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Timeline of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre

2026-05-08T04:04:11Z

ReggieHuntley0: started data - done

{{Short description|Timeline of events around the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre}}
{{Under construction}}
The following timeline presents a chronological overview of the key events before, during, and immediately after the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in Amritsar, India, on 13 April 1919, collectively known as the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] disturbances.

An early chronology is published in appendix I of the first Hunter Committee report to [[Edwin Montagu]] on 8 March 1920.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}

==February - 29 March 1919==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
|6 February - 21 March
|
|[[Rowlatt Act]] passed by the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] on the recommendation of the [[Rowlatt Committee|Sedition Committee]].{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=42-45}}{{efn|Intended to extend [[Defence of India Act 1915|wartime emergency powers]] on the basis of a perceived threat from [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary nationalism in India]], enabling authorities to suppress political opposition by restricting or deporting influential Indian leaders.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=42-45}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Act No. XI of 1919 |date=21 March 1919 |pages=26–44 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealedfileopen?rfilename=A1919-11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260507161035/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealedfileopen?rfilename=A1919-11.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2026}}</ref><ref name=Sed1918>{{citation| title = Sedition Committee Report| last = Rowlatt | first = Sidney |author-link=Sidney Rowlatt | publisher = Superintendent Government Printing|location=Calcutta| year = 1918| url = https://archive.org/details/hindswaraj.bjplib.028/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>}} [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], a lawyer, and [[Satyapal]], a physician, emerge as key leaders in Amritsar, opposing the Rowlatt Bill and anticipated Turkish peace terms, and join [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi's]] [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|civil disobedience movement]] through the proposed [[satyagraha]] vow.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=54-58}} Following two years of absence from Punjab, [[Miles Irving]] is newly appointed [[district magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] of Amritsar.{{sfn|Wagner|2016|pp=185-225}}{{sfn|Perkins|1989|pp=213-216}}
|-
|1 March
|
|[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] publishes a pledge to "refuse civilly to obey these [Rowlatt] laws", and calls for a nationwide [[hartal|complete cessation of economic activity]].{{sfn|Naidis|1958|pp=1-17}}{{sfn|Wani|2023|pp=41-86}}
|-
|23 March
|
|Gandhi calls for a nationwide [[hartal]] on 6 April.{{sfn|Wani|2023|pp=41-86}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |29 March
|
|Kitchlew and Satyapal address a crowd with proposals of non-violent passive resistance.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=54-58}}
|-
|11 a.m.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=34-38}}
|Satyapal is issued with a [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Government]] order under the [[Defence of India Act 1915|1915 Defence of India Act]] prohibiting him from speaking at public meetings or leaving Amritsar.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=54-58}}
|-
|}

==30 March - 6 April 1919==
According to volume six of the unpublished 1920 British inquiry into the disorders, roughly one-third of all [[hartal]]s against the Rowlatt Act in India between 30 March and 6 April 1919 took place in Punjab.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=16-17}} On 30 March, hartals are carried out in Amritsar and [[Multan]] for the whole day, and partially at [[Fazilka]] and [[Panipat]].{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}} The [[Arya Samaj]] party secured hartals in [[Mukerian]] and [[Kot Addu, Pakistan|Kot Adu]], and hartal posters are reported at [[Karnal]].{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}} At Mukerian, the hartal is stopped following orders by the District Commissioner.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}

===30 March - 4 April===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
|30 March (Sunday)
|Afternoon{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=54-58}}
|Hartal and meeting at Amritsar led by Kitchlew at [[Jallianwala Bagh]] passes peacefully.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=54-58}}{{efn|By this time, satyagraha committees had formed in different parts of India.{{sfn|Wani|2023|pp=41-86}}}} Chaired by Kitchlew, other speakers include [[Kotu Mal]], Swami Anubhavanand, and Dina Nath, and Satyapal remains silent.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=34-38}} The meeting is recorded by CID.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=54-58}} During the hartal in Delhi, scuffles break out between appx. 1 p.m. and 2.30 p.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=61-64}}<ref name=EOM9April1919>{{cite news |title=Satyagraha day |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002922/19190409/041/0007 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=Englishman's Overland Mail |date=9 April 1919 |page=7|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Around eight people are killed, and around a dozen injured.{{sfn|Wani|2023|pp=41-86}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=61-64}}<ref name=EOM9April1919/> [[Reginald Dyer]], then commanding [[16th Indian Division|45th (Jalandhar) Brigade]] drives through Delhi.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=61-64}}
|-
|31 March
|
|Hartal planning meeting held at [[Sialkot]].{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}} Kitchlew and Dina Nath address a mass meeting at Jalandhar, and women anti-Rowlatt protestors hold a meeting at Ludhiana.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}
|-
|2 April
|
|Hartal planning meeting held at [[Ambala]].{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}} Swami Satya Deo visits Amritsar to cascade a message from Gandhi to preach non-violence ("soul force") for an upcoming hartal on 6 April.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}} Kitchlew and Dina Nath address a meeting at Jalandhar.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}} Superintendent of police at Lahore bans street processions for one month.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}
|-
|3 April
|
|Hartal planning meetings held at [[Rupnagar|Rupar]], [[Batala]], [[Gurdaspur]], [[Rewari]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Ludhiana]], and Sialkot.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}
|-
|4 April
|
|[[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of Punjab]] since 1913, [[Michael O’Dwyer|Sir Michael O’Dwyer]], in Lahore, applies for Gandhi to be deported to [[Burma]] under [[Bengal Regulation III of 1818|Regulation III of 1818]].{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=61-64}} Kitchlew, Kotu Mal, Dina Nath, and Swami Anubhavanand are issued with a Punjab Government order (dated 3 April) under the Defence of India Act, prohibiting them from speaking at public meetings or leaving Amritsar.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=61-64}}{{sfn|Congress Party Inquiry I & II|2020|p=46}} Hartal planning meetings held at Hoshiarpur, Lahore, Karnal, and Sialkot.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}
|-
|}

===5 April===
On 5 April hartal planning meetings are held at Amritsar, [[Jampur]], [[Firozpur|Ferozepore]], Gujranwala, [[Hafizabad]], [[Hoshiarpur]], Lahore, [[Ludhiana]], [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], [[Montgomery District|Montgomery]], and Karnal.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}} [[Aubrey J. O'Brien]], Deputy Commissioner at Gujranwala, tells the meeting organisers in his district that resulting violence would lead to arrests.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=68-69}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |5 April
|Afternoon{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}}
|Amritsar Congress Committee agree a hartal for the next day.{{sfn|Wani|2023|pp=41-86}} Irving receives intelligence that the planned hartal for the 6th is not taking place.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}}
|-
|5 p.m.{{sfn|Ram|1969|p=85-95}}
|[[Hans Raj (approver)|Hans Raj]], Kitchlew and other Satyagrahis are at Amritsar's Aitchison Park watching cricket, when they decide that the hartal for the next day will take place.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}}{{sfn|Ram|1969|p=85-95}}
|-
|Late evening{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}}{{sfn|Ram|1969|p=85-95}}
|Hans Raj and others walk through the streets of Amritsar beating a drum to announce a hartal for the following day.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}} Irving notes feeling betrayed by the intelligence he received from the [[Khan Bahadur]]s and [[Rai Sahib]]s.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}}{{efn|Indians with honorific titles who by 1919 were generally out of touch with common politics and the general population.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |6 April (Sunday)
|Early morning{{sfn|Ram|1969|p=85-95}}
|The garrison at Jalandhar dispatches Indian troops to Amritsar, giving the city a significant military presence with [[Picket (military)|pickets]] at the [[Amritsar Junction railway station|railway station]] and outside the banks.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}} Armed soldiers line the route from the European quarters to the church.{{sfn|Ilahi|2015|p=38}}
|-
|Afternoon
|Wife of [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College's]] Principal [[Gerard Anstruther Wathen|Gerard Wathen]], [[Melicent Wathen]], notes in her diary rumours of an imminent rebellion and they decide to bring forward their summer break to the hills.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}} Hartal passes peacefully.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}}{{sfn|Ram|1969|p=85-95}} Indian barrister [[Badrul Islam Ali Khan]] addresses a meeting of 50,000 delegates at Jallianwala Bagh, passing a resolution to revoke the orders issued to Kitchlew and Satyapal.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=65-69}}{{sfn|Jaffe|2017|pp=1340-1368}}
|-
|}

==8 - 9 April 1919==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
|8 April
|
|Convinced that Kitchlew and Satyapal are part of a larger conspiracy, Irving writes to his superior, Commissioner of the [[Lahore Division|division of Lahore]], [[A. J. W. Kitchin]], requesting a larger military presence.{{sfn|Wagner|2016|pp=185-225}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |9 April
|
|[[British Raj|Government of India]] informs O’Dwyer that Gandhi would not be deported, but his activities would be confined to Bombay.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=70-73}} A copy of Irving's letter dated 8 April and addressed to Kitchin reaches O’Dwyer.{{sfn|Wagner|2016|pp=185-225}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=70-73}}
|-
|
|O’Dwyer consults with civil surgeon Lt.-Col. [[Henry "Jullundur" Smith|Henry Smith]] who had come from Amritsar, about the likely impact of deporting the political leaders Kitchlew and Satyapal, and is assured that it would not provoke any disturbance.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=70-73}}{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=39-40}}<ref name=Hunter6>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Hunter |last2=Datta |first2=V. N. |title=New light on the Punjab disturbances in 1919: volumes VI and VII of Disorders Inquiry Committee evidence |date=1975 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |location=Simla |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003913837 |quote=Comprises the final two suppressed vols. of the evidence presented before the committee headed by William Hunter; the report and five vols. of evidence published in London, 1920}}</ref> Hartal, largely organised by Satyapaal, Kitchlew, [[Hafiz Muhammad Bashir|Dr. Bashir]], and Hans Raj, on [[Ram Naumi]] passes peacefully.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=70-73}} Irving watches it from the porch of the Allahabad Bank and notes that the crowds played him "[[God Save the King]]", in addition to chanting for Kitchlew, Satyapal and Gandhi.{{sfn|Naidis|1958|pp=1-17}}
|-
|7 p.m{{sfn|Ram|1969|p=85-95}}/Evening{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=70-73}}
|Irving receives a letter from O'Dwyer ordering the removal of Kitchlew and Satyapal to the furthest end of Punjab.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=70-73}} Irving holds a meeting at his house with Superintendent of [[Indian Imperial Police|police in Punjab]], [[John Ferguson Rehill|John F. Rehill]], Deputy Superintendent of police, [[Reginald C. A. Plomer|Plomer]], officer commanding the military station at Amritsar, Captain [[James W. Massey|J. W. Massey]], and Smith.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=70-73}}{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=39-40}}
|-
|8.30 p.m.
|On his way to Amritsar, at [[Kosi Kalan]], near Delhi, Gandhi is given an order dated 4 April requesting that he does not enter Punjab.{{sfn|Ram|1969|p=85-95}}{{sfn|Dalal|1971|p=22}} He carries on and reaching [[Palwal]], he is arrested and taken to Mathura and then back to Bombay.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=70-73}}{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=39-40}}{{sfn|Dalal|1971|p=22}}
|-
|}

==10 April 1919==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="15" |10 April
|8 a.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}
|At the instruction of O'Dwyer, Irving summons Kitchlew and Satyapal to his residence for 10 a.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}
|-
|10 a.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}
|Kitchlew, Hans Raj, and Jai Ram Singh arrive at Irving's house, followed shortly by Satyapal.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}} The two leaders are met by Irving, Rehill, and Assistant Commissioner [[Ronald Brymer Beckett|Ronald B. Beckett]], and are secretly arrested under the [[Defence of India Act 1915]] while Hans Raj and Singh wait outside with the [[Somerset Light Infantry]] on guard.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-76}}
|-
|10.30 a.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}
|Rehill, drives Satyapal and Kitchlew to [[Dharamshala]].{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=41-44}} Massey arranges pickets at key entry points to Amritsar's European quarters; Rego Bridge, Hall Gate Bridge, and the Hospital level crossing.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}{{efn|At the start of the day (10 April) the garrison at Amritsar consisted of one company of [[Somerset Light Infantry]] commanded by Massey, half a company of garrison artillary, and the 12th [[Ammunition column]] commanded by Captain John T. Botting.{{sfn|Wani|2023|pp=41-86}}<ref name=C&MG1919.12/>}}
|-
|11 a.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-76}}
|Around half an hour after Rehill leaves Irving's house, Irving instructs Hans Raj and Singh to deliver letters from the two leaders to their families, after which they proceed to Bashir's residence.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}
|-
|11.30 a.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}
|The annual [[Livestock show|horse and cattle market]] result in a larger than usual crowd in Amritsar.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}} Bashir instructs Hans Raj and Jai Singh to visit the telegraph office to inform the Press, Gandhi, and the Satygraha Committee in Bombay, before calling for a city-wide hartal, and informing the local leaders [[Mahasha Rattan Chand|Ratto]] and [[Chaudhri Bugga Mal|Bugga]], who gather a large unarmed crowd.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}} News of the deportation spreads rapidly through the city, shops close, and crowds gather, with a large procession forming in Hall Bazaar.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}}
|-
|12 p.m. - 12.45 p.m. (appx.){{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=41-44}}
|Unarmed, head shaven, and barefoot procession heads towards Hall Bridge and Irving's house with the aim of delivering an oral [[petition]] (faryad) to Irving to bring their leaders back.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=74-77}} They pass the police station without trouble.<ref name=C&MG1919.8>Civil & Military Gazette (1919), pp. 8-11</ref> Unharmed Mr Stewart and Mr Scott are seen at the National Bank, before the crowd approach Hall Gate.<ref name=C&MG1919.8/>{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=59-60}} Beckett and his officers attempt to hold the civil lines as the procession advances, with some in the crowd agitating the horses.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=41-44}} The civilians at the front sit down and [[Latmiya|beat their chests]].{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=78-79}} An officer opens fire, and some in the crowds pick up stones and rubble and throw them at the officers.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=41-44}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=80-84}}{{efn|Extra military later arrive from Lahore with one company from the [[Royal Sussex Regiment|2-6th Sussex Regiment]] and a company of the [[124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry|1-124th Baluchis]], commanded by Major Donald.<ref name=C&MG1919.12/> Other troops include [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|2nd Lancers]] commanded by Captain Macmillan, and the [[25th (County of London) Cyclist Battalion|25th Londons]] from [[Jalandhar]].<ref name=C&MG1919.12/>}}
|-
|1-5 p.m.
|The peaceful crowd that was seen approaching Hall Gate are seen returning to the city with [[Lathi (stick)|lathis]] and shouting that "they have killed two of us".<ref name=C&MG1919.8/> The post office in the Town Hall is demolished, followed by further damage to the Town Hall.<ref name=C&MG1919.8/>{{sfn|Datta|2005|pp=4911–4913}} Stewart and Scott are beaten and burnt, and the National Bank is looted and destroyed.<ref name=C&MG1919.8/>{{sfn|Datta|2005|pp=4911–4913}} Mr Thomson of the Alliance Bank shoots his revolver at the crowd, kills some before being thrown onto the road and killed, followed by the burning of the Bank.<ref name=C&MG1919.8/>{{sfn|Datta|2005|pp=4911–4913}}{{efn|Other Europeans killed on 10 April were the cantonement electrician, Sargeant Rowlands, and the railway guard and [[Royal Northumberland Fusiliers|ex-Northumberland fusilier]], Robinson.<ref name=C&MG1919.12/>}} Crowd moves to the Chartered Bank, where the police rescue J. W. Thomson and Mr Ross, who then with other rescued Europeans stay at the police station until midnight.<ref name=C&MG1919.8/>{{sfn|Datta|2005|pp=4911–4913}} At 1.30 p.m. Irving sends a telegram to Kitchin.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}} At around 1.30pm lady physician to the Zenana Hospital, [[Mary Isobel Easdon|Mary Easdon]], avoids capture by hiding in a toilet and at around 3.40pm escapes disguised in a burkha.<ref name=C&MG1919.8/>{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=95-97}} Between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. Captain [[Gerald Philip Crampton]], Lieutenant [[Frank McCallum (Indian Army officer)|Frank McCallum]], and 260 unarmed [[9th Gorkha Rifles|Gurkhas]], en route to [[Peshawar]] from Dehradun, make a stop at the train station in Amritsar.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=98-100}} There, 100 of his men are issued rifles from the [[Gobindgarh Fort|fort]].{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}} [[Marcella Sherwood]], an English missionary with the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]], is assaulted.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=95-97}} By 2 p.m. all the telegraph wires out of Amritsar had been cut and Mr Robinson of the telegraph office was dead.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}} By 4 p.m., European women and children arrive at the fort.{{sfn|Sayer|1991|pp=130–164}}
|-
|At 4 p.m.
|Dyer receives a coded message from Amritsar requesting military aid including guns and an aeroplane.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|p=47}}
|-
|4.30 - 5 p.m.
|Police arrive at the Alliance Bank.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=112-115}}
|-
|5 p.m.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}}
|Kitchin, arrives at Amritsar from Lahore by car, accompanied by Deputy Inspector General of Provincial Police, Douglas Donald.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=116-117}}{{sfn|Perkins|1989|pp=62-63}}{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}}{{efn|Furneaux cites Deputy Inspector General of Police Central Range, C. G. Farquhar, as accompanying Kitchin.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}}}}
|-
|6.30pm<ref name=C&MG1919.12/>
|Captain Jarad of the recruiting office has congregated women and children at the residence of Mr Jeffries.<ref name=C&MG1919.12/>
|-
|7 p.m.
|Melicent Wathen notes in her diary that an aeroplane arrived at 7 p.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=112-115}}
|-
|8 p.m. onward
|Kitchin and Douglas arrive at the railway station.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}}{{sfn|Perkins|1989|pp=62-63}} Irving is informed that Dyer is to send 400 men from Jalandhar later that night.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}} Irving requests reinforcements and briefs Kitchin on the day's events, in the presence of Massey, Rehill, Donald and Plomer.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}}{{sfn|Perkins|1989|pp=62-63}} Kitchin assumes charge over civil and military control.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=116-117}}<ref name=DICReport1920.41>DIC Report (1920), p. 41</ref>{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=127-134}}
|-
|By 11 p.m.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=61-65}}
|181 men of the [[124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry|1/124th Baluchis]] and 130 men of the [[Royal Sussex Regiment|2/6th Royal Sussex Regiment]], commanded by Major MacDonald, have arrived at Amritsar train station.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=116-117}} There, without written orders, reference to higher authority, or informing Irving, Kitchin replaces Massey with MacDonald to be in charge of both civil and military control of Amritsar, and gives him permission to act as he sees fit. Martial law is assumed without proclamation.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=116-117}}{{sfn|Perkins|1989|pp=64-67}}
|-
|Midnight (appx.){{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=116-117}}
|MacDonald, Plomer and the [[Royal Sussex Regiment|Sussex Regiment]] march down Hall Bazaar to the police station, from where they meet the rescued Europeans.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=116-117}}{{sfn|Perkins|1989|pp=64-67}}
|-
|}

==11 April 1919==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="7" |11 April
|1 a.m.
|Easdon arrives at the Fort.<ref name=C&MG1919.12>Civil & Military Gazette (1919), pp. 12-13</ref> 100 British and 200 Indian troops arrive at Amritsar from [[Jalandhar]] in the early hours.{{sfn|Perkins|1989|pp=64-67}}
|-
|1.30 a.m.<ref name=C&MG1919.12/>
|Rescued Europeans at the police station arrive at the Fort; the men wearing turbans.<ref name=C&MG1919.8/>{{sfn|Datta|2005|pp=4911–4913}}
|-
|2 a.m.
|[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|2nd Lancers]] commanded by Captain Macmillan arrive at Amritsar.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=116-117}}
|-
|
|At the request of Kitchin, [[Mountiford Hickman Llewellyn Morgan|M. H. L. Morgan]], then based in Lahore, is selected and recruited by [[William Beynon (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Beynon]] to take military command of Amritsar.{{sfn|Collett|2011|pp=469–483}}{{sfn|Ilahi|2015|pp=40-41}} O'Dwyer declines a proposal to meet with Indian leaders of the anti-Rowlett campaign.{{sfn|Collett|2011|pp=469–483}}
|-
|Afternoon<ref name=C&MG1919.14/>
|The five Europeans who were killed on the 10th are buried<ref name=C&MG1919.14>Civil & Military Gazette (1919), pp. 14-15</ref>
|-
|9 p.m.{{sfn|Ilahi|2015|p=40-41}}
|Before Morgan reaches Amritsar, Dyer arrives there, accompanied by [[Frederic Cecil Currer Briggs|F. C. C. Briggs]] and [[William J. Anderson (bodyguard)|Anderson]].{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=57-60}}{{sfn|Collett|2007|p=215}} Dyer meets Irving and takes formal command of civil and military authority.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=127-134}}
|-
|
|
|-
|}

==12 April 1919==
O'Brien is transferred from Gujranwala on 12 April 1919.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=68-69}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" |12 April
|Early morning{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=134-137}}
|Dyer marches through Amritsar with 50 troops.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=134-137}}
|-
|10 a.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=134-137}}
|[[Reconnaissance|Observation by air]] reports a crowd of thousands at Sultanwind Gate.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=134-137}} Dyer, Irving, and Massey take 125 British troops, 310 India troops, and two armoured vehicles to disperse the crowd of people returning from funerals.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=134-137}} McCallum marches to the police station through roads covered in flowers.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=134-137}}
|-
|
|Arrest of Bugga.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=134-137}} McCallum is placed at the police station to supervise those arrested.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=134-137}}
|-
|4 p.m.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=127-134}}
|Hans Raj arranges a meeting at the Hindu Sabha School, where it is announced that Lala Kanhaiya Lal will address a meeting on 13 April at Jallianwala Bagh.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=127-134}}
|-
|}

==13 April 1919==
The [[16th Indian Division]] leaves Ferozepore 13 April and heads towards Amritsar.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=286-290}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="12" |13 April
|9 a.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=143-146}}
|Dyer conducts a three-hour march through [[Amritsar]], making 19 stops to proclaim a citywide curfew, excluding the areas of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] and [[Jallianwala Bagh]].{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=143-146}} He is accompanied by the mounted police officers Ashraf Khan and Obadullah, followed by Malik Farid Khan and the [[town crier]], with a large military escort and senior officers Irving, Rehill, and Plomer travelling with him in open cars, and followed by two armoured vehicles.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=143-146}} The procession sets out from the town hall, passes through Hall Bazaar and Hall Gate, follows the line of the western city wall, and concludes after several stops in the southwestern quarter of the city.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=143-146}}
|-
|1 p.m.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=127-134}}
|Hans Raj sees to the completion of the sweeping of Jallianwala Bagh, arranges the platform construction and drinking water, and is noted to confer with two CID officers.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=127-134}}
|-
|Before 4 p.m.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=65-68}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}}
|Hans Raj addresses the crowd from a makeshift platform, displaying a portrait of Kitchlew, calls for a repeal of the Rowlatt Act, and claims that those shot on 10 April had been unjustly killed while on their way to present a complaint to Irving.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=65-68}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}} Brij Gopi Nath Bekal, a bank clerk, recites a poem expressing the people's grievances, followed by speeches from Dina Nath, editor of the local ''Waqt'' newspaper, and Dr Gurbaksh Rai.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=65-68}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}} Two resolutions are passed; a call to repeal the Rowlatt Act, and a condemnation of the shootings on 10 April.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=65-68}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}}
|-
|4 p.m. (appx.)
|A funeral procession passes just before an aeroplane is seen flying above.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=65-68}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}} Rehill informs Dyer that a meeting at [[Jallianwala Bagh]] is taking place, with at least 1,000 people already gathered.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|p=151}}{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=61-64}} In addition to political speakers and holidaymakers, the crowd at the Bagh includes traders following the early closure of the annual horse and cattle fair, and local and village people who had come to celebrate [[Baisakhi]].{{sfn|Sayer|1991|pp=130–164}}{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=127-134}}
|-
|4.15 p.m. (appx.){{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}}
|[[Girdhari Lal]] and friends go to [[Ram Bagh, Amritsar|Ram Bagh]] to see Irving, who by now has left, and sees Rehill and Dyer's troops.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}}
|-
|4.30 p.m. (appx.){{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}}
|Dyer, Briggs, Morgan, and Dyer's two bodyguards, Anderson and Pizzey, travel in the same car to Jallianwala Bagh.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}}{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=258-260}} In front are the [[9th Gorkha Rifles|Gurkhas]], following the [[54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)|54th Frontier Force]] and [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)|59th Scinde Rifles]].{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}} Behind Dyer is an armoured vehicle followed by a car with Plomer and Rehill in, and the second armoured vehicle at the rear.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}}{{efn|In ''[[Amritsar 1919]]'' (2019) by historian [[Kim A. Wagner]], Dyer's detachment is described as including 50 armed infantry, 25 from the [[9th Gorkha Rifles|9th Gurkhas]] and 25 from the [[54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)|54th Frontier Force]] and the [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)|59th Scinde Rifles]], mostly Baluchis or Pathans.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=152-154}} The Gurkhas were mostly inexperienced, whereas the 54th had already seen action during the 10 April disturbances.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=152-154}} The two armoured vehicles were from Lahore; a Napier, essentially an armoured lorry with a mounted [[Vickers machine gun]], and a heavier, fully enclosed [[Jeffery armored car|Jeffrey-Russell armoured car]] with a [[Gun turret|turret mounted]] Vickers.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=152-154}} Both were manned by four person crews.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=152-154}} Another 40 Gurkhas were armed with [[kukri]]s.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=152-154}}}}
|-
|5 p.m. (appx.)
|Durga Das Vaid, editor of ''Waqt'', speaks after seven previous speakers.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=65-68}} Girdhari Lal takes his position on an adjacent roof, becoming a key eyewitness.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=161-162}}
|-
|5.05 p.m. (appx.)
|On reaching the narrow entrance to Jallianwala Bagh, Dyer and his troops encounter a crowd of more than 20,000 unarmed civilians, and within about 30 seconds, without issuing a warning, he orders his men to open fire, while the armoured cars remain outside.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}} Neither Plomer nor Rehill are in the Bagh at the onset of the firing.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}} During the [[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre|Jallianwala Bagh shooting]], Plomer stands just to Dyer's left and Briggs to his right, with Anderson positioned a few paces behind and slightly to the right.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=156-160}}{{sfn|Swinson|1964|p=210}} The firing of approximately 1,650 rounds continues for around 10 minutes.{{sfn|Sayer|1991|pp=130–164}}{{sfn|Datta|2005|pp=4911–4913}} 
|-
|Between 5.20 p.m. and 8 p.m.
|Khalsa College is visited by a squadron of 11th Lancers, who order remaining Europeans to move to Ram Bagh. There, Wathen and Dyer arrive almost simultaneously.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|p=172-173}} Having escaped earlier, Lal Gian Chand returns to the Bagh to find his 17 year old nephew full of bullets and with a broken skull.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|p=172-173}} Girdhari Lal clears the building of all those that have taken refuge there and visits the Bagh twice, noting that many lay dead in the adjoing streets.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|p=172-173}} [[Attar Kaur]], 25 year old pregnant resident of Amritsar, becomes an [[witness|eyewitness]] to the aftermath when she goes to search for her husband, Bhag Mal Bhatia, and finds his dead body.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|p=33}}{{sfn|Devi|Pruthi|1998|p=125}} [[Ratan Devi (witness)|Ratan Devi]] becomes an eyewitness to the aftermath and chooses to remain in the Bagh beside her dead husband beyond the 8 p.m. cufew.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=174-176}} Irving arrives at Ram Bagh at around 7 p.m.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=174-176}}
|-
|10 p.m.
|Dyer visits his pickets accompanied by Morgan.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=65-68}}{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=174-176}}
|-
|11.15 p.m.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=79-82}}
|Deputy Inspecter-General Police, Farquhar, phones [[John Perronet Thompson|J. P. Thompson]] in Lahore.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=79-82}}
|-
|Midnight
|Captain John T. Botting of the [[Royal Field Artillery]] and in charge of the Amritsar's permanent garrison, inspects the city and notes "their was not a soul about".{{sfn|Collett|2011|pp=469–483}}
|-
|}

==14 April 1919==
On 14 April 1919 Punjab officials seek compensation for Europeans affected by injury or property damage, relying on the revised [[Police Act, 1861]], Police Act of 1881, which permits charges to be imposed on localities deemed responsible for disturbances.{{sfn|Dhillon|2024|pp=512–537}}{{efn|In 1861, the [[British Raj|colonial government]] merged executive and police authority in India and required residents, under the Police Act, to cover the cost of extra policing during disturbances.{{sfn|Dhillon|2024|pp=512–537}}}} On the same day around 100 lawyers are ordered by Dyer to enrol as special constables to patrol streets, and report back at 10 a.m., 1 p.m., and 5 p.m.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="10" |14 April
|1 a.m.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=79-82}}
|At Wathen's request, Irving writes a detailed letter to Kitchin and O'Dwyer, summarising Dyer's actions the day before.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=174-176}} Wathen and civil servant Jacob drive to Lahore to deliver the letter.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=174-176}}
|-
|3 a.m.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=79-82}}
|On reaching Lahore, Wathen meets with O'Dwyer, Kitchin, and J. P. Thompson.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=174-176}} Kitchin is sent back to Amritsar.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=174-176}}
|-
|7 a.m.
|Police receive a report that a dead calf is hanging near the railway station at Gujranwala.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=83-85}}
|-
|8 a.m.
|Kitchin arrives in Amritsar to meet Dyer.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=88-89}} Gurukul Bridge in Gujranwala is set on fire.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=68-69}} Subsequently, shops close, crowds throw stones at a train arriving from Lahore, telegraph wires are cut and the bridge is set on fire.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=68-69}}{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=83-85}}
|-
|11 a.m.
|Police arrive at Gujranwala railway station, where Superintendent Heron shoots into the crowd.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=83-85}} The crowd disperse and set fire to the post office.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=83-85}} Europeans in Gujranwala are sheltered in the treasury.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=83-85}}
|-
|12.30 p.m. - 1 p.m.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}
|Having discussed and agreed with the potential use of aeroplanes with Beynon and [[Frederick F. Minchin|Colonel Minchin]] two days earlier, O'Dwyer receives a situation report from Gujranwala and by 1.30 p.m. sends the recently transferred [[Aubrey J. O'Brien]] back to Gujranwala.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=83-85}}{{sfn|O'Dwyer|1925|pp=286-288}}
|-
|3 p.m.{{sfn|O'Dwyer|1925|pp=286-288}}
|Three [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft, piloted by [[Douglas Carbery]], Oddie, and Second-Lieutenant Vincent, equipped with bombs and machine guns, [[Aerial bombing of Gujranwala (1919)|drop bombs on Gujranwala]], aiming at people in a farm, on a village road, in a school courtyard and boarding house, and in the town itself.{{sfn|Joppan|2024|pp=445-467}} Beynon receives Dyer's report on events from 11 to 13 April and, after consulting O’Dwyer by telephone, replies "your action correct," adding that the "Lieutenant Governor [O'Dwyer] approves".{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=79-82}} Carbery returns to Lahore around 3.50 p.m.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=83-85}}
|-
|6 p.m.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}
|[[2nd (Rawalpindi) Division]] War diary entry by Lieutenant Kirby notes he successfully fired at Gujranwala.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=237-266}}
|-
|8.30 p.m.
|Captain Harrison arrives at Gujranwala by train with the [[Durham Light Infantry]].{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=83-85}}
|-
|}

==15 April - 9 June 1919==
Martial law is introduced in Punjab at midnight between 15 and 16 April 1919, and backdated to 30 March 1919 on 21 April.{{sfn|Wagner|2016|pp=185-225}}{{sfn|Sayer|1991|pp=130–164}}{{sfn|Collett|2007|p=275}} Under martial law, whippings are undertaken at Lahore, Kasur, Chuharkam, Gujranwala, Gurat, and Amritsar.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=99-104}} Other punishments carried out during some of this time include the [[salaaming Order|orders to salute]], [[fancy punishments]], and [[Crawling Order|orders to crawl]].{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=99-104}} The streets of Amritsar are patrolled daily from 17 to 20 April.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}} Telegraph wires are cut at Jalandhar on 17 and 18 April.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}} Between 18 and 19 April, 86 arrests are made.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}} On 21 April, 150 arrests are made.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}} On 22 April, 75 year old Lala Kanhyalal Bhatia is ordered to carry out duties of a coolie.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}} 350 arrests are made by 30 April.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |15 April
|
|A train with British troops and machine guns is sent from Lahore to [[Sheikhupura]], where Indian defence force officer, Lala Sri Ram Sud, Extra assistant commissioner of Sheikhupura boards the train.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=214-226}}
|-
|Midnight
|Martial law introduced in Punjab at midnight between 15 and 16 April 1919.{{sfn|Wagner|2016|pp=185-225}}{{sfn|Sayer|1991|pp=130–164}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |16 April
|Early morning
|Lala Sri Ram Sud orders his troops to shoot its machine guns towards anyone it sees between Sheikhupura and [[Farooqabad|Chuharkana]].{{sfn|Condos|2017|pp=8-9}}{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=81-83}}
|-
|Midnight
|Civilians at Barhoa sever Shahdara-Lahore telegraph lines.{{sfn|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920|pp=81-83}}
|-
|18 April{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=79-82}}
|
|India Office issues a statement on the disturbances in Punjab.{{sfn|Furneaux|1945|pp=79-82}} Gandhi suspends civil disobedience for the day.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}} Irving issues an Urdu proclamation of the events in Amritsar, to date.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}}{{efn|This note was not disclosed to the later Hunter Committee.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |19 April
|
|The Gurkhas are permitted to return to Peshawar.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=278-281}}
|-
|
|Dyer visits Sherwood at the Fort.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=192-199}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |20 April
|
|Dyer imposes the [[Crawling Order]].{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=283-285}} [[Reginald Mortimer Howgego]] of the [[25th (County of London) Cyclist Battalion|25th Cyclist Battalion]], known for his [[photograph]]s, holds a picket at one end of Kucha Kaurianwala, where Sherwood was assaulted.{{sfn|Willcock|2019|pp=47-59}}
|-
|
|O'Dwyer travels with Kitchin to Amritsar.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=283-285}}
|-
|21 April
|
|Martial law backdated to 30 March 1919 by the Viceroy, [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], at the request of O'Dwyer.{{sfn|Sayer|1991|pp=130–164}}{{sfn|Collett|2007|p=275}} Dyer, accompanied by Irving, set out to Gurdaspur with one of three mobile columns.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=286-290}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |22 April
|9 a.m.
|Dyer's first column reaches Dhariwal, where five men are arrested, before heading on to Batala.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=286-290}}
|-
|Evening
|Dyer's column returns to Amritsar with the collected prisoners.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=286-290}}
|-
|By 23 April
|
|[[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey|Malcolm Hailey]] assumes responsibility for writing the official Punjab Government report on the massacre, while simultaneously working on the [[Royal Commission on the Public Services in India|Islington Commission report]].{{sfn|Cell|1992|pp=64-65}}
|-
|24 April{{sfn|Cell|1992|pp=64-65}}
|
|Crawling Order ends, after around 50 people having been forced to crawl through the lane.{{sfn|Naidis|1958|pp=1-17}}
|-
|25 April
|
|Dyer relaxes curfew from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=283-285}}
|-
|26 April
|
|30 men are arrested in Chheharta.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=286-290}}
|-
|29 April
|
|Dyer and Briggs are alerted to a large quantity of [[Stave (wood)|wooden sticks]] that have arrived at Amritsar train station.{{sfn|Collett|2007|pp=286-290}}
|-
|22 May
|
|Montagu contemplates setting up an enquiry.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}}
|-
|26 May
|
|O'Dwyer publishes a farewell note as he is to retire.{{sfn|Perkins|1989|pp=213-216}}
|-
|28 May
|
|British parliamentarians debate the use of bombing and mass shootings in Punjab as they consider the level of force needed to sustain imperial rule in India.{{sfn|Dhillon|2024|pp=512–537}}
|-
|9 June
|
|Martial law ends.{{sfn|Naidis|1958|pp=1-17}}{{sfn|Dhillon|2024|pp=512–537}}
|-
|}

==Post martial law (1919)==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
|18 June
|
|Montagu telegrams the Viceroy insisting on an enquiry.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}}
|-
|8 July
|
|Letter read out in House of Commons by [[William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford|Sir W. Joyson-Hicks]] stating that Sherwood was "convinced that there was a real rebellion in the Punjab, and that General Dyer saved India and us from a repetition of the miseries and cruelties of 1857".{{sfn|Wagner|2019|p=239}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Army Council and General Dyer (Hansard, 8 July 1920) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/jul/08/army-council-and-general-dyer#column_1757 |website=api.parliament.uk |publisher=Hansard |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|18 July
|
|Kapil Deva Malaviya, journalist. for the ''Abhyudaya'', visits the Bagh to begin writing reports.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=152-154}}
|-
|25 August
|
|Dyer submits his statement to Beynon.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}}
|-
|25 September
|
|[[Indemnity Act 1919]], Act No. XXVII, receives the assent of the [[List of governors-general of India|Governor-General]].{{sfn|Wagner|2019|p=218}}{{sfn|Mohan|Bakaya Vol.1 & 2|1999|pp=527-543}}
|-
|11 October
|
|Chelmsford receives official Punjab authorities report.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=230-231}}
|-
|14 October
|
|Disorders Inquiry Committee is appointed, with [[William Hunter, Lord Hunter|William Hunter]] as its chairman.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}}
|-
|29 October
|
|First hearing of Disorders Inquiry Committee.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}}
|-
|12 November
|
|Hunter Committee visits Amritsar.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}}
|-
|19 November
|
|Dyer appears before the Hunter Committee in Lahore.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}}
|-
|23 November
|
|Briggs dies at [[Bannu]]; in his possession are Dyer's personal notes on the massacre.{{sfn|Collett|2007|p=335}}
|-
|December{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=230-231}}
|
|The crawling lane appears in a [[David Low (cartoonist)|David Low]] cartoon in a British newspaper.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=230-231}} [[Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood|J. C. Wedgewood]] brings up the massacre in the House of Commons.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=230-231}}
|-
|}

==1920==
In 1920 J. P. Thomson is [[furlough]]ed to shield him from Indian nationalists.{{sfn|Copland|1997|p=45}} In the same year [[B. G. Horniman]] publishes ''[[Amritsar And Our Duty To India]]''.{{sfn|Sen|1977|p=100}}<ref name=Rao1971>{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=P. Kodana |title=Benjamin Guy Horniman |journal=Akashvani |date=31 January 1971 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxL5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |publisher=All India Radio |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref> [[Pearay Mohan]], Indian lawyer, senior assistant editor of ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'', publishes ''[[An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed]]'' (1920), shortly after the release of the [[History of the Indian National Congress|Indian Congress]] report on the Punjab disturbances of 1919, and in which includes a foreword by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].{{sfn|Condos|2017|pp=8-9}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
|20 February
|
|Congress report completed.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=233-233}}
|-
|8 March 1920
|
|Hunter Committee presents its report to the Government of India.{{sfn|Brown|1972|p=240}}
|-
|10 March 1920
|
|After the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] examines the Hunter Committee report, a detailed note on it is written by [[William Vincent (civil servant)|William Vincent]], accepting the majority report.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=97-98}}
|-
|25 March 1920
|
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Report published.{{sfn|Datta|Datta|2021|pp=73-91}}
|-
|27 March
|
|Dyer submits his resignation.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=234-236}}
|-
|28 May 1920
|
|The Hunter Report, in five volumes, is published.{{sfn|Brown|1972|p=240}} Volumes six and seven are not published.{{sfn|Wagner|2019|pp=233-233}}{{sfn|Barrier|1977|pp=1053–1054}}
|-
|}

==1921==
In May 1921 the Compensation Committee organised by the Government of Punjab completes the collection of claims from Indians.{{sfn|Dhillon|2024|pp=512–537}}

==1922 - 1924==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
|1922
|
|[[C. Sankaran Nair]] publishes ''[[Gandhi and Anarchy]]''.{{sfn|Collett|2011|pp=469–483}}
|-
|1924
|
|[[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case|O'Dwyer sues Nair for libel]].{{sfn|Collett|2011|pp=469–483}}
|-
|1925
|
|O'Dwyer publishes ''[[India as I Knew It]]''.{{sfn|Collett|2011|pp=469–483}}
|-
|}

==Post independence==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Time
!Notes
|-
|1956
|
|Hailey submits his Indian papers to the India office Library.{{sfn|Cell|1992|pp=64-65}}
|-
|1965
|
|Hailey adds two notes to his report on the disturbances in Punjab in 1919.{{sfn|Cell|1992|pp=64-65}}
|-
|2006
|
|[[Nigel Collett]]'s''[[The Butcher of Amritsar]]''
|-
|2019
|
|[[Anita Anand (journalist)|Anita Anand]]'s [[The Patient Assassin]], [[Kim A. Wagner]]'s ''[[Amritsar 1919]]''
|-
|}

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist|30em}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Judith M. |title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922 |date=1972 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08353-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA240|page=240 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cell |first1=John W. |author-link=John W. Cell|title=Hailey: A Study in British Imperialism, 1872-1969 |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-41107-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5LX9AUcyMYC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel|author-link=Nigel Collett |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |date=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=1-85285-575-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Condos |first1=Mark |title=The Insecurity State |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-41831-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|chapter=Introduction: fear, panic, and the violence of Empire|pages=8–9 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Copland |first1=Ian |title=The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-1947 |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-57179-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QKqCA-QHIC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Chandulal Bhagubhai |title=Gandhi: 1915-1948, a detailed chronology |date=1971 |publisher=Gandhi Peace Foundation |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhi19151948de00vcbd/page/n5/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=V. N. |last2=Datta |first2=Nonica |author1-link=Vishwa Nath Datta|title=Jallianwala Bagh: A Groundbreaking History of the 1919 Massacre |date=2021 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-143450337 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnEhEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Devi |first1=Rameshwari |last2=Pruthi |first2=Romila |title=Women and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Madame Bhikhaji Cama |date=1998 |publisher=Pointer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7132-163-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syduAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Furneaux |first1=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Furneaux|title=Massacre At Amritsar |date=1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111068/page/n3/mode/2up|publisher=George Allen & Unwin|location=London}}
*{{cite book |last1=Horniman |first1=B. G.|author-link=B. G. Horniman |title=Amritsar And Our Duty To India |date=1920 |publisher=[[T. Fisher Unwin]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.351510}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ilahi |first1=Shereen |title=Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland and the Crisis of Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-350-15306-6 |chapter=Punjab disturbances|pages=29–70 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|location=London |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Mohan|first=Pearay|author-link=Pearay Mohan|title=An Imaginary Rebellion And How It Was Suppressed |date=1920 |publisher=Khosla Brothers |location=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15881}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=Pearay|last2=Bakaya|first2=Ravi M.|author-link=Pearay Mohan |editor1-last=Bakaya |editor1-first=Ravi M. |title=The Punjab "rebellion" of 1919 and how it was Suppressed: An Account of the Punjab Disorders and the Working of Martial Law |date=1999 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-212-0687-1 |volume=1 & 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSFuAAAAMAAJ |language=en|ref={{sfnref|Mohan|Bakaya Vol.1 & 2|1999}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ram |first1=Raja |title=The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre |date=1969 |publisher=Punjab University |location=Chandigarh|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118397/page/n1/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Perkins |first1=Roger |title=The Amritsar Legacy: Golden Temple to Caxton Hall, the Story of a Killing |date=1989 |publisher=Picton Publishing|location=Chippenham |isbn=0-948251-44-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiduAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Siba Pada |title=Historical Writings on the Nationalist Movement in India |date=1977 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShgdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA100 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Swinson |first1=Arthur|author-link=Arthur Swinson |title=Six Minutes to Sunset: The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair |date=1964 |publisher=Peter Davies|location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoR0AAAAMAAJ|language=en|isbn=
978-81-939094-3-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A.|author-link=Kim A. Wagner |title=Amritsar 1919: An empire of fear & the making of a massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |location=New Haven & London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wani |first1=Javed Iqbal |title=Sovereign Anxiety: Public Order and the Politics of Control in India, 1915–1955 |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-33793-9 |pages=41–86 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkPGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|language=en |chapter=1. Invoking exception and defining enemies; extraordinary legislation and the colonial war terror in early twentieth-century India}}
{{refend}}

=== Journals ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Barrier |first1=Jerry|author-link=Norman G. Barrier |title=V. N. Datta, New Light on the Punjab Disturbances in 1919: Volumes 6 and 7 of Disorders Inquiry Committee Evidence |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1 October 1977 |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=1053–1054 |doi=10.1086/ahr/82.4.1053-a |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/82/4/1053/73166|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel A. |author-link=Nigel Collett |date=2011 |title=The O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924: New Evidence Concerning Indian Attitudes and British Intelligence During the 1919 Punjab Disturbances |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41490046 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=469–483 |doi=10.1017/S1356186311000435 |jstor=41490046 |issn=1356-1863 |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=V. N. |title=General Dyer and Jallianwala Bagh |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2005 |volume=40 |issue=47 |pages=4911–4913 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417425 |issn=0012-9976|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dhillon |first1=Hardeep |title=Imperial Violence, Law, and Compensation in the Age of Empire, 1919–1922 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2024 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=512–537 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000560 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/imperial-violence-law-and-compensation-in-the-age-of-empire-19191922/87CA76CCDC42510B5D5497BE6469141D#fn17 |language=en |issn=0018-246X|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Joppan |title=Gujranwala, 14 April 1919: Terror from air and airmindedness in late colonial India |journal=The Journal of Transport History |date=1 December 2024 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=445–467 |doi=10.1177/00225266241262473 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00225266241262473 |language=EN |issn=0022-5266|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jaffe |first1=James |title=Gandhi, Lawyers, and the Courts' Boycott during the Non-Cooperation Movement |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=September 2017 |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=1340–1368 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1600024X |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/gandhi-lawyers-and-the-courts-boycott-during-the-noncooperation-movement/C47A172A65733ED95161F7B2456FF006 |language=en |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Naidis |first1=Mark |title=Amritsar Revisited |journal=The Historian |date=1958 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24437744 |issn=0018-2370|via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Sayer|first=Derek|date=May 1991|title=British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920|url=https://www.academia.edu/4297399|journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past and Present]]|language=en |issue=131|pages=130–164|doi=10.1093/past/131.1.130}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Willcock |first1=Sean |title=Guilt in the Archive: Photography and the Amritsar Massacre of 1919 |journal=History of Photography |date=2 January 2019 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=47–59 |doi=10.1080/03087298.2019.1613791 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03087298.2019.1613791|publisher=Taylor & Francis |issn=0308-7298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905195442/https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/27606/3/27606.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

=== Primary sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |title=Punjab disturbances, April 1919; compiled from the Civil and Military Gazette |date=1919 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |location=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/punjabdisturbanc01lahouoft/page/n7/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |title=Disorders Inquiry Committee (DIC Report): report addressed to Edwin Montagu|last=Hunter|first=William|author-link=William Hunter, Lord Hunter|location=Calcutta|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing|date=8 March 1920 |url=https://ia600109.us.archive.org/16/items/disordersinquiry00unse/disordersinquiry00unse.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Disorders Inquiry Committee Report|1920}}}}
*{{cite book |title=Disorders Inquiry Committee (DIC Evidence)|last=Hunter|first=William|date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cE1AQAAMAAJ|language=en|volume=I-III}}
*{{cite book |last1=Malaviya |first1=Kapil Deva |title=Open rebellion in the Punjab : with special reference to Amritsar |date=1919 |publisher=Abhyudaya Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/openrebellioninp00malauoft}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Chettur Sankaran |title=Gandhi and Anarchy |date=1922 |publisher=Tagore |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhianarchy00sankuoft/page/54/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last=Nair|first=C. S. |title=Autobiography of Sir C. Sankaran Nair |date=1966 |publisher=Lady Madhavan Nair |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofs00sirc}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nehru |first1=Motilal|author1-link=Motilal Nehru|last2=Malaviya|first2=Madan Mohan|author2-link=Madan Mohan Malaviya |title=Report Of The Commissioners appointed by the Punjab sub-committee (Congress Party Inquiry)|date=1920 |publisher=K. Santanam |location=Lahore|volume=I & II|url=https://archive.org/details/reportofthecommi032063mbp/page/n9/mode/2up|ref={{sfnref|Congress Party Inquiry I & II|1920}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=O’Dwyer |first1=Michael |title=India as I knew it 1885-1925 |date=1925 |publisher=Constable & Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13879/page/n5/mode/2up}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Thomas, Joseph Laidlaw (Oral History), 2/6th (Cyclist) Bn Royal Sussex Regiment in India, 1916-1919 |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80000918 |website=Imperial War Museums |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328090152/https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80000918 |archive-date=28 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |language=en}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:Disaster timelines]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

Amar Bharati

2026-05-02T01:24:49Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding the stub needs work.

