to-hire-hospitality-firm-to-manage-operate-hotel-kalinga-ashok/articleshow/65122587.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=ITDC’s The Ashok hotel might be a step closer to disinvestment; know more |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/itdcs-the-ashok-hotel-might-be-a-step-closer-to-disinvestment-know-more-372825-2023-03-09 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818054420/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/itdcs-the-ashok-hotel-might-be-a-step-closer-to-disinvestment-know-more-372825-2023-03-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2022-08-19 |title=ITC, IHCL in fray to run ITDC’s The Ashok |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/itc-ihcl-in-fray-to-run-itdc-s-the-ashok-11660848546532.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605123013/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/itc-ihcl-in-fray-to-run-itdc-s-the-ashok-11660848546532.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=The Ashok monetisation likely in three parts |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/the-ashok-monetisation-likely-in-three-parts/2924938/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209193736/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/the-ashok-monetisation-likely-in-three-parts/2924938/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Division==
* ''The [[Ashok Hotel|Ashok]], [[Delhi]]''<ref name="ashok 1" />
* ''Samrat Hotel, [[Delhi]]''
* ''Hotel Kalinga Ashok, [[Bhubaneswar]]''
*''Hotel Pondicherry Ashok, [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]''
*''Hotel Nilanchanl Ashok, [[Puri]]'' (Hotel Closed)

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Hotel chains in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hospitality companies established in 1956]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.hotelkalingaashok.com/ Ashok Group]
* [http://www.ashokresort.com/ Ashok Resort]
{{India-hotel-stub}}
{{india-company-stub}}

Balkar Singh (athlete)

2025-10-18T15:05:16Z

ReinaSligo4: Bio

{{Short description|Indian discus thrower}}
{{Other people|Balkar Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Balkar Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
| residence =
| alma mater =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| event =
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's athletics}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|1958 Tokyo]]|Discus throw}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Athletics at the 1966 Asian Games|1966 Bangkok]]|Discus throw}}
}}

'''Balkar Singh''' is an Indian [[Sport of athletics|athlete]]. He won a gold medal in Discus throw in the [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|1958 Tokyo Asian games]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/asg.htm | title=Asian Games | publisher=GBR Athletics | accessdate=19 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.athleticspodium.com/athlete/3292/balkar-singh | title=Balkar Singh| publisher=Athletics Podium | accessdate=19 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4dcCGdRJH0C|accessdate=19 July 2021|year=1968|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|page=67}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics Discus Throw Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Balkar}}
[[Category:Indian men discus throwers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

Bijli (Weekly Newspaper)

2025-10-05T00:37:50Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating a details

{{Short description|Weekly Bengali newspaper}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Bijli
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type = Weekly Bengali newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1920
| owners =
| publisher =
*Nalinikanta Sarkar
*[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]
*[[Sachchidananda Sengupta]]
*Arun Singh and
*Dinesh Ranjan
| editor =
*Nalinikanta Sarkar
*Prabodh Kumar Sanyal
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| staff_writers =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| publishing_country = [[British India]]
| political_position =
| circulation =
| oclc =
| ISSN =
| website =
}}

'''Bijli''' is the name of a weekly Bengali newspaper first published in 1920. It was a film magazine started by Nalinikanta Sarkar, [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]], Sachchidananda Sengupta, Arun Singh and Dinesh Ranjan Das. Notable among its editors were Nalinikanta Sarkar, Prabodh Kumar Sanyal and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-15 |title=সান্যাল, প্রবোধকুমার - বাংলাপিডিয়া |url=http://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2,_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315040035/http://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2,_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=প্রবাসী পত্রিকা |url=http://www.onushilon.org/publication/bijoli.htm |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.onushilon.org}}</ref>

== Significant revelations ==
'[[Bidrohi (poem)|The Rebel]] '[[Bidrohi (poem)|(Bidrohi)]] the famous poem of the [[National poet]] of [[Bangladesh]] [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] was first published in this magazine on Friday, 7 January 1922 (22 Poush 1326 BS) .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-15 |title=Daily Amardesh -ঢাকা, রোববার ২৩ ডিসেম্বর ২০১২, ৯ পৌষ ১৪১৯, ৯ সফর ১৪৩৪ হিজরী |url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2011/12/23/6260 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315024940/http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2011/12/23/6260 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-15 |title=চির-উন্নত মম শির :: শেষের পাতা :: কালের কণ্ঠ |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/print_edition/index.php?view=details&type=gold&data=news&pub_no=531&cat_id=1&menu_id=14&news_type_id=1&index=3&archiev=yes&arch_date=25-05-2011 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315033727/http://www.kalerkantho.com/print_edition/index.php?view=details&type=gold&data=news&pub_no=531&cat_id=1&menu_id=14&news_type_id=1&index=3&archiev=yes&arch_date=25-05-2011 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-15 |title=The Daily Janakantha |url=http://oldsite.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=27&dd=2011-06-25&ni=62909 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315035346/http://oldsite.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=27&dd=2011-06-25&ni=62909 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At that time the editor of the paper was Nalinikanta Sarkar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-15 |title=Daily Amardesh -ঢাকা, বৃহস্পতিবার ২৭ ডিসেম্বর ২০১২, ১৩ পৌষ ১৪১৯, ১৩ সফর ১৪৩৪ হিজরী |url=http://amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2011/12/27/6261 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315032618/http://amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2011/12/27/6261 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bijli had to be printed twice that day, numbering 29,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-15 |title=চির-উন্নত মম শির :: শেষের পাতা :: কালের কণ্ঠ |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/print_edition/index.php?view=details&type=gold&data=news&pub_no=531&cat_id=1&menu_id=14&news_type_id=1&index=3&archiev=yes&arch_date=25-05-2011 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315033727/http://www.kalerkantho.com/print_edition/index.php?view=details&type=gold&data=news&pub_no=531&cat_id=1&menu_id=14&news_type_id=1&index=3&archiev=yes&arch_date=25-05-2011 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-15 |title=The Daily Janakantha |url=http://oldsite.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=27&dd=2011-06-25&ni=62909 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315035346/http://oldsite.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=27&dd=2011-06-25&ni=62909 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to [[Muzaffar Ahmad|Muzaffar Ahmed]], at least 200,000 people rebelled that day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-15 |title=Daily Amardesh -ঢাকা, রোববার ২৩ ডিসেম্বর ২০১২, ৯ পৌষ ১৪১৯, ৯ সফর ১৪৩৪ হিজরী |url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2011/12/23/6260 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315024940/http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/weekly_news/2011/12/23/6260 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Bengali-language newspapers published in India]]

Gaur (clan)

2025-09-28T06:51:24Z

ReinaSligo4: Creating a article

{{Short description|Clan of Rajputs in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Distinguish|Gaur Brahmins}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Gaur Rajputs
| caste_name_in_local =
| image = Maharaja Fateh Singh ji ( king of Fatehgarh, pawayan ) gaur dynasty rulers.jpg
| alt =
| caption =A Gaur Rajput aristocrat from [[Powayan]].
| abbreviation =
| varna =
| jati = [[Rajput]]
| gotra =Bhardwaj, Kashyap
| religions = [[File:Om.svg|14px]] [[Hinduism]],
| languages = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani(Hindi-Urdu)]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Rajasthani languages]]
| country = {{Flag|Pakistan}}, {{Flag|India}}
| region = [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]],<ref name="HR">{{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=gaur+rajput |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="AH">{{cite book |last1=Bahadur) |first1=Har Bilas Sarda (Diwan |title=Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive |date=1941 |publisher=Fine Art Printing Press |pages=300, 309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VU_RAAAAMAAJ&q=gOR+rajput |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="b" /> [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref name="census of India">{{cite book |title=census of India |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOQ2AQAAMAAJ&q=gAUr+RAJPUT+HOSHANGABAD |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="z" />
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names =
| feudal_title = [[Raja]] [[Rana (title)|Rana]]
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| subdivisions =
| related =
}}
'''Gaur''' also known as "'''Gour'''" is a [[Rajput]] clan.<ref name="a">{{cite book |last1=Bayley |first1=C. S. |title=Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=25,82,100,106,110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwUqnwj4h4C&dq=gaur+rajput&pg=PA100 |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Rānā Muḥammad Sarvar |title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility |date=2005 |publisher=Rana Muhammad Sarwar Khan |pages=12,159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IARuAAAAMAAJ&q=gaur+rajput |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh: N to Z |date=1878 |publisher=North-Western and Oudh Government |pages=386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srnatmTxywMC&dq=gaur+rajput&pg=PA386 |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Richard Gabriel |title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |date=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01807-5 |pages=85–88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC&dq=gaur+rajput&pg=PA87 |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> They have ancient ancestry and find mention by [[James Tod]] as one of [[36 royal races]] in his book [[Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tod |first1=James |title=Annales and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of Indian |date=1829 |publisher=Smith |pages=80, 115–116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hldJAAAAcAAJ&dq=gor+james+tod+36+royal+races&pg=PA80-IA2 |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gaur dynasty rule in India==
===Rajasthan===
The Gaur Rajputs once held a prominent position in Ajmer till the time of Prithviraj Chauhan. The [[Gorwar]] and [[Maroth, Rajasthan|Gaurawati]]/[[Maroth, Rajasthan|Gaurati]] regions gets their name from this clan. In later years they lost the territories of [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]], [[Jalore]], [[Sirohi]], [[Kuchaman City|Kuchaman]], [[Maroth, Rajasthan|Maroth]], [[Ajmer]], Some area of [[Shekhawati]] which was ruled by the Gaur Rajputs of [[Maroth, Rajasthan|Gaurati]]. In 15th century, they fought at least 13 battles with [[Shekhawat]]s. In one of these battles [[Rao Shekha]], the patriarch of shekhawats lost his life fighting against Gaur Rājpūts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinh|first=Ranbir|title=History Of Shekhawats|publisher=Publication Scheme|year=2001|isbn=8186782745|location=Jaipur}}</ref>

The [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan|Rajgarh]] territory<ref>{{cite book |title= Rajasthan district gazetteer Ajmer|date=1966 |publisher=B.N dhoundiyal |pages=741, 759, 123, 122|url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3349/page/n753/mode/1up?q=Rajgarh+|access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> was one of the last bastion of Gaur Rajputs during the times of Britishers. Gaur Rajputs remained allies to Mughal till the time of [[Aurangzeb]], whose political decisions, alienated [[Rathore dynasty|Rathores]], [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]]s, [[Hada (clan)|Hada]]s and Gaur Rajputs from Mughals.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Defence Review |date=2003 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |pages=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBxbgyRrBbgC&dq=he+wave+of+anipathy+also+spread+to+the+Hada+and+Gaur+Rajput+clans+,&pg=PA81 |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Uttar Pradesh===
Outside, Rajasthan, the Chief of [[Chamraoli]] (near [[Unnao]]), a Gaur Rajput, was held in high esteem by [[Alwar Raj]] and was amongst the very few who were given honor of [[tazim]].
===Madhya Pradesh===
[[Sheopur]] town and fort was founded by Gaur rulers in 1573.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheopur history, District Sheopur, Government of Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://sheopur.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=18 May 2021 }}</ref>
===War of Independence===
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Dariyav Chandra Gaur, the [[Raja]] of Naar Kahinjari estate near [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]], rebelled against British forces, turning the fort into a local stronghold. From his fort, he and allied forces resisted British [[East India Company|EIC]] troops for several days, reportedly capturing the local tehsil treasury and forcing temporary British withdrawal from parts of the [[Kanpur Dehat District|Kanpur region]]. British forces suffered losses in various attempts to capture him, they then ambushed him using betrayal, captured him and bombarded his fort. He was then hanged from a [[Neem tree|Neem]] tree at [[Rasulabad]] tehsil compound as a public warning and his ancestral fort was partly demolished. He is remembered locally for his role in the uprising.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in
|title=Remembering Raja Dariyav Chandra Gaur, the forgotten hero of ...|access-date=13 August 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com
|title=ब्रिटिश खजाना लूटने पर राजा दरियाव चंद्र को नीम के पेड़ से लटकाकर दी थी ...
|access-date=13 August 2025|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aajtak.in
|title=India@75: कहानी उस महान राजा दरियाव चंद्र गौर की जिससे खौफ खाते थे अंग्रेज
|access-date=13 August 2025|website=आज तक(Aaj tak)}}</ref>

==Notable Rulers==
* [[Raja]] Gopal Das Gaud of Raja Lakhari <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/gaur.php|title=Gaur history}}</ref>
* Raja Hem Shah of Dhaudhar Riyasat. <ref name="La Touche 1900">{{Cite book |last=La Touche |first=J. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35120/page/n67/mode/1up?q=Gor |title=Report On The Settlement Of The Ajmere Amp Mhairwarra Districts |date=1900}}</ref>
* Veer Raja Dariyav Chandra Gaur <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Abhishek |date=2022-08-16 |title=Remembering Raja Dariyav Chandra Gaur, the forgotten hero of India’s Independence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/remembering-raja-dariyav-chandra-gaur-forgotten-hero-india-independence-1988371-2022-08-15 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Population==
Their population today is found in Indian States of [[Rajasthan]], Bihar, Jharkhand,<ref name="HR"/><ref name="AH"/> parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="b" /> and parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book |title=census of India |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOQ2AQAAMAAJ&q=gAUr+RAJPUT+HOSHANGABAD |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="z">{{cite web |title=Sheopur history, District Sheopur, Government of Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://sheopur.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=18 May 2021 |ref=s}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]

Sri Subrahmanya Temple, Halasuru

2025-08-19T15:49:02Z

ReinaSligo4:

{{Short description|Temple in Bengaluru, India}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox religious building
| alt = Subramanya, Murugan
| caption = Back entrance of Sri Subrahmanya Temple, [[Halasuru]]
| festivals = [[Thaipusam]]
}}
The '''Sri Subrahmanya Temple''' is reputed to be more than 350 years old. The temple is close to the celebrated [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple]], and opposite Sri Sri Sri Adi Vinayaka Temple owned by P P Ravindra Kumar near [[Halasuru metro station]]. It is said that this temple is older than Sri Someshwara Temple. The deity is also known as Ananda Murugan here. The lord Subrahmanya here is a replica of Murugan at [[Thiruthani Murugan Temple]] one of Arupadaiveedus of Murugan. Lord Subrahmanya is flanked by Valli on His right and Devasena on His left in this temple in separate shrines.

==Legend==

Legend has it that this temple was built by one of the Maharajas of Mysore many centuries ago. The then Maharaja of Mysore was on his way to visit his uncle who was suffering from eye disease. It came to his notice that there were devotees frequenting an Anthill at the present site of the temple. The Maharaja visited the anthill and prayed that if his uncle is cured of the eye disease, he would build a temple at the site for the Lord.
Once the Maharaja reached Mysore, it was brought to his notice that his uncle was cured of the eye disease. The temple was constructed to thank the Lord as a votive offering.

There is a sculpture of sage [[Mandavya]] in the Mantapam. As per one of the versions, Sage Mandavya had this temple built on being directed by the Lord.
Some are of the opinion that this temple was built around the same time Sri Someshwara temple was built due to its connection with Sage Mandavya.

==Specialties of the temple==

There are separate shrines for Chandikeshwara and Nagadevata. It is believed that the temple was once a Shiva temple. The temple also has Ardha Nareeshwara, Durga, Surya Narayana Sage Agastya, Navagrahas and Kalabhairava enshrined. The temple follows Shaivagama guidelines.
There are Nandis on the temple walls and Lord Vishnu shrine at the back entrance of the temple. This is typical of a Shiva temple.
The [[Sthala Vriksha]] is [[Common fig|Athi maram]]. There is a tank within the temple premises.

==Festivals==

Thaipusam is celebrated very grandly for 3 days every year and draws a huge crowd.

==Address and Timings==

'''Address''': Sri Subrahmanya Swamy Temple, Old Madras Road, Halasuru, Bangalore - 560008.

'''Timings''': 6:00 AM to 12:00 in the noon and 5:30 PM to 9:00 PM

==References==
# [http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/06/17/stories/2005061700450300.htm Hill temple a la Tiruttani - The Hindu Newspaper]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Murugan temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]

Local government in Nagaland

2025-07-21T04:45:30Z

ReinaSligo4: Put up post

Unlike most other states in India, [[Nagaland]] (along with Mizoram and Meghalaya), does not fall under the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat Raj System]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-02-22 |title=Opinion: Make Panchayats more effective |url=https://telanganatoday.com/opinion-make-panchayats-more-effective |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> They are governed under Nagaland Municipal Act. There are 25 urban local bodies in Nagaland- three municipal councils and 21 town councils.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland's Historic Local Body Polls With 33% Women's Quota Today |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nagalands-historic-urban-local-body-polls-with-33-womens-reservation-to-be-held-today-5970340 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==History==

In 2001, the Nagaland Municipal Act, 2001 was passed which demarcated the jurisdictions of municipal and town councils.<ref>{{Cite web |title=14th Nagaland Legislative Assembly repeals Nagaland Municipal Act 2001|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2023/03/29/14th-nagaland-legislative-assembly-repeals-nagaland-municipal-act-2001/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=nagalandpost.com}}</ref> This paved way for the first urban local body election in 2004. In 2006, the Act was amended to incorporate a 33% reservation for women, aligning with the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments of 1992, which mandated reserving one-third of the total number of seats in rural and urban local bodies for women.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-11 |title=Explained: Behind the 20-year delay in Nagaland's urban local body elections |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/naga-municipal-polls-womens-reservation-delay-9321962/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However the amendment was opposed by the Naga tribal bodies on the grounds that the reservation for women was in contravention with Naga customary laws. Due to which the next local election supposed to be held in 2009 was deferred by the [[Government of Nagaland|state government]]. In 2011, the [[Naga Mothers' Association|Naga Mothers’ Association]] (NMA), an influential women's organization, filed a petition with the [[Gauhati High Court]] regarding the matter. That same year, the court directed the Nagaland government to conduct local body elections. However the ruling was overturned by the state government through a resolution rejecting women's reservation in the polls. Subsequently, the Naga Mothers’ Association (NMA) filed a [[Special Leave Petitions in India|special leave petition]] in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] of India. In 2017, the supreme court directed the state government to conduct the polls. When the state government moved to proceed with the elections as per the court directive, [[2017 Nagaland protests|violent protests erupted in the state]], resulting in two fatalities. Under mounting pressure, [[T. R. Zeliang|T R Zeliang]], who was [[Chief Minister of Nagaland|Chief Minister]] at the time resigned from his position.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

In 2023, Nagaland Municipal Act, 2001 was repealed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Nagaland civic polls plunge into uncertainty over women quota again as House nixes law |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nagaland-civic-polls-uncertainty-women-quota-again-house-nixes-law-8526752/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and Nagaland Municipal Bill, 2023 was passed which retains 33% Reservation For women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Assembly Passes Municipal Bill, Retains 33% Reservation For Women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nagaland-assembly-passes-municipal-bill-2023-retains-33-reservation-for-women-4562202 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Elections==

=== 2024 Local body election ===
The election happen 20 years after the first local election in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-27 |title=Nagaland to hold civic polls after 20 years, adds women's quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland/nagaland-to-hold-civic-body-polls-with-33-women-quota-after-20-years/article68114326.ece |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The election happened in June with 82% voter turnout.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-06-30 |title=NDPP sweeps historic civic polls in Nagaland, wins all 3 municipal councils, most town councils |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ndpp-sweeps-historic-civic-polls-in-nagaland-wins-all-3-municipal-councils-most-town-councils/article68351457.ece |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]] won majority all three municipal councils - Kohima, Mokokchung and Dimapur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-06-30 |title=NDPP sweeps historic civic polls in Nagaland, wins all 3 municipal councils, most town councils |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ndpp-sweeps-historic-civic-polls-in-nagaland-wins-all-3-municipal-councils-most-town-councils/article68351457.ece |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Of the 21 town councils, [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]] won majority in 15 town councils, [[Naga People's Front|NPF]] won majority in Bhandari and Phek town council, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won Niuland town council, Independents won majority in Pfütsero and Chozouba town councils. In Mangkolemba town council, both NDPP and Independents got same number of seats.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NDPP sweeps ULBs polls in Nagaland |url=https://morungexpress.com/ndpp-sweeps-ulbs-polls-in-nagaland |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

Of the total 278 seats, [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]] won a majority of 153 seats, followed by Independents (56), [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (25), [[Naga People's Front|NPF]] (23), [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP]] (12), [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (7), [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (5), [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]] (5) and [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] (2).<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Local government in India by state or union territory|Nagaland]]