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List of International Cricket Council members

2023-10-11T11:16:09Z

Rehan:

{{Short description|Members of the International Cricket Council}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}

[[File:International_Cricket_Council_members_(by_status)_2017.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Current ICC members by membership status: 
{{Color box|#ff0000|border=darkgray}} Full members 
{{Color box|#ff6600|border=darkgray}} Associate members with [[One Day International|ODI]] status 
{{Color box|#ff9900|border=darkgray}} Associate members 
{{Color box|#333333|border=darkgray}} Former or suspended members 
{{Color box|#cccccc|border=darkgray}} Non-members]]

The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) was founded at [[Lord's]] on 15 June 1909 as the Imperial Cricket Conference,<ref name="Role of the ICC – International Cricket Council">{{cite web |url= http://www.learningcricket.com/2006/role-of-the-icc-international-cricket-council.html |title= Role of the ICC – International Cricket Council |access-date=14 May 2008 }}</ref> with [[Cricket Australia|Australia]], [[England and Wales Cricket Board|England]], and [[Cricket South Africa|South Africa]] as its founding members.

In the beginning, only countries within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] could join.<ref name="A Brief History...">{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Williamson|title=International Cricket Council: A brief history...|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/209608.html|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=18 May 2007|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|India]], [[New Zealand Cricket|New Zealand]] and the [[Cricket West Indies|West Indies]] joined in 1926, and [[Pakistan Cricket Board|Pakistan]] joined in 1953 after the [[partition of India]].<ref name="International Cricket Council (ICC)">{{cite web |url= http://www.liveindia.com/cricket/icc.html|title= International Cricket Council (ICC)|access-date=14 May 2008 |publisher=Liveindia.com}}</ref> In 1961, [[Cricket South Africa|South Africa]] resigned from the Conference due to their leaving the Commonwealth,<ref name="A Brief History..."/> but they continued to play Test cricket until their international exile in 1970.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/463657.html|title=South Africa are isolated|work=Cricinfo|access-date=9 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>

The Imperial Cricket Conference was renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965, with new rules permitting countries from outside the Commonwealth to be elected into the governing body for the first time: [[Cricket Fiji|Fiji]] and the [[USA Cricket|USA]] became the first associate member nations that year.<ref name="A Brief History..."/>

In 1981, [[Sri Lanka Cricket|Sri Lanka]] became the first associate member to be elected a full member, returning the number of Test-playing nations to seven. In 1989, the ICC was again renamed, this time to the International Cricket Council.<ref name="A Brief History..."/> South Africa was re-elected as a full member of the ICC in 1991, with [[Zimbabwe Cricket|Zimbabwe]] elected in 1992,<ref name="International Cricket Council (ICC)"/> and [[Bangladesh Cricket Board|Bangladesh]] elected in 2000.<ref name="International Cricket Council (ICC)"/>

On 22 June 2017, [[Cricket Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Afghanistan Cricket Board|Afghanistan]] were granted full member (and Test) status, bringing the number of full members to 12.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/40364481|title=Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council|date=22 June 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=22 June 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref>

As of August 2022, there are 108 ICC members, with 12 full members and 96 associate members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2192201 |title=ICC welcomes Mongolia, Tajikstan, and Switzerland as new Members |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>

The membership committee will consider all future requests for membership – full and associate – against an objective set of criteria. There was previously a third level, affiliate membership, which was abolished in June 2017, with all existing affiliate members becoming associate members,<ref name="Assoc">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/422449|title=Ireland and Afghanistan ICC newest full members amid wide-ranging governance reform|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=22 June 2017|access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> and introducing a two-tier [[hierarchy]] (full members and associate members): any new member elected to the ICC would be an associate member, with the possibility of promotion to full member status based on ongoing performance in international competition.

From July to October 2019, the ICC suspended [[Zimbabwe Cricket]] due to government interference, the first time this had occurred with a full member side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1288479 |title=ICC board and full council concludes in London |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27216123/zimbabwe-suspended-icc-government-interference |title=Zimbabwe suspended by ICC over 'government interference' |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27844309/zimbabwe-nepal-readmitted-icc-members |title=Zimbabwe and Nepal readmitted as ICC members |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

== Full members ==

Full members are the governing bodies for cricket in a country or a group of associated countries representing a geographical area.

All full members have a right to send a representative team to play official Test matches, have full voting rights at meetings of the ICC, and are automatically qualified to play [[One Day International|ODIs]] and [[Twenty20 International|T20Is]].<ref name="A Brief History..."/> The West Indies cricket team is a combined team representing 15 countries and territories from the [[Caribbean]], while the English cricket team represents both [[England and Wales]] and the Irish cricket team represents [[all-Ireland|all of the island of Ireland]].

Of these 12 nations, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Ireland played as associate members before being elected as full members.

In April 2021, ICC granted permanent [[Women's Test cricket|Women's Test]] status to all the full member nations.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2021 |title=The International Cricket Council (ICC) Board and Committee meetings have concluded following a series of virtual conference calls |publisher=ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2081342 |access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No
!Country
!Teams
!Governing body
!Full member since<ref name="A Brief History..." />
!Test status since
!Region
|-
|1
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Men]] • [[Afghanistan women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017|06|22}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2018|06|14}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
|-
|2
| {{cr|AUS}}
| [[Australia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Australia women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Australia national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Australia]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1909|06|15}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1877|03|15}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
|-
|3
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Men]] • [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Bangladesh national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2000|06|26}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2000|11|10}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
|-
|4
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[England cricket team|Men]] • [[England women's cricket team|Women]] • [[England under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1909|06|15}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1877|03|15}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
|-
|5
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[India national cricket team|Men]] • [[India women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[India national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1926|05|31}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1932|06|25}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
|-
|6
| {{cr|IRE}}
| [[Ireland cricket team|Men]] • [[Ireland women's cricket team|Women]] • [[Ireland under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Ireland]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017|06|22}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2018|05|11}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
|-
|7
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[New Zealand national cricket team|Men]] • [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[New Zealand national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[New Zealand Cricket]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1926|05|31}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1930|01|10}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
|-
|8
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Pakistan national cricket team|Men]] • [[Pakistan women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Pakistan national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Pakistan Cricket Board]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1952|07|28}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1952|10|16}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
|-
|9
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[South Africa national cricket team|Men]] • [[South Africa women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket South Africa]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1909|06|15}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1889|03|12}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
|-
|10
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Men]] • [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Sri Lanka national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Sri Lanka Cricket]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1981|07|21}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1982|02|17}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
|-
|11
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[West Indies cricket team|Men]] • [[West Indies women's cricket team|Women]] • [[West Indies under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket West Indies]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1926|05|31}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1928|06|23}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
|-
|12
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Men]] • [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Zimbabwe national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Zimbabwe Cricket]]
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1992|07|06}}
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1992|10|18}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
|}
{{small|''Reference: [https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/overview ICC Men's Rankings], [https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/womens/overview ICC Women's Rankings], 23 October 2021''}}

== Associate members ==


Associate members are countries where cricket is firmly established and organised, but do not qualify for full membership.<ref name="A Brief History..."/> There are 96 associate members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/about-our-members|title=International Cricket Council|website=www.icc-cricket.com|access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>

All associates were eligible to play in the [[World Cricket League]], a series of international one-day cricket administered by the ICC until 2019.<ref name="World Cricket League">{{cite web|url= http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/wcl/about-wcl.html|title= World Cricket League|access-date= 2 May 2008|publisher= International Cricket Council|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080719022208/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/wcl/about-wcl.html|archive-date= 19 July 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref> This was replaced by the [[ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]] and [[ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League]] from 2019 onwards.<ref name="ICCNov18">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/901272 |title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualification Pathway frequently asked questions |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> There are also [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]] events that works as a qualification process for [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]: until April 2018, only the qualified teams were awarded [[Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International status]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blogs.cricinfo.com/btw/archives/2007/09/icc_clarify_sta.php |title= ICC clarify stance over Kenya warm-up status|access-date=2 May 2008 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>

In April 2018, the ICC announced T20I status for all its members from 1 July 2018 for the women's game, and from 1 January 2019 for the men's game.<ref name="ICC2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322 |title=All T20I matches to get international status |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

''{{dagger}}Denotes members that are currently suspended by the ICC.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"
|-
!No
! Country
! Teams
! Government
! Affiliate membership
! Associate membership
! Region
! Ref
|-
|1
| {{cr|ARG}}
| [[Argentina national cricket team|Men]] • [[Argentina women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Argentine Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1974}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/21.html |title= Cricinfo-Argentina|access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|2
| {{cr|AUT}}
| [[Austria national cricket team|Men]] • [[Austria women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Austrian Cricket Association]]
| 1992
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/41.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Austria |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|3
| {{cr|BAH}}
| [[Bahamas national cricket team|Men]] • Women • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Bahamas Cricket Association]]
| 1987
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/60.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Bahamas |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|4
| {{cr|BHR}}
| [[Bahrain national cricket team|Men]] • [[Bahrain women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Bahrain Cricket Association]]
| 2001
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/57.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Bahrain |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|5
| {{cr|BEL}}
| [[Belgium national cricket team|Men]] • [[Belgium women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Belgian Cricket Federation]]
| 1991
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2005}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/42.html |title= Cricinfo-Belgium|access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|6
| {{cr|BLZ}}
| [[Belize national cricket team|Men]] • [[Belize women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Belize National Cricket Association]]
| 1997
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/64.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Belize |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|7
| {{cr|BER}}
| [[Bermuda national cricket team|Men]] • [[Bermuda women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Bermuda national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Bermuda Cricket Board]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1966}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|8
| {{cr|BHU}}
| [[Bhutan national cricket team|Men]] • [[Bhutan women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Bhutan Cricket Council Board]]
| 2001
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/61.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Bhutan |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|9
| {{cr|BOT}}
| [[Botswana national cricket team|Men]] • [[Botswana women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Botswana Cricket Association]]
| 2001
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2005}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cricketbotswana.org/about-bca/ |title= About BCA |access-date=4 January 2019 |publisher=BCA}}</ref>
|-
|10
| {{cr|BRA}}
| [[Brazil national cricket team|Men]] • [[Brazil women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Brazilian Cricket Confederation]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/66.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Brazil |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|11
| {{cr|BUL}}
| [[Bulgaria national cricket team|Men]] • [[Bulgaria women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Bulgarian Cricket Federation]]
| 2008
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/63.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Bulgaria |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|12
| {{cr|CAM}}
| [[Cambodia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Cambodia women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Cricket Association of Cambodia]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2022}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref name="ICC-July22">{{cite news |title=Three new countries receive ICC Membership status |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2690683 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>
|-
|13
| {{cr|CMR}}
| [[Cameroon national cricket team|Men]] • [[Cameroon women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Cameroon Cricket Federation]]
| 2007
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/300704.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Cameroon |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|14
| {{cr|CAN}}
| [[Canada national cricket team|Men]] • [[Canada women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Canada national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Canada]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1968}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|15
| {{cr|CAY}}
| [[Cayman Islands national cricket team|Men]] • [[Cayman Islands women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Cayman Islands Cricket Association]]
| 1997
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2002}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/39.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Cayman Islands |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|16
| {{cr|CHL}}
| [[Chile national cricket team|Men]] • [[Chile women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Chilean Cricket Association]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/44.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Chile |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|17
| {{cr|CHN}}
| [[China national cricket team|Men]] • [[China women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Chinese Cricket Association]]
| 2004
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/70.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-China |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|18
| {{cr|COK}}
| [[Cook Islands national cricket team|Men]] • [[Cook Islands women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Cook Islands Cricket Association]]
| 2000
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/71.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Cook Islands |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|19
| {{cr|CRC}}
| [[Costa Rica national cricket team|Men]] • [[Costa Rica women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Costa Rica Cricket Federation]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>[http://static.icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ugc/documents/DOC_1BA6E55AE33E6588710706CF725AF0DC_1250055256330_248.pdf Americas News Flash July 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724135802/http://static.icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ugc/documents/DOC_1BA6E55AE33E6588710706CF725AF0DC_1250055256330_248.pdf |date=24 July 2011 }} at icc-cricket.yahoo.net</ref>
|-
|20
| {{cr|CRO}}
| [[Croatia national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Croatian Cricket Federation]]
| 2001
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/72.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Croatia |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|21
| {{cr|CYP}}
| [[Cyprus national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Cyprus Cricket Association]]
| 1999
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/74.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Cyprus |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|22
| {{cr|CZE}}
| [[Czech Republic national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Czech Cricket Union]]
| 2000
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/75.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Czech Republic |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|23
| {{cr|DEN}}
| [[Denmark national cricket team|Men]] • [[Denmark women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Denmark national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Danish Cricket Federation]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1966}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/13.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Denmark |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|24
| {{cr|EST}}
| [[Estonia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Estonia women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Estonian Cricket Association]]
| 2008
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/78.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Estonia |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|25
| {{cr|ESW}}
| [[Eswatini national cricket team|Men]] • [[Eswatini women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Eswatini Cricket Association]]
| 2007
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/300710.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Eswatini |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|26
| {{cr|FLK}}
| [[Falkland Islands national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Falkland Cricket Association]]
| 2007
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/300708.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Falkland Islands |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|27
| {{cr|FIJ}}
| [[Fiji national cricket team|Men]] • [[Fiji women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Fiji national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Fiji]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1965}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/10.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Fiji |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|28
| {{cr|FIN}}
| [[Finland national cricket team|Men]] • [[Finland women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Cricket Finland]]
| 2000
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/80.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Finland |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|29
| {{cr|FRA}}
| [[France national cricket team|Men]] • [[France women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Association France Cricket|France Cricket Association]]
| 1987
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1998}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/34.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-France |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|30
| {{cr|GAM}}
| [[Gambia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Gambia women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Gambia Cricket Association]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/82.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Gambia |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|31
| {{cr|GER}}
| [[Germany national cricket team|Men]] • [[Germany women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[German Cricket Federation]]
| 1991
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1999}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/36.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Germany |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|32
| {{cr|GHA}}
| [[Ghana national cricket team|Men]] • [[Ghana women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Ghana Cricket Association]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/84.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Ghana |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|33
| {{cr|GIB}}
| [[Gibraltar national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Gibraltar Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1969}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/18.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Gibraltar |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|34
| {{cr|GRE}}
| [[Greece national cricket team|Men]] • [[Greece women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Hellenic Cricket Federation]]
| 1995
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/86.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Greece |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|35
| {{cr|GUE}}
| [[Guernsey cricket team|Men]] • [[Guernsey women's cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Guernsey Cricket Board]]
| 2005
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2008}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/1043.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Guernsey |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|36
| {{cr|HKG}}
| [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Men]] • [[Hong Kong women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Hong Kong national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Hong Kong]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1969}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|37
| {{cr|HUN}}
| [[Hungary national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Hungarian Cricket Association]]
| 2012
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>[http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/newsdetails.php?newsId=20711_1340883300 ICC Conference 2012 Announcements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629083244/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/newsdetails.php?newsId=20711_1340883300 |date=29 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|38
| {{cr|INA}}
| [[Indonesia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Indonesia women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Cricket Indonesia]]
| 2001
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/91.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Indonesia |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|39
| {{cr|IRN}}
| [[Iran national cricket team|Men]] • [[Iran women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Islamic Republic of Iran Cricket Association]]
| 2003
| {{DTS|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/97.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Iran |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|40
| {{cr|IOM}}
| [[Isle of Man cricket team|Men]] • [[Isle of Man women's cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Isle of Man Cricket Association]]
| 2004
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/96.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Isle of Man |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|41
| {{cr|ISR}}
| [[Israel national cricket team|Men]] • Women • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Israel Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1974}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|42
| {{cr|ITA}}
| [[Italy national cricket team|Men]] • [[Italy women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Italian Cricket Federation]]
| 1984
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1995}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/31.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Italy |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|43
| {{cr|CIV}}
| [[Ivory Coast national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Côte d’Ivoire Cricket Federation]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2022}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref name="ICC-July22" />
|-
|44
| {{cr|JPN}}
| [[Japan national cricket team|Men]] • [[Japan women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Japan national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Japan Cricket Association]]
| 1989
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2005}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/32.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Japan |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|45
| {{cr|JER}}
| [[Jersey cricket team|Men]] • [[Jersey women's cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Jersey Cricket Board]]
| 2005
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2007}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/218211.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Jersey |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|46
| {{cr|KEN}}
| [[Kenya national cricket team|Men]] • [[Kenya women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Kenya national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Kenya]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1981}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|47
| {{cr|KUW}}
| [[Kuwait national cricket team|Men]] • [[Kuwait women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Kuwait national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Kuwait]]
| 1998
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2005}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/38.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Kuwait |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|48
| {{cr|LES}}
| [[Lesotho national cricket team|Men]] • [[Lesotho women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Lesotho Cricket Association]]
| 2001
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/108.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Lesotho |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|49
| {{cr|LUX}}
| [[Luxembourg national cricket team|Men]] • Women • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Luxembourg Cricket Federation]]
| 1998
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/110.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Luxembourg |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|50
| {{cr|MWI}}
| [[Malawi national cricket team|Men]] • [[Malawi women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Cricket Malawi]]
| 1998
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/118.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Malawi |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|51
| {{cr|MAS}}
| [[Malaysia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Malaysia women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Malaysia national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Malaysian Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1967}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/16.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Malaysia |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|52
| {{cr|MDV}}
| [[Maldives national cricket team|Men]] • [[Maldives women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Cricket Board of Maldives]]
| 1998
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/113.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Maldives |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|53
| {{cr|MLI}}
| [[Mali national cricket team|Men]] • [[Mali women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Malian Cricket Federation]]
| 2005
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|54
| {{cr|MLT}}
| [[Malta national cricket team|Men]] • [[Malta women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Malta Cricket Association]]
| 1998
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/45.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Malta |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|55
| {{cr|MEX}}
| [[Mexico national cricket team|Men]] • [[Mexico women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Mexico Cricket Association]]
| 2004
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/114.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Mexico |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|56
| {{cr|MGL}}
| [[Mongolia national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Mongolia Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2021}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref name="ICC-July21">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2190752 |title=Get to know the ICC's three newest Members |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|57
| {{cr|MOZ}}
| [[Mozambique national cricket team|Men]] • [[Mozambique women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Mozambican Cricket Association]]
| 2003
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/120.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Mozambique |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|58
| {{cr|MYA}}
| [[Myanmar national cricket team|Men]] • [[Myanmar women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Myanmar Cricket Federation]]
| 2006
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiancricket.org/c_myanmar.cfm|title=Asian Cricket Council-Members-Myanmar|access-date=16 May 2008|publisher=Asian Cricket Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510064927/http://www.asiancricket.org/c_myanmar.cfm|archive-date=10 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|59
| {{cr|NAM}}
| [[Namibia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Namibia women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Namibia national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Namibia]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1992}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/28.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Namibia |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|60
| {{cr|NEP}}
| [[Nepal national cricket team|Men]] • [[Nepal women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Nepal national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Association of Nepal]]
| 1988
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1996}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>Peter Della Penan (26 April 2016). [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1003757.html "ICC suspends Cricket Association of Nepal"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</ref>
|-
|61
| {{cr|NED}}
| [[Netherlands national cricket team|Men]] • [[Netherlands women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Netherlands national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Royal Dutch Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1966}}
| [[International Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|62
| {{cr|NGA}}
| [[Nigeria national cricket team|Men]] • [[Nigeria women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Nigeria national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Nigeria Cricket Federation]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2002}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/122.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Nigeria |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|63
| {{cr|NOR}}
| [[Norway national cricket team|Men]] • [[Norway women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Norwegian Cricket Board]]
| 2000
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/124.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Norway |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|64
| {{cr|OMA}}
| [[Oman national cricket team|Men]] • [[Oman women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Oman Cricket]]
| 2000
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2014}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref name="Results of ICC Board meeting in Melbourne">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/80822/results-of-icc-board-meeting-in-melbourne |title=Results of ICC Board meeting in Melbourne |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712065502/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/80822/results-of-icc-board-meeting-in-melbourne |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|65
| {{cr|PAN}}
| [[Panama national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Panama Cricket Association]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/132.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Panama |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|66
| {{cr|PNG}}
| [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Men]] • [[Papua New Guinea women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Papua New Guinea national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket PNG]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1973}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/20.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Papua New Guinea |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|67
| {{cr|PER}}
| [[Peru national cricket team|Men]] • [[Peru women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Peru Cricket Association]]
| 2007
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|68
| {{cr|PHI}}
| [[Philippines national cricket team|Men]] • [[Philippines women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Philippine Cricket Association]]
| 2000
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/128.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Philippines |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|69
| {{cr|POR}}
| [[Portugal national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Portuguese Cricket Federation]]
| 1996
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/134.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Portugal |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|70
| {{cr|QAT}}
| [[Qatar national cricket team|Men]] • [[Qatar women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Qatar Cricket Association]]
| 1999
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/136.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Qatar |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|71
| {{cr|ROM}}
| [[Romania national cricket team|Men]] • [[Romania women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Cricket Romania]]
| 2013
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref name="new">{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2013/media-releases/70819/outcomes-from-icc-annual-conference-week-in-london |title=Outcomes from ICC Annual Conference week in London |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=ICC Conference 2013 announcement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055453/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2013/media-releases/70819/outcomes-from-icc-annual-conference-week-in-london |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|72
| {{cr|RWA}}
| [[Rwanda national cricket team|Men]] • [[Rwanda women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Rwanda Cricket Association]]
| 2003
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/140.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Rwanda |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|73
| {{cr|Saint Helena}}
| [[Saint Helena national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[St Helena Cricket Association]]
| 2001
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/150.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-St Helena |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|74
| {{cr|SAM}}
| [[Samoa national cricket team|Men]] • [[Samoa women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Samoa International Cricket Association]]
| 2000
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/141.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Samoa |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|75
| {{cr|SAU}}
| [[Saudi Arabia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Saudi Arabia women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Saudi Arabian Cricket Federation]]
| 2003
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2016}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/103.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Saudi Arabia |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|76
| {{cr|SCO}}
| [[Scotland national cricket team|Men]] • [[Scotland women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Scotland national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Cricket Scotland]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1994}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref name="A Brief History..." />
|-
|77
| {{cr|SRB}}
| [[Serbia national cricket team|Men]] • [[Serbia women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Serbian Cricket Federation]]
| 2015
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref name="icc2015">{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/891171.html |title= Zaheer Abbas confirmed as ICC president |date=25 June 2015|access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|78
| {{cr|SEY}}
| [[Seychelles national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Seychelles Cricket Association]]
| 2010
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/newsdetails.php?newsId=10632_1277978940|title=ICC-News-Results of ICC Annual Conference in Singapore|access-date=19 July 2010|publisher=ICC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924022422/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/newsdetails.php?newsId=10632_1277978940|archive-date=24 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
|79
| {{cr|SLE}}
| [[Sierra Leone national cricket team|Men]] • [[Sierra Leone women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Sierra Leone Cricket Association]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/145.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Sierra Leone |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|80
| {{cr|SIN}}
| [[Singapore national cricket team|Men]] • [[Singapore women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Singapore Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1974}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/23.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Singapore |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|81
| {{cr|SVN}}
| [[Slovenia national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Slovenian Cricket Association]]
| 2005
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/212125.html |title= Cricinfo-News Index-Four new Members Admitted to ICC
|access-date=2 June 2010 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|82
| {{cr|KOR}}
| [[South Korea national cricket team|Men]] • [[South Korea women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Korea Cricket Association]]
| 2001
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/144.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-South Korea |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|83
| {{cr|ESP}}
| [[Spain national cricket team|Men]] • [[Spain women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Cricket Spain]]
| 1992
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/149.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Spain |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|84
| {{cr|SUR}}
| [[Suriname national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Suriname Cricket Board]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2011}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/151.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Suriname |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|85
| {{cr|SWE}}
| [[Sweden national cricket team|Men]] • [[Sweden women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Swedish Cricket Federation]]
| 1997
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/153.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Sweden |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|86
| {{cr|SUI}}
| [[Switzerland national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Cricket Switzerland]]
| 1985{{efn|Switzerland were admitted in 1985, but were expelled in 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricketswitzerland.ch/news/2012/2012-icc-expel-switzerland/|title=ICC expel Switzerland|publisher=Cricket Switzerland|date=2012|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/when-switzerland-became-first-country-to-have-icc-affiliate-status-revoked-149260|title=When Switzerland became the first country to have its ICC affiliate status revoked|publisher=Cricket Country|date=26 June 2016|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> before being readmitted in July 2021.<ref name="ICC-July21"/>}}
| 2021
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref name="ICC-July21"/>
|-
|87
| {{cr|TJK}}
| [[Tajikistan national cricket team|Men]] • [[Tajikistan women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Tajikistan Cricket Federation]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2021}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref name="ICC-July21"/>
|-
|88
| {{cr|TAN}}
| [[Tanzania national cricket team|Men]] • [[Tanzania women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Tanzania Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2001}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/160.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Tanzania |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|89
| {{cr|THA}}
| [[Thailand national cricket team|Men]] • [[Thailand women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Cricket Association of Thailand]]
| 1995
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2005}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/156.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Thailand |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|90
| {{cr|TUR}}
| [[Turkey national cricket team|Men]] • [[Turkey women's national cricket team|Women]] • U19
| [[Turkish Cricket Board]]
| 2008
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| <ref name="icc2015" />
|-
|91
| {{cr|Turks and Caicos}}
| [[Turks and Caicos Islands national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Turks and Caicos Cricket Association]]
| 2002
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2017}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/155.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Turks and Caicos Islands |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|92
| {{cr|UGA}}
| [[Uganda national cricket team|Men]] • [[Uganda women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[Uganda national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Uganda Cricket Association]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1998}}
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/35.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Uganda |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|93
| {{cr|UAE}}
| [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|Men]] • [[United Arab Emirates women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[United Arab Emirates national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[Emirates Cricket Board]]
| 1989
| {{Dts|format=dmy|1990}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/27.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-United Arab Emirates |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|94
| {{cr|USA}}
| [[United States national cricket team|Men]] • [[United States women's national cricket team|Women]] • [[United States national under-19 cricket team|U19]]
| [[USA Cricket]]
| N/A
| {{dts|format=dmy|1965}}{{Efn|The USA were admitted as an associate member in 1965 under the governance of the [[United States of America Cricket Association]], which was expelled in September 2017. USA Cricket was admitted in January 2019.}} {{Dts|format=dmy|2019}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/united-states-of-america-11|title=United States of America Cricket Team, U.S.A. team and players, captain, fixtures, schedules, Scores|website=ESPNcricinfo.com|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|95
| {{cr|UZB}}
| [[Uzbekistan national cricket team|Men]] • Women • U19
| [[Cricket Federation of Uzbekistan]]
| N/A
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2022}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| <ref name="ICC-July22" />
|-
|96
| {{cr|VAN}}
| [[Vanuatu national cricket team|Men]] • [[Vanuatu women's national cricket team|Women]] • {{color|#A0A0A0|U19}}
| [[Vanuatu Cricket Association]]
| 1995
| {{Dts|format=dmy|2009}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/165.html |title= Cricinfo-Other countries-Teams-Vanuatu |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}
{{notelist}}

=== Associate members with ODI status ===

The [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] granted men's [[One Day International]] status to its associate members based on their success in the [[World Cricket League]]; the World Cricket League was replaced in 2019 and ODI status now goes exclusively to all teams in the newly created [[ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]] and [[ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]].<ref name="ICC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/881375 |title=New qualification pathway for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup approved |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

The Associate teams who currently hold men's ODI status are:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Governing body
! ODI status since
! Region
! Current [[ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings|ODI ranking]]
|-
| {{cr|CAN}}
| [[Cricket Canada]]
| 2023
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| -
|-
| {{cr|NAM}}
| [[Cricket Namibia]]
| {{Dts|2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26619344/namibia-claim-division-2-title-maiden-odi-victory |title=Namibia claim Division 2 title with maiden ODI victory |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref>
| [[Africa Cricket Association|Africa]]
| 17
|-
| {{cr|NEP}}
| [[Cricket Association of Nepal]]
| {{Dts|2018}}<ref name="A Brief History..."/>
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| 14
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
| [[Royal Dutch Cricket Association]]
| {{Dts|2018}}<ref name="A Brief History..."/>
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| 15
|-
| {{cr|OMN}}
| [[Oman Cricket]]
| {{Dts|2019}}<ref name="International Cricket Council">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1196656 |title=Oman and USA secure ICC Men's Cricket World Cup League 2 places and ODI status |access-date=24 April 2019 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| 18
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
| [[Cricket Scotland]]
| {{Dts|2018}}<ref name="A Brief History..."/>
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| 12
|-
| {{cr|UAE}}
| [[Emirates Cricket Board]]
| 2018
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| 19
|-
| {{cr|USA}}
| [[USA Cricket]]
| 2019
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| 16
|}
{{notelist}}

[[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] ensured they would regain ODI status after the completion of the [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2018 World Cup Qualifier]], by winning the [[2015–2017 ICC World Cricket League Championship|2015–2017 World Cricket League]]. The next three highest placed associates in the qualifier (UAE, Scotland and Nepal) also gained ODI status. In June 2018, Scotland and UAE were added to the main ODI rankings list, with Nepal joining them in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23666283/four-new-teams-icc-odi-rankings|title=Four new teams in the ICC's ODI rankings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref> Netherlands were also added afterwards after playing enough games to gain a ranking.

Four additional teams gained ODI status after the conclusion of the [[2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|World Cricket League Division Two]] tournament in April 2019.<ref name="ICC"/> These teams were [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]], [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]], [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]] and [[United States national cricket team|USA]].<ref name="ICC"/>

In April 2021, ICC granted permanent [[Women's One Day International]] status to all the full-member teams.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2021 |title=The International Cricket Council (ICC) Board and Committee meetings have concluded following a series of virtual conference calls |publisher=ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2081342 |access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> On 25 May 2022, five Associate teams were granted Women's ODI status by the International Cricket Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Associate women’s teams awarded ODI status |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2634523 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Governing body
! ODI status since
! Region
! Current [[ICC Women's ODI Team Rankings|ODI ranking]]
|-
| {{crw|NLD}}
| [[Royal Dutch Cricket Association]]
| {{Dts|2022}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| 12
|-
| {{crw|PNG}}
| [[Cricket PNG]]
| {{Dts|2022}}
| [[ICC East Asia-Pacific|East Asia-Pacific]]
| -
|-
| {{crw|SCO}}
| [[Cricket Scotland]]
| {{Dts|2022}}
| [[European Cricket Council|Europe]]
| -
|-
| {{crw|THA}}
| [[Cricket Association of Thailand]]
| {{Dts|2022}}
| [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| 9
|-
| {{crw|USA}}
| [[USA Cricket]]
| {{Dts|2022}}
| [[ICC Americas|Americas]]
| -
|}
{{notelist}}

=== Associate members with T20I status ===
In April 2018, the ICC announced T20I status for all members from 1 January 2019. Therefore, all [[Twenty20]] matches played between ICC members since 1 January 2019 have been eligible for full T20I status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/101761/icc-grants-t20i-status-to-all-104-members-countries|title=ICC grants T20I status to all 104 members countries|date=26 April 2018|access-date=26 April 2018|work=Cricbuzz}}</ref><ref name="ICC2019"/>

==Former members==

There are six countries who were previously members of the International Cricket Council (as associate and/or affiliate members), but were subsequently expelled:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! Region
! ICC membership period
|-
| {{cr|BRU}}
| Asia
| 2002–2015<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.cricket.com.au/news/cool-by-association-fab-four-associate-to-tour-australia/2014-07-01|title=Aussie Associate tour set for spring|publisher=Cricket Australia|date=1 July 2014|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|CUB}}
| Americas
| 2002–2013
|-
| {{cr|MAR}}
| Africa
| 1999–2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1288479 |title=ICC board and full council concludes in London |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=2019-07-19 |access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://emergingcricket.com/insight/the-story-of-moroccan-cricket-baksheesh-bombs-and-the-death-of-a-dream/|title=The story of Moroccan cricket-baksheesh, bombs and the death of a dream |publisher=Emerging Cricket|date=26 July 2019|access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|RUS}}
| Europe
| 2012–2022<ref name="ICC-July22" />
|-
| {{cr|TGA}}
| East Asia-Pacific
| 2000–2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/756175.html|title=Nepal, Netherlands get T20 international status|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=28 June 2014|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZAM}}
| Africa
| 2003–2021<ref name="ICC-July21"/>
|}

===Dissolved members===
There were two combined teams who were members of the International Cricket Council (as associate members), but were subsequently dissolved:
* {{cr|East Africa}} (representing Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia): admitted as an associate member in 1966, the team played at the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|inaugural Cricket World Cup in 1975]], with Kenya becoming an associate member in its own right in 1981. In 1989, East Africa was succeeded by a combined team from {{cr|East and Central Africa}} (representing Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Malawi), which remained an associate member, with Uganda and Tanzania becoming associate members in their own right in 1998 and 2001. In 2003, the ICC, Zambia and Malawi mutually agreed to dissolve the team, with Zambia becoming an associate member (expelled in 2021) and Malawi becoming an affiliate member (associate member from 2017).
* {{cr|West Africa}} (representing Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone): admitted as an associate member in 1976. In 2003, the ICC and the constituent countries mutually agreed to dissolve the team, with Nigeria becoming an associate member and the other three nations becoming affiliate members (associate members from 2017).

==Regional bodies==
Regional bodies aim to organise, promote and develop the game of cricket in their respective ICC regions.

These are the current bodies:
* [[African Cricket Association]]
* [[Asian Cricket Council]]
* [[ICC Americas]]
* [[ICC East Asia-Pacific]]
* [[European Cricket Council]]

Two further regional bodies were dissolved following the creation of the African Cricket Association:
* [[East and Central Africa Cricket Conference]]
* [[West Africa Cricket Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Full Members of the International Cricket Council}}
{{Associate Members of the International Cricket Council}}
{{International cricket}}
{{National cricket teams}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ICC members}}
[[Category:International Cricket Council|L]]
[[Category:Cricket-related lists]]

Karimnagar Cable Bridge

2023-10-09T04:33:31Z

Rehan:

{{short description|Cable-Stayed bridge in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Bridge
| bridge_name = Karimnagar Cable Bridge
| image = Bridge-knr2.png
| caption =
| carries = 4 lane [[carriageway]], [[pedestrians]] and bicycles
| crosses = [[Manair River]]
| design = [[Cable-stayed bridge]]
| length = {{convert|500|m|sp=us}}
| width =
| height =
| below =
| cost = ₹224 crore<ref> {{cite web | url=https://karimnagar.telangana.gov.in/karimnagar-cable-bridge/ | title=Karimnagar Cable Bridge | Karimnagar | India }} </ref>
| engineering = [[Tata Projects]] [[Gülermak]]
| open = {{start date and age|21 June,2023}}
| closed =
}}

The '''Karimnagar Cable Bridge''' is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] in [[Karimnagar]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The bridge is located near the outskirts of Karimnagar town.

== Background ==
Vehicles going from Karimnagar town towards [[Warangal]] and [[Hyderabad]] have to cross Alugunoor Bridge causing frequent traffic problems. This bridge was constructed with a length of 500 meters at a cost of 183 crore rupees to solve the traffic problem. After crossing the Maneru river from Karimnagar Kaman through the housing board, it will be linked to the [[National Highway 563 (India)|Warangal highway]] from Sadashivapalli under [[Manakondur]] constituency. This will also reduce the distance to Warangal by seven kilometers. Built with foreign technology to attract tourists, this cable bridge has 220 meter high [[pylons]] on both sides and connects the pylons with 136 segments without any hindrance to boat travel in Maneru River.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://karimnagar.telangana.gov.in/karimnagar-cable-bridge/ | title=Karimnagar Cable Bridge | Karimnagar | India }}</ref>

== Construction ==
After the full amount of funds were sanctioned in late 2017, construction began.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/oct/15/36-crore-more-sanctioned-for-manair-suspension-bridge-1674511.html | title='36 crore more sanctioned for Manair suspension bridge }}</ref> The project was jointly executed by [[Tata Projects Limited]] and [[Gülermak]], a [[Turkey]] based firm.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/first-cable-stayed-bridge-across-manair-to-be-ready-by-march-2020/article29835245.ece | title=First cable-stayed bridge across Manair to be ready by March 2020 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=30 October 2019 }}</ref> The bridge was inaugurated on 21 June 2023 after undergoing safety and load testing.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/new-iconic-landmark-added-to-karimnagar-cable-stayed-bridge-inaugurated/article66994953.ece | title=Karimnagar gets a new iconic landmark - a cable-stayed bridge | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 June 2023 }}</ref>

==As a tourist place==
The cable bridge has become a popular tourist destination in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/sep/03/weekend-masti-at-karimnagarscable-bridge-2611242.html | title='Weekend Masti' at Karimnagar's cable bridge }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Bridges in Telangana]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Palaniappan Manickam

2023-10-08T04:34:39Z

Rehan: create

{{Infobox person
| name = Palaniappan Manickam (Dr. Pal)
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =Palaniappan Manickam
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[India]]
| education = MBBS, [[PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research]] [[Professional degrees of public health|MPH]], [[University of Massachusetts Boston]] [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] (Internal Medicine), [[Wayne State University School of Medicine]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Media Personality
*[[gastroenterologist]]
}}
| networth =
| spouse =
| children =2
| website = https://drpalmanickam.com/
}}

'''Palaniappan Manickam''' '''M.D., MPH''', better known as '''Dr. Pal''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[gastroenterologist]] in [[California]], who specializes in [[Gut microbiota|gut health]], [[Intermittent fasting#Types|time-restricted eating]], and a mostly [[plant-based diet]]. He is also a [[celebrity doctor]] who uses in-person and virtual [[stand-up comedy]] ("MedCom") to educate the general public on chronic illness intervention.

==Early life and education==
Manickam was born and raised in [[Madurai]], [[India]].<ref name=dtn>{{cite web
|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/medcom-dr-palsunique-prescription-to-bridge-health-humour-727757|title=Medcom: Dr Pal’s unique prescription to bridge health, humour
|access-date=2023-10-06
|last=James
|first=Merin
|date=2023-08-02
|publisher=[[DT Next]]
}}</ref><ref name=th>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/meet-stand-up-comedian-dr-pal-who-combines-medical-information-and-comedy/article67172088.ece
|title=Meet stand-up comedian Dr Pal, who combines medical information and comedy
|access-date=2023-10-06
|last=Ramanujam
|first=Srinivasa
|date=2023-08-09
|publisher=[[The Hindu]]
}}</ref> He received his [[Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery#India|MBBS]] from [[PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research]] in India, his [[Professional degrees of public health|MPH]] from [[University of Massachusetts Boston]], and his [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] in Internal Medicine from [[Wayne State University School of Medicine]] in Michigan.<ref name=about>{{cite web
|url=https://drpalmanickam.com/about/
|title=About Dr. Pal
|access-date=2023-10-06
|last=
|first=
|date=
|publisher=drpalmanickam.com
}}</ref> He did his Gastroenterology Fellowship at [[Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak]].<ref name=fel>{{cite web
|url=https://www.doximity.com/cv/palaniappan-manickam-md-2
|title=Dr. Palaniappan Manickam, MD
|access-date=2023-10-06
|last=
|first=
|date=
|publisher=[[Doximity]]
}}</ref>

==Career==
Manickam is a [[gastroenterologist]] in [[Sacramento, California]].<ref name=th/> He also uses a form of stand-up comedy he dubs "MedCom,"<ref name=dtn/> on YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, and in person to educate the general public on gut health and chronic illness intervention.<ref name=th/><ref name=dtn/><ref name=dh/><ref name=toi>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/the-doctor-with-a-funny-bone/articleshow/103102262.cms?from=mdr
|title=The doctor with a funny bone
|access-date=2023-10-06
|last=Ahmed
|first=Muskaan
|date=2023-08-27
|publisher=[[The Times of India]]
}}</ref>

{{quote box|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|width=30%|align=right|quote="I see so many patients around 40 years dying, leaving a young family behind. I lost a close friend because he didn't take care of himself. I don't want this to happen to others. I'm going to channel my energy to reducing belly fat and save at least one life. Some young kids will be spared the trauma of growing up without a parent."|source=—Dr. Pal, 2021<ref name=toi21/>}}

Manickam made his first video in March 2020<ref name=toi21>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-doctor-in-us-on-a-mission-to-reduce-peoples-belly-fat/articleshow/84339438.cms
|title=Indian doctor in US on a mission to reduce people's belly fat
|access-date=2023-10-06
|last=
|first=
|date=2021-07-12
|publisher=[[The Times of India]]
}}</ref> during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic. He notes that it "all started when an NGO got in touch with me saying they wanted a video for COVID awareness. I agreed and prepared a 10-minute script in four hours. They saw the video and wrote back to me saying this was very comical and that they wanted a professional video. I was gutted because I had spent a lot of time writing the jokes. They suggested I upload it on YouTube."<ref name=toi/> Manickam followed through and created a YouTube channel, uploading the video. He then shared the video with a WhatsApp group that he belonged to, and the video went viral.<ref name=toi21/> Next, he created channels on YouTube, Instgram, and Facebook with content focused first on COVID-19, followed later by gut-health, time-restricted eating, mostly plant-based diets, and weight loss.<ref name=toi/> Manickam also began to study the genre of stand-up comedy, and invented the character "Saravana Kumar" as a means of connecting with his audience.<ref name="toi" /> He eventually began to perform his "medcom" routines in live stand - up performances in the United States and India.<ref name="th" /><ref name="toi" />

Manickam says that his comedic videos and live performances are his form of giving back,<ref name=toi21/> and all funds collected from his media outlets go towards Aishwaryam Trust, Madurai, a foundation which offers [[Palliative care]].<ref name=dh>{{cite web
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/doctor-uses-med-comedy-to-promote-good-health-2648807
|title=Doctor uses ‘med-comedy’ to promote good health
|access-date=2023-10-06
|last=Rajagopal
|first=Rashmi
|date=2023-08-15
|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]
}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Manickam and his wife Priya (a data scientist with a software company)<ref name=toi21/> live with their two children in Sacramento, California.<ref name=tn>{{cite web
|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/health/fatty-liver-disease-gastroenterologist-stresses-taking-action-talks-about-the-causes-and-treatment-of-nafld-article-97085941
|title=Fatty Liver Disease: Gastroenterologist stresses on taking action
|access-date=2023-10-06
|last=TN Health Desk
|first=
|date=2023-01-18
|publisher=[[Times Now]]
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|drpalmanickam.com}}
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Manickam+P&cauthor_id=20013265 List of medical publications] - [[PubMed]]
*[https://www.empowerednutrition.health/fastingmistakes/ Biggest Fasting Mistakes to Avoid with Dr. Pal Manickam: The Role of Circadian Rhythm, Nutrition, and Gut Health in Metabolic Wellness] - interview, July 19, 2023

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manickam, Palaniappan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Anti-obesity activists]]
[[Category:Celebrity doctors]]
[[Category:Fasting advocates]]
[[Category:High-fiber diet advocates]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian gastroenterologists]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Plant-based diet advocates]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Boston alumni]]
[[Category:Wayne State University alumni]]

Ankita Sharma

2023-09-13T21:43:21Z

Rehan: Ankita Sharma

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1977)}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ankita Sharma
| birth_name = Ankita Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|02|07}}
| nationality = [[India]]n
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]]
| years active = 2009–present
| known for = [[Amrit Manthan]]
| spouse = Mayank Sharma (2015–present)
| height =
}}

'''Ankita Sharma''' is an Indian television actress.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/The-story-of-Emperor-Ashoka-comes-alive-on-television/articleshow/46054326.cms The story of Emperor Ashoka comes alive on television]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (30 January 2015). Retrieved on 24 November 2015.</ref> She worked in [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s ''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]'' as Sanchi Shravan Jaiswal, ''[[Amrit Manthan]]'' as Rajlumari Nimrit Sodhi Malik / Natasha Oberoi, ''[[Rangrasiya]]'' as Laila, and ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'' as Noor Khorasan.<ref name="Barun Sobti to play the lead in DJ’s next!">{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/news/2010/varun-sobti-dj-250310.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218033905/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/news/2010/varun-sobti-dj-250310.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2013 |title=Varun Sobti to play the lead in DJ’s next! |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |accessdate=24 November 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/Ankita-Sharmas-look-inspired-by-Sridevis-from-Khuda-Gawah/articleshow/45899691.cms Ankita Sharma’s look inspired by Sridevi’s from Khuda Gawah]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (16 January 2015). Retrieved on 24 November 2015.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-Sharma-bids-adieu-to-Rangrasiya/articleshow/38138263.cms Ankita Sharma bids adieu to Rangrasiya – The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (11 July 2014). Retrieved on 24 November 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140711/entertainment-tvmusic/article/ankita-sharma-out-rangrasiya Ankita Sharma out of Rangrasiya]. Deccanchronicle.com (12 July 2014). Retrieved on 24 November 2015.</ref>

==Personal life==
Ankita had pursued a course in classical dance and music. When she completed her course in 2008, she was awarded the Visharad degree. This degree was very important for Ankita, as she always wanted to be a dance choreographer.{{citation needed}} Ankita got engaged to [[Mayank Sharma]] on 24 January 2015 <ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150129/entertainment-tvmusic/article/ankita-mayank-get-engaged Ankita, Mayank get engaged]. Deccan Chronicle (29 January 2015). Retrieved on 24 November 2015.</ref> and married him on 9 March 2015.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-celebs-who-tied-the-knot-recently/photostory/46514600.cms TV celebs who tied the knot recently – The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 24 November 2015.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/Ankita-Sharmas-wedding-preparations-on-the-sets-of-Ashoka/photostory/46155114.cms Ankita Sharma's wedding preparations on the sets of Ashoka – The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 24 November 2015.</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''
| Ratna
|
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]''
| Sanchi Sharma / Sanchi Shravan Jaiswal
|
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Sawaare Sabke Sapne... Preeto]] ''
| Manpreet Dhillon aka Preeto
|
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Amrit Manthan]]''
| Rajkumari Nimrit Kaur Sodhi / Natasha Oberoi
|
|<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-Sharma-to-play-the-antagonist-in-Rangrasiya/articleshow/27793743.cms Ankita Sharma to play the antagonist in Rangrasiya – The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (23 December 2013). Retrieved on 24 November 2015.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Rangrasiya]]''
| Laila
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gustakh Dil]]''
| Nikhil's mother
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
| Noor Khorasan
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]''
| Vidya Venket
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
|
| Episode 32
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Devanshi (TV series)|Devanshi]]''
| Sarla
|
|
|-
| 2018–2019
|''Beechwale - Bapu Dekh Raha Hain''
| Sheetal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
| rowspan="2"|''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Nandita
| Episode 112
|
|-
| Widow
| Episode 139
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]''
| Mrs. Choudhary
|
|
|-
| 2023–present
| ''[[Baatein Kuch Ankahee Si]]''
| Vedika Malhotra
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ankita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

Venkatesh Iyer

2023-08-23T17:11:55Z

Rehan: fix

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Venkatesh Iyer
| image =Venkatesh Iyer.png
| country = India
| fullname = Venkatesh Rajasekaran Iyer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|12|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 6 ft 4in<ref>{{cite news |title=A studious rise: the making of Venkatesh Iyer |url=https://www.[[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.com/cricket-news/119150/a-studious-rise-the-making-of-venkatesh-iyer |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan |title=Venkatesh Iyer 'not setting any targets' after India call-up |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/venkatesh-iyer-choker-workload-management-ind-vs-nz-series-cricket-news/article37413579.ece |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=Sportstar |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = Batting [[all-rounder]]

| club1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2015–present
| clubnumber1 =

| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 = 2021–present
| clubnumber2 =

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2021–present
| odidebutdate = 19 January
| odidebutyear = 2022
| odidebutagainst = South Africa
| odicap = 242
| lastodidate = 21 January
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodiagainst = South Africa

| T20Idebutdate = 17 November
| T20Idebutyear = 2021
| T20Idebutagainst = New Zealand
| T20Icap = 93
| lastT20Idate = 27 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2022
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column2 = [[Twenty20 Internationals|T20I]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 2
| matches2 = 9
| matches3 = 12
| matches4 = 32
| runs1 = 24
| runs2 = 133
| runs3 = 545
| runs4 = 1,252
| bat avg1 = 12.00
| bat avg2 = 33.25
| bat avg3 = 32.50
| bat avg4 = 48.15
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 0/6
| 100s/50s4 = 4/4
| top score1 =22
| top score2 = 35[[Not out|*]]
| top score3 = 93
| top score4 = 198
| deliveries1 = 30
| deliveries2 = 55
| deliveries3 = 786
| deliveries4 = 669
| wickets1 =0
| wickets2 = 5
| wickets3 = 7
| wickets4 = 19
| bowl avg1 = –
| bowl avg2 = 15.00
| bowl avg3 = 48.57
| bowl avg4 = 32.57
| fivefor1 = –
| fivefor2 = 0
| fivefor3 = 0
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor1 = –
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = –
| best bowling2 = 2/23
| best bowling3 = 2/22
| best bowling4 = 3/55
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 5/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 17/–

| date = 4 March 2022
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/851403.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Venkatesh Iyer''' (born 25 December 1994) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in [[Ranji Trophy|domestic cricket]] and [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).

== Domestic career ==
Iyer made his [[Twenty20]] debut against [[Railways cricket team]] at [[Holkar Stadium]] in March 2015 and made his [[List A]] debut against [[Saurashtra cricket team]] at [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]] in December of the same year, while he was pursuing a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2014-15-775445/madhya-pradesh-vs-railways-central-zone-776011/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of M. Pradesh vs Railways Central Zone 2014/15 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2015-16-901115/madhya-pradesh-vs-saurashtra-group-d-901939/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of Saurashtra vs M. Pradesh Group D 2015/16 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302214348/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2015-16-901115/madhya-pradesh-vs-saurashtra-group-d-901939/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/mushtaq-ali-t20-madhya-pradesh-beat-assam-by-five-wickets-1187917.html|title=News, Breaking News, Latest News, News Headlines, Live News, Today News CNN-News18|website=News18|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305064347/http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/mushtaq-ali-t20-madhya-pradesh-beat-assam-by-five-wickets-1187917.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Who is Venkatesh Iyer, KKR's latest debutant?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-kkr-vs-rcb-who-is-venkatesh-iyer-kkr-latest-debutant-1278706|access-date=2021-09-23|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922060244/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-kkr-vs-rcb-who-is-venkatesh-iyer-kkr-latest-debutant-1278706|url-status=live}}</ref> After passing the CA Intermediate examinations, he decided to dropout and enroll himself in a [[Master of Business Administration]] in finance to allow him to pursue cricket further.<ref name=":0" /> He made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Madhya Pradesh in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 6 December 2018.<ref name="FC2">{{cite web|title=Elite, Group B, Ranji Trophy at Indore, Dec 6-9 2018|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157012.html|access-date=6 December 2018|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Iyer finished as Madhya Pradesh's top scorer in the [[2021-22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] with 155 runs at an average of 51.66. He continued his form in the [[2021-22 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] scoring 379 runs at an average of 63.16 with a strike rate of over 133, batting in the lower middle order. This included two centuries, one of which was a score of 151,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-2021-venkatesh-iyer-s-dazzling-151-continues-his-dream-run-1293189|title=Venkatesh Iyer's dazzling 151 continues his dream run|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> which made him the first batsman to score a score of 150 or more whilst batting at number six or lower in the Vijay Hazare Trophy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-2021-22-stats-himachal-pradesh-first-title-and-rishi-dhawan-all-round-brilliance-1294530|title=Stats - Himachal Pradesh's first big title, Rishi Dhawan's all-round brilliance|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref> He also took 9 wickets in six matches.

== Indian Premier League ==

In February 2021, Iyer was bought by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[List of 2021 Indian Premier League personnel changes|IPL auction]] ahead of the [[2021 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2021 auction: The list of sold and unsold players|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1252152|access-date=18 February 2021|work=ESPN Cricinfo|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218062535/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1252152|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 September 2021, upon resumption of the IPL in the [[United Arab Emirates]], he made his IPL debut against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=Who's Venkatesh Iyer? Meet KKR's new all-rounder|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2021-venkatesh-iyer-kolkata-knight-riders-newest-all-rounder-royal-challengers-bangalore/article36583610.ece|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Sportstar|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923000659/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2021-venkatesh-iyer-kolkata-knight-riders-newest-all-rounder-royal-challengers-bangalore/article36583610.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 September 2021, he scored his maiden IPL fifty against [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIVO IPL 2021, Match 34 MI vs KKR – Match Report|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/239665/vivo-ipl-2021-match-34-mi-vs-kkr-match-report|access-date=2021-09-24|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924002531/https://www.iplt20.com/news/239665/vivo-ipl-2021-match-34-mi-vs-kkr-match-report|url-status=live}}</ref>

Iyer emerged as a key player for KKR for the rest of the tournament, aiding in their run to the final, by scoring 370 runs at an average of 41 and a strike rate of 129.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-three-chennai-super-kings-players-in-team-of-the-tournament-gaikwad-du-plessis-jadeja-maxwell-chakravarthy-1283392|title=IPL 2021 - Three Chennai Super Kings players in ESPNcricinfo's Team of the Tournament|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> He was named as player of the match in the second qualifier, after scoring 55 runs and he followed this up with another half century in the final. Alongside his opening partner [[Shubman Gill]], he put on an opening stand of 91, which proved to be in vain as KKR lost the match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/matches/results/men/2021|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website - Results|website=www.iplt20.com|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018074037/https://www.iplt20.com/matches/results/men/2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/246950/vivo-ipl-2021-qualifier-2-kkr-vs-dc-match-report|title=VIVO IPL 2021, Qualifier 2 KKR vs DC – Match Report|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018074036/https://www.iplt20.com/news/246950/vivo-ipl-2021-qualifier-2-kkr-vs-dc-match-report|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/247289/vivo-ipl-2021-final-csk-vs-kkr-match-report|title=VIVO IPL 2021, Final CSK vs KKR – Match Report|website=www.iplt20.com|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134613/https://www.iplt20.com/news/247289/vivo-ipl-2021-final-csk-vs-kkr-match-report|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 April 2023, Iyer scored his maiden IPL Century against Mumbai indians scoring 104 runs in 51 balls. Thus, he become only the 2nd Batter to score a century for KKR after [[Brendon McCullum]] did in the first match of [[IPL 2008]], 15 years ago, but his century went in vain as KKR was defeated by Mumbai Indians.

Till 20 April 2023, Iyer is the 4th highest scorer in terms of runs in [[IPL 2023]] trailing behind [[Francois du Plessis|Faf du Plessis]], [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Virat Kohli]] and [[Jos Buttler]] scoring 234 runs in 6 innings at an average of 39 and a strike rate of 168.34.

== International career ==

He was asked to stay back in [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] to be a net bowler in India's [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021 ICC T20 World Cup]] squad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venkatesh Iyer, Avesh Khan To Stay Back In UAE To Join As India's Net Bowlers For T20 World Cup 2021 – Reports|date=12 October 2021|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/icc-t20-wc-2021/venkatesh-iyer-avesh-khan-to-stay-back-in-uae-to-join-as-indias-net-bowlers-for-t20-world-cup-2021-reports/|access-date=2021-10-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=October 13, 2021 |title=T20 World Cup: Venkatesh Iyer, Harshal Patel and Umran Malik among 8 players to assist india's preparations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-t20-world-cup-team-venkatesh-iyer-umran-malik-harshal-patel-avesh-preparations-1864398-2021-10-13|access-date=2021-10-22|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022145547/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-t20-world-cup-team-venkatesh-iyer-umran-malik-harshal-patel-avesh-preparations-1864398-2021-10-13|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2021, he was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their series [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021–22|against New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rohit-sharma-to-captain-india-in-t20is-against-new-zealand-1288508 |title=Rohit Sharma to captain India in T20Is against New Zealand |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 17 November 2021, for India against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278671.html |title=1st T20I (N), Jaipur, Nov 17 2021, New Zealand tour of India |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> He made his international bowling debut in the final match of this series, returning figures of 3-0-12-1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/new-zealand-in-india/india-vs-new-zealand-venkatesh-iyers-bowling-important-going-forward-says-rohit-sharma/articleshow/87839983.cms|title=Rohit Sharma: Venkatesh Iyer's bowling important going forward, says Rohit Sharma | Cricket News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In December 2021, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for their series [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|against South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sa-vs-ind-odi-series-2021-22-rohit-sharma-misses-south-africa-odis-with-injury-kl-rahul-named-captain-1294976 |title=Rohit misses South Africa ODIs with injury, Rahul named captain |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> He made his ODI debut on 19 January 2022, for India against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1277082.html |title=1st ODI, Paarl, Jan 19 2022, India tour of South Africa |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>

In January 2022, he was named in India's T20I squad for their series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2021–22|against the West Indies]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-2022-rohit-sharma-and-kuldeep-yadav-return-for-west-indies-odis-and-t20is-1298852|title=Fit-again Rohit to lead India for WI series; Kuldeep back for ODIs|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> where he played all three matches, playing a finishing role in the lower middle order scoring his runs at a strike rate of 179.24.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-3rd-t20i-suryakumar-yadav-and-venkatesh-iyer-doing-the-dirty-work-for-india-and-giving-it-a-good-scrub-1302095|title=Suryakumar and Venkatesh - doing the dirty work, and giving it a good scrub|work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> He also picked up two wickets in the series.

In June 2022, Iyer was named in India's squad for their T20I series [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022|against Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109 |title=Hardik Pandya to captain India in Ireland T20Is; Rahul Tripathi gets maiden call-up |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=851403}}

{{Madhya Pradesh Squad}}
{{Kolkata Knight Riders squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, Venkatesh}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Indore]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]

Wicket-keeper

2023-08-08T13:29:53Z

Rehan: fix

{{short description|Fielding position in cricket}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[Image:Cricket wicket keeper.jpg|thumb|Wicket-keeper in characteristic [[full squatting position]], facing a delivery from a slow pace or [[spin bowling|spin bowler]]]]
[[Image:Gilly_and_the_slips.jpg|thumb|Wicket-keeper in characteristic [[partial squatting position]] (together with [[Slip (cricket)|slip fielders]]), facing a delivery from a [[Fast bowling|fast bowler]].]]
The '''wicket-keeper''' in the sport of [[cricket]] is the player on the [[fielding (cricket)|fielding side]] who stands behind the [[wicket]] or stumps being watchful of the [[batsman]] and ready to take a [[Caught|catch]], [[Stumped|stump]] the batsman out and [[run out]] a batsman when occasion arises. The wicket-keeper is the only member of the fielding side permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards.<ref name=Law27>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-the-wicket-keeper/ |title=Law 27 – The wicket-keeper |publisher=MCC |access-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001123050/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-the-wicket-keeper/ |archive-date=1 October 2017 }}</ref> The role of the keeper is governed by Law 27 of the [[Laws of Cricket]].<ref name=Law27/>
[[Image:Strauss_dismissal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adam Gilchrist]] of [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] [[List of cricket terms#S|standing up]] to the stumps against [[England cricket team|England]] during the fourth test of the [[2005 Ashes series]] in England.]]

== Stance ==
Initially, during the bowling of the ball the wicket-keeper crouches in a full [[squatting position]] but partly stands up as the ball is received. Australian wicket-keeper [[Sammy Carter]] (1878 to 1948) was the first to squat on his haunches rather than bend over from the waist (stooping).<ref>''The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket'', Oxford, Melbourne, 1996, p. 100.</ref>

== Purposes ==

The keeper's major function is to stop deliveries that pass the batsman (in order to prevent [[run (cricket)|runs]] being scored as 'byes'), but he can also attempt to [[dismissal (cricket)|dismiss]] the batsman in various ways:
* The most common dismissal effected by the keeper is for him to ''[[catch (cricket)|catch]]'' a ball that has nicked the batsman's bat, called an ''edge'', before it bounces. Sometimes the keeper is also in the best position to catch a ball which has been hit high in the air. More catches are taken by wicket-keepers than by any other fielding position.
* The keeper can [[Stumped|stump]] the batsman by using the ball to remove the [[bail (cricket)|bails]] from the [[stump (cricket)|stumps]], if the batsman is out of his [[crease (cricket)|crease]] after a delivery has passed the stumps into the keeper's hands. The keeper must then dislodge the bail(s) and the batsman is out if he is still outside the crease.
* When the ball is hit into the outfield, the keeper moves close to the stumps to catch the return throw from a fielder and, if possible, to ''[[run out]]'' a batsman by collecting the ball in his gloves and putting down the wicket.
* If the batter & non-striker attempt to run a [[Bye (cricket)|bye]] following the batsman missing or not playing a shot the wicket keeper can throw the ball at the stumps after he catches the delivery. In outfield cricket it is a rare play due to the high chance of the non-striker being put out. This play is more common during [[Indoor cricket]] games and it is common for indoor cricket wicket-keepers to only wear a single glove in order to make throws to the non-striker's end easier to hit with.
* The only example of the [[Obstructing the field]] dismissal in Test Cricket came from a batter attempting to hit the ball away from a catch being taken by the wicket-keeper.

A keeper's position depends on the [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]]: for [[fast bowling]] he will squat some distance from the stumps, in order to have time to react to edges from the batsman, while for slower bowling, he will come much nearer to the stumps (known as "standing up"), to pressure the batsman into remaining within the crease or risk being stumped. The more skilled the keeper, the faster the bowling to which he is able to "stand up", for instance [[Godfrey Evans]] often stood up to [[Alec Bedser]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/12543.html|title=Godfrey Evans|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016081830/http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/12543.html|archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

Like the other players on a cricket team the keepers will bat during the team's batting innings. At elite levels wicket-keepers are generally expected to be proficient batters averaging considerably more than specialist bowlers. This [[Wicket-keeper-batsman]] form became popular in the 1990's as the Australian national team saw success when elevating [[Adam Gilchrist]] to the team after the retirement of [[Ian Healy]]. Healy averaged 27.39 and 4,356 runs total from his 119 Test Matches, and is viewed as a specialist wicket-keeper who had improved his marginally effective batting toward the end of his career. Gilchrist on the other hand was a dominating, powerful batsman from the start, playing 96 Test Matches with a 47.60 average with 5,570 total runs despite playing 23 less matches. Gilchrist's success effectively forced the specialist wicket-keeper into extinction at the top levels of the sport as teams could no long afford to pick a mediocre or poor batsman in the position as long as the player who was chosen could perform up to basic standards of the wicket-keeper position when fielding.

== Legal specifications of wicket-keeping gloves ==
[[File:Wicket keeping gloves along with the inner gloves.jpg|thumb|right|Wicket keeping gloves along with the inner gloves]]
[[Image:Wicket-Keeping Gloves.jpg|thumb|A pair of wicket-keeping gloves. The webbing which helps the keeper to catch the ball can be seen between the thumb and index fingers.]]
Law 27.2, which deals with the specifications for wicketkeepers' gloves, states that:
*If ... the wicket-keeper wears gloves, they shall have no webbing between the fingers except joining index finger and thumb, where webbing may be inserted as a means of support.
*If used, the webbing shall be a single piece of non-stretch material which, although it may have facing material attached, shall have no reinforcements or tucks.
*The top edge of the webbing shall not protrude beyond the straight line joining the top of the index finger to the top of the thumb and shall be taut when a hand wearing the glove has the thumb fully extended.<ref name=Law27/>

== Substitutes ==
Substitutes were previously not allowed to keep wicket, but this restriction was lifted in the 2017 edition of the [[Laws of Cricket]].

This rule was sometimes suspended, by agreement with the captain of the batting side. For example, during the England–New Zealand [[test cricket|Test match]] at [[Lord's]] in 1986, England's specialist keeper, [[Bruce French (cricketer)|Bruce French]], was injured while batting during England's first innings. England then used four keepers in New Zealand's first innings: [[Bill Athey]] kept for the first two overs; 45-year-old veteran [[Bob Taylor (cricketer)|Bob Taylor]] was pulled out of the sponsor's tent to keep for overs 3 to 76; [[Bobby Parks (cricketer)|Bobby Parks]], the Hampshire keeper, was called up for overs 77 to 140; and Bruce French kept wicket for the final ball of the innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153677.html|title=England v New Zealand 1986|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520062238/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153677.html|archive-date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

[[Arthur Jones (English cricketer)|Arthur Jones]] was the first substitute to keep wicket in a Test match, when he did so [[Australian cricket team in England in 1905|against Australia]] at [[The Oval]] in 1905.<ref name="Jones">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149540.html |title=The limpet |access-date=18 August 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=29 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818140101/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149540.html |archive-date=18 August 2017 }}</ref> Virat Kohli once happened to substitute MS Dhoni, as the latter had to attend for his nature's call. This incident happened in 2015 during India vs Bangladesh ODI match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Kohli Replaced Dhoni as Wicketkeeper for One Over |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/when-kohli-replaced-dhoni-in-a-match-for-wicket-keeping-know-why-he-was-scared-3814487.html |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Playing without a wicket-keeper==
There is no rule stating a team must play a wicket-keeper.<ref name="FoxSport">{{cite web |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/natwest-t20-blast-video-worcestershire-wicketkeeper-daryl-mitchell-moves-to-outfield/story-e6frf3g3-1227386920086 |title=NatWest T20 Blast video: Worcestershire wicketkeeper Daryl Mitchell moves to outfield |access-date=7 June 2015 |work=Fox Sports}}</ref> On 5 June 2015 during a [[2015 NatWest t20 Blast|T20 Blast game]] between the [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire Rapids]] and the [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire Steelbacks]], Worcestershire chose not to play a wicket-keeper in the 16th over of the match.<ref name="sportskeeda">{{cite web |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/english-county-side-creates-controversy-by-having-no-wicket-keeper-behind-the-stumps |title=English county side creates controversy by having no wicket-keeper behind the stumps |access-date=7 June 2015 |work=sportskeeda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608235646/http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/english-county-side-creates-controversy-by-having-no-wicket-keeper-behind-the-stumps |archive-date=8 June 2015 }}</ref> Their keeper, [[Ben Cox]], became an extra fielder at [[Fielding (cricket)#Fielding position names and locations|fly slip]] while spinner [[Moeen Ali]] bowled.<ref name="sportskeeda" /> The umpires consulted with each other and agreed that there was nothing in the rules to prevent it from happening.<ref name="Cricinfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/county-cricket-2015/content/story/884583.html |title=Worcestershire ditch keeper as Dhoni gives idea for controversial ploy |access-date=7 June 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Leading international wicket-keepers==

===Test===
The following are the top 10 wicket-keepers by total dismissals in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283791.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 August 2018|title=Wicketkeeping Records most Test Match dismissals in a career}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="7"|Leading Test match wicket-keepers by dismissals1
|-
!Rank
!Name
!Country
!Matches
![[Caught]]
![[Stumped]]
!Total dismissals
|-
| 1 || [[Mark Boucher]]||{{cr|SA}}|| 147 || 532 || 23 || 555
|-
| 2 || [[Adam Gilchrist]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 96 || 379 || 37 || 416
|-
| 3 || [[Ian Healy]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 119 || 366 || 29 || 395
|-
| 4 || [[Rod Marsh]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 96 || 343 || 12 || 355
|-
| 5 ||[[MS Dhoni]]||{{cr|IND}}|| 90 || 256 || 38 || 294
|-
| rowspan=2|6 || [[Brad Haddin]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 66 || 262 || 8 || 270
|-
| [[Jeff Dujon]] || {{cr|WIN}} || 81 || 265 || 5 ||270
|-
| 8 || [[Alan Knott]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 95 || 250 || 19 || 269
|-
| 9 || [[BJ Watling]] || {{cr|NZ}} || 73 || 249 || 8 || 257
|-
| 10 || [[Matt Prior]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 79 || 243 || 13 || 256
|-
|colspan=7|Statistics are correct as of 13 August 2018
*'''Bold''' indicates current player
*Matches is the total number of Tests played, which is not necessarily the number of matches keeping wicket.
*Some of the players listed have additional catches in games they have played as a normal fielder.
|}

===ODI===
The following are the top wicket-keepers by total dismissals in one day cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283792.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 September 2019|title=Wicketkeeping Records most ODI dismissals in a career}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="7"|Leading one-day wicket-keepers by dismissals
|-
!Rank
!Name
!Country
!Matches
![[Caught]]
![[Stumped]]
!Total dismissals
|-
| 1 || [[Kumar Sangakkara]] || {{cr|SL}} || 353 || 383 || 99 || 482
|-
| 2 || [[Adam Gilchrist]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 287 || 417 || 55 || 472
|-
| 3 || [[MS Dhoni]] || {{cr|IND}} || 341 || 321 || 123 || 444
|-
| 4 || [[Mark Boucher]] || {{cr|RSA}} || 295 || 403 || 22 || 424
|-
| 5 || [[Moin Khan]] || {{cr|PAK}} || 219 || 214 ||73 || 287
|-
| 6 || [[Brendon McCullum]] || {{cr|NZL}} || 260 || 227 || 15 || 242
|-
| 7 || [[Ian Healy]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 168 || 194 || 39 || 233
|-
| 8 || [[Rashid Latif]] || {{cr|PAK}} || 166 || 182 || 38 || 220
|-
| 9 || '''[[Mushfiqur Rahim]] '''|| {{cr|BAN}} || 205 || 169 || 42 || 211
|-
| 10 || [[Romesh Kaluwitharana]] || {{cr|SRI}} || 189 || 131 || 75 || 206
|-

|colspan=7|
Statistics are correct as of 23 September 2019
*'''Bold''' indicates current player
*Matches is the total number of ODIs played, which is not necessarily the number of matches keeping wicket.
*A number of the players listed have additional catches in games they have played as a normal fielder.
|}

===T20I===
The following are the top 10 wicket-keepers by total dismissals in Twenty20 International cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283793.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 September 2019|title=Wicketkeeping Records most T20I Match dismissals in a career}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="7"|Leading T20I wicket-keepers by dismissals
|-
!Rank
!Name
!Country
!Matches
![[Caught]]
![[Stumped]]
!Total dismissals
|-
| 1 || [[MS Dhoni]] || {{cr|IND}} || 98 || 57 || 34 || 91
|-
| 2 || [[Kamran Akmal]] || {{cr|PAK}} || 58 || 28 || 32|| 60
|-
| 3 || '''[[Denesh Ramdin]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || 68 || 38 || 20 || 58
|-
| 4 || '''[[Mushfiqur Rahim]]''' || {{cr|BAN}} || 81 || 30 || 28 || 58
|-
| 5 || '''[[Mohammad Shahzad]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 65 || 26 || 28 || 54
|-
| 6 || '''[[Quinton de Kock]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || 38 || 36 || 10 || 46
|-
| 7 || [[Kumar Sangakkara]] || {{cr|SRI}} || 56 || 25 || 20 || 45
|-
| 8 || '''[[Sarfaraz Ahmed]]''' || {{cr|PAK}} || 55 || 34 || 10 || 44
|-
| 9 || [[Brendon McCullum]] || {{cr|NZL}} || 71 || 24 || 8 || 32
|-
| 10 || [[Luke Ronchi]] || {{cr|NZL}} || 33 || 24 || 6 || 30
|-
|colspan=7|
Statistics are correct as of 23 September 2019
*'''Bold''' indicates current player
*Matches is the total number of T20Is played, which is not necessarily the number of matches keeping wicket.
*A number of the players listed have additional catches in games they have played as a normal fielder.
|}

==See also==
*[[Catcher]]
*[[Glossary of cricket terms]]
*[[Wicket-keeper's gloves]]
*[[Wicket-keeper-batsman]]

== Bibliography ==
* [[Surya Prakash Chaturvedi]], ''Bharat ke Wicket Keepers'', National Book Trust, 2011

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket positions}}
{{Wicket-keepers in Test cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wicket-Keeper}}
[[Category:Cricket terminology]]
[[Category:Partial squatting position]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]
[[Category:Cricket]]

Wicket-keeper

2023-08-08T13:29:53Z

Rehan: fix

Rohit (actor)

2023-07-20T04:37:08Z

Rehan: Article crafted.

{{Short description|Former indian actor}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit
| image =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_place =
| othername =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 1998-2021
| occupation = Actor
| parents =
| spouse =
}}
'''Rohit''' is a former Indian actor known for starring in Telugu-language film in the 2000s.

== Career ==
Rohit worked as an assistant director under [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]] in ''Swarnakka'' (1998) and made his lead debut with [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]'s ''[[6 Teens]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-goodboy.html|title=Good Boy - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Rohit & Navneet Kaur|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film was a box office success and he became popular for the song "Devudu Varamandiste Ne Ninne Korukuntaale". Regarding his performance in ''Muthyam'', a critic wrote that "Rohit, who acted in 6 teens earlier, tried to do behavioral acting. But he lacks in the ease and spontaneity in his action".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-muthyam.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Muthyam - Rohit, Anu - Vasan - Vandemataram|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> He then starred in a series of films that were box office flops with only ''[[Girl Friend (2002 film)|Girl Friend]]'' (2002), his second collaboration with Nageswara Reddy, becoming successful. Regarding his performance in ''Girl Friend'', a critic wrote that "Rohit has done an amazing work in this film. He is very natural in acting and has got very good dialogue delivery. His dances are very good comedy timing is perfect".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-girlfriend.html|title=Movie review - Girl Friend|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|author=Jeevi|access-date=2 August 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127011701/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-girlfriend.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Rohit, the song "Taluku Taraka" from the film was an "instant hit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet1-goodboy.html|title=Good Boy - press meet - Telugu Cinema - Rohit, Navneet Kaur|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

During this period he also starred in the film ''Nenante Ishtamena'', an unreleased film that was set in Malaysia. He played the second lead in ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' (2002) and starred in several multistarrers such as ''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' (2004), ''Keelu Gurram'' (2005), ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]'' (2007), ''[[Nava Vasantham]]'' (2007) and ''[[Maa Annayya Bangaram]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |title=Finding a foothold |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802225232/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> In 2021, he was to make his comeback with the film ''Kalakar'', but the film remains unreleased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/anil-ravipudi-unveils-motion-poster-of-suspense-thriller-kalakar|title=Anil Ravipudi unveils motion poster of suspense thriller ‘Kalakar’|first=Telangana|last=Today|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/6-teens-hero-rohit-making-a-re-entry-after-a-long-hiatus-396828.html|title=Hero Rohith : మరోసారి సినిమాల్లో కనిపించనున్న 6 టీన్స్ మూవీ హీరో.. 'కళాకార్‌' రానున్న రోహిత్|first=TV9|last=Telugu|website=TV9 Telugu}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1998 || ''Swarnakka'' || Naxalite || Cameo appearance in the song "Swarnakka"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001 || ''[[6 Teens]]'' || ||
|
|-
| ''Muthyam'' || Chanti ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2002 || ''Chandravansam'' || Bruhannala ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chandravansam.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Chandravansam - Krishna, Suman, Naresh, Sivaji, Rohit, Roopa, Jaya Prada, Radhika Varma|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Girl Friend (2002 film)|Girl Friend]]'' || Vamsi ||
|
|-
| ''Entha Bagundo'' || || Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' || Bose ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html | title=Sontham | publisher=Idle Brain | accessdate=15 June 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2003 || ''[[Anaganaga O Kurraadu]]'' || Sachin || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit's film titled as 'Anaganaga O Kurradu' |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news231.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530064423/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news231.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Janaki Weds Sriram]]'' || Sriram ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu cinema review - Janaki weds Sreeram - Rohit, Rekha, Gajala - Anji Seenu|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-janakiwedssreeram.html|access-date=|website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nenu Seethamahalaxmi'' || Naani ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nenuseetamahalakshmi.html|title=Telugu cinema - Nenu Seetamahalakshmi - Rohit, Sravya - Valluripally Ramesh, G Nageswara Reddy - Chakri|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' || Thomas ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shankardadambbs.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Shankardada MBBS - Chiranjeevi, Sonali Bendre - Jayant C Paranji|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''Keelu Gurram'' || Charan ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-keelugurram.html|title=Keelu Gurram - Telugu cinema Review - Rohit, Nakul, Baladitya, Rajesh, Tanu Roy|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Good Boy'' || Vamsi ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-goodboy.html|title=Good Boy - Telugu cinema Review - Rohit & Navneet Kaur|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]'' || Azad || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shankardadazindabad.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Shankar Dada Zindabad|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nava Vasantham]]'' || Raja ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/12nava.htm | title=Review: Nava Vasantam | access-date=20 June 2023 | archive-date=23 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823072945/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/12nava.htm | work=[[Rediff.com]]|url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Maa Annayya Bangaram]]'' || Bhargav ||
|<ref>https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/maa-annayya-bangaram-review-b-c-center-flick-22646</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Actor, Rohit}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2954737}}

[[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]

Rampratap Kasniyan

2023-07-16T09:05:09Z

Rehan: Created an inspiring manuscript.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rampratap Kasniyan
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Suratgarh]]
| country = India
| successor =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = 16/08/1952
| citizenship =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| termstart = 2018
| termend =
| education =
| district =
| spouse =
| image =
| caption =
}}

'''Rampratap Kasniyan''' (born 16 August 1952){{cn}} is an Indian politician. He is a Member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] and currently member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Suratgarh Assembly constituency|Suratgarh constituency]] 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampratap Kasniyan(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SURATGARH(GANGANAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=2306 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सूरतगढ़{{!}} भाजपा के रामप्रताप कासनिया की जीत की खुशी में |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/hanumangarh/news/suratgarh-bjp39s-ram-pratap-kasane-in-the-joy-of-victory-042530-3400590.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampratap Kasniyan-रामप्रताप कासनियां Bjp Candidate Suratgarh Election Result 2018 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/rampratap-kasniyan-bjp-2018-suratgarh-4 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Badtameez Dil (TV series)

2023-07-07T10:02:49Z

Rehan: Created an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}
{{update}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Badtameez Dil.jpeg
| caption = Title card
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Prashant Bhagia
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Riddhi Dogra]]
* [[Barun Sobti]]
* [[Mallika Dua]]
* [[Minissha Lamba]]
* Shivam Bhaargava
}}
| theme_music_composer = Pranaay
| opentheme =
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Tanveer Bookwala
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 23-33 minutes
| company = [[ALTBalaji]]
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]]
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[HDTV]] [[1080i]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|06|09}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}
'''''Badtameez Dil''''' ({{Translation|The Insolent Heart}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[Television show|television series]] created by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and directed by Prashant Bhagia. The series features [[Riddhi Dogra]], [[Barun Sobti]], [[Mallika Dua]], [[Minissha Lamba]] and Shivam Bhaargava.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-badtameez-dil-on-amazon-minitv-here-s-why-barun-sobti-ridhi-dogra-s-show-should-be-on-your-binge-list-news-293714|title=‘Badtameez Dil’ On Amazon MiniTV: Here’s Why Barun Sobti-Ridhi Dogra’s Show Should Be On Your Binge-List}}</ref> It was produced under the banner of [[ALTBalaji]] and premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]] on 9 June 2023.

==Plot==
{{No plot}}

==Cast==
* [[Riddhi Dogra]] as Liz
* [[Barun Sobti]] as Karan
* [[Mallika Dua]] as Elena
* [[Minissha Lamba]] as Hailey
* Shivam Bhaargava as Ari

==Production==
The series was announced by [[ALTBalaji]] for [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]] consisting of ten episodes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/badtameez-dil-starring-barun-sobti-and-ridhi-dogra-to-premiere-on-this-streaming-platform-2616908.html | title=Badtameez Dil Starring Barun Sobti and Ridhi Dogra to Premiere on This Streaming Platform }}</ref> [[Riddhi Dogra]] and [[Barun Sobti]] were signed as the lead.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/what-to-expect-from-ridhi-dogra-and-barun-sobtis-badtameez-dil-find-out-interesting-details-in-trailer/articleshow/100763212.cms?from=mdr | title=What to expect from Ridhi Dogra and Barun Sobti's 'Badtameez Dil'? Find out interesting details in trailer | newspaper=The Times of India | date=5 June 2023 }}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 5 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/badtameez-dil-trailer-out-barun-sobti-ridhi-dogras-show-is-cute-mix-of-old-school-romance-vs-modern-day-love-2388962-2023-06-05 | title=Badtameez Dil trailer out. Barun Sobti, Ridhi Dogra's show is cute mix of old-school romance vs modern-day love }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Badtameez Dil
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Akhil Sachdeva]], [[Ankit Tiwari]] and [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=11|s=42}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|IIWPCRymst8|Badtameez Dil - Full Album}}}}
}}
The music for Badtameez Dil is composed by [[Akhil Sachdeva]], [[Ankit Tiwari]] and [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/badtameez-dil-ridhi-dogra-and-barun-sobti-starrer-amazon-minitv-drama-releases-two-songs/cid/1943372 | title=Badtameez Dil: Ridhi Dogra and Barun Sobti-starrer Amazon miniTV drama releases two songs }}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tracklisting
| total_length = 11:42
| title1 = Haareya
| length1 = 3:42
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| music1 = Ankit Tiwari
| extra1 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| title2 = Jaane Bekhabar
| length2 = 3:25
| lyrics2 = Himank Kalal
| music2 = Sandman
| extra2 = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]], Shubhangi Joshi, Sandeep Patil
| title3 = Ranjhana
| length3 = 4:35
| lyrics3 = Akhil Sachdeva
| music3 = Akhil Sachdeva
| extra3 = [[Akhil Sachdeva]]
}}

==Reception==
{| class="wikitable infobox" style="float:right; width:20%; font-size:80%; text-align:center; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding:0;" cellpadding="0"
!colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;"|Professional reviews
|-
!colspan=2 style="background:#d1dbdf; font-size:120%;"|Review scores
|-
!Source
!Rating
|-
|[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-badtameez-dil-on-amazon-minitv-review-barun-sobti-ridhi-dogra-s-mushy-romantic-show-has-an-old-world-charm-movie_reviews-295728|title=‘Badtameez Dil’ On Amazon MiniTV Review: Barun Sobti-Ridhi Dogra’s Mushy Romantic Show Has An Old World Charm}}</ref>
|{{Rating|3|5}}
|-
|[[OTT Play]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/badtameez-dil-review-barun-sobti-ridhi-dogras-romantic-drama-is-an-ode-to-ross-rachel-and-we-love-it/d04355dcb7673 | title=Badtameez Dil review: Barun Sobti, Ridhi Dogra's show is an ode to Ross & Rachel }}</ref>
|{{Rating|3.5|5}}
|-
|[[The Times of India]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/badtameez-dil/badtameez-dil-season-1/seasonreview/100896944.cms | title=Badtameez Dil Season 1 Review : A contemporary love saga that's mushy yet messy | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|{{Rating|3|5}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.amazon.in/minitv/tp/bb8bc92b-2968-499b-ab2f-ffb1f598a969 ''Badtameez Dil''] on [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]]
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

German language

2022-04-19T22:02:03Z

Rehan: Just finished crafting a new article.

{{Short description|West Germanic language}}
{{Distinguish|Germanic languages|High German languages|Standard German}}
{{More citations needed}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{improve|reason=poor article contradicts itself in multiple ways:
* intro: "or more precisely High German" and table with "Language family ... High German" vs. ISO 639-3 in the talble: "nds – Low German"
*: Low German is not High German
* nativename in the table: "{{lang|de|Deutsch}}" vs. bar – Bavarian etc. in the table
*: in the various dialects like Bavarian the term for German is different, e.g. in ksh – Kölsch it's ''Dütsch'' (cp. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtsch#Central_Franconian WT])
* WP speaks of "[[High German languages|High German language'''s''']]" (plural), yet this is only "[[German language]]" (singular). German is broader than High German, so it should be ''German language'''s''''', or German here is short for [[Standard German]] which already has a more proper article.
|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox language
| name = German
| nativename = {{lang|de|Deutsch}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-de|dɔʏtʃ}}
| states = [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[Austria]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]] and [[Liechtenstein]]
| region = [[Geographical distribution of German speakers#Europe|German-speaking Europe]]
| speakers = 95 million
| ethnicity = [[Germans]]
| date = 2014
| ref = <ref name=eurobarometer />
| speakers2 = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 80–85 million (2014)<ref name=eurobarometer />
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4 = [[Elbe Germanic]]
| fam5 = [[High German languages|High German]]
| ancestor = [[Old High German]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle High German]]
| ancestor3 = [[Early New High German]]
| stand1 = [[Standard German]] ([[German Standard German|German]], [[Swiss Standard German|Swiss]], [[Austrian Standard German|Austrian]])
| script = {{plainlist|
* [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[German alphabet]])
* [[German Braille]]}}
| sign = [[Signed German]]
| nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|6 countries]]|
|[[Austria]]
|[[Belgium]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[Liechtenstein]]
|[[Luxembourg]]
|[[Switzerland]]
}}
 {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|1 subdivision]]|
| [[Italy]]
*[[South Tyrol]]
}}
 {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International institutions|Various international institutions]]
}}
| minority =  {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[List of territorial entities where German is an official language#Other legal statuses|10 countries]]|
|[[Brazil]] [[Brazilian German|(17 municipalities)]]
|[[Czech Republic]]
|[[Denmark]] ([[Region of Southern Denmark|Syddanmark]])
|[[Hungary]] ([[Sopron]])
|[[Italy]]
|[[Namibia]]
|[[Poland]] ([[Upper Silesia]])
|[[Romania]]
|[[Russia]] ([[Azovo German National District]])
|[[Slovakia]] ([[Bratislava Region]])
}}
| agency =
| iso1 = de
| iso2b = ger
| iso2t = deu
| lc1 = deu
| ld1 = [[Standard German|German]]
| lc2 = gmh
| ld2 = [[Middle High German]]
| lc3 = goh
| ld3 = [[Old High German]]
| lc4 = gct
| ld4 = [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Colonia Tovar German]]
| lc5 = bar
| ld5 = [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]
| lc6 = cim
| ld6 = [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]
| lc7 = geh
| ld7 = [[Hutterite German]]
| lc8 = ksh
| ld8 = [[Colognian dialect|Kölsch]]
| lc9 = nds
| ld9 = [[Low German]]{{refn|group=note|The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.{{sfn|Goossens|1983|p=27}}}}
| lc10 = sli
| ld10 = [[Silesian German|Lower Silesian]]
| lc11 = ltz
| ld11 = [[Luxembourgish]]{{refn|group=note|The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.}}
| lc12 = vmf
| ld12 = [[Main-Franconian dialects|Mainfränkisch]]
| lc13 = mhn
| ld13 = [[Mòcheno language|Mòcheno]]
| lc14 = pfl
| ld14 = [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]]
| lc15 = pdc
| ld15 = [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]
| lc16 = pdt
| ld16 = [[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]]{{refn|group=note|The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.{{sfn|Goossens|1983|p=27}}}}
| lc17 = swg
| ld17 = [[Swabian German]]
| lc18 = gsw
| ld18 = [[Swiss German]]
| lc19 = uln
| ld19 = [[Unserdeutsch language|Unserdeutsch]]
| lc20 = sxu
| ld20 = [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]
| lc21 = wae
| ld21 = [[Walser German]]
| lc22 = wep
| ld22 = [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]
| lc23 = hrx
| ld23 = [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German|Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]]
| lc24 = yec
| ld24 = [[Yenish language|Yenish]]
| lingua = 52-ACB–dl ([[Standard German]]) 52-AC (Continental West Germanic) 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch) 52-ACB-d ([[Central German]]) 52-ACB-e & -f ([[Upper German|Upper]] and [[Swiss German]]) 52-ACB-h ([[German diaspora|émigré German]] varieties, including 52-ACB-hc ([[Hutterite German]]) & 52-ACB-he ([[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]) 52-ACB-i ([[Yeniche language|Yenish]]) Totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i
| glotto = high1289
| glottoname = High German
| glotto2 = fran1268
| glottoname2 = Middle German
| glotto3 = high1286
| glottoname3 = Upper German
| map = Legal status of German in the world.svg
| map2 = Legal status of German in Europe.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{legend|#ffcc00|(Co)official majority language}}
{{legend|#d98575|Co-official minority language}}
{{legend|#7373d9|Statutory minority/cultural language}}
{{legend|#30efe3|Non-statutory minority language}}
| notice = IPA
}}

'''German''' ([[Standard German|Standard High German]]: {{lang|de|Deutsch}}, {{IPA-de|dɔʏtʃ|pron|De-Deutsch2.ogg}}), or more precisely '''High German''', is a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] mainly spoken in [[Western Europe]] and [[Central Europe]]. It is the most widely spoken and [[Official language|official]] or co-official language in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], and the [[Italy|Italian]] province of [[South Tyrol]]. It is also an official language of [[Luxembourg]] and [[German-speaking Community of Belgium|Belgium]], as well as a recognized [[national language]] in [[Namibia]]. Outside Germany, it is also spoken by German communities in [[France]] ([[European Collectivity of Alsace|Alsace]]), [[Czech Republic]] ([[North Bohemia]]), [[Poland]] ([[Upper Silesia]]), [[Slovakia]] ([[Bratislava Region]]), and [[Hungary]] ([[Sopron]]).

German is most similar to other languages within the West Germanic language branch, including [[Afrikaans]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], the [[Frisian languages]], [[Low German]], [[Luxembourgish]], [[Scots language|Scots]], and [[Yiddish]]. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic group]], such as [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. German is the second-most widely spoken [[Germanic languages|Germanic language]] after English, which is also a West Germanic language.

German is one of the [[world language|major languages of the world]]. It is the most spoken native language within the [[European Union]]. German is also widely taught as a [[foreign language]], especially in continental [[Europe]], where it is the third most taught foreign language (after English and French), and the United States. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second-most commonly used scientific language and among the [[Languages used on the Internet|most widely used languages on websites]]. The [[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|German-speaking countries]] are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in the world being published in German.

German is an [[fusional language|inflected language]], with four [[grammatical case|cases]] for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three [[grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine, feminine, neuter); and two [[number (grammar)|numbers]] (singular, plural). It has [[Germanic strong verb|strong and weak verbs]]. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share is partly derived from [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], along with fewer words borrowed from [[French language|French]] and [[Modern English]].

German is a [[pluricentric language]]; the three standardized variants are [[German Standard German|German]], [[Austrian German|Austrian]], and [[Swiss Standard German|Swiss]] [[Standard High German]]. It is also notable for [[German dialects|its broad spectrum of dialects]], with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments.

Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year<ref name="land.lu">[http://www.land.lu/page/article/379/9379/DEU/index.html d’Lëtzebuerger Land - Beim Deutschen Bund in Eupen (02. September 2016)]</ref> and the [[Council for German Orthography]] has been the main international body regulating [[German orthography]].

== Classification ==
[[File:Europe germanic-languages 2.PNG|thumb|

'''[[Anglic languages]]'''
{{legend|#FCA503|English}}
{{legend|#FD7B24|[[Scots language|Scots]]}}
'''[[Anglo-Frisian languages]]''' Anglic and
{{legend|#E9D803|[[Frisian languages|Frisian]] ([[West Frisian language|West]], [[North Frisian language|North]], [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland]])}}
'''[[North Sea Germanic languages]]''' Anglo-Frisian and
{{legend|#80FF00|[[Low German|Low German/Low Saxon]]}}
'''[[West Germanic languages]]''' North Sea Germanic and
{{legend|#F0F702|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]; in Africa: [[Afrikaans]]}}
...... German ([[High German|High]]):
{{legend|#00FF00|[[Central German|Central]]; in [[Luxembourg|Lux.]]: [[Luxembourgish]]}}
{{legend|#008000|[[Upper German|Upper]]}}
...... [[Yiddish]]]]

[[File:West Germanic languages (simplified).svg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|The [[West Germanic languages]]]]
[[File:Germanic Languages Map Europe.png|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Germanic languages]] in contemporary Europe]]

German is an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[West Germanic]] group of the [[Germanic languages]]. The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]], [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], and [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]. The first of these branches survives in modern [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Faroese language|Faroese]], and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], all of which are descended from [[Old Norse]]. The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and [[Gothic language|Gothic]] is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Yiddish]], [[Afrikaans]], and others.{{sfn|Robinson|1992|p=16}}

Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the [[Benrath line|Benrath]] and [[Uerdingen line|Uerdingen]] lines (running through [[Düsseldorf]]-[[Düsseldorf-Benrath|Benrath]] and [[Krefeld]]-[[Uerdingen]], respectively) serve to distinguish the Germanic dialects that were affected by the [[High German consonant shift]] (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as [[High German languages|High German]] dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the [[Low German]]/Low Saxon and [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]] dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as [[Irminones|Irminonic]], [[Ingvaeonic languages|Ingvaeonic]], and [[Istvaeones|Istvaeonic]], respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by the Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser-Rhine group).{{sfn|Robinson|1992|p=16}}

[[Standard German]] is based on a combination of [[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]]-[[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]] and Upper Franconian dialects, which are [[Central German]] and Upper German dialects belonging to the [[High German languages|High German]] dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as [[Luxembourgish]] (based on [[Central Franconian dialects]]) and [[Yiddish]]. Also closely related to Standard German are the [[Upper German]] dialects spoken in the southern [[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|German-speaking countries]], such as [[Swiss German]] ([[Alemannic German|Alemannic dialects]]) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French [[Regions of France|region]] of [[Grand Est]], such as [[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]] (mainly Alemannic, but also Central{{ndash}}and{{nbsp}}[[High Franconian German|Upper Franconian]] dialects) and [[Lorraine Franconian]] (Central Franconian).

After these High German dialects, standard German is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern [[Denmark]]), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are the Frisian languages—[[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] (spoken in [[Nordfriesland (district)|Nordfriesland]]), [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]] (spoken in [[Saterland]]), and [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] (spoken in [[Friesland]])—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both [[Old Norse]] and the [[Norman language]].

== History ==
{{Main|History of German}}

=== Old High German ===
{{Main|Old High German}}

The [[History of German|history of the German language]] begins with the [[High German consonant shift]] during the [[Migration Period]], which separated Old High German dialects from [[Old Saxon]]. This [[Sound change|sound shift]] involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and voiceless [[stop consonant]]s (''b'', ''d'', ''g'', and ''p'', ''t'', ''k'', respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below.
* Voiceless stops became long ([[Gemination|geminated]]) voiceless [[fricative]]s following a vowel;
* Voiceless stops became [[affricate]]s in word-initial position, or following certain consonants;
* Voiced stops became voiceless in certain phonetic settings.{{sfn|Robinson|1992|pp=239–42}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Voiceless stop following a vowel
!Word-initial voiceless stop
!Voiced stop
|-
|/p/→/ff/
|/p/→/pf/
|/b/→/p/
|-
|/t/→/ss/
|/t/→/ts/
|/d/→/t/
|-
|/k/→/xx/
|/k/→/kx/
|/g/→/k/
|}

[[File:Old norse, ca 900.PNG|thumb|The approximate extent of Germanic languages in the early 10th century:
{{legend|#ff0000|'''[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]'''}}
{{legend|#FF8040|'''[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]'''}}
{{legend|#ff00ff|'''[[w:Old Gutnish|Old Gutnish]]'''}}
{{legend|#ffff00|'''[[w:Old English|Old English]]''' ([[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]])}}
{{legend|#00ff00|Continental West Germanic languages ([[Old Frisian]], [[Old Saxon]], [[Old Dutch]], [[Old High German]]).}}
{{legend|#0000ff|'''[[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]]''' ([[w:East Germanic|East Germanic]])}}]]

While there is written evidence of the [[Old High German]] language in several [[Elder Futhark]] inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the [[Pforzen buckle]]), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the ''[[Abrogans]]'' (written {{Circa|765–775}}), a Latin-German [[glossary]] supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their [[Latin]] equivalents. After the ''Abrogans'', the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in the ninth century, chief among them being the ''[[Muspilli]]'', [[Merseburg Charms|Merseburg charms]], and ''{{Lang|de|[[Hildebrandslied]]}}'', and other religious texts (the ''[[Georgslied]]'', ''[[Ludwigslied]]'', ''Evangelienbuch'', and translated hymns and prayers).<ref>{{harvnb|Robinson|1992|pp=239-42}}, {{harvnb|Thomas|1992|pp=5–6}}</ref> The ''Muspilli'' is a Christian poem written in a [[Bavarian dialects|Bavarian]] dialect offering an account of the soul after the [[Last Judgment]], and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from the [[Paganism|pagan]] Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the ''{{Lang|de|Hildebrandslied}}'', a secular [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of [[Old Saxon]] and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from the [[Alemanni|Alamanni]], Bavarian, and [[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]] groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ([[Irminones]]), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and [[Austria]] between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration.{{sfn|Robinson|1992|pp=239–42}}

In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of [[dialect]]al diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through [[Monastery|monasteries]] and [[Scriptorium|scriptoria]] as local translations of Latin originals; as a result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary.{{sfn|Robinson|1992|pp=239–42}} At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing.

The German language through the OHG period was still predominantly a spoken language, with a wide range of dialects and a much more extensive [[Oral literature|oral]] tradition than a written one. Having just emerged from the High German consonant shift, OHG was also a relatively new and volatile language still undergoing a number of [[Phonetics|phonetic]], [[Phonology|phonological]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]], and [[Syntax|syntactic]] changes. The scarcity of written work, instability of the language, and widespread illiteracy of the time explain the lack of [[Standard language|standardization]] up to the end of the OHG period in 1050.

===Middle High German===
{{Main|Middle High German}}

While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the [[Middle High German]] (MHG) period, it is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350.{{sfn|Waterman|1976|p=83}} This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the [[Elbe]] and [[Saale]] rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into [[Slavs|Slavic]] territory (known as the ''{{Lang|de|[[Ostsiedlung]]}}''). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature.{{sfn|Waterman|1976|p=83}}  A clear example of this is the ''{{Lang|de|mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache}}'' employed in the [[Hohenstaufen]] court in [[Swabia]] as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to a greater need for regularity in written conventions.

While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. [[Vowel breaking|diphthongization]] of certain vowel sounds: ''{{Lang|goh|hus}}'' (OHG & MHG "house")''→{{Lang|gmh|haus}} (regionally in later MHG)→{{Lang|de|Haus}}'' (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to [[schwa]] [ə]: ''{{Lang|goh|taga}}'' (OHG "days")→''{{Lang|gmh|tage}}'' (MHG)).{{sfn|Salmons|2012|p=195}}

A great wealth of texts survives from the MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the ''[[Nibelungenlied]]'', an [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] telling the story of the [[dragon]]-slayer [[Sigurd|Siegfried]] ({{circa|thirteenth century}}), and the ''[[Iwein]],'' an [[King Arthur|Arthurian]] verse poem by [[Hartmann von Aue]] ({{Circa|1203}}), [[Lyric poetry|lyric poems]], and courtly romances such as ''[[Parzival]]'' and ''[[Tristan]]''. Also noteworthy is the ''{{Lang|de|[[Sachsenspiegel]]}}'', the first book of laws written in [[Middle Low German|Middle ''Low'' German]] ({{Circa|1220}}). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms.

The Middle High German period is generally seen as ending when the 1346{{snd}}53 [[Black Death]] decimated Europe's population.{{sfn|Scherer|Jankowsky|1995|p=11}}

===Early New High German===
{{Main|Early New High German}}
[[File:German dialect continuum in 1900 (according to Wiesinger, Heeroma & König).png|thumb|upright=1.36|left|German language area and major dialectal divisions around [[1900]].<ref>{{harvnb|Goossens|1977|p=48}}, {{harvnb|Wiesinger|1982|pp=807-900}}, {{harvnb|Heeringa|2004|pp=232-34}}, {{harvnb|Giesbers|2008|p=233}}, {{harvnb|König|Paul|2019|p=230}}</ref>]]

Modern High German begins with the [[Early New High German]] (ENHG) period, which the influential German [[Philology|philologist]] [[Wilhelm Scherer]] dates 1350{{ndash}}1650, terminating with the end of the [[Thirty Years' War]].{{sfn|Scherer|Jankowsky|1995|p=11}} This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in the [[List of states in the Holy Roman Empire|German states]]. While these states were still part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking [[Principality|principalities]] and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible [[German dialects|regional dialects]] being spoken throughout the German states; the invention of the [[printing press]] {{circa|1440}} and the publication of [[Luther Bible|Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible]] in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language.

The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of [[Chancery (medieval office)|chancery]] German, one being ''{{Lang|de|gemeine tiutsch}}'', used in the court of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], and the other being ''{{Lang|de|Meißner Deutsch}}'', used in the [[Electorate of Saxony]] in the [[Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg]].{{sfn|Keller|1978|pp=365–68}}

Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages (''{{Lang|de|Druckersprachen}}'') aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible.{{sfn|Bach|1965|p=254}} The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardization in the written form of German.
[[Image:Lutherbibel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Modern High German]] translation of the [[Christian Bible]] by the Protestant reformer [[Martin Luther]] (1534).<ref name="Lobenstein-Reichmann">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Lobenstein-Reichmann |author-first=Anja |title=Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-382 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.382 |url-access=subscription |isbn=9780199340378}}</ref> The widespread popularity of the [[Luther Bible|Bible translated into High German by Luther]] helped establish modern Standard High German.<ref name="Lobenstein-Reichmann"/>]]
One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of [[Luther Bible|Luther's translation of the Bible into High German]] (the [[New Testament]] was published in 1522; the [[Old Testament]] was published in parts and completed in 1534).<ref name="Lobenstein-Reichmann"/> Luther based his translation primarily on the ''{{Lang|de|Meißner Deutsch}}'' of [[Saxony]], spending much time among the population of Saxony researching the dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of [[Gloss (annotation)|glosses]] for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method:{{blockquote|One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in the home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says '{{Lang|la|ex abundantia cordis os loquitur|italic=no}},' I would translate, if I followed the papists, ''{{Lang|de|aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund}}''. But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No, the mother in the home and the plain man would say, ''{{Lang|de|Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über}}''.{{sfn|Super|1893|p=81}}}} [[Luther Bible|Luther's translation of the Bible into High German]] was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from [[Early New High German]] to Modern Standard German.<ref name="Lobenstein-Reichmann"/> The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the [[History of Germany#Culture and literacy|spread of literacy in early modern Germany]],<ref name="Lobenstein-Reichmann"/> and promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area.<ref>Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible." ''Lutheran Quarterly'' 28.4 (2014): 373–400.</ref> With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy.{{sfn|Dickens|1974|p=134}} Nevertheless, even with the influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Scherer|1868|p=?}}

===Habsburg Empire===
[[File:HRR 1648.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Map of [[Central Europe]] in 1648:
{{legend|#DEB200|Territories under the [[Holy Roman Empire]], comprising the [[Alps|Alpine]] heartland (''[[Erblande]]'') of the [[Habsburg monarchy]].}}]]
[[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Ethnolinguistic map comprising the territories of [[Austria-Hungary]] (1910), with German-speaking areas shown in red.]]

German was the language of commerce and government in the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]], which encompassed a large area of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality.

[[Prague]] ({{lang-de|Prag|links=no}}) and [[Budapest]] ([[Buda]], {{lang-de|Ofen|links=no}}), to name two examples, were gradually [[Germanization|Germanized]] in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like [[Pressburg]] ({{Lang|hi-latn|Pozsony}}, now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like [[Zagreb]] ({{lang-de|Agram|links=no}}) or [[Ljubljana]] ({{lang-de|Laibach|links=no}}), contained significant German minorities.

In the eastern provinces of [[Banat]], [[Bukovina]], and [[Transylvania]] ({{lang-de|Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen|links=no}}), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like {{lang|de|Temeschburg}} ([[Timișoara]]), {{lang|de|Hermannstadt}} ([[Sibiu]]), and {{lang|de|Kronstadt}} ([[Brașov]])—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas.{{sfn|Rothaug|1910|p=}}

=== Standardization ===
In 1901, the [[German Orthographic Conference of 1901|Second Orthographic Conference]] ended with a complete [[standardization]] of the [[Standard German|Standard High German]] language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition.{{sfn|Nerius|2000|pp=30–54}}

[[File:Meetings of German-speaking countries, participants.png|thumb|Participants of Meetings of German-speaking countries (2004-present)]]
The {{lang|de|Deutsche Bühnensprache}} ({{lit|German stage language}}) had established [[Bühnendeutsch|conventions for German pronunciation in theatres]],{{sfn|Siebs|2000|p=20}} three years earlier; however, this was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of Standard High German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today{{snd}}especially the pronunciation of the ending {{lang|de|-ig}} as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, Standard German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of Standard High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century.

Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial [[German orthography reform of 1996]] was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries.{{sfn|Upward|1997|pp=22–24, 36}} Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard High German which is understood in all areas where German is spoken.

== Geographical distribution ==
{{anchor|Geographic distribution}}
{{See also|List of countries and territories where German is an official language|German-speaking world}}
{{Pie chart
|caption = Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide:
|value1=78.3
|label1=Germany
|color1=#282828
|value2=8.4
|label2=Austria
|color2=Yellow
|value3=5.6
|label3=Switzerland
|color3=#FF0000
|value4=3.2
|label4=Brazil
|color4=#008751
|value5=0.4
|label5=Italy (South Tyrol)
|color5=#85C1E9
|value6=4.1
|color6=Grey
|label6=Other
}}

As a result of the [[German diaspora]], as well as the popularity of German taught as a [[foreign language]],<ref name="MLA-2015" /><ref name="eurostat-2016">{{cite web |url = http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Foreign_language_learning_statistics |title = Foreign language learning statistics – Statistics Explained |date = 17 March 2016 |website = ec.europa.eu |access-date = 18 July 2016 }}</ref> the [[geographical distribution of German speakers]] (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents.

However, an exact, global number of native German speakers is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] and [[Low German]].{{sfn|Goossens|1983|p=27}} With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90{{ndash}}95 million people speak German as a [[first language]],{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2015|p=}}{{page needed}}{{sfn|Marten|Sauer|2005|p=7}} 10{{ndash}}25{{nbsp}}million speak it as a [[second language]],{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2015|p=}}{{page needed}} and 75{{ndash}}100{{nbsp}}million as a [[foreign language]].<ref name="eurobarometer">{{cite web |url = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages |type=report |publisher= [[European Commission]] |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2016 }}</ref> This would imply the existence of approximately 175{{ndash}}220{{nbsp}}million German speakers worldwide.<ref name="Statista">{{cite web |url = http://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |title = The most spoken languages worldwide (speakers and native speaker in millions) |publisher = Statista, The Statistics Portal |location=New York City |quote = Native speakers=105, total speakers=185 |access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
[[File:Legal status of German in Europe.svg|thumb|right|
The German language in Europe:
{{legend|#ffcc00|'''German''' '''''[[Sprachraum]]''''': German is the official language (''de jure'' or ''de facto'') and first language of the majority of the population}}
{{legend|#d98575|German is a co-official language but not the first language of the majority of the population}}
{{legend|#7373d9|German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale)}}
{{legend|#30efe3|German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition}}]]
[[File:Languages Austria.svg|thumb|{{legend|#FFD700|Most of [[Austria]] lies in the [[Bavarian dialects|Bavarian]] dialect area; only the very west of the country is}}{{legend|#FF4500|[[Alemannic dialects|Alemannic]]-speaking.}}''Map shows Austria and [[South Tyrol]], Italy.'']]
[[File:Karte Schweizer Sprachgebiete 2017.png|thumb|{{legend|#F7C7B5|([[Swiss German|Swiss]]) German is one of the four national languages of [[Switzerland]].}}]]
[[File:Moselfrankisch.png|thumb|{{legend|#9999FF|[[Luxembourg]] lies in the [[Moselle Franconian]] dialect area.}}]]
[[File:BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg|thumb|{{legend|#0000FF|In [[Belgium]], German is spoken in the country's [[German-speaking Community]], in the very east of the country.}}]]

{{as of|2012}}, about 90{{nbsp}}million people, or 16% of the [[European Union]]'s population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second-most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language.<ref name=eurobarometer />

====German Sprachraum====
The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language is called the "German ''[[German Sprachraum|Sprachraum]]''". German is the official language of the following countries:
* [[Germany]]
* [[Austria]]
* 17 cantons of [[Switzerland]]
* [[Liechtenstein]]

German is a co-official language of the following countries:
* [[Belgium]] (as majority language only in the [[German-speaking Community]], which represents 0.7% of the Belgian population)
* [[Luxembourg]], along with French and Luxembourgish
* Switzerland, co-official at the federal level with French, Italian, and Romansh, and at the local level in four [[List of cantons of Switzerland|cantons]]: [[Canton of Bern|Bern]] (with French), [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]] (with French), [[Canton of Grisons|Grisons]] (with Italian and Romansh) and [[Canton of Valais|Valais]] (with French)
* Italy, (as majority language only in the [[Autonomous Province of South Tyrol]], which represents 0.6% of the Italian population)

====Outside the German Sprachraum====
Although [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|expulsions]] and [[Persecution of Germans|(forced) assimilation]] after the two [[World war]]s greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum.

Within Europe, German is a recognized minority language in the following countries:<ref name="charter-ratifications">{{cite web|author=Bureau des Traités |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=1&DF=&CL=ENG&VL=1 |title=Recherches sur les traités |website=Conventions.coe.int |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Czech Republic]] (see also: [[Germans in the Czech Republic]])
* [[Denmark]] (see also: [[North Schleswig Germans]])
* [[Hungary]] (see also: [[Germans of Hungary]])
* [[Poland]] (see also [[German minority in Poland]]; German is an [[Bilingual communes in Poland|auxiliary and co-official language in 31 communes]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/list_of_minority_names.pdf |title=Map on page of Polish Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501024600/http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/list_of_minority_names.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Romania]] (see also: [[Germans of Romania]])
* [[Russia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russia.bestpravo.com/omsk/data04/tex17941.htm |script-title=ru:Устав азовского районного совета от 21 May 2002 N 5-09 устав муниципального |trans-title=Charter of the Azov District Council of 05.21.2002 N 5-09 Charter of the municipal |website=russia.bestpravo.com |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808205416/http://russia.bestpravo.com/omsk/data04/tex17941.htm |archive-date=8 August 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> (see also: [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Germans in Russia]])
* [[Slovakia]] (see also: [[Carpathian Germans]])

In France, the [[High German]] varieties of [[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]] and [[Moselle Franconian]] are identified as "[[regional language]]s", but the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/2015/06/05/31003-20150605ARTFIG00157-charte-europeenne-des-langues-regionales-hollande-nourrit-la-guerre-contre-le-francais.php |title=Charte européenne des langues régionales : Hollande nourrit la guerre contre le français |trans-title=European Charter for Regional Languages: Hollande fuels the war against French |website=lefigaro.fr |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

===Africa===
====Cameroon====

[[Cameroon]] was a [[Kamerun|colony]] of the [[German Empire]] from 1884 to 1916. German has nowadays almost entirely yielded to its two successors, French and English. However, as a foreign language subject German still enjoys huge popularity among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries with the highest number of people with knowledge of German.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bathe |first=Dirk |title=Wenn Deutsch gleich Zukunft heißt |trans-title=When German means future |url=https://www.dw.com/de/wenn-deutsch-gleich-zukunft-heißt/a-5070255 |website=dw.com |language=de-DE}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Evolution of the Popularity of German
|-
! years !! students
|-
| 2010 || 300000
|-
| 2016 || 200000<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.grin.com/document/454985#:~:text=L%27allemand%20est%20int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9%20dans,les%20cours%20d%27allemand%20et | title=La politique linguistique sous protectorat allemand au Cameroun (1884-1916). Une germanisation échouée? | date=27 December 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || 239815<ref>[https://www.goethe.de/resources/files/pdf204/bro_deutsch-als-fremdsprache-weltweit.-datenerhebung-2020.pdf Goethe Insitut - Deutsch als Fremdsprache weltweit. Datenerhebung 2020]</ref>
|}

====Namibia====
{{Main|German language in Namibia}}
[[File:WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg|thumb|Bilingual German-English sign at a bakery in [[Namibia]], where German is a national language]]
Namibia also was a [[German South-West Africa|colony]] of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as a native tongue today, mostly [[German Namibians|descendants of German colonial settlers]].<ref name="nmh-2007">{{Cite news |last=Fischer |first=Stefan |title=Anpacken für Deutsch |url=http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf |language=de |trans-title=German in Namibia |work=Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung |publisher=[[Namibia Media Holdings]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233949/http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2008}}</ref> The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based [[pidgin]] language called "[[Namibian Black German]]", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it.{{sfn|Deumert|2003|pp=561–613}}

German remained a ''de facto'' official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and [[Afrikaans]], and had ''de jure'' co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of [[apartheid]] and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time.<ref name="nmh-2007" /> German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country.

Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of the ''Sprachraum'' in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf|title=Deutsch in Namibia |publisher=Beilage der Allgemeinen Zeitung|access-date=23 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233949/http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008}}</ref> German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK)]]), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the [[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation]]). The {{lang|de|[[Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)|Allgemeine Zeitung]]}} is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa.<ref name="nmh-2007" />

====South Africa====
An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref name="L1eur">[[Template:German L1 speakers outside Europe|German L1 speakers outside Europe]]</ref> One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safrika.org/natal_en.html |title=Natal Germans |last=Schubert |first=Joachim |website=www.safrika.org}}</ref> a variety of [[Low German]] concentrated in and around [[Wartburg, KwaZulu-Natal|Wartburg]]. The South African constitution identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the [[Pan South African Language Board]] is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions#5 |title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government |website=gov.za |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

===North America===
{{Main|German language in the United States|Pennsylvania Dutch language|Plautdietsch|Hutterite German}}
In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], [[French language in the United States|French]], and [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]] (with figures for [[Cantonese]] and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] combined), with over 1 million total speakers.<ref name="US Census">{{cite web |title=Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t20/tab05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117052130/https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t20/tab05.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2010 |archive-format=pdf |access-date=15 March 2010 |website=census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> In the states of [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]], German is the most common language spoken at home after English.<ref name=Blatt>{{Cite web |title=Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas: What language does your state speak? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2014/05/language_map_what_s_the_most_popular_language_in_your_state.html | author = Blatt, Ben |access-date=2014-05-13}}</ref> As a legacy of significant [[German American|German immigration to the country]], German geographical names can be found throughout the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest region]], such as [[New Ulm, Minnesota|New Ulm]] and [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]] (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Germans from Russia Heritage Collection |url=https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/order/nd_sd/strasburg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619230113/https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/order/nd_sd/strasburg.html |archive-date=19 July 2010 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=library.ndsu.edu}}</ref>

A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]] and [[Texas German]].

===South America===
{{Main|Brazilian German|Colonia Tovar dialect}}
In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] (where [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] developed), [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], and [[Espírito Santo]].<ref name="ipol">{{cite web |title=IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC |trans-title=IPOL will carry out training of enumerators for the linguistic census of the municipality of Antônio Carlos-SC |url=http://e-ipol.org/ipol-realizara-formacao-de-recenseadores-para-o-censo-linguistico-do-municipio-de-antonio-carlos-sc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140033/http://e-ipol.org/ipol-realizara-formacao-de-recenseadores-para-o-censo-linguistico-do-municipio-de-antonio-carlos-sc/ |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=e-ipol.org}}</ref>

German dialects (namely [[Hunsrik]] and [[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]]) are recognized languages in the following municipalities in Brazil:
* [[Espírito Santo]] (statewide cultural language): [[Domingos Martins]], [[Laranja da Terra]], [[Pancas, Espírito Santo|Pancas]], [[Santa Maria de Jetibá]], [[Vila Pavão]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/germ/deutdin.htm|title=TITUS Didactica: German Dialects (map) |last=Gippert |first=Jost |website=titus.uni-frankfurt.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Szczocarz |first=Roma |year=2017 |title=Pommern in Brasilien |trans-title=Pomerania in Brazil |url=https://lerncafe.de/lerncafe68/pommern-in-brasilien/ |access-date=27 July 2017 |website=www.lerncafe.de |publisher=ViLE-Netzwerk}}</ref>
* [[Rio Grande do Sul]] ([[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German]] is a designated cultural language in the state): [[Santa Maria do Herval]], [[Canguçu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al.rs.gov.br/legis/M010/M0100099.ASP?Hid_Tipo=TEXTO&Hid_TodasNormas=58094&hTexto=&Hid_IDNorma=58094 |title=Lei N.º 14.061, de 23 de julho de 2012 |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330024221/http://www.al.rs.gov.br/legis/M010/M0100099.ASP?Hid_Tipo=TEXTO&Hid_TodasNormas=58094&hTexto=&Hid_IDNorma=58094 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]: [[Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina|Antônio Carlos]], [[Pomerode]] (standard German recognized)<ref name=ipol />

Small concentrations of German-speakers and their descendants are also found in [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Bolivia]].<ref name="L1eur" />

===Oceania===
In Australia, the state of [[South Australia]] experienced a pronounced wave of Prussian immigration in the 1840s (particularly from [[Silesia]] region). With the prolonged isolation from other German speakers and contact with [[Australian English]], a unique dialect known as [[Barossa German]] developed, spoken predominantly in the [[Barossa Valley]] near [[Adelaide]]. Usage of German sharply declined with the advent of [[World War I]], due to the prevailing anti-German sentiment in the population and related government action. It continued to be used as a first language into the 20th century, but its use is now limited to a few older speakers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-26/keeping-south-australias-barossa-deutsch-alive/8375988 |title=Keeping SA's Barossa Deutsch alive over kaffee und kuchen|work=ABC News |access-date=23 February 2020 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

As of the 2013 census, 36,642 people in [[New Zealand]] spoke German, mostly descendants of a small wave of 19th century German immigrants, making it the third most spoken European language after English and French and overall the ninth most spoken language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethniccommunities.govt.nz/resources-2/our-languages-o-tatou-reo/new-registry-page/|title=Top 25 Languages in New Zealand |website=ethniccommunities.govt.nz |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>

A German [[German-based creole languages|creole]] named {{lang|de|[[Unserdeutsch]]}} was historically spoken in the former German colony of [[German New Guinea]], modern day [[Papua New Guinea]]. It is at a high risk of extinction, with only about 100 speakers remaining, and a topic of interest among linguists seeking to revive interest in the language.{{sfn|Holm|1989|p=616}}

===As a foreign language===
[[File:German foreign language EU.jpg|thumb|Self-reported knowledge of German as a [[foreign language]] in the EU member states (+[[Turkey]] and [[UK]]), in per cent of the adult population (+15), 2005]]
Like English, French, and Spanish, German has become a standard foreign language throughout the world, especially in the Western World.<ref name="eurobarometer" /><ref name="goethe-institut">{{cite web|url=https://www.goethe.de/resources/files/pdf37/Bro_Deutschlernerhebung_final3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623213857/https://www.goethe.de/resources/files/pdf37/Bro_Deutschlernerhebung_final3.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=live|title= Deutsch als Fremdsprache weltweit. Datenerhebung 2015 – Worldwide survey of people learning German; conducted by the German Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Goethe Institute|website=Goethe.de|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> German ranks second on par with French among the best known foreign languages in the [[European Union]] (EU) after English,<ref name="eurobarometer"/> as well as in [[Russia]],<ref name="Levada2008">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Знание иностранных языков в России |trans-title=Knowledge of foreign languages in Russia |language=ru |url=http://www.levada.ru/16-09-2008/znanie-inostrannykh-yazykov-v-rossii |publisher=Levada Centre |access-date=10 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510133101/http://www.levada.ru/16-09-2008/znanie-inostrannykh-yazykov-v-rossii |archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> and [[Turkey]].<ref name="eurobarometer" /> In terms of student numbers across all levels of education, German ranks third in the EU (after English and French)<ref name="eurostat-2016" /> and in the United States (after Spanish and French).<ref name="MLA-2015"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf |title=Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools |publisher=American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408184754/http://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, approximately 15.4{{nbsp}}million people were enrolled in learning German across all levels of education worldwide. This number has decreased from a peak of 20.1{{nbsp}}million in 2000.<ref name="DW survey">{{Cite web |last=Hamann |first=Greta |title=15.4 million people are learning German as a foreign language |url=https://www.dw.com/en/154-million-people-are-learning-german-as-a-foreign-language/a-53685365 |website=dw.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Within the EU, not counting countries where it is an official language, German as a foreign language is most popular in [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Northern Europe]], namely the [[Czech Republic]], [[Croatia]], [[Denmark]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Slovenia]], [[Sweden]], [[Poland]], and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref name=eurobarometer /><ref name=eurostat /> German was once, and to some extent still is, a [[lingua franca]] in those parts of Europe.{{sfn|Von Polenz|1999|pp=192–94, 96}}

==Standard High German==
{{Main|Standard German}}
[[File:Knowledge of German EU map.svg|thumb|right|Self-reported knowledge of German within the nations of the European Union]]

The basis of Standard High German developed with the [[Luther Bible]] and the chancery language spoken by the [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxon court]].{{sfn|Swadesh|1971|p=53}} However, there are places where the traditional regional dialects have been replaced by new vernaculars based on Standard High German; that is the case in large stretches of [[Northern Germany]] but also in major cities in other parts of the country. It is important to note, however, that the colloquial Standard High German differs from the formal written language, especially in grammar and syntax, in which it has been influenced by dialectal speech.

Standard High German differs regionally among German-speaking countries in [[vocabulary]] and some instances of [[pronunciation]] and even [[grammar]] and [[orthography]]. This variation must not be confused with the variation of local [[dialects]]. Even though the regional varieties of Standard High German are only somewhat influenced by the local dialects, they are very distinct. Standard High German is thus considered a [[pluricentric language]].

In most regions, the speakers use a continuum from more dialectal varieties to more standard varieties depending on the circumstances.

===Varieties===
[[File:Standard varieties of German.png|thumb|upright=0.81|The national and regional standard varieties of German{{sfn|Ammon|Bickel|Ebner|Gasser|2004|p=}}]]

In German [[linguistics]], German [[dialect]]s are distinguished from [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of [[Standard German|Standard High German]].
The ''varieties of Standard High German'' refer to the different local varieties of the [[pluricentric language|pluricentric]] Standard High German. They differ only slightly in lexicon and phonology. In certain regions, they have replaced the traditional German dialects, especially in Northern Germany.
* [[German Standard German]]
* [[Austrian Standard German]]
* [[Swiss Standard German]]

In the German-speaking parts of [[Switzerland]], mixtures of dialect and standard are very seldom used, and the use of Standard High German is largely restricted to the written language. About 11% of the Swiss residents speak Standard High German at home, but this is mainly due to German immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/sprachen.assetdetail.4842942.html |title=Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren – 2012–2014, 2013–2015, 2014–2016 |type=official site |format=XLS |publisher=Federal Statistical Office FSO |location=Neuchâtel, Switzerland |language=de, fr, it |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> This situation has been called a ''medial [[diglossia]]''. [[Swiss Standard German]] is used in the Swiss education system, while [[Austrian German]] is officially used in the Austrian education system.

==Dialects==
{{Main|German dialects}}

The German dialects are the traditional local varieties of the language; many of them are not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with standard German, and they have great differences in [[lexicon]], [[phonology]], and [[syntax]]. If a narrow definition of [[language]] based on mutual intelligibility is used, many German dialects are considered to be separate languages (for instance in the ''[[Ethnologue]]''). However, such a point of view is unusual in German linguistics.

The German dialect continuum is traditionally divided most broadly into [[High German languages|High German]] and [[Low German]], also called [[Lower Saxony|Low Saxon]]. However, historically, High German dialects and Low Saxon/Low German dialects do not belong to the same language. Nevertheless, in today's Germany, Low Saxon/Low German is often perceived as a dialectal variation of Standard German on a functional level even by many native speakers.

The variation among the German dialects is considerable, with often only neighbouring dialects being mutually intelligible. Some dialects are not intelligible to people who know only Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to the dialect continuum of High German and Low Saxon.

===Low German or Low Saxon===
{{Main|Low German}}

[[Middle Low German]] was the [[lingua franca]] of the [[Hanseatic League]]. It was the predominant language in Northern Germany until the 16th century. In 1534, the [[Luther Bible]] was published. It aimed to be understandable to a broad audience and was based mainly on [[Central German|Central]] and [[Upper German]] varieties. The Early New High German language gained more prestige than [[Low German]] and became the language of science and literature. Around the same time, the Hanseatic League, a confederation of northern ports, lost its importance as new trade routes to Asia and the Americas were established, and the most powerful German states of that period were located in Middle and Southern Germany.

The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education in [[Standard German]] in schools. Gradually, Low German came to be politically viewed as a mere dialect spoken by the uneducated. The proportion of the population who can understand and speak it has decreased continuously since [[World War II]].
The major cities in the Low German area are [[Hamburg]], [[Hanover]], [[Bremen]] and [[Dortmund]].

Sometimes, Low Saxon and [[Low Franconian]] varieties are grouped together because both are unaffected by the High German consonant shift.

===Low Franconian===
{{See|Low Franconian}}
[[File:Niederfränkisch.png|thumb|upright=0.81|The [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian dialects]]]]
In Germany, Low Franconian dialects are spoken in the northwest of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], along the [[Lower Rhine]]. The Low Franconian dialects spoken in Germany are referred to as Low Rhenish. In the north of the German Low Franconian language area, North Low Franconian dialects (also referred to as Cleverlands or as dialects of [[South Guelderish]]) are spoken. The South Low Franconian and [[Bergish dialects|Bergish]] dialects, which are spoken in the south of the German Low Franconian language area, are transitional dialects between Low Franconian and [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian dialects]].

The [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]] dialects fall within a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary West Germanic varieties most closely related to, and including, the [[Dutch language]]. Consequently, the vast majority of the Low Franconian dialects are spoken outside of the German language area, in the Netherlands and Belgium. During the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Early Modern Period]], the Low Franconian dialects now spoken in Germany, used [[Middle Dutch]] or Early Modern Dutch as their [[literary language]] and [[Dachsprache]]. Following a 19th-century change in Prussian language policy, use of Dutch as an official and public language was forbidden; resulting in [[Standard German]] taking its place as the region's official language.<ref>Werner Besch: Sprachgeschichte: ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, 3. Teilband. De Gruyter, 2003, p. 2636.</ref><ref>Georg Cornelissen: Das Niederländische im preußischen Gelderland und seine Ablösung durch das Deutsche, Rohrscheid, 1986, p. 93.</ref> As a result, these dialects are now considered German dialects from a socio-linguistic point of view.<ref>Jan Goossens: Niederdeutsche Sprache – Versuch einer Definition. In: Jan Goossens (Hrsg.): Niederdeutsch – Sprache und Literatur. Karl Wachholtz, Neumünster, 1973, p. 9–27.</ref> Nevertheless, topologically these dialects are structurally and phonologically far more similar to Dutch, than to German and form both the smallest and most divergent dialect cluster within the contemporary German language area.{{sfn|Niebaum|2011|p=98}}

===High German===
{{Main|High German languages}}
[[File:Mitteldeutsche Mundarten.png|thumb|upright=0.81|The [[Central German]] dialects]]
[[File:Fränkisches Sprachgebiet.png|thumb|upright=0.81|The [[Franconian languages|Franconian dialects]] ([[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]], [[Central Franconian dialects|Central-]] and [[Rhine Franconian dialects|Rhine Franconian]], and [[High Franconian German|High Franconian)]]]]
The High German dialects consist of the [[Central German]], [[High Franconian German|High Franconian]] and [[Upper German]] dialects. The High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. The High German varieties spoken by the [[Ashkenazi Jew]]s have several unique features and are considered as a separate language, [[Yiddish]], written with the [[Hebrew alphabet]].

====Central German====
The [[Central German]] dialects are spoken in Central Germany, from [[Aachen]] in the west to [[Görlitz]] in the east. They consist of [[Franconian languages|Franconian dialects]] in the west ([[West Central German]]) and non-Franconian dialects in the east ([[East Central German]]). Modern Standard German is mostly based on Central German dialects.

The Franconian, '''West Central German''' dialects are the [[Central Franconian dialects]] ([[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] and [[Moselle Franconian dialects|Moselle Franconian]]) and the [[Rhine Franconian dialects]] ([[Hessian dialects|Hessian]] and [[Palatine German language|Palatine]]). These dialects are considered as
* German in Germany and Belgium
* [[Luxembourgish]] in Luxembourg
* [[Lorraine Franconian]] (spoken in [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]]) and as a Rhine Franconian variant of [[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]] (spoken in [[Alsace bossue]] only) in France
* [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] or [[Kerkrade dialect]] in the Netherlands.
Luxembourgish as well as the [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect]] spoken in [[Transylvania]] are based on Moselle Franconian dialects. The major cities in the Franconian Central German area are [[Cologne]] and [[Frankfurt]].

Further east, the non-Franconian, '''East Central German''' dialects are spoken ([[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]], [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]] and [[North Upper Saxon]]-South Markish, and earlier, in the then German-speaking parts of [[Silesia]] also [[Silesian German|Silesian]], and in then German southern [[East Prussia]] also [[High Prussian dialect|High Prussian]]).
The major cities in the East Central German area are [[Berlin]] and [[Leipzig]].

====High Franconian====
The [[High Franconian German|High Franconian dialects]] are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. They consist of the [[East Franconian German|East]] and [[South Franconian German|South Franconian]] dialects.

The East Franconian dialect branch is one of the most spoken dialect branches in Germany. These dialects are spoken in the region of [[Franconia]] and in the central parts of [[Saxony|Saxon]] [[Vogtland]]. Franconia consists of the [[Bavaria]]n districts of [[Upper Franconia|Upper]], [[Middle Franconia|Middle]], and [[Lower Franconia]], the region of [[South Thuringia]] ([[Thuringia]]), and the eastern parts of the region of [[Heilbronn-Franken]] ([[Tauber Franconia]] and Hohenlohe) in [[Baden-Württemberg]].
The major cities in the East Franconian area are [[Nuremberg]] and [[Würzburg]].

South Franconian is mainly spoken in northern Baden-Württemberg in Germany, but also in the northeasternmost part of the region of [[Alsace]] in France. In Baden-Württemberg, they are considered as dialects of German.
The major cities in the South Franconian area are [[Karlsruhe]] and [[Heilbronn]].

====Upper German====
[[File:Oberdeutsche Mundarten.png|thumb|upright=0.81|The [[Upper German]] and [[High Franconian German|High Franconian]] (transitional between Central and Upper German)]]
The [[Upper German]] dialects are the [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] and [[Swabian German|Swabian]] dialects in the west and the [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] dialects in the east.

=====Alemannic and Swabian=====
Alemannic dialects are spoken in [[Switzerland]] ([[High Alemannic German|High Alemannic]] in the densely populated [[Swiss Plateau]], in the south also [[Highest Alemannic German|Highest Alemannic]], and [[Low Alemannic German|Low Alemannic]] in [[Basel]]), Baden-Württemberg ([[Swabian German|Swabian]] and Low Alemannic, in the southwest also High Alemannic), [[Swabia (Bavaria)|Bavarian Swabia]] (Swabian, in the southwesternmost part also Low Alemannic), [[Vorarlberg]] (Low, High, and Highest Alemannic), [[Alsace]] (Low Alemannic, in the southernmost part also High Alemannic), [[Liechtenstein]] (High and Highest Alemannic), and in the [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrolean]] [[Reutte District|district of Reutte]] (Swabian). The Alemannic dialects are considered as [[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]] in Alsace.
The major cities in the Alemannic area are [[Stuttgart]], [[Freiburg]], [[Basel]], [[Zürich]], [[Lucerne]] and [[Bern]].

=====Bavarian=====
Bavarian dialects are spoken in [[Austria]] ([[Vienna]], [[Lower Austria|Lower]] and [[Upper Austria]], [[Styria]], [[Carinthia]], [[Salzburg (state)|Salzburg]], [[Burgenland]], and in most parts of [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]]), [[Bavaria]] ([[Upper Bavaria|Upper]] and [[Lower Bavaria]] as well as [[Upper Palatinate]]), [[South Tyrol]], southwesternmost [[Saxony]] (Southern [[Vogtlandian|Vogtländisch]]), and in the Swiss village of [[Samnaun]].
The major cities in the Bavarian area are [[Vienna]], [[Munich]], [[Salzburg]], [[Regensburg]], [[Graz]] and [[Bolzano]].

==Regiolects==
* [[Berlin German|Berlinian]], the High German regiolect or dialect of [[Berlin]] with Low German substrate
* [[Missingsch]], a Low-German-coloured variety of High German.
* [[Ruhrdeutsch]] (Ruhr German), the High German regiolect of the [[Ruhr area]].

==Grammar==
{{Main|German grammar}}

German is a [[fusional language]] with a moderate degree of [[inflection]], with three [[grammatical gender]]s; as such, there can be a large number of words derived from the same root.

===Noun inflection===
{| class = "wikitable" style = "float: right; text-align: center"
|+ Declension of the [[Standard German|Standard High German]] definite article
|
! scope = "col" | {{abbr|Masc.|Masculine}}
! scope = "col" | {{abbr|Neu.|Neuter}}
! scope = "col" | {{abbr|Fem.|Feminine}}
! scope = "col" | Plural
|-
! scope = "row" | [[Nominative|{{sc|'''nom'''}}]]
| style = "background-color: lavender" | {{lang|de|der}}
| style = "background-color: paleGreen; border-style: solid solid none solid" |{{lang|de|das}}
| style = "background-color: coral; border-style: solid none none solid" | {{lang|de|die}}
| style = "background-color: coral; border-style: solid solid none none" | {{lang|de|die}}
|-
! scope = "row" | [[Accusative|{{sc|'''ACC'''}}]]
| style = "background-color: silver" | {{lang|de|den}}
| style = "background-color: paleGreen; border-style: none solid solid solid" | {{lang|de|das}}
| style = "background-color: coral; border-style: none none solid solid" | {{lang|de|die}}
| style = "background-color: coral; border-style: none solid solid none" | {{lang|de|die}}
|-
! scope = "row" | [[Dative|{{sc|'''DAT'''}}]]
| style = "background-color: peachPuff; border-style: solid none solid solid" | {{lang|de|dem}}
| style = "background-color: peachPuff; border-style: solid solid solid none" | {{lang|de|dem}}
| style = "background-color: lavender; border-style: solid solid none solid" | {{lang|de|der}}
| style = "background-color: silver" | {{lang|de|den}}
|-
! scope = "row" | [[Genitive|{{sc|'''GEN'''}}]]
| style = "background-color: paleTurquoise; border-style: solid none solid solid" | {{lang|de|des}}
| style = "background-color: paleTurquoise; border-style: solid solid solid none" | {{lang|de|des}}
| style = "background-color: lavender; border-style: none none solid solid" | {{lang|de|der}}
| style = "background-color: lavender; border-style: solid solid solid none" | {{lang|de|der}}
|}
{{further|Grammatical gender in German}}
[[German nouns]] inflect by case, gender, and number:
* four [[grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative case|nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], and [[dative case|dative]].
* three [[grammatical gender|genders]]: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Word endings sometimes reveal grammatical gender: for instance, nouns ending in {{lang|de|-ung}} (-ing), {{lang|de|-schaft}} (-ship), {{lang|de|-keit}} or {{lang|de|heit}} (-hood, -ness) are feminine, nouns ending in {{lang|de|-chen}} or {{lang|de|-lein}} ([[diminutive]] forms) are neuter and nouns ending in {{lang|de|-ismus}} ([[-ism]]) are masculine. Others are more variable, sometimes depending on the region in which the language is spoken. And some endings are not restricted to one gender, for example: {{lang|de|-er}} ([[agent noun|-er]]), such as {{lang|de|Feier}} (feminine), celebration, party; {{lang|de|Arbeiter}} (masculine), labourer; and {{lang|de|Gewitter}} (neuter), thunderstorm.
* two numbers: singular and plural.

This degree of inflection is considerably less than in [[Old High German]] and other old [[Indo-European languages]] such as [[Latin]], [[Ancient Greek]], and [[Sanskrit]], and it is also somewhat less than, for instance, [[Old English]], modern [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], or Russian. The three genders have collapsed in the plural. With four cases and three genders plus plural, there are 16 permutations of case and gender/number of the article (not the nouns), but there are only six forms of the [[article (grammar)|definite article]], which together cover all 16 permutations. In nouns, inflection for case is required in the singular for strong masculine and neuter nouns only in the genitive and in the dative (only in fixed or archaic expressions), and even this is losing ground to substitutes in informal speech.{{sfn|Barbour|Stevenson|1990|pp=160–3}} Weak masculine nouns share a common case ending for genitive, dative, and accusative in the singular. Feminine nouns are not declined in the singular. The plural has an inflection for the dative. In total, seven inflectional endings (not counting plural markers) exist in German: {{lang|de|-s, -es, -n, -ns, -en, -ens, -e}}.

Like the other Germanic languages, German forms noun [[compound (linguistics)|compounds]] in which the first noun modifies the category given by the second: {{lang|de|Hundehütte}} ("dog hut"; specifically: "dog kennel"). Unlike English, whose newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written "open" with separating spaces, German (like some other Germanic languages) nearly always uses the "closed" form without spaces, for example: {{lang|de|Baumhaus}} ("tree house"). Like English, German allows arbitrarily long compounds in theory (see also [[English compounds]]). The longest German word verified to be actually in (albeit very limited) use is {{lang|de|[[Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz|Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz]]}}, which, literally translated, is "beef labelling supervision duties assignment law" [from {{lang|de|Rind}} (cattle), {{lang|de|Fleisch}} (meat), {{lang|de|Etikettierung(s)}} (labelling), {{lang|de|Überwachung(s)}} (supervision), {{lang|de|Aufgaben}} (duties), {{lang|de|Übertragung(s)}} (assignment), {{lang|de|Gesetz}} (law)]. However, examples like this are perceived by native speakers as excessively bureaucratic, stylistically awkward, or even satirical.

===Verb inflection===
{{Main|German verbs}}

The inflection of standard German verbs includes:
* Two main [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] classes: [[Germanic weak verb|weak]] and [[Germanic strong verb|strong]] (as in English). Additionally, there is a third class, known as mixed verbs, whose conjugation combines features of both the strong and weak patterns.
* Three [[grammatical person|persons]]: first, second and third.
* Two [[grammatical number|numbers]]: singular and plural.
* Three [[grammatical mood|moods]]: [[realis mood|indicative]], [[imperative mood|imperative]] and [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]] (in addition to [[infinitive]]).
* Two [[voice (grammar)|voices]]: active and passive. The passive voice uses auxiliary verbs and is divisible into static and dynamic. Static forms show a constant state and use the verb ''to be'' (sein). Dynamic forms show an action and use the verb ''to become'' (werden).
* Two [[grammatical tense|tenses]] without auxiliary verbs ([[present tense|present]] and [[preterite]]) and four tenses constructed with auxiliary verbs ([[perfect (grammar)|perfect]], [[pluperfect]], [[future tense|future]] and [[future perfect]]).
* The distinction between [[grammatical aspect]]s is rendered by combined use of the subjunctive or preterite marking so the plain indicative voice uses neither of those two markers; the subjunctive by itself often conveys reported speech; subjunctive plus preterite marks the conditional state; and the preterite alone shows either plain indicative (in the past), or functions as a (literal) alternative for either reported speech or the conditional state of the verb, when necessary for clarity.
* The distinction between perfect and [[continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect]] is and has, at every stage of development, been a productive category of the older language and in nearly all documented dialects, but strangely enough it is now rigorously excluded from written usage in its present normalised form.
* Disambiguation of completed vs. uncompleted forms is widely observed and regularly generated by common prefixes (''{{wiktde|blicken}}'' [to look], ''{{wiktde|erblicken}}'' [to see – unrelated form: {{wiktde|sehen}}]).

====Verb prefixes====
The meaning of basic verbs can be expanded and sometimes radically changed through the use of a number of prefixes. Some prefixes have a specific meaning; the prefix '''{{lang|de|zer-}}''' refers to destruction, as in {{lang|de|'''zer'''reißen}} (to tear apart), {{lang|de|'''zer'''brechen}} (to break apart), {{lang|de|'''zer'''schneiden}} (to cut apart). Other prefixes have only the vaguest meaning in themselves; '''{{lang|de|ver-}}''' is found in a number of verbs with a large variety of meanings, as in {{lang|de|'''ver'''suchen}} (to try) from {{lang|de|suchen}} (to seek), {{lang|de|'''ver'''nehmen}} (to interrogate) from {{lang|de|nehmen}} (to take), {{lang|de|'''ver'''teilen}} (to distribute) from {{lang|de|teilen}} (to share), {{lang|de|'''ver'''stehen}} (to understand) from {{lang|de|stehen}} (to stand).

Other examples include the following:
{{lang|de|haften}} (to stick), {{lang|de|'''ver'''haften}} (to detain); {{lang|de|kaufen}} (to buy), {{lang|de|'''ver'''kaufen}} (to sell); {{lang|de|hören}} (to hear), {{lang|de|'''auf'''hören}} (to cease); {{lang|de|fahren}} (to drive), {{lang|de|'''er'''fahren}} (to experience).

Many [[German verbs]] have a separable prefix, often with an adverbial function. In [[finite verb]] forms, it is split off and moved to the end of the clause and is hence considered by some to be a "resultative particle". For example, {{lang|de|mitgehen}}, meaning "to go along", would be split, giving {{lang|de|Gehen Sie mit?}} (Literal: "Go you with?"; Idiomatic: "Are you going along?").

Indeed, several [[parenthetical referencing|parenthetical]] clauses may occur between the prefix of a finite verb and its complement (ankommen = to arrive, er kam an = he arrived, er ist angekommen = he has arrived):
: {{lang|de|Er '''kam''' am Freitagabend nach einem harten Arbeitstag und dem üblichen Ärger, der ihn schon seit Jahren immer wieder an seinem Arbeitsplatz plagt, mit fraglicher Freude auf ein Mahl, das seine Frau ihm, wie er hoffte, bereits aufgetischt hatte, endlich zu Hause '''an'''.}}
A selectively literal translation of this example to illustrate the point might look like this:
: He "came" on Friday evening, after a hard day at work and the usual annoyances that had time and again been troubling him for years now at his workplace, with questionable joy, to a meal which, as he hoped, his wife had already put on the table, finally home "to".

===Word order===
German word order is generally with the [[V2 word order]] restriction and also with the [[SOV word order]] restriction for main [[clause]]s. For [[yes-no questions]], exclamations, and wishes, the [[finite verb]] always has the first position. In subordinate clauses, the verb occurs at the very end.

German requires a verbal element (main verb or [[auxiliary verb]]) to appear [[V2 word order|second in the sentence]]. The verb is preceded by the [[topic–comment|topic]] of the sentence. The element in focus appears at the end of the sentence. For a sentence without an auxiliary, these are several possibilities:

: {{lang|de|Der alte Mann gab mir gestern das Buch.}} (The old man gave me yesterday the book; normal order)
: {{lang|de|Das Buch gab mir gestern der alte Mann.}} (The book gave [to] me yesterday the old man)
: {{lang|de|Das Buch gab der alte Mann mir gestern.}} (The book gave the old man [to] me yesterday)
: {{lang|de|Das Buch gab mir der alte Mann gestern.}} (The book gave [to] me the old man yesterday)
: {{lang|de|Gestern gab mir der alte Mann das Buch.}} (Yesterday gave [to] me the old man the book, normal order)
: {{lang|de|Mir gab der alte Mann das Buch gestern.}} ([To] me gave the old man the book yesterday (entailing: as for someone else, it was another date))

The position of a noun in a German sentence has no bearing on its being a subject, an object or another argument. In a [[sentence (linguistics)|declarative sentence]] in English, if the subject does not occur before the predicate, the sentence could well be misunderstood.

However, German's flexible word order allows one to emphasise specific words:

Normal word order:
:: {{lang|de|Der Direktor betrat gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro.}}
:: The manager entered yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand his office.

Second variant in normal word order:
:: {{lang|de|Der Direktor betrat sein Büro gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand.}}
:: The manager entered his office yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand.
: This variant accentuates the time specification and that he carried an umbrella.

Object in front:
:: {{lang|de|Sein Büro betrat der Direktor gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand.}}
:: His office entered the manager yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand.
: The object {{lang|de|Sein Büro}} (his office) is thus highlighted; it could be the topic of the next sentence.

Adverb of time in front:
:: {{lang|de|Gestern betrat der Direktor um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro. (aber heute ohne Schirm)}}
:: Yesterday entered the manager at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand his office. (but today without umbrella)

Both time expressions in front:
:: {{lang|de|Gestern um 10 Uhr betrat der Direktor mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro}}.
:: Yesterday at 10 o'clock entered the manager with an umbrella in the hand his office.
: The full-time specification {{lang|de|Gestern um 10 Uhr}} is highlighted.

Another possibility:
:: {{lang|de|Gestern um 10 Uhr betrat der Direktor sein Büro mit einem Schirm in der Hand}}.
:: Yesterday at 10 o'clock entered the manager his office with an umbrella in the hand.
: Both the time specification and the fact he carried an umbrella are accentuated.

Swapped adverbs:
:: {{lang|de|Der Direktor betrat mit einem Schirm in der Hand gestern um 10 Uhr sein Büro.}}
:: The manager entered with an umbrella in the hand yesterday at 10 o'clock his office.
: The phrase {{lang|de|mit einem Schirm in der Hand}} is highlighted.

Swapped object:
:: {{lang|de|Der Direktor betrat gestern um 10 Uhr sein Büro mit einem Schirm in der Hand.}}
:: The manager entered yesterday at 10 o'clock his office with an umbrella in the hand.
: The time specification and the object {{lang|de|sein Büro}} (his office) are lightly accentuated.

The flexible word order also allows one to use language "tools" (such as [[poetic meter]] and [[figures of speech]]) more freely.

====Auxiliary verbs====
When an [[auxiliary verb]] is present, it appears in second position, and the main verb appears at the end. This occurs notably in the creation of the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect tense]]. Many word orders are still possible:

:{{lang|de|Der alte Mann hat mir heute das Buch gegeben.}} (The old man has me today the book given.)
:{{lang|de|Das Buch hat der alte Mann mir heute gegeben.}} ('''''The book''''' has the old man me today given.)
:{{lang|de|Heute hat der alte Mann mir das Buch gegeben.}} ('''''Today''''' has the old man me the book given.)

The main verb may appear in first position to put stress on the action itself. The [[auxiliary verb]] is still in second position.

:{{lang|de|Gegeben hat mir der alte Mann das Buch heute.}} ('''''Given''''' has me the old man the book '''today'''.) The bare fact that the book has been given is emphasized, as well as 'today'.

====Modal verbs====
Sentences using [[modal verb]]s place the infinitive at the end. For example, the English sentence "Should he go home?" would be rearranged in German to say "Should he (to) home go?" ({{lang|de|Soll er nach Hause gehen?}}). Thus, in sentences with several subordinate or relative clauses, the infinitives are clustered at the end. Compare the similar clustering of prepositions in the following (highly contrived) English sentence: "What did you bring that book that I do not like to be read to out of up for?"

====Multiple infinitives====
German subordinate clauses have all verbs clustered at the end. Given that auxiliaries encode [[future]], [[passive voice|passive]], [[modality (semiotics)|modality]], and the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]], very long chains of verbs at the end of the sentence can occur. In these constructions, the past participle formed with {{lang|de|ge-}} is often replaced by the infinitive.

: ''{{lang|de|Man nimmt an, dass der Deserteur wohl erschossen}}V {{lang|de|worden}}psv {{lang|de|sein}}perf {{lang|de|soll}}mod''
: One suspects that the deserter probably shot become be should.
: ("It is suspected that the deserter probably had been shot")

: {{lang|de|Er wusste nicht, dass der Agent einen Nachschlüssel hatte machen lassen}}
: He knew not that the agent a picklock had make let
: {{lang|de|Er wusste nicht, dass der Agent einen Nachschlüssel machen lassen hatte}}
: He knew not that the agent a picklock make let had
: ("He did not know that the agent had had a picklock made")

The order at the end of such strings is subject to variation, but the second one in the last example is unusual.

== Vocabulary ==
Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.{{sfn|Leao|2011|p=25}} However, there is a significant amount of loanwords from other languages, in particular [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]], and most recently [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.dartmouth.edu/~deutsch/Grammatik/Wortbildung/Fremdwoerter.html |title=Foreign Words (Fremdwörter) |website=dartmouth.edu |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> In the early 19th century, [[Joachim Heinrich Campe]] estimated that one fifth of the total German vocabulary was of French or Latin origin.<ref>Uwe Pörksen, German Academy for Language and Literature's Jahrbuch [Yearbook] 2007 (Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 121–130)</ref>

Latin words were already imported into the predecessor of the German language during the [[Roman Empire]] and underwent all the characteristic phonetic changes in German. Their origin is thus no longer recognizable for most speakers (e.g. {{lang|de|Pforte}}, {{lang|de|Tafel}}, {{lang|de|Mauer}}, {{lang|de|Käse}}, {{lang|de|Köln}} from Latin {{lang|la|porta}}, {{lang|la|tabula}}, {{lang|la|murus}}, {{lang|la|caseus}}, {{lang|la|Colonia}}). Borrowing from Latin continued after the fall of the Roman Empire during [[Christianisation]], mediated by the church and monasteries. Another important influx of Latin words can be observed during [[Renaissance humanism]]. In a scholarly context, the borrowings from Latin have continued until today, in the last few decades often indirectly through borrowings from English. During the 15th to 17th centuries, the influence of Italian was great, leading to many Italian loanwords in the fields of architecture, finance and music. The influence of the French language in the 17th to 19th centuries resulted in an even greater import of French words. The English influence was already present in the 19th century, but it did not become dominant until the second half of the 20th century.

Thus, [[Notker Labeo]] was able to translate Aristotelian treatises into pure (Old High) German in the decades after the year 1000.{{sfn|Hattemer|1849|p=5}} The tradition of loan translation was revitalized in the 17th and 18th century with poets like [[Philipp von Zesen]] or linguists like [[Joachim Heinrich Campe]], who introduced close to 300 words that are still used in modern German. Even today, there are movements that promote the substitution of foreign words that are deemed unnecessary with German alternatives.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://vds-ev.de/anglizismenindex |title = Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. – Der Anglizismen-Index |publisher = Walter Krämer |website=vds-ev.de |access-date = 15 March 2010 |archive-date = 10 March 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100310142212/http://vds-ev.de/anglizismenindex/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>

As in English, there are many pairs of [[synonym]]s due to the enrichment of the Germanic vocabulary with [[loanword]]s from Latin and Latinized Greek. These words often have different connotations from their Germanic counterparts and are usually perceived as more scholarly.
* {{lang|de|Historie, historisch}} – "history, historical", ({{lang|de|Geschichte, geschichtlich}})
* {{lang|de|Humanität, human}} – "humaneness, humane", ({{lang|de|Menschlichkeit, menschlich}}){{NoteTag|{{lang|de|menschlich}}, and occasionally {{lang|de|human}}, may also mean "human, pertaining to humans," whereas {{lang|de|Menschlichkeit}} and {{lang|de|Humanität}} never mean "humanity, human race," which translates to {{lang|de|Menschheit}}.}}
* {{lang|de|Millennium}} – "millennium", ({{lang|de|Jahrtausend}})
* {{lang|de|Perzeption}} – "perception", ({{lang|de|Wahrnehmung}})
* {{lang|de|Vokabular}} – "vocabulary", ({{lang|de|Wortschatz}})
* {{Lang|de|Diktionär}} – "dictionary, wordbook", ({{Lang|de|Wörterbuch}}){{NoteTag|In modern German, {{lang|de|Diktionär}} is mostly considered archaic.}}
* {{Lang|de|probieren}} – "to try", ({{Lang|de|versuchen}})
* {{Lang|de|proponieren}} – "to propose", ({{Lang|de|vorschlagen}})

[[File:German dictionary.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]'' (1st vol., 1854) by the [[Brothers Grimm]]]]

The size of the vocabulary of German is difficult to estimate. The {{lang|de|[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]}} (''German Dictionary''), initiated by the [[Brothers Grimm]] ([[Jacob Grimm|Jacob]] and [[Wilhelm Grimm]]) and the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language, already contained over 330,000 headwords in its first edition. The modern German scientific vocabulary is estimated at nine million words and word groups (based on the analysis of 35 million sentences of a [[Text corpus|corpus]] in Leipzig, which as of July 2003 included 500{{nbsp}}million words in total).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/html/inhalt_next.html |title = Ein Hinweis in eigener Sache |website = wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de |date = 7 January 2003 |access-date = 15 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515064508/http://wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/html/inhalt_next.html |archive-date = 15 May 2011 }}</ref>

==Orthography==
{{Main|German orthography|German braille}}

[[File:Oesterreichische Schulschrift 1995, 2 - Schraegschrift.jpg|right|thumb|Austria's standardized [[cursive]]]]
[[File:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift.png|thumb|Germany's standardized cursive]]

Written texts in German are easily recognisable as such by distinguishing features such as [[Germanic umlaut|umlauts]] and certain [[German orthography|orthographical]] features{{nbsp}}– German is the only major language that capitalizes all nouns, a relic of a widespread practice in Northern Europe in the early modern era (including English for a while, into the 1700s){{nbsp}}– and the frequent occurrence of long compounds. Because legibility and convenience set certain boundaries, compounds consisting of more than three or four nouns are almost exclusively found in humorous contexts. (English also can string nouns together, though it usually separates the nouns with spaces: as, for example, "toilet bowl cleaner".)

In German orthography, nouns are capitalised, which makes it easier for readers to determine the function of a word within a sentence. This convention is almost unique to German today (shared perhaps only by the closely related [[Luxembourgish]] language and several insular dialects of the [[North Frisian language]]), but it was historically common in other languages such as Danish (which abolished the capitalization of nouns in 1948) and English.

===Present===
Before the [[German orthography reform of 1996]], ''ß'' replaced ''ss'' after [[vowel length|long vowels]] and [[diphthong]]s and before consonants, word-, or partial-word endings. In reformed spelling, ''ß'' replaces ''ss'' only after long vowels and diphthongs.

Since there is no traditional capital form of ''ß'', it was replaced by ''SS'' (or ''SZ'') when capitalization was required. For example, {{lang|de|Maßband}} (tape measure) became {{lang|de|MASSBAND}} in capitals. An exception was the use of ß in legal documents and forms when capitalizing names. To avoid confusion with similar names, lower case ''ß'' was sometimes maintained (thus "{{lang|de|KREßLEIN}}" instead of "{{lang|de|KRESSLEIN}}"). [[Capital ß]] (ẞ) was ultimately adopted into German orthography in 2017, ending a long orthographic debate (thus "{{lang|de|KREẞLEIN}} and {{lang|de|KRESSLEIN}}").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet|title=Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet|last=Ha|first=Thu-Huong|language=en|access-date=5 December 2017|quote=According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.}}</ref>

Umlaut vowels (ä, ö, ü) are commonly transcribed with ae, oe, and ue if the umlauts are not available on the keyboard or other medium used. In the same manner, ß can be transcribed as ss. Some [[operating systems]] use key sequences to extend the set of possible characters to include, amongst other things, umlauts; in [[Microsoft Windows]] this is done using [[Alt codes]]. German readers understand these transcriptions (although they appear unusual), but they are avoided if the regular umlauts are available, because they are a makeshift and not proper spelling. (In Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein, city and family names exist where the extra e has a vowel lengthening effect, e.g. ''Raesfeld'' {{IPA-de|ˈraːsfɛlt}}, ''Coesfeld'' {{IPA|[ˈkoːsfɛlt]}} and ''Itzehoe'' {{IPA|[ɪtsəˈhoː]}}, but this use of the letter e after a/o/u does not occur in the present-day spelling of words other than [[proper noun]]s.)

{{Listen
|filename = German alphabet-2.ogg
|title = German alphabet
|description = (Listen to a German speaker recite the alphabet in German)
}}

There is no general agreement on where letters with umlauts occur in the sorting sequence. Telephone directories treat them by replacing them with the base vowel followed by an e. Some dictionaries sort each umlauted vowel as a separate letter after the base vowel, but more commonly words with umlauts are ordered immediately after the same word without umlauts. As an example in a [[telephone directory|telephone book]] {{lang|de|Ärzte}} occurs after {{lang|de|Adressenverlage}} but before {{lang|de|Anlagenbauer}} (because Ä is replaced by Ae). In a dictionary {{lang|de|Ärzte}} comes after {{lang|de|Arzt}}, but in some dictionaries {{lang|de|Ärzte}} and all other words starting with ''Ä'' may occur after all words starting with ''A''. In some older dictionaries or indexes, initial ''Sch'' and ''St'' are treated as separate letters and are listed as separate entries after ''S'', but they are usually treated as S+C+H and S+T.

Written German also typically uses an alternative opening inverted comma ([[quotation mark]]) as in {{lang|de|„Guten Morgen!“}}.

===Past===
[[File:Fraktur-ru.jpg|thumb|A Russian dictionary from 1931, showing the "German alphabet" – the 3rd and 4th columns of each half are [[Fraktur]] and [[Kurrent]] respectively, with the footnote explaining [[typographic ligature|ligatures]] used in Fraktur]]
{{Further|2nd Orthographic Conference (German)|Antiqua–Fraktur dispute|German orthography reform of 1944}}
Until the early 20th century, German was printed in [[blackletter]] [[typeface]]s (in [[Fraktur]], and in [[Schwabacher]]), and written in corresponding [[penmanship|handwriting]] (for example [[Kurrent]] and [[Sütterlin]]). These variants of the Latin alphabet are very different from the serif or [[sans-serif]] [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] typefaces used today, and the handwritten forms in particular are difficult for the untrained to read. The printed forms, however, were claimed by some to be more readable when used for [[Germanic languages]].{{sfn|Reinecke|1910|p=55}} The [[Nazism|Nazis]] initially promoted Fraktur and Schwabacher because they were considered [[Aryan]], but they abolished them in 1941, claiming that these letters were Jewish.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bormann |first=Martin |title=Der Bormann-Brief im Original |trans-title=The original Bormann letter |url=http://ligaturix.de/bormann.htm |access-date=20 November 2020 |publisher=[[Nazi Party|NSDAP]] |language=de |quote=Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP [[letterhead]] is printed in Fraktur. "For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement: It is wrong to regard or to describe the so-called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced. Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools. The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script. On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script.}}</ref> It is believed that this script was banned during the Nazi régime,{{who}} as they realized that Fraktur would inhibit communication in the territories occupied during [[World War II]].{{sfn|Kapr|1993|p=81}}

The Fraktur script however remains present in everyday life in pub signs, beer brands and other forms of advertisement, where it is used to convey a certain rusticality and antiquity.

A proper use of the [[long s]] ({{lang|de|langes s}}), [[long s|ſ]], is essential for writing German text in [[Fraktur]] typefaces. Many [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] typefaces also include the long s. A specific set of rules applies for the use of long s in German text, but nowadays it is rarely used in Antiqua typesetting. Any lower case "s" at the beginning of a syllable would be a long s, as opposed to a terminal s or short s (the more common variation of the letter s), which marks the end of a syllable; for example, in differentiating between the words {{lang|de|Wachſtube}} (guard-house) and {{lang|de|Wachstube}} (tube of polish/wax). One can easily decide which "s" to use by appropriate hyphenation, ({{lang|de|Wach-ſtube}} vs. {{lang|de|Wachs-tube}}). The long s only appears in [[lower case]].

==Consonant shifts==
{{further|High German consonant shift}}

German does not have any [[dental fricative]]s (as English '''th'''). The '''th''' sound, which the English language still has, disappeared on the continent in German with the consonant shifts between the 8th and 10th centuries.<ref>For a history of the German consonants see {{harvp|Cercignani|1979}}.</ref> It is sometimes possible to find parallels between English and German by replacing the English '''th''' with '''d''' in German: "Thank" → in German {{lang|de|Dank}}, "this" and "that" → {{lang|de|dies}} and {{lang|de|das}}, "[[thou]]" (old 2nd person singular pronoun) → {{lang|de|du}}, "think" → {{lang|de|denken}}, "thirsty" → {{lang|de|durstig}} and many other examples.

Likewise, the '''gh''' in [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] English words, pronounced in several different ways in modern English (as an '''f''' or not at all), can often be linked to German '''ch''': "to laugh" → {{lang|de|lachen}}, "through" → {{lang|de|durch}}, "high" → {{lang|de|hoch}}, "naught" → {{lang|de|nichts}}, "light" → {{lang|de|leicht}} or {{lang|de|Licht}}, "sight" → {{lang|de|Sicht}}, "daughter" → {{lang|de|Tochter}}, "neighbo(u)r" → {{lang|de|Nachbar}}.

==Literature==
{{Main|German literature}}

The German language is used in German literature and can be traced back to the [[Middle Ages]], with the most notable authors of the period being [[Walther von der Vogelweide]] and [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]].
The {{lang|de|[[Nibelungenlied]]}}, whose author remains unknown, is also an important work of the epoch. The fairy tales collected and published by [[Brothers Grimm|Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm]] in the 19th century became famous throughout the world.

Reformer and theologian [[Martin Luther]], who translated the Bible into High German, is widely credited for having set the basis for the modern [[Standard German|Standard High German]] language. Among the best-known poets and authors in German are [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing|Lessing]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]], [[Heinrich von Kleist|Kleist]], [[E.T.A. Hoffmann|Hoffmann]], [[Bertolt Brecht|Brecht]], [[Heinrich Heine|Heine]] and [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]]. Fourteen German-speaking people have won the [[Nobel Prize in literature]]: [[Theodor Mommsen]], [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]], [[Paul von Heyse]], [[Gerhart Hauptmann]], [[Carl Spitteler]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Nelly Sachs]], [[Hermann Hesse]], [[Heinrich Böll]], [[Elias Canetti]], [[Günter Grass]], [[Elfriede Jelinek]], [[Herta Müller]] and [[Peter Handke]], making it the second-most awarded linguistic region (together with French) after English.

{| class="wikitable" style="align:center;"
|-
! [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] (1749–1832)
! [[Friedrich Schiller]] (1759–1805)
! [[Brothers Grimm]] (1785–1863)
! [[Thomas Mann]] (1875–1955)
! [[Hermann Hesse]] (1877–1962)
|- align=center
| [[File:Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein - Goethe in the Roman Campagna - Google Art Project.jpg|x150px]]
| [[File:Gerhard von Kügelgen 001.jpg|x150px]]
| [[File:Grimm1.jpg|x150px]]
| [[File:Thomas Mann 1929.jpg|x150px]]
| [[File:Hermann Hesse 1927 Photo Gret Widmann.jpg|x150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|Germany|Switzerland|Austria|Luxembourg|Belgium}}
* [[Outline of German language]]
* [[Denglisch]]
* [[Deutsch (disambiguation)]]
* [[German name#Surnames|German family name etymology]]
* [[German toponymy]]
* [[Germanism (linguistics)]]
* [[German exonyms]]
* [[List of German expressions in English]]
* [[List of German words of French origin]]
* [[List of pseudo-German words in English]]
* [[List of terms used for Germans]]
* [[List of countries and territories where German is an official language]]
* [[Names of Germany]]
* [[DDR German]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==

{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="eurostat">{{cite web |url = http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7008563/3-24092015-AP-EN.pdf/bf8be07c-ff9d-406b-88f9-f98f5199fe5a |title=More than 80% of primary school pupils in the EU were studying a foreign language in 2013 |date=24 September 2015 |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="MLA-2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/pdf/2013_enrollment_survey.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227234416/http://www.mla.org/pdf/2013_enrollment_survey.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-27 |url-status=live |title=Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013 |last1=Goldberg |first1=David |last2=Looney |first2=Dennis |website=www.mla.org |location=New York City |last3=Lusin |first3=Natalia |access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==

{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
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* {{cite book |last=Bach |first=Adolf |title=Geschichte der deutschen Sprache |publisher=Quelle & Meyer |year=1965 |location=Heidelberg }}
* {{cite book |last1=Barbour |first1=Stephen |last2=Stevenson |first2=Patrick |title=Variation in German |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-35704-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Cercignani |first=Fausto |author-link=Fausto Cercignani |title=The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony |place=Milano |publisher=Cisalpino |year=1979 }}
* {{cite book |first=Michael |last=Clyne |author-link = Michael Clyne |title=The German Language in a Changing Europe |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-49970-5 }}
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* {{cite book |last=Lockwood |first = W. B. |title=German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide |year = 1987 |isbn=978-0-19-815850-9 }}
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* {{cite journal |last=Nerius |first=Dieter |url=https://www.fachportal-paedagogik.de/literatur/vollanzeige.html?FId=605785 |title=Die Rolle der II. Orthographischen Konferenz (1901) in der Geschichte der deutschen Rechtschreibung. |journal=Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie |volume=119 |issue=1 |issn=0044-2496 }}
* {{cite book |last=Niebaum |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG0l63rBggsC |title=Einführung in die Dialektologie des Deutschen |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=978-3-11-091654-6 |edition=2nd |location=Tübingen |language=de |trans-title=Introduction to the dialectology of German |chapter=Wege und Schwerpunkte der deutschen Dialektologie |trans-chapter=Ways and focuses of German dialectology }}
* {{cite book |last=Reinecke |first=Adolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CH0xAQAAMAAJ |title=Die deutsche Buchstabenschrift: Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung, ihre Zweckmäßigkeit und völkische Bedeutung |trans-title=The German letter font: Its origin and development, its advisability and folkish meaning |publisher=A. Hasert und C. |language=de }}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Orrin W. |author-link=Orrin W. Robinson (philologist)|title=Old English and its closest relatives : a survey of the earliest Germanic languages |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-2221-6 |location=Stanford, Calif.}}
* {{cite book |last=Rothaug |first=Rudolf |title=Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an den österreichischen Mittelschulen |publisher=G. Freytag & Berndt |location=Vienna |language=de |trans-title=Geographical atlas on the homeland lore at the Austrian secondary schools }}
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* {{cite book |last=Scherer |first=Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYACAAAAQAAJ |title=Zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache |publisher=[[Franz Duncker]] |year=1868 |location=[[Berlin]] |language=de |trans-title=On the history of the German language |author-link=Wilhelm Scherer }}
* {{cite book |last1=Scherer |first1=Wilhelm |last2=Jankowsky |first2=Kurt R. |title=Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache |url=https://archive.org/details/zurgeschichtede02schegoog |trans-title=On the history of the German language |publisher=Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins |others=Oxford University }}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Steinicke |first1=Ernst |last2=Walder |first2=Judith |last3=Löffler |first3=Roland |last4=Beismann |first4=Michael |url=https://rga.revues.org/1454 |title=Autochthonous Linguistic Minorities in the Italian Alps |journal=Revue de Géographie Alpine |issue=99–2 |doi=10.4000/rga.1454 |doi-access=free |access-date=18 July 2016 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stellmacher |first=Dieter |title=Niederdeutsche Sprache |isbn=978-3-89693-326-3 |edition=2nd |location=Berlin |language=de |trans-title=Low German language }}
* {{cite book|last=Super|first=Charles W.|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgermanl00supeiala|title=A history of the German language|publisher=Columbus, Ohio: Hann & Adair|others=University of California Libraries}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Calvin |title=An Anthology of German Literature |publisher=D. C. Heath and Company |id={{ASIN|1010180266|country=de}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Swadesh |first=Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7LxaLP5xogC |title=The Origin and Diversification of Language |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-20-236982-2 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Upward |first=Chris |title=Spelling Reform in German |journal=Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society |year=1997 |volume=J21 |url=http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j21/german.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923054752/https://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j21/german.php |archive-date=23 September 2014 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Von Polenz |first1=Peter |title=Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart |trans-title=German language history from the late Middle Ages to the present |volume=Band III: 19. und 20. Jahrhundert |series=de Gruyter Studienbuch |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin; New York |isbn=978-3-11-016426-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1KF3f-aGR4C |language=de |chapter=6.5. Inter- und übernationale Beziehungen }}
* {{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Claudio |year=2000 |title=Las áreas de "bocha", "polca" y "murra". Contacto de lenguas en el sur de Chile |journal= Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares|language=es |trans-title=The "bocha", "polka" and "murra" areas. Language contact in southern Chile |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=185–196 |doi=10.3989/rdtp.2000.v55.i1.432|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Waterman |first=John |title=A history of the German language: with special reference to the cultural and social forces that shaped the standard literary language |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-73807-9 |edition=Rev. |location=Seattle |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgermanl00wate/page/83 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Gerhard |doi=10.2307/3531328 |jstor=3531328 |title=Up-to-Date and with a Past: The "Duden" and its History |journal=Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=1995|pages=7–12 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wiesinger |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRyfwnXjfdUC |title=Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-005977-9 |editor-last=Besch |editor-first=Werner |edition=1 |language=de |chapter=Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte |trans-chapter=The classification of the German dialects |editor-last2=Wiegand |editor-first2=Herbert Ernst |author-link1=Peter Wiesinger }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikimedia|collapsible=true|commons=Category:German language|b=Subject:German language|v=Topic:German Language|n=no|s=y|species=no|voy=German phrasebook|d=Q188|wikt=Category:German language}}

** [[Mark Twain]], [[s:The Awful German Language|The Awful German Language]], 1880
** [[Carl Schurz]], [[s:The German Mothertongue|The German Mothertongue]], 1897
** {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Germany, Language and Literature of |short=x |noicon=x}}}}
* [https://archive.org/details/VerbreitungDerDeutschenSprache Dissemination of the German language in Europe around 1913 (map, 300 dpi)]

{{Description of German}}
{{Germanic languages}}
{{Languages of Germany}}
{{Languages of Switzerland}}
{{Languages of Austria}}
{{Languages of Belgium}}
{{Languages of Namibia}}
{{Germanic languages}}
{{Germany topics}}
{{Languages of Europe}}

[[Category:German language| ]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:High German languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Austria]]
[[Category:Languages of Belgium]]
[[Category:Languages of Germany]]
[[Category:Languages of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Languages of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Languages of Namibia]]
[[Category:Languages of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Languages of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]
[[Category:Stress-timed languages]]
[[Category:Verb-second languages]]

User talk:SonOfZeus

2021-05-18T22:04:44Z

Rehan: /* Index */ new section

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=SonOfZeus}}

-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 08:21, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|ShoutWiki}} Thank you. SonOfZeus 08:29, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::{{Ping|ShoutWiki}} Wait a minute please! 1) May I know why some of my new edits may get removed as you said? 2) And, another thing, why can't I create my own user page? When I try, it's said to be protected from vandalism even from me? SonOfZeus 08:34, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Could you please answer some of my questions here? I think ShoutWiki is a bot, so seems unlikely to respond! SonOfZeus 08:44, 8 May 2021 (IST)

:::Only edits that are not constructive will be removed and not all. The user page creation is protected to prevent spamming so only users with autoconfirmed status (that is, an account four days old and with ten edits) status can create it, but if you wish I can create it for you and then you can expand it. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 11:02, 9 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Yes, help me in creating my user page. I will be grateful to you for that. SonOfZeus 16:39, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Done, I have created your user page as per your request and now you can expand it. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 17:04, 9 May 2021 (IST)
::::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. SonOfZeus 18:42, 9 May 2021 (IST)

== Your account has been granted the "autopatrolled" user rights ==

[[File:Check-green.svg|right|80px]]
Hi SonOfZeus, I just wanted to let you know that I have [//en.wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=rights&page=User%3ASonOfZeus added] the "{{mono|autopatrolled}}" permission to your account, as you have created numerous, valid articles. This feature will have no effect on your editing, and is simply intended to reduce the workload on new page patrollers. For more information on the autopatrolled right, see [[Wikipedia:Autopatrolled]]. However, you should consider adding stub-tags and categories to new articles that you create if you aren't already in the habit of doing so, since your articles will no longer be systematically checked by other editors. Feel free to leave me a message if you have any questions. Happy editing! [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 11:20, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you, Sir! I will try my best to make this Bharatpedia much better than General Wikipedia, regarding the quality of the articles. SonOfZeus 18:25, 16 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, thank you for sharing information on my talk page.
I have a question, I created page [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] many days ago, but it is still not visible in Google search. What is the problem? Is there anything missing?
Please let me know how to index the page. Thank you!
([[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 03:34, 19 May 2021 (IST));

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-05-17T17:19:48Z

Rehan: /* Index */ new section

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Wikipedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Wikipedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Wikipedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Wikipedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Wikipedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Wikipedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

Reza Abbaszadeh

2021-05-14T01:15:50Z

Rehan: /* External links */

{{Infobox person
| name = Reza Abbaszadeh
| image = Reza_Abbaszade.jpeg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1998|9|16}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Germany
| education = * Master of business administration
| alma_mater = University of Vienna
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2018-present
| organization = * Abbaszadeh Enterprises
* BaxBeauty
| known_for = [[Entrepreneur]]
| net_worth = US$12 million (April 2020)
| website = [http://www.rezaabbaszadeh.com rezaabbaszadeh.com]
}}

'''Reza Abbaszadeh''' (born 16 September 1998)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=IBT Business|date=2020-07-04|title=The youngest Iranian businessman – Reza Abbaszadeh|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/youngest-iranian-businessman-reza-abbaszadeh-823836|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> is an entrepreneur,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Young Iranian-German Entrepreneur Reza Abbaszadeh, Who Built Successful Businesses|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/meet-young-iraniangerman-entrepreneur-reza-abbaszadeh-who-built-successful-businesses/58903/1|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref> investor and business owner<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title=Young Entrepreneur Reza Abbaszadeh believes in implementing the plan instead of overthinking in business|url=https://businessdeccan.com/young-entrepreneur-reza-abbaszadeh-believes-in-implementing-the-plan-instead-of-overthinking-in-business/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Business Deccan|language=en-US}}</ref> whose net worth is an estimated $12 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reza Abbaszadeh: A young Millionaire working smart with his skills in various fields.|url=https://25hournews.com/news/reza-abbaszadeh-a-young-millionaire-working-smart-with-his-skills-in-various-fields-1606/amp|access-date=2021-05-11|website=25hournews.com}}</ref> He is the founder and CEO of Abbaszadeh Enterprises and BaxBeauty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-18|title=Reza Abbaszadeh, who owns and operates Abbaszadeh Enterprises, is about to make his next big move in Social Media with BaxBeauty App.|url=https://www.ibtimes.sg/reza-abbaszadeh-who-owns-operates-abbaszadeh-enterprises-about-make-his-next-big-move-social-56908|access-date=2021-05-11|website=International Business Times, Singapore Edition|language=en}}</ref>

He is also the author of 2 books named DOMINATING THE BUYER and DEN KÄUFER BEHERRSCHEN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=REZA ABBASZADEH|url=https://www.amazon.com/REZA-ABBASZADEH/e/B08CSVMWK4|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.amazon.com|language=en-us}}</ref> For his entrepreneurial endeavour, he was appropriately awarded the tag of “The Youngest Iranian Businessman”<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-13|title=Reza Abbaszadeh has been awarded to be the Youngest Iranian Businessman in 2019|url=https://cloutnews.com/reza-abbaszadeh-has-been-awarded-to-be-the-youngest-iranian-businessman-in-2019/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Clout News|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reza Abbaszadeh was born in Tabriz, Iran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-05|title=The youngest Iranian businessman – Reza Abbaszadeh|url=https://newschant.com/business/the-youngest-iranian-businessman-reza-abbaszadeh/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=News Chant|language=en-US}}</ref> At the age of seventeen he immigrated to Budapest to attend the MacDaniel college. He studied pre-university course for one year in order to enter university. After he passed the entrance exam, he could step in Vienna university.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us {{!}} Reza Abaszadeh|url=https://rezaabbaszadeh.com/about-us/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Reza Abbaszadeh {{!}} Iranian-German Entrepreneur|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reza founded his first company when he was 19. In February 2019 he founded his first investment company Abbaszadeh Capital.In May 2020 he established his second company called Abbaszadeh University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reza Abbaszadeh’s Online Business Platform "Abbaszadeh University" is Thriving to be The Best in the World|url=https://www.accesswire.com/594696/Reza-Abbaszadehs-Online-Business-Platform-Abbaszadeh-University-is-Thriving-to-be-the-Best-in-the-World|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.accesswire.com}}</ref> Later in 2020, Reza decided to merge both his companies and commenced Abbaszadeh Enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OUR COMPANIES {{!}} Reza Abbaszadeh|url=https://rezaabbaszadeh.com/our-companies/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Reza Abbaszadeh {{!}} Iranian-German Entrepreneur|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2020, he started his third company called Abbaszadeh Technologies to develop his social media app named BaxBeauty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TECHNOLOGIES {{!}} Reza Abbaszadeh|url=https://rezaabbaszadeh.com/technologies/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Reza Abbaszadeh {{!}} Iranian-German Entrepreneur|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
• The Youngest Iranian Businessman<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Reza’s personal life is intertwined with his professional life. Reza Abbaszadeh consults for multiple-fortune 9 investment banking companies worldwide along with helping boards and entrepreneurs on M&A transactions and capital raising across a broad range of industries.

== Books ==
* DOMINATING THE <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dominating the Buyer ~ Paperback / softback ~ Reza Abbaszadeh|url=https://www.mightyape.co.nz/product/dominating-the-buyer/33703742|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Mighty Ape NZ|language=en}}</ref>
* DEN KÄUFER BEHERRSCHEN

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://rezaabbaszadeh.com/ Official website]
* {{facebook|abbaszadehco|Reza Abbaszadeh}}
* {{instagram|abbaszadehco|Reza Abbaszadeh}}
* {{twitter|abbaszadehco|Reza Abbaszadeh}}
* {{youtube|c=rezaabbaszadeh|Reza Abbaszadeh}}

[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Media_proprietors]]
[[Category:Germany people]]

[[Category:People born in Germany]]

Reza Abbaszadeh

2021-05-11T21:26:37Z

Rehan: /* External links */Link correction

Reza Abbaszadeh

2021-05-11T21:22:30Z

Rehan: /* External links */Link correction

2021-05-01T10:33:21Z

Rehan: /* Early life and education */

{{Infobox person
| name = Tatiana Dumitru
| image = Tatiana_Dumitru.jpeg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1983|11|24}}
| birth_place = Bucharest, Romania.
| nationality = Romania
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2016-present
| organization = PreTee Creative
| known_for = [[Entrepreneur]]
| net_worth =
| website = [https://www.preteecreative.com preteecreative.com]
}}

'''Tatiana Dumitru''' (born 24 November 1983)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tatiana Dumitru - Crunchbase Person Profile|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/person/tatiana-dumitru|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Crunchbase|language=en}}</ref> is an entrepreneur, branding specialist and the founder of PreTee Creative, a branding and design agency in Orange County, California. She is also a Leadership Network Writer for Entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dumitru|first=Tatiana|title=Tatiana Dumitru|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/author/tatiana-dumitru|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> Since she started her agency, she's built a client roster that includes Fortune 500 companies and public features. Beyond creating catchy brand names and smart visual identities for her clients, Tatiana believes the experience she provides is what makes her agency so successful. Tatiana has built her team with people from different corners of the world, including Europe, Australia, and the US.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Meet Tatiana Dumitru|url=https://wemagazineforwomen.com/meet-tatiana-dumitru/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=WE magazine for women|language=en}}</ref>

She is the founder of PreTee Creative, a full-service branding agency. Her mission is to spark each client’s creative vision and bring it to life by elevating their idea and infusing it with her expertise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Branding Agency Anaheim {{!}} Marketing Services & Web Designer Orange County|url=https://www.preteecreative.com/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=PreTee Creative|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tatiana Dumitru got a degree in Accounting and Audit (rather than something more creative, like Marketing), she knowing that this path would provide her with a steady, secure income for years to come. But after working as an accountant for a few years, She realized it wasn’t for her.

== Career ==
Tatiana Dumitru founded her branding & design agency '''PreTee''' in 2016.<ref name=":0" />

=== PreTee Creative ===
PreTee is specialize in brand strategy, brand naming, brand positioning and visual identity.

Whether you're starting from scratch or refreshing an existing brand, selling a product or promoting a service, They will turn it into a branded experience.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PreTee Creative - Overview, News & Competitors {{!}} ZoomInfo.com|url=https://www.zoominfo.com/c/pretee-creative/472027357|access-date=2021-05-01|website=ZoomInfo|language=en}}</ref>

They keep people at the center of everything they do. Because they know the while customers might like features and benefits, they fall in love with passion and purpose.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PreTee Creative - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding|url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/pretee-creative|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Crunchbase|language=en}}</ref>

Branding goes beyond pleasing packaging and an eye-catching website (although those are nice to have). You need clear core values, unique positioning, and a coherent strategy. Your brand should create a recognizable feeling and create an emotional connection with potential customers.

Most importantly, branding makes the difference between having a great idea and actually making an impact in the market. Your brand is the thing that will build customer loyalty, capture your vision, and allow you to succeed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Branding Expert Tatiana Dumitru from PreTee Creative [EXCLUSIVE]|url=https://www.dailyscanner.com/branding-expert-tatiana-dumitru-from-pretee-creative-shares-her-tips-for-creating-an-engaging-business-image/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Daily Scanner|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tatiana Dumitru struggled to find a new job in the Marketing field due to my lack of educational and professional experience, even though she knew she could provide a unique perspective and boundless creativity. After spending most part of her life in Romania, she moved to the United States in 2012 and started a family and a hobby to showcase her creativity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stories|first=Local|title=Meet Tatiana Dumitru of PreTee Creative in Orange County - Voyage LA Magazine {{!}} LA City Guide|url=http://voyagela.com/interview/meet-pretee-creative-orange-county/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=voyagela.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

She started out making t-shirt designs on Etsy, mostly for people who wanted to order branded items for their businesses. It was a hobby, not a business a chance to exercise her creativity and test her talents. In the process, She learned so much: how to stay focused, how to sell her services and products, and how to manage every element of her growing business. She have also learned a lot about social media, especially Instagram she have grown her account organically to over ten thousand followers in under a year.

Her big break came when a restaurateur asked her to create some slogans for his company. He referred her to someone else. They both loved her creativity, so she joined a freelancing platform (where she is a Top-Rated Freelancer) three years ago, specializing in branding, naming, and taglines. Soon after, she started working with a graphic designer to create logos and packaging. Then, the full branding requests started coming again so she decided to start her own agency, PreTee Creative.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.preteecreative.com Official website]
* {{facebook|preteecreative|Tatiana Dumitru}}
* {{Instagram|preteecreative|Tatiana Dumitru}}
* {{twitter|tatiana_dumitru|Tatiana Dumitru}}

2021-04-10T12:13:18Z

Rehan: /* Article creation */

2021-04-10T10:42:06Z

Rehan:

{{About|philosophy as a proper field of study|text=It is not about 'personal philosophy' or other kinds of [[pseudo-philosophy]].}}
[[File:Socrates Louvre.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Socrates, a Riyemz copy from a Greek [[statue]], [[Louvre]] museum]]

'''Philosophy''' is the [[study (field)|study]] of [[wikt:underlie|underlying]] things. This means philosophy tries to understand the reasons or [[wikt:|basis]] for things. It also tries to understand how things should be. "{{lang|grc|Philosophia}}" is the [[Ancient Greek]] word for the "love of [[wisdom]]".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Philosophy|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=August 20, 2020|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy }}</ref> A person who does philosophy is called a '''philosopher'''. A philosopher is a kind of [[intellectual|thinker]] or [[researcher]]. A "philosophy" can also mean a group of ideas by philosophers, or by a philosopher.<ref name=MerriamWebster>{{cite dictionary|title=Philosophy|dictionary=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=November 21, 2020|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philosophy }}</ref> Philosophy is a way of thinking about the [[world]], the [[universe]], and [[society]]. In the past, [[science]]s were part of philosophy as well.

The ideas in philosophy are often general and ''[[wikt:abstract|abstract]]''. But this does not mean that philosophy is not about the real world. [[Ethics]], for example, asks about how to be [[good]] in our day-to-day lives. [[Metaphysics]] asks about how the world works and what it is made of.
Sometimes people talk about how they have a ‘personal philosophy’, which means the way a person thinks about the world. This article is ''not'' about people's ’personal philosophies’. This article is about the ideas that have been discussed by [[philosopher]]s (people who think and write about ways of thinking) for a long time.

One philosophical question is this: "Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?".<ref>[[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]] 1912. ''The problems of philosophy''. Home University Library.</ref> Other questions asked by philosophers are these:

* What happens to a soul after death, how does a soul enter into the body before death?
*Why are we born?
*Why should we live?
*Why are there so many hurdles in life?
*How do we overcome suffering?
*What is the importance of the material life?
*Will the universe exist forever?
* What is [[beauty]]?
* Do we have [[free will]]?
* Does [[God]] exist?
* Does the [[world]] around us [[existence|exist]]?
* What is [[truth]]?
* What is [[evil]]?
* What is the [[relationship]] between [[mind]] and [[body]]?........

== History ==
The [[Etymology|etymological]] meaning of the word 'Philosophy' is 'love of wisdom'. It comes from the Greek word ''<nowiki/>'Philosophia'<nowiki/>'', with ''<nowiki/>'Philo'<nowiki/>'' meaning ''<nowiki/>'beloved'<nowiki/>'' and ''<nowiki/>'Sophia''<nowiki/>' meaning ''<nowiki/>'wisdom'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english-ingles.com/etymology-of-philosophy/|title=Etymology of Philosophy|website=english-ingles.com|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref>

There are different types of philosophy from different times and places. Some philosophers came from [[Ancient Greece]], such as [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. Others came from Asia, such as [[Confucius]] or [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and [https://www.iep.utm.edu/laozi/ Laozi]. Some philosophers are from the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe, such as [[William of Ockham]] or [[Saint Thomas Aquinas]].

Philosophers from the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s included [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[René Descartes]], [[John Locke]], [[David Hume]], and [[Immanuel Kant]]. Philosophers from the 1900s included [[Søren Kierkegaard]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]].

== Areas of inquiry ==
'''Philosophy''' is the study of [[human]]s and the [[world]] by thinking and asking questions. It is a science and an [[art]]. Philosophy tries to answer important questions by coming up with answers about real things and asking "why?"

Sometimes, philosophy tries to answer the same questions as [[religion]] and [[science]]. Philosophers do not all give the same answers to a question. Many types of philosophy criticize or even attack the beliefs of science and religion.

In his work ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'', [[Immanuel Kant]] asked the following questions:<ref>Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, II 2 2</ref>
#What can I say?
#What shall I do?
#What dare I hope?
#What is man?
The answers to these questions gives the different domains or categories of philosophy.

=== Categories in philosophy ===
Philosophy can be divided into different groups, based on the types of questions that it asks. Below is a list of questions split into groups. One possible list of answers to these questions can be called a 'philosophy'. There are many different 'philosophies', because all of these questions have many different answers according to different people. Not all philosophies ask the same questions. These are the questions that are usually asked by philosophers from the [[Western world]]:

'''[[Metaphysics]]''':

Metaphysics is sometimes split up into [[ontology]] (the philosophy of real life and living things), the [[philosophy of mind]] and the [[philosophy of religion]]; but these sub-branches are very close together.

''Ontology'':
* What is the world that we see around us? (What is [[reality]]?)
** Is there more to the world than just what we see or hear?
** If nobody sees something happening, does that mean that it did not happen?
** What does it mean to say that something is possible? Do other worlds exist?
* Is there anything very special about being a [[human being]] or being [[life|alive]] at all?
** If not, why do some people think that there is?
* What is [[Space (physics)|space]]? What is [[time]]?

''The philosophy of mind'':
* What is a [[mind]]?
* What is a [[body]]?
* What is [[consciousness]]?
* Do people make choices, or can they only choose to do one thing? (Do people have [[free will]]?)
* What makes words or ideas meaningful? (What is the relation between meaningful words or ideas and the things that they mean?)

''The philosophy of religion'':
* Do people have [[soul]]s?
* Is there a [[God]] who created the Universe?

'''In [[epistemology]]''':

* What is [[knowledge]]?
* How can we know anything?
* What is [[science]]?
* What is [[truth]]?

'''In [[ethics]]''':
* What are right and wrong, good and bad?
* Should people do some things and not others?
* What is [[:wikt:justice|justice]]?

'''In [[aesthetics]]''':
* What is [[beauty]]? What if one person thinks a painting is beautiful, but another person thinks the painting is ugly? Can the painting be beautiful and ugly at the same time?
* Are [[truth|true]] things beautiful?
* Are [[goodness|good]] things beautiful?
* What is [[art]]? We commonly think that a [[sculpture]] in a [[museum]] is art. If a sculptor sculpts a sculpture of a rock from clay, and puts it in a museum, many would call it art. But what if a person picks up a rock from the ground - is the rock a piece of art?

'''In [[logic]]''':
* What do the words we use mean?
* How can we say things (especially [[idea]]s) in a way that only has one meaning?
* Can all ideas be expressed using [[language]]?
* How does the [[truth]] of an [[argument]]'s [[premise]] affect the truth of its conclusion?
* How can we reason correctly?

'''In [[:en:Axiology|axiology]]''':
* What has value?
* Is time really money? or have we made it so?
* Does love, beauty, or justice hold any value?

Other divisions include [[eschatology]], [[teleology]] and [[theology]]. In past centuries natural [[science]] was included in philosophy, and called "natural philosophy".

== Is philosophy good or bad? ==
Does philosophy do any good? Very few people would dispute this. It is easy to argue that philosophy is a good thing, because it helps people to think more clearly. Philosophy helps people to understand the world and the way people act and think. Philosophers believe that asking philosophical questions is useful because it brings [[wisdom]] and helps people to learn about the world and each other. Some philosophers might even argue that the question "Is philosophy good or bad?" is a philosophical question itself.

However, some people think that philosophy is harmful, as philosophy encourages free-thinking and often questions the beliefs that others hold. For example, philosophies such as some [[existentialist]] views say that there is no meaning to life or human existence, except the meaning that we make up or invent. People from some religions do not agree with the beliefs of existentialism.

Every major science, including physics, biology, and chemistry, are disciplines that were once considered as philosophy. Medicine was always considered a practical art, however. As facts about nature became more understood, these subjects branched away. Psychology only split a century and a half ago. In our own time, subjects such as consciousness studies, decision theory, and applied ethics have increasingly found independence from philosophy as a whole. Because of this, philosophy seems useful because it spins off new kinds of science.

== What philosophers do ==
Philosophers ask questions about ideas ([[concepts]]). They try to find answers to those questions. Some thinkers find it very hard to find those words that best describe the ideas they have. When they find answers to some of these questions philosophers often have the same problem, that is how to best tell the answers they found to other people. Depending on the meaning of the words they use, the answers change.

Some philosophers are full-time thinkers (called academics), who work for universities or colleges. These philosophers write books and articles about philosophy and teach classes about philosophy to university or college students.

Other philosophers are just "[[hobby]]" thinkers who think about philosophy during their free time. A small number of hobby thinkers have thought so much about philosophy that they are able to write articles for philosophy magazines. Other people approach philosophy from another job. For example, [[monk]]s, [[artist]]s, and [[scientist]]s may think about philosophical ideas and questions.

Most philosophers work by asking questions and looking for good definitions (meanings) of words to help them understand what a question means.

Some philosophers say the only thing needed to answer a question is to find out what it means. The only thing that makes philosophical questions (such as those above) difficult is that people do not really know what they mean. [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] believed this.

Philosophers often use both real and imaginary examples to make a point. For example, they may write about a real or fictional person in order to show what they think a good person or a bad person is like.

Some philosophers look for the simplest way to answer a question and say that is probably the right answer. This is a process called [[Occam's razor]]. Others believe that complicated answers to questions can also be right. For an example of a philosophical problem, see the [[God paradox]].

Philosophers use [[logic]] to solve problems and answer questions. Logical [[consistency]] is a cornerstone of any acceptable theory. Philosophers who disagree with a theory will often try to find a logical [[contradiction]] in a theory. If they find a contradiction, this gives them a reason to reject that theory. If they do not find an inconsistency, the philosopher might show that the theory leads to a conclusion which is either unacceptable or ridiculous. This second approach is usually called [[reductio ad absurdum]].

== Some philosophers ==
People listed here should be genuine philosophers, rather than social or political campaigners. The lists are not meant to be complete.

=== The ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] philosophers ===

* [[Heraclitus]]
*[[Socrates]]
*[[Plato]]

*[[Aristotle]]

*[[Epicurus]]

=== Later [[Europe]]an/Western philosophers ===
* [[Saint Augustine]]
* [[Canonization|Saint]] [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Duns Scotus]]
* [[Bonaventure]]
* [[William of Ockham]]
* [[George Berkeley]]
* [[Auguste Comte]]
* [[René Descartes]]
* [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]
* [[Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel]]
* [[Thomas Hobbes]]
* [[David Hume]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]]
* [[Søren Kierkegaard]]
* [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]
* [[John Locke]]
* [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]
* [[John Stuart Mill]]
* [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
* [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]
* [[Baruch Spinoza]]
* [[William Whewell]]
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

=== Modern European and [[United States|American]] philosophers ===
* [[Louis Althusser]]
* [[G. E. M. Anscombe]]
* [[Simone de Beauvoir]]
* [[David Chalmers]]
*[[John Dewey]]
*[[Christian DeQuincey]]
* [[Martin Heidegger]]
* [[Karl Popper]]
* [[John Rawls]]
* [[Bertrand Russell]]
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
* [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]
* [[Albert Camus]]

=== [[Asian]]/Eastern philosophers ===
* [[Avicenna]]
* [[Osho]]
* [[Confucius]]
* [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhārta Gautama]] (the Gautama Buddha)
* [[Omar Khayyám]]
* [[Nanak]]
* [[Chuang Tzu]]
* [[Lao Tzu]]
* [[Sohrevardi]]
* [[Allama Iqbal]]

== General sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Blumenau, Ralph. ''Philosophy and living''. {{ISBN|978-0-907845-33-1}}
* Craig, Edward. ''Philosophy: a very short introduction''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285421-6}}
* Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. ''Mastering philosophy''. {{ISBN|978-0-333-69343-8}}
* [[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040807090338/http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/phil/russell/ The problems of philosophy]''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-511552-9}}
* Sinclair, Alistair J. 2008. ''What is philosophy? An introduction''. {{ISBN|978-1-903765-94-4}}
* Sober, Elliott 2001. ''Core questions in philosophy: a text with readings''. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. {{ISBN|978-0-13-189869-1}}
* Solomon, Robert C. ''Big questions: a short introduction to philosophy''. {{ISBN|978-0-534-16708-0}}
* Warburton, Nigel. ''Philosophy: the basics''. {{ISBN|978-0-415-14694-4}}
* Nagel, Thomas. ''What does it all mean? A very short introduction to philosophy''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-505292-3}}
* Pojman, Louis P. ''Classics of Philosophy (vols. 1, 2, & 3)''
* Arthur, Edwin ''The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill''
* Beardsley, Monroe ''European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche''
* Cottingham, John 2008. ''Western philosophy: an anthology''. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., .
* Tarnas, Richard. ''The passion of the Western mind: understanding the ideas that have shaped our world view''. {{ISBN|978-0-345-36809-6}}
{{Refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Humanities]]

Bharatpedia:User access levels

2021-04-10T10:39:59Z

Rehan:

The '''user access level''' of editors affects their abilities to perform specific actions on Wikipedia. The user access level depends on which rights (also called permissions, [[Internet forum#User groups|user groups]], [[bit (computing)|bits]], or [[flag (computing)|flags]]) are assigned to accounts. There are two types of access leveling: automatic, and requested. User access levels are determined by whether the [[WP:Wikipedian|Wikipedian]] is logged in, the account's age and edits, and what manually assigned rights the account has.

Anyone can use the basic functionalities of Wikipedia even if they are not logged in. Unless they are [[WP:BLOCK|blocked]], they may freely edit most pages. Being logged in gives users many advantages, such as having their public [[IP address]] hidden and the ability to track one's own contributions. Additionally, once user accounts are more than a certain number of days old and have made more than a certain number of edits, they automatically become autoconfirmed or extended confirmed, allowing the direct creation of articles, the ability to move pages, to edit semi-protected and extended-protected pages, and upload files. Further access levels need to be assigned manually by a user with the appropriate authority. An editor with more experience and good standing can attempt to become an [[WP:SYSOP|administrator]], which provides a large number of advanced permissions. Many other flags for specialized tasks are also available.

== Overview ==
All visitors to the site, including unregistered users, are part of the {{mono|'[[#Unregistered users|*]]'}} group, and all logged-in registered users are also part of the {{mono|'[[#New users|user]]'}} group. Users are automatically promoted into the [[#Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed/confirmed users]] pseudo-group of established users when their account is more than five days old and has twenty edits, and the {{mono|[[#Extended confirmed users|'extended confirmed']]}} user group later on.

Other flags are only given upon request; some, such as {{mono|'[[#Rollback|rollbacker]]'}}, {{mono|'[[#Pending changes reviewer|pending changes reviewer]]'}}, or {{mono|'[[#Bot|bot]]'}}, are granted unilaterally if the user demonstrates a need for them (see [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions]] and [[Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval]]). Others, such as {{mono|'[[#Administrator|sysop]]'}} and {{mono|'[[#Bureaucrat|bureaucrat]]'}}, are given only after community discussion and consensus at [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]]. Users are made members of such groups as {{mono|'[[#Oversight|oversight]]'}} and {{mono|'[[#Checkuser|checkuser]]'}} only with the approval of the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Arbitration Committee]], after signing the [[Wikipedia:Access to nonpublic information|Wikimedia Foundation's confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]].

User groups have one or more rights assigned to them; for example, the ipblock-exempt (IP block exemptions) group have the '{{mono|ipblock-exempt}}' and '{{mono|torunblocked}}' rights. All members of a particular user group will have access to these rights. The individual rights that are assigned to user groups are listed at [[Special:ListGroupRights]]. Terms like ''rights'', ''permissions'', ''bits'' and ''flags'' can refer to both user groups and the individual rights assigned to them.

== User groups ==
The system-generated technical permissions are listed at [[Special:ListGroupRights]].

{{Anchors|Unregistered users|Unregistered|*}}

==== Unregistered (IP or not logged in) users ====
Users who are not [[Special:UserLogin|logged in]] are identified by their [[IP address]] rather than a [[User (computing)|user name]], whether or not they have already [[Special:UserLogin/signup|registered an account]]. They may read all Wikipedia pages (except restricted [[Help:Special page|special pages]]), and edit pages that are not protected (including pending changes protected/move-protected articles). They may create talk pages in any talk namespace but need to ask for help to create pages in some parts of the wiki. They cannot upload files or images. They must answer a CAPTCHA if they wish to make an edit which involves the addition of external links, and click a confirm link to purge pages.

Edit screens of unregistered users are headed by a banner that reads:

:{{MediaWiki:Anoneditwarning}}

{{-}}
{{Anchors|New users|New|user}}

==== Registered (new) users ====
{{See also|Wikipedia:Why create an account?}}
Registered users may immediately e-mail other users if they activate an email address in their [[Special:Preferences|user preferences]]. All logged-in users may mark edits as minor. They may purge pages without a confirmation step, but are still required to answer a CAPTCHA when adding external links. Edits that they make to a page that is under pending changes protection immediately go live, unless other pending changes need to be reviewed. They may save books to their userspace but not the Books namespace. They may also customize their Wikimedia interface and its options as they wish - either via [[Special:Preferences]], or by adding personal CSS or JavaScript rules to their [[Special:Mypage/vector.css|vector.css]] or [[Special:Mypage/vector.js|vector.js]] files.

{{Anchors|Autoconfirmed users|Autoconfirmed|autoconfirmed|confirmed|Confirmed|Confirmed users}}

==== Autoconfirmed and confirmed users ====
Several actions on the English Wikipedia are restricted to user accounts that are at least 5 days old and have made at least 20 edits to the encyclopedia. Users who meet these requirements are considered part of the pseudo-group {{mono|'autoconfirmed'}}. The conditions for autoconfirmed status are checked every time a user attempts to perform a restricted action; if they are met, permission is granted automatically by the MediaWiki software. Although the precise requirements for autoconfirmed status vary according to circumstances, most English Wikipedia user accounts that are more than five days old ''and'' have made at least 20 edits (including deleted edits) are considered autoconfirmed. However, users with the IP block exemption flag and who are editing through the Tor network are subjected to much stricter autoconfirmed thresholds: 90 days and 100 edits.

Autoconfirmed or confirmed users can [[Wikipedia:Your first article|create articles]] (except for create-protected pages), edit [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|semi-protected pages]], and [[Wikipedia:Upload|upload files]] (including new versions of existing files, except for upload-protected files). Autoconfirmed users are no longer required to enter a [[CAPTCHA]] for most edits, including, but not limited to, adding external links. They also may save books to the Books namespace. In addition, the Edit filter has a number of warning settings that will no longer affect editors who are autoconfirmed.

==== Extended confirmed users ====
A registered editor becomes {{mono|'extendedconfirmed'}} automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old ''and'' has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits). This user access right allows editors to edit pages that are under extended confirmed protection. This access is included and bundled in the {{mono|'bot'}} and {{mono|'sysop'}} (''administrator'') user groups. This group was primarily created to deal with specific arbitration remedies and community issues; the arbitration committee has since left community-use decisions up to the community.

=== Administrators and bureaucrats ===
{{anchors|Administrator|Admin|Sysop|sysop|admin}}
Administrators and bureaucrats are requested from pages other than [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions]].
==== Administrators ====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Administrators}}
Administrators, also commonly referred to as "admins" or "[[sysop]]s" ('''sys'''tem '''op'''erator'''s'''), are editors who are granted the rights by the community following a Request for Adminship (RfA). The RfA process involves in-depth and considerable discussion and examination of the candidate's activity and contributions as an editor and are granted the rights by the community consensus. Administrators have exclusive access to a number of tools to allow them to carry out certain functions on the wiki. The tools cover processes such as page deletion, page protection, blocking and unblocking users, and the ability to edit fully protected pages. Administrators also have the ability to grant and remove most access rights to other users (account creator, autopatrolled, confirmed, file mover, edit filter helper, edit filter manager, event coordinator, extended confirmed, IP block exempt, mass message sender, new page reviewer, page mover, pending changes reviewer, rollback, template editor, and AutoWikiBrowser) and to their own alternate accounts. By convention, administrators also normally take responsibility for judging the outcome of certain discussions requiring these technical controls (such as deletions). Administrators are not granted more editorial control over article content than other editors. They are required to follow all policies and guidelines and are held to the same level of accountability as non-administrators.

==== Bureaucrats ====
Bureaucrats are exceptionally trusted editors who have the capability to perform certain actions on other users' accounts. These capabilities are granted by the community following a successful [[WP:RfB|Requests for Bureaucratship (RfB)]].

Bureaucrats have access to [[Special:UserRights]], enabling them to add users to the {{mono|'bureaucrat'}} group (but not remove them),<ref>[[MediaWiki]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/MW/browse/master/includes/DefaultSettings.php default settings] are that the 'bureaucrats' group has the {{mono|userrights}} flag (giving access to [[Special:UserRights]]) and can add or remove any flags. However this can be modified by [[mw:Manual:$wgAddGroups]] and [[mw:Manual:$wgRemoveGroups]] to restrict adding/removing flags to specified ones. Wikimedia's settings file [http://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=InitialiseSettings.php uses these], and by default bureaucrats can only ''remove'' {{mono|bot}} flags and ''add'' {{mono|administrator, bureaucrat}} and {{mono|bot}} flags. English Wikipedia, or 'enwiki', settings additionally permit adding {{mono|accountcreator}} and removal of {{mono|ipblock-exempt}} and {{mono|accountcreator}}; which administrators can do anyway, and removal of {{mono|sysop}}.</ref> and add users to and remove users from the {{mono|'administrator'}},<ref>Since August 2011, per {{phab|20390}}</ref> {{mono|'[[#Bots|bot]]'}}, and {{mono|'[[#Interface administrators|interface administrator]]'}} user groups.

See [[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:bureaucrat}} bureaucrats.

=== Flags granted to users giving access to specialized functions ===
Unless otherwise noted, see [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions]] to request the following rights. Some of these rights are automatically assigned to administrators.

==== Pending changes reviewer ====
{{anchor|Reviewer}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes}}
Members of this group can review other users' edits to articles placed under [[WP:Protection policy#Pending changes protection|pending changes protection]]. This right is automatically assigned to administrators. Prior to September 2014, this right was known as {{mono|'reviewer'}}.

See [[Special:ListUsers/reviewer]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:reviewer|R}} reviewers.

{{anchors|rollbacker}}

==== Rollback ====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Rollback}}
Users who are given the rollback flag ({{mono|'rollbacker'}} user group) may [[Help:Reverting|revert]] consecutive revisions of an editor using the [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature|rollback]] feature. This right is automatically assigned to administrators.

See [[Special:ListUsers/rollbacker]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:rollbacker|R}} rollbackers.

{{anchors|autoreview}}

==== Autopatrolled ====
{{anchor|Autoreviewer}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Autopatrolled}}
Members of this group have <samp>'autopatrol'</samp>, which allows them to have their pages automatically patrolled on the [[Special:NewPages|New Pages list]]. This right is automatically assigned to administrators. Prior to June 2010, this right was known as {{mono|'autoreviewer'}}.

See [[Special:ListUsers/autoreviewer]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:autoreviewer|R}} autopatrolled users.

{{anchors|patroller|New page reviewer}}

====New page reviewer (patroller)====
{{see also|Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers}}
Members of this group have <samp>'patrol'</samp>, which allows them to mark pages created by others as [[mw:Help:Patrolled edits|patrolled]] or [[Wikipedia:Page Curation|reviewed]]. This right is automatically assigned to administrators.

See [[Special:ListUsers/patroller]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:patroller|R}} new page reviewers.

{{anchors|File Mover|filemover|file mover}}

==== File mover ====
{{See also|Wikipedia:File mover}}
The file mover user right is intended to allow users experienced in working with files to rename them, subject to policy, with the ease that autoconfirmed users already enjoy when renaming Wikipedia articles. This right is automatically assigned to administrators.

See [[Special:ListUsers/filemover]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:filemover}} additional filemovers.

{{anchors|page mover|pagemover|extendedmover}}
==== Page mover ====
{{See also|Wikipedia:Page mover}}
The page mover user right ({{mono|'extendedmover'}} user group) is intended to allow users who have demonstrated a good understanding of the Wikipedia page naming system to rename pages and subpages without leaving redirects, subject to policy. They are also able to create and edit [[WP:editnotice|editnotices]] as well as move categories. This right is automatically assigned to administrators.

See [[Special:ListUsers/extendedmover]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:extendedmover}} page movers.

{{anchors|accountcreator|account creator}}

==== Account creator ====
{{See also|Wikipedia:Account creator}}
The account creator user right ({{mono|'accountcreator'}} user group) is intended for users involved in the [[Wikipedia:Request an account|request an account process]] (ACC), and so have signed the [[Wikipedia:Access to nonpublic information|Wikimedia Foundation's confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]]. They are not affected by the 6 account creation limit per day per IP, and can create accounts for other users without restriction. Users in this group can also override the anti-spoof checks on account creation. Additionally, account creators are able to create accounts with names that are otherwise blocked by the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]]. This right is automatically assigned to administrators and bureaucrats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Account_creators|title=Project:Account creators|accessdate=2015-02-01|publisher=[[MediaWikiWiki:Project:About|MediaWikiWiki]]|quote= [[mw:Manual:DefaultSettings.php|DefaultSettings.php]] grants the <code>noratelimit</code> [[mw:Manual:User rights|user right]] to [[Project:Bureaucrats|bureaucrats]] and [[Project:Administrators|sysops]].|date=2015}}</ref>

See [[Special:ListUsers/accountcreator]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:accountcreator}} account creators.

==== Event coordinator ====
{{See also|Wikipedia:Event coordinator}}
The eventcoordinator flag ({{mono|'eventcoordinator'}} user group) is intended for individuals involved with off-wiki outreach events to create accounts for their attendees. Event coordinators are not affected by the 6 account creation limit per day per IP. In addition, they can allow their event attendees to create new articles by temporarily adding newly created accounts to <samp>[[#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|confirmed]]</samp> user group.

See [[Special:ListUsers/eventcoordinator]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:eventcoordinator}} event coordinators.

{{anchors|template editor|templateeditor}}

==== Template editor ====
{{See also|Wikipedia:Template editor}}
Users who are given the templateeditor flag ({{mono|'templateeditor'}} user group) are allowed to edit pages protected with [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#template|template protection]], as well as create and edit [[Wikipedia:editnotice|editnotices]]. Template protection is only applied to pages in the [[Wikipedia:Template namespace|template]] and [[Wikipedia:Lua|module]] namespaces, as well as a few pages in the Wikipedia namespace. This right is intended to allow experienced template and module coders to make changes without having to request that an administrator make the edits for them. This right is automatically assigned to administrators.

See [[Special:ListUsers/templateeditor]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:templateeditor}} template editors.

{{anchors|ipblock-exempt}}

==== IP block exemption ====
{{see also|Wikipedia:IP block exemption}}
Users who are given the ipblock-exempt flag ({{mono|'ipblock-exempt'}} user group) are not affected by [[WP:AUTOBLOCK|autoblocks]], blocks of IP addresses and ranges that are made with the "Prevent logged-in users from editing" option enabled,<ref>This flag only grants the exempted user to ''edit'' behind the IP address. IP block exempt users are not able to create accounts while behind an IP address that is also blocked with the "Prevent account creation" option enabled.</ref> and by [[Tor (anonymity network)#Tor exit node block|Tor blocks]].

The flag is intended for trusted users in good standing who are unfortunately affected by such blocks. Requests for this permission may be included with your [[Wikipedia:Appealing a block|unblock request]]. If you are affected by an IP address range block, you must send your unblock request using the [[Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System|Unblock Ticket Request System]]. If you are trying to edit through a blocked anonymous proxy or a VPN service, you must instead send your request to {{nospam|checkuser-en-wp|wikipedia.org}}, or contact a [[#CheckUser|CheckUser]] directly.

This right is automatically assigned to administrators and bots.<ref>Administrators and bots are not affected by [[WP:AUTOBLOCK|autoblocks]] and [[WP:HARDBLOCK|hard IP address blocks]]. However, the ipblock-exempt flag ''must'' be added to the administrator or bot account as a separate user right to allow them to edit from IP addresses affected by [[Tor (anonymity network)#Tor exit node block|Tor blocks]].</ref> If known, an administrator is also free to grant the right to affected good-faith editors without waiting for an unblock request.

See [[Special:ListUsers/ipblock-exempt]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:ipblock-exempt}} affected users.

{{anchors|editfilter}}

==== Edit filter managers ====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Edit filter}}

Members of the edit filter manager group can create, modify, enable, disable, and delete [[Special:AbuseFilter|edit filters]] as well as view private filters and their associated logs. This right is not assigned to administrators by default but they are allowed to grant the user right to themselves. These capabilities can also be granted to non-admins following a successful request at [[Wikipedia:Edit filter noticeboard]].

See [[Special:ListUsers/abusefilter]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:abusefilter}} edit filter managers. All users can check their {{special|AbuseLog|wpSearchUser|Example|log entries}} on the [[Special:AbuseFilter]] pages.

====Edit filter helpers====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Edit filter helper}}

Members of the edit filter helper group can view private [[Special:AbuseFilter|edit filters]] and their associated logs. This access is also included in the administrator groups. These capabilities can also be granted to non-admins following a successful request at [[Wikipedia:Edit filter noticeboard]].

See [[Special:ListUsers/abusefilter-helper]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:abusefilter-helper}} edit filter helpers. All users can check their {{special|AbuseLog|wpSearchUser|Example|log entries}} on the [[Special:AbuseFilter]] pages.

==== Mass message sender ====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Mass message senders}}
Members of this group may send messages to multiple users at once. This right is automatically assigned to administrators.

See [[Special:ListUsers/massmessage-sender]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:massmessage-sender}} mass message senders.

====Interface administrators====
{{see also|Wikipedia:Interface administrators}}
Users who are given the interface administrator flag ({{mono|'interface-admin'}} user group) have the ability to edit site-wide [[CSS]], [[JavaScript]] and [[JSON]] pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] or [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]], or the gadget pages listed on [[Special:Gadgets]]), CSS/JS/JSON pages in another user's userspace, and pages in the Mediawiki namespace. Interface administrator access, along with access to another group that has <code>undelete</code> access is required to view deleted versions of pages only editable by this group. Because it provides the potential to send malicious CSS/JS/JSON code to execute in other users' browsers, this right may only be granted to existing administrators,<ref>See this RfC at [[Wikipedia talk:Interface administrators/Archive 3#Allow non-admins to request access?]]</ref> with [[Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] enabled on their accounts.<ref>[[meta:Special:PermaLink/18694289|WMF 2FA requirement as published on metawiki]]</ref> These capabilities can be granted following a successful request at [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard]].

See [[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:interface-admin}} Interface administrators.

=== Functionary user levels ===
{{anchors|checkuser}}
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Functionaries}}

==== CheckUser ====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:CheckUser|meta:CheckUser policy}}
Users who are given the CheckUser flag ({{mono|'checkuser'}} user group) have access to [[Special:CheckUser]], a [[WP:SPEC|function page]] that allows them to view a list of all [[IP address]]es used by a user account to edit the English Wikipedia, an extended list of ''all edits'' made from an IP (which includes edits that were made by any user accounts while using the specific IP), or a list of all user accounts that have used a given IP address. They also have access to the Checkuser log, which logs each time a Checkuser uses their tools to view any of the information listed. This user right is only granted to ''exceedingly few users'' and after a high level of scrutiny and review by the community, and after review and the support of the [[WP:ARB|Arbitration Committee]]. Users must also be at least 18 years old and have signed the [[Wikipedia:Access to nonpublic information|Wikimedia Foundation's confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]]. As CheckUsers have access to deleted revisions, they are also required to have passed an "RFA or RFA-identical process" first.<ref name="wmf"/>

See [[Special:ListUsers/checkuser]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:checkuser}} CheckUsers.

{{anchors|oversight}}

==== Oversight ====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Oversight|meta:Oversight policy}}
Users who are given the oversight flag ({{mono|'oversight'}} user group) have access to additional functions on the page deletion, revision deletion, and block [[Help:Special page|function pages]] through which they can hide logs or revisions of pages (partially or entirely) from any form of usual access by all other users, including [[WP:ADMIN|administrators]]. They also have access to the [[Special:Log/suppress|suppression log]], where they can view actions made by other oversighters, as well as the content of the hidden revisions. This user right is only granted to ''exceedingly few users'' and after a high level of scrutiny and review by the community, and after review and the support of [[WP:ARB|Arbitration Committee]]. Users must also be at least 18 years old and have signed the [[Wikipedia:Access to nonpublic information|Wikimedia Foundation's confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]]. Oversighters are also required to have passed a "RfA or RfA-identical process" first.<ref name="wmf">The Wikimedia Foundation has [[Special:Diff/545773892|stated]] that an "RfA or RfA-identical process" is required for users to be granted access to deleted revisions.</ref>

See [[Special:ListUsers/oversight]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:oversight}} Oversighters.

=== Other flagged accounts ===
{{anchors|bot}}

==== Bots ====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Bot policy}}
Accounts used by approved [[WP:BOT|bots]] to make pre-approved edits can be flagged as such. Bot accounts are automated or semi-automated, the nature of their edits is well defined, and they will be quickly blocked if their actions vary from their given tasks, so they require less scrutiny than human edits.

For this reason, contributions from accounts with the bot flag ({{mono|'[[Wikipedia:Bots|bot]]'}} user group) are not displayed in [[Wikipedia:Recent Changes|recent changes]] or [[Help:Watching pages|watchlists]] to users who have opted to hide bot edits. Minor edits made by bot accounts to user talk pages do not trigger the [[Help:Using talk pages#You have new messages|"you have new messages"]] banner. Bot accounts can query the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php API] in batches of 5,000 rather than 500.

See [[Special:ListUsers/bot]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:bot}} bots.

==== Copyright violation bots ====
{{seealso|Wikipedia:Bot policy#The "copyviobot" flag}}

A {{mono|'copyviobot'}} is an approved bot that is given the {{mono|(pagetriage-copyvio)}} permission, allowing it to use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php API] to tag pages listed on [[Special:NewPagesFeed]] as likely [[Wikipedia:Copyright violations|copyright violations]].

[[User:EranBot]] is the only copyviobot. 

{{anchors|founder}}

==== Founder ====
{{shortcut|WP:Founder}}
The [[Special:ListUsers/founder|{{mono|'founder'}}]] group was created on the English Wikipedia by developer Tim Starling, without community input, as a unique group for [[User:Jimbo Wales|Jimmy "Jimbo" Wales]]—although [[Larry Sanger]] is a co-founder, he has never been a member of this group.<ref>Although there are two [[Founder of Wikipedia|co-founders]], [[User:Jimbo Wales]] is the only member of this group: {{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ListUsers/founder |title=Users - Wikipedia |date=March 27, 2001 |author= en.wikipedia.org|accessdate= November 24, 2016}}</ref> The group gives Wales full access to [[Special:UserRights|user rights]]. As 'local founder actions' are usually of great interest to the local community, and are only relevant to the English Wikipedia, the 'local founder' right also has the benefit of allowing Wales' actions to be visible in the [[Special:Log/rights|English Wikipedia rights log]]. Wales is also a member of the founder [[m:Special:GlobalGroupPermissions/founder|global group]], which has view-only rights across the Wikimedia network.

==== Researcher ====
{{Shortcut|WP:RESEARCHER}}
The {{mono|'researcher'}} group was created in April 2010 to allow individuals explicitly approved by the Wikimedia Foundation to perform a title search for deleted pages and view deleted history entries. Originally the group did not have the ability to view the actual revisions of deleted pages. On May 26, 2020 after a request approved by the Wikimedia Foundation the group was granted {{mono|deletedtext}} permissions, effectively allowing researchers to access deleted contents as well.<ref>[[phab:T253420|Phabricator Task T253420: Add 'deletedtext' right to user group 'researchers']]</ref><ref>The group has access to the {{mono|browsearchive}}, {{mono|deletedhistory}} and {{mono|deletedtext}} rights, as well {{mono|apihighlimits}} ([[Special:ListGroupRights#researcher]])</ref>

See [[Special:ListUsers/researcher]] for a list of the {{NUMINGROUP:researcher}} current researcher{{#ifeq:{{NUMINGROUP:researcher}}|1||s}} and [[meta:Research:Special API permissions/Log]] for further details.

{{anchors|import}}{{anchor|Importers_and_Transwiki}}

==== Importers and transwiki importers ====
{{Shortcut|WP:Importers}}
<code>Transwiki importers</code> is a group which gives editors the <code>(import)</code> permission for use on [[Special:Import]]. This interface allows users to copy pages, and optionally entire page histories, from certain other [[Wikimedia]] wikis. The <code>import</code> permission is also included in the administrators and importers user groups. There are currently {{NUMINGROUP:transwiki}} users in the transwiki importers group. This group is mostly deprecated and is only available for assignment by stewards following a special community approval discussion.

<code>Importers</code> is a similar group which gives editors the <code>(importupload)</code> permission as well as the <code>(import)</code> permission for use on [[Special:Import]]. Importers have the additional ability to import articles directly from XML (which may come from any wiki site). The <code>importupload</code> permission is also included in the stewards group. See [[Special:ListUsers/import]] for the {{NUMINGROUP:import}} importers. This access is highly restricted and is only available for assignment to a limited number of very trusted users by stewards following a special community approval discussion.

All users can use [[Special:Export]] to create an XML export of a page and its history.

See also the [[special:log/import|import log]], [[Wikipedia:Transwiki log|transwiki log]], [[Help:Import]], and [[Wikipedia:Requests for page importation]].

== Blocked users ==
{{see|Wikipedia:Blocking policy}}

Any user account can be blocked, regardless of which user group(s) it belongs to. During the duration of the block, the blocking flag disables the user or IP's existing editing privileges depending on which [[WP:OPTIONS|block options]] are set by the administrator. A [[Wikipedia:Partial blocks|partial block]] still allows some parts of Wikipedia to be edited.

Blocked users are listed on [[Special:BlockList]].

=== Indefinitely blocked users ===
{{Shortcut|WP:INDEFRIGHTS|WP:BANNEDRIGHTS}}
In general, rights of editors [[WP:INDEF|blocked indefinitely]] should be left as is. Rights specifically related to the reason for blocking may be removed at the discretion of the blocking or unblocking administrators.<ref>See the RfC at [[Wikipedia talk:User access levels/Archive 2#Rights of indef blocked users]].</ref> This also applies to the user rights of [[WP:SBAN|site banned]] editors.<ref>See the RfC at [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/User rights of (site) banned users]].</ref>

== Global rights ==
Global rights have effects on all public [[Wikimedia]] wikis, but their use may be restricted by local policy, see [[Wikipedia:Global rights policy]]. For an automatically generated list of global groups with all their permissions, see [[Special:GlobalGroupPermissions]]. For a list of users along with their global groups, see [[Special:GlobalUsers]].

{{anchors|steward}}

==== Stewards ====
{{seealso|Meta:Steward}}
Stewardship is an elected role, and stewards are appointed globally across all public Wikimedia wikis.

Users who are members of the {{mono|'steward'}} user group may grant and revoke any permission to or from any user on any wiki operated by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] which allows open account creation. This group is set on [[meta:Main Page|MetaWiki]], and may use [[meta:Special:Userrights]] to set permissions on any Wikimedia wiki; they may add or remove any user from [[bugzilla:12518|any group configured on metawiki]]. Stewards generally act only when there is no user on a particular wiki that can make the necessary change. This includes granting of the {{mono|'administrator'}} or {{mono|'bureaucrat'}} access levels on wikis which do not have any local bureaucrats, and removing such flags if the user resigns or the account is acting maliciously. Stewards are also responsible for granting and revoking access levels such as {{mono|'oversight'}} and {{mono|'checkuser'}}, as no other group is capable of making such changes except [[meta:System administrators|Foundation sysadmins]] and [[meta:Trust and Safety|Trust and Safety]] staff.

Stewards can also act as [[#CheckUser|checkusers]], [[#Oversight|oversighters]], [[#Bureaucrat|bureaucrats]] or [[#Administrator|administrators]] on wikis which do not have active local members of those groups. For example, if a wiki has a passing need for an edit to be oversighted, a steward can add themselves to the {{mono|'oversight'}} user group on that wiki, perform the necessary function, and then remove themselves from the {{mono|'oversight'}} group using their steward rights.

Most steward actions are logged at [[meta:Special:Log/rights]] or [[meta:Special:Log/gblrights]] (some go to [[meta:Stewards/Additional log for global changes]]). See [[Special:GlobalUsers/steward]] or [[meta:Special:ListUsers/steward]] for a list of users in this group.

==== Other global user groups ====
{{main|Wikipedia:Global rights policy|meta:User groups}}

Other global groups include WMF staff; sysadmins (system administrators); ombudsmen; [[Wikipedia:Volunteer Response Team|OTRS-members (Volunteer Response Team)]]; global bots; global rollbackers; global sysops (not enabled on English Wikipedia); interface editors. See [[Wikipedia:Global rights policy|Global rights policy]] and [[meta:User groups]] for information on these, as well as a full list.

== Table ==
* Generally, bureaucrats on the English Wikipedia are also administrators, and so have all the permissions of the {{mono|'sysop'}} user group in addition to those rights from the {{mono|'bureaucrat'}} group. However, this is not a requirement of the [[MediaWiki]] software nor is it a formal requirement of the [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship#About RfB|Requests for Bureaucratship]] process; it is technically possible for a user to be a bureaucrat without also being an admin, although this has never happened on the English Wikipedia.
* Deprecated permissions are either no longer assigned to any group or the group to which they are assigned is no longer populated.
<div style="overflow:auto;">
{{User access levels}}
</div>
* The userright ''proxyunbannable'' is assigned to administrators but has no effect since WMF wikis use [[mw:Extension:TorBlock]] instead of the default MediaWiki proxy blocker. Administrators are not exempt from tor blocks, only users in the IP block exemptions usergroup are, due to the ''torunblocked'' userright.
* IPs and new users are limited to 8 edits per minute. Autoconfirmed or confirmed users who are in no usergroup with the ''noratelimit'' userright are limited to 8 moves per minute. Rollbackers in the same situation are limited to 100 rollbacks per minute.<ref>The API query https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&meta=userinfo&uiprop=ratelimits|groups can be used to check those values.</ref> Account creations are subject to an IP based limit, [[mw:Manual:$wgAccountCreationThrottle|set at 6]] for WMF wikis, but users with ''noratelimit'' are unaffected.

== User access level changes ==
<div style="overflow:auto;">
{{User access level changes}}
</div>

== Former levels ==
{{anchor|Course coordinator, instructor, online and campus volunteer|Afttest and Afttest-hide|ep-staff|ep-admin|ep-campus-ambassador|ep-online-ambassador|ep-instructor}}
* ''Course coordinator, instructor, online and campus volunteer''
*: Enabled users to manage course pages in the "Education Program:" namespace, which was [https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Education/News/January_2018/Education_Extension_scheduled_shutdown shutdown in June 2018]
* ''Afttest and Afttest-hide''
*: Only granted by WMF staff, these enabled users to delete and/or hide [[WP:AFT5|article feedback]]. Removed in March 2014 after a one-year run.
* ''EP staff, administrator, campus-ambassador, online-ambassador, and instructor''
*: Used by users to coordinate and work with students, instructors, and institutions as part of the [https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Education/About education program]. Deprecated since 2013.

== See also ==
* [[Special:ListGroupRights]]
* [[Special:UserRights|See what usergroup a user is in]]
* [[Wikipedia:Editing restrictions]]: a list of users with editing restrictions that have been imposed by the Arbitration Committee
* [[Wikipedia:Editorial oversight and control]] (explains the access structure from the perspective of quality control on Wikipedia)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&meta=siteinfo&siprop=usergroups Wikipedia User permissions API]
* [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions]] (to request certain userrights)
* [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wikipedia user access levels| ]]
[[Category:Wikipedia features|{{PAGENAME}}]]