{{Short description|Indian religious figure}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Kumbh011.jpg|thumb|Amar Bharati at the [[Kumbha Mela]] in 2001, having raised his arm for 28 years as of the time being photographed.]]
'''Amar Bharati''' is an Indian [[Sadhu]] or [[ascetic]] who is known for claiming to have kept his right arm raised for years in a testament of his devotion to the [[Hindu]] [[deity]] [[Shiva]], and as a call for [[world peace]].<ref>https://greekreporter.com/2023/08/25/indian-ascetic-holding-arm-up-world-peace/</ref>

== Description ==
Bharati worked as a [[clerk]] in [[New Delhi]] until he quit his job and left his family and friends in 1970 in order to develop his devotion to [[Shiva]], one of the [[Hindu deities|principal deities]] of [[Hinduism]]. After quitting his job, he felt like he was still connected to his old life and raised his arm starting in 1973 as a sign of his devotion and "to militate against wars and support world peace".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Mehr |date=2021-12-16 |title=Man has held his hand raised for more than 45 years |language=en-US |work=The Khaama Press News Agency |url=https://www.khaama.com/man-has-held-his-hand-raised-for-more-than-45-years-0980/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101044439/https://www.khaama.com/man-has-held-his-hand-raised-for-more-than-45-years-0980/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet the man whose arm has been raised for almost 50 years |url=https://www.jpost.com/omg/meet-the-man-whose-arm-has-been-raised-for-almost-50-years-688399 |access-date=2022-11-01 |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101045455/https://www.jpost.com/omg/meet-the-man-whose-arm-has-been-raised-for-almost-50-years-688399 |url-status=live }}</ref> He spent two years of his life in severe pain by doing this, but later lost all sensation in his arm. The muscles in his arm [[Muscle atrophy|atrophied]] during this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrei Tapalaga |title=The Man Who Held His Hand Raised for 45 Years |url=https://historyofyesterday.com/the-man-who-held-his-hand-raised-for-45-years/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=historyofyesterday.com |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101045447/https://historyofyesterday.com/the-man-who-held-his-hand-raised-for-45-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La historia de Amar Bharati, el hombre que tiene levantado su brazo hace 49 años |url=https://www.airedesantafe.com.ar/ocio/la-historia-amar-bharati-el-hombre-que-tiene-levantado-su-brazo-hace-49-anos-n355654 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.airedesantafe.com.ar |language=es-AR |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101050405/https://www.airedesantafe.com.ar/ocio/la-historia-amar-bharati-el-hombre-que-tiene-levantado-su-brazo-hace-49-anos-n355654 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of his followers have taken inspiration from his actions, calling it a "beacon of hope" and even raising their own arms for years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Man raises arm for 38 years |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/man-raises-arm-for-38-years-10289557.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=au.news.yahoo.com |language=en-AU |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725110228/https://au.news.yahoo.com/man-raises-arm-for-38-years-10289557.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is a fakir in the novel [[The Mystery of the Black Jungle]] by [[Emilio Salgari]] who does the same practice.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharati, Amar}}
[[Category:Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

Prabhas Sreenu

2026-04-23T15:44:47Z

ReggieHuntley0:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhas Sreenu
| image = Prabhas Srinu.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Narasannapeta]], [[Andhrapradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[actor]]
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Prabhas Sreenu''' is an Indian actor who primarily appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actor/prabhas-sreenu|title=Telugu Movie Actor Prabhas Sreenu|website=www.nettv4u.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-31/Pic-talk-Pawan-with-Prabhas-Sreenus-daughter-on-Sardaar-Gabbar-Singh-sets-183676|title=Pic talk: Pawan with Prabhas Sreenus' daughter on Sardaar Gabbar Singh sets|website=The Hans India|date=31 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/interview-prabhassrinu.html|title=Prabhas Srinu interview about Express Raja - Telugu cinema news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Comedians-Prabhas-Sreenu-and-Pruthvi-to-appear-on-a-game-show-/articleshow/53941460.cms|title=Comedians Prabhas Sreenu and Pruthvi to appear on a game show|work=The Times of India|date=31 August 2016 }}</ref> He has won [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]] for his performance in ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012). His notable films include ''[[Balupu]]'' (2013), ''[[Aagadu]]'' (2014), ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' (2015), ''[[Express Raja]]'' (2016) and ''[[Sathamanam Bhavati]]'' (2017).

== Career ==
Sreenu has attached the name "Prabhas" as a prefix to his stage name, owing to his friendship with actor [[Prabhas]]. The pair had earlier been batchmates during their time at film institute, and after Prabhas had become an actor, Sreenu looked after his work. He continued to look after his work until Prabhas began to reduce his commitments to one film a year, which meant that Prabhas's uncles took over.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/i-can-act-for-25-rupees-too-prabhas-sreenu.html|title=I can act for 25 Rupees too : Prabhas Sreenu - 123telugu.com|website=www.123telugu.com|date=21 September 2014 }}</ref> He then worked as an actor, often playing negative and comedic roles in films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/comic-villainy-worked/article3483263.ece|title=Comic villainy worked|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=2 June 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Telugu films ===
{{expand list|date= January 2019}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2003|| ''[[Seetayya]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2004|| ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || ||
|-
|2005
|''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006|| ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]'' || Tea Seller||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2007|| ''[[Yamadonga]]'' || Maheshwari's Cousin||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008|| ''[[Kantri]]'' || Spider Reddy ||
|-
|''[[Bujjigadu]]''
|
|
|-
|2009|| ''[[Magadheera]]'' || ||Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2010|| ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' || Prabha's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011||''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' || Kathi Seenu ||
|-
| ''[[Wanted (2011 film)|Wanted]]'' || Chari ||
|-
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2012|| ''[[Nuvva Nena]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Nandeeswarudu]]'' || Seenu ||
|-
|''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' || Siddappa Seenu ||[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]'' || Cable Kesava ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2013|| ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' || Goodu Raju's friend ||
|-
|''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]'' || Daambar ||
|-
|''[[Balupu]]'' || Rohit's henchman ||
|-
|''[[Kamina (film)|Kamina]]''
|Siddhu's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' || Siddhappa Naidu's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014|| ''[[Yevadu]]'' || Kaki ||
|-
| ''[[Kotha Janta]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' || Govindharaju's henchman ||
|-
|''[[Ee Varsham Sakshiga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aagadu]]'' || Lion Seenu ||
|-
|''Weekend Love'' || Ganesh's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2015||''[[Pataas]]'' || Politician ||
|-
| ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' || Seenu ||
|-
| ''[[Avunu 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'' || Shankar's henchman ||
|-
| [[James Bond (2015 film)|''James Bond'']] || ||
|-
|''[[Dynamite (2015 film)|Dynamite]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' || Prabhakar ||
|-
| ''[[Mirchi Lanti Kurradu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongaata]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2016|| ''[[Savitri (2016 film)|Savitri]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]'' || Prabha ||
|-
|''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]'' || Seenu ||
|-
|''[[Express Raja]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' || Cruise ||
|-
|''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' || Raghupati Raghava Rajaram ||
|-
|''[[Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu (film)|Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2017|| ''[[Luckunnodu]]'' || Pulihora ||
|-
| ''[[Nenu Local]]'' || Nimmakayala Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' || Bank Recovery Officer ||
|-
|''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' || Subbarayudu's PA ||
|-
|''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Raja the Great]]'' ||Lucky's uncle ||
|-
|''[[Sathamanam Bhavati]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Okka Kshanam]]'' || Dasari Raghvendra Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="11"| 2018|| ''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' || Subba Reddy ||
|-
|''[[Juvva]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]]'' || Gandappa's PA ||
|-
|''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
|''[[Achari America Yatra]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'' || Challa's henchmen ||
|-
|''[[Pantham]]'' || Naayak's Assistant ||
|-
|''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' || Seenu ||
|-
|''[[Geetha Govindam]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]'' || Daivatailam ||
|-
|''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' || Seenu ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019 || ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]'' || Repair Shop Owner ||
|-
|''Prashnista'' || Seenu ||
|-

| ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' || Balijayya ||
|-
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 3]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]''||Sreenu
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2020 || ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021
|[[Bangaru Bullodu (2021 film)|''Bangaru Bullodu'']] || Bhavani's brother ||
|-
|''[[Sreekaram]]'' || Ekambaram's brother-in-law ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2022
|''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' || Recovery agent ||
|-
|''[[First Day First Show]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show is a fond tribute to Pawan Kalyan's Kushi, Trivikram launches teaser |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/first-day-first-show-is-a-fond-tribute-to-pawan-kalyans-kushi-trivikram-launches-teaser/758e934b99472 |work=OTTPlay |date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anukoni Prayanam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'' || Bujji ||
|-
| ''[[Nireekshana (2023 film)|Nireekshana]]'' || Gautham's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024 || ''[[Vey Dharuvey]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[The Family Star]]'' || Govardhan's friend || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |date=5 April 2024 |title=Family Star Review - Vijay Deverakonda shines in this lengthy and outdated romantic drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/family-star-review-vijay-deverakonda-shines-in-this-otherwise-lengthy-and-outdated-romantic-drama/58f487118d660 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mr. Bachchan]]'' || Srinivas ||
|-
|[[Lucky Baskhar|''Lucky Baskhar'']]
| Visa Consultant
|
|-
|''[[Naa Saami Ranga]]'' || Rambabu ||
|-
|''[[Laggam]]'' || Deloitte Diwakar ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|[[Mad Square|''Mad Square'']]
|
|-[[Single]]
|-
|''[[Shashtipoorthi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''
|Lecturer
|
|-
|''[[Gurram Paapi Reddy]]''
|Lingam
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|Autodriver Seenu
|
|-
|''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''
|Katta
|
|-
|}

===Tamil films ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2011|| ''[[Siruthai]]'' || Bavuji's henchman
|credited as Seenu
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' || Prisoner
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' || Subba Reddy
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|5393308}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreenu, Prabhas}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Faith Theological Seminary, Manakala

2026-04-23T02:08:30Z

ReggieHuntley0:

{{Short description|Theological Seminary in Kerala}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Faiththeologicalseminary.png
| name = Faith Theological Seminary, Manakala
| established = 1970
| type = Pentecostal theological seminary
| founder = Rev. Dr. T. G. Koshy
| city = Manakala, Pathanamthitta, Kerala
| country = India
| affiliations = [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
| website = http://ftseminary.com/
}}

'''Faith Theological Seminary, Manakala''' (FTS Manakala) is a Pentecostal theological seminary located in Manakala, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. It was founded in 1970 and is affiliated with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty- Faith Theological Seminary, Kerala – SENATE OF SERAMPORE COLLEGE |url=https://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty-faith-theological-seminary-kerala/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Faith Theological Seminary was established in 1970 by T. G. Koshy, a Pentecostal theologian in South India.<ref name="ntscholarship">{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. T. G. Koshy, the Bible and the Faith Theological Seminary {{pipe}} New Testament Scholarship Worldwide |url=https://ntscholarship.wordpress.com/2021/02/26/rev-dr-t-g-koshy-the-bible-and-the-faith-theological-seminary/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=ntscholarship.wordpress.com |date=26 February 2021 }}</ref> Koshy served as the founding principal and was also the leader of Sharon Fellowship Church, which celebrated its golden jubilee in 2020, marking 50 years of academic ministry.<ref name="ntscholarship" />

== Affiliation ==
The seminary is affiliated with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], India's first university under the 1918 Bengal Government Act, through the Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College (BTESSC), which oversees theological education across India and South Asia.<ref name="btessc">[[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]]</ref><ref name="serampore-history">{{cite web |title=Senate of Serampore – About Us |url=https://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/about-us/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=senateofseramporecollege.edu.in}}</ref>

== Academic Programs ==
Faith Theological Seminary offers the following degree and diploma programs in theology through Senate of Serampore College (University):<ref name="ftsedu">{{cite web|url=https://ftseminary.com/about-us/|title=How it all began – Faith Theological Seminary|website=ftseminary.com|access-date=2025-07-28}}</ref>
* Certificate in Theology (C.Th.)
* Graduate in Theology (G.Th.)
* Bachelor of Theology (B.Th.)
* Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.)
* Master of Theology (M.Th.)
* Doctor of Theology (D.Th.)

Distance education programs are offered through centers in India and abroad.<ref name="distance">{{cite web|url=https://ftseminary.wordpress.com/courses/distance-education/|title=Distance Education – Faith Theological Seminary|website=ftseminary.wordpress.com|date=30 November 2010 |access-date=2025-07-28}}</ref>

== Campus and Faculty ==
The campus is located in rural Manakala, with residential facilities for students and faculty. The seminary's motto is "Perfecting to Make Perfect in Christ."<ref name="motto">{{cite web|url=https://ibc.ac.in/personnel/rev-wilson-varghese-thomas/|website=ibc.ac.in|title=Rev. Wilson Varghese – IBC Faculty|access-date=2025-07-28}}</ref><ref name="serampore-faculty">{{cite web|url=https://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty-faith-theological-seminary-kerala/|title=Faculty – Faith Theological Seminary, Kerala|website=Senate of Serampore College|access-date=2025-07-28}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The seminary has trained over 4,000 graduates who now serve across India, the Middle East, and North America. FTS alumni are known for their contributions to Pentecostal theology, pastoral leadership, and academic research.<ref name="ntscholarship" />

== Notable people ==
Notable people affiliated with this seminary includes,
*[[Paulson Pulikottil]], Old Testament scholar and Hebrew linguist.
*[[Johnson Thomaskutty]], New Testament scholar and Professor.

== See also ==
* [[IPC Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]
* [[Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
* [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
* [[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ftseminary.com/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{coord|9.1314|76.7142|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1970]]
[[Category:Pentecostal universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated to the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges|India]]

Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar

2026-04-22T07:18:46Z

ReggieHuntley0:

{{short description|Indian filmmaker duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumitra Bhave
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Directors Sumitra Bhave & Sunil Sukthankar and Actress Iravathi Harshe of the film KAASAV, at the presentation, during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2017.jpg
|bSize = 1000
|cWidth = 220
|cHeight = 250
|oTop = 115
|oLeft = 480
|Location=center}}
| caption = Bhave, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[48th International Film Festival of India|2017]])
| years_active = 1985–2021
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|1|12}}<ref name="twitter">{{Cite tweet |user=sonalikulkarni |author=Sonali Kulkarni |author-link=Sonali Kulkarni |number=819586374898745344 |title=Happy birthday to one of INDIA 's finest filmmaker, my dear Sumitra mawshi u got #ompuri sir in Marathi much love}}</ref><ref name="35thawardPDF" group="a"/>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|4|19|1943|01|12}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/renowned-director-filmmaker-sumitra-bhave-passes-away-in-pune/articleshow/82137084.cms |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419034701/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/renowned-director-filmmaker-sumitra-bhave-passes-away-in-pune/articleshow/82137084.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = Pune
| occupation = Filmmaker, theatre director and producer, screenwriter
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunil Sukthankar
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Directors Sumitra Bhave & Sunil Sukthankar and Actress Iravathi Harshe of the film KAASAV, at the presentation, during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2017.jpg
|bSize = 1000
|cWidth = 220
|cHeight = 250
|oTop = 20
|oLeft = 692
|Location=center}}
| caption = Sunil Sukthankar, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[48th International Film Festival of India|2017]])
| years_active = 1983–present
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|5|31}}<ref name="CS">{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/sunil-sukthankar-82780|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517150957/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/sunil-sukthankar-82780|url-status=live|archive-date=17 May 2019|title=Sunil Sukthankar profile @ Cinestaan|publisher=Cinestaan|access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="50thawardPDF" group="a"/>
| birth_place = Karad
| occupation = Director, actor, lyricist, writer
}}

'''Sumitra Bhave''' (12 January 1943 {{dash}} 19 April 2021) and '''Sunil Sukthankar''' (born 31 May 1966) were an Indian [[Film director|filmmaker]] duo working predominantly in [[Marathi cinema]] and [[Marathi theatre]]. Bhave and Sukthankar had made seventeen feature films, more than fifty short films, and four TV serials; all of which had been written by Bhave. Sunil Sukthankar, a [[Film and Television Institute of India]] graduate (1989) is also an actor and a lyricist. He has written more than 90 songs for their own films as well as various other Marathi and Hindi films. The duo had won various national and international accolades for the films ''[[Doghi]]'' (1995), ''[[Dahavi Fa]]'' (2002), ''[[Vastupurush]]'' (2002), ''[[Devrai]]'' (2004), ''[[Astu]]'' (2016) and ''[[Kaasav]]'' (2017). At the [[64th National Film Awards]], their feature film ''Kaasav'' won the prestigious [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|President Golden Lotus National Award]].<ref name="HDFCI">{{cite web|url=http://mailer.hdfcbank.com/Nov14/New/Imperia_Newsletter/imperia_magazine/files/assets/basic-html/page13.html|title=First Among Equals I|publisher=HDFC Imperia|access-date=24 January 2017|date=November 2014|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072721/http://mailer.hdfcbank.com/Nov14/New/Imperia_Newsletter/imperia_magazine/files/assets/basic-html/page13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="smiff">{{cite web|url=http://smiff.in/guests/sumitra-bhave.pdf|title=Sumitra Bhave Profile @ Sweden Marathi International Film Festival|publisher=Sweden Marathi International Film Festival|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072402/http://smiff.in/guests/sumitra-bhave.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
=== Sumitra Bhave ===
Bhave was born on 12 January 1943 in [[Pune]].<ref name="twitter"/><ref name="35thawardPDF" group="a"/><ref name="52ndawardPDF" group="a"/> She completed her graduation from [[Fergusson College]], Pune, and received a [[master's degree]] in Political and Science Sociology from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]].<ref name="52ndawardPDF" group="a"/> She received another master's degree in Political Science and Sociology and a [[Diploma]] in Rural Welfare from the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Mumbai, and later began her voluntary work for various organisations.<ref name="35thawardPDF" group="a"/> She taught at the Karve Institute of Social Service, Pune, for a decade and later worked as a Project Manager for Community Aid and Sponsorship Program, Mumbai.<ref name="52ndawardPDF" group="a"/> Bhave has published various investigation and research papers on the subject.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/21/stories/2002112101090300.htm|title=Quest for meaningful cinema|location=Hyderabad|author=Maheshwari, R. Uma|date=21 November 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 July 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She worked as a Marathi language newsreader with [[All India Radio]], New Delhi.<ref name="35thawardPDF" group="a"/>

Bhave had a daughter, who is also a writer. On 6 April 2021, Bhave was admitted to [[Sahyadri Hospital]] in Pune for lung infection. She was suffering from [[Interstitial lung disease]] which was detected earlier in March 2021.<ref name="death">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sumitra-bhave-national-award-winning-filmmaker-dies-at-78-7279979/ | title=Sumitra Bhave, National Award-winning filmmaker, dies at 78 | work=Indian Express | date=19 April 2021 | accessdate=19 April 2021}}</ref> She died on the morning of 19 April 2021 due to respiratory failure and [[lung fibrosis]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/noted-marathi-filmmaker-sumitra-bhave-dies-due-to-lung-infection-101618807590321.html | title=Noted Marathi filmmaker Sumitra Bhave dies due to lung infection | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=19 April 2021 | accessdate=19 April 2021 | author=Bari, Prachi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/national-award-winning-filmmaker-sumitra-bhave-passes-away-at-the-age-of-77-1903172 | title=जानी-मानी फिल्म निर्देशक सुमित्रा भावे का पुणे में निधन | work=ABP Live |language=Hindi | date=19 April 2021 | accessdate=19 April 2021 | author=Jain, Ravi}}</ref> At the time of her death, she was working on three films and their scripts.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/noted-filmmaker-sumitra-bhave-dies-at-78-condolences-pour-in-from-neena-kulkarni-other-celebs-698788 | title=Noted filmmaker Sumitra Bhave dies at 78, condolences pour in from Neena Kulkarni & others | work=India TV | date=19 April 2021 | accessdate=19 April 2021}}</ref>

=== Sunil Sukthankar ===
Sukthankar was born on 31 May 1966 in Karad.<ref name="CS"/><ref name="50thawardPDF" group="a"/> He completed his graduation in Commerce from [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]], Pune and joined the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] to pursue a course in film direction. His diploma film was titled ''Anuttar''. As a theatre activist, Sukthankar wrote and directed several plays and street plays.<ref name="52ndawardPDF" group="a"/><ref name="50thawardPDF" group="a"/><ref name="43rdawardPDF" group="a"/>

== Career ==
In 1985, while working as the Director of Research Project for Stree Vani, Bhave made a debut short film ''Bai'' (Woman) about a woman from the slums to display her strength to survive adversities. The film, produced by Stree Vani, was well received and went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare]] at the [[33rd National Film Awards]]. It was honoured for "its realistic portrayal of poor, oppressed housewife who succeeds in her determined effort to rehabilitate herself and realise her potential to be on her own".<ref name="33rdawardPDF" group="a"/> Her next short film ''Paani'', made in 1987, also fetched her another National Film Award. The film was adjudged the [[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film]] at the [[35th National Film Awards]].<ref name="35thawardPDF" group="a"/> Bhave later made several other short films like ''Mukti'' (1990),<ref name="mukti">{{cite web|url=http://www.punescope.com/pdf2/ISSU9.PDF|title=NSD Alumni.94, batch, Abhay Kulkarni, from Pune bags Kala Gauvrav National Award|page=8|date=December 2012|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> ''Chakori'' (1992),<ref name="esp">{{cite web|url=http://www.laenanamarron.org/inedito.html|title=Muestra de cine independiente indio|trans-title=Indian independent cinema shows|language=es|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> ''Laha'' (1994),<ref name="esp"/> and ''Three Faces of Tomorrow''.<ref name="mukti"/> Bhave has received a Chitra Ratna Puraskar and Kamdhenu Award for literary contribution.<ref name="17NYFF"/>

After a career as a theatre activist, Sukthankar was introduced to Bhave through her daughter while she was making her debut short film ''Bai'' (1985). After completing his graduation and film direction course from the Film and Television Institute of India, he joined Bhave again as an assistant and worked on three short films.<ref name="HDFCI"/><ref name="50thawardPDF" group="a"/>

=== Collaboration ===
==== 1995—2009 ====
In 1995, Bhave collaborated with Sukthankar as a director and made their film debut with a [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film ''[[Doghi]]'' (''Two Sisters''). The film depicts a story about two sisters and their mother caught in rigid and superstitious social structure.<ref name="HDFCI"/> The film received wide critical acclaim and won several awards including the Best Film at the 32nd [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]] at the [[43rd National Film Awards]].<ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/><ref name="43rdawardPDF" group="a"/> Their next film ''Zindagi Zindabad'' (''Long live, Life!'') was made in Hindi in 1997. The film was based on a real-life story of a teenager who risked his own life to care for a person stigmatised by [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pictures-of-concern/204301|title=Pictures Of Concern: AIDS becomes the focus of four new film projects in Bollywood|magazine=Outlook India|date=29 September 1997|access-date=21 January 2017|author=Akhtar, Shameem}}</ref> In 2002, two of the films made by Bhave and Sukthankar, both made in Marathi, ''[[Dahavi Fa]]'' (''10th F'') and ''[[Vastupurush]]'' (''Guardian Spirit of the House''), were released. The filmmaker duo initially approached the [[Children's Film Society]] to produce ''Dahavi Fa'' but the organization refused the script for not fitting "into their 'objectives'". The film was finally funded by their friends and was released under the duo's production company "Vichitra Nirmiti".<ref name="Hindu"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/national-award-winning-film--samhita--the-script-releases-on-oct.-11th/1177891/|title=National Award winning film Samhita: The Script releases on Oct. 11th|newspaper=Indian Express|date=4 October 2013|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="17NYFF">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2017/Schedule-May6.htm|title=17th Annual New York Indian Film Festival|publisher=New York Indian Film Festival|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> Both films received wide critical acclaim; ''Vastupurush'' was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]] at the [[50th National Film Awards]],<ref name="50thawardPDF" group="a"/> ''Dahavi Fa'' was adjudged the Best Film at the 40th [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], and the duo won the Best Director award.<ref name="40thMSFA" group="a"/> The duo considers ''Vastupurush'' as their "important and favourite film".<ref name="HDFCIII">{{cite web|url=http://mailer.hdfcbank.com/Nov14/New/Imperia_Newsletter/imperia_magazine/files/assets/basic-html/page16.html|title=First Among Equals III|publisher=HDFC Imperia|access-date=24 January 2017|date=November 2014}}</ref>

In 2004, Bhave—Sukthankar made their next Marathi film ''[[Devrai]]'' (''Sacred Grove'') on the subject of [[schizophrenia]] with [[Atul Kulkarni]] and [[Sonali Kulkarni]] playing the lead roles. The film was appreciated for its depiction of schizophrenia and performances of its leads, and won several awards upon its release including the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation]] at the [[52nd National Film Awards]],<ref name="52ndawardPDF" group="a"/> Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Actress award at the 11th Screen Awards Marathi and the Award for Best Film with Social Message at the 42nd [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]].<ref name="11thSAM" group="a"/><ref group="a">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/deulgaonkar-shammi-kapoor-presented-awards_214722.html|title=Deulgaonkar, Shammi Kapoor presented awards|publisher=Zee News|date=1 May 2005|access-date=9 May 2017|location=Mumbai}}</ref> In 2006, two of Bhave—Sukthankar's Marathi films were released; ''Badha'' (''Possessed'') and ''Nital'' (''Crystal Clear''). While ''Badha'' depicts a story of a woman from the shepherd community battling depression due to the "[[Shamanism|shamans]], stigma and superstition" in their community, ''Nital'' focuses on the stigma associated with the disease [[vitiligo]] in Indian society.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balancing-the-yin-and-the-yang/article2273368.ece|title=Balancing the yin and the yang|author=Cheerath, Bhawani|date=17 August 2007|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mailer.hdfcbank.com/Nov14/New/Imperia_Newsletter/imperia_magazine/files/assets/basic-html/page14.html|title=First Among Equals II|publisher=HDFC Imperia|access-date=24 January 2017|date=November 2014}}</ref> ''Nital'' was adjudged the Best Film at the 44th [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], and the duo won the Best Director award.<ref name="NitalAwards" group="a"/>

In 2007, Bhave—Sukthankar made a short film in Hindi, ''Bewaqt Barish'' (''Untimely Rain''), financed by the [[European Union]] and produced by Muktangan Mitra. The film focuses on the issues around HIV/AIDS, sex and sexuality and is based on the [[Oxfam#Oxfam India|Oxford Committee for Famine Relief]]'s work with rural and tribal community in the [[Rajasthan]] and [[Odisha]] states of India.<ref name="Hindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Exploring-the-identity-of-women/article14885151.ece|title=Exploring the identity of women|author=Tankha, Madhur|date=30 November 2007|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> Two of the duo's Marathi films were released in 2009; ''[[Ek Cup Chya]]'' (''A Cup of Tea'') and ''Gho Mala Asla Hava'' (''This is the Husband I Want''). ''Ek Cup Chya'' depicts a story of a common man who challenges the Government authorities using the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]], an act of the [[Parliament of India]] that gives its citizens the right to access government records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44262920091126|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072543/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44262920091126|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2017|title=Film 'Ek Cup Chya' brings RTI awareness at Goa festival|date=26 November 2009|access-date=4 May 2017|publisher=Reuters News Agency|author=Jamkhandikar, Shilpa|location=Panaji}}</ref> The film was awarded the Third Best Film at the 2009 Maharashtra State Film Awards and Bhave—Sukthankar won the Best Director award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/82/20100502201005020324363022c8316f1/Storm-in-a-tea-cup.html|title=Storm in a tea cup|author=Menon, Lekha|date=2 May 2010|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=3 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107104027/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/82/20100502201005020324363022c8316f1/Storm-in-a-tea-cup.html|archive-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="ECCAwards" group="a"/> ''Gho Mala Asla Hava'' premiered at the [[Pune International Film Festival]] and is a comical representation of marital problems. Bhave had initially had plans to make it as a short film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/happily-married/410985/0|title=Happily married|date=15 January 2009|access-date=4 May 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|author=Salkar, Tanvi}}</ref> The film marked the debut of actress [[Radhika Apte]], who had previously acted for the theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/i-will-never-forget-my-marathi-identity-radhika-apte.html|title=I will never forget my Marathi identity: Radhika Apte|date=August 2015|access-date=4 May 2017|publisher=Zee Talkies}}</ref>

==== 2010—2021 ====

In 2010, the duo made the Hindi language feature-cum-documentary film ''Mor Dekhne Jungle Mein'' (''To Look for a Peacock in the Jungle''). The film was produced by the [[BAIF Development Research Foundation]] and was inspired by their "Wadi" project. It focuses on urban youth involvement in rural development and rehabilitation of tribal families.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/City-NGO-to-release-docu-focusing-on-tribal-rehab/articleshow/7558710.cms|title=City NGO to release docu focusing on tribal rehab|date=24 February 2011|access-date=4 May 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|location=Pune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BAIF makes film on tribal self-sustenance|date=21 February 2011|newspaper=Sakaal Times|location=Pune}}</ref> Bhave—Sukthankar's 2011 Marathi film ''Ha Bharat Majha'' (''This is My India'') depicts the contrast in the Indian society who support the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]] started by activist [[Anna Hazare]] but continue to practice small corrupt acts in their daily lives.<ref name="HDFCIII"/> The film was awarded the Best Marathi Film at the 10th [[Pune International Film Festival]].<ref name=HBM group="a"/> The duo made a Marathi film in 2013, ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]'' (''The Script''). The film received positive reviews for its story, direction, music, and performances.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta-news/samhita-a-marathi-movie-tells-melodious-but-complex-love-story-228490/2/|title=नेत्रसुखद, कर्णमधुर गुंतागुंतीची प्रेमकथा|newspaper=Loksatta|trans-title=Visually stunning, melodious, yet complicated love story|language=mr|date=20 October 2013|access-date=11 January 2017|author=Nandgaokar, Sunil}}
* {{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/cine-review/sanhita-review/articleshow/24359398.cms|title=संहिता: नात्यांच्या उलगड्याची सोपी गोष्ट|newspaper=Maharashtra Times|trans-title=Samhita: Complicated relationships in a simple tale|language=mr|date=20 October 2013|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> It received two awards at the [[60th National Film Awards]], and Bhave was awarded for the Best Screenplay at the 11th [[Pune International Film Festival]].<ref name="60thaward" group="a">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=Samhita group="a"/> Their next Marathi film, ''[[Astu]]'' (''So Be It''), dealt with the subject of [[Alzheimer's]], and is about a Sanskrit scholar who is suffering from it. The film was appreciated for its depiction of the disease and performances of its leads, and won several awards. Bhave won [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Dialogue]] at the [[61st National Film Awards]].<ref name="61staward" group="a"/> Though the film was completed in 2013, it did not find any distributor and was released through [[crowdfunding]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catapooolt.com/campaign/info/title/astu-so-be-it?camp=ASTNSH7PWF&pid=MTg4&uid=MjUzMQ==|title=Astu: So Be It: A hard-hitting Film on Value of Relationships needs your support for theatrical release! By: Sheelaa Rao|publisher=Catapooolt|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

In 2015, the duo made a short film in Hindi, ''Phir Zindagi'' (''Life Again'') which deals with topic of [[organ donation]].<ref name=PZ>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/phir-zindagi-a-film-that-seeks-to-sensitise-people-on-organ-donation-process|title=Phir Zindagi-a film that seeks to sensitise people on organ donation process|newspaper=Indian Express|date=1 December 2015|access-date=27 July 2016|author=Mascarenhas, Anuradha}}</ref> Their upcoming Marathi film ''[[Kaasav]]'' depicts the issue of depression among youngsters in relation to the life and nesting cycle of [[olive ridley sea turtle]]s.<ref name="17NYFF"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Allow youngsters space and they will explore life on their own|date=24 October 2016|newspaper=Sakaal Times|author=Janjali, Arwa}}</ref> The film was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] at the [[64th National Film Awards]].<ref name="64thaward" group="a"/> ''Kaasav'' (''Turtle'') became the fifth [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] to win in this category.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/kaasav-and-ventilators-big-win/articleshow/58068077.cms|title=Kaasav and Ventilator's big win at the National Awards|newspaper=The Times of India|date=11 April 2017|author=Bhanage, Mihir|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> The film was also awarded the Best Film at the 55th Maharashtra State Film Awards.<ref name="55MSFA" group="a">
{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-state-film-awards-kaasav-movie-1463648/|title=राज्य मराठी चित्रपट महोत्सवात 'कासव' सर्वोत्कृष्ट|language=mr|trans-title='Kaasav' Best Film at the Maharashtra State Film Awards|date=1 May 2017|access-date=5 May 2017|publisher=Loksatta}}</ref>

In 2019, Bhave's next film ''Dithee'' premiered at the [[Pune International Film Festival]]. Bhave had been working on this film for many years but the project could not start due to lack of producers.<ref name="Dithee"/> Bhave lended her voice to the character of Sindhubai Jadhav in the 2020 film ''[[The Disciple (2020 film)|The Disciple]]'' directed by [[Chaitanya Tamhane]]. The film is about a young aspiring classical singer and Jadhav is a veteran singer of yester-years whose only audio recordings are now available.<ref name="Disciple"/>

== Filmography ==
=== Short films and TV serials ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
!scope="col" colspan="3" | Bhave credited as
!scope="col" colspan="3" | Sukthankar credited as
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
!scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
!scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Writer
!scope="col" | Producer
!scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Writer
!scope="col" | Producer
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1985
!scope="row" | ''Bai''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="33rdawardPDF" group="a"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1987
!scope="row" | ''Paani''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="35thawardPDF" group="a"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990
!scope="row" | ''Mukti''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="mukti"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1992
!scope="row" | ''Chakori''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="esp"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1994
!scope="row" | ''Laha''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="esp"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1997
!scope="row" | ''Three Faces of Tomorrow''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="mukti"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mssoonline.org/site/assets/files/1036/1997.html|title=MSSO News 1997|publisher=Maharashtra Seva Samiti Organization|access-date=4 May 2017|editor=Hiebert, Eilish}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1999
!scope="row" | ''Gautam's Mother''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| Short film
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mssoonline.org/site/assets/files/1038/1999.html|title=MSSO News 1999|publisher=Maharashtra Seva Samiti Organization|access-date=4 May 2017|editor=Hiebert, Eilish}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1998–99
!scope="row" | ''Bhains Barabar''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| TV serial
| <ref name="50thawardPDF" group="a"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2004
!scope="row" | ''Zid''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| Short film
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cfsindia.org/zid-grit/|title=Zid (Grit) @ Children's Film Society India|publisher=Children's Film Society India|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
! scope="row" | ''Bewaqt Barish''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="Hindu2"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
! scope="row" | ''Katha Sarita''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| TV serial
|<ref name=smiff/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2014
! scope="row" | ''Majhi Shala''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| TV serial
|<ref name=smiff/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
! scope="row" | ''Phir Zindagi''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| Short film
|<ref name=PZ/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
!scope="row" | ''Samvad''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="43rdawardPDF" group="a"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
!scope="row" | ''Ekalavya''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="Hindu"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
!scope="row" | ''Sahyog''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="43rdawardPDF" group="a"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
!scope="row" | ''Sarshi''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| || ||
| Short film
| <ref name="43rdawardPDF" group="a"/>
|}

=== Feature films ===

* {{small|All films are in the [[Marathi language]] unless noted otherwise.}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
!scope="col" colspan="4" | Bhave credited as
!scope="col" colspan="4" | Sukthankar credited as
!scope="col" rowspan="2" class=unsortable | Notes
!scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
!scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Writer
!scope="col" | Producer
!scope="col" | Other
!scope="col" | Director
!scope="col" | Writer
!scope="col" | Producer
!scope="col" | Other
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1995
!scope="row" | ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || || {{•}}[[Art director]] {{•}}[[Costume designer]] {{•}}Editor
| {{Yes}} || || || Editor
|
| <ref name="43rdawardPDF" group="a"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1997
!scope="row" | ''Zindagi Zindabad''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
| Hindi film
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2002
!scope="row" | ''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2002
!scope="row" | ''[[Vastupurush]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || || Art director
| {{Yes}} || || || Editor
|
| <ref name="50thawardPDF" group="a"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2004
!scope="row" | ''[[Devrai]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2006
!scope="row" | ''Badha''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2006
!scope="row" | ''Nital''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
!scope="row" | ''[[Ek Cup Chya]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
!scope="row" | ''Gho Mala Asla Hava''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2010
!scope="row" | ''Mor Dekhne Jungle Mein''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
| Hindi film
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2012
!scope="row" | ''Ha Bharat Majha''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Astu]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaasav]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} ||
|
| <ref name="smiff"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2019
! scope="row" | ''Welcome Home''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || ||
| {{Yes}} || || ||
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/welcome-home-movie-review/articleshow/69779136.cms | title=Welcome Home Movie Review | work=Pune Mirror | date=14 June 2019 | accessdate=19 April 2021 | author=Matkari, Ganesh}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Dithee]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
| || || ||
| Not released publicly.
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dithee-ebb-and-flow-of-loss/article26887809.ece | title='Dithee' review: Ebb and flow of loss | work=The Hindu | date=19 April 2019 | accessdate=19 April 2021 | author=Joshi, Namrata}}</ref><ref name="Dithee">{{cite web | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/21/18293 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419121559/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/21/18293 | url-status=live | archive-date=19 April 2021 | title=Had been trying to make Dithee for many years, says Sumitra Bhave | work=Cinestaan | date=21 January 2019 | access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[The Disciple (2020 film)|The Disciple]]''
|
|
|
| Voice over
|
|
|
|
|
| <ref name="Disciple">{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/film/the-disciple-chaitanya-tamhane-film-tiff-musician | title='The Disciple' Explores the Silences and Conflicts of a Young Classical Musician | work=The Wire | date=16 September 2020 | accessdate=19 April 2021 | author=Pachkhede, Narendra}}</ref>
|}

[[File:Sumitra Bhave and Sunil Sukthankar of the film Badha addressing a press conference at Black Box ,Kala Academy on the occasion of 37th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2006) in Panaji, Goa on December 2, 2006.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Sunil Sukthankar (second from right) and Sumitra Bhave (first from right), in [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]], 2006]]

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9D4C9"|{{Hash}}
|Indicates an award for Sumitra Bhave
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985]]
! scope="row" | [[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare|Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare]]
| ''Bai''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="33rdawardPDF" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012|page=89}}</ref>
|-
| [[35th National Film Awards|1987]]
! scope="row" | National Film Awards
| [[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film]]
| ''Paani''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="35thawardPDF" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=94–95}}</ref>
|-
| [[43rd National Film Awards|1995]]
! scope="row" | National Film Awards
| [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="43rdawardPDF" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012|pages=16–17}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | Cinema Delle Donne Italy
| Grand Jury Prize
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemasofindia.com/#product/unknown/16360/doghi|title=Doghi@Cinemas of India|publisher=NFDC|access-date=16 January 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm|title=Doghi@NFDC|publisher=NFDC|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| Best Film
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Art Director
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Script
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Story
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | V. Shantaram Award
| 2nd Best Film
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | V. Shantaram Award
| 2nd Best Director
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | V. Shantaram Award
| Best Film on Other Social Issues
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 1997
! scope="row" | Kalnirnay Award
| Best Director
| ''[[Doghi]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="DoghiAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Film
| ''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="40thMSFA" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm|title=Maharashtra State Film Awards presented; 10th F is best film|publisher=Research Reference, and Training Division|date=1 May 2003|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Director
| ''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="40thMSFA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Story
| ''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="40thMSFA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Story
| ''[[Vastupurush]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="VastupurushAwards" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/81aSzeIUW5L._SL1500_.jpg|title=Vastupurush DVD Back Cover|publisher=Amazon|access-date=16 January 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm|title=Vastupurush@NFDC|publisher=Cinemas of India|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Dialogue
| ''[[Vastupurush]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="VastupurushAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Screenplay
| ''[[Vastupurush]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="40thMSFA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Lyrics {{small|(for the song "Khushi Cheheryavar Majhya")}}
| ''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="40thMSFA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Lyrics
| ''[[Vastupurush]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="VastupurushAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| [[50th National Film Awards|2002]]
! scope="row" | National Film Awards
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
| ''[[Vastupurush]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="50thawardPDF" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012|pages=78–79}}</ref>
|-
| [[52nd National Film Awards|2004]]
! scope="row" | National Film Awards
| [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation]]
| ''[[Devrai]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="52ndawardPDF" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2005/52_NFA_Awards.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=16 March 2012|pages=22–23}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
! scope="row" | Screen Awards Marathi
| Best Film
| ''[[Devrai]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="11thSAM" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/15devrai.htm|title=Devrai leaves you speechless|publisher=Rediff|date=15 March 2005|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
! scope="row" | Screen Awards Marathi
| Best Director
| ''[[Devrai]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="11thSAM" group="a"/>
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Film
| ''Nital''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="NitalAwards" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.11.indisches-filmfestival.de/en/personen/test-mctest/|publisher=Indisches Film Festival|access-date=4 May 2017|title=Sumitra Bhave and Sunil Sukthankar}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Director
| ''Nital''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="NitalAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Film {{small|(Third)}}
| ''[[Ek Cup Chya]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="ECCAwards" group="a">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjLxdVysdHw|title=47th Maharashtra State Marathi Movie Mahotsav 2010 Part 24|publisher=Zee Marathi|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Director {{small|(Third)}}
| ''[[Ek Cup Chya]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="ECCAwards" group="a"/>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row" | [[Pune International Film Festival]]
| Best Marathi Film
| ''Ha Bharat Majha''
| {{won}}
| <ref name=HBM group="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.piffindia.com/about-event.html|title=About PIFF: Pune International Film Festival|access-date=4 May 2017|publisher=Pune International Film Festival|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407113403/http://www.piffindia.com/about-event.html|archive-date=7 April 2017}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piff-ha-bharat-maza-is-best-marathi-film-1640082|title=PIFF: 'Ha Bharat Maza' is best Marathi film|date=20 January 2012|access-date=4 May 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|location=Pune}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" | Prabhat Film Awards
| Best Costume
| ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}{{efn|Jointly with Geeta Godbole}}
| <ref name="Prabhat" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-dhag-bhartiya-rule-at-first-prabhat-awards-1842693|title='Dhag', 'Bhartiya' rule at first Prabhat awards|author=Rege, Omkar|date=2 June 2013|access-date=15 January 2017|publisher=Daily News Analysis}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" | Prabhat Film Awards
| Best Art direction
| ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}{{efn|name=Sankhad|Jointly with Santosh Sankhad}}
| <ref name="Prabhat" group="a"/>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" | Pune International Film Festival
| Best Screenplay
| ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name=Samhita group="a">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Award-for-Kaksparsh-at-Pune-International-Film-Festival/articleshow/18067204.cms|title=Award for 'Kaksparsh' at Pune International Film Festival|date=18 January 2013|access-date=11 January 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|location=Pune}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | Delhi International Film Festival
| Best Regional Film
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref group="a">{{cite web|title=12th Pune International Film Festival|url=http://www.piffindia.com/pdf/3-Marathi%20Competition.pdf|publisher=Pune International Film Festival|access-date=16 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404151855/http://piffindia.com/pdf/3-Marathi%20Competition.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | Indian Film Festival Stuttgart
| Audience Award for Best Film
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref group="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.11.indisches-filmfestival.de/de/wettbewerb/gewinner/|title=Gewinner des 11. Indischen Filmfestivals Stuttgart|language=de|trans-title=Winner of the 11th Indian Film Festival Stuttgart|access-date=13 January 2017|publisher=Indian Film Festival Stuttgart|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154410/http://www.11.indisches-filmfestival.de/de/wettbewerb/gewinner/|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[61st National Film Awards|2013]]
! scope="row" | National Film Awards
| [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Dialogue]]
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="61staward" group="a">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | Kolhapur International Film Festival
| Audience Award for Best Film
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Gauurikaa" group="a">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/astusobeit/status/418364636518289408|title=Gauurikaa films@ASTUsobeit: ASTU SO BE IT Sweeps awards|access-date=15 January 2017|date=1 January 2014|publisher=Twitter}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | Kolhapur International Film Festival
| Best Film
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Gauurikaa" group="a"/>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | Kolhapur International Film Festival
| Best Direction
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Gauurikaa" group="a"/>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | Kolhapur International Film Festival
| Best Screenplay
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{won}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="Gauurikaa" group="a"/>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | [[MICTA|Marathi International Cinema and Theatre Awards]] (MICTA)
| Best Film
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{nominated}}
| <ref name="MICTA" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://rangmarathi.com/nominations-for-micta-films-theatre-awards/|title=Nominations for MICTA films, theatre awards|date=7 September 2014|access-date=15 January 2017|publisher=Rangmarathi}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/lokprabha/micta-awards-2-1078110/|title=मिक्ता पुरस्कार सोहळा दिमाखात संपन्न|language=mr|trans-title=MICTA Awards|date=6 March 2015|access-date=15 January 2017|publisher=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | Marathi International Cinema and Theatre Awards (MICTA)
| Best Direction
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{nominated}}
| <ref name="MICTA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | Marathi International Cinema and Theatre Awards (MICTA)
| Best Art Direction
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{nominated}}{{Hash}}{{efn|name=Sankhad}}
| <ref name="MICTA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | Marathi International Cinema and Theatre Awards (MICTA)
| Best Dialogues
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{nominated}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="MICTA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | Marathi International Cinema and Theatre Awards (MICTA)
| Best Screenplay
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{nominated}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="MICTA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" |Marathi International Cinema and Theatre Awards (MICTA)
| Best Story
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{nominated}}{{Hash}}
| <ref name="MICTA" group="a"/>
|-
|2014
! scope="row" | [[New York Indian Film Festival]]
| Best Film
| ''[[Astu]]''
| {{nominated}}
| <ref name="14NYFF" group="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2014/awards.html|title=New York Indian Film Festival 2014|date=10 May 2014|access-date=13 January 2017|publisher=New York Indian Film Festival}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| [[64th National Film Awards|2016]]
! scope="row" | National Film Awards
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
| ''[[Kaasav]]''
| {{won}}{{efn|Bhave was awarded as director with Sunil Sukthankar and as producer with Sukthankar and [[Mohan Agashe]].}}
| <ref name="64thaward" group="a">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | Maharashtra State Film Awards
| Best Film
| ''[[Kaasav]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name="55MSFA" group="a"/>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards]]
| Best Film
| ''[[Kaasav]]''
| {{nominated}}
| <ref name="ZCGA17" group="a">{{cite web|title=Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards 2017 Winners|url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/2770-zee-chitra-gaurav-awards-2017-winners-full-list|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321093012/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/2770-zee-chitra-gaurav-awards-2017-winners-full-list|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 March 2017|publisher=Marathi Cineyug|date=20 March 2017|access-date=5 May 2017}}
* {{cite news|title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2017: 'झी चित्र गौरव' पुरस्कार विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी|trans-title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2017: Winners List|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-chitra-gaurav-2017-winners-list-1436032/|newspaper=Loksatta|language=mr|date=20 March 2017|access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards
| Best Director
| ''[[Kaasav]]''
| {{nominated}}
| <ref name="ZCGA17" group="a"/>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards
| Best Screenplay
| ''[[Kaasav]]''
| {{nominated}}
| <ref name="ZCGA17" group="a"/>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards
| Best Dialogues
| ''[[Kaasav]]''
| {{nominated}}
| <ref name="ZCGA17" group="a"/>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Awards===
{{Reflist|group=a|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0080387}}
* {{IMDb name|0837788|Sunil Sukthankar}}

{{Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumitra Bhave-Sunil Sukthankar}}
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Indian filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Best Dialogue National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]

Rakesh Shukla (animal welfare activist)

2026-04-19T16:19:43Z

ReggieHuntley0: adding a entry

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur, motivational speaker, and animal welfare activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Rakesh Shukla
| image = Rakesh Shukla Founder and CEO TWB and VOSD.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1971
}}

'''Rakesh Shukla''' (born 1971<ref name=":0" /><ref name="BBC12" /><ref name="BM1">{{Cite web |last=Madhukar |first=Jayanthi |date=21 October 2013 |title=The Dog Whisperer - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/rakesh-shukla-the-voice-of-stray-dogs-bangalore-mirror-heroes/articleshow/24444683.cms |access-date=2017-09-30 |website=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>) is an Indian [[entrepreneur]], [[motivational speaker]], and [[animal welfare]] activist. He runs a home in [[Bangalore]] for over 700 rescued dogs.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |date=15 June 2015 |title=Meet Rakesh Shukla: From a techie to being Bengaluru's dog rescuer |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-rakesh-shukla-from-a-techie-to-being-bengalurus-dog-rescuer/articleshow/47673009.cms |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mazumder |first=Tapasya Mitra |date=11 September 2014 |title=Dog Activists are 'Bitchy', Ergo... |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/vosd-founder-public-helpline-street-dogs-voice-of-stray-dogs-animal-rights-activists-facebook/articleshow/42290124.cms? |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="BBC12">{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=19 December 2016 |title=The man who looks after 735 dogs |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38303320 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref>

==Early career==
Shukla received a Bachelors of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communications, then a [[Masters in Business Administration]]. He then worked in various telecom companies{{Specify|reason=Company names need to be specified.|date=October 2017}} in India, the US, and Singapore before becoming an entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Shukla, Founder & CEO, TWB_ |url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/rakeshshukla |website=LinkedIn}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2023}}

Shukla self-funded and created The Writers Block (TWB) in 2006, which provides technical writing programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.franchiseindia.com/entrepreneur/article/managing-a-business/finance/The-story-of-self-funding-an-enterprise-250/|title=The story of self-funding an enterprise|date=26 May 2010|website=franchiseindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2013 |title=TWB gives chance to rewrite your success story |work=IIFL |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/twb-gives-chance-to-rewrite-your-success-story-5723109854_1.html |accessdate=26 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705050649/http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/twb-gives-chance-to-rewrite-your-success-story-5723109854_1.html |archive-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> The company employs a large number of women who had left jobs to raise children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/7qvsPxu47L34kwBGtRneyL/Employers-seek-out-stayathome-moms.html|title=Employers seek out stay-at-home moms - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|date=19 June 2008 |access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref>

==Animal welfare==

Shukla founded Voice of Stray Dogs (VOSD). In July 2010, it was merely a website.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |date=2015-11-02 |title=When man becomes a dog's best friend |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/when-man-becomes-a-dogs-best-friend/article7833153.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2017-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929065814/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/when-man-becomes-a-dogs-best-friend/article7833153.ece |archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

In response to media reports of the July 2011 death of a two-year-old boy named Sandeep, supposedly [[Stray dog attacks in India|killed and eaten by stray dogs]],<ref name="BM1" /> Shukla carried out his own investigations at the site, persuading the authorities to do a second autopsy.<ref name="BM1" /> He eventually finding evidence against the dogs being responsible.<ref name="BM1" /> After this, Shukla held a press conference under VOSD's name.<ref name="BM1" />

With the eventual death of Cookie, a paralyzed [[St. Bernard (dog)|St. Bernard]] found in garbage in Bangalore in September 2012,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/sunday-read//articleshow/21299399.cms?|title=This Cookie refused to crumble - Bangalore Mirror -|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref> Shukla established an independently funded dog rescue home under the auspices of VOSD.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news |date=19 December 2016 |title=The man who looks after 735 dogs |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38303320 |accessdate=26 May 2017}}</ref> VOSD began rescuing injured or ill dogs on 15 October 2012<ref name=":1" /> and began emergency rescues on 16 October 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What We Do |url=https://vosd.in/what-we-do/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027041249/https://vosd.in/what-we-do/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=VOSD |language=en}}</ref>

==Recognition==
For his work rescuing stray dogs, Shukla has been labeled "The Dogfather of India".<ref>{{Cite news |title=In Pics: One Man is Giving Retired, Old Dogs a New Lease of Life |language=en |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/life/2017/03/29/rakesh-shukla-is-called-the-dogfather-of-india-for-taking-care-of-old-retired-patriot-dogs-that-served-the-country |access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref><ref name="BM1" /> He has appeared on television, radio, and newspaper interviews speaking on behalf of dogs, including [[BBC]],<ref name="BBC1" /> [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ+ |url=https://www.facebook.com/ajplusenglish/videos/vb.407570359384477/912550668886441/?type=2&theater |access-date=2017-09-30 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> [[CNN IBN]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Rakesh Shukla |title=CNN IBN 'India Positive' features 'The Voice of Stray Dogs' |date=2013-12-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J40txL-LXpM |accessdate=2017-09-30}}</ref> [[NDTV]], and [[TED (conference)|TED]].<ref>{{Citation |last=TEDx Talks |title=Success, Wisdom and Dogs {{!}} Rakesh Shukla {{!}} TEDxICTMumbai |date=2017-08-03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKIJ9flJZLo |accessdate=2017-09-30}}</ref>

VOSD ran a 2017 program called "PatriotDogs", which provides homes for dogs retiring from the Indian security and military forces. It got support from celebrities [[Virat Kohli]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kohli |first=Virat |date=2017-03-30 |title=Help @VOSD1 bring home 100 #PatriotDogs! They spend their lives serving us, it's time to do something for them. |url=https://twitter.com/imVkohli/status/847374668143120384 |access-date=2017-09-30 |website=@imVkohli |language=en}}</ref> and [[Soha Ali Khan|Soha Ali Khan Pataudi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram post by Soha • Mar 13, 2017 at 6:20am UTC |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BRkWsAmBTgr/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BRkWsAmBTgr |archive-date=2021-12-26 |access-date=2017-09-30 |website=Instagram |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and appeared in publications ''[[Times of India]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=A sanctuary where patriot dogs spend autumn years - Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/a-sanctuary-where-patriot-dogs-spend-autumn-years/articleshow/57834418.cms |access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref> the ''[[New Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=#Patriotdogs look for shelter and game of fetch |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/mar/20/patriotdogs-look-for-shelter-and-game-of-fetch-1583633.html |access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref> [[MTV India]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2017 |title=Retired Patriot Dogs have no adopters |url=http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/parent/news/retired-patriot-dogs-have-no-adopters-but-they-can-still-have-a-home-heres-how-you-can-help-52200498.html |website=MTV India}}</ref> and the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriot Gains in Pooch land |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/200317/patriot-gains-in-pooch-land.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 March 2017 }}</ref>

Shukla was named one of Bangalore's Heroes in 2013.<ref name="BM1" /> He features in the book ''Real Inspiring Stories'' by Pradeep Khare.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCNqCwAAQBAJ&q=rakesh+shukla+TWB&pg=PA191|title=Real Inspiring Stories by Maj (Retd.) Pradeep Khare|isbn=9788184302905|last1=) Pradeep Khare|first1=Maj. (Retd|date=January 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://vosd.in Voice of Stray Dogs]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Rakesh}}
{{People in animal welfare}}

[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian animal welfare workers]]
[[Category:Animal sanctuary keepers]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Darshan Singh Choudhary

2026-04-19T04:24:35Z

ReggieHuntley0: Added a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| president =
| profession = Agriculturist
| native_name = दर्शन सिंह चौधरी
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|10|14}}
| image = Darshan Singh Choudhary.jpg
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2017–present)
| alma_mater = Govt Hamidia Arts and Commerce College, [[Bhopal]], [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Narmadapuram
| source = https://mpbjpkisanmorcha.org/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7/
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshangabad]]
| term_start = {{start date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]]
| office1 = State President, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], Kisan Morcha
| majority = 431,696 (64.99%)
}}

'''Darshan Singh Choudhary''' ({{IPA|hi|d̪əɾʃən̪ sɪŋgʱ d͡ʒɔːd̪ʱ.ɾiː}}) is an Indian politician and a Member of Parliament from Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Hoshangabad Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/hoshangabad-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916895.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Darshan Singh Choudhary holds a postgraduate degree in Philosophy, securing the top position with a gold medal from the university. He received his secondary and higher secondary education from [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya|Navodaya Vidyalaya]] and his graduation from Govt Hamidia Arts and Commerce College, Bhopal.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Currently, he serves as the supervisor of the Navodayan Student Organization.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Political career ==
Darshan Singh Choudhary<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=BJP Nominates Kisan Morcha Leader Darshan Singh Chaudhary For Hoshangabad Seat |url=https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/bjp-nominates-kisan-morcha-leader-darshan-singh-chaudhary-for-hoshangabad-seat |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=TimelineDaily |language=en-US}}</ref> joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2017<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peoples |first=Pipariya |title=बीजेपी में शामिल हो रहे हैं किसान नेता दर्शन सिंह |url=https://www.pipariyapeoples.com/2017/05/dal-badal.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Pipariya Peoples latest News update}}</ref> and was announced and won as the candidate for [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency]] for the 2024 Indian general election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP News: दर्शन सिंह चौधरी होशंगाबाद से लोकसभा प्रत्याशी, BJP किसान मोर्चा अध्यक्ष की जिम्मेदारी संभाल रहे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/mp-news-darshan-singh-choudhary-is-lok-sabha-candidate-from-hoshangabad-holding-the-responsibility-of-bjp-ki-2024-03-02 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He defeated INC candidate Sanjay Sharma by a margin of 431696 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoshangabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/hoshangabad-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Farmer leaders {{!}} A harvest of ambitions">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Farmer leaders {{!}} A harvest of ambitions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-farmer-leaders-a-harvest-of-ambitions-2565846-2024-07-13|accessdate=8 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108105759/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-farmer-leaders-a-harvest-of-ambitions-2565846-2024-07-13|archivedate=8 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Darshan Singh}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Hoshangabad district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Manoj Nyangli

2026-04-16T03:54:07Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding Data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Krishna Poonia]]
| successor =
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = Kamla Kaswan
| successor1 = [[Krishna Poonia]]
| constituency = [[Sadulpur Assembly constituency|Sadulpur]]
| constituency1 = [[Sadulpur Assembly constituency|Sadulpur]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
| alma_mater =
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
}}
'''Manoj Nyangli'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Nyangli: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Manoj Nyangli {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/manoj-nyangli |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician serving as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] who represents the [[Sadulpur Assembly constituency]] of [[Churu district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Hisar Olympian Poonia loses her Rajasthan seat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hisar-olympian-poonia-loses-her-rajasthan-seat/articleshow/105713776.cms |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadulpur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BSP's Manoj Kumar S/o Swai Singh wins Sadulpur with 63782 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sadulpur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470626-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadulpur Assembly Election Results 2023: Sadulpur Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} सादुलपुर विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/sadulpur-assembly-result-20019 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Manoj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Churu district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Homi Maneck Mehta

2026-04-02T11:41:38Z

ReggieHuntley0: stub

{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1871–1948)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Homi Maneck Mehta
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]], [[Justice of the peace|JP]]
| image = Sir Homi Mehta.JPG
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1871|04|01}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |1948|04|15|1871|04|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Shannon Airport]], [[Eire]]
| education =
| occupation = [[Industrialist]]
| known_for =
}}

'''Sir Homi Maneck Mehta''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]] [[Justice of the Peace|JP]] (1 April 1871 – 15 April 1948) was an Indian industrialist.

==Early years==
Homi Maneck Mehta was born in [[Mumbai]] (Bombay) to poor [[Parsi]] parents. He attended [[Elphinstone High School]] and after school life, by hard work and perseverance he rose from being a clerk and became a millionaire through textiles, banking and insurance. He started working at the age of 17 in the [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Bombay Mint]] at a wage of Rs 20 a month (£1.50). He managed to save enough to travel to the UK and there he gained his knowledge of textiles as an operative in the Lancashire Cotton Industry. He also attended engineering classes during his apprenticeship.

== Career ==
In his mid twenties Sir Homi started business life in Mumbai and in 1896 founded the Mill Stores Trading Co of India Ltd. He slowly attained controlling interests in a number of cotton mills in Mumbai as well as in the [[Baroda State|State of Baroda]]. Apart from his own mills in [[Navsari]] and Gaekwar, he was managing director of two Indian insurance companies and also of chemical and sugar companies. Sir Homi was also involved in banking <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wULAAAAAQBAJ&q=Homi+Mehta+banking%2F&pg=PA1974 Barons of Banking by Bakhtiar Dadabhoy]</ref> and was on the Central Board of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and served on many select committees.<ref>[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/89636.pdf/ 1935 Joint Select Committee]</ref> Sir Homi also used his experience and expertise in [[East Africa]] and was one of many Indian Industrialists investing in the textile industry in Uganda.<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers1/Ram.pdf/ Indian industrialists in Africa see Page 5]</ref>

=== Companies Founded by Sir Homi ===
Sir Homi's first company was the Mill Stores Trading Co of India Ltd, from that came his purchase of the Victoria Mills Ltd in 1904 in partnership with Seth Mangaldas G Parakh of Ahmedabad. Later on they bought the Jubilee and Raja Gokaldas Mills which became Limited Companies. Sir Homi's business ventures began to thrive and he floated many other diverse companies such as The British India General Insurance Co Ltd, The Zenith Life Assurance Co Ltd, The Poona Electric Supply Co Ltd, The Northern India Portland Cement Co Ltd, Messrs T R Pratt (Bombay) Ltd and many others.

In 1928 Sir Homi purchased the Cotton Mill at Bilimora. He also floated The Nasik-Deolali Electric Supply Co Ltd and the Nadiad Electric Supply Co Ltd in 1929 and 1931 respectively<ref>Parsi Lustre on Indian Soil Vol 1 p439 by H D Darukhanawala,</ref>

== Public life ==
[[File:Plaque at Wakhede Stadium, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Plaque at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai]]
Despite being a busy industrialist, Sir Homi had time for public and philanthropic work. In 1930 he was elected to the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] and in 1932, he was appointed on the Bihar and Orissa Committee to demarcate the boundaries of the new [[Orissa Province]]. He represented India at the [[League of Nations]] in 1933-34 <ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32930524/ League of Nations representative in July 1934]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and in 1936, he represented the employers of India at the International Labour Conference in Geneva.<ref>[http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/List-of-Indian-Delegates-Advisors.pdf/ 1936 Sir Homi Mehta, Deputy President, Employers’ Federation of India]</ref>

In 1941, Sir Homi was invited to the Presidency of the Bombay National Democratic Union which body strongly supported the War effort. In 1945 the media reported that there were not proper amenities for Indian troops and he was invited by the [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Viceroy Lord Wavell]] to visit Indian camps in war zones to investigate these allegations.

In 1944, Sir Homi chaired the Bombay War Gift Fund and later after the war the Victory Thanksgiving Fund. He and his committees were responsible for raising £4m in total (quoted in [[The Times]] Obituary 17 Apr 1948).<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Times_obit.jpg Obituary]. [[The Times]].</ref>

== Other interests ==
In 1934 The Bombay Hockey Association was established and Sir Homi was the first president. He was also President of the Bombay Photographic Society 1944-45.

Sir Homi was President of the Bombay Cricket Association for two years between 1946-48. Sir Homi had a Cricket XI that entered the Bombay Festival Tournament of 1946/47. They reached the final drawing with AA Jasdenwala's XI at the [[Brabourne Stadium]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141753/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17891.html Scorecard of the Final Bombay Festival Tournament 1946/47]</ref> Notable players in Sir Homi's team were two Indian Test Players [[Dattu Phadkar|Dattatraya Gajanan Phadkar]] (batsman and right arm off break and fast medium bowler) and [[Khandu Rangnekar|Khanderao Moreshwar Rangnekar]] (right arm medium pace bowler).

== Knighthood ==
[[File:SirHomiKBE.jpg|thumb|Sir Homi’s KBE insignia]]
Homi Mehta was knighted by [[King George V]] in 1933<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33960/page/4716/data.pdf/ London Gazette July 1933]</ref> and received further honours from King George VI in 1941 KBE <ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35029/supplement/18/data.pdf/ London Gazette January 1941]</ref> and in 1946 KCIE.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37598/supplement/2762/data.pdf/ London Gazette June 1946]</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Homi Maneck Mehta Tomb Brookwood.jpg|thumb|right|The grave of Sir Homi Maneck Mehta in [[Brookwood Cemetery]]]]
Sir Homi was killed in the [[Pan Am Flight 1-10|Pan American Constellation crash]] in April 1948 at Shannon Airport in which 30 persons perished and there was only one survivor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.clareroots.org/index.php/2011-06-29-19-06-17/publications/ |title=Booklet written about the crash by Tony Cassidy |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218142601/http://www.clareroots.org/index.php/2011-06-29-19-06-17/publications/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is buried in [[Brookwood Cemetery]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Homi}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Ireland]]
[[Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Industrialists from British India]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1948]]

Bandel–Howrah Local

2026-03-25T18:26:05Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding basic page basic info.

{{Short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = <big>Bandel–Howrah Local</big> ''Howrah–Bandel Local''
| image = Bandel–Howrah Local interior.jpg
| image_width = 310px
| caption = Interior of a compartment in the train
| type = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] / [[Commuter rail|Commuter]]
| status = Operating
| locale = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Howrah district]] of [[West Bengal]]
| first = [[Bandel–Howrah Local#History|15 August 1854]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway Zone|Eastern Railway]]
| start = [[Bandel Junction]]
| end = [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]
| stops = 17
| distance = {{convert|39|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 1 hour 3 minutes
| frequency = Daily<ref name=":2" />
| trainnumber = 37211 – 37291{{Refn|Trains numbers 37201 and 37202 are also Bandel–Howrah Locals. But they are both Matribhumi special trains for ladies, and hence not included.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=37201/ Howrah - Bandel Matribhoomi Ladies Special - Howrah to Bandel ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-howrah-bandel-matribhoomi-ladies-special-37201/18015/1/581 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=37202/ Bandel - Howrah Matribhoomi Ladies Special - Bandel to Howrah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bandel-howrah-matribhoomi-ladies-special-37202/18016/581/1 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>|group=Note}}
| line_used = [[Howrah–Barddhaman main line]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-03-12 |title=Over 200 local trains cancelled in Sealdah |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/over-200-local-trains-cancelled-in-sealdah-602215 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>
| class = General (Unreserved) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Train Schedule of BDC HWH LOCAL (37214) with Availability, Fare Calculator, Rake Information, Route Map, Live Running Status and Running History : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/train/Bdc-Hwh-Local-37214/schedule |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref>
| seating = Available
| catering = Unavailable
| observation = Openable windows available
| baggage = Overhead racks, Below the seats
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[ICF coach]]<ref name="auto"/>
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<ref group=Note name=Note1/>
| el = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] overhead line{{Refn|Eastern Railway as of October 2019 has 2118 km of rail electrified with 25 KV AC traction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EASTERN RAILWAY – A BRIEF PROFILE |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Eastern Railway |at=Last paragraph of Genesis section.}}</ref> This is also the electrification of Howrah-Barddhaman main line.|group=Note}} completed in 1957<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways History 1947–1969 |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=IRFCA}}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|39|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|38|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts<ref name="auto"/><ref group=Note name=Note2/>
| map = {{Bandel–Howrah Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Bandel–Howrah Local''' ({{IPAc-en|b|æ|n|d|ɛ|l|_|h|'|aʊ|r|ɑː}} {{Respell|bæn|del|_|hau|rah}}) is a [[Commuter rail|commuter passenger train]] of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] belonging to [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway Zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. It runs between [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel Junction]] and [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] on a daily basis. It is usually the busiest and most crowded train operating from Bandel.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} The ticket for this train from Bandel Junction is 10 rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandel - Howrah Local/37212 IRCTC Fare - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/farechart/18017/581/1#st |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bandel Jn to Howrah Jn Trains |url=https://erail.in/trains-between-stations/bandel-jn-BDC/howrah-jn-HWH?train=37212 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=erail.in |at=Click on 37212 / BDC HWH LOCAL |language=en}}</ref>

It runs multiple times from Bandel and Howrah, usually 25 or more times in a day. It goes through 15 stations and stops at each one before reaching its destination. The train takes 1 hours and 3 minutes on average to get to Howrah.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=37212/Bandel - Howrah Local |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/bandel-howrah-local-37212/18017/581/1 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Bandel–Howrah Locals cross [[Hooghly district|Hooghly District]] to reach Howrah in [[Howrah district|Howrah District]]. [[Bally railway station|Bally]] is the first station in Howrah District in the [[Howrah–Barddhaman main line]], [[Uttarpara railway station|Uttarpara]] is the last station to be in Hooghly District in the same line.

== History ==
The East India Railway Company was established in about the year 1845. Surveys were made at the time for construction of rail lines from Howrah to Delhi. One of the earliest portions built was a section between Howrah and Raniganj (or Raneegunge), a coal-producing district.{{Sfn|Playne|Bond|p=358|1917}}

In late 1848, the financial condition of Great Britain began to improve and the political pressure orchestrated by [[Rowland Macdonald Stephenson|Rowland Stephenson]], [[John Chapman (engineer)|John Chapman]] and their allies pushed the Court of Directors of the East India Company into negotiating contracts with the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|Great Indian Peninsular Railway]] and East India Railway. The two companies eventually got their guarantee–a five percent return on invested capital and other favourable conditions from an offer made in March 1849. And contractually formalised five months later after Acts of Parliament incorporated both with limited liability. Private companies could start to build their railways in India.{{Sfn|Hurd|Kerr|2012|p=8}}{{Sfn|Ahmad|1960|p=1}} This contract ended in 1879, lasting for 30 years when the state (West Bengal) purchased the entire railway system. The purchase was made for {{GBPConvert|32750000|lk=|year=2023|to=USD}} which the state agreed to pay for in yearly instalments of {{GBPConvert|1473750|year=2023}} starting from 1 January 1880 and would terminate on 14 February 1953.{{Sfn|Ahmad|1960|pp=7–8}}

The initial contracts were small and designed to fund small stretches of railway line. In Eastern India the {{Convert|121|mi|km}} line from Howrah to [[Raniganj railway station|Raniganj]] was explicitly labelled as an "Experimental" line designed to test whether the railways could be built and successfully operated in India. Nevertheless, the construction of the lines began. The GIPR's Bombay–Thane line was opened in 1853, where the first train in India ran. The {{Convert|37|mi|km}} Howrah to Pundooah line of EIR was completed in September 1854.{{Sfn|Hurd|Kerr|2012|p=8}}

The first train of the [[East Indian Railway Company|East India Railway Company]] ran from Howrah to Hooghly on 15 August 1854, a {{Convert|24|mi|km|abbr=}} stretch of rail line. From that day onwards, the company ran regular train services with stops at Bally, Shrirampur and Chandannagar. The main booking office was on the Calcutta bank of Hooghly river, the Armenian ghat today. Three thousand people applied for tickets for the first train, but only a small portion of such people were able to board. Howrah station at that time was simply a tin shed with a small booking office and a small narrow platform.{{Sfn|Nayak|2021|pp=15–16}} This train was not named Bandel–Howrah Local, but it was the first to go from Howrah to Hooghly, one station from Bandel, resembling much of the modern local train that goes from Bandel to Howrah.
[[File:First locomotive india1854 photo1894 (cropped).jpg|thumb|550x550px|Latest 1897 model of the first train of the East India Railway Company that ran from Howrah to Hooghly]]
This first division of experimental line from Howrah to Hooghly, was opened for passenger traffic on 15 August 1854, an extension to [[Pundooah railway station]] was opened a [[fortnight]] later. During the first sixteen weeks, no less than 109,634 passengers boarded these regular trains, the gross earnings (including those for a few tons of merchandise) were 6,792 [[British pounds]], 15 [[Shilling (British coin)|Shillings]], and 9 [[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|British pennies]] ({{Abbr|approx.|approximate}} £652,500 in 2025), which is an average of £424 10s. and 11<math>\tfrac{11}{13}</math>d. (£40,700 in 2025) per week.{{Sfn|Huddleston|1906|p=14–15}}

{{Blockquote|text=Looking to the small portion of line opened, the traffic has far exceeded the most sanguine expectations ; and perhaps the most gratifying feature of all is in the fact that, contrary to a general belief in the indisposition and inability of the natives to avail themselves of railway communication, by far the largest number of passengers carried has been of the third class. The following is an analysis of the traffic:- First Class, 5,511 ; Second Class, 21,005 ; Third Class, 83,118.{{Sfn|Huddleston|1906|p=14–15}}|character=|title=|source=|author=The Board}}

It was considered an extraordinary act that even the poorest of the inhabitants had been able to board the railway when it was directly opened. The third class fare in that time was <math>\tfrac{3}{8}</math>penny per mile of travel and there were only three classes, this proved that neither caste or money prejudice and neither other considerations would have prevented the natives from using the new means of transport, many people before, held a contrary opinion.{{Sfn|Huddleston|1906|p=14–15}}

{{Blockquote|text=Travelling by the Rail very much resembles migrating in one vast colony, or setting out together in a whole moving town or caravan. Nothing under this enormous load is ever tagged to the back of a locomotive, and yet we were no sooner in motion than Calcutta, and the Hooghly, and Howrah all began to recede away like the scenes in a Dissolving View...{{Sfn|Chunder|1869|p=140}} From Howrah to Bally the journey now-a-days is one of five minutes. In twice that time one reaches to Serampore. The next station is Chandernagore–thence to Chinsurah, and then on to Hooghly and Muggra. The Danes, the Dutch, the French, the Portuguese, and the English, all settling at these places in each other's neighbourhood, once presented the microcosm of Europe on the banks of the Hooghly. All along the road the villages still turn out to see the progress of the train and gaze in ignorant admiration at the little world borne upon its back.{{Sfn|Chunder|1869|p=141}}|author=Bholanauth Chunder}}It was only in 1854 that the route from Howrah to Delhi was actually considered, running through and stopping at Patna, Benaras, Mirzapur, Allahabad, and Agra railway stations. The merchandise carried in the train would be carried by boats and transferred to the other side of the Hooghly river, because the train's terminal was Howrah. It was not until 1867 that the first train service between Delhi and Howrah actually started, suffering setbacks and delays from the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]], direct communication with Bombay was also established because of the successful train movement.{{Sfn|Playne|Bond|p=358|1917}}

== Service ==
The average speed of the train is 38 km/h.<ref name="auto"/> It stops at 15 stations (17 including Bandel and Howrah) and waits for more time in Bandel and Howrah Junction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=37282 Bandel Howrah Local Train Schedule & Route Details - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/trains/route-37282-bandel-howrah-local |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=RailYatri |language=en}}</ref> The amount of time it waits at the other non-[[Junction (rail)|junction]] stations is the same, including [[Seoraphuli Junction railway station|Seoraphuli Junction]], that is less than 1 minute.<ref name=":1" />

This train is usually very crowded at all times, especially from Bandel Junction. This is because more people go to Howrah rather than Bandel.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Halts ==
The train runs through [[Howrah–Barddhaman main line]]. It runs from Bandel and stops at the following stations in order:
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible static-row-numbers"
|+Bandel–Howrah Local halts
!Station
!{{Abbr|Dist.|Distance from Bandel}}
(km)
!Station
Code<ref name=":5" />
!Area served
!Elevation
|-
|[[Hooghly railway station|Hooghly]]
|2
|HGY
|[[Hugli-Chuchura]]
|{{convert|14|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Chuchura railway station|Chuchura]]
|4
|CNS
|[[Hugli-Chuchura]]
|{{convert|15|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Chandannagar railway station|Chandan Nagar]]
|7
|CGR
|[[Chandannagar]]
|{{convert|16|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Mankundu railway station|Mankundu]]
|9
|MUU
|[[Mankundu]]
|{{convert|13|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Bhadreshwar railway station|Bhadreshwar]]
|11
|BHR
|[[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]]
|{{convert|14|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Baidyabati railway station|Baidyabati]]
|15
|BBAE
|[[Baidyabati]]
|{{convert|17|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Seoraphuli Junction railway station|Seoraphuli Jn.]]
|17
|SHE
|[[Sheoraphuli]]
|{{convert|13|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Shrirampur railway station|Shrirampur]]
|19
|SRP
|[[Serampore]]
|{{convert|17|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Rishra railway station|Rishra]]
|23
|RIS
|[[Rishra]]
|{{convert|17|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Konnagar railway station|Konnagar]]
|25
|KOG
|[[Konnagar]]
|{{convert|17|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Hindmotor flag railway station|Hind Motor]]
|27
|HMZ
|[[Hindmotor]]
|{{convert|9|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Uttarpara railway station|Uttarpara]]
|29
|UPA
|[[Uttarpara]]
|{{convert|9|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Bally railway station|Bally]]
|30
|BLY
|[[Bally, Howrah|Bally]]
|{{convert|8|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Belur railway station|Belur]]
|32
|BEQ
|[[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]]
|{{convert|18|m|ft}}
|-
|[[Liluah railway station|Liluah]]
|34
|LLH
|[[Liluah]]
|{{convert|10|m|ft}}
|}
Before reaching Howrah Junction.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=37214 BDC HWH Local Train Time Table: 37214 Train Route & Schedule |url=https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/train-schedule/37214 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.trainspnrstatus.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=37262, Bandel - Howrah Local Time Table, Route and schedule |url=https://www.travelkhana.com/travelkhana/utilities/train-stations/37262 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.travelkhana.com}}</ref>

=== Bandel Junction (BDC) ===
[[File:Bandel–Howrah Local from the side.jpg|460px|thumb|Bandel–Howrah Local from the side stalled in Bandel Junction]]
Bandel Junction is a major and one of the crucial railway stations in [[India]] serving the city of [[Bandel]]. It is often considered to be the busiest and a major transportation hub in Hooghly district. Bandel has many facilities for travelling passengers such as food stalls, waiting rooms, sanitized washrooms and restrooms, also featuring parking facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandel Jn (BDC) Railway Station |url=https://www.easemytrip.com/railways/bandel-bdc-railway-station/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=EaseMyTrip}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandel Junction BDC Railway Station |url=https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/bandel-junction-bdc |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=redBus}}</ref> Its station code is BDC<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Indian railway codes |url=http://www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in/PB/pass/stations.html |access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref> and a total of around 350 trains pass through it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandel Jn (BDC) Railway Station - Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry {{!}} ixigo |url=https://www.ixigo.com/train-stations/bandel-jn-bdc-railway-station |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.ixigo.com |language=en}}</ref> Bandel also makes its way in the top hundred train ticket booking and train travelling stations of the Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandel Jn (BDC) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/bandel-jn-bdc |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref> The station currently has seven platforms, namely 1A, 1B, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. But it is subject to change from 31 May 2022 due to the electrical interlocking work at Bandel, from which the station platforms will change: 1B would become 1, 1A → 2, 1 → 3, 2 → 4, 3 → 5, 4 → 7 and 5 → platform number 6, announced by the station master, Bidhan Sarkar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=নয়া প্ল্যাটফর্ম নম্বর |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/bandel-junction-platform-numbers-will-be-changed-432694/new-bandel-platform-number-432697 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Abhijit |date=2022-05-31 |title=সবুরে মেওয়া ফলে, 'গিনেস বুক অফ ওয়ার্ল্ড রেকর্ডস'-এ ব্যান্ডেল স্টেশনের নাম! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/bandel-station-record-name-of-bandel-junction-sent-for-consideration-to-guinness-book-of-world-records-as-world-s-largest-interlocking-system-31653981513874.html |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Bandel currently serves primarily for suburban customers or commuters, with local trains accounting to 80% of its footfall. [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Minister of India]] has regulated reviewing and approval for the upgrades and redevelopment of various railway stations,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=Jiyo |date=2024-06-17 |title=Bandel Station To Transform As An International Station With New Long-Distance Trains Starting Soon - Jiyo Bangla |url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/news/bandel-station-bandel-station-to-transform-as-an-international-station-with-new-long-distance-trains-starting-soon |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=JiyoBangla |language=English}}</ref> including Bandel Jn,<ref>{{Cite web |title=bandel-junction-set-for-major-transformation-into-world-class-railway-station |url=https://news.imperium.plus/article_GRGQG_PRSWPM_QFGFRFPSXPSF_bandel-junction-set-for-major-transformation-into-world-class-railway-station |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=imperial-news.net |language=fr}}</ref> to transform it into a world-class railway station.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Krishnendu |date=2024-06-16 |title=Bandel Junction set for major transformation into world-class railway station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bandel-junction-set-for-major-transformation-into-world-class-railway-station/articleshow/111042750.cms |access-date=2025-07-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Bandel Junction set to be upgraded as world-class railway station |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Bandel-Junction-set-to-be-upgraded-as-world-class-railway-station |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Projects Today}}</ref> This redevelopment aims for improving passenger experience and upgrading the station's infrastructure. The new, upgraded station is set to involve the construction of a concourse area and new platforms, improving the existing ones, high speed Wi-Fi and also feature amenities like modern waiting areas, restrooms, upgraded info system and security features such as [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Construction World Team |first= |date=2024-06-27 |title=Bandel Junction's Major Transformation Announced |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/bandel-junctions-major-transformation-announced/57895 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Kolte |date=2024-06-28 |title=Transforming Bandel Junction: A Railway Revamp |url=https://parsers.vc/news/240628-transforming-bandel-junction--a-railway/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Parsers VC |language=en |publication-place=[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ani |first= |date=2025-02-24 |title=PM Modi to lay foundation stone for 28 stations over Eastern Railway on Mon |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-28-stations-over-eastern-railway-on-mon-124022400494_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325002043/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-28-stations-over-eastern-railway-on-mon-124022400494_1.html |archive-date=2025-03-25 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Bandel's redesign was implemented when Eastern Railway's general manager, Arun Arora held a momentous meeting at the ER [[headquarters]] in Fairlie Place in [[Kolkata]]. All the principal heads of departments and [[Indian Railways organisational structure#Zonal management|DRMs]] of Howrah and [[Sealdah railway division|Sealdah division]] were present, and a presentation about the matter was made by a [[Delhi]]-based architect, for the speedy execution of a {{INRConvert|349|c|year=2023}} transformation project of Bandel Junction, to make it into a world class railway station.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Krishnendu |date=2023-02-14 |title=West Bengal's Bandel railway station to get Rs 349-crore facelift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengals-bandel-railway-station-to-get-rs-349-crore-facelift/articleshow/97923612.cms |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2023-02-21 |title=Eastern Railway's GM, Shri Arun Arora holds a meeting for redevelopment of Bandel Station - |url=https://railanalysis.in/rail-news/eastern-railways-gm-shri-arun-arora-holds-a-meeting-for-redevelopment-of-bandel-station/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-14 |title=ER top brass discusses implementation of Rs 349 crore makeover of Bandel railway station |url=https://www.siasat.com/er-top-brass-discusses-implementation-of-rs-349-crore-makeover-of-bandel-railway-station-2526861/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=ER top brass discusses implementation of Rs 349 crore makeover of Bandel railway station |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/er-top-brass-discusses-implementation-of-rs-349-crore-makeover-of-bandel-railway-station/97934368 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-14 |title=ER top brass discusses implementation of Rs 349 crore makeover of Bandel railway station |url=https://theprint.in/india/er-top-brass-discusses-implementation-of-rs-349-crore-makeover-of-bandel-railway-station/1371529/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Bandel station was closed for three days because of the construction of Bandel–Mogra third rail line, a 6.99 km line and also for the electronic interlocking system works in the station. These works started from 27 May and were completed by 30 May, a [[Monday]]. This new Electronic Interlocking System of Bandel is considered to be largest electronic interlocking system in the world, consisting of 1002 interlocking routes, replacing the old system with only about 492 routes. Puneet Pathak, the managing director of Param Enterprise, the contractor of this project, said that they have submitted an application for the inclusion of Bandel Junction in the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]], the platforms numbers have also been changed because of this reason. Indian Railways has already recognized Bandel as the world's largest interlocking system.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Krishnendu |date=2022-05-31 |title=New state-of-the-art electronic interlocking commissioned at Bandel junction with integrated 3rd line from Barddhaman side |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-state-of-the-art-electronic-interlocking-commissioned-at-bandel-junction-with-integrated-3rd-line-from-barddhaman-side/articleshow/91916508.cms |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=E.T.V. Bharat |first= |date=2022-05-31 |title=West Bengal: Bandel railway station set to be listed in Guinness Book of World Records |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/west-bengal-bandel-railway-station-set-to-be-listed-in-guinness-book-of-world-records/na20220531175841090090235 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-25 |title=Bandel Station: Railways recognizes Bandel Station as the world's largest interlocking system |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bandel-junction-rail-said-world-largest-interlocking-system-dgtld/cid/1352656 |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> From Bandel Jn, lines also allow rail access to Naihati by crossing [[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]] (previously), spanning {{Convert|1200|ft|m}} in length, a central double cantilever of {{Convert|360|ft|m}}, and two main side spans each of {{Convert|420|ft|m}}. It was opened by Viceroy Lord Dufferin in 1887.{{Sfn|Playne|Bond|pp=359–360|1917}}

=== Hooghly (HGY) ===
{{Wide image|First Train of East Indian Railway-1854.jpg|500px|First train of East India Railway Company, from Howrah to Hooghly|5=right}}[[Hooghly railway station]] is an important historical station of Eastern Railway. On 15 August 1854, the first train of [[East Indian Railway Company|East India Railway Company]] ran from Howrah to Hooghly, covering a distance of {{Convert|24|mi|km|abbr=}}. Regular services were also introduced from that day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EASTERN RAILWAY – A BRIEF PROFILE |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Eastern Railway}}</ref> The East India Railway Company was established by the British, or more specifically during the time of [[East India Company]], to manage and develop railway operations and systems in Eastern and Northern parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS IN WEST BENGAL |url=https://railpolice.wb.gov.in/HistoryofIndianRailwaysinWestBengal#skiptomainContent |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=West Bengal railway police (West Bengal Government Railway Force) Headquarters |at=The First Railway in Bengal}}</ref> The company ran regular services from 15 August onwards with stops at Bally, Shrirampur and Chandannagar. The fare at the time ranged from {{INRConvert|3|year=1854}} for first class and 7 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] for third class. The main booking office was on the Calcutta bank of [[Hooghly River]], currently the Armenian Ghat. Three thousand people applied for tickets on this first train, but only a small portion were actually able to be accommodated on the train. Thousands of people were present along the tracks to see the first train of Eastern Railway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth of Railways in Eastern India |url=https://www.irfca.org/members/sites/mrinal/history_er.html |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=IRFCA.org}}</ref>

=== Chuchura (CNS) ===
[[File:Chinsuran Watch Tower byPiyal Kundu.jpg|alt=Edwardian Clock Tower|thumb|Ghorir More|269x269px]]
Chuchura railway station is the second railway station serving Hooghly-Chinsurah after Hooghly. Chinsurah (Chuchura) is a municipality and the headquarters of Hooghly district, {{Convert|35|km|mi}} from Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadar Subdivision {{!}} Hooghly District, Government of West Bengal {{!}} India |url=https://hooghly.nic.in/sadar-subdivision/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Chinsurah is well known for its historical monuments like Edwardian Clock Tower (locally, Ghorir More) and Hooghly Imambara. The Edwardian Clock Tower is present in the centre, overlooking a four-way intersection installed in memory of [[King Edward VII]] of United Kingdom 1914, who died in 1910; this tower has 4 clocks on its sides and 4 lamps on its upper vertices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clock Tower, Chinsura |url=https://www.wbhc.in/home/place_details/NGY4MTdlYWM2ZmI3OTQxY2ZmN2VmMGY3MDg5MjU4MThjNzEyN2FkZDQ4ZGY2NmM3MTYzOWQ1NThhM2QzZGMyNDBiMTcwYTBmMTgyNDFmMGY5YmE2NDY1ZmIyNTAwMjlhODA3ODViNmFkY2YxYTUwNDkyZmYzNDA4Yzk0NDc2MDlYc0lWWWtLYmt2MnpIcHZnWU9kSXFDUk1PUG9xQ1RWeERncGMwZWc2dE1FPQ== |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=West Bengal Heritage Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinsurah (Hooghly) West Bengal - Reminiscent of Dutch History in India |url=https://www.holidify.com/state/west-bengal/chinsurah-sightseeing-1253775.html |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=www.holidify.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality |url=https://www.hcm.net.in/Default.aspx?PageId=88 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=www.hcm.net.in}}</ref> The [[Hooghly Imambara]] is a Shia [[Muslims|Muslim]] congregation hall, two-stories high, located just beside the Hooghly river. It is marked for its sizeable court yard, lengthy corridors, a concrete [[Sundial|sun dial]], fountains and a water tank in the centre, its large clock tower manufactured in [[London]] supported by two towers, a huge assembly hall and especially for its Muslim architecture. The construction of the mosque was started in 1841 and completed in 1861 by [[Muhammad Mohsin|Haji Muhammad Mohsin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hooghly Imambara, Hooghly - Timings, History, Best time to visit |url=https://www.trawell.in/west-bengal/hooghly/hooghly-imambara |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hooghly Imambara Kolkata (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images, Built by & Information) - Kolkata Tourism |url=https://kolkatatourism.travel/hooghly-imambara-kolkata |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=kolkatatourism.travel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imambara Hooghly {{!}} Hooghly District, Government of West Bengal {{!}} India |url=https://hooghly.nic.in/tourist-place/imambara-hooghly/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Chandan Nagar (CGR) ===
[[File:Chandernagore-gare.jpg|thumb|Chandan Nagar]]
[[Chandannagar railway station|Chandan Nagar railway station]], serves the French town of [[Chandannagar]].{{Sfn|Verne|1873|p=62}} Chandannagar, previously called Chandernagore, is currently a city of 19 square kilometres, of French history, and the only municipal corporation in Hooghly district and one of the seven in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muncipal Corporation Information |url=https://udma.wb.gov.in/Main/corporation_information |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs, West Bengal}}</ref> One of the main stations, it was located just outside the French-territory near Hooghly river. It now serves EMU trains and express trains. After the French left Chandannagar, it was relinquished to Bengal in 1950, the buildings of French architecture built by them still remain.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-05 |title=ER shares history of Chandannagar Station |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/er-shares-history-of-chandannagar-station-524632 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] proclaimed the redevelopment of 28 Eastern Railway stations including Chandan Nagar on 26 February 2024 as part of the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme. The total project cost for Howrah division is {{INRConvert|78.14|c}}, Chandan Nagar being apportioned ₹18.34 crore.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-20 |title=28 stations under Eastern Railway to be redeveloped |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/28-stations-under-eastern-railway-to-be-redeveloped-552916 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]], operator of the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]],{{Refn|Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation was formed in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro |url=https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/publication/urban/companies/kolkata-metro-2/ |website=Urban Benchmark |access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref> the Green Line of Kolkata Metro became operational in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Kolkata Metro announces complete block on Green Line on March 8–9 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/kolkata-metro-announces-complete-block-on-east-west-metro-corridor-green-line-on-march-8-and-march-9/cid/2087019 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph Online]] |access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref> and the Kolkata Metro as a whole became operational in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=
MILESTONE |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,334 |website=Metro Railway Kolkata |access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Chandrajit |date=2025-08-22 |title=Mamata Banerjee's "Nostalgic" Post As Kolkata Gets 3 New Metro Routes |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjees-nostalgic-post-as-kolkata-gets-3-new-metro-routes-9138830 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref>|group=Note}} had taken up a survey for extension of the metro network from [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] to Chandannagar. Metro trains would reach this metro stations by routing through Shalimar, Santragachi and Dankuni, this proposal is awaiting approval.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2023-09-08 |title=Metro explores options to extend up to Chandannagar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/metro-explores-options-to-extend-up-to-chandannagar-1503219574.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=হাওড়া থেকে ডানকুনি হয়ে চন্দননগর পর্যন্ত মেট্রো! নতুন করে স্বপ্ন দেখাচ্ছে রেল |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/kmrcl-planning-to-again-start-primary-work-for-metro-services-from-howrah-to-chandannagar-via-santragachi-dankuni-31694005418566.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929060049/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/kmrcl-planning-to-again-start-primary-work-for-metro-services-from-howrah-to-chandannagar-via-santragachi-dankuni-31694005418566.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Cancellations and Incidents ==

=== Cancellations ===
'''21 December 2024:''' Starting from 21 December 2024, the [[Howrah railway division|Howrah Division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] announced the cancellation of at least 60 suburban local trains including Bandel–Howrah Local due to the construction of a [[Tied-arch bridge|bow string girder bridge]], which is a new two-lane Benaras road over bridge, near Howrah station, as said by a senior ER manager. The Chandmari bridge in Howrah was also being repaired besides the Benaras road bridge in Salkia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Amrita |title=Howrah-Bandel train services SUSPENDED for 4 days! Commuters to face trouble |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/india/howrahbandel-train-services-suspended-for-4-days-commuters-to-face-trouble-check-here-atg-sqj4co |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Asianet Newsable |at=Under photo 6 |language=en}}</ref> At least 30 Bandel–Howrah Local trains and some other trains such as Howrah–[[Belur Math railway station|Belur Math]], Howrah–Shrirampur local would be cancelled, according to [[Indian Railways organisational structure#Zonal management|Divisional Railway Manager]] Sanjeev Kumar. Even express trains such as Gaya–Howrah express and Azimganj–Howrah passenger special had been delayed or rescheduled. These adjustments would start from 21 December 2024 and continue till 1 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team Millennium Post |date=2024-12-21 |title=Howrah Division cancels 60 local trains for over a month |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/starting-today-howrah-div-cancels-60-local-trains-for-over-a-month-591545 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=millenniumpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=2024-12-21 |title=Eastern Railway cancels 30 pairs of local trains daily till February 1 |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/indian-railways/news-eastern-railway-howrah-division-announced-cancellation-of-30-pairs-of-local-trains-from-saturday-to-february-1-next-year-334411 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Z Business |language=en}}</ref> The following trains have been cancelled.

* 37215, 37231, 37237, 37243, 37249, 37253, 37255 37257, 37263, 37267, 37271, 37275, 37277, 37285 (Howrah to Bandel)
* 37212, 37214, 37216, 37218, 37222, 37230 37232, 37236, 37244, 37250, 37254, 37278, 37288 (Bandel to Howrah)
* 37201 Howrah–Bandel Local''',''' 37220, 37264 Bandel–Howrah Local (All run daily except Sundays)

The above are the 30 trains have been cancelled for about 33 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ayan |date=2024-12-19 |title=হাওড়া শাখায় ৩৩ দিন বাতিল থাকবে ব্যান্ডেল-সহ ৬০টি লোকাল ট্রেন, রইল পুরো তালিকা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/at-least-60-local-trains-to-remain-cancelled-in-howrah-including-bandel-seoraphuli-for-1-month-check-full-list-31734616781481.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222130226/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/at-least-60-local-trains-to-remain-cancelled-in-howrah-including-bandel-seoraphuli-for-1-month-check-full-list-31734616781481.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

'''8 September 2022:''' Around a total of 189 trains had been cancelled on 8 September 2022 because of some operational or maintenance issues. As per the [[IRCTC]] website, the list includes trains running from several cities, but many of them are local trains running from important West Bengal cities like [[Howrah]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Naihati]] and [[Sealdah]]. This list includes a lot of local trains on the Kolkata suburban railway network such as Bardhhaman–Howrah Chord Local, Belur Math–Howrah Local and Naihati–Sealdah Local; but only 2 Bandel–Howrah Local or Howrah–Bandel Local trains had been cancelled.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2022-09-08 |title=Indian Railways cancels around 189 trains. |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-cancels-around-189-trains-today-full-list-here-11662613718802.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921082050/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-cancels-around-189-trains-today-full-list-here-11662613718802.html |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

* '''37211''' Howrah–Bandel Local (Howrah to Bandel Junction)
* '''37216''' Bandel–Howrah Local (Bandel to Howrah Junction)<ref name=":3" />

'''14 December 2024:''' Indian Railways has cancelled the operations of many trains (more than 75), for reasons such as maintenance work. A lot of EMU trains such as Howrah–Bardhaman EMU, Sealdah–[[Baruipara]] EMU and [[Masagram]]–Howrah EMU have been cancelled. There any only 6 such Bandel–Howrah Local trains that have been cancelled.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Anish |date=2024-12-14 |title=Indian Railways cancels over 75 trains on December 14 |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/train-cancelled-today-indian-railways-cancels-over-75-trains-on-december-14-see-full-list-article-116304433 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>

* '''37243, 37245, 37283''' Howrah–Bandel Local (Howrah to Bandel Junction)
* '''37216, 37222, 37240''' Bandel–Howrah Local (Bandel to Howrah Junction)<ref name=":4" />
'''27 October 2022:''' The Indian Railway cancelled around 94 trains that were scheduled to depart on this day. A large number of trains had been cancelled including mails, commuters and express. These trains were cancelled, according to the National Train Enquiry System (NTES), because of repairs and other reasons in different parts of the country. These cancellations, mostly in the commuters could have led to daily passengers facing trouble. The trains might also have been cancelled because of different reasons, such as storms, heavy rain or floods. 6 Bandel–Howrah Locals had been cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maurya |first=Shyamu |date=2022-10-27 |title=Train Cancelled: Railways canceled 94 trains today, check the complete list here - informalnewz |url=https://www.informalnewz.com/train-cancelled-railways-canceled-94-trains-today-check-the-complete-list-here/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

* '''37211 (4:47 am), 37247 (1:15 pm), 37253 (2:40 pm)''' (Howrah to Bandel trains)
* '''37216 (4:45 am), 37246 (12:30 pm), 37256 (3:10 pm)''' (Bandel to Howrah trains)
'''13 August 2022:''' The same above Bandel–Howrah Local trains had been cancelled on the day. Other than that, 17 trains had been rescheduled and 18 were diverted. The reasons include railway track maintenance, technical reasons, etc. But the main reason was heavy rainfall and storms that had been occurring recently in the country. The total trains cancelled on the day were 167.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Sarveshwar |date=2022-08-13 |title=Trains Cancelled Today, 13 August: आज 167 ट्रेनें हैं कैंसिल, कई डायवर्ट और रीशेड्यूल; यहां देखें पूरी लिस्ट - IRCTC Cancelled Trains List 13 August Indian Railway Cancelled 167 Train Diverted 18 Trains |url=https://www.jagran.com/business/top15-irctc-cancelled-trains-list-13-august-indian-railway-cancelled-167-train-diverted-18-trains-22977045.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Incidents and disruptions ===
'''27 February 2025:''' Train movement on the Howrah–Barddhaman main line was disrupted for almost three hours when the pantograph of a Bandel–Howrah EMU train got entangled with the overhead wire while the train was leaving Bandel Junction, said by an ER official. The movement of trains on the line was affected from 8:20 a.m. till 11:07 a.m. during morning rush hours. Trains on the Howrah–Barddhaman main line were restored after the necessary repairs were completed at 11:07 am. About 23 suburban trains were cancelled in the section because of the disruption, said by the official.<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=2025-02-27 |title=Train movement in Howrah-Bardhaman main line disrupted for nearly three hours: Eastern Railway official |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/train-movement-in-howrah-bardhaman-main-line-disrupted-for-nearly-three-hours-eastern-railway-official/article69269518.ece |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=2025-02-27 |title=Train movement in Howrah-Bardhaman main line disrupted for nearly three hours: ER official |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/train-movement-in-howrah-bardhaman-main-line-disrupted-for-nearly-three-hours-er-official-3424017 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=2025-02-27 |title=Train movement in Howrah-Bardhaman main line disrupted for nearly three hours: ER official |url=https://theprint.in/india/train-movement-in-howrah-bardhaman-main-line-disrupted-for-nearly-three-hours-er-official/2513578/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=2025-02-27 |title=Train movement in Howrah-Bardhaman main line disrupted for nearly three hours: ER official |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/train-movement-in-howrah-bardhaman-main-line-disrupted-for-nearly-three-hours-er-official/cid/2085979 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

'''12 May 2022:''' Train services in the Bandel–Howrah line would remain shut for four hours each day for two weeks from May 13. This was notified by Eastern Railways. Trains services would remain closed from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. everyday from May 13 to 26 in this section. 18 trains on the Bandel–Howrah line would be cancelled. Other lines include Bandel–[[Mogra railway station|Mogra]], Howrah–Barddhaman main line, Bandel–[[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]] and Bandel–[[Naihati Junction railway station|Naihati]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team MP |date=2022-05-12 |title=Howrah-Bandel section: Train services to stay suspended for four hours from May 13 to 26 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/howrah-bandel-section-train-services-to-stay-suspended-for-four-hours-from-may-13-to-26-477756 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

'''4 August 2024:''' On Sunday, while 37248 Down Howrah–Bandel Local was reaching for Howrah, passengers saw flames coming out of the pantograph of the wire while it was entering Baidyabati station on the line. It took place at around 1:45 a.m. in the afternoon when the train was entering platform number 1 of Baidyabati. Because of the fire, many passengers on the train quickly got off at the station. The train was operating on the down (reverse) line and train movement on said line was shut down for more than half an hour, or roughly 35 minutes; the train itself was also stopped for that much time. Upon receiving the incident's news, [[Government Railway Police]] (GRP) of Seoraphuli, [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) and other railway staff and employees arrived at the scene. Later, the train which was then empty, was sent to Howrah station and train movement on the line was restored.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Satyen |date=2024-08-04 |title=ব্যান্ডেল লোকালের প্যান্টোগ্রাফে আগুন,বৈদ্যবাটিতে থামল ট্রেন, ছোটাছুটি যাত্রীদের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/flame-in-the-pantograph-of-bandel-local-in-baidyabati-station-31722769594933.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808144050/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/flame-in-the-pantograph-of-bandel-local-in-baidyabati-station-31722769594933.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Department |first=It |date=2024-08-04 |title=Bandel Local Train : डाउन बैंडेल लोकल से धुआं और चिंगारी... |url=https://sanmarg.in/home-slider/sparks-of-fire-and-smoke-came-out-from-the-pantograph-of-bandel-local-train |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Sanmarg Hindi daily |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=ব্যান্ডেল লোকালের প্যান্টোগ্রাফে আগুনের ফুলকি, বৈদ্যবাটি স্টেশনে আধঘণ্টা দাঁড়িয়ে রইল ট্রেন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/fire-breaks-out-in-howrah-bandel-locals-pantograph-dgtld/cid/1535983 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009064334/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/fire-breaks-out-in-howrah-bandel-locals-pantograph-dgtld/cid/1535983 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=2025-07-18 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=চক্রবর্তী |first=দেবদীপ |date=2024-08-04 |title=বৈদ্যবাটিতে ব্যান্ডেল লোকালের প্যান্টোগ্রাফে আগুন, আতঙ্কিত যাত্রীরা |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/hooghly-news/howrah-bandel-local-train-service-disrupted-due-to-fire-seen-in-pantograph/112264577.cms |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref>

'''20 April 2024:''' On this Saturday, black smoke was seen coming out of a Howrah–Bandel Local that left Bandel at roughly 8:30 a.m. and entered Chuchura station platform 2 after some time, from the last [[Passenger coach|coach]] (compartment). The driver stopped the train receiving this information and the passengers boarding rushed to get off the train. It is sourced that this smoke was coming out because of the train's brake binding. Railway workers arrived at the scene and were able to deal with the situation fairly quickly. The railways initially reported no damage, casualties or injuries. The train was stopped and removed and the Bandel–Howrah section's train route was temporarily disrupted for some time.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=ব্যান্ডেল-হাওড়া লোকালে ধোঁয়া! তড়িঘড়ি ট্রেন থামালেন চালক, যাত্রীরা নেমে পড়লেন চুঁচুড়ায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/row-over-smoke-in-down-bandel-howrah-local-train-dgtld/cid/1511290 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916004908/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/row-over-smoke-in-down-bandel-howrah-local-train-dgtld/cid/1511290 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2025-08-13 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patra |first=Subhankar |date=2024-04-20 |title=চুঁচুড়া স্টেশনে ডাউন ব্যান্ডেল-হাওড়া লোকালে ধোঁয়া, ব্যস্ত সময়ে ব্যাহত পরিষেবা |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/fire-on-local-train-at-chinsurah-station/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=চলন্ত লোকাল ট্রেন থেকে ধোঁয়া! আতঙ্কে হুড়োহুড়ি চুঁচুড়া স্টেশনে, কারণ জানাল রেল - row-over-smoke-in-down-bandel-howrah-local-train-in-chunchura-station- |url=https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/row-over-smoke-in-down-bandel-howrah-local-train-in-chunchura-station-/tid/127665 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref>

== Train Schedule ==
There are about 80 total services of Bandel–Howrah Local that are functional or used to be functional (mainly because of cancellations). Not all of them run daily.
(Sources: [https://indiarailinfo.com/search/581/1?tt=20&s0=1&sr=0#localemu India Rail Info], [https://etrain.info/trains/Bandel-Jn-BDC-to-Howrah-Jn-HWH Etrain.info], [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/trains/bandel-howrah trainspnrstatus.com]){{Refn|Odd train numbers exist but not shown.|group=Note}}
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2025}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 94%;"
|+
!Train {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!From station
!To station
!{{Abbr|Depart.|Departure from station}}
!{{Abbr|Arrival.|Arrival to station}}
!{{Abbr|Pf.|Platform}}(HWH)
!{{Abbr|Pf.|Platform}}(BDC)
!{{Abbr|Avg.|Average}} Speed
!Travelling Time
!Cancelled
!Frequency
|-
!37211
|Howrah
|Bandel
|4:47
|5:45
|3
|1A
|{{Convert|41|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|58 mins
|24/10/2024
| rowspan="6" |Daily
|-
!37212
|Bandel
|Howrah
|3:07
|4:10
| rowspan="3" |1
|1
|{{Convert|38|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
3 mins
|No
|-
!37213
|Howrah
|Bandel
|5:14
|6:15
|1A
|{{Convert|39|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
1 min
|25/10/2024
|-
!37214
|Bandel
|Howrah
|3:50
|4:50
|1
|{{Convert|39|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
|25/10/2024
|-
!37215
|Howrah
|Bandel
|6:26
|7:27
|2
|2
|{{Convert|40|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
1 min
|25/10/2024
|-
!37216
|Bandel
|Howrah
|4:45
|5:50
|4
|1
|{{Convert|36|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
5 mins
|25/10/2024
|-
!37217
|Howrah
|Bandel
|7:05
|8:05
|1
|1
|{{Convert|39|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
|25/10/2024
|Daily except Sundays
|-
!37218
|Bandel
|Howrah
|5:10
|6:12
|10
|2
|{{Convert|38|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
2 min
|No
|Daily
|-
!37219
|Howrah
|Bandel
|7:35
|8:37
|4
|2
|{{Convert|38|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
2 min
|No
|Daily
|-
!37220
|Bandel
|Howrah
|5:40
|6:45
|2
|1
|{{Convert|36|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
5 mins
| rowspan="3" |25/10/2024
|Daily except Sundays
|-
!37221
|Howrah
|Bandel
|8:20
|9:20
|4
|1
|{{Convert|39|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
|Daily
|-
!37222
|Bandel
|Howrah
|6:30
|7:35
|3
|3
|{{Convert|36|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
5 mins
|Daily
|-
!37223
|Howrah
|Bandel
|8:45
|9:45
|4
|4
|{{Convert|39|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
|No
|Daily except Sundays
|-
!37224
|Bandel
|Howrah
|6:48
|7:54
|3
|2
|{{Convert|37|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
|1 hour
4 mins
|No
|Daily
|}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Bandel]]
*[[Howrah]]
*[[Black Diamond Express]]
*[[Doon Express]]
*[[Bagh Express]]
*[[Teesta Torsha Express]]
*[[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
*[[Howrah–Barddhaman main line]]
*[[Howrah–Barddhaman chord line]]
*[[Sealdah railway station]]
*[[Kolkata railway station]]
*[[Kolkata]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note1>5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) is the track gauge of [[Howrah–Barddhaman main line]].</ref>
<ref name=Note2>The average speed of Bandel–Howrah Local differs by train number. This speed is for 37212 BDC–HWH Local.
</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Books cited ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Huddleston |first=George |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_the_East_Indian_Railway/O3DfAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=History of the East Indian Railway |publisher=[[Thacker, Spink & Company|Thacker, Spink and Company]] |year=1906 |pages=14–15 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nayak |first=Ganeswar |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Railways_in_Colonial_South_Asia/KIkmEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Railways in Colonial South Asia |date=2021-06-13 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-032-05737-8 |location=2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon |pages=15–16 |language=en}} ({{ISBN|978-1-003-19897-0}} for ebook)
*{{Cite book |last=Hurd |first=John |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_s_Railway_History/TPB5RTODBJAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=India's Railway History |last2=Kerr |first2=Ian J. |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-23003-3 |pages=8 |language=en |issn=0169-9377}}({{ISBN|978-90-04-23115-3}} for ebook)
*{{Cite book |last=Chunder |first=Bholanauth |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Travels_of_a_Hindoo_to_Various_Parts/-ZQ3AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Travels of a Hindoo to Various Parts of Bengal and Upper India |publisher=[[Routledge|Trübner & Co.]] |year=1869 |volume=1 |location=60, Paternoster Row, London |language=en}} (work is in the public domain as published before 1930 and the author's death is unknown, so date of publication is used instead)
*{{Cite book |last=Playne |first=Somerset |author-link=Somerset Playne |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bengal_and_Assam_Behar_and_Orissa_Their/rksowAEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |publisher=The Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company |year=1917 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Arnold |editor-link=Arnold Wright |location=27 Pilgrim Street, London |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Ziauddin |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/AuuEHAAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Indian Railways |date=1960-04-11 |publisher=Ever Green Press |location=3, Chamberlain Road, Lahore |language=en |chapter=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729000000/https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/AuuEHAAACAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=2015-07-29}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275181 Alt URL]
*{{Cite book |last=Verne |first=Jules |author-link=Jules Verne |title=Around the World in Eighty Days |title-link=Around the World in Eighty Days |date=1873-01-30 |publisher=[[Pierre-Jules Hetzel]] |page=62 |language=en}}{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandel-Howrah Local}}
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

Maharaja of Mysore

2026-03-22T19:41:35Z

ReggieHuntley0: slightly add citations per standard format further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox monarchy
| royal_title = Maharaja
| border =
| realm = Mysore
| coatofarms = Royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Mysore.svg
| coatofarmssize =
| coatofarmscaption = Royal coat of arms (1893)
| image =
| caption =
| first_monarch = [[Yaduraya Wodeyar]]
| last_monarch = [[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar]]
| style = [[Highness|His Highness]]
| residence = [[Mysore Palace]]
| began = 1399
| ended = 26 January 1950
}}
The '''Maharaja of Mysore''' was the king and principal ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] between the late 14th century to 1947, and briefly of the [[princely state]] of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] in the [[Dominion of India]] between August 1947 and January 1950.

In the late 14th century CE, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] appointed local chieftains called [[polygar|poleygar]]s. [[Yaduraya Wodeyar]], a Vijayanagara chieftain, took control in the [[Mysore]] region, and adopted the title ''raja'' (king) in 1399 CE. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar III]] (1513–1553 CE) built a small fort and a settlement named Mahisuranagara (buffalo town) near the [[Kaveri River]], around which the [[Mysore State|state of Mysore]] developed later. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, [[Timmaraja Wodeyar II]] declared independence and assumed the title of ''Maharaja'' (great king) of Mysore.

The kingdom expanded significantly during the reigns of [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] (1638–1659 CE) and [[Dodda Kempadevaraja]] (1659–1673 CE). The kingdom became weak in the 18th century CE, and during the reign of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], [[Hyder Ali]] gained power as ''[[dalvoy]]'' (commander-in-chief) in 1761, thus reducing the maharaja to a nominal ruler. Hyder Ali’s son [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] ruled Mysore as the [[sultan]] from 1782 to 1799 until his defeat in the [[Anglo-Mysore wars]].

In 1799, the [[British Empire]] took control of Mysore and restored it to the [[Wadiyar dynasty]], and [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] became the maharaja. The British ruled Mysore directly through the [[Mysore Commission]] from 1831 to 1881. The power was restored to the Wadiyars in 1881, when [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] was crowned as the king. Several administrative reforms, industries, education and infrastructure projects were implemented during the reign of Chamarajendra X and his successor [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]]. [[Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] ascended to the throne in 1940, and was the last recognised maharaja, as India achieved independence in 1947. He remained a nominal ruler until India became a republic in 1950, and the honorary title of maharaja was abolished in 1971.

== Origins ==
In the late 14th century CE, in the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], the administration and protection of the various regions were designated to the respective local chieftains.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vijayanagara, City and Empire|year=1985|publisher=Steiner Publishing|editor1=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|editor2=Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant}}</ref> The chiefs were known by the name of ''[[polygar|poleygar]]'' ([[Kannada]]: ''pāLegāra'' meaning 'chieftain') during the early days of the fiefdom,{{sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}}{{sfn|Manor|1975|p=33}} Protection of the regions in and around present-day [[Mysore]] was given to [[Yaduraya Wodeyar]], the Vijayanagara chieftain stationed in the region at that time.<ref name="Chamundi">{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=Caleb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60pbEAAAQBAJ |title=Singing the Goddess into Place: Locality, Myth, and Social Change in Chamundi of the Hill, a Kannada Folk Ballad |date=2022 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8867-7 |pages=61–70; 181–187}}</ref> The local chief, who was till then known by the title of ''[[polygar|poleygar]]'' ([[Kannada]]: ''pāLegāra'' meaning 'chieftain') during the early days of the fiefdom,{{sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}}{{sfn|Manor|1975|p=33}} Yaduraya later took over the title of ''raja'' ([[Sanskrit]] and Kannada for king–of especially a small region) in 1399 CE.<ref name="Chamundi"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcQrAAAAYAAJ |title=Arms & Armoury of the Mysore Palace |last1=Talwar |first1=H. T. |date=1994 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums in Karnataka |page=7 }}</ref>

[[Chamaraja Wodeyar III]], who ruled from 1513 to 1553 CE, over the territory consisting of few villages close to the [[Kaveri river]], constructed a small fort and named it 'Mahisuranagara' (Kannada for buffalo town).{{sfn|Simmons|2019|p=6}}{{sfn|Ramusack|2004|p=28}} Though the region was referred to as 'mahishaka' in early Indian literature,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLsLAAAAIAAJ |title=Cultural profiles of Mysore City |date=1 January 1978 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320151346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLsLAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=20 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vasudeva |first=Rashmi |date=3 November 2006 |title=Land of milk and honey |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Nov32006/sesame1148592006112.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=12 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319162402/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Nov32006/sesame1148592006112.asp |archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> the later state of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] developed around the twon.{{sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}}{{sfn|Simmons|2019|p=6}}{{sfn|Michell|1995|pages=17–}}

== Maharaja ==
{{Further|List of Maharajas of Mysore}}

With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, Chamaraja Wodeyar III's son and successor [[Timmaraja Wodeyar II]] declared independence and assumed the title of ''[[Maharaja]]'' (Sanskrit and Kannada, [great] king)<ref>{{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC |year=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=81-7022-251-6 |quote=... Literally Maharaja means 'a great king'...}}</ref>) of Mysore.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=220, 226, 234}} During the reigns of [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] (1638-1659 CE) and [[Dodda Kempadevaraja]] (1659-1673 CE), the territory of the kingdom was expanded significantly.<ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series|1908|p=20}}</ref>{{sfn|Michell|1995|p=20}} However, the kingdom started to become weak under the rule of [[Dodda Krishnaraja I]] (1714-1732 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilks |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlzbN6GpTTQC |title=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor, Etc |date=1869 }}</ref> Hence, during the later reign of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] (1734-1766), [[Hyder Ali]], who was a soldier in the kingdom, took over as the ''[[dalvoy]]'' (commander-in-chief) and the maharaja was reduced to a nominal rule.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sampath|first=Vikram|title=Tipu Sultan: The Saga of Mysore's Interregnum (1760–1799)| publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|date=2024| isbn=978-93-6790-094-9|page=59}}</ref> Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] proclaimed himself as the [[Sultan]] of Mysore and ruled from 1782-1799 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Balakrishna|first=Sandeep|title=Tipu Sultan- The Tyrant of Mysore|publisher=RARE Publications| date=2015|isbn=978-2-76590-832-6|page=48=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robson |first1=Francis |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514522/page/n3/mode/2up |title=The Life Of Hyder Ally: With an Account of His Usurpation of the Kingdom of Mysore |date=1786 |publisher=S Hooper, High Holborn |location=London |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>

In 1799CE, after the defeat of Tipu in the [[Anglo-Mysore wars]], the region came under the control of the [[British Empire]], and the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyars]] were restored as the maharajas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao Bahadur|first=Rajakaryaprasakta|title= Mysore State Gazetter|year=1936|publisher=[[Mysore State]]|page=266}}</ref> [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] was restored as the maharaja under his [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi|his grandmother]]'s regency.<ref>{{cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |place=New Delhi |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=978-8-13130-034-3 |pages=172–181}}</ref> While Krishnaraja's reigned lasted for nearly seventy years, till 1868, he was not in control of the kingdom from 1831. In 1831, citing maladministration, the British took direct control of the [[princely state]] of Mysore and instituted the [[Mysore Commission]]. The region was ruled by British Commissioners, while the maharaja remained without actual power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rice |first=B.L. |url=https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc01rice |title=Mysore. A Gazetteer Compiled for Government. Revised Edition. Volume 1 |publisher=Archiband Constable and Company |year=1897 |place=London |page=434}}</ref> Krishnaraja III was considered a great patron of arts, and he instituted the first [[English school]], which later became a precursor to the [[Mysore University]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=Krishnaraja Wodeyar III |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/wodeyars/mummadi.htm |access-date=16 June 2015 |work=Wodeyars of Mysore |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Laura Durnford |title=Games afoot |url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/features/cultureandhistory/041215doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510034728/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/features/cultureandhistory/041215doc |archive-date=10 May 2007 |access-date=8 October 2007 |work=Radio Netherlands |date=15 December 2004 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Though, Krishnaraja III appealed for a return of power, it was rejected, and the deposed king died a dejected man.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2003 |title=Diwans take over |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500220200.htm |access-date=2022-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030622220420/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500220200.htm |archive-date=22 June 2003 }}</ref> [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] ascended the throne on 23 September 1868. The state had been under the direct administration of the British Raj since 1831, was restored to the Wadiyar dynasty by an instrument of rendition in 1881, and Chamarajendra X was officially handed the reins in the same year.<ref name="DH">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/608087/a-legacy-art-architecture.html|title=A legacy of art & architecture|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=17 April 2017|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151602566726675.pdf|title=Chamarajendra Wadiyar X}}</ref> Chamarajendra X ruled till 1894, and during his reign, various irrigation and industrial projects were carried out. He divided the state into several administrative divisions, and established the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Mysore Representative Assembly]] in 1881, one of the earliest legislative institutions in princely India. He founded several schools including [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]] and [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore]], textile mills, and expanded mining activities at the [[Kolar Gold Fields]]. Several buildings including the [[Bangalore Palace]] and [[Lalbagh Glass House]] in Bangalore, [[Dufferin Clock Tower]], and [[Mysore Zoo]] in Mysore, and the [[The Fernhills Palace, Ooty|Fernhills Palace]] in [[Ooty]] were built during his reign. He started the annual Dasara Industrial Exhibition, patronised several artisans, and established agricultural banks.<ref name="DH"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Assembly |first=Karnataka (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cV9NMwEACAAJ |title=The History of Karnataka Legislature: The Mysore Representative Assembly |date=1989 |publisher=Government Suburban Press }}</ref>

[[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] ascended to the throne in 1895 after the death of his father, Chamarajendra X, in 1894. During his reign, the [[Mysore Legislative Council]] was established in 1907. He also established several educational institutions, hospitals, research institutes and industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/how-education-shaped-krishnaraja-wadiyar-iv-into-a-progressive-ruler-3863224|title=How education shaped Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV into a progressive ruler|date=16 January 2026|access-date=1 March 2026|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Raj |first=Nirmal |date=March 2015 |title=Distribution of Social Justice by Rajashri Krishnaraj Wodeyar IV |url=http://epratrust.com/articles/upload/30.Prof.%20Nirmal%20Raj.pdf? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630013329/http://epratrust.com/articles/upload/30.Prof.%20Nirmal%20Raj.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2017 |publisher=EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review |issn=2349-0187}}</ref> After Krishnaraja IV died in 1940, [[Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] ascended the throne, and he was the last maharaja of the state. During Jayachamaraja's reign, several educational and research institutes were established, and the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] was established in 1940. As India gained [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] from [[British Raj|British Crown]] in 1947, crown allies ceded into the [[Dominion of India]], and the maharaja continued as a nominal ruler till January 1950.<ref name="BM">{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/remembering-the-maharaja-who-was-a-maverick-a-genius/articleshow/92940737.cms|title=Remembering the Maharaja who was a maverick, a genius|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=18 July 2022|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Rajawodeyar.jpg|[[Raja Wodeyar I]] (1578–1617)
File:Kanthirava.jpg|[[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] (1638–1659)
File:Chikkadevaraja.jpg|[[Chikka Devaraja]] ((1673–1704)
File:Krishnaraja I.jpg|[[Dodda Krishnaraja I]] (1714–1732)
File:Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III,_Maharaja_of_Mysore.jpg|[[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] (1799–1868)
File:Chamaraja Wodeyar 1863-94.jpg|[[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] (1868–1894)
File:Nalvadi_Krishnaraja_Wodeyar_1881-1940.jpg|[[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] (1894–1940)
File:Court_portrait_of_Jayachamarajendra_Wadiyar_of_Mysore.jpg|[[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] (1940–1950)
</gallery>

== Aftermath ==
After Indian became a [[Republic Day (India)|republic]] in 1950, the role of maharaja was replaced with that of ''rajpramukh'' and later [[Governor of Karnataka|governor]]. In the democratic system, the governor is appointed by the [[President of India|President]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Durga Das Basu]] |title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |year= 1960 |publisher=LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa |isbn=978-81-8038-559-9 |pages=237, 241–44}}}</ref> However, like most kings in India at that time, the maharaja and his successors were allowed an annual payment or [[Privy purse in India|privy purse]], certain privileges, and the use of the title of "Maharaja".{{sfn|Ramusack|2004|p=273|ps=: "The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over defence, external affairs, and communications. In return for these concessions, the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties, the use of their titles, the right to fly their state flags on their cars, and to have police protection."}} However, after the [[Privy_Purse_in_India#Abolition|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]] was enacted in 1971, the titles and privy purse were discontinued.<ref>{{citation |title=The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971 |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-twenty-sixth-amendment-act-1971 |work=indiacode.nic.in |year=1971 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Ramusack|2004|p=278|ps=: "Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971, Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the '''titles''', privy purses and regal privileges which her father's government had granted."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm |title=An atlas and survey of South Asian history |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56324-334-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm/page/78 78] |quote=Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' '''titles''', privileges, and privy purses. |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dewan of Mysore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|last=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series |title=Mysore and Coorg |year=1908 |publisher=Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. Pp. xvii, 365, 1 map. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgO2AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |orig-year=1980 |year=2001 |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179 |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath}}
* {{cite journal|last = Manor|first = James|title=Princely Mysore before the Storm: The State-Level Political System of India's Model State, 1920–1936|journal = Modern Asian Studies|volume=9|issue=1|year = 1975|pages=31–58|jstor=311796|doi=10.1017/s0026749x00004868| s2cid=146415366 }}
* {{cite book|last=Michell|first=George|title=Architecture and Art of Southern India: Vijayanagara and the successor states: 1350–1750|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year =1995|isbn=0-521-44110-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6bphUvvPf4C}}
* {{cite book| last = Ramusack | first = Barbara | year = 2004 | title = The Indian Princes and their States | publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn = 0-521-03989-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Simmons|first=Caleb|title=Devotional Sovereignty: Kingship and Religion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsHADwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-008890-3}}
* {{cite book|last = Stein|first = Burton|author-link=Burton Stein|title = Vijayanagara | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year = 1987|isbn=0-521-26693-9}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120401044533/http://www.mysorepalace.gov.in/ Virtual Tour of Mysore Palace] (archived 10 April 2012)

{{Mysore topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kings of Mysore|.]]

IV Corps (India)

2026-03-15T08:54:49Z

ReggieHuntley0: fix

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = IV Corps
| image = File:Gajraj Corps, Indian army.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Indian Army IV Corps Formation Sign
| dates = Jan 1942 - November 1945 October 1962 – present
| country = India
| allegiance =
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| type =
| role = Mountain (Holding) [[Corps]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Eastern Command, Indian Army.png|22px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
| garrison = [[Tezpur]]
| nickname = ''Gajraj Corps''
| equipment = 
| notable_commanders = {{plainlist|
* [[Field Marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Sagat Singh]]
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Nirmal Chander Vij]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Sarath Chand]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Devraj Anbu]]
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Pande]]
}}
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Gambhir Singh, {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|UYSM|AVSM|YSM}}<ref name="x.com">{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Gambhir Singh takes over as GOC IV Corps - ADGPI Twitter |url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1818974871319421190?t=9iRz_raMnJUXYlfWo5ylSQ&s=19|access-date=2024-08-01 |website=X (formerly twitter)|language=en}}</ref>
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[III Corps (India)|III Corps]]|next=[[IX Corps (India)|IX Corps]]}}
The '''IV Corps,''' or the '''Gajraj Corps,''' is a [[corps]] of the [[Indian Army]] headquartered in [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]]. The corps was raised in 1942 for the defence of Assam and was demobilised in 1945. It was re-raised in October 1962 just before the [[Sino-Indian War]].

==History==
The British [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]], under the command of Lieutenant-General [[Noel Irwin]], was deployed from the [[Middle East]] in January 1942, for the defense of [[Assam Province|Assam]] from the advancing [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Following the end of the war, the corps was demobilised in November 1945.<ref name="4CorpsAPO">{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/4-corps-golden-jubilee-1962-2012/|title=4 Corps Golden Jubilee 1962-2012|date=2012-10-04|access-date=2021-07-12|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712094158/https://samsshopping.com/product/4-corps-golden-jubilee-1962-2012/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The corps was re-raised by Lieutenant General [[Brij Mohan Kaul]] at [[Tezpur, Assam]] on 4 October 1962, close to the [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref>Orbat.com, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040306004515/http://www.orbat.com/site/orbats/data/india/armycorps2003.html Indian Army Corps 2003], accessed July 2010</ref> Over the years, it has played a role in both conventional and counter-insurgency operations in the eastern theatre, especially during the 1971 war in Bangladesh.

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the Gajraj Corps made the famous advance to [[Dhaka]] during the liberation of Bangladesh and also participated in the [[Meghna Heli Bridge]] Operations. Lieutenant General [[Sagat Singh]], PVSM had innovatively employed [[Mil Mi-4|Mi-4]] helicopters to cross Meghna River, which was considered impassable and his Corps relentlessly attacked and defeated the Pakistani forces. The innovative use of helicopters has remained unparalleled. The Corps had proved its mettle and very proficiently carried out its task in the most complex sector in terms of distances from the logistic bases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gajraj-corps-celebrates-58th-raising-day-raised-amid-india-china-war-654313|title=Gajraj Corps, raised amid India-China war, celebrates 58th Raising Day|date=4 October 2020|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008200437/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gajraj-corps-celebrates-58th-raising-day-raised-amid-india-china-war-654313|url-status=live}}</ref>

The corps has been active in counter-insurgency roles as part of Operation Bajrang (from November 1990), Operation Rhino I (from September 1991) and Operation Rhino II (from April 1992).<ref name="4CorpsAPO"/>

The engineers and troops of the Gajraj Corps developed an indigenous High Altitude [[Monorail]] System in the [[Kameng River|Kameng]] Himalayas in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The monorail, with a capacity of over {{Convert|300|kg|abbr=on}} in a single run, has been operational at an altitude of {{Convert|16000|ft|abbr=on}} since November 2025. The system can operate in day-night as well as adverse weather conditions to transport logistics (including rations, ammunition, fuel and engineering stores) and [[casualty evacuation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-15 |title=Indian Army’s Gajraj Corps develops high-altitude monorail in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/armys-gajraj-corps-develop-in-house-high-altitude-mono-rail-system-to-support-operations-at-16000-feet-in-himalayas/article70283259.ece |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-11-14 |title=Army deploys monorail at 16,000 feet in Himalayas to boost food, ammo supply |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-high-altitude-mono-rail-16000-feet-himalayas-2820075-2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Composition==
It currently consists of:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stratpost.com/how-the-army-lost-secret-op-plans-against-china/|title=How the army lost secret op plans against China|date=2013-06-13|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713144629/https://stratpost.com/how-the-army-lost-secret-op-plans-against-china/|url-status=live}}</ref>

*[[71 Mountain Division (Indian Army)|71 Mountain Division]], headquartered at [[Sonitpur district|Missamari]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chhindits.blogspot.com/2010/07/dna-page-1-indian-armys-new-division-to.html |title=Chindits: DNA Page 1: Indian Army's New Division to Counter China, 71 MTN Div, Kicks off !! |access-date=19 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102162504/http://chhindits.blogspot.com/2010/07/dna-page-1-indian-armys-new-division-to.html |archive-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Mountain Division]] (Ball of Fire Division<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/5-div.htm|title=5 Mountain Division / Ball of Fire Division|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706054025/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/5-div.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>), headquartered at Rupa near [[Bomdila]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.insidene.com/arunachal-cm-visits-army-division-headquarter-rupa/|title = Arunachal Cm Visits Army Division Headquarter in Rupa - Inside Ne|date = 22 March 2018|access-date = 26 November 2021|archive-date = 26 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126190651/https://www.insidene.com/arunachal-cm-visits-army-division-headquarter-rupa/|url-status = live}}</ref> The division was converted to a mountain division in 1963. It is posted to the west of 2 Mountain Division in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>Conboy et al, Elite Forces of India and Pakistan, p.8</ref>
*[[21st Infantry Division (India)|21st Mountain Division]] (Red Horn Division<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/21-div.htm|title=21 Mountain Division / Red Horns Division|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706054255/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/21-div.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>), headquartered at [[Rangiya|Rangia]]<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-34700130_ITM Access my library] {{dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref>

== List of General Officers Commanding==
For the list of GOCs between 1942 and 1945 - [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)#General Officers Commanding|List of GOCs 1942-45]]

{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
| rowspan="40" |[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|[[Brij Mohan Kaul]]
|4 October 1962
|2 December 1962
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref name="4CorpsAPO"/> {{refn|group=nb|Lieutenant General [[Harbaksh Singh]] took over command of 4 Corps for a few days, when Lieutenant General B M Kaul had fallen sick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-general-who-saved-punjab-in-the-1965-war/20150907.htm|title=The general who saved Punjab in the 1965 War|date=2015-09-07|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509055439/https://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-general-who-saved-punjab-in-the-1965-war/20150907.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[Sam Manekshaw|SHFJ Manekshaw]]
|2 December 1962
|4 December 1963
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1838-1963-0001-83376.pdf|title=Gazette of India|date=1963-01-05|access-date=2021-07-12|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807132308/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1838-1963-0001-83376.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Manmohan Khanna
|5 December 1963
|
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=THE GAZETTE OF INDIA |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1796-1964-0003-81867.pdf |website=egazette.nic.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |date=18 January 1964 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912054934/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1796-1964-0003-81867.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sagat Singh]]
|December 1970
|
|[[3rd Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-12-11_244.pdf|title=PIB release|date=1970-12-11|access-date=2021-07-12|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929052728/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-12-11_244.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Stanley Leslie Menezes
|
|31 May 1978
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-05-19_074.pdf|title=PIB|date=1978-05-19|access-date=2021-07-12|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912054933/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-05-19_074.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
|1 July 1980
|
|[[9th Deccan Horse]]
|<ref name="Corps Commander">{{cite web |title=GENERAL VAIDYA APPOINTED CORPS COMMANDER |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-07-01_002.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=1 July 1980 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912054939/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-07-01_002.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|N S Narahari
|1986
|
|[[Bombay Sappers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stratnewsglobal.com/china/sumdorong-chu-episode-when-india-dared-china/|title=Sumdorong Chu Episode: When India Dared China|date=2020-10-11|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730200206/https://stratnewsglobal.com/china/sumdorong-chu-episode-when-india-dared-china/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ajai Singh]]
|1990
|1992
|[[Poona Horse|17th Horse (Poona Horse)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/biodata-governor-ajai-singh.html|title=Governor of Assam (2003 - 2008)|date=|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132203/http://assamassembly.gov.in/biodata-governor-ajai-singh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|NK Kapur
|1994
|
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|
|-
|Baldev Singh
|1995
|
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|[[Nirmal Chander Vij]]
|1997
|
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|
|-
|R K Sawhney
|
|31 December 1997
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/oct/10assam1.htm|title=ULFA has accumulated around Rs 15 billion so far|date=|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912054940/https://www.rediff.com/news/oct/10assam1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1997-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1997-12-31_225.pdf|title=Lt Gen RK Sawhney takes over as Director General Military Intelligence|date=1997-12-31|access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[D. B. Shekatkar|D B Shekatkar]]
|1999
|2000
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|
|-<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/indo-bhutan-joint-raids-likely/cid/926357|title=INDO-BHUTAN JOINT RAIDS LIKELY|date=1999-04-10|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713124740/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/indo-bhutan-joint-raids-likely/cid/926357|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Mahesh Vij
|June 2000
|
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jun/07army.htm|title=Govt finally approves army promotions|date=2000-06-07|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713124740/https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jun/07army.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Mohinder Singh
|
|February 2004
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/lt-gen-mohinder-singh-assumes-charge-as-adjutant-general_144695.html|title=Lt Gen Mohinder Singh assumes charge as Adjutant General|date=2004-02-03|access-date=2021-07-12|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712165030/https://zeenews.india.com/home/lt-gen-mohinder-singh-assumes-charge-as-adjutant-general_144695.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Anup Singh Jamwal
|February 2004
|March 2005
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lt-gen-anup-singh-jamwal-takes-over-as-adjutant-general_252757.html|title=Lt Gen Anup Singh Jamwal takes over as Adjutant General|date=2005-10-31|access-date=2021-07-12|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712165030/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lt-gen-anup-singh-jamwal-takes-over-as-adjutant-general_252757.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Hardev Singh Lidder
|March 2005
|March 2006
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref name="HS Lidder">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/02/lt-gen-hs-lidder-new-cids-1141380703.htm|title=Lt Gen HS Lidder new CIDS|date=2006-03-03|access-date=2021-07-13}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|Ranbir K Chhabra
|March 2006
|August 2007
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="HS Lidder"/>
|-
|B S Jaswal
|August 2007
|
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/08/02/lt-gen-jaiswal-new-goc-of-4-corps-1186070603.html|title=Lt Gen Jaiswal new GOC of 4 Corps|date=2007-08-02|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713124739/https://www.oneindia.com/2007/08/02/lt-gen-jaiswal-new-goc-of-4-corps-1186070603.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]]
|2009
|2010
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090625/nation.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-12-29|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313204152/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090625/nation.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Gyan Bhushan
|March 2010
|29 June 2011
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2010/mar01-10/h17.htm|title=17|website=sainiksamachar.nic.in|access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref>
|-
|Shakti Gurung
|30 June 2011
|15 August 2012
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul0111%2Fcity07|title=The Assam Tribune Online|last=Trade|first=TI|website=www.assamtribune.com|access-date=2017-12-29|archive-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114457/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul0111%2Fcity07|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Changali Ananda Krishnan
|16 August 2012
|19 August 2013
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/lt-gen-krishnan-takes-charge-at-gajraj-corps-420315.html|title=Lt Gen Krishnan takes charge at Gajraj Corps|date=2012-08-16|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US|archive-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230000537/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/lt-gen-krishnan-takes-charge-at-gajraj-corps-420315.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Anil Kumar Ahuja
|20 August 2013
|27 October 2014
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-ahuja-takes-over-as-goc-gajraj-corps-113082000584_1.html|title=Lt Gen Ahuja takes over as GOC Gajraj Corps|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2013-08-20|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-12-29|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232026/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-ahuja-takes-over-as-goc-gajraj-corps-113082000584_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sarath Chand]]
|28 October 2014
|16 November 2015
|[[The Garhwal Rifles|Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-sarath-chand-takes-over-command-of-gajraj-4-corps-114102801063_1.html|title=Lt Gen Sarath Chand takes over command of Gajraj 4 Corps|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2014-10-28|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-12-29|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232041/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-sarath-chand-takes-over-command-of-gajraj-4-corps-114102801063_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Devraj Anbu]]
|17 November 2015
|24 December 2016
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-devraj-anbu-takes-charge-as-new-goc-of-4-corps/articleshow/49820180.cms|title=Lt Gen Devraj Anbu takes charge as new GOC of 4 corps|date=2015-11-17|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-12-29|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229233408/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-devraj-anbu-takes-charge-as-new-goc-of-4-corps/articleshow/49820180.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Amarjeet Singh Bedi]]
|25 November 2016
|28 December 2017
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/lt-gen-amarjeet-singh-bedi-takes-over-as-goc-gajraj-corps-652964-2016-11-25|title=Lt Gen Amarjeet Singh Bedi takes over as GOC, Gajraj Corps|access-date=2017-12-29|archive-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112175956/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lt-gen-amarjeet-singh-bedi-takes-over-as-goc-gajraj-corps/1/819699.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gurpal Singh Sangha]]
|29 December 2017
|30 December 2018
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/lt-gen-gurpal-singh-sangha-is-the-new-general-officer-commanding-bengal-area-4670080/|title=Lt Gen Gurpal Singh Sangha is the new General Officer Commanding, Bengal Area|date=2017-05-23|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231535/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/lt-gen-gurpal-singh-sangha-is-the-new-general-officer-commanding-bengal-area-4670080/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/lt-gen-gurpal-singh-sangha-takes-over-as-goc-of-gajraj-corps/1219639|title=Lt Gen Gurpal Singh Sangha takes over as GOC of Gajraj Corps|work=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2017-12-29|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231826/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/lt-gen-gurpal-singh-sangha-takes-over-as-goc-of-gajraj-corps/1219639|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manoj Pande (General)|Manoj Pande]]
| 30 December 2018
|May 2019
|[[Bombay Sappers]]
|<ref name="Pande_IV_Corps">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-manoj-pande-takes-charge-of-gajraj-corps-118123000518_1.html|title=Lt Gen Manoj Pande takes charge of Gajraj Corps|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-12-30|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-01-11|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204742/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-manoj-pande-takes-charge-of-gajraj-corps-118123000518_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-manoj-pande-takes-over-as-new-chief-of-southern-command-pune/other/news/976506.html |title=Lt Gen Manoj Pande takes over as new chief of Southern Command Pune |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402193231/http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-manoj-pande-takes-over-as-new-chief-of-southern-command-pune/other/news/976506.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Santanu Dayal
|May 2019
|26 January 2021
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/10/04/assam-gajraj-corps-celebrates-its-58th-raising-day-at-tezpur/|title=Assam: Gajraj Corps celebrates its 58th Raising Day at Tezpur|date=2020-10-04|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713124738/https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/10/04/assam-gajraj-corps-celebrates-its-58th-raising-day-at-tezpur/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Ravin Khosla
|26 January 2021
|21 March 2022
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-lt-gen-ravin-khosla-takes-over-command-of-gajraj-corps.html|title=Assam: Lt Gen Ravin Khosla takes over command of Gajraj Corps|date=2021-01-21|access-date=2021-07-12|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126121340/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-lt-gen-ravin-khosla-takes-over-command-of-gajraj-corps.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dinesh Singh Rana]]
| 21 March 2022
|28 March 2023
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-03-21 |title=Lt Gen Dinesh Singh Rana assumes charge as GOC of Gajraj Corps |url=https://theprint.in/india/lt-gen-dinesh-singh-rana-assumes-charge-as-goc-of-gajraj-corps/882425/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Manish Erry
| 28 March 2023
|31 July 2024
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-lt-gen-manish-erry-assumes-command-of-gajraj-corps-535168-2023-03-31|title=Assam: Lt Gen Manish Erry assumes command of Gajraj Corps|date=2023-03-31|access-date=2023-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|Gambhir Singh
|1 August 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref name="x.com">{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Gambhir Singh takes over as GOC IV Corps - ADGPI Twitter |url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1818974871319421190?t=9iRz_raMnJUXYlfWo5ylSQ&s=19|access-date=2024-08-01 |website=X (formerly twitter)|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== See also ==
*[[I Corps (India)]]
*[[II Corps (India)]]
*[[III Corps (India)]]

==References==
*John H. Gill, An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh, Near East South Asia Centre for Strategic Studies ([[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]]), via scribd.com

==External links ==
*Globalsecurity.org, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/eastcom.htm Eastern Command], accessed July 2010

{{Indian Army}}
{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:04 Corps}}
[[Category:Tezpur]]
[[Category:Corps of India|004]]
[[Category:Corps of India in World War II]]
[[Category:Corps of British India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]

V. Koteswaramma

2026-03-15T06:34:00Z

ReggieHuntley0: started new post

{{Short description|Indian educator, Padma Shri awardee}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Koteswaramma
| birth_date = {{Birthdate and age |15 September 1925}}
| death_date = 2019
| occupation = Educator, writer
| alma_mater = Andhra Christian College, Nagarjuna University
| notable_works = Over 50 books, essays, poems
| awards = Telugu Sahitya Akademi Award
| children = Davuluri Sheela Ranjani
}}

'''V. Koteswaramma''' (15 September 1925 - 2019) was an educator and teacher from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is the founder of Children’s Montessori School in [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh and the group of Montessori Educational institutions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-01 |title=Padma Shri Koteswaramma, founder of Vijayawada's Montessori schools, passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/Jun/30/padma-shri-koteswaramma-founder-of-vijayawadas-montessori-schools-passes-away-1997475.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Koteswaramma was to in Gosala village, [[Kankipadu]], [[Krishna district]]. Both her parents were teachers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-26 |title=Padma award at ripe age of 92 for Montessori founder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/padma-award-at-ripe-age-of-92-for-montessori-founder/articleshow/56792916.cms |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She was the first woman graduate in Vijayawada taluka in 1945. She graduated from [[Andhra Christian College]], [[Guntur]], and later did a B.Ed. and aspired to take up teaching as a profession.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=P. Sujatha |date=2019-06-30 |title=Educationist Koteswaramma dies at 94 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/educationist-koteswaramma-dies-at-94/article28237271.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She then did her M.A. in Telugu literature in 1972 and was awarded a Ph.D. in 1980 by the Nagarjuna University. She has a daughter, Davuluri Sheela Ranjani.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Koteswaramma started as a government teacher at the Government Zilla Parishad School in [[Patamata]], a suburban area near Vijayawada. In 1955, she was offered a chance to start a nursery for 20 children, and she took it up. In 1973, she started Montessori Junior and Degree Colleges.<ref name=":2" /> In 1984, she added the Montessori College of Education to the group of institutions.<ref name=":0" />

=== Writer ===
She wrote more than 50 books, besides essays and poems''.'' She was also [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Telugu Sahitya Akademi]] winner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2019-07-01 |title=Educationist, writer and activist Koteswaramma dies at 93 in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/educationist-writer-and-activist-koteswaramma-dies-93-andhra-pradesh-104607 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> She ran a monthly named, ''<nowiki/>'Illu Illalu''' (The home and the homemaker) for 39 years.

== Awards ==

* In 1971, she got the [[National Award for Teachers (India)|National Award for Teachers]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=P. Sujatha |date=2017-01-25 |title=Hard work pays off, says Padma awardee Koteswaramma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Hard-work-pays-off-says-Padma-awardee-Koteswaramma/article17094713.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* In 1980, she got Andhra Pradesh state's Best Teacher Award.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=TEAM |first=TNILIVE USA |date=2019-07-02 |title=మహిళామణులకు ఆదర్శం-మాంటిస్సోరి కోటేశ్వరమ్మ |url=https://www.tnilive.com/2019/07/02/the-inspiring-life-story-of-montessori-koteswaramma/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Telugu News International - TNILIVE |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In 2017, she received [[Padma Shri]] in the Education and Literature category.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koteswaramma, V}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:Acharya Nagarjuna University alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu women writers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]

Eparchy of Rajkot

2026-03-11T09:42:37Z

ReggieHuntley0: Added a stub

{{Short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic eparchy in Gujarat, India}}
{{moresources|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Eparchy
| name = Rajkot
| local = राजकोट के सूबा ''Hindi'' રાજકોટ ડાયોસિઝ ''Gujarati''
| image = Prem Mandir.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| image_alt =
| caption = [[Sacred Heart Syro-Malabar Cathedral, Rajkot]]

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory = Saurashtra and Kutch
| metropolitan =
| province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kalyan|Archeparchy of Kalyan]]
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates =
{{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| area_km2 = 109,950
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 16,025,000
| population_as_of = 2010
| catholics = 13,000
| catholics_percent = 0.1
| parishes = 
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established =
| cathedral = [[Sacred Heart Syro-Malabar Cathedral, Rajkot]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]
| patron_title = 
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
| bishop = Mar [[Jose Chittooparambil]] CMI
| bishop_title = 
| metro_archbishop = [[Sebastian Vaniyapurackal|Mar Sebastian Vaniyapurackal]]
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = [[Mar Gregory Karotemprel]] Bishop Emeritus (1983-2010)

| map = Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Rajkot.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.rajkotdiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
| footnotes =
|coat=Rajkot_diocese.png}}

The '''Eparchy of Rajkot''' is an [[Eastern Catholic]] [[eparchy]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]], under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. It was created in 1977.<ref name=CSR />

The Eparchy was created by [[Pope Paul VI]]'s [[Papal bull|Bull]] "De recta fidelium" in 1977, separating it from the [[Diocese of Ahmedabad]]. Its [[cathedral]] is [[Sacred Heart Syro-Malabar Cathedral, Rajkot]]. From 28th of August 2025 decreed by the Major Archbishop of Syro-Malabar Church, it is a suffragan Eparchy of the Syro-Malabar Archeparchy of Kalyan.

==History==
On 16 July 2010, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] named Mar Jose Chittooparambil as the bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic eparchy of Rajkot. The bishop-elect was born in 1954 in Neeleswaram, India, was ordained to the priesthood in 1985, and is currently Prior General of St. Xavier's Province in Rajkot. He succeeds bishop Mar Gregory Karotemprel, whose resignation the Pope accepted upon having reached the age limit. (All bishops of local churches, or dioceses, whose wider churches are in communion with the Pope, must submit their resignation for possible acceptance at age 75, though the resignations are usually only accepted later.)

== Prelates ==
'''Eparch's of Rajkot'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | Mar [[Jonas Thaliath]],C.M.I
| align="center" | [[Bishop]]
| align="center" | 1977
| align="center" | 1981
|-
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | Mar [[Gregory Karotemprel]],C.M.I
| align="center" | [[Bishop]]
| align="center" | 1983
| align="center" | 2010
|-
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | Mar [[José Chittooparambil]],C.M.I
| align="center" | [[Bishop]]
| align="center" | 2010 <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.unionbetweenchristians.com/2025/07/catholic-eparchy-of-rajkot-2025.html |title= Catholic Eparchy of Rajkot |author= |date= |website= Union Between Christians |publisher= |access-date= 27 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref>
| align="center" | ''Present''
|}

== Schools ==

In early 2026, the Eparchy runs several teaching institutes, including 62 primary schools, 43 high schools and other facilities.<ref name=CSR>{{cite web |url= https://christschoolrajkot.in/about-us/our-legacy/ |title= Our Legacy |author= |date= |website= Christ School Rajkot |publisher= |access-date= 27 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref> The primary and high schools serve almost 37,000 students.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ucanews.com/directory/activities/india-rajkot/166 |title= Diocese of Rajkot: Activities and Organizations |author= |date= |website= UCA News |publisher= |access-date= 27 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref>

* [[St. Xavier's High School, Bhuj]]
* Christ School Rajkot
* Saint Paul's School, Rajkot <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.saintpaulsrajkot.org |title= Home page |author= |date= |website= Saint Paul's School, Rajkot |publisher= |access-date= 27 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/drasm.html Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Rajkot Catholic-Hierarchy]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkot}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1977]]
[[Category:Christianity in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Gujarat]]

{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

Syed Mustafa Siraj

2026-03-10T14:57:48Z

ReggieHuntley0: brief correct formatting to improve readability additionally

{{Short description|Indian writer (1930–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Syed Mustafa Siraj
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Syed mustafa siraj.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = Syed Mustafa Siraj
| pseudonym = Iblis
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|10|14}}
| birth_place = [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2012|09|04|1930|10|14}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Writer]]|[[journalist]]}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Berhampore College]]
| period = [[Contemporary literature|Contemporary]]
| genres = {{hlist|[[Short story]]|[[novel]]|[[detective fiction]]|[[horror fiction]]|[[essay]]|[[Bengali poetry|poetry]]}}
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = {{hlist| ''Aleek Manush''| ''Neel Gharer Nati (1966)''| ''[[Colonel Niladri Sarkar]]''| ''Amartya Premkatha (1988)''| ''Trinabhumi''| ''Inspector Bramha''| ''Bhautik Galpa Samagra''| ''Tara Ashariri'' }}
| parents = Syed Abdur Rahman Ferdausi (father) Anwara Begum (mother)
| spouse = Hasne Ara Siraj
| children = {{hlist|Amitabha Siraj|Abhijit Siraj|Anita Siraj|Anindita Siraj}}
| relatives =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]|[[Bankim Puraskar]]|Bhuyalka Puraskar|[[Ananda Puraskar]]}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| signature_type =
| years_active = 1962–2012
| module =
| website =
}}
'''Syed Mustafa Siraj''' ({{IPA|bn|soi̯od̪ must̪afa ʃiɾad͡ʒ}}; 14 October 1930 – 4 September 2012) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] author.<ref name=pisharoty>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3820976.ece |date=26 August 2012 |title=So says Siraj |author=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty |work=The Hindu |access-date=4 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906002646/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3820976.ece |archive-date=6 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name=salam>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3859575.ece |date=5 September 2012 |title=Voice of the 'other' India falls silent |author=Ziya Us Salam |work=The Hindu |access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Literary-world-to-miss-its-bohemian-genius/articleshow/16259046.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126164720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-05/kolkata/33614986_1_short-stories-literary-fraternity-major-literary-awards |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Literary world to miss its bohemian genius |date=5 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref> In 1994, he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his novel ''[[Aleek Manush (novel)|Aleek Manush]]''.<ref name=salam/> In 2005, his short story ''[[Ranirghater Brittanto]]'' was adapted into the film ''[[Faltu]]'' by [[Anjan Das]]. His oeuvre consists of some 150 novels and 300 short stories.<ref name=salam/> In [[detective fiction]], he is the creator of [[Colonel Niladri Sarkar]], also known as, "Goenda Colonel".<ref name=toi/>

==Life and works==
Siraj was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in Khoshbaspur village in the district of [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] in 1930.<ref name=salam/> He grew up in a home with a strong literary background surrounded by books and familiarity with several languages including [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]].<ref name=katha/> His mother who wrote poetry was influential.<ref name=katha/> In his youth he was involved with [[Leftism|Leftist]] politics and was active with the folk drama group ''Aalkaap'' for six years (1950–56) where he played the flute and was a teacher of folk dance and drama.<ref name=salam/> He traveled rural [[West Bengal]] including the districts of Murshidabad, [[Malda district|Malda]], [[Burdwan district|Burdwan]], [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] and also performed in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=toi/> In those days, he used to perform whole nights and sleep during the day. These experiences would influence his later writing.<ref name=katha/>

One day he got tired of this life and felt he had a wider life spreading around him. He turned to writing poetry and short stories. Later he came to Kolkata and entered the world of serious writings and immediately became famous for his short stories. "Inti, Pisi O Ghatbabu", "Bhalobasa O Down Train" (his first story that was published in [[Desh (magazine)|''Desh'']], 1962), "Hijal Biler Rakhalera" and "Taranginir Chokh" brought fame for him.<ref name=toi/> He joined a Bengali daily newspaper and worked as a journalist for years.<ref name=toi/> He wrote around 150 novels and 300 short stories.<ref name=salam/> His short stories "Uro Pakhir Chhaya", "Manusher Janma", "Ranabhumi", "Rakter Pratyasha", "Maati", "Goghna", and "Mrityur Ghora" immediately attracted Bengali readers and intellectuals.

His first novel is ''Neel Gharer Nati'' (1966), it is about a village performer forced into the profession by her father, it received critical acclaim.<ref name=katha/> His best known novel is ''Aleek Manush'' (''[[Mythical Man (novel)|Mythical Man]]''), which won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1994), the [[Bankim Puraskar]], and has been translated into eleven Indian languages.<ref name=katha/> He also won the Narasimha Das Memorial Award for his novel ''Amartya Premkatha'' (1988). His novels ''Nishimrigaya'' (1970) and ''Krishna Bari Phereni'' (1980) have been filmed in Bengali. Also his famous short story named ''Ranir Ghater Brittanta'' was screen played as ''[[Faltu]]'' (2006) in Bengali language. In the next year, this film was selected for the [[National Film Awards]]. Other notable novels include ''Trinabhumi'', ''Kingbadantir Nayak'', and ''Uttar Jahnabi'';<ref name=toi/> ''Trinabhumi'' was translated into all major Indian languages. His short stories "Mrityur Ghora", "Rakter Pratyasha", "Goghna" and many others have been translated into different Indian languages Hindi, Urdu and Tamil.

He is the creator of the detective character "[[Colonel Niladri Sarkar]].<ref name=toi/> Colonel Sarkar is the hero who finds the culprit or killer. The stories are very popular earning Siraj a dedicated fan following.<ref name=toi/> From children to old people, there are huge number of readers who are fond of Colonel Niladri Sarkar. The retired colonel is the eccentric sleuth in Syed Mustafa Siraj's stories, narrated by a lazy journalist of ''Dainik Satyasebak Patrika'', Jayanta, who accompanies him on his missions. Sometimes Mr. K.K. Halder, retired police officer also accompanied the colonel Sarkar. The colonel is a butterfly collector and ornithologist, smokes pipes and has a Santa beard. He is also jovial and likes quoting Bengali proverbs & nursery rhymes. The Blogus blog displays first-published illustrations from the first Colonel Niladri Sarkar novel ''Chhaaya Pawrey''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Enter Colonel Niladri Sarkar | date=14 April 2016 | url=https://blogus-abogusblog.blogspot.com/2016/04/Chhaya-Porechhen-Colonel-Elen.html | publisher=Blogus | access-date=3 June 2018 }} {{unreliable?|date=June 2018}}</ref>

Siraj did not start his career writing for children until later in life.<ref name=toi/> His reputation was built on writing novels and short stories for adults. He started writing for children to respond the huge demand for that genre in Bengali.

Other works :
*Bedbati
*Devi Athenar Pratna Rahasya
*Ghor Songhshar
*NISHILATA
*SWAPNER NICHE DARIYE
*SWARNACHAMPAR UPAKHYAN
*SHANKHAGARER VAMPIRE RAHASYA
*Kathamala
*Inspector Brahmer 7 Tadanta
*Janapad Janapath

==English translations==
Not much of Siraj has been translated into English.<ref name=pisharoty/> In 2004, Delhi University professor Nivedita Sen translated some of Siraj's popular stories written for children that featured the detective Colonel Niladri, the collection is called ''The Colonel Investigates''.<ref name=pisharoty/> In 2012, Sen translated ''Die, Said the Tree and Other Stories'', a collection of 10 short stories.<ref name=pisharoty/>

In 2005, ''Aleek Manush'' was translated as ''[[Mythical Man (novel)|Mythical Man]]''.<ref name=katha>{{cite web |url=http://www.katha.org/site/media-centre/press-releases/remembering-siraj |title=Remembering Siraj |publisher=katha.org |access-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918012325/http://www.katha.org/site/media-centre/press-releases/remembering-siraj |archive-date=18 September 2012 }}</ref>

In 2023, "Bharat Varsha": A blog post by studycirclelokayata.blog mentions that one of his less celebrated but powerful short stories, "Bharat Varsha," has also been translated into English by Saukarya Samad (Saukarya Samad is an MA student of History at the University of Delhi).

==Film adaptations based on work==
*''[[Faltu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Chandragrohon]]'' (2008)
*''[[Brihonnola]]'' (2014)
*''[[Teenkahon]]'' (2014)
*''Maya Mridanga'' (2016)
*''[[Dharmajuddha]]'' (2021)

==Awards==
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
*[[Bankim Puraskar]]
*Bhuyalka Puraskar
*[[Ananda Puraskar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Writers from Kolkata]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010120201/http://www.museindia.com/showcont.asp?id=99 Sudeshna Chakraborty: Modern Fiction]
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1979867/ Syed Mustafa Siraj] on [[IMDb]]
*[http://blogus-abogusblog.blogspot.in/2016/04/Chhaya-Porechhen-Colonel-Elen.html '''''Blogus''''' blog]
* [https://allsundaysuspense.in/category/syed-mustafa-siraj/ Sunday Suspense by Syed Mustafa Siraj]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siraj, Syed Mustafa}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bengali detective fiction writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]

Khaidi No. 150

2026-03-10T06:26:49Z

ReggieHuntley0:

{{short description|2017 film by V. V. Vinayak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khaidi No. 150
| image = Chiranjeevi's Khaidi No.150 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. V. Vinayak]]
| producer = [[Ram Charan]] [[Allirajah Subaskaran]]
| screenplay = V. V. Vinayak
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Sai Madhav Burra]]}}
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Kaththi]]'' by [[A. R. Murugadoss]]}}
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Lyca Productions]] [[Konidela Production Company]]
| distributor = Lyca Productions
| released = {{Film date|2017|01|11|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khaidi No. 150 |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/khaidi-no-150-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033252/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/khaidi-no-150-film |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}50 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=16 January 2017 |title=Gautamiputra Satakarni, Khaidi No 150, Shatamanam Bhavati gross Rs 200 crore at box office in Sankranti weekend |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gautamiputra-satakarni-khaidi-no-150-shatamanam-bhavati-gross-rs-159-crore-box-office-sankranti-712388 |access-date=27 January 2017 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}164 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2017 |title=It's official! Chiranjeevi's Khaidi No 150 rakes in Rs 164 crore worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/khaidi-no-150-box-office-collection-chiranjeevi-964170-2017-03-06 |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''''Khaidi No. 150''''' ({{translation|Prisoner No. 150}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]] and produced by [[Lyca Productions]] and [[Konidela Production Company]]. The film starred [[Chiranjeevi]] in a dual role and [[Kajal Aggarwal]]. It marks Chiranjeevi's return to films in a lead role after nearly a decade, and also his 150th film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2016 |title=Chiru 150: Chiranjeevis comeback film goes on floors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiru-150-chiranjeevis-comeback-film-goes-on-floors-15783-2016-06-23 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> The film is a [[remake]] of the 2014 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kaththi]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=14 December 2015 |title=Chiru 150: Megastar Chiranjeevi to act in Telugu remake of Vijay's Kaththi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiru-150-megastar-chiranjeevi-to-act-in-telugu-remake-of-vijays-kaththi-277135-2015-12-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209160928/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiru-150-megastar-chiranjeevi-to-act-in-telugu-remake-of-vijays-kaththi-277135-2015-12-14 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |access-date=9 February 2022 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Produced on a budget of ₹50 crore, [[principal photography]] for ''Khaidi No. 150'' began in June 2016 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2016 |title=Megastar begins shoot for his 150th film |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-06-24/Megastar-begins-shoot-for-his-151th-film/237191 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamurthy |first=Suresh |date=22 August 2016 |title=Chiru's Khaidi No. 150 to hit the screens around Sankranti |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chirus-khaidi-no-150-to-hit-the-screens-around-sankranti/article9016291.ece |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film was released on 11 January 2017, coinciding with the [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]] festival. At the time of its release, ''Khaidi No. 150'' became the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|fourth highest-grossing Telugu film]], earning over ₹164 crore worldwide.

== Plot ==
In [[Kolkata]], an arrested petty criminal Kaththi Seenu helps the police capture an escaping prisoner, only to escape himself afterward. He flees to [[Hyderabad]], planning to go to [[Bangkok]]. However, he changes his mind after encountering Subbalakshmi, his childhood friend, who deceives him into thinking she reciprocates his feelings.

Seenu and his assistant Malli witness Seenu's [[doppelgänger]], Shankar, being attacked by thugs. They admit Shankar to a hospital, and Seenu decides to impersonate him to evade the police. Under Shankar's identity, Seenu and Malli move into an [[Retirement home|old-age home]] run by Shankar, planning to steal ₹25 [[lakh]], intended for the home's residents, to fund their Bangkok trip. However, Seenu soon learns about Shankar's mission.

Shankar is a [[hydrology]] post-graduate from Neeruru village in [[Rayalaseema]]. He discovered [[groundwater]] that could irrigate the village and surrounding areas. However, an [[Multinational corporation|MNC]] owned by Aggarwal tricked the villagers into giving up their land for a factory. Shankar was arrested, and six villagers committed suicide to draw media attention and secure his release. Learning of Shankar's plight, Seenu decides to fight for the villagers' cause while still impersonating Shankar.

Seenu, the old-age home residents, and Seenu's supporters approach the jury to advocate for their cause. Seenu intimidates a bribed jury member into siding with them. He also sends a disguised ally to mark Aggarwal's neck with a fingerprint. Aggarwal retaliates by sending 50 men to kill Seenu, but Seenu defeats them with coins given by the Lion Club during a ceremony.

Meanwhile, the real Shankar regains consciousness in the Kolkata prison where Seenu was held. With the help of a prisoner Seenu had previously captured, Shankar escapes and heads to Hyderabad with the prisoner's henchmen, unaware of Seenu's efforts there.

Seenu tries to raise media awareness about the villagers' plight, but the media dismisses it as non-sensational news. At the high court, the judge rules in favor of Seenu and the villagers but stipulates that villagers working abroad must refute Aggarwal's false support claims within five days. Unable to bring the villagers back in time, Seenu takes drastic measures to draw attention to their cause.

Seenu, Subbalakshmi, Malli, and the old-age home residents block Hyderabad's water supply by sitting on the pipelines. The resulting water crisis gains national attention, and Seenu emerges to give an emotionally charged speech that moves the nation.

Meanwhile, Shankar arrives in Hyderabad but is captured by Aggarwal's henchmen. He watches Seenu's speech on television and is moved by Seenu's efforts to help the villagers. On the eve of the verdict, Seenu's impersonation is exposed, but he assures the residents of his genuine commitment to their cause and promises to rescue Shankar from Aggarwal.

Seenu infiltrates Aggarwal's office, rescues Shankar, and they confront Aggarwal together. Shankar kills Aggarwal as he is about to kill Seenu. The next day, the court rules in favor of Shankar and the villagers. The Kolkata police arrest Seenu, but he assures Subbalakshmi that he will return soon.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Chiranjeevi]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Kaththi Seenu
** Konidela Siva Shankaravaraprasad
*[[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Lakshmi
*[[Tarun Arora]] as Agarwal
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Dober Man
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Malli, Seenu's friend
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Borabanda Bujji
*[[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]] as Minister Shekar
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Vijayakanth, Lions Club Speaker
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as Judge Suryaprasad
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Commissioner Krishnamurthy
*[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Ward Corporator Chinna, Borabanda Bujji's brother
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu, a cook in the old age home
*Sarika Ramachandra Rao as Rangaraj, a police officer
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Lawyer Venkatachalam
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram
*[[Narsing Yadav]] as Baasha Bhai
*[[Fish Venkat]] as Borabanda Bujji's gang member
*[[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] as old man
*[[V. V. Vinayak]] – Special appearance as water taking graduate
*[[Lakshmi Rai]] as an [[item number]] "Ratthaalu"
*[[Ram Charan]] – Special appearance in the song "Ammadu Let's Do Kummudu"<ref name="ramc">{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=10 January 2017 |title=Confirmed: Allu Arjun plays a cameo in Chiranjeevi's Khaidi No 150 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/khaidi-no-150-allu-arjun-ram-charan-cameo-chiranjeevi-kajal-954178-2017-01-10 |access-date=13 January 2017 |work=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
*[[Devi Sri Prasad]] – Special appearance in the song "Ammadu Let's Do Kummudu"
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Chiranjeevi{{'s}} <ref>{{Cite news |last=Talwar |first=Sushant |date=9 December 2016 |title=Boss Is Back: Watch Chiranjeevi in the Teaser of 'Khaidi No 150' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/12/08/watch-chiranjeevi-the-boss-is-back-in-the-trailer-of-khaidi-no-150-tollywood |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> 150th full-length feature film began filming in April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2016 |title=Megastar begins shoot for his 150th film |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-06-24/Megastar-begins-shoot-for-his-151th-film/237191 |access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> The film is the remake of 2014 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film, ''[[Kaththi]]'', featuring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] which dealt with issues such as farmer suicides and [[water scarcity in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Kavirayani |date=5 April 2016 |title=Chiranjeevi's next is Kathilantodu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050416/chiranjeevi-s-next-is-kathilantodu.html |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="cjdp">{{Cite news |date=4 June 2016 |title=Deepika Padukone might team up with Chiranjeevi in Kathilantodu |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/deepika-padukone-might-team-chiranjeevi-kathilantodu-44351 |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> The film was financed by Chiranjeevi's son [[Ram Charan]] and producer [[Subaskaran Allirajah|A. Subashkaran]] and [[V. V. Vinayak]] directed [[Chiranjeevi]] for the second time. The [[Paruchuri Brothers]] wrote the script based on A.R. Murugadoss' original story.<ref name="hans">{{Cite news |date=30 June 2016 |title=Chiranjeevi's Kathilantodu dialogues leaked in online |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-06-30/Chiranjeevis-Kathilantodu-dialogues-leaked-in-online/238712 |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> [[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed music for the film.<ref name="fds">{{Cite news |date=23 June 2016 |title=Chiranjeevi's 151th film starts rolling |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/chiranjeevis-150th-film-starts-rolling-2870883/ |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=[[Hyderabad]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The film features [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]] was finalised as the heroine in late July 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kajal Aggarwal teams up with Chiranjeevi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kajal-Aggarwal-teams-up-with-Chiranjeevi/articleshow/53463857.cms |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Tarun Arora]] was selected as the antagonist for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Tarun Arora to play the villain in Chiranjeevi's 150th film |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tarun-arora-to-play-the-villain-in-chiranjeevi-s-150th-film/story-jClBRqhkmXP0jLgRAzY88H.html |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 23 June 2016<ref name="fds" /><ref name="sunil">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2016 |title=I am proud of Sunil: Chiranjeevi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260616/i-am-proud-of-sunil-chiranjeevi.html |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> as key sequences being shot at [[Chanchalguda Central Jail]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="chan">{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Kavirayani |date=1 July 2016 |title=Now, Chiranjeevi is 'Khaidi no. 150' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010716/now-chiranjeevi-is-khaidi-no-150.html |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Later, in August 2016 Chiranjeevi and Kajal joined the shooting at [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chiranjeevi, Kajal shoot for Khaidi No. 150 at Airport |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ChiranjeeviKajal-shoot-for-Khaidi-No-150-at-Airport/articleshow/53873120.cms |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A special song was shot with Raai Laxmi and Chiranjeevi in October 2016. In November, two songs were shot with the lead pair Chiranjeevi and Kajal in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2016 |title=Chiranjeevi and Kajal Aggarwal in Europe |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/111116/chiranjeevi-and-kajal-aggarwal-in-europe.html |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Khaidi No150 heads to Europe for the songs |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Khaidi-No150-heads-to-Europe-for-the-songs/articleshow/55369802.cms |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Raghava Lawrence]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawrence joins Khaidi No 150 |url=http://www.mytelangana.com/movie-news/3034/lawrence-joins-khaidi-no-150 |access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> [[Jani Master]] and [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] choreographed the dances.<ref name=":0" /> [[Kanal Kannan]] and the duo [[Ram Lakshman (stunt choreographers)|Ram Lakshman]] choreographed the fights.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2016 |title=Jani master's Megastar dream comes true |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jani-master-megastar-dream-comes-true-telugu-news-171732.html |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> The visual effects for the film were made by Red Chillies VFX, a subsidiary of [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album and background score were composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The soundtrack album consists of five tracks.
{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:06
| title1 = Ammadu Let's Do Kummudu
| lyrics1 = Devi Sri Prasad
| extra1 = Devi Sri Prasad, [[Ranina Reddy]]
| length1 = 3:28
| title2 = Sundari
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra2 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]]
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = You And Me
| lyrics3 = Sri Mani
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 4:57
| title4 = Ratthalu
| lyrics4 = Devi Sri Prasad
| extra4 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Jasmine Sandlas]]
| length4 = 4:22
| title5 = Neeru Neeru
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 3:37
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Khaidi No. 150'' grossed {{INR}}50.45 [[crore]] on the opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Film Khaidi No.150 Has 8th Highest Opening Day In India – Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2627 |access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> KN150 crossed the {{INR}}95.4 crore mark in 2 days.<ref name="ibtimes.co.in">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Khaidi No 150 4 day worldwide box office collection: Chiranjeevi movie crosses Rs 100 crore mark on Saturday |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/khaidi-no-150-4-day-worldwide-box-office-collection-chiranjeevi-movie-crosses-rs-100-crore-mark-712290 |access-date=15 January 2017 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> It grossed over $2.45 million in the USA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=16 January 2017 |title=Two Million Dollars club: Khaidi No 150 joins in |url=http://telugucinema.com/news/two-million-dollars-club-khaidi-no-150-joins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320104252/http://telugucinema.com/news/two-million-dollars-club-khaidi-no-150-joins |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2017|02}} the film has grossed {{INR}}164 [[crore]].<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2017 |title=Khaidi No 150 box-office collection: Chiranjeevi's film impresses with steady growth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/khaidi-ni-150-box-office-collection-chiranjeevi-kajal-aggarwal-955714-2017-01-18 |access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 writing "Yes, Chiranjeevi is back for sure, although we can’t quite say he’s back with a bang."<ref>{{Citation |title=Khaidi No 150 Review {3/5}: Yes, Chiranjeevi is back for sure, although we can't quite say he's back with a bang |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/khaidi-no-150/movie-review/56472050.cms |access-date=2021-11-20}}</ref> 123 Telugu gave the film 3.25 writing "On the whole, Khaidi No 150 is a typical mass entertainer. The film is set to take record openings and has everything that we expect from a star hero like Chiranjeevi. He makes a thumping comeback and proves that even at this age he can give every star hero a run for their money. If you ignore the predictable story line and dull climax, Chiru’s one man show, superb songs, and a good message makes this film a good watch this festival season."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-14 |title=Khaidi No 150 telugu movie review {{!}} Khaidi No 150 Movie Review & Rating {{!}} Chiranjeevi Khaidi No 150 Movie Review {{!}} Khaidi No 150 telugu cinema review {{!}} Khaidi No 150 Film Review {{!}} Khaidi No 150 Telugu Review {{!}} Khaidi No 150 Twitter Updates {{!}} Khaidi No 150 movie First Day TalK {{!}} Khaidi No 150 Review {{!}} Khaidi No 150 USA Talk |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/khaidi-no-150-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5 writing "DSP songs do pump up the narrative but a slight disappointment is that dancer Chiru of Indra and Tagore is quite not in shape for a new step. There is modified Veena step and a “buckle lift” step with his son, Ram Charan Teja, who makes a 30-second cameo in a song, but the same agility and lithe is missing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-12 |title=Khaidi No 150 review: After Tagore and Stalin, Chiranjeevi is Shankar now |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood-movie-review/khaidi-no-150-movie-review-chiranjeevi-star-rating-4469078/ |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

''Great Andhra'' gave the film three out of five writing "Over all, "Khaidi No 150" is a film that has some nice mass moments and has dealt on a topical issue with cliched script. It is Chiru's act that works rather than the content of the movie."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2017-01-12 |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/khaidi-no-150-review-megastars-show-79334 |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film three out of five writing "Directed by VV Vinayak, ''Khaidi No 150''<nowiki/>'s objective, in the end, isn't to really tell an emotional story. It's to announce the return of the Megastar. And it serves its purpose. The story is just bonus. Nothing else matters."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-12 |title=Khaidi No 150 movie review: Kaththi remake is all about heralding megastar Chiranjeevi's return |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/khaidi-no-150-movie-review-kaththi-remake-is-all-about-heralding-megastar-chiranjeevis-return-3200140.html |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
|-
| rowspan="12" |2017
| rowspan="2" |49th Cinegoers Awards
|Best Hero
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[16th Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Stunts/ Action
|Ram-Lakshman
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)
|[[Tarun Arora]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)|Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]] for "Ammadu Lets Do Kummudu"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]]
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] for "Ammadu Lets Do Kummudu"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu|Zee Golden Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu|Best Music Director]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6054058}}

{{V. V. Vinayak}}{{Ram Charan}}{{Lyca Productions}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2017 action drama films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. V. Vinayak]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Croatia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films about farmers' suicides in India]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Robibaar

2026-03-07T06:51:39Z

ReggieHuntley0: improve page for clarity

{{short description|Bengali film}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Robibaar
| image = Robibaar (2019) poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Atanu Ghosh]]
| producer = Sandeep Agarwal
| writer = [[Atanu Ghosh]]
| screenplay = [[Atanu Ghosh]]
| story = [[Atanu Ghosh]]
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography = [[Appu Prabhakar]]
| editing = Sujoy Datta Ray
| released = {{Film date|2019|12|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 118 mins
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross = 
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
*[[Jaya Ahsan]]
}}}}

'''''Robibaar''''' ({{Translation|On A Sunday}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Romance film|romance]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Atanu Ghosh]] and produced by Sandeep Agarwal. Released on 27 December 2019, it stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] actress [[Jaya Ahsan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com//movies/robibaar/ET00118144|title=Robibaar Movie (2019) {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/robibaar-official-teaser-prosenjit-chatterjee-jaya-ahsan-atanu-ghosh-159543/|title='রবিবার' প্রকাশ্যে এল প্রসেনজিৎ-জয়ার রসায়ন|date=2019-11-10|website=Indian Express Bangla|language=bn-IN|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> The film was produced under the banner of Echo Entertainment Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-atanu-ghoshs-robibaar/articleshow/71346859.cms|title=It's a wrap for Atanu Ghosh's 'Robibaar' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 September 2019 |access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/robibaar-release-december-27-1834342|title='Robibaar' to release on December 27|date=2019-12-02|website=The Daily Star|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>

==Plot==
Fifteen years after a messy break-up, former lovers Sayani and Asimabha meet again. The wounds haven't healed, and as the day progresses, Sayani, gripped by deep misgivings, tries to leave, again and again. Trust has gone missing between Asimabha and her. The only way the two can now be together is by striking a cut-and-dried, mutually self-serving deal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-team-up-with-jaya-ahsan-for-robibar-119092500311_1.html|title=Prosenjit Chatterjee to team up with Jaya Ahsan for 'Robibar'|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-09-25|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2019/nov/30/atanu-ghosh-releases-the-trailer-of-his-film-robibaar-starring-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-jaya-ahsan-20248.html|title=Atanu Ghosh releases the trailer of his film, Robibaar, starring Prosenjit Chatterjee and Jaya Ahsan|website=www.indulgexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-robibar-starring-jaya-ahsan-and-prosenjit-chatterji-dgtl-1.1088091|title=মুভি রিভিউ 'রবিবার': যে ভালবাসা দরজা খুলে রাখতে বাধ্য করে|first=বিনায়ক|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|website=anandabazar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/robibaar-review-slow-burning-rigorous-study-of-two-people/|title=Robibaar: Slow-burning, Rigorous Study of Two People | Review by Bhaskar Chattopadhyay|date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2020/01/film-review-robibaar-2019-by-atanu-ghosh/|title=Film Review: Robibaar (2019) by Atanu Ghosh|first=Sankha|last=Ray|date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beyondbollywood.co.in/2020/01/13/robibaar-review-an-intriguing-unconventional-reunion-of-bitter-exes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022015949/https://beyondbollywood.co.in/2020/01/13/robibaar-review-an-intriguing-unconventional-reunion-of-bitter-exes/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2020|title=Robibaar review: An intriguing, unconventional reunion of bitter exes|first=Mayur|last=Lookhar|date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highonfilms.com/robibaar-on-a-sunday-2019-review/|title=Robibaar (On a Sunday) [2019] Review: A One Day Journey of Estranged Lovers|first=Bidita|last=Zaman|date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/2489284/Marquee/4TH-JANUARY-2020#dual/4/2//|title=The Statesman Marquee dated Sat, 4 Jan 20|website=epaper.thestatesman.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/a-dark-picture-of-the-poetic-twist/articleshow/72995918.cms/ |title=Cinema News: কাব্যময়তার মোড়া এক অন্ধকার ছবি - a dark picture of the poetic twist | Eisamay |access-date=21 February 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228063825/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/a-dark-picture-of-the-poetic-twist/articleshow/72995918.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eaajkaal.in/epaperdetails/index/b90df4d4-412c3a36-03e95268|title=Aajkaal eNewspaper|website=Eaajkaal}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Asimabha
* [[Jaya Ahsan]] as Sayani
* Shrijato Banerjee as Robi
* Saswati Sinha as Brinda
* Mithun Debnath as Lotkai
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|11349676}}

[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Atanu Ghosh]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Bengali-language films]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Megha Maale

2026-03-06T05:16:23Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding Info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Megha Maale
| image = Megha Maale.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| writer = S. Narayan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Sunad Raj [[Eeswari Rao|Vijayashree]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Swathi Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994|6|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Megha Maale''''' ({{Translation|Garland of clouds}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[family film|family]] [[drama film]] directed by [[S. Narayan]]. The film stars newcomer Sunad Raj and [[Eeswari Rao|Vijayashree]]. The film was a box office success.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Sunad Raj as Raghu
*[[Eeswari Rao|Vijayashree]] as Roopa
*[[M. P. Shankar]]
*[[S. Narayan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/sandalwoods-directors-turned-actors/sandalwoods-directors-turned-actors/photostory/27507647.cms|title=Sandalwood's directors turned actors|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*Bhavyashree Rai
*Vijayendra
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Shobaraj]]
*Master Madhan
}}

== Production ==
Raghavendra made his debut with this film and was credited as Sunad Raj to avoid being confused with [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]].<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/photos/sandalwood-news-megha-maale-kannada-movie-actor-sunaad-raj-settled-in-mysore-ganesha-i-love-you-kannada-movie-rsm-181686568696108-13.html|title=Sunaad Raj: ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೋಸ ಆಯ್ತಾ; ನಟನೆ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಮೈಸೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯುಸ್ನೆಸ್‌ ಮಾಡ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಮೇಘಮಾಲೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನಾಯಕ ಸುನಾದ್‌ ರಾಜ್‌|date=12 June 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|first=Rakshitha|last=Sowmya|language=kn}}</ref> [[Dr. Rajkumar]] closed the [[clapperboard]] for the [[muhurat shot]].<ref name="H"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/listen-to-popular-kannada-music-audio-song-jukebox-of-megha-maale-starring-sunad-raj-and-vijayashree/videoshow/80885033.cms|title=Listen To Popular Kannada Music Audio Song Jukebox Of 'Megha Maale' Starring Sunad Raj and Vijayashree|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2021}}</ref> [[Dr. Rajkumar]] sang the title song, and the music was well received.<ref name="H"/>
{{Infobox album
| name = Megha Maale
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1994
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 34:34<ref>{{cite web |title=Megha Maale - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/megha-maale/6uZCqfIBLJU_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=25 January 2024 |date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title = [[Mahakshathriya]]
| prev_year = 1994
| next_title = [[Halunda Tavaru]]
| next_year = 1994
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|z2RNzEmFIls|Megha Maale – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhoodevigindu
| all_lyrics = [[Hamsalekha]].
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Latha Hamsalekha]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Om Pratham Om
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 5:01
| title3 = Ghamaka
| length3 = 4:41
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| title4 = Ondu Hudugi Nodde Kano
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Megha Maale
| extra5 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| length5 = 5:05
| title6 = Ivalu Hetthavalu
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 5:12
| title7 = Megha Maale (Female version)
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 5:05
| total_length = 34:34
}}

== Reception ==
In 2023, a writer from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that "The film ''Megha Maale'' won the hearts of moviegoers with its screenplay and songs and will never be forgotten. Though the hero and heroine of this film are newcomers, the onscreen chemistry was well worked out".<ref name="H"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{S. Narayan}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:1994 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]

Muthassi (film)

2026-03-03T21:04:14Z

ReggieHuntley0: minor reworked information for consistency and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muthassi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| producer = Sargam Pictures
| writer = Indu [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sheela]] [[Jose Prakash]] [[Alummoodan]]
| music = [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
| cinematography = C Ramachandra Menon
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Sargam Pictures (P) Ltd.
| distributor = Sargam Pictures (P) Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|1971|05|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Muthassi''''' is a 1971 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. Bhaskaran]] and produced by Sargam Pictures. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]], [[Jose Prakash]] and [[Alummoodan]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=373|title=Muthassi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2754|title=Muthassi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/muthassi-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121453/https://spicyonion.com/title/muthassi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 January 2019|title=Muthassi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Venu
*[[Sheela]] as Mary/Geetha
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Unnikrishnan
*[[Alummoodan]] as Menon
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Muthassi
*Baby Rajani as Baiju
*Baby Rani as Babu
*[[Sumathi (actress)|Baby Sumathi]] as Rekha
*[[Bahadoor]] as Raghavan
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Vikraman
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Meenakshi
*[[Philomina]] as Madhavi
*[[Veeran]] as Swami
*[[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Mary
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Harshabaashpam Thooki" || [[P. Jayachandran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Meeshakkaaran Keshavanu" || L. R. Anjali, Kousalya, Aruna ||
|-
| 3 || "Mullakalinnale" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||
|-
| 4 || "Pambayaarin Panineer Kadavil" || [[S. Janaki]] ||
|-
| 5 || "Premakaumudi" || K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155892|Muthassi}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Bhaskaran]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta

2026-02-24T17:00:52Z

ReggieHuntley0: adding new entry

{{short description|Indian Hindi language fantasy television show}}
{{About|the 2017 Life OK television series|the 2017 Colors TV television nowseries|Chandrakanta (2017 TV series) {{!}}Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Indian soap opera]]
| image = Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta.jpeg
| caption =
| runtime = 45 minutes
| creator = Triangle Film Company
| based_on = {{based on|[[Chandrakanta (novel)|''Chandrakanta'']]|[[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]}}
| writer =
| director = Nikhil Sinha, Dharmesh Shah and Manish Singh
| creative_director =
| starring = ([[#Cast|''For cast see below'']])
| opentheme =
| producer = Nikhil Sinha
| cinematography =
| editor =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Life Ok]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2017|3|4|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|8|27|df=y}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 52
}}

'''''Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta''''' is an Indian [[Hindi language]] [[fantasy]] television show, produced and directed by Nikhil Sinha. The show stars [[Kritika Kamra]] and [[Gaurav Khanna]] in lead roles. The show is produced by Triangle Film Company and is inspired by the popular 1888 [[Hindi]] novel ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'' by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]. The dialogue writer for the show is Shailesh Pratap singh The show telecasted on [[Life OK]] from 4 March 2017 on Saturday-Sunday at 9 pm. First promo of the show was released on 8 February 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/kritika-kamra-looks-stunning-in-this-promo-of-chandrakanta-ekta-kapoor-lifetv-959790-2017-02-09|title=Kritika Kamra looks stunning in this promo of Chandrakanta|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref> A special sequence of the show was also shot at the [[Golkonda Fort]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chandrakanta-actors-shoot-at-golconda-fort/articleshow/57203925.cms|title='Chandrakanta' actors shoot at Golconda Fort|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref> Show went off-air abruptly on 27 August 2017.

==Plot ==
The show is inspired by the novel ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]''. The show starts when a king successfully possesses all the powers of the world and stores and locks those powers to keep anyone from trying to steal the powers. He and his wife die after another king attacks them. 100 years later, the king and his wife are reborn. The show then follows the story of the prince and princess falling in love and rediscovering the ''Tilism'', in spite of facing a lot of trouble created by Prince Shivdutt who is considered as the rightful owner of the "Tilism".

==Cast==
* [[Kritika Kamra]] as Princess Chandrakanta / Maharani Chandrika<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kritika-kamra-my-role-in-chandrakanta-is-neither-spineless-nor-a-bechari-4541685/|title=Kritika Kamra: My role in Chandrakanta is neither spineless nor 'a bechari'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kritika-kamra-has-not-watched-the-original-chandrakanta-and-doesn-t-intend-to/story-oK5svAgxBZEt82fS9Gbo8H.html|title=Kritika Kamra has not watched the original Chandrakanta and doesn't intend to|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=18 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Gaurav Khanna]] as Prince Virendra Singh / Maharaj Harshvardhan<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gaurav-khanna-to-play-the-lead-in-life-oks-chandrakanta-and-chandan-anand-to-play-the-bad-guy/articleshow/56521769.cms|title=Gaurav Khanna to play the lead in Life OK's Chandrakanta and Chandan Anand to play the bad guy|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as Marich<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sudesh-berry-on-chandrakanta-i-couldn-t-play-the-hero-s-role-then-now-i-am-the-superhero-2334666|title=Sudesh Berry on Chandrakanta:I couldn't play the hero's role then now, I am the superhero|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Ankit Arora]] as Crown Prince Shivdutt<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-arora-my-character-shivdutt-in-chandrakanta-can-go-to-any-extent-to-achieve-what-he-wants/articleshow/57829107.cms|title=Ankit Arora: My character Shivdutt in Chandrakanta can go to any extent to achieve what he wants|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Iris Maity]] as Bichhoo Kanya Shyamala / Rajkumari Taramati
* [[Chandan K Anand]] as Kroor Singh<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/impressed-with-kritikas-dedication-to-work-chandan-anand/articleshow/57856086.cms|title=Impressed with Kritika's dedication to work: Chandan Anand|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=27 March 2017}}</ref>
* Harsh Vashisht as Maharaj Jai Singh<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/harsh-vashisht-to-play-kritika-kamras-father/articleshow/56803154.cms|title=Harsh Vashisht to play Kritika Kamra's father|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Gungun Uprari]] as Maharani Ratnagarbha
* Sandeep Mohan as Maharaj Surendra Singh
* Jaswinder Gardner as Maharani Padvika
* Manasvi Vyas as Maharani Kamini
* Puneet Vashisht as Badrinath
* Jitendra Bohara as Aiyyar Nazim<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jitendra-bohara-to-play-aayar-nazim-on-chandrakanta/articleshow/57386110.cms|title=Jitendra Bohara to play Aayar Nazim on Chandrakanta|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Abhishek Avasthi]] as Aiyyar Ahmed
* Sumit Arora as Aiyyar Zakir
* [[Bibriti Chatterjee]] as Aiyyara Chapla
* Sonal Shrotriya as Aiyyara Champa
* [[Shailesh Datar]] as Pandit Jagannath
* Rohit Choudhary as Prince Jai Aditya
* Sunny Sachdeva as Aiyyar Devgiri
* [[Nikunj Malik]] as Soundarya
* Patrali Chattopadhyay as Parijaat
* Rahul Trivedi as Jhumroo
* Abhilash Chaudhary as Yakshraj Param
* Michelle Shah as Yakshini Siyali / Mansi
* [[Zeeshan Ahmed Khan]]/[[Ankur Nayyar]] as Tej Singh

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6755668}}

{{Life OK Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prem Ya Paheli - Chandrakanta}}
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]

Adani Enterprises

2026-02-22T10:30:10Z

ReggieHuntley0: correct layout additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian multinational holding company}}
{{Use Indian English|date= April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= April 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Adani Enterprises Limited
| logo = Adani logo 2012.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption =
| caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| former_name = Adani Exports Limited (1993–2006)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{BSE|512599}}
*{{NSE|ADANIENT}}
*[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE423A01024}}
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2 March 1993}}
| founder = [[Gautam Adani]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Gautam Adani]] ([[chairman]]) Rajesh Adani ([[Managing Director|MD]])
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|100365|c}} (2025)<ref name="FY23"/><ref name="Consolidated FY23"/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|10478|c}} (2025)
<ref name="EBIT FY23">{{cite news |title=AEL financials |url=https://groww.in/stocks/adani-enterprises-ltd/results/yearly|access-date=6 June 2023 |work=Groww}}</ref>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|8005|c}} (2025)<ref name="FY23">{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises Q4 results: Net profit rises 138% to Rs 722 cr; firm declares Rs 1.2 dividend |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/story/adani-enterprises-q4-results-net-profit-rises-138-to-rs-722-cr-firm-declares-rs-12-dividend-380034-2023-05-04 |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=Business Today |date=4 May 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Consolidated FY23">{{cite news |title=AEL financials |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/adanienterprises/consolidated-profit-lossVI/AE13#AE13|access-date=7 May 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=6 June 2023}}</ref>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|198135|c}}<ref name="fy">{{cite news |title=Q4 FY22 Financials |url=https://www.adanienterprises.com/-/media/Project/Enterprises/Investors/Investor-Downloads/Financial/AELOUTCOME03052022.pdf |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=Adani Enterprises}}</ref>
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|56470|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = 26,932 (including 19,756 workers) (2024)
| services = {{hlist|
[[Mining]] | [[Airport#Management|Airport operations]] | [[Food processing]] |[[Road#Construction|Road infrastructure]] | [[Photovoltaic system|Solar PV system manufacturing]] | [[Data center]]s | [[Water infrastructure]] |[[Aerospace]] |[[Defense industry|Defence]] | [[Railway infrastructure manager|Rail infrastructure]] | [[Bunkering]] | [[Hydrocarbon exploration]]}}
| products =
| parent = [[Adani Group]]
| divisions =
| subsid = See [[#Subsidiaries|list]]
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani Enterprises Limited - Annual Report |url=https://reports.adani.com/Adani-Enterprises-Limited-Annual-Report/index.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=[[Adani Group]] |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413133316/https://reports.adani.com/Adani-Enterprises-Limited-Annual-Report/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| intl =
}}

'''Adani Enterprises Limited''' ('''AEL''') is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] publicly listed [[holding company]] and a part of [[Adani Group]]. It is headquartered in [[Ahmedabad]] and primarily involved in mining and trading of [[Coal mining|coal]] and [[Iron mining|iron ore]]. Through its various subsidiaries, it also has business interests in [[Airport#Management|airport operations]], [[Cooking oil|edible oils]], road, rail and water infrastructure, [[data centers]], and solar manufacturing, among others.

== History ==
The company was incorporated in 1993 under the name Adani Exports Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Adani Enterprises Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/adani-enterp-4244/information/company-history|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref> It mainly deals with the group's integrated resources management, power trading, and natural resources businesses on a standalone basis.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-04|title=Adani Enterprises becomes second-most valuable Adani Group firm|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/adani-enterprises-now-2nd-most-valuable-adani-group-firm-up-30-in-a-week-121060400609_1.html|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref> Its general purpose is to act as an in-house [[Business incubator|incubator]] for [[Adani Group]]'s new businesses until they become self-sustainable.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises Limited - CARE Ratings Analyst Report |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/Adani%20Enterprises%20Limited-09-30-2020.pdf |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=CARE Ratings |date=30 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Adani Defence & Aerospace and Leonardo Forge Strategic Partnership to Build India's Helicopter Ecosystem |date=2026-02-03 |publisher=[[Adani Group]] |url=https://www.adani.com/newsroom/media-releases/adani-defence-and-aerospace-and-leonardo-forge-strategic-partnership |access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries ==
Adani Enterprises is involved in [[edible oils]] foods,<ref name="wilmar"/> airport operations,<ref name="tussle"/> [[Photovoltaic system|solar PV]] manufacturing,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Green arm transfers 74% stake held in Mundra Solar Energy to Adani Enterprises |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/adani-green-arm-transfers-74-stake-held-in-mundra-solar-energy-to-adani-enterprises-121052400237_1.html |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=India Infoline}}</ref> road, water infrastructure,<ref name="loa_nhai"/><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Adani Defence & Aerospace and Leonardo Forge Strategic Partnership to Build India's Helicopter Ecosystem |date=2026-02-03 |publisher=[[Adani Group]] |url=https://www.adani.com/newsroom/media-releases/adani-defence-and-aerospace-and-leonardo-forge-strategic-partnership |access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref> [[data center]]s,<ref name=ag1/> agri-output storage and distribution,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ruchira |title=Adani in slow, strategic bid to stay ahead in agriculture |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/FLrzHPxTLdCJdwjWPihI5K/Adani-in-slow-strategic-bid-to-stay-ahead-in-agriculture.html |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=mint |date=2015-01-21 |language=en}}</ref> defence and aerospace,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises gains as Airbus, Adani Defence sign MoU |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/adani-enterprises-gains-as-airbus-adani-defence-sign-mou-120020700337_1.html |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=2020-02-07}}</ref> [[bunkering]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sood |first1=Jyotika |last2=Bhaskar |first2=Utpal |title=Adani Enterprises plans ship-fuelling business expansion |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/HBjJhxDsT7rOB4UYHRCjcI/Adani-Enterprises-plans-shipfuelling-business-expansion.html |access-date=7 June 2021 |work=mint |date=28 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> shipping,<ref name="shipping"/> rail and [[Rapid transit|metro]] infrastructure,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Rachita |title=Adani Enterprises sets up new arm for metro rail business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/adani-enterprises-sets-up-new-arm-for-metro-rail-business/articleshow/71634876.cms |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=17 October 2019}}</ref> [[oil exploration]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Welspun finds gas in offshore Mumbai |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/adani-welspun-finds-gas-in-mumbai-offshore-s-tapti-daman-sector-11615782567464.html |access-date=21 June 2021 |work=Mint}}</ref> [[petrochemicals]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises incorporates wholly-owned arm Mundra Petrochem Limited |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/adani-enterprises-incorporates-wholly-owned-arm-mundra-petrochem-limited/articleshow/82164822.cms |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> [[mass media]],<ref name="amg"/> [[green hydrogen]],<ref name="energy"/> copper,<ref name="copper"/> aluminium,<ref>{{cite news |title=Now, Adani to venture into aluminium business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/now-adani-to-venture-into-aluminium-business/article37987116.ece |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=Business Line |date=18 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and online services.<ref name="digital"/>

Subsidiaries of Adani Enterprises include:

=== Adani Defence & Aerospace===
It is a defense manufacturing arm of the company. It manufactures with armed drones such as [[Drishti-10 Starliner|Drishti 10 Starliner]] UAV<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-15|title=Adani opens UAV facility|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/adani-opens-uav-facility/article25752067.ece|access-date=2021-07-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and small arms such as [[IWI Negev]], [[Tavor TAR-21]], and [[IWI ACE]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|title=Adani Defence to focus on small arms and ammo, anti-drone systems|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/adani-defence-to-focus-on-small-arms-and-ammo-anti-drone-systems/articleshow/80718551.cms|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref> As a part of a joint venture between [[Elbit Systems]] from Israel and Adani Defence and Aerospace, a manufacturing facility for [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] have been set up at [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], inaugurated in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Ch Sushil|last2=Bharadwaj|first2=Swati|first3=Swati|last3=Rathor|title=Hyderabad adding muscle to India's armed forces |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hyderabad-adding-muscle-to-indias-armed-forces/articleshow/78474137.cms|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Times of India|date=4 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lasania|first=Yunus Y.|date=2018-12-14|title=Adani Elbit UAV complex inaugurated in Hyderabad|url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/EXlKtDL4Vo2aqQr8lLIjkK/Adani-Elbit-Unamanned-Aerial-Vehicles-complex-inaugurated-in.html|access-date=2021-07-20|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> In April 2020, Adani Defence Systems and Technologies acquired Alpha Design Technologies Pvt Ltd., an organization involved in the design, development, and manufacture of defense electronics and avionics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Enterprises arm acquires Alpha Design Technologies|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-enterprises-arm-acquires-alpha-design-technologies/article26899360.ece|access-date=2021-07-20|website=@businessline|date=20 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2020, Adani acquired a 51 percent stake in PLR Systems Private Ltd which was incorporated in 2013 and engages in manufacturing and supply of indigenously built defense equipment to the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-11|title=Adani's defence subsidiary acquires majority stake in PLR Systems|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-defence-subsidiary-acquires-majority-stake-in-plr-systems-120091101525_1.html|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref> In May 2022, Adani Defence Systems and Technologies, a wholly owned subsidiary of Adani Enterprises, signed a definitive agreement to acquire a 50% stake in Bengaluru-based General Aeronautics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani buys 50% stake in drone startup General Aeronautics|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/adani-buys-50-stake-in-drone-startup-general-aeronautics/108374|website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref> The company is involved with DRDO in [[Gaurav (glide bomb)|Long Range Glide Bomb]], [[VSHORAD (India)|VSHORAD]], [[ULPGM]], [[NASM-SR]] and [[Rudram-1]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manghat |first=Sajeet |date=2022-10-19 |title=How Adani Defence Has Scaled Up In The Last Five Years |url=https://www.bqprime.com/business/how-adani-defence-has-scaled-up-in-the-last-five-years |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=BQ Prime |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Missiles {{!}} Adani Defence & Aerospace |url=https://www.adanidefence.com/en/missiles |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.adanidefence.com |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811115955/https://www.adanidefence.com/en/missiles |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2024, Adani Defence & Aerospace inaugurated two ammunition and missile manufacturing facilities in the Uttar Pradesh Defence Corridor at [[Kanpur]]. [[Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], inaugurated the Ammunition & Missiles Complex, marking the first phase of the state's defence corridor. These facilities are designed to produce various calibres of ammunition and missiles for the Indian armed forces and police. The complex spans 500 acres and will produce 150 million rounds of small-calibre ammunition, covering 25% of India's annual requirement.<ref name="g697">{{cite news |date=27 Feb 2024 |title=Adani Defence & Aerospace's to manufacture Army's ammunition & missile in UP defence corridor |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adanis-ammunition-missile-manufacturing-units-come-up-in-up-defence-corridor/article67888894.ece |work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=8 Aug 2024 }}</ref><ref name="n745">{{citation |last=Sharma |first=Rakshanda |title=Adani unveils South Asia's largest ammunition and missiles complex in Kanpur, to add 4,000 jobs |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 Feb 2024 |page= |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/adani-unveils-south-asias-largest-defence-complex-in-kanpur-to-add-4000-jobs/articleshow/108012504.cms |access-date=8 Aug 2024 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In June 2024, Adani signed an agreement with [[Thales Group]] to locally manufacture 70 mm calibre [[FZ275 LGR]] rockets for Indian attack helicopters like [[HAL Rudra]] and [[HAL Prachand]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-27 |title=Big Boost to Rudra and Prachand helicopters: Adani Defence and Thales Group to manufacture 70mm rockets in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/big-boost-to-rudra-and-prachand-helicopters-adani-defence-and-thales-group-to-manufacture-70mm-rockets-in-india/articleshow/111307479.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Key Milestone": Adani Defence, Thales Tie Up To Make Rockets In India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business-news/adani-group-gautam-adani-key-milestone-adani-defence-thales-tie-up-to-make-rockets-in-india-5972689 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In June 2024, Adani Defence and Aerospace and [[EDGE Group]], a [[UAE]]-based technology and defence organisation, entered a cooperation agreement. The collaboration covers missiles, weapons, unmanned systems, air defence products, and electronic warfare technologies with potential R&D and production facilities in India and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref name="x997">{{cite web | last=| first= | title=Adani Defence & Aerospace, UAE's EDGE sign defence cooperation agreement | website=Business Standard | date=11 Jun 2024 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/adani-defence-aerospace-uae-s-edge-sign-defence-cooperation-agreement-124061100485_1.html | access-date=7 Aug 2024}}</ref>

In May 2025, Adani Defence & Aerospace has signed a binding collaboration agreement with [https://www.sparton.com Sparton] (DeLeon Springs LLC), a group company of [[Elbit Systems]], to manufacture [[Anti-submarine weapon|anti-submarine]] [[sonobuoy]]s in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani Defence, Sparton Sign Deal To Make Anti-Submarine Sonobuoys In India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business-news/adani-defence-sparton-sign-deal-to-make-anti-submarine-sonobuoys-in-india-8444408 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Embraer]] and Adani Group of India signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) in December 2025 on setting up a [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] in India for commercial aircraft having a seating capacity of 70–146 passengers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-08 |title=In a first, Adani, Embraer tie up to build commercial fixed-wing planes in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/in-a-first-adani-embraer-tie-up-to-build-commercial-fixed-wing-planes-in-india/articleshow/126404843.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Adani Group, Embraer sign MoU to set up aircraft assembly line in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-adani-group-embraer-sign-mou-to-set-up-aircraft-assembly-line-in-india-4101313/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Joanna |date=2026-01-09 |title=Adani–Embraer deal could bring commercial aircraft assembly to India |url=https://aerospaceglobalnews.com/news/adani-embraer-commercial-aircraft-assembly-india/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=AGN |language=en-en}}</ref> Adani Defence & Aerospace signed an agreement with Embraer on 27 January at the [[Wings India]] to develop an integrated regional transport aircraft ecosystem in India. Firstly, an assembly line will be established followed by a phased increase in indigenisation to support India’s Regional Transport Aircraft (RTA) program under the [[UDAN]] programme.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Adani Defence & Aerospace and Embraer announce Strategic Partnership to Establish Regional Transport Aircraft Ecosystem in India|date=2026-01-27|publisher=[[Adani Group]]|url=https://www.adani.com/newsroom/media-releases/adani-defence-and-aerospace-and-embraer-announce-strategic-partnership|access-date=2026-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|title=Embraer and Adani Defence & Aerospace announce strategic partnership to establish regional transport aircraft ecosystem in India|date=2026-01-27|publisher=[[Embraer]]|url=https://www.embraer.com/media-center/en/?mediatype=NEWS&detail=24116-Embraer-and-Adani-Defence-%26-Aerospace-announce-strategic-partnership-to-establish-regional-transport-aircraft-ecosystem-in-India|access-date=2026-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Embraer-Adani sign MoU on aviation manufacturing|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/embraer-adani-sign-mou-on-aviation-manufacturing/article70555708.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-02|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=|last=}}</ref> Later, on 21 February 2026, during the visit of [[Brazilian president]], [[Lula da Silva]], to India, Embraer signed an enhanced MoU with Adani Defence & Aerospace to establish a production ecosystem for [[Embraer E-Jet family|E-175]] in India. Under the agreement, a [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] (FAL) for the aircraft will be set up in India. This was an advancement from the initial MoU signed in January.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Adani Defence & Aerospace and Embraer propose E175 Final Assembly Line in India|date=2026-02-21|publisher=[[Embraer]]|url=https://www.embraer.com/media-center/en/?mediatype=NEWS&detail=24365-Adani-Defence-%26-Aerospace-and-Embraer-propose-E175-Final-Assembly-Line-in-India|access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-21|title=Embraer & Adani sign ‘enhanced’ pact for aircraft FAL in India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/embraer-adani-sign-enhanced-pact-for-aircraft-fal-in-india/articleshow/128646600.cms|access-date=2026-02-22|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Adani Defence & Aerospace signed another [[memorandum of understanding]] with [[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]] for the strategic partnership to establish India's helicopter manufacturing ecosystem. The companies will setup an [[assembly line]] for [[AgustaWestland AW169|AW169M]] and [[AgustaWestland AW109|AW109 TrekkerM]] helicopters with phased indigenisation as well as [[Aircraft maintenance|MRO]] facilities. This is meant to fulfill the requirement of over 1000 helicopters by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Adani Defence & Aerospace and Leonardo Forge Strategic Partnership to Build India's Helicopter Ecosystem |date=2026-02-03 |publisher=[[Adani Group]] |url=https://www.adani.com/newsroom/media-releases/adani-defence-and-aerospace-and-leonardo-forge-strategic-partnership |access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite press release |title=Adani Defence & Aerospace and Leonardo Forge Strategic Partnership to Build India's Helicopter Ecosystem |date=2026-02-03 |publisher=[[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]] |url=https://www.leonardo.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/03-02-2026-adani-defence-aerospace-and-leonardo-forge-strategic-partnership-to-build-india-s-helicopter-ecosystem |access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2026-02-03 |title=Adani Defence teams up with Italy’s Leonardo to tap India’s mega helicopter market |url=https://theprint.in/defence/adani-defence-teams-up-with-italys-leonardo-to-tap-indias-mega-helicopter-market/2844465/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> While the AW169M will cater the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]'s Naval Utility Helicopter (NUH) tender<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Indian Navy floats RFI for 76 helicopters to boost rescue, patrol missions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-floats-rfi-for-76-helicopters-to-boost-rescue-patrol-missions/articleshow/123480942.cms |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-24 |title=Navy Floats RFI For 76 Utility Helicopters |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/navy-floats-rfi-for-76-utility-helicopters-1899454 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> for 76 helicopters against [[HAL Dhruv#Utility Helicopter-Marine|HAL Utility Helicopter-Marine]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-10-20 |title=Indigenous marine utility copter set to fly by May next year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-marine-utility-copter-set-to-fly-by-may-next-year/articleshow/114403511.cms |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2025-05-10 |title=India reaches out to US, France for twin-engine naval helicopters |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-reaches-out-to-us-france-for-twin-engine-naval-helicopters/article69561544.ece |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> the TrekkerM will target the reconnaissance and surveillance helicopters (RSH) tender<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Airbus, Tata Advanced Systems Limited launch a new era: ‘Made in India’ H125 helicopter to take flight from Karnataka |date=2025-10-01 |publisher=[[Airbus]] |url=https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-10-airbus-tata-advanced-systems-limited-launch-a-new-era-made-in-india |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref> for 200 helicopters of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] against [[HAL Light Utility Helicopter]], [[Bell 407]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phadnis |first=Aneesh |date=2025-10-07 |title=Max AeroSpace, Bell Textron tie up for govt’s helicopter programme |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/max-aerospace-bell-textron-tie-up-for-govts-helicopter-programme/article70135644.ece |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> and [[Airbus H125]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Airbus, Tata Advanced Systems Limited launch a new era: ‘Made in India’ H125 helicopter to take flight from Karnataka |date=2025-10-01 |publisher=[[Airbus]] |url=https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-10-airbus-tata-advanced-systems-limited-launch-a-new-era-made-in-india |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref> A joint reply for the tender has been sent to the [[Indian Defense Ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2026-02-04 |title=Adani, Leonardo team up to make military helicopters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/adani-leonardo-team-up-to-make-military-helicopters/articleshow/127897471.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The ecosystem will also serve the domestic civilian market demand.<ref name=":1" />

==== Adani-Elbit Advanced Systems ====
Adani Enterprise and [[Elbit Systems]] formed the joint venture business in 2016. It will produce military drones like [[Hermes 900]]. Located in Hyderabad, it is the sole Hermes 900 production facility outside of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=Indo-Israeli Joint Venture To Manufacture Drones In India |url=https://defensemirror.com/news/17605/Indo_Israeli_Joint_Venture_To_Manufacture_Drones_In_India |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=defensemirror.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Tanya |date=2025-06-13 |title=From Haifa to Hyderabad: A look at Adani Group assets in Middle East amid rising Iran-Israel conflict |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-from-haifa-to-hyderabad-a-look-at-adani-group-assets-in-middle-east-amid-rising-iran-israel-conflict-3878540/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> The first private UAV manufacturing plant in India, the Adani Elbit Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Complex, began operations in December 2018. The factory started off producing full [[carbon composite]] [[Aerostructure|aerostructures]] for Hermes 900 and [[Hermes 450]] for international markets. It increased production to include the construction and integration of entire UAVs. The business began exporting the Hermes 900 by 2020 and set up a Design and Development Center to collaborate on the development of defense technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayakumar |first=P. B. |date=2025-06-24 |title=‘Operation Sindoor called, we delivered’: Gautam Adani makes powerful pitch on homegrown drone warfare and defence readiness |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/operation-sindoor-called-we-delivered-gautam-adani-makes-powerful-pitch-on-homegrown-drone-warfare-and-defence-readiness/124325 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chand |first=Swati Bharadwaj |date=2018-12-14 |title=India's first pvt UAV facility takes off at Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-pvt-uav-facility-takes-off-at-hyderabad/articleshow/67096441.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The company was one of the 14 recipients of the production-linked incentive program for drone and drone component manufacturing in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Saurabh |date=2022-04-21 |title=Adani-Israel co JV, 13 others vie for drone scheme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/adani-israel-firm-jv-among-14-companies-shortlisted-for-govts-drone-pli-scheme/articleshow/90960204.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Adani Airport Holdings ===
[[File:Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport 3.jpg|thumb|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] in Mumbai.]]
Adani Airport Holdings is the airport management and operations subsidiary. It is the majority stakeholder in Mumbai International Airport Limited (MIAL), which owns the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] and the under-construction [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]].According to [[Media (communication)|media]] [[reports]] as of 2023, Adani Enterprises operates seven airports, acquired during the government's initial privatization initiative. These include [[Mumbai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Lucknow]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Jaipur]], [[Guwahati]], and [[Mangaluru]].<ref name="Mukul 2022 p689">{{cite web | last=Mukul | first=Pranav | title=7 airports with it, Adanis look to buy stake in key aircraft back-end company | website=The Indian Express | date=28 May 2022 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/adani-defence-and-aerospace-to-acquire-stake-in-bengaluru-based-agri-drone-start-up-general-aeronautics-7941494/ | access-date=2 Jan 2024}}</ref>

=== Adani Mining ===
[[File:Blogskale 20220412-ccm-404.jpg|thumb|[[Carmichael coal mine]] in Australia.]]
Adani Enterprises operates its mines in India, Indonesia and Australia, and supplies coal to Bangladesh, China, and some countries in Southeast Asia. It has a coal mine in [[Bunyu]], [[North Kalimantan]], Indonesia, which produced 3.9 Mt of coal in 2016{{ndash}}17. The Group has made the largest investment by an Indian company in Australia at the controversial [[Carmichael coal mine]] in the [[Galilee Basin]], [[Queensland]]. Development of this mine is {{as of|lc=yes|2020}} the subject of a court challenge to the [[Australian Government]] over its lack of adherence to environmental legislation.<ref name="acf2020">{{cite web | title=ACF challenges Morrison Government decision to not apply water trigger to Adani pipeline | website=Australian Conservation Foundation | date=16 March 2020 | url=https://www.acf.org.au/acf_challenges_morrison_govt_decision_to_not_apply_water_trigger_to_adani_pipeline | access-date=31 August 2020 | archive-date=15 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315190040/https://www.acf.org.au/acf_challenges_morrison_govt_decision_to_not_apply_water_trigger_to_adani_pipeline | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2020, Adani Australia, the controversial Australian mining arm of Adani Enterprises was rebranded as [[Bravus Mining & Resources]].<ref>[https://www.bravus.com.au/adani-launches-new-brand-for-its-mining-business-to-celebrate-10-years-in-australia/ Adani launches new brand for its mining business to celebrate 10 years in Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307105918/https://www.bravus.com.au/adani-launches-new-brand-for-its-mining-business-to-celebrate-10-years-in-australia/ |date=7 March 2022 }} Bravus Mining & Resources 5 November 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/adani-australia-rebrands-to-bravus-mining-and-resources/ Adani Australia rebrands to Bravus Mining and Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805184110/https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/adani-australia-rebrands-to-bravus-mining-and-resources/ |date=5 August 2021 }} ''Australian Mining'' 5 November 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/05/crooked-not-courageous-adani-renames-australian-group-bravus-mistaking-it-for-brave Crooked not courageous: Adani renames Australian group Bravus, mistaking it for brave] ''[[The Guardian]]'' 5 November 2020</ref> The new subsidiary is responsible for developing [[Carmichael coal mine]] in [[Central Queensland]].<ref>[https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/adani-on-track-for-first-carmichael-mine-coal-exports-in-2021-20200716-p55cnh.html Adani on track for first Carmichael mine coal exports in 2021] ''[[Brisbane Times]]'' 16 July 2020</ref>

=== Adani Road Transport ===
[[File:National Highway-4 kolhapur.jpg|thumb|The [[Kagal]]–[[Satara (city)|Satara]] stretch of [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]] to be six-laned under [[Bharatmala]]'s [[build-operate-transfer]] agreement.]]
Adani Road Transport undertakes construction, operations and maintenance of roads, highways, expressways and tollways.<ref name="loa_nhai"/> The company has [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]] projects in the states of Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises wins Rs 1,546-cr project from NHAI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/adani-enterprises-wins-rs-1546-cr-project-from-nhai/articleshow/74575101.cms |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Chhattisgarh,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani forays into road infrastructure, wins Rs 1,140-crore highway project in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/apr/04/adani-forays-into-road-infrastructure-wins-rs-1140-crore-highway-project-in-chhattisgarh-1796985.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Gujarat,<ref name="loa_nhai">{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises road biz receives LoA from NHAI |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/adani-enterprises-road-biz-receives-loa-from-nhai-121031900520_1.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=19 March 2021}}</ref> Kerala,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani bags Rs 1,838 crore Kerala road project from NHAI |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/adani-bags-rs-1838-crore-kerala-road-project-from-nhai-284375-2021-01-14 |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises wins Rs 866 cr highway project from NHAI in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/adani-enterprises-wins-rs-866-cr-highway-project-from-nhai-in-madhya-pradesh-120033101634_1.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=31 March 2020}}</ref> Maharashtra,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises arm gets LoA for highway project in Maharashtra |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/adani-enterprises-arm-gets-loa-for-highway-project-in-maharashtra/articleshow/90573079.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Odisha,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises bags Rs 1,169 crore highway project from NHAI in Odisha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/apr/03/adani-enterprises-bags-rs-1169-crore-highway-project-from-nhai-in-odisha-2285280.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Telangana,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Transport wins ₹1,040 crore highway contract from NHAI in Telangana |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/adani-transport-wins-rs-1-040-crore-highway-contract-from-nhai-in-telangana-11616580710449.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=mint |date=24 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Road Transport secures NHAI road project in West Bengal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/adani-road-transport-secures-nhai-road-project-in-west-bengal-121040300265_1.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=3 April 2021}}</ref> Adani road Transport bids the highest for the 124-km stretch of National Highway 38 with Rupees 1692 crores.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Md Zakariya |title=Adani top bidder for 124-km NH stretch in Tamil Nadu, offers Rs 1,692 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/adani-road-transport-highway-bid-tot-model-tamil-nadu-125011500399_1.html |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

In December 2021, it won the contract to build a 464 km stretch of the 594 km-long [[Ganga Expressway]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani wins big chunk of Ganga Expressway project worth ₹17,085 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-wins-big-chunk-of-ganga-expressway-project-worth-17085-crore/article37997744.ece |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=Business Line |language=en}}</ref>

=== Adani Shipping ===
Incorporated in 2006, Adani Shipping is a [[Singapore]]-based step-down subsidiary which operates a fleet of [[bulk carrier]]s. In 2011, it began transporting coal from the group's mines in Indonesia and Australia.<ref name="shipping">{{cite news |title=Adani Shipping Buys Vessels to Transport Coal From Australia |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-01-07/adani-shipping-buys-vessels-to-transport-coal-from-australia |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=7 January 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Shipping Pte. Ltd. Company Profile - Singapore |url=https://www.emis.com/php/company-profile/SG/Adani_Shipping_Pte_Ltd_en_6690450.html |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=www.emis.com}}</ref>

=== Adani Rail and Metro Transport ===
Established in October 2019 as a full-owned subsidiary of AEL, Adani Metro Transport Limited undertakes metro rail projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises up for fifth straight day, surges 27% in one week |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/adani-enterprises-up-for-fifth-straight-day-surges-27-in-one-week-119101800335_1.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=18 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Adani group also have their private railway Network.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani’s infrastructure footprint across railways, roads, aviation, and ports |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-adani-infrastructure-footprint-across-railways-roads-aviation-and-ports-3671092/ |work=Financialexpress |date=21 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Adani Solar ===
Adani Solar is the [[solar PV]] manufacturing and EPC subsidiary of Adani Enterprises. As of November 2020, it is the largest integrated solar cell and module manufacturer in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mishra|first=Lalatendu|date=2020-11-23|title=Adani Solar to add 2-GW cell and module capacity at Mundra|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/adani-solar-to-add-2-gw-cell-and-module-capacity-at-mundra/article33163475.ece|access-date=2021-07-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Adani New Industries ===
Adani New Industries was incorporated in January 2022 as a wholly owned [[renewable energy|new energy]] subsidiary of Adani Enterprises. It undertakes [[green hydrogen]] projects such as [[low-carbon power]] generation, as well as the manufacture of [[hydrogen fuel cell]]s, [[wind turbine]]s, [[solar module]]s and batteries.<ref name="energy">{{cite news |title=Adani Group sets up subsidiary for new energy business |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/energy/story/adani-group-sets-up-subsidiary-for-new-energy-business-318400-2022-01-09 |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="moneycontrol_8144311">{{cite news |title=Adani Group in pact with Ballard to manufacture hydrogen fuel cells in India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/adani-group-in-pact-with-ballard-for-hydrogen-fuel-cells-in-india-8144311.html |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

=== Adani Water ===
It was founded as a subsidiary in December 2018, with a focus on water infrastructure construction. It is currently involved in wastewater treatment, recycle and reuse projects at [[Prayagraj]] under the [[Pollution of the Ganges#National Mission for clean Ganga|National Mission for Clean Ganga Framework]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-12-27|title=Adani Enterprises incorporates a new subsidiary, Prayagraj Water|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-enterprises-incorporates-a-new-subsidiary-prayagraj-water-118122700797_1.html|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>

=== Adani Welspun Exploration===
Adani Welspun Exploration is a 65:35 joint venture between [[Adani Group]] (through Adani Enterprises) and [[Welspun Group|Welspun Enterprises]]. It is involved in [[oil and gas exploration]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises updates on gas discovery by JV in Tapti-Daman Sector |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/adani-enterprises-updates-on-gas-discovery-by-jv-in-tapti-daman-sector-of-mumbai-offshore-11623295491568.html |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=mint |date=10 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Kutch Copper===
Kutch Copper is a wholly owned subsidiary of Adani Enterprises which was incorporated in March 2021 to manufacture copper [[cathode]]s, copper rods and other copper products.<ref name="copper">{{cite news |last1=Dilipkumar |first1=Bhavya |title=Adani Enterprises enters copper business, incorporates Kutch Copper Limited |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/adani-enterprises-enters-the-copper-business-incorporates-kutch-copper-limited/articleshow/81694326.cms |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 March 2021}}</ref> In 2022, the company was reported to be setting up a [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] copper refinery complex at [[Mundra]] with 1 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) capacity, expected to commence production in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Group achieves financial closure for Kutch Copper project |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-group-achieves-financial-closure-for-kutch-copper-project/article65567293.ece |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=26 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Adani Agri Fresh===
Adani Agri Fresh is involved in procurement, packaging, logistics and marketing of apples produced by farmers in [[Himachal Pradesh]], as well as and other Indian fruits, under ''Farm-Pik'' brand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Agri Fresh procures 2,500 tonnes of apples from farmers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/adani-agri-fresh-procures-2500-tonnes-of-apples-from-farmers/articleshow/85765014.cms |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> It also imports fruits from other countries and sells them in the Indian market.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supply Chain Re-engineering in the Fresh Produce Industry: A Case Study of Adani Agrifresh |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/144676/2/20120018.pdf |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=IFAMA}}</ref>

=== Adani Wilmar ===
{{main|Adani Wilmar}}
Incorporated in 1999, [[Adani Wilmar]] is a [[food processing]] company and a [[joint venture]] between Adani Enterprises and [[Wilmar International]]. In November 2000, Adani Wilmar launched its flagship brand "Fortune" under which it produces and sells [[edible oil]]s including [[sunflower oil]], [[palm oil]], [[soybean oil]], [[mustard oil]], [[rice bran oil]], [[cottonseed oil]], [[groundnut oil]] and [[Dalda|vanaspati]]. Apart from edible oils, it sells flour, rice, pulses, sugar, soya nuggets and instant food mixes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-24|title=Adani Wilmar completes 20 years of Fortune brand; to set up new plants across businesses|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/adani-wilmar-completes-20-years-of-fortune-brand-to-set-up-new-plants-across-businesses/2135589/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Wilmar on a roll; shares zoom over 80% in one month |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/stocks/story/adani-wilmar-on-a-roll-shares-zoom-over-80-in-one-month-331132-2022-04-25 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The company makes [[personal care]] products like soaps, handwash and hand sanitizers under "Alife" brand.<ref name="wilmar">{{cite news |last1=Vora |first1=Rutam |title=Adani Wilmar sees food business growing 3x over oils in next five years |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-wilmar-sees-food-business-growing-3x-over-oils-in-next-five-years/article33170588.ece |access-date=5 June 2021 |work=Business Line |language=en}}</ref> It makes industrial use products comprising [[oleochemicals]], [[castor oil]] and [[lecithin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Adani Wilmar Became India's Second-largest FMCG Firm |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/corporate/story/how-adani-wilmar-became-indias-second-largest-fmcg-firm-326608-2022-03-23 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

The company went public in January 2022 with an [[initial public offering]], after which Adani Enterprises and Wilmar International continued to hold a combined 88% stake in Adani Wilmar.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Adani Wilmar finalises issue price of Rs 3,600-cr IPO at Rs 230 per share |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/adani-wilmar-finalises-issue-price-of-rs-3-600-cr-ipo-at-rs-230-per-share-122020401399_1.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=4 February 2022}}</ref>

On December 30, 2024, Adani Enterprises announced plans to sell its entire 44% stake in Adani Wilmar in a $2 billion deal. The transaction includes Wilmar International acquiring a 31% stake, with the remaining 13% to be sold in the open market to meet regulatory norms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani to sell stake in Adani Wilmar for $2 billion |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/adani-enterprises-to-sell-entire-adani-wilmar-stake-in-usd-2-billion-deal-lence-pte-ltd-divestment-2657295-2024-12-30 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=India Today |date=30 December 2024}}</ref>

=== AdaniConneX ===
AdaniConneX was launched in 2021 as a 50:50 joint venture with EdgeConneX to develop a network of hyperscale [[data center]]s in India, starting with [[Chennai]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Noida]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-23|title=Adani Enterprises, EdgeConneX form JV to develop data centers in India|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/adani-enterprises-edgeconnex-form-jv-to-develop-data-centers-in-india/2200104/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Adani Group forms equal JV with US company to build data centre parks in 6 Indian cities|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/adani-group-forms-equal-jv-with-us-company-to-build-data-centre-parks-in-6-indian-cities/articleshow/81165220.cms|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=April 13, 2021|first=Sindhu|last=Hariharan|title=Flipkart partners with Adani Group for data centre in Chennai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/flipkart-partners-with-adani-group-for-data-centre-in-city/articleshow/82036926.cms|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2022, AdaniConneX announced that it was building a hyperscale data center in [[Kolkata]]'s Bengal Silicon Valley tech hub.<ref name=ag1>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2022 |first=Indrajit |last=Kundu |title=Adani Group to set up hyper-scale data centre at Bengal Silicon Valley |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/adani-group-data-centre-bengal-silicon-valley-new-town-kolkata-1959113-2022-06-06 |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Adani Digital Labs===
Adani Digital Labs was incorporated in September 2021 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Adani Enterprises, to build a digital platform for the consumers of Adani Group's [[B2C]] businesses.<ref name="digital">{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises incorporates wholly-owned arm Adani Digital Labs |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/adani-enterprises-incorporates-wholly-owned-arm-adani-digital-labs-11632414572785.html |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=mint |date=23 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Manoj |first1=P. |title=Gautam Adani bets on Digital Lab business to become a trillion-dollar group |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/adani-confident-of-trillion-dollar-valuation-for-digital-lab/article35926512.ece |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=15 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In December 2022, the company made the [[alpha release]] of the [[mobile app]], named "Adani One", with the integration of the group's airport vertical.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Group launches Adani One to service airports vertical, plans super app for 'digital twin' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/adani-group-launches-adani-one-to-service-airports-vertical-plans-super-app-for-digital-twin-9733271.html |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Adani Digital Labs acquired a 100% stake in Trainman, an online train ticket booking platform.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani set to acquire online train booking platform Trainman |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/adani-set-to-acquire-online-train-booking-platform-trainman/articleshow/101053081.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=19 June 2023}}</ref>

===AMG Media Networks===
AMG Media Networks was incorporated in April 2022 as a wholly owned media and publishing subsidiary of Adani Enterprises.<ref name="amg">{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises sets up wholly-owned subsidiary called AMG Media Networks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/adani-enterprises-sets-up-wholly-owned-subsidiary-called-amg-media-networks-7890149/ |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In May 2022, AMG Media Networks announced the acquisition of a 49% stake in Quintillion Business Media Ltd, which operates [[BQ Prime]], for an undisclosed amount. Adani Enterprises had previously acquired an unspecified minority stake in the company in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani group to acquire 49% stake in Quintillion Media for undisclosed amount |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/adani-group-to-acquire-49-stake-in-quintillion-business-media-for-undisclosed-amount-11652623151162.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=mint |date=15 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In August 2022, AMG Media Networks announced the acquisition of a 29.18% stake in [[NDTV]] through its subsidiary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Group to acquire 29% in NDTV, says will launch open offer for another 26% stake |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/adani-group-to-acquire-29-in-ndtv-says-will-launch-open-offer-for-another-26-101661261046131.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In December 2022, it acquired an additional 8.27% stake via a [[tender offer]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Group's VCPL acquires 8.27% stake in NDTV through open offer |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/adani-group-s-vcpl-acquires-8-27-stake-in-ndtv-through-open-offer-11671508949144.html |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=mint |date=20 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and 27.26% stake from the promoters [[Radhika Roy]] and [[Prannoy Roy]], to raise its total shareholding in NDTV to over 64%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Viveat Susan |title=Adani Enterprises buys shares from NDTV founders at 17% premium |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-group-acquires-ndtv-promoter-stake-of-27-26-for-rs-602-crore-122123001050_1.html |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In November 2023, AMG Media Networks raised its stake in BQ Prime to 100%<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani buys remaining 51% stake in BQ-publisher Quintillion Business Media |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/adani-buys-remaining-51-stake-in-bq-publisher-quintillion-business-media/articleshow/104911115.cms |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=2 November 2023}}</ref> and rebranded BQ Prime as [[NDTV Profit]], which had been shut down since June 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=BQ Prime to be rebranded as NDTV Profit |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/bq-prime-to-be-rebranded-as-ndtv-profit-130929.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=Exchange4media |date=10 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2023, AMG Media Networks acquired a 50.50% controlling stake in [[Indo-Asian News Service]] (IANS).<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani acquires majority stake in news agency IANS |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/adani-acquires-majority-stake-in-news-agency-ians-9070766/ |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Former subsidiaries==
Former subsidiaries [[Adani Ports & SEZ]], [[Adani Power]] and [[Adani Transmission]] were [[demerger|demerged]] from Adani Enterprises in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Maulik |title=Adani announces mega demerger scheme, to list Adani Transmissions |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/FJeraNpdKs0MazN4W0qySN/Adani-board-approves-mega-demerger-scheme.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=mint |date=30 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> [[Adani Green Energy]] and Adani Gas were demerged in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Enterprises trades ex-date to spin off its renewable energy biz |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/adani-enterprises-trades-ex-date-to-spin-off-its-renewable-energy-biz-118040500237_1.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Gas lists at ₹72 after demerger from parent AEL |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/adani-gas-lists-at-72-after-demerger-from-parent-ael/article25428423.ece |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=Business Line |date=5 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Adani Cementation or Adani Cement Industries Limited (ACIL) was incorporated in June 2021 as a subsidiary of Adani Enterprises.<ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{Cite web|title=Adani Enterprises Incorporates New Subsidiary For Cement Business|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/adani-enterprises-incorporates-new-subsidiary-for-cement-business-7026321.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Moneycontrol|date=12 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-12|title=Adani Enterprises forms subsidiary to foray into cement business|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-enterprises-forms-subsidiary-to-foray-into-cement-business-121061200776_1.html|access-date=2021-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Group enters cement business, incorporates Adani Cement Industries|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/adani-group-enters-cement-business-incorporates-adani-cement-industries/story/441513.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=12 June 2021 }}</ref> It was reported in June 2021 that the Adani Group planned to set up a cement plant in [[Maharashtra]] which will have an initial capacity of 5-Million tonnes per annum with an approximate investment of ₹900-1,000 crore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Vora|first=Rutam|title=Adani Enterprises plans 5-MTPA cement plant in Maharashtra|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-enterprises-plans-5-mtpa-cement-plant-in-maharashtra/article34836749.ece|access-date=2021-06-18|website=@businessline|date=17 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Adani Cementation was merged with [[Ambuja Cements]] in a [[share swap]] deal in which Adani Enterprises obtained 87 [[lakh]] shares of Ambuja Cements.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Group announces merger, ownership restructuring for its cement assets |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/adani-group-announces-merger-ownership-restructuring-for-its-cement-assets-124062701104_1.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

== Investments ==
In 2021, Adani Enterprises acquired a 20% stake in the online travel company [[Cleartrip]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani buys 20% stake in Cleartrip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/adani-buys-20-stake-in-cleartrip/articleshow/87380730.cms |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2021}}</ref> Adani Enterprises acquired a 49% stake in Maharashtra Border Check Post Network, a subsidiary of the publicly listed [[Sadbhav Engineering|Sadbhav Infrastructure Projects]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani acquires 49% in Maharashtra Border Check Post Network |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-acquires-49-in-maharashtra-border-check-post-network/article35944091.ece |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=Business Line |date=16 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
===Opposition to Carmichael mine===
[[File:Keep Australia Beautiful! Stop Adani's coal mine - -climatestrike Melbourne IMG 3469 (45203181425).jpg|thumb|A protest in Melbourne.]]
The [[Carmichael coal mine]] project has faced [[Environmental movement|environmental protest]]s across Australia since the mine was proposed in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani: thousands protest across Australia against Carmichael mine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/dec/08/adani-thousands-protest-across-australia-against-carmichael-mine |access-date=29 January 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=8 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The pressure from environmental groups forced international banks and financial institutions to not lend to the project, and resulted in a long delay in securing environmental clearances.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani will have to dig deep as banks shun Carmichael |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c158fc18-51b4-11e7-bfb8-997009366969 |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=Financial Times |date=3 July 2017}}</ref> In 2018, Adani Group scaled down the mine's capacity and self-financed the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Group To Self-Finance Controversial Carmichael Coal Mine In Australia |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/adani-group-to-self-finance-controversial-carmichael-coal-mine-in-australia-1955390 |access-date=29 January 2023 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> An [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous group]] of the region went to court seeking invalidation of the [[indigenous land use agreement]] which was approved by its representatives, but the appeal was dismissed by the [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani land-use agreement: court dismisses Indigenous group's appeal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/12/adani-land-use-agreement-court-dismisses-indigenous-groups-appeal |access-date=29 January 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=12 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The mine made its first coal shipment in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Opponents fume as Adani celebrates first coal export from Carmichael Mine |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-12-29/adani-ships-first-coal/100729834 |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=ABC News |date=29 December 2021 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

===Allegations of stock manipulation ===
On 24 January 2023, [[Hindenburg Research]] published the findings of a two-year investigation claiming that Adani had engaged in [[market manipulation]] and accounting malpractices.<ref name="report">{{cite web |url=https://hindenburgresearch.com/adani/ |title=Adani Group: How The World's 3rd Richest Man Is Pulling The Largest Con In Corporate History |date=January 24, 2023 |website=hindenburgresearch.com |publisher=[[Hindenburg Research]] |access-date=January 24, 2023 }}</ref> Hindenburg also disclosed that it was holding [[Short (finance)|short positions]] on Adani Group companies.<ref name="report"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Chris |last2=Kalra |first2=Aditya |title=Hindenburg shorts India's Adani citing debt, accounting concerns; shares plunge |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/hindenburg-says-holds-short-positions-indias-adani-flags-risks-2023-01-25/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sorkin |first1=Andrew Ross |last2=Mattu |first2=Ravi |last3=Warner |first3=Bernhard |last4=Kessler |first4=Sarah |last5=de la Merced |first5=Michael J. |last6=Hirsch |first6=Lauren |last7=Livni |first7=Ephrat |title=A Short Seller Takes Aim at an Indian Corporate Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/business/dealbook/short-seller-hindenburg-adani.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lockett |first1=Hudson |title=Adani shares take $10.8bn hit after Hindenburg bets against group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4aedaaf9-9ee8-4334-945c-12ac08429d6a |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=25 January 2023}}</ref> Bonds and shares of companies associated with Adani experienced a decline in value after the accusations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Jihye |title=Adani shares fall as short seller firm Hindenburg announces short position |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/25/adani-group-hindenburg-short-position.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kay |first1=Chris |last2=Vishnoi |first2=Abhishek |last3=Joshi |first3=Ashutosh |title=Hindenburg Targets Asia's Richest Man, Triggering Adani Selloff |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-25/adani-group-stocks-drop-after-hindenburg-takes-short-position |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Adani denied the fraud allegations as unfounded and ill-intentioned. On 26 January 2023, Adani Group expressed its intention of taking legal action against Hindenburg.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Feb 2023 |title=What nex for Adani? |work=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |publication-place=India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="tussle">{{cite news |last1=Gandhi |first1=Forum |title=Adani takes over MIAL, Navi Mumbai airports after a 2-year tussle with GVK |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/gvk-in-deal-with-adani-group-for-mumbai-international-airport/article32484211.ece |access-date=5 June 2021 |work=Business Line |language=en}}</ref>

}}

== External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Adani Group}}

[[Category:Holding companies of India]]
[[Category:Holding companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]

Shajahan Khan

2026-02-18T22:05:28Z

ReggieHuntley0: enhance information per sources

{{short description|Bangladeshi Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shajahan Khan
| native_name = {{no bold|শাজাহান খান}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Shajahan Khan in London 2017.jpg
| caption = Khan in London (2017)
| constituency_MP = [[Madaripur-2]]
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 14 July 1996
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Qazi Mahabub Ahmed]]
| term_start1 = September 1991
| term_end1 = 24 November 1995
| predecessor1 = [[Sirajul Islam Bhuiyan]]
| term_start2 = 10 July 1986
| term_end2 = 6 December 1987
| predecessor2 = ''Position created''
| office3 = [[Minister of Shipping (Bangladesh)|Minister of Shipping]]
| term_start3 = 31 July 2009
| term_end3 = 7 January 2019
| primeminister3 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| predecessor3 = [[Akbar Hossain (politician)|Akbar Hossain]]
| successor3 = [[Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Liberation War Affairs]]
| term_start4 = 21 November 2013
| term_end4 = 5 January 2014
| predecessor4 = [[AB Tajul Islam]]
| successor4 = [[Mozammel Haque (Bangladesh Awami League politician)|Mozammel Haque]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| otherparty = [[Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal]] (1973 - 1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mos.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mos.portal.gov.bd/officer_list/e0da94c1_5fdb_4b0c_b4ac_240b956e57ec/CV_Minister_BIO%20DATA.pdf |script-title=bn:জীবন বৃত্তান্ত |trans-title=Curriculum vitae |website=Ministry of Shipping}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madaripur]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| nationality = [[Bangladeshi]]
| relations = {{ubl|[[Syed Golam Kibria]] (father-in-law)|[[Soto Monir]] (son-in-law)}}
| father = [[Asmat Ali Khan]]
}}
'''Shajahan Khan''' (born 1 January 1952)<ref name=tritiyo>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tritiyomatra.com/profile/24 |title=Profile - Mr. Shajahan Khan |last= |first= |date=2019-01-11 |website=www.tritiyomatra.com |language=en |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235041/http://www.tritiyomatra.com/profile/24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] [[politician]] and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Madaripur-2]] constituency for 8 terms during 1986–2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Constituency 219_11th_En |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/get-involved/contact-an-mp?layout=edit&id=3779 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510162819/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/get-involved/contact-an-mp?layout=edit&id=3779 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He served as the [[Ministry of Shipping (Bangladesh)|minister of shipping]] during 2009–2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/minister-shajahan-khan-apologises-for-insensitive-remarks-about-deaths-of-students-in-crash |title=Minister Shajahan Khan apologises for insensitive remarks about deaths of students in crash |work=bdnews24.com |date=31 July 2018 |access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref> He was announced as a presidium member of [[Awami League]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=AL presidium coopts Shajahan, Nanak, Abdur Rahman |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/al-presidium-coopts-shajahan-nanak-abdur-rahman/38889 |access-date=2022-07-12 |work=UNB |language=en}}</ref><ref name="albd">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Awami League |url=https://www.albd.org/pages/organization |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.albd.org}}</ref>

Khan is a [[freedom fighter]], having fought in [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Liberation War]] as a member of [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযোদ্ধা অনুসন্ধান |url=http://mis.molwa.gov.bd/freedom-fighter-list/details/01540000809 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=mis.molwa.gov.bd |language=bn}}</ref> He was the chairman of the [[Parliamentary committees of Bangladesh|parliamentary committee]] of the [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Liberation War Affairs]] at the 11th national parliament of Bangladesh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Standing Committee on Ministry of Liberation War Affairs |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/parliamentary-business/committees/list-of-committees/name-of-committees-for-11th-parliament-english?id=4202 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Bangladesh Parliament}}</ref>

==Early life==
Khan was born on 1 January 1952 to [[Asmat Ali Khan]], a Jatiya Sangsad member, politician and educationist, and Tajan Nesa Begum.<ref name=tritiyo/> He passed the [[Secondary School Certificate|S.S.C]] examination from United Islamia High School, Madaripur in 1966 and [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|H.S.C]] from Madaripur Nazimuddin College in 1968. He obtained his bachelor's degree from Government Nazimuddin College.<ref name=tritiyo/>

== Career ==
Khan joined politics in 1964. He was elected as the secretary of [[Bangladesh Chhatra League|Chhatra League]] in [[Madaripur District|Madaripur]] subdivision. Later he was elected as the secretary general (1966–67) and vice-president (1968–69) of Govt. Nazimuddin College.<ref name=tritiyo/> He was a [[Mukti Bahini]] soldier, of [[Mujib Bahini]] section.<ref name=":1" /> He received military training in [[Dehradun|Dehradun, India]].<ref name=tritiyo/>

Khan is a presidium member of Awami League,<ref name="albd" /> and the ex-president of [[Bangladesh Road Transport Workers Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-11 |script-title=bn:সড়ক পরিবহন শ্রমিক ফেডারেশনের সভাপতি শাজাহান খান, সাধারণ সম্পাদক ওসমন আলী |url=http://dailyswadhinbangla.com/details.php?id=5569021 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=dailyswadhinbangla.com |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810145810/https://dailyswadhinbangla.com/details.php?id=5569021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Khan was a 8-time elected [[Member of parliament|MP]].<ref name=":2" /> He was first elected to the [[Jatiya Sangsad|Bangladesh Parliament]] in [[1986 Bangladeshi general election|1986]], as the [[Member of parliament|MP]] of [[Madaripur-2]] constituency as an individual candidate. He has been elected as an [[Member of parliament|MP]] for the [[Madaripur-2|same seat]] as the nominee of the [[Awami League]] through the [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]], [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|1996]], [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001]], [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]], [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]], [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018]] and [[2024 Bangladeshi general election|2024]] election seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarmp.com/mp/648/biography |title=Shajahan Khan -শাজাহান খান Biography |website=Amarmp |language=en |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>

On 31 July 2009, Khan was appointed as [[Ministry of Shipping (Bangladesh)|Minister of Shipping]]. In November 2013, he was appointed in the interim government as the [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Liberation War affairs]]. Following the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|election of 2014]], he left that ministry and took up the responsibility of the [[Ministry of Shipping (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Shipping]] and held the office until January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shipping Minister Shajahan Khan urges workers to be vigilant against radicals |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/shipping-minister-shajahan-khan-urges-workers-to-be-vigilant-against-radicals |work=bdnews24.com |date=1 May 2016 |access-date=2016-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/trial-run-payra-port-starts-today-1262599 |title=Trial run of Payra port starts today |work=The Daily Star |date=2016-07-31 |access-date=2016-08-07}}</ref>

Khan served as the chairman of the [[Parliamentary committees of Bangladesh|standing committee]] of [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Liberation War Affairs]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Controversy ===
{{see also|2018 Bangladesh road safety protests}}
On 23 August 2011, [[Bangladesh Road Transport Workers Federation|transport workers loyal to Khan]] snatched newspapers from hawkers and transport vehicles because the newspapers criticized the role Khan played in granting driving licenses.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-199868 |title=Newspapers snatched |date=2011-08-23 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-06-26 |language=en}}</ref> He has been criticised for defending drivers violating traffic laws.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/kamal-lohani-raps-shipping-minister-shajahan-khan-for-defending-errant-drivers |title=Kamal Lohani raps Shipping Minister Shajahan Khan for defending errant drivers |work=bdnews24.com |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=2018-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/transport-sector-tied-ministers-blocking-law-to-stop-road-accidents-journalist |title=Transport sector-tied ministers blocking law to stop road accidents: Journalist |work=bdnews24.com |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=2018-06-26}}</ref> As the minister of shipping, he defended chief engineer of the Department of Shipping AKM Fakhrul Islam and protected him from departmental action. Islam was arrested on 11 August 2017 by the [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission]] with half a million taka in bribe.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/shipping-minister-shajahan-backed-chief-engineer-arrested-on-bribery-charges |title=Shipping Minister Shajahan backed chief engineer arrested on bribery charges |work=bdnews24.com |date=11 August 2017 |access-date=2018-06-26}}</ref> He has supported CBA leaders at [[Bangladesh Bank]], worrying officers at the bank.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/shajahan-flexes-cba-muscles-bb-again-1491844 |title=Shajahan Khan at it again |date=2017-11-16 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-06-26 |language=en}}</ref> He was criticised over the recruitment at Chittagong port by government MP [[Moin Uddin Khan Badal]] and opposition party MP [[Ziauddin Ahmed Bablu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/bangladesh-parliament-lawmakers-shipping-minister-chittagong-sea-port-1493512 |title=Shipping minister criticised at parliament |date=2017-11-19 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-06-26 |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 July 2018, Khan was criticized for commenting lightheartedly with a smile about a road accident which led to the death of two students.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/outrage-over-shajahans-smile-remarks-1613785 |title=Outrage over Shajahan's smile, remarks |date=2018-07-31 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-07-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/outrage-over-shajahans-smile-remarks-1613785 |title=Outrage over Shajahan's smile, remarks |date=2018-07-31 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-08-01 |language=en}}</ref> Following his remark, countrywide protests and road blockades were held by the students

=== Aftermath of [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|Hasina's Resignation]] ===
{{see also|Aftermath of the July Revolution (Bangladesh)}}
On 6 September 2024, following the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]], Shajahan Khan was [[Arrest|arrested]] from his residence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Star Digital |date=2024-09-06 |title=Former shipping minister Shajahan Khan arrested |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/former-shipping-minister-shajahan-khan-arrested-3695856 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Khan suffered a [[heart attack]] in prison and he was hospitalised on 4 November 2024 citing chest pain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-minister Shajahan Khan hospitalised with chest pain |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/ex-minister-shajahan-khan-hospitalised-with-chest-pain |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Khan has been married to Syeda Rokeya Begum,<ref name=mos>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328202835/http://mos.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mos.portal.gov.bd/office_head/1a6f1dad_ad8a_4b8e_b58d_9fbd682e999f/CV_Minister_BIO%20DATA.pdf |url=http://mos.portal.gov.bd:80/sites/default/files/files/mos.portal.gov.bd/office_head/1a6f1dad_ad8a_4b8e_b58d_9fbd682e999f/CV_Minister_BIO%20DATA.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-28 |access-date=2019-01-13 |work=Government of Bangladesh |title=Profile |url-status=live}}</ref> daughter of [[Ekushey Padak]] winning journalist [[Syed Golam Kibria]]. The couple has two sons and a daughter. The eldest, Ashibur Rahman Khan, was the [[Upazila]] [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of [[Madaripur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=dailypost.net |title=Disables greet Asibur |url=https://www.dailypost.net/national/disables-greet-asibur/9384 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=dailypost.net |language=en-US}}</ref> and a central committee member of [[Jubo League|Awami Jubo League]].<ref name=mos/> His daughter Oaishe Khan is married to [[Tangail-2]] MP [[Tanvir Hasan Soto Monir]].<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:শাজাহান খানের মেয়েকে বিয়ে করলেন এমপি ছোট মনির (ভিডিও) |url=https://www.jugantor.com/country-news/511175/শাজাহান-খানের-মেয়েকে-বিয়ে-করলেন-এমপি-ছোট-মনির-ভিডিও |access-date=2022-01-24 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shajahan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:People from Madaripur]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Ministers of shipping of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of liberation war affairs of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

Ramanathan Krishnan

2026-02-13T08:22:02Z

ReggieHuntley0:

{{short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|image=The former Tennis players, Shri Ramanathan Krishnan and Shri Ramesh Krishnan called on the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill, in New Delhi on November 26, 2009.jpg
|caption= Ramanathan Krishnan and Ramesh Krishnan with Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill in [[New Delhi]], 2009.
|name = Ramanathan Krishnan
|country = {{flagu|India}}
|residence = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. India
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1937|4|11}}
|birth_place = [[Nagercoil]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British India]]<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jan/15/complex-to-get-ramanathan-krishnans-name-705517.html|title=Complex to Get Ramanathan Krishnan's Name|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210161718/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jan/15/Complex-to-Get-Ramanathan-Krishnans-Name-705517.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="m.thehindu.com">{{Cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/thiruvananthapuram/tennis-centre-named-after-ramanathan-krishnan/article6790596.ece/?secid=12620|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150507185157/http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/thiruvananthapuram/tennis-centre-named-after-ramanathan-krishnan/article6790596.ece/?secid=12620|url-status=dead|title="Tennis centre named after Ramanathan Krishnan"|website = [[The Hindu]]|archive-date=7 May 2015|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
|turnedpro = 1953 (amateur)
|retired = 1975
|plays = Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney =
|singlesrecord ={{tennis record|won=512|lost=176}}<ref name="tb">{{cite web |title=Players:Krishnan, Ramanathan. |url=https://thetennisbase.com/players/search/e |website=The Tennis Base |publisher=Tennismem SL |access-date=29 September 2023 |location=Madrid |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|singlestitles =69<ref name="tb"/>
|highestsinglesranking = No. 3<ref name="auto">Potter, Edward C. (November 1959). "The World's First Ten of 1959". World Tennis. Vol. 7, no. 6. New York. p. 30.</ref>
|AustralianOpenresult =
|FrenchOpenresult = QF ([[1962 French Championships – Men's singles|1962]])
|Wimbledonresult = SF ([[1960 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1960]], [[1961 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1961]])
|USOpenresult = 3R ([[1957 U.S. National Championships – Men's singles|1957]], [[1959 U.S. National Championships – Men's singles|1959]])
|doublesrecord =
|doublestitles =
|highestdoublesranking =
|WimbledonDoublesresult = QF (1955, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1965, 1967)
|Team = yes
|DavisCupresult = F ([[1956 Davis Cup|1956]], [[1959 Davis Cup|1959]], [[1962 Davis Cup|1962]], [[1963 Davis Cup|1963]], [[1966 Davis Cup|1966Ch]], [[1968 Davis Cup|1968]])
}}

{{Indian patronymic|Krishnan|Ramanathan}}'''Ramanathan Krishnan''' (born 11 April 1937)<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tennis-centre-named-after-ramanathan-krishnan/article6790596.ece?homepage=true|title="Tennis centre named after Ramanathan Krishnan"|website=The Hindu|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="m.thehindu.com"/> is a retired [[tennis]] player from India who was among the world's leading players in the 1950s and 1960s. He was twice a semifinalist at Wimbledon in [[1960 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1960]] and [[1961 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1961]], reaching as high as World No. 3 in Potter's amateur rankings.<ref name="auto" /> He led India to the Challenge Round of the [[1966 Davis Cup]] against Australia and was the non playing captain when [[Vijay Amritraj]] and [[Anand Amritraj]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/sports/tennis/29davis.html | title=The Year the Davis Cup Felt Empty | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=28 November 2009 | access-date=31 July 2021 | author=Dave Seminara | archive-date=25 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325165030/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/sports/tennis/29davis.html | url-status=live }}</ref> led India into the [[1974 Davis Cup]] finals against South Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1974-WG-M-RSA-IND-01 | title=South Africa v India | publisher=Davis Cup | access-date=31 July 2021 | archive-date=12 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212144251/https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1974-WG-M-RSA-IND-01 | url-status=live }}</ref> He was active from 1953 to 1975 and won 69 singles titles.<ref name="tb" />

==Tennis career==
===Junior===
Krishnan honed his skills under his father, T. K. Ramanathan, a veteran [[Nagercoil]]<ref name="m.thehindu.com"/> based player. He soon made his mark on the national circuit, sweeping all the junior titles. He as a 13-year-old school student sought and got special permission from the Principal Gordon of [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] to take part in the Bertram Tournament open only to college students and won it in 1951.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/05/23015122/1296103/Ramanathan-Krishnan--Ace-tennis-player-who-made-world-.vpf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524071759/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/05/23015122/1296103/Ramanathan-Krishnan--Ace-tennis-player-who-made-world-.vpf | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 May 2021 | title=Ramanathan Krishnan – Ace tennis player who made world sit up and take notice | publisher=DTNext | work=Venkatesh Ramakrishnan | date=23 May 2021 | access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/his-oriental-volleys-turned-heads-towards-indian-tennis/articleshow/58135993.cms | title=His 'oriental' volleys turned heads towards Indian tennis | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 April 2017 | access-date=31 July 2021 | archive-date=31 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731172656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/his-oriental-volleys-turned-heads-towards-indian-tennis/articleshow/58135993.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Krishnan qualified for [[1953 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' singles|1953 Wimbledon]] and reached final of Boys' singles title losing to [[Billy Knight (tennis)|Billy Knight]]. Later he joined and as a student of [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] won Junior Wimbledon in 1954.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.harmonyindia.org/columns_posts/off-the-cuff/ | title=Off The Cuff | publisher=Harmony India | access-date=31 July 2021 | archive-date=31 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731172659/https://www.harmonyindia.org/columns_posts/off-the-cuff/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1954, he became the first Asian player to win the boys' singles title at Wimbledon,<ref name="Harmony magazine Feb 2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=6159 |title=Harmony magazine Feb 2005 |publisher=Harmonyindia.org |date=15 August 1947 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328010912/http://harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=6159 |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref> beating [[Ashley Cooper (tennis)|Ashley Cooper]] in the final.

===Amateur===

;1957
In 1957, Krishnan reached the singles final at the [[Northern Lawn Tennis Championships]] at Manchester, defeating [[Roy Emerson]] and [[Robert Bédard (tennis)|Robert Bédard]], but losing the final to [[Lew Hoad]] in straight sets. Krishnan reached the final at the Canadian Open in 1957, losing a close final to Bédard, whom Krishnan had beaten several times in Britain that season.

;1958
Krishnan would win the Northern Lawn Tennis Championships tournament in 1958, which included a close match win over [[Rod Laver]]. The same year he also won the [[Aix-Les-Bains International Tournament]] against [[Patricio Rodríguez]].

;1959
In 1959, Krishnan won the [[Queen's Club Championships]] title, defeating both [[Alex Olmedo]] and [[Neale Fraser]] in the final two rounds. He played in the men's singles competition at the 1959 Wimbledon losing in the third round to Olmedo. Krishnan rejected a record three-year $150,000 guarantee offer from [[Jack Kramer]] in 1959 after winning at Queen's Club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/Jack-Kramer-a-wonderful-human-being-Ramanathan-Krishnan/article16881356.ece|title=Jack Kramer, a wonderful human being: Ramanathan Krishnan|first=S.|last=Thyagarajan|date=14 September 2009|access-date=10 February 2022|website=The Hindu|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203072905/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/Jack-Kramer-a-wonderful-human-being-Ramanathan-Krishnan/article16881356.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/260150-remembering-jack-kramer-tennis-most-significant-figure|title=Remembering Jack Kramer: Tennis' Most Significant Figure|first=Goutham|last=Chakravarthi|website=[[Bleacher Report]]|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> Later that same year, playing for India in the Davis Cup, Krishnan defeated Laver (the Wimbledon runner-up) in four sets.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1070940/index.htm |title=Sports Illustrated Aug 24,1959 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=24 August 1959 |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113944/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1070940/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Krishnan also defeated Laver at the 1959 [[Los Angeles Open (tennis)|Pacific Southwest]] tournament in three straight sets. Krishnan won the 1959 U.S. Hard Court Championships in Denver with wins over [[Gardnar Mulloy]] in the semifinal and [[Whitney Reed]] in three straight sets in the final. Krishnan ranked World No. 3 in Potter's annual rankings for 1959 in ''World Tennis''.<ref name="auto"/>

;1960
These performances gained Krishnan seventh seeded status at Wimbledon in 1960, where he reached the semi-finals losing to the eventual champion Fraser.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/chennaicitizen/1999/rkrish.asp|title=Ramanathan Krishnan|date=20 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820035518/http://archives.chennaionline.com/chennaicitizen/1999/rkrish.asp|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=20 August 2010}}</ref> Krishnan defeated [[Andrés Gimeno]] in five sets on his way to the semifinal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/ramanathan-krishnan-1960-wimbledon-greenest-grass-6483976/|title=When the grass was greenest for Ramanathan Krishnan in 1960 Wimbledon|website=The Indian Express|date=1 July 2020|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204161428/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/ramanathan-krishnan-1960-wimbledon-greenest-grass-6483976/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"...In the second round, Krishnan faced Gimeno. He lost the first set and was down 0-3 in the second when he noticed people starting to walk out of the stadium.
"I had lost to Gimeno at Queens a week back. So people thought this was going to be over soon", he says. "That's when I tried to draw inspiration from my doubles match and from the 1959 season which was very good for me. I started to fight back and won each of the next 12 games". He closed out the five-set contest against the Spaniard..."</ref> Instead of Krishnan, Kramer signed Gimeno after Wimbledon for a much smaller guarantee than Krishnan had been offered.

;1961-1962
Krishnan won the 1961 Wiesbaden tennis tournament, including a win over [[Wilhelm Bungert]]. In 1961, Krishnan again reached the Wimbledon semi-finals by beating Emerson in straight sets in the quarter-finals but lost in the semis to eventual champion Laver. The following season, he reached the quarterfinals at the French Open in 1962, where he led Emerson two sets to one, but strangely lost the fifth set at love. Krishnan received his highest seeding at Wimbledon at No. 4 in 1962 but had to withdraw after three matches due to an ongoing ankle injury.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBk2bV_EEK8C&dq=%27Ankle+injury+to+Ramanathan+Krishnan+at+Wimbledon%27&pg=PA123|title=Sport in South Asian Society: Past and Present|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=J. A.|last2=Mangan|date=10 February 2005|page=123|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415359535|access-date=10 February 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref>

;1963-1967
Krishnan won the 1963 Antwerp International Championships tournament on red clay with a four-set win in the final over [[Nicola Pietrangeli]]. Krishnan won the 1965 [[River Oaks International Tennis Tournament]] at Houston, Texas with wins over Osuna, Emerson in the semi-final in four sets, and Richey in the final in four sets. He was reportedly given a winner's hug of congratulations by future President George H. W. Bush after the victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-india.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=2120925c8ea2201192391103ccd7c5b9f5f90f|title=Ramanathan Krishnan Thread|date=5 March 2005|website=Sports-india.com|access-date=10 February 2022}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1967 Krishnan won the Antwerp International Championships on red clay a second time by beating Emerson in the final in three straight sets. He won the [[National Lawn Tennis Championships of India]] a record eight times,<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://aitatennis.com/history/ |website=aitatennis |publisher=All India Tennis Association |access-date=11 January 2023 |location=New Delhi, India |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128000642/https://aitatennis.com/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and reached ten finals.

===Registered professional===
Krishnan, like Emerson, Stolle, Santana, Okker and other prominent "amateur" tennis players, became a registered professional with a national tennis association. He was under contract to his national tennis association, and not to an independent professional tour, and was therefore eligible to represent India in Davis Cup competition, but also received money earnings in designated tournaments approved by his national association.

===Open era===
Krishnan won the [[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nevada State Journal, 19 August 1968|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/78963179|website=newspapers.com|date=19 August 1968|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205185216/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/78963179/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rogers Cup|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rogers-cup|website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204221033/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rogers-cup|url-status=live}}</ref> in 1968 over [[Torben Ulrich]] in the final. Krishnan lost to [[John Newcombe]] at the inaugural U.S. Open that year. However, Krishnan had a notable win over the hard-hitting [[Clark Graebner]], a semifinalist at the 1968 U.S. Open, in Davis Cup play later that season, in which Graebner "was completely befuddled by the junk-balling tactics of Krishnan...losing decisively."<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1968/11/18/reaching-for-the-davis-cup|title=Reaching for the Davis Cup|first=Kim|last=Chapin|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> Also that year, Krishnan won the [[Stuttgart Open|Stuttgart tournament]] on red clay, which included a win over [[Jürgen Fassbender]]. After 1968, Krishnan played sporadically. Krishnan's last tournament was a first round loss at Calcutta in 1975 to Tom Gorman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramanathan Krishnan|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/ramanathan-krishnan/k103/player-activity?year=1975&matchType=Singles|website=atptour.com|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205011334/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/ramanathan-krishnan/k103/player-activity?year=1975&matchType=Singles|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Davis Cup===
Krishnan was a key member of the Indian team. In 1961, Krishnan had singles wins over both Chuck McKinley (Wimbledon finalist in 1961) and Whitney Reed (U.S. No. 1 for 1961), although India lost the tie 3 to 2. Krishnan led the India team to the Challenge Round of the Davis Cup in 1966, whilst also reaching the Inter-Zonal final with the team on five other occasions, in 1956, 1959, 1962, 1963 and 1968. India surprised [[West Germany]] in the inter-zonal semi-finals with Krishnan beating [[Wilhelm Bungert]] (a Wimbledon finalist later that year). At [[Calcutta]], in the semi-finals against Brazil, the two sides won two matches each and it all came down to Krishnan's match against the Brazilian champion, [[Thomaz Koch]]. Koch was leading two sets to one and was up 5–2 in the fourth set when Krishnan staged one of the most memorable comebacks by winning the set 7–5 and then the match. In the final against Australia, Krishnan and [[Jaidip Mukerjea]] won the doubles rubber (against [[John Newcombe]] and [[Tony Roche]]), but Krishnan lost both singles matches (against [[Fred Stolle]] and Roy Emerson) as India were defeated 4–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tssonnet.com/tss2936/stories/20060909006003100.htm |title=The never-say-die Krish: Sportsstar weekly Sep 9, 2006 |publisher=Tssonnet.com |date=9 September 2006 |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-date=19 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219110134/http://tssonnet.com/tss2936/stories/20060909006003100.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Krishnan was a regular player on the Indian Davis Cup team between 1953 and 1975, compiling a 69–28 winning record (50–19 in singles and 19–9 in doubles).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10002759 |title=Davis Cup Record |publisher=Daviscup.com |access-date=7 December 2010 |archive-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222192600/http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10002759 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Junior Grand Slam finals==
===Singles: 2 (1 win – 1 loss) ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Result
!Year
!style="width:120px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:130px"|Opponent
!style="width:90px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[1953 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' singles|1953]]
| style="background:#ccffcc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
| [[Grass court|Grass]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Knight (tennis)|Billy Knight]]
| 5–7, 4–6
|-
| style=background:#98fb98|Win
| [[1954 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' singles|1954]]
| style="background:#ccffcc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
| Grass
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ashley Cooper (tennis)|Ashley Cooper]]
| 6–2, 7–5
|}

==Style of play==
Krishnan's playing style was known as "touch tennis".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-LR7X3oRtY|title=Krish|date=2 July 2013 |access-date=10 February 2022|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202094606/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-LR7X3oRtY|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics hailed Krishnan as a marvel, Lance Tingay of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' described his tennis as "pure oriental charm" while another described his style as "Eastern magic".<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thankyouindianarmy.com/ramanathan-krishnan/|title=Ramanathan Krishnan|website=Thankyouindianarmy.com|date=14 February 2018|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202224717/https://www.thankyouindianarmy.com/ramanathan-krishnan/|url-status=live}}</ref> More recently, Robert Philip wrote that "each and every Krishnan rally was a thing of rare beauty".<ref>{{cite web|author=French Open |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/2314464/Mirza-hits-back-for-modern-Muslims.html |title=The Daily Telegraph Jan 1, 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=June 2007 |location=London }}</ref> According to veteran sports journalist C.V. Narsimhan, "His service was never a powerful weapon, he did not have any powerful groundstrokes either. He won with consistency, angled volleys, and a graceful half volley drop shot now and then".<ref name="auto1"/> [[Rafael Osuna]], [[Nicola Pietrangeli]] and Krishnan's son [[Ramesh Krishnan|Ramesh]] were some of the other notable exponents of this style, emphasizing finesse.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Bailey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/08/features.sport8 |title=Paul Bailey in Observer Sports Monthly January 8, 2006 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 January 2006}}</ref>

==Awards==
Krishnan received the [[Arjuna award]] in 1961, the [[Padma Shri]] in 1962 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1967.<ref name="Sportstar Jan 28, 2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2904/stories/20060128001303700.htm |title=Tennis as sweetness: Sportstar Jan 28, 2006 |website=Tssonnet.com |date=28 January 2006 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024020110/http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2904/stories/20060128001303700.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Book==
Krishnan has written, with his son Ramesh Krishnan and Nirmal Shekar, a book titled ''A touch of tennis: The story of a tennis family''.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990408/isp08070.html] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The book covering the achievements of three generations of tennis-playing Krishnans, was released by Penguin Books India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voaTAAAACAAJ&q=intitle:A+intitle:touch+intitle:of+intitle:tennis |title=Google books |isbn=9780140287097 |author1=Ramanathan |last2=Krishnan |first2=Ramesh |date=April 2003 |publisher=Penguin Books India }}</ref>

==Current==
Krishnan now lives in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itzchennai.com/pride-of-chennai.html|date=January 2012|publisher=Itz Chennai|title=Pride of Chennai – A list of people that make Chennai proud|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108232312/http://www.itzchennai.com/pride-of-chennai.html|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> where he manages a gas distribution agency. [[Ramesh Krishnan]] emulated his father's achievement of winning the Wimbledon junior title, and went on to become a leading Indian tennis player in the 1980s.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
On 25 July 2012, Ramanathan Krishnan re-launched India's premier English-language weekly sports magazine, ''[[Sportstar]]'', at a function in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article3683503.ece|title= Ramanathan Krishnan launches new-look Sportstar|website=The Hindu| date= 27 July 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=The Hindu is the parent publisher of Sportstar, so might have to tone-down the "premier" bit|date=April 2017}}
Krishnan runs a tennis training center in Chennai together with his son.<ref name="Krishnan Tennis Centre">{{cite web| url=http://www.krishnantennis.com/| title=Krishnan Tennis Centre| website=Krishnantennis.com| access-date=23 June 2016| archive-date=15 August 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815020722/http://www.krishnantennis.com/| url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Career highlights==
*1954 – [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] – junior champion
*1958 – [[Northern Championships]] champion – won close match over Laver
*1959 – [[Queen's Club Championships]] champion – defeated Olmedo and Fraser
*1959 – U.S. Hard Court Championships champion – defeated Reed and Mulloy
*1959 – [[Pacific Southwest Championships]] runner-up- defeated Laver and lost final to Emerson
*1960 – Wimbledon – seeded seventh, defeated Gimeno and reached the semi-finals (losing to eventual champion [[Neale Fraser]])
*1961 – Wimbledon – seeded seventh, defeated Emerson and reached the semi-finals for the second consecutive time (losing to eventual champion Rod Laver)
*1963 – Antwerp International champion – defeated Pietrangeli in four set final
*1965 – [[River Oaks International Tennis Tournament|River Oaks International Tennis Championships]] champion – defeated Osuna, Emerson in four sets, and Richey in four sets
*1966 – member of the [[India Davis Cup team|Indian team]] which reached the final of the Davis Cup (lost to Australia in the final)
*1967 – Antwerp International champion – defeated Emerson in final in three straight sets
*1968 – [[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]] champion – defeated Torben Ulrich in final

==Grand Slam tournament performance timeline==
{{performance key|short=yes|active=no}}

===Singles===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!style="width:100px;"|Tournament !!1953 !!1954 !!1955 !!1956 !!1957 !!1958 !!1959 !!1960 !!1961 !!1962 !!1963 !!1964 !!1965 !!1966 !!1967 !!1968
! style="width:45px;" | SR
|-
| align=left bgcolor=#efefef| [[French Open]]
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1954 French Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1956 French Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1957 French Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
| bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1962 French Championships – Men's singles|QF]]
|A
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1965 French Championships – Men's singles|4R]]
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1967 French Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1968 French Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| 0 / 7
|-
| align=left bgcolor=#efefef| [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1953 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1954 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1955 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1956 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1957 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1958 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|4R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1959 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| bgcolor=yellow|[[1960 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|SF]]
| bgcolor=yellow|[[1961 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|SF]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1962 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1963 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|4R]]
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1965 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1967 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| 0 / 14
|-
| align=left bgcolor=#efefef| [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1957 U.S. National Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1959 U.S. National Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1968 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| 0 / 3
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
| style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–1
|2–2
|2–1
|2–1
|5–3
|4–2
|4–2
|5–1
|5–1
|6–0
|3–0
|0–0
|5–2
|0–0
|2–2
|1–3
| 0 / 24
|}

===Doubles===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!style="width:100px;"|Tournament !!1954 !!1955 !!1956 !!1957 !!1958 !!1959 !!1960 !!1961 !!1962 !!1963 !!1964 !!1965 !!1966 !!1967 !!1968
|-
| align=left bgcolor=#efefef| [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1954 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
| bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1955 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1956 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1957 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
| bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1958 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
| bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1959 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1960 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
| bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1961 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1962 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1963 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
| bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1965 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|A
| bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1967 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
| bgcolor=afeeee|[[1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}

{{Wimbledon boys' singles champions}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Ramanathan}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Wimbledon junior champions]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:People from Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles]]

Sudhanshu ji

2026-02-10T22:54:43Z

ReggieHuntley0: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian preacher (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj
| image = Sudhanshu Maharaj (1).jpg
| caption = Sudhanshu Maharaj at New Delhi Airport-2018
| birth_name = Sudhanshu Maharaj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|05|02}}
| birth_place = Haripur, [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| citizenship = Indian
| founder = Vishwa Jagriti Mission (VJM)
| honors =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| occupation = Spiritual leader
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|https://www.sudhanshujimaharaj.net}}
}}
'''Acharya Sudhanshu Maharaj''' (born 2 May 1955 ) is an Indian spiritual leader, preacher<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/LMC-promises-a-melange-at-mela/articleshow/44208675.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-23/lucknow/27280016_1_laxman-mela-lmc-discourse|url-status=live|archive-date=16 September 2012|title=LMC promises a melange at mela|date=23 April 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Lakhotia2002">{{cite book|last=Lakhotia|first=R.N.|title=Spiritualism In Day To Day Life (all You Wanted To Know About)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8ECn-heNEC&pg=PA121|accessdate=29 July 2011|date=2002-12-01|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-2477-8|pages=121–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj Said Everyone's Feelings Are Necessary For The Nation, The Whole World Needs India |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/meerut/news/sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-said-everyones-feelings-are-necessary-for-the-nation-the-whole-world-needs-india-131438456.html |work=Bhaskar}}</ref> and the founder of Vishwa Jagriti Mission (VJM). According to the organization, he has an estimated following of around 10 million devotees worldwide.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2023 |title=Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj Birth Anniversary: जानें कौन हैं विश्व जागृति मिशन की स्थापना करने वाले सुधांशु जी महाराज |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeephh/himachal-pradesh/sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-birth-anniversary-know-who-is-sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-the-founder-of-vishwa-jagriti-mission/1676509 |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=pa}}</ref> The organization operates several ashrams across India and has international presence in countries including [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[United States]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1 May 2011 |title=Heir today, godman tomorrow |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/heir-today-godman-tomorrow/cid/388674 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Biography==
Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj was born on 2 May 1955 in Haripur, near Usand,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=April 19, 2023 |title=विराट भक्ति सत्संग का आगाज पहली जून से |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2023/04/virat-bhakti-satsang-starts-from-1st-june/ |access-date= |website=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref> in the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suyal |first=Nirmala |date=18 November 2021 |title=हरिद्वार: शंकराचार्य राजराजेश्वराश्रम से मिलने पहुंचे सुधांशु महाराज, पूर्व मंत्री सलमान की पुस्तक पर उठाए सवाल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-news-sudhanshu-maharaj-arrived-to-meet-shankracharya-rajrajeshwarashram-raised-questions-on-former-minister-salman-s-book |access-date= |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> The region is located between the [[Ganges|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers in the sub-Himalayan Shivalik range in [[North India|northern India]]. He pursued his education through various stages, beginning with school, followed by time spent in a [[Gurukula|Gurukul]], and later attending university. At the age of 20, Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj studied under Professor Nandkishore, a philosopher in Haridwar.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2023 |title=Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj Birth Anniversary: जानें कौन हैं विश्व जागृति मिशन की स्थापना करने वाले सुधांशु जी महाराज |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeephh/himachal-pradesh/sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-birth-anniversary-know-who-is-sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-the-founder-of-vishwa-jagriti-mission/1676509 |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=pa}}</ref> After completing his university education at the age of 22, he traveled across India, visiting the four major religious pilgrimage sites and numerous places of worship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Namya |date=2024-08-21 |title=Spiritual Wisdom: Exclusive Conversation With Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj; Spirituality, Mental Health Of Youth And More |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/spiritual-wisdom-exclusive-conversation-with-sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-spirituality-mental-health-of-youth-and-more-article-112649492 |access-date= |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj practiced meditation under the guidance of Yogi Shri Sadanandji Maharaj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Sudhanshu ji Maharaj: विश्व में अध्यात्म की रोशनी फैला रहे सुधांशु जी महाराज, गीता के ज्ञान और कर्म योग को बताया जीवन की सही राह |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/spirituality/sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-profile-bio-age-read-who-is-sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-teachings-quotes-life-story-in-hindi-article-151802330 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref> On the direction of his guru, he began delivering discourses on texts such as the Vedas, Shastras, Upanishads, the Gita, and the Ramayana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Sudhanshu ji Maharaj: विश्व में अध्यात्म की रोशनी फैला रहे सुधांशु जी महाराज, गीता के ज्ञान और कर्म योग को बताया जीवन की सही राह |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/spirituality/sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-profile-bio-age-read-who-is-sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-teachings-quotes-life-story-in-hindi-article-151802330 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Spiritual Gig Economy: How Priests and Gurus are Embracing Digital PlatformsETHRWorld |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/workplace-4-0/learning-and-development/spiritual-gig-economy-how-priests-and-gurus-are-embracing-digital-platforms/121649634 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=ETHRWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Vishwa Jagriti Mission ==
The Vishwa Jagriti Mission was established on 24 March 1991 by Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2003 |title=LMC promises a melange at mela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/LMC-promises-a-melange-at-mela/articleshow/44208675.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-23/lucknow/27280016_1_laxman-mela-lmc-discourse |archive-date=16 September 2012 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The organization conducts activities related to spirituality, education, healthcare, social welfare and humanitarian work, including operating hospitals, orphanages, and disaster relief initiatives.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-29 |title=Reviving ancient values in modern India: Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj’s cultural awakening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/reviving-ancient-values-in-modern-india-sudhanshu-ji-maharajs-cultural-awakening/articleshow/124883976.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> According to the organization, It has over 80 branches across India and internationally<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2013 |title=ईश्वर से मिलना है तो इन आठ शब्दों को याद रखें:सुधांशु जी महाराज |url=https://www.amarujala.com/spirituality/wellness/sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-pravachan-on-worship |access-date= |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> and runs more than four educational institutions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Spiritual Wisdom: Exclusive Conversation With Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj; Spirituality, Mental Health Of Youth And More |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/spiritual-wisdom-exclusive-conversation-with-sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-spirituality-mental-health-of-youth-and-more-article-112649492 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

It operates several ashrams in India and has international presence in countries such as [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[United States]].<ref name=":022">{{Cite news |date=1 May 2011 |title=Heir today, godman tomorrow |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/heir-today-godman-tomorrow/cid/388674 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=सुधांशु महाराज के सानिध्य में विराट भक्ति सत्संग आज से |url=https://www.eaajkaanand.com/Encyc/2024/3/21/SUDHANSHU-JI-MAHRAJ-BHKTI-SATSANG-RAHTANI-KOKNE-CHOWK.html |access-date= |website=www.eaajkaanand.com |language=en}}</ref> It operates Maharishi Vedvyas Gurukul Vidyapeeths in Kanpur, Nagpur, and Delhi, and a Vedvyas Updeshak Mahavidyalaya in New Delhi.<ref name=":2" /> It also runs 7 (cow shelters) and 2 hospitals.<ref name=":4" />

=== Sanatan Sanskriti Jagran Abhiyan ===
Under the Vishwa Jagriti Mission, Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj launched the Sanatan Sanskriti Jagran Abhiyan, a programme described by the organization as promoting aspects of Sanatan Dharma and related cultural values. According to organizational statements, the initiative includes proposals to expand 10 Gurukul-based educational institutions<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Holy hustle: Spiritual hubs train talent for devotional gigs |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/workplace-4-0/learning-and-development/spiritual-gig-economy-how-priests-and-gurus-are-embracing-digital-platforms/121649634 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=ETHRWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> and establish 108 Bal Sanskar Kendras focused on value-based education for children.<ref name=":2" />

=== Child development initiatives ===
The Vishwa Jagriti Mission operates educational and welfare initiatives aimed at children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. These include Gyandeep Vidyalaya in Faridabad and Devdoot Balashram, an orphanage in Surat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-25 |title=Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj on Transforming Lives Through Spirituality and Vishwa Jagriti Mission |url=https://sugermint.com/sudhanshu-ji-maharaj/ |access-date= |website=Suger Mint |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2001, VJM filed a petition seeking a ban on ragging in educational institutions, as part of wider legal and institutional efforts addressing the issue. Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj has spoken publicly against ragging, describing it as a form of student harassment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwa Jagriti Mission through President Vs Central Government through Cabinet Secretary and Others - CourtKutchehry |url=https://www.courtkutchehry.com/judgements/652472/vishwa-jagriti-mission-through-president-vs-central-governme/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.courtkutchehry.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyoti |first=Archana |date=2025-12-05 |title=India’s Youth Are Crying For Help As Silent Mental-Health Crisis Deepens |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/healthcare-spotlight/indias-youth-are-crying-for-help-as-silent-mental-health-crisis-deepens |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> He has also participated in public yoga and meditation programmes focused on stress management and well-being.<ref name=":32" />

=== Elder care ===
The Vishwa Jagriti Mission operates an elder care facility at Anand Dham Ashram, providing residential accommodation for senior citizens. According to media reports, residents follow a structured daily routine that includes communal activities.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |title=How Spirituality Is Driving Social Change In Modern India |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/how-spirituality-is-driving-social-change-in-modern-india |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

=== Social work and disaster response ===
The organization has been involved in social welfare activities, including participation in disaster relief efforts and community programmes related to education and health, as reported by [[the Free Press Journal]]. It also runs the initiatives focused on the education and empowerment of women and girls.<ref name=":32" />

== Works and publications ==
Sudhanshu Ji Maharaj has authored books and recorded discourses in Hindi and English focusing on religious and spiritual themes. His published work includes commentaries on Hindu scriptures such as the [[Bhagavad Gita]], as well as periodicals issued by the Vishwa Jagriti Mission. Under his leadership, the Vishwa Jagriti Mission publishes periodicals including ''Jeevan Sanchetna'', a monthly magazine, and ''Dharmadoot'', a monthly newspaper. The organization has also published books based on his philosophical views, addressing topics such as spirituality, meditation, and cultural values.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=परंपरा और आधुनिकता का संगम हैं सुधांशु जी महाराज के ग्रंथ और प्रवचन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-texts-and-discourses-are-a-confluence-of-tradition-and-modernity-201763522597163.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* '''2018''': Received the Suryadatta National Award 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2018 |title=आचार्य श्री सुधांशु जी महाराज सूर्यदत्ता नेशनल अवार्ड-2018 से सम्मानित |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/speakingtree/spirituality/acharya-shri-sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-honored-with-suryadatta-national-award-2018/articleshow/102454215.cms |access-date= |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.sudhanshujimaharaj.net}}
* [https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/spiritual-wisdom-exclusive-conversation-with-sudhanshu-ji-maharaj-spirituality-mental-health-of-youth-and-more-article-112649492 Times Now Interview with Sudhanshu Maharaj Ji]
* [https://www.vishwajagritimission.org/ Vishwa Jagriti Mission]

[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionaries in Singapore]]
[[Category:Missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Indian missionaries in China]]
[[Category:Missionaries in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]

Saloni Chopra

2026-02-10T03:17:15Z

ReggieHuntley0: started new stub

{{short description|Australian actress, model, and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saloni Chopra
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Saloni Chopra
| birth_name = Saloni Chopra
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Tina<ref name="HT 2021"/>
| occupation = Actress, Model, Author
| years_active = 2013-present
}}
'''Saloni Chopra''' is an Indian-born Australian actress, [[Model (person)|model]], and author, who works in [[Hindi]] films and television. Her book ''Rescued by a Feminist: An Indian fairy tale of equality and other myths'' was released in December 2020. In 2018, she joined the [[Me Too movement (India)]] after making allegations of [[sexual harassment]] against [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]].

==Early life==
Chopra was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="Kapoor 2018">{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Aekta |title=Saloni Chopra on Social-Media Activism and the Body as a Feminist Statement |url=https://eshe.in/2018/05/02/saloni-chopra-cover-story/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=eShe |date=2 May 2018}}</ref> As a child, she had an acting role in the film ''[[Prem Granth]]''.<ref name="HT 2021">{{cite news |title=Madhuri Dixit's young co-star in Prem Granth is Saloni Chopra of MTV Girls On Top. See her pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-s-little-co-star-in-prem-granth-saloni-chopra-looks-like-this-now-101622022255715.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 May 2021}}</ref> She was raised by her maternal grandparents in [[Adelaide]], Australia,<ref name="Kapoor 2018"/><ref name="MENSXP"/> and at the age of 18, returned to India.<ref name="MENSXP"/> Her mother was a costume designer, and Chopra assisted her on film sets.<ref name="MENSXP"/> She briefly attended the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT).<ref name="Kapoor 2018"/><ref name="Srivastava 2016">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Namrata |title=Saloni Chopra: Breaking the mould |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/061216/saloni-chopra-breaking-the-mould.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Chopra was assistant director for [[Krrish 3]] and [[Kick (2014 film)]].<ref name="Kapoor 2018" /> She has also worked as a stylist for [[Randeep Hooda]]. Her acting career continued with the 2013 short film ''Maya'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Maya Short Film Official Cannes Selection 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iozFaPcaKOg |via=[[YouTube]] |date=20 April 2013}}</ref> screened at the Cannes Festival.<ref name="Kapoor 2018" /> She made her television debut on the 2016 show ''[[MTV Girls on Top]]'' as Isha Jaisingh.<ref name="Kapoor 2018" /><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Suthar |first1=Manisha |title=Saloni, Ayesha, Barkha nostalgic about their journey on MTV Girls On Top |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Saloni-Ayesha-Barkha-nostalgic-about-their-journey-on-MTV-Girls-On-Top/articleshow/54672103.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 March 2018}}</ref> According to ''MensXP'', "her turn on the MTV show ''Girls on Top'' in 2016 earned her a fan base of young women passionately relating to her words".<ref name="MENSXP"/>

In 2016, she posted what ''The Indian Express'' described as a "bold photoshoot" and an "attempt at breaking stereotypes in the society and highlighting sensitive issues pertaining to women" on her Instagram account,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mimansa |title=Saloni Chopra makes a strong point about rape, sexuality and slut shaming with a bold photoshoot, see pics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/saloni-chopra-makes-a-strong-point-about-rape-sexuality-and-slut-shaming-with-a-bold-photoshoot-see-pics-2994329/ |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Srivastava 2016"/><ref name="Kapoor 2018" /> followed by a five-part series of photos and essays.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Ria |title=Check Out Saloni Chopra's Photo Series On Rape, Slut Shaming |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/check-out-saloni-chopras-photo-series-on-rape-slut-shaming/ |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=SheThePeople.TV |date=7 December 2016}}</ref> In 2018, she posted additional photos that ''India Today'' reported were created because Chopra "wanted women and men to celebrate their flaws as nobody is perfect".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Web Desk |title=TV actress Saloni Chopra posts a topless picture; asks women to celebrate their flaws |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/tv-actress-saloni-chopra-posts-a-topless-picture-asks-women-to-celebrate-their-flaws-1335245-2018-09-08 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

She appeared in the 2018 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Race 3]]''<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |last1=Webdesk |first1=DNA |title=This 'Race 3' actress was one of the background dancers of 'Race' 10 years ago |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-race-3-actress-was-one-of-the-background-dancers-of-race-10-years-ago-2624913 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=13 January 2018}}</ref> and in the 2018 television series ''Screwed Up''.<ref name="Kapoor 2018" /><ref name="iwmbuzz">{{cite news |last1=Suthar |first1=Manisha |title=Varun Jain, Saloni Chopra and Shishir Sharma in an upcoming web-series 'Screwed Up' |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/varun-jain-saloni-chopra-shishir-sharma-upcoming-web-series-screwed/2018/03/03 |publisher=[[iwmbuzz]] |date=3 March 2018}}</ref> She also starred in the web series ''Waking Up With Maggie''.<ref name="Kapoor 2018" /> As a model, she was featured in ''MensXP'', on the November 2018 magazine cover and in a collection titled, "MeToo: [[Sona Mohapatra]], [[Kubbra Sait]] & Saloni Chopra".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dabas |first1=Rhea |title=MeToo: Sona Mohapatra, Kubbra Sait & Saloni Chopra |url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/features/48306-metoo-sona-mohapatra-kubbra-sait-saloni-chopra.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=MensXP |date=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="MENSXP"/>

In December 2019, ''[[Reuters]]'' reported on Chopra's role as an "Instagram influencer" in a campaign to petition for "safe streets, helplines, justice and sensitive police" and "action from authorities, from local police to the prime minister" in response to brutal violence against women in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Roli |title=REFILE-'It could've been me': India women demand safety as recent rapes prompt hundreds of petitions |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-crime-women-idUKL8N28M1V5 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 December 2019}}</ref>

In December 2020, she published her book, ''Rescued by a Feminist: An Indian fairy tale of equality and other myths'', a collection of essays on a variety of topics, including gender equality, violence against women, and social media,<ref name="Jerath 2021">{{cite news |last1=Jerath |first1=Manasvi |title='We need to stop glorifying sacrifices of womxn': Actor-Author Saloni Chopra |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/we-need-to-stop-glorifying-sacrifices-of-womxn-actor-author-saloni-chopra-6662011.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=[[Network18 Group|Moneycontrol]] |date=20 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Gupta 2021">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Rudrani |title=Rescued By A Feminist: Saloni Chopra's Book Is A Guide To Build A Feminist Generation |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/inspiration/rescued-by-a-feminist-saloni-chopras-book/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=[[SheThePeople.TV]] |date=19 February 2021}}</ref> as well as anecdotes about her experiences.<ref name="Kuenzang 2020">{{cite news |last1=Kuenzang |first1=Karishma |title=Social Media Star of the Week: Saloni Chopra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/social-media-star-of-the-week-saloni-chopra/story-6RNarfG4Xh9tNPptUYVAAM.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 December 2020}}</ref>

==MeToo activism==
On 11 October 2018, during the [[Me Too movement (India)]], Chopra publicly shared allegations of [[sexual harassment]] by director [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/after-all-the-years-of-silence-tv-actress-saloni-chopra-accuses-housefull-director-sajid-khan-of-sexual-harassment-354635.html |title=After All The Years Of Silence, TV Actress Saloni Chopra Accuses 'Housefull' Director Sajid Khan Of Sexual Harassment. |date=12 October 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=TNN |title=#MeToo: Saloni Chopra accuses Sajid Khan of sexual harassment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/metoo-actress-saloni-chopra-accuses-sajid-khan-of-sexual-harassment/articleshow/66172145.cms |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=India Today Web Desk |title=Saloni Chopra: Sajid Khan told me casting couch was not about one-time sex |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/saloni-chopra-sajid-khan-told-me-casting-couch-was-not-about-one-time-sex-1366648-2018-10-12 |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=12 October 2018}}</ref> from when she had worked as his assistant on the film ''Housefull 2'',<ref name="MENSXP">{{cite news |title=#MeToo And The Sum Of Its Parts |url=https://www.mensxp.com/digital-cover/me-too-cover.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=MENSXP |date=18 November 2018}}</ref> and allegations against director and producer [[Vikas Bahl]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@salonichopra/after-all-the-years-of-silence-heres-metoo-9818ebac15e2 |title=After all the years of silence, here's #metoo |date=11 October 2018 |website=medium.com}}</ref> She also alleged that [[Zain Khan Durrani]] had physically abused her when they were in a relationship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140618/saloni-chopra-zain-khan-durrani.html |title=Model Saloni Chopra accuses actor Zain Khan Durrani of violent physical abuse |date=14 June 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="TOI Oct212018">{{cite news |last1=TNN |title=#MeToo movement: Saloni Chopra feels that it is about time we address the sexism that exists in the industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/metoo-movement-saloni-chopra-feels-that-it-is-about-time-we-address-the-sexism-that-exists-in-the-industry/articleshow/66308246.cms |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=21 October 2018}}</ref> After Saloni's allegations, actress [[Rachel White (actress)|Rachel White]] also made allegations against Sajid Khan,<ref>{{cite news |last1=ABP News Bureau |title=#MeToo: After Saloni Chopra, now Rachel White accuses Sajid Khan of sexual harassment! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/metoo-after-saloni-chopra-now-rachel-white-accuses-sajid-khan-of-sexual-harassment-794678 |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=abpLIVE |date=12 October 2018}}</ref> which led to him stepping down from directing the film ''[[Housefull 4]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/metoo-sajid-khand-akshay-kumar-mj-akbar-alok-nath-5400077/ |title=#MeToo: After Akshay Kumar cancels shoot, Sajid Khan steps down as director Housefull 4 |date=13 October 2018 |website=Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sajid-khan-accused--harassment-quits-housefull-4-till-he-can-prove-the-truth-1931167 |title=Sajid Khan, Accused Harassment, Quits Housefull 4 Till He Can "Prove The Truth" |date=12 October 2018 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zee Media Bureau |title=Sherlyn Chopra accuses Sajid Khan of sexual misconduct, shares horrifying details |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/sherlyn-chopra-accuses-sajid-khan-of-sexual-misconduct-shares-horrifying-details-2336756.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=ZeeNews |date=20 January 2021}}</ref> In response, Chopra publicly thanked her supporters, including [[Akshay Kumar]], who had asked the ''Housefull 4'' producers to "cancel the shoot until further investigation", and she expressed regret for not speaking out sooner.<ref>{{cite news |title=Farah Khan, Farhan Akhtar condemn Sajid Khan; express solidarity with victims |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/metoo-fallout-sajid-khan-wont-direct-housefull-4-after-akshay-kumar-tweets-cites-moral-responsibility/articleshow/66176821.cms |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 October 2018}}</ref> On 21 October 2018, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that Chopra "has not only spoken about her horrifying experiences but is also inspiring many others to do the same", and that Chopra "feels it is about time we started talking about it and addressed the sexism that exists in the industry".<ref name="TOI Oct212018"/>

In a November 2018, ''[[BuzzFeed News]]'' profile of the #MeToo movement in Bollywood, Chopra shared her story, including about how she "tried to warn people in the industry about Khan, but she told BuzzFeed News she was told to take it in her stride".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Nishita |title=Bollywood Needs A Time's Up Movement. Here's Why It's Not Happening Anytime Soon. |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nishitajha/bollywood-metoo |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=Buzzfeed News |date=3 November 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, after the Indian Film and Television Directors Association (IFTDA) announced that it was suspending Sajid Khan for a year due to the multiple sexual harassment allegations, including from journalist Karishma Upadhyay,<ref>{{cite news |title=#MeToo: Film Body Suspends Sajid Khan for One Year Over Sexual Harassment Allegations |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/metoo-film-body-suspends-sajid-khan-for-one-year-over-sexual-harassment-allegations-1971167.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=News18 |date=12 December 2018}}</ref> Chopra stated, "For now, I'm glad for the decisions IFTDA has made, change must begin somewhere".<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Saloni Chopra on Sajid Khan's IFTDA suspension: Change must begin somewhere |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saloni-chopra-on-sajid-khan-iftda-suspension-me-too-5492399/ |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Bhawana Bisht of ''[[SheThePeople]]'' described Chopra as one of the "significant pillars" of the #MeToo movement, because she "engaged in a powerfully honest and thought-provoking conversation about #MeToo and the cause they’re all fighting for".<ref name="Bisht">{{cite news |last1=Bisht |first1=Bhawana |title=Where To From #MeToo: The Way Forward In Bollywood |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/metoo-way-forward-bollywood/ |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=SheThePeople.TV |date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205060832/https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/metoo-way-forward-bollywood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> During a panel discussion, Chopra said she decided to publicly disclose her story because "It was time to practise what I preach. What is the point of speaking about women every day if I don't do what I stand for."<ref name="Bisht"/> Bisht reported that another panelist, general secretary of the Cine and Television Artists Association (CINTAA) [[Sushant Singh]], was "aback by the fact that there were next to zero abusive messages he received while, on another side, these women survivors were being trolled consistently".<ref name="Bisht"/>

==Honors==

* 2019 Editor's Panel Feminist Voice of the Year: Saloni Chopra (Cosmo India)<ref>{{cite news |title=Cosmo India Blogger Awards 2019—Meet the Winners! |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/fashion/news/g17166/cosmo-india-blogger-awards-2019-meet-winners |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=Cosmopolitan.in |date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Language
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
|2018
| ''[[Race 3]]''
| ||Hindi ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/race-3-salman-khan/cast-crew.html |title=Race 3 cast Crew |date=15 June 2018 |website=filmibeat}}</ref>
|}

==Television series==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#F5F5F5;"
|-
! Year
! Series
! OTT
! Character
|-
| 2016 || ''[[MTV Girls on Top]]'' ||[[MTV]]||Isha Jaisingh
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Screwed up]]'' ||||Maggy
|}

==Works==
* {{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Saloni |title=Rescued by a Feminist: An Indian fairy tale of equality and other myths |date=December 2020 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781637453629}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8331126}}
*{{Instagram | salonichopraofficial}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Saloni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nasrullaganj tehsil

2026-02-06T13:57:46Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding A Post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nasrullaganj tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|22.684978|N|77.271738|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sehore district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
|area_rural_footnotes =
| area_rural_km2 =
|area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
|area_note =
|width_mi =
|elevation_min_rank =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_total =

| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi=
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_rural_footnotes =
|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
|population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code = 466331
|area_code_type = 
|area_code = 07563
| geocode =
|registration_plate = MP 37

| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =

| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nasrullaganj''' is a [[tehsil]] in [[Sehore district]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sehore.nic.in/en/revenue-administration/ |title=Sehore District - Revenue Administration |access-date= 10 July 2022}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of [[Sehore district]] of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Nasarullaganj data |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=542201 |website=censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=10 July 2022}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Table - 3 : Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |website=census.gov.in |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|accessdate=10 July 2022|archive-date = 16 June 2004}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sehore's Nasrullaganj Tehsil Named Will Be 'Bhairunda', CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan Sent A Proposal To The Central Government |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/sehore-s-nasrullaganj-tehsil-named-will-be-bhairunda-cm-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sent-a-proposal-to-the-central-government-ann-2109764 |website=www.abplive.com |date=26 April 2022 |accessdate=10 July 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426074313/https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/sehore-s-nasrullaganj-tehsil-named-will-be-bhairunda-cm-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sent-a-proposal-to-the-central-government-ann-2109764 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is represented in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] by the [[Budhni Assembly constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sehore district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Murgathaul

2026-02-03T21:25:59Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding New Pg - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Murgathaul
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.625819|N|87.069575|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,371
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713323
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Murgathaul''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Asansol Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=430| height=400| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|87|5|20|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the eastern portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, R: rural centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|27|N|87|7|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Kunustara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Kunustara]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|40|5|N|87|7|40|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Topsi| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Topsi]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|43|26|N|87|11|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Nimsa| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Nimsa]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|42|58|N|87|11|21|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chinchuria| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chinchuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|40|38|N|87|10|9|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kenda| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Kenda]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|39|10|N|87|9|46|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Parasia| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Parasia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|2|9|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Ratibati| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Ratibati]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|40|N|87|2|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Chapui| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chapui]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|4|11|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Jemari |labela9=(Jaykaynagar)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|37|45|N|87|8|22|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Banshra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Banshra]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|38|5|N|87|3|51|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Belebathan| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Belebathan]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|38|28|N|87|2|3|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Chelad| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Chelad]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|37|29|N|87|4|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Murgathaul| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=Murgathaul (CT)|shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|57|N|87|5|4|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Amkula| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Amkula]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|35|53|N|87|8|30|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Baktarnagar| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Baktarnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|36|33|N|87|6|01|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Egara| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Egara, Paschim Bardhaman|Egara]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|21|N|87|6|21|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Sahebganj| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Sahebganj, Paschim Bardhaman|Sahebganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|35|10|N|87|7|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Raghunathchak| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Raghunathchak]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|34|50|N|87|7|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ballavpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Ballavpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|46|48|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Churulia| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Churulia]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|41|37|N|87|8|39|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bahadurpur| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Bahadurpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|42|7|N|87|2|53|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=ECL Sripur |labela22= Area Office| numbered22=0 | mark-title22=[[Sripur Area|ECL Sripur Area Office]] (A)| label-size22=12| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|53|N|87|4|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=ECL Satgram |labela23= Area Office |numbered23=0| mark-title23=[[Satgram Area|ECL Satgram Area Office]] (A)| label-size23=12| shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|38|50|N|87|7|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Kunustoria|labela24= Area Office|numbered24=0 | mark-title24=[[Kunustoria Area|ECL Kunustoria Area Office]] (A)| label-size24=12| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|40|0|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=ECL Kenda |labela25= Area Office |numbered25=0| mark-title25=[[Kenda Area|ECL Kenda Area Office]] (A)| label-size25=12| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos26=right|label-color26=#800000| label26=Asansol | numbered26=MC| mark-title26=[[Asansol]] (MC)|shape-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|37|12|N|87|7|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Raniganj | numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Raniganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|50|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Jamuria | numbered28=N| mark-title28= [[Jamuria]] (N)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.612489|87.032854}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=28| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.749367|87.157333}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Location===
Murgathaul is located at {{coord|23.625819|N|87.069575|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |format=dms}}.

[[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]], [[Belebathan]], Murgathaul, [[Amkula]], [[Egara, Paschim Bardhaman|Egara]], [[Sahebganj, Paschim Bardhaman|Sahebganj]], [[Raghunathchak]] and [[Ballavpur]] form a cluster of census towns on the western and southern side of [[Raniganj]]. [[Banshra]] and [[Baktarnagar]] are adjacent to Raniganj on the eastern side.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title= Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Map of Raniganj CD Block, page 215| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 31 August 2018}}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
According to the 2011 census, 83.33% of the population of Asansol Sadar subdivision was urban and 16.67% was rural.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 4 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2015, the municipal areas of [[Kulti]], [[Raniganj]] and [[Jamuria]] were included within the jurisdiction of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=2015notification>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | title = The Kolkata Gazette | work = Notification No. 335/MA/O/C-4/1M-36/2014 dated 3 June 2015 | publisher = Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 4 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | archive-date = 12 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Asansol Sadar subdivision has 26 (+1 partly) [[Census Town]]s.(partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Murgathaul had a total population of 7,371 of which 3,920 (53%) were males and 3,451 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,031. The total number of literate persons in Murgathaul was 4,682 (73.85% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 18 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Raniganj (community development block)#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Murgathaul had a population of 7,872. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Murgathaul has an average literacy rate of 53%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 39%. In Murgathaul, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

According to the 2011 census, the [[urban agglomeration]] (UA) centred upon Asansol had a population of 1,243,414. In addition to the erstwhile municipalities of [[Kulti]], [[Jamuria]], and [[Raniganj]] subsequently incorporated into the [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]], the agglomeration included the [[census towns]] of [[Amkula]], [[Baktarnagar]], [[Ballavpur]], [[Bhanowara]], [[Domohani]], [[Egara, Paschim Bardhaman|Egara]], [[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]], [[Majiara]], Murgathaul, [[Raghunathchak]], [[Sahebganj, Paschim Bardhaman|Sahebganj]] and [[Topsi]], and also [[Charanpur]], an outgrowth of Jamuria.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of Urban Agglomerations having population 1 lakh and above| work= Provisional Population Total, Census of India 2011| publisher = Government of India |accessdate = 27 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=2015notification/>

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Murgathaul covered an area of 2.12 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 1.5 km roads with open drains, the protected water-supply involved overhead tank, tapwater from treated sources. It had 105 domestic electric connections and 21 road lighting (points). The nearest dispensary/ health centre or other medical facility was 4 km away. Among the educational facilities it had were 4 primary schools, 1 secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school at [[Raniganj]] 6 km away. It had 6 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
It is in the heart of the coal mining zone.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p 666,</ref>

Collieries in the [[Satgram Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] are: Kalidaspur, J.K.Nagar, Satgram, Ratibati, Chapui Khas, Mithapur, Nimcha, Jemehari, Pure Searsole, Tirath, Kuardih, Ardragram OCP and Seetaldasji OCP.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |title = Coalmining impact on the Environment |work = Chapter V: Table 5.2 | publisher= shodganga.infibnet | accessdate = 21 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
Harabhanga Vivekananda Junior High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 2009. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class VIII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19093003902/harabhanga-vivekananda-jr-high-sch.html| title = Harabhanga Vivekananda Jr High Sch| publisher = Schools.org.in |accessdate = 6 June 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

28th Annual BFJA Awards

2026-01-31T17:09:10Z

ReggieHuntley0: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Thennavan (actor)

2026-01-29T08:11:56Z

ReggieHuntley0: fix lead and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|Indian Tamil actor (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thennavan
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| birth_name = Ramesh Duraisamy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|16|df=y}}<ref>[http://trinitymirror.net/madurai/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/19-12-2013.pdf ]{{dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Kai Thennavan
| yearsactive = 1990 - Present
| spouse =
| website =
| occupation = [[actor]]
}}

'''Thennavan''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in supporting roles. After making his debut in [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'' (1990), the actor was recognised for his role as 'Kai (means Hand)' in ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' (2002) ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004) and ''[[Jay Jay]]'' (2003).

==Career==
After graduating from Sarvajana High School, Coimbatore in 1984, Thennavan moved to Chennai to pursue a career in films. Thennavan made his acting debut in [[Bharathiraja]]'s 1990 film ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'', portraying a secondary lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/back-to-movies-again-kannada-news-13397|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032558/https://www.indiaglitz.com/back-to-movies-again-kannada-news-13397|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2020|title=- Kannada News|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> He won critical acclaim for his performance as Kai in [[Saran (director)|Saran]]'s ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' (2002), and has since been credited in films as Kai Thennavan. Playing a sidekick to [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s titular character, [[The Hindu]] gave him a positive review writing "he does a convincing job" and "his penetrating stare takes care of the expressions."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gemini/article28570798.ece|title=Gemini|date=19 April 2002|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The success of the film, saw [[Kamal Haasan]] pick him to play a role in ''[[Virumaandi]]'', for which he also received positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/virumaandi/article28575473.ece|title="Virumaandi"|date=23 January 2004|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Thennavan then played the lead role in an experimental film, ''[[Ayul Regai]]'' (2005), winning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a man on the verge of depression. A critic praised his contribution to the film, noting with "a wiry frame, unkempt hair and large eyes, he fits the role perfectly."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2005/aregai.html |title=Aayul Regai |publisher=Bbthots.com |date= |accessdate=2020-04-08}}</ref> He has since been seen in supporting roles in films including ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' (2012) and ''[[Naan Than Bala]]'' (2014).

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Mudhal Kural]]'' || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Veluchami]]'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' || Kai ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2003 || ''[[Jay Jay]]'' || Karuppatti ||
|-
| ''[[Kalatpadai]]'' || Priya's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2004 || ''[[Aethirree]]'' || Inspector Dhanapathi ||
|-
| ''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Kondarasu ||
|-
| ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' || Mortuary Worker ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''[[Ayul Regai]]'' || Karikalan ||
|-
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' || Durai's brother-in-law ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Aacharya (2006 film)|Aacharya]]'' || Koorumathi ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaimagan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2007 || ''[[Ammuvagiya Naan]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Koodal Nagar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manikanda]]'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kathi Kappal]]'' || Thennavan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Vaigai (film)|Vaigai]]'' || Duraisingam ||
|-
| ''[[Gnabagangal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011 || ''[[Ilaignan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' || Dhamo ||
|-
| ''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' || Singaperumal's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || Pandi Thevar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Naan Than Bala]]'' || Kattooran ||
|-
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || Sekhar ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015 || ''[[Vethu Vettu]]'' || Mahalakshmi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kirumi]]'' || Club Owner ||
|-
| ''[[Maanga (film)|Maanga]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2016 || ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' || MLA Sivagnanam ||
|-
| ''Yokkiyan Varan Somba Thooki Ulla Vai'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' || Keerthivasan ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Uruthikol]]'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Eghantham'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' || Durai Ayya's brother-in-law ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' || Minister Thangam ||
|-
| ''[[En Kaadhali Scene Podura]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Butler Balu]]'' || Shalini's father ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Idhu Vibathu Paghuthi'' || ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Saayam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Dhillu Irundha Poradu]]'' || ||
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
|2007
|Madurai
|Murugesan
|vijay tv
|-
|2018||[[Oviya (TV series)|Oviya]]||Munnusamy||[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2019 ||[[Rasaathi]]||Rasappan||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4717390}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thennavan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Coimbatore]]

Sanjivani (2019 TV series)

2026-01-26T22:33:27Z

ReggieHuntley0: fixed formatting based on references and updated info per sources

{{short description|Indian medical drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{About|the 2019 TV series|the 2002 TV series|Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|other uses|Sanjeevani (disambiguation){{!}}Sanjeevani}}

{{Infobox television
| image = Sanjivani2019.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| genre = [[Medical drama]]
| director = Abhijit Das Jackson Sethi
| producer = [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/always-pressure-recreating-cult-classic-sanjivani-creator-1579673-2019-08-11|title=Always pressure recreating cult classic: Sanjivani creator|website=India Today|date=11 August 2019 }}</ref>
| starring = [[Surbhi Chandna]] [[Namit Khanna]] [[Mohnish Bahl]] [[Gurdeep Kohli]] [[Gaurav Chopra]] [[Sayantani Ghosh]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| company = Alchemy Films Private Limited
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|8|12}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/here-s-when-surbhi-chandna-s-sanjivani-2-will-premiere-1567729-2019-07-12|title=Here's when Surbhi Chandna's Sanjivani 2 will premiere|last=|first=|date=12 July 2019|website=India Today|access-date=}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|3|13}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjivani-2s-last-episode-to-go-on-air-surbi-chandna-shares-various-looks-as-dr-ishani-and-calls-it-a-fulfilling-experience/articleshow/74609336.cms|title=Sanjivani 2's last episode to go on air; Surbhi Chandna shares various looks as Dr Ishani and calls it a 'fulfilling experience'|last=|first=|date=13 March 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 155
| related = ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)]]''
}}
'''''Sanjivani''''' (international title: '''''The Frontliners''''') is an Indian [[medical drama]] television series which aired from 12 August 2019 to 13 March 2020 on the [[Star Plus]] channel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjivani-2-surbhi-chandna-namit-khannas-show-to-premiere-in-august/articleshow/70383275.cms|title=Sanjivani 2: Surbhi Chandna, Namit Khanna's show to premiere in August|last=|first=|date=25 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=}}</ref> Produced by Alchemy Films, it starred [[Surbhi Chandna]], [[Namit Khanna]], [[Mohnish Bahl]], [[Gurdeep Kohli]] and [[Gaurav Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sanjivani-reboot-star-plus-5780644/|title=Surbhi Chandna, Namit Khanna, Mohnish Bahl and Gurdeep Kohli to star in Sanjivani reboot|last=|first=|date=14 June 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref> ''Sanjivani'' is a rebooted version of the 2002 series [[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/surbhi-chandna-and-namit-khanna-join-mohnish-bahl-and-gurdeep-kohli-for-sanjivanis-reboot/articleshow/69780722.cms|title=Surbhi Chandna and Namit Khanna join Mohnish Bahl and Gurdeep Kohli for Sanjivani's reboot|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=|last3=|last4=|first4=}}</ref>

It follows the lives of Dr. Ishani Arora and Dr. Siddhant "Sid" Mathur, who have opposing personalities, yet struggle with attraction to each other as they navigate the difficulties of their lives and careers at Sanjivani Hospital.

==Plot==
Dr. Ishani Arora is devout, ethically minded, and responsible. Dr. Siddhant "Sid" Mathur is carefree, flirty, and focused on getting the job done. Unable to understand each other, the two start off disliking each other. As Ishani and Sid work together, a friendship sparks between them. Misunderstandings occasionally divide the two, but they find resolution. Slowly the two develop feelings for each other, and eventually confess their feelings. Meanwhile, Dr. Asha Kanwar gets pregnant with Dr. Aman Gehlot's child out of wedlock. Unable to handle the situation, Dr. Aman runs away. Sid fakes being married to Dr. Asha to protect her [[unborn child]]. Ishani is left heartbroken, but later learns the truth. Under Vardhan Makhija's instructions, Asha plots to keep Sid and Ishani separated, since Vardhan wants to use Sid to get revenge on Dr. Shashank Gupta. Ishani, with the help of Dr. Rahil Shekhar, investigates the matter and tries to warn Sid about Asha and her intentions. Initially Sid does not believe her but eventually learns the truth. A furious Sid exposes Asha in front of the staff of Sanjivani. Ishani is shot protecting Asha and her unborn child. She undergoes [[surgery]] but slips into a coma. Guilty, Asha accepts her misdeeds, backs out of Vardhan's plans and seeks forgiveness.

===After A Few Days===
Ishani recovers. Dr. Shashank dies in a car accident, leaving the Sanjivani staff distraught. Sid learns that Shashank was his father. Ishani and Sid expose Vardhan, and he is arrested. Ishani and Sid decide to marry, but Sid is blackmailed by Ishani's relatives to stay away from her. When Sid does not arrive at the [[Wedding mandapa|mandapa]], Ishani is left devastated. Sanjivani Hospital is shut down.

===3 years later===
Navratan Singh buys Sanjivani Hospital and reopens it. Ishani is dejected, but Navratan motivates Ishani to give life a second chance. Ishani sees Sid in a comatose condition, reminding her of her past and bringing back her feelings of sadness. Sid regains his consciousness but has partially lost his memory, but Ishani operates on him and he recalls everything. Sid exposes Ishani's relatives and reveals why he had not arrived to marry her and Ishani is left shocked. Navratan marries Ishani and Sid and the show ends.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Surbhi Chandna]] as Dr. Ishani Arora Mathur: A neurosurgeon; Sid's wife (2019–2020)
*[[Namit Khanna]] as Dr. Siddhant "Sid" Mathur: A neurosurgeon; Roshni and Shashank's son, Anjali's half-brother; Ishani's husband (2019–2020)
*[[Mohnish Bahl]] as Dr. Shashank Gupta: The CEO of Sanjivani and a neurosurgeon; Anjali and Sid's father (2019–2020)
*[[Gurdeep Kohli]] as Dr. Juhi Singh: A neurosurgeon and the chief of surgery (2019–2020)
*[[Gaurav Chopra]] as Navratan Singh: The CEO of Sanjivani (2020)

===Recurring===
*[[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Dr. Anjali Gupta: The HOD of Obstetrics and a gynaecology; Shashank's daughter; Sid's half sister (2019–2020) Anjali was previously portrayed by Sunaina Gulia in the series ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''.
*[[Rohit Roy]] as Vardhan Makhija; The chief financial officer (2019–2020)
*Rashmi Singh as Dr. Asha Kanwar (2019)
*[[Chandni Bhagwanani]] as Dr. Asha Kanwar (2019)
*[[Jason Tham]] as Dr. Neil Lama Lau (2019–2020)
*Robin Sohi as Dr. Aman Gehlot (2019)
*Kunal Bhan as Dr. Rahil Shekhar; Siddhant's best friend (2019–2020)
*Rahul Choudhry as Dr. Rishabh Vaidya (2019–2020)
*[[Ekta Sohini]] as Roshni Mathur; Shashank's ex-love and Sid's mother (2019)
*Seema Pandey/Ekta Sohni as Roshni Mathur (2020)
*Sameer Khakhar as Guddu Mathur; Roshni's brother; Sid's uncle (2019–2020)
*[[Khushbu Thakkar]] as Anisha Singh; Navratan's sister (2020)
*[[Sulakshana Khatri]] as Bebe; Navratan and Anisha's grandmother (2020)
*[[Sheela Sharma]] as Nurse Philo (2019–2020)
*Ahmad Harhash as Dr. Neil Kapoor (2019)

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Ekhane Aakash Neel (2019 TV series)|Ekhane Aakash Neel]]'' এখানে আকাশ নীল
|23 September 2019
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|3 October 2020
|Remake
|}

==Production==
===Development===
''Sanjivani'' is a reboot of the 2002 series [[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|of the same name]], but follows the lives of resident doctors Ishani Arora and Sid Mathur at Sanjivani Hospital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sanjivani-reboot-to-return-in-july-with-namit-khanna-surbhi-chandna-joining-original-cast-members-mohnish-bahl-gurdeep-kohli/story-7WyRQP0hrKJpSc5DGgZ7nK.html|title=Sanjivani sequel 2 return in July with Namit Khanna, Surbhi Chandna joining original cast members Mohnish Bahl, Gurdeep Kohli|last=|first=|date=14 June 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=}}</ref> [[Mohnish Bahl]] and [[Gurdeep Kohli]] reprise their roles of Dr. Shashank Gupta and Dr. Juhi Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/mohnish-bahl-nervous-about-making-tv-comeback-with-sanjivani-2-1576345-2019-08-02|title=Mohnish Bahl nervous about making TV comeback with Sanjivani 2|last=|first=|date=2 August 2019|website=India Today|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/telly-talk/gurdeep-kohli-aka-dr-juhi-talks-about-her-comeback-through-sanjivani-2-exclusive/38709|title=Gurdeep Kohli aka Dr. Juhi talks about her comeback through Sanjivani 2 {{!}} Exclusive|last=|first=|date=|website=Times Now|access-date=}}</ref>

The plan for the reboot was announced by producer [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] in April 2019 and was confirmed in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 April 2019|title=Popular TV show Sanjivani to return after IPL, Nakuul Mehta, Surbhi Chandna expected as leads|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/popular-tv-show-sanjivani-to-return-after-ipl-nakuul-mehta-surbhi-chandna-expected-as-leads/story-pWFEEbmy4RYCuhSiadb8fK.html|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 June 2019|title=Sanjivani remake announced. First pic of the entire cast features mix of old and new faces|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/sanjivani-remake-announced-first-pic-of-the-entire-cast-features-mix-of-old-and-new-faces-1548687-2019-06-14|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref> The first look of the series was released on [[National Doctors' Day]] on 1 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/makers-share-the-first-look-of-sanjivani-reboot-on-national-doctor-s-day-1559514-2019-07-01|title=Makers share the first look of Sanjivani reboot on National Doctor's Day|last=|first=|date=July 2019|website=India Today|access-date=}}</ref>

In September 2019, [[Mohnish Bahl]]'s wife [[Ekta Sohini]] joined the cast as his onscreen wife Roshni Mathur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohnish-bahls-wife-aarti-to-join-him-on-his-tv-show/articleshow/70935115.cms|title=Mohnish Bahl's wife Aarti to join him on his TV show|last=|first=|date=2 September 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> She later quit, as the subplot between the two was dropped, and Seema Pandey was cast for the role.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aarti-bahl-my-journey-in-sanjivani-2-is-over-because-the-makers-decided-against-my-love-track-with-mohnish/articleshow/73083909.cms|title=Aarti Bahl: My journey in 'Sanjivani 2' is over because the makers decided to drop my love track with Mohnish|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aarti-bahl-my-journey-in-sanjivani-2-is-over-because-the-makers-decided-against-my-love-track-with-mohnish/articleshow/73083909.cms|title=Aarti Bahl: My journey in 'Sanjivani 2' is over because the makers decided to drop my love track with Mohnish - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> In January 2020, Mohnish Bahl also quit, stating he was unable to justify his role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-mohnish-bahl-opted-out-of-sanjivani/articleshow/73228851.cms|title=Why Mohnish Bahl opted out of 'Sanjivani'|last=|first=|date=14 January 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>

The series was supposed to wrap on 17 January 2020 due to low viewership, but received an extension of three months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/sanjivani-gets-a-three-months-extension/|title=Sanjivani gets a three-months extension|last=|first=|date=8 January 2020|website=Eastern Eye|access-date=}}</ref> A three-year leap was introduced in January 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sanjivani-to-take-3-year-leap-after-mohnish-bahl-and-rohit-roy-s-exit-will-introduce-new-characters/story-ZRaTNUygVhaZaiGdOKuFqL.html|title=Sanjivani to take 3-year leap after Mohnish Bahl and Rohit Roy's exit, will introduce new characters|last=|first=|date=14 January 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=}}</ref> and [[Gaurav Chopra]] was cast as Navratan Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gaurav-chopraa-to-join-sanjivani-2-post-time-leap/articleshow/73355158.cms|title=Gaurav Chopraa to join 'Sanjivani 2' post time leap|last=|first=|date=19 January 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>

The shooting of the series was completed on 6 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surbhi-chandna-namit-khanna-gaurav-chopraa-are-all-smiles-at-the-sanjivani-wrap-up-party-see-pics/articleshow/74524819.cms|title=Surbhi Chandna, Namit Khanna, Gaurav Chopraa are all smiles at the Sanjivani wrap up party; see pics|last=|first=|date=7 March 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>

===Filming===
Sanjivani was filmed in [[Mumbai]], India. The set was a fake forty-four floored hospital named Sanjivani, consisting of two wings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sanjivani-2-set-tour-surbhi-chandna-and-namit-khanna-give-a-sneak-peek-of-their-hospital/videoshow/70557539.cms|title=Sanjivani 2 set tour: Surbhi Chandna and Namit Khanna give a sneak peek of their hospital|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>

===Actor Training===
{{blockquote|Playing a doctor is truly a challenging task. It's not easy on any level but it does help when you have proper guidance from the real experts. For Sanjivani, we have real doctors visiting the sets and helping us in terms of body language, basic medical terms and things like how a doctor wears gloves, checks the blood pressure of a patient and the right way to hold a stethoscope. We will be showcasing different medical cases along with the dramatic element on the show. I would like to express my profound gratitude to all the medical experts who have helped us to better our performances in Sanjivani.|[[Surbhi Chandna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/sanjivani-actors-surbhi-chandna-namit-khanna-get-trained-by-real-doctors-for-maximum-authenticity-see-pics/story-bJryVFkePXNMqQHOlHuzjI.html|title=Sanjivani actors Surbhi Chandna, Namit Khanna get trained by real doctors for maximum authenticity|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote| I watched four or five seasons of ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''. It gave me the visual understanding of the insides of the hospital. Sanjivani and Grey's are different shows. I was looking for body language while doing the surgery. I was not for looking something to copy but it took me to their world. Apart from Grey's I also watched ''[[The Residents]]''. There were a few things that were good to see, which will remain in my subconscious mind to implement at some time.|[[Namit Khanna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/exclusive-sanjivani-2-premieres-tonight-namit-khanna-opens-up-on-his-character-working-with-surbhi-chandna-1580045-2019-08-12|title=Exclusive: Sanjivani 2 premieres tonight. Namit Khanna opens up on his character, working with Surbhi Chandna|website=India Today|date=12 August 2019 }}</ref>|source=}}

==Reception==
''Sanjifani'' had a positive reception. ''[[The Times of India]]'' said, "Sanjivani has a fresh feel, stylish look and quite a colourful touch."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjivani-2-first-episode-review-dr-shashank-a-fresh-pairing-and-the-iconic-tune-will-keep-you-hooked/articleshow/70647363.cms|title=Sanjivani 2 first episode review: Dr. Shashank, a fresh pairing and the iconic tune will keep you hooked|last=|first=|date=12 August 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=}}</ref> Comparing the previous version, they said, "We love the fresh take and the colourful palette this season. The very feel of the hospital is very modern compared to previous season's minimalistic look of the doctors and has been made keeping in mind the latest trends."<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=13 August 2019|title=Sanjivani 2: Did you miss the feel of the original season?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjivani-2-did-you-miss-the-feel-of-the-original-season/articleshow/70656516.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[The Quint]]'' noted that it is high on drama and style and stated, "The star-studded cast and the nostalgia factor are the driving force for this show at the outset. Surbhi and Namit's love-hate relationship will surely be the key interest point for the viewers going forward. The show feels high on style and swaps charm for impact. The writing is full of broad strokes, especially in terms of characterization."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/sanjivani-2-star-plus-tv-show-review-episode-1|title='Sanjivani 2' Episode 1 is High on Drama and Style, Low on Nuance|last=|first=|date=5 August 2019|website=The Quint|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10648034}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/tv/sanjivani/s-2300 Sanjivani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812012837/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/sanjivani/s-2300 |date=12 August 2019 }} on [[Hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian medical television series]]
[[Category:Sequel television series]]

Sumer Singh of Jodhpur

2026-01-23T00:01:46Z

ReggieHuntley0: expand references based on references

{{Short description|Maharaja of Jodhpur (1898–1918)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharaja Sumer Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]
| image = Sumer Singh.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sumer Singh in the 1910s
| succession = Maharaja of Jodhpur
| reign = 20 March 1911 – 3 October 1918
| reign-type = Tenure
| predecessor = [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Sardar Singh]]
| successor = [[Umaid Singh]]
| suc-type =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1898|1|14}}
| birth_place = [[Mehrangarh Fort]] [[Jodhpur]] [[Jodhpur State]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1918|10|3|1898|1|14|df=y}}
| death_place = Ratanada Palace [[Jodhpur]] [[Jodhpur State]]
| place of burial =
| spouse = HH Maharaniji Sa Jadejiji Shri Pratap Kanwarji/Kunwarba of [[Jamnagar State]]

HH Maharaniji Sa Chauhanji Shri Amar Kanwarji of Sointra in [[Jodhpur State]]
| issue = Maharajkumariji Baiji Lal Shri Kishor Kanwarji m.to HH Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Sir [[Sawai Man Singh II]] of [[Jaipur State]]
| house = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
| father = [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Maharaja Sardar Singh of Jodhpur]]
| mother = HH Maharaniji Sa Hadiji Shri Lakshman Kanwarji Maji Saheba d.of HH Maharao Raja Sir Ram Singh of [[Bundi State]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Colonel HH Shri Raj Rajeshwar Saramad-e-Raja-e-Hindustan Maharajadhiraja Maharaja Sir Sumair Singh Bahadur''',{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KBE}} (14 January 1898 – 3 October 1918) was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur State]] of the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] dynasty of [[Marwar]] from 20 March 1911 to 3 October 1918 the shortest of reign any Jodhpur ruler had.

==Early life==
Sumer Singh was born on 14 January 1898 at [[Mehrangarh]], [[Jodhpur]], the eldest son of [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh]], GCSI by his first wife, the Maharani Shri Lakhsman Kanwarji Maji Sahiba. In March 1911 at the age of 13, he succeeded to the Jodhpur ''gadi'' upon the death of his father, and served as a [[page of honour]] to [[George V]] at the [[Delhi Durbar]] that year.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

He was educated at [[Mayo College]], Ajmer and [[Wellington College, Berkshire|Wellington College]] in Berkshire, he reigned for five years under the regency of his great-uncle General Maharaja Sir [[Pratap Singh of Idar]], who had abdicated his throne at Idar in order to oversee the Jodhpur regency.

==Wartime service==
Upon the outbreak of the [[First World War]], the young Maharaja volunteered to serve in combat and was commissioned as an honorary [[Lieutenant]] in the [[British Army]] in October 1914.<ref>The London Gazette, 13 October 1914, page 8237</ref> On 26 February 1916, a month after he had come of age, Sumer Singh was granted full ruling powers by the [[Viceroy]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], in person. Shortly after, he left India for the battlefields of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], leading the Jodhpur Imperial Service Lancers in combat in France and Flanders. He was promoted to the rank of an honorary Major in the British Army in 1917.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30212/supplements/7868 London Gazette, 1 August 1917]</ref> For his services, Sumer Singh was decorated and subsequently knighted as a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) in 1918.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30451/supplements/84 London Gazette, 28 December 1917]</ref>

==Personal life==
On 9 December 1915, Sumer Singh married Pratapha Kanwarji Maji Sahiba, the daughter of Kumar Jivansinhji Jhalamsinhji Sahib of Sarodar, a branch of the [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]] royal family, and the sister of cricketer [[Ranjitsinhji]].<ref name="sfp">{{cite news|title=Maharaja of Jodhpur Dead|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19181102-1.2.45|accessdate=9 May 2017|work=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser|date=2 November 1918|page=18}}</ref> He married secondly, on 23 May 1918, Umrao Kanwarji Sahiba (d. 30 November 1949), the daughter of Thakur Shri Suraj Malji, of Sointra, under Jodhpur Marwar.

By his first wife, Sumer Singh had one daughter:
Maharajkumari Shri Kishor Kumariji Baijilal Sahiba [H.H. Maharani Shri Kishor Kumari Sahiba, of Jaipur] ["Jo Didi"] (Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, 20 September 1916 – Rambagh Palace, Jaipur, 30 April 1958) who m. at Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, 24 April 1932, as his second wife, Maharaja [[Sawai Man Singh II]] of Jaipur, Maharaja of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]].

Sumer Singh's sister, Marudhar Kanwar, was the first wife of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur.

==Death==
The Maharaja returned to Jodhpur in early 1918, but died on 3 October from [[pneumonia]] at the Ratanada Palace.<ref name="sfp"/> He was cremated at Mehrangarh. As he had only left a daughter at his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother [[Umaid Singh]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==Honours==
===British===
*1911 Delhi Durbar medal in gold
*[[1914 Star]] (with August - November 1914 clasp)
*[[British War Medal]]
*Victory Medal
*Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]], (KBE) - awarded 1918

===Foreign===
*Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Nile]] of Egypt-1918{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jodhpur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumer Singh of Jodhpur}}
[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar]]
[[Category:British Army General List officers]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]

Pulwama

2026-01-22T19:52:04Z

ReggieHuntley0: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Short description|Town in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{About|the Town in the Indian state of Kashmir|the district of the same name|Pulwama district}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Original research|date=February 2021}}
Pulwama[[Protected]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pulwama
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|33.8741|N|74.9001|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pulwama district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1979
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = 
| governing_body = Pulwama Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=Census2011-town_pop>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html |title=A-4 Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901 |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20IV.xlsx |title=Class - IV Population of 10,000 and 19,999}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 35.00
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=fallingrain>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Pulwama.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Pulwama]</ref>
| elevation_ft = 5419
| population_total = 18,440
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Pulwaemuk or Pulwam(j){{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
| population_footnotes = <ref name=0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |page=102 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Pulwama, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=Census2011-town_pop/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 192301
| registration_plate = JK13
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-1933
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 913 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 83.24%
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|23|km|mi}}
| website = [https://pulwama.gov.in/ pulwama.gov.in]
| footnotes =
| official_name = Pulwama
| native_name =
}}
'''Pulwama''' ({{IPA|ur|pʊlʋɑːmɑː}} ; {{IPA|ks|pulʋoːm}} or {{IPA|ks|pulɡoːm|}}) is a town and notified area council in the [[Pulwama district]] of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[Kashmir#Dispure|disputed]] [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir> The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (d), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). 
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; (g) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (h) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (i) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicized terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
</ref> It is located approximately {{convert|25|km|abbr=|mi}} south of the [[summer capital]] of the state, [[Srinagar]].

==History==
Pulwama was known as '''Panwangam''' in antiquity,<ref name="Jasbir Singh">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ROfsAAAAMAAJ&q=Pulwama+name|author=Jasbir Singh|title=The economy of Jammu & Kashmir|publisher = Radha Krishan Anand & Co.|quote=The original name of Pulwama was Panwangam, which comprised four local namely, Malikpora, Dangerpora, Chatapora, Dalipora.|access-date = 2 December 2010|isbn=9788188256099|year=2004}}</ref> and later as '''Pulgam'''.<ref name="Parvéz Dewân">{{cite book|author=Parvéz Dewân|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Panwangam|title=Parvéz Dewân's Jammû, Kashmîr, and Ladâkh: Kashmîr|publisher=Manas Publications|year=2004|isbn=9788170491798|quote=The original name of Pulwama town(from which the district takes its name) was Panwangam. Over the centuries it got shortened to Pulgam. This in turn gradually changed to Pulwama.|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>

==Geography==
With its coordinates 33.8830554°N, 74.9208705° E it is situated at an altitude of 1,500 to 2,000 meters above mean sea level.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=15 September 2024 |title=Kashmir: Pulwama Constituency Profile |url=https://kashmirlife.net/pulwama-assembly-constituency-a-profile-366477/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Average [[Climate of India|rainfall]] in the city is 505.3mm annually, with the highest recorded rainfall 772.30 mm in 1998.<ref name=":0" /> Temperatures reach as high as {{Convert|37|C|F|abbr=}} and as low as {{Convert|-12|C|F|abbr=}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

== Economy ==
With 70 per cent of its population in Agriculture sector, Pulwama has a growing industrial sector. It has some prominent industries in, cement production, wood products, and food processing.<ref name=":0" />

==Educational institutions==
*[[Government Degree College, Pulwama|Govt Degree College, Pulwama]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDC Pulwama |url=http://www.dcpulwama.edu.in/}}</ref>
*[[Islamic University of Science & Technology|Islamic University of Science and Technology Awantipora]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic University of Science & Technology |url=https://www.iust.ac.in/}}</ref>
*[http://www.gdcwpulwama.edu.in/ Govt Degree College (Women), Pulwama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202004639/http://www.gdcwpulwama.edu.in/ |date=2 December 2020 }}

*Govt. GNM Nursing College Pulwama<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir - (J&K PARA-MEDICAL / NURSING COUNCIL) |url=https://www.gmcs.ac.in/Photos/03-17-2311-58-01-GMC-CentreNotice2022_23.pdf |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=GMC Srinagar}}</ref>

== Greater Pulwama master plan==
On 12 February 2021, the government of Jammu and Kashmir approved the constitution of a board for scrutinizing and evaluating objections, representations and suggestions by stakeholders concerning a draft master plan for Greater Pulwama 2020–2040.<ref>{{citation |title=Constitution of Board(s) for scrutinizing and evaluating objections, representations and suggestions regarding Draft Master Plans |work=Government of Jammu and Kashmir, General Administration Department, Civil Secretariat, Jammu |date=12 February 2021 |issue=142-JK(GAD) of 2021 |url=https://www.jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=O37355}}</ref>

== Smart Town ==
Numerous Projects for Smart Town are underway. list of Projects{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
1. Smart Clock Tower
2. Led Displays
3. New Footpaths
4. Parking Lots
5. Parks (Children Parks)
6. Segregated House Waste
7. Central Verges
8. High Mast Lights.
9. New Tricolour LED's

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|source = <ref name=Census2011-town_pop/>
|percentages=pagr
| cols = 1
| 1981
| 7,731
| 2001
| 14,229
| 2011
| 18,440
}}

{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Pulwama City (2011)<ref name="Pulwama City Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/pulwama/pulwama/pulwama-mc-population.html|title=Pulwama City Population|work=Census India 2011|access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 94.59
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 4.63
|color2 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 0.34
|color3 = Yellow
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.17
|color4 = Blue
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|value5 = 0.02
|color5 = Gold
|label6 = [[Jainism]]
|value6 = 0.01
|color6 = Maroon
|label7 = Not Stated
|value7 = 0.24
|color7 = Grey
}}

Per the [[2011 Census of India]], the city of Pulwama had a population of 18,440 people, with 10,070 males and 8,370 females.<ref name=0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA/> Children aged 6 and under numbered 3,167—making up approximately 17.17% of the total population.<ref name=0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA/> The [[Human sex ratio|female sex ratio]] of the city is 831, lower than the [[Demographics of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir state average]] of 889. Additionally, the child female sex ratio is around 718; also lower than the state average of 862. The [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of Pulwama is 91.18%, significantly higher than the state average of 67.16%. The city is situated in the [[Kashmir Valley]], and the majority of its inhabitants are ethnic [[Kashmiris]].<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800026-pulwama-jammu-and-kashmir.html |title=Pulwama Population Census 2011 - 2019 |work=census2011.co.in |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref>

===Religion===
The majority of Pulwama's inhabitants are [[Muslims]], comprising 94.59% of the total population, while [[Hindus]] comprise the second-largest religious minority at 4.63% of the total population. Other religious minorities in the city include [[Sikhs]] (0.34%), [[Christians]] (0.17%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (0.02%) and [[Jainism|Jains]] (0.01%); 0.24% of the population abstained from declaring their beliefs.<ref name="census2011.co.in"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Pulwama district}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pulwama district]]
[[Category:Pulwama| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

List of Bengali films of 1997

2026-01-14T09:55:29Z

ReggieHuntley0: cleanup information based on references

#Redirect [[List of Bengali films]]

Antyesti

2026-01-07T15:32:27Z

ReggieHuntley0: enhance lead after review

{{short description|Funeral rites for the dead in Hinduism}}
{{For|Final rites in [[Sikhism]]|Antam Sanskar}}
[[File:Hindu funeral.jpg|thumb|An 1820 painting showing a Hindu funeral procession in south India. The pyre is to the left, near a river, the lead mourner is walking in front, the dead body is wrapped in white and is being carried to the cremation pyre, relatives and friends follow<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3058333&partId=1 Museum record 2007,3005.2] The British Museum, London</ref>]]

'''Antyesti''' ([[IAST]]: Antyeṣṭi, {{langx|sa|अन्त्येष्टि}}), also known as '''Antima Samskara''', '''Antya-kriya''', '''Anvarohanyya''', or as '''Vahni Samskara''',<ref name="cologne2">[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=funeral+&trans=Translate&direction=AU Antayesti] Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> literally means "last sacrifice" or "final auspicious ceremony", and refers to the funeral rites for the dead in [[Hinduism]], which usually involves [[cremation]] of the body. This rite of passage is the last samskara in a series of traditional life cycle [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|samskaras]] that start from conception in Hindu tradition.<ref>Pandey, R.B. (1962, reprint 2003). ''The Hindu Sacraments (Saṁskāra)'' in S. Radhakrishnan (ed.) ''The Cultural Heritage of India'', Vol.II, Kolkata:The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, {{ISBN|81-85843-03-1}}, p.411 to 413</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Celebrating Life Customs around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals [3 volumes]|last=Ph.D|first=Victoria Williams|date=2016-11-21|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440836596|pages=118|language=en}}</ref>

The details of the Antyesti ceremony depend on the region, social group, gender and age of the dead.<ref>Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803961}}, pp. 234-245</ref><ref name=olsonant/><ref name=fowler>J Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723608}}, pp. 59-60</ref>

==Etymology==
''Antyeṣṭi'' (अन्त्येष्टि) is a composite Sanskrit word of ''antya'' and ''iṣṭi'', which respectively mean "last" and "sacrifice" or "auspicious ceremony".<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html anta, yASTi] Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary] Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> Together, the word means the "last sacrifice". Similarly, the phrase ''Antima Samskara'' literally means "last sacred ceremony, or last rite of passage".<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html antima, saMskara] Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary] Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref>

==Scriptures==
[[File:Bagamati cremation.jpg|thumb|A Hindu cremation rite in [[Nepal]]. The samskara above shows the body wrapped in saffron cloth on a pyre.]]
The ''Antyesti'' rite of passage is structured around the premise in ancient literature of Hinduism that the microcosm of all living beings is a reflection of a macrocosm of the universe.<ref name=terje>Terje Oestigaard, in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial (Editors: [[Sarah Tarlow]], Liv Nilsson Stut), Oxford University Press, ISBN, pp. 497-501</ref> The soul (Atman, Brahman) is the essence and immortal that is released at the ''Antyeshti'' ritual, but both the body and the universe are vehicles and transitory in various schools of Hinduism. The human body and the universe consist of five elements in Hindu texts – air, water, fire, earth and space.<ref name=terje/> The last rite of passage returns the body to the five elements and its origins.<ref name=olsonant>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, pp. 99-100</ref><ref name=terje/> The roots of this belief are found in the Vedas, for example in the hymns of [[Rigveda]] in section 10.16, as follows,

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
Don't burn him through, Agni; don't scorch him; don't singe his skin, nor his body.|
When you will make him cooked to readiness, Jātavedas, then impel him forth to the forefathers.||
When you will have made him cooked to readiness, Jātavedas, then deliver him to the forefathers.||
When he will embark on the (way) leading to (the other) life, then he will lead at the will of the gods.|
Let your eye go to the sun, your life-breath to the wind. Go to heaven and to earth as is fitting.|
Or go to the waters, if it has been fixed for you there. Take your stand in the plants with your limbs.||
</poem>
|Rigveda 10.16 <ref>English Translation: Jamison and Brereton (Translator){{cite book|author=Stephanie Jamison|title=The Rigveda –– Earliest Religious Poetry of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190633394|page=1395}}; Wendy Doniger (1981), The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140449891}}, see chapter on Death</ref>}}

The final rites of a burial, in case of untimely death of a child, is rooted in Rig Veda's section 10.18, where the hymns mourn the death of the child, praying to deity Mrityu to "neither harm our girls nor our boys", and pleads the earth to cover, protect the deceased child as a soft wool.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc06wils#page/46/mode/2up Sukta XVIII - Rigveda], English Translation: HH Wilson (Translator), pp. 46-49 with footnotes; Wendy Doniger (1981), The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140449891}}, see chapter on Death</ref>

==Antyesti practices==
[[File:Cremation at Rajghat.jpg|thumb|250px|Cremation of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], 31 January 1948. It was attended by [[Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord]] and [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Mountbatten]], [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Azad]], [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], [[Sarojini Naidu]] and other national leaders. His son [[Devdas Gandhi]] lit the pyre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1948/01/31/Cremation-of-Gandhis-body/1311719724408/|title=Cremation of Gandhi's body|website=UPI}}</ref>]]
[[File:Burning ghats of Manikarnika, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|''Burning [[ghats]]'' of Manikarnika, at [[Varanasi]], India.]]

The ceremonial offerings varies across the spectrum of [[Hindu]] society. Some of the popular rituals followed in [[Hinduism|Vedic religions]] after the death of a human being, for their peace and ascent to heaven are as follows.

===Shmashana - the cremation ground===

The cremation ground is called ''[[Shmashana]]'' (in [[Sanskrit]]), and it is located near a river, if not on the river bank itself. Those who can afford it may go to special sacred places like [[Puri]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], [[Varanasi]], [[Haridwar]], [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]], [[Srirangam]], [[Brahmaputra]] on the occasion of Ashokashtami and [[Rameswaram]] to complete this rite of immersion of ashes into water.<ref>Christopher Justice (1997), Dying the Good Death: The Pilgrimage to Die in India's Holy City, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791432617}}, pp. 39-42</ref>

===Cremation rituals ===
{{anchor | CR | Feet | Cremation rituals }}

The last rites are usually completed within a day of death. While practices vary among sects, the body is generally washed, wrapped in white cloth, if the dead is a man or a widow, or red cloth, if it is a woman whose husband is still alive,<ref name=fowler/> the big toes are tied together with a string and a ''Tilak'' (red, yellow or white mark) is placed on the forehead.<ref name=olsonant/> The dead adult's body is carried to the cremation ground near a river or water, by family and friends, and placed on a pyre with feet facing north.<ref name=fowler/>

The eldest son, or a male mourner, or a priest – called the lead cremator or lead mourner – then bathes himself before leading the cremation ceremony.<ref name=olsonant/><ref name=carrie>Carrie Mercier (1998), Hinduism for Today, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199172542}}, p. 58.</ref> He circumambulates the dry wood pyre with the body, says a eulogy or recites a hymn, places sesame seeds or rice in the dead person's mouth, sprinkles the body and the pyre with ghee (clarified butter), then draws three lines signifying ''[[Yama]]'' (deity of the dead), ''[[Kāla (time)|Kala]]'' ('Time', deity of cremation and finality) and the dead.<ref name=olsonant/> Prior to lighting the pyre, an earthen pot is filled with water, and the lead mourner circles the body with it, before lobbing the pot over his shoulder so it breaks near the head. Once the pyre is ablaze, the lead mourner and the closest relatives may circumambulate the burning pyre one or more times. The ceremony is concluded by the lead cremator, during the ritual, is ''kapala kriya'', or the ritual of piercing the burning skull with a stave (bamboo fire poker) to make a hole or break it, in order to release the spirit.<ref>Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803961}}, page 272</ref>

All those who attend the cremation, and are exposed to the dead body or cremation smoke take a shower as soon as possible after the cremation, as the cremation ritual is considered unclean and polluting.<ref>George Castledine and Ann Close (2009), Oxford Handbook of Adult Nursing, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199231355}}, pages 757-758</ref> The cold collected ash from the cremation is later consecrated to the nearest river or sea.<ref name=carrie/>

In some regions, the sons and other male relatives of the deceased shave their heads and beards and invite all neighbours, friends and relatives, on the tenth, eleventh or twelfth day, to eat a simple meal together in remembrance of the deceased. This day, in some communities, also marks a day when the poor and needy are offered food in memory of the dead.<ref>Colin Parkes et al (2015), Death and Bereavement Across Cultures, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415522366}}, pp. 66-67.</ref>

===Modern cremation methods ===

Both manual bamboo wood pyres and electric cremation are used for Hindu cremations.<ref>Hiro Badlani (2008), Hinduism: Path of the Ancient Wisdom, {{ISBN|978-0595701834}}, p. 292.</ref> For the latter, the body is kept on a [[bamboo]] frame on rails near the door of the electric chamber.<ref>Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson and Michael York (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700712670}}, p. 38.</ref> After cremation, the mourner will collect the ashes and consecrate it to a water body, such as a river or sea.

===Burial in Hinduism ===
{{anchor | Bury | Burial }}
[[File:Hindu grave in Bali.jpg|thumb|A Hindu grave in Bali]]
Apart from the cremation method, [[Hindu denominations|several sects in Hinduism]] follow the practice of burial of the dead. In some sects, the important [[guru]]s, [[swami]]s or [[sadhus]] are buried. The preparatory rituals are more or less similar to cremation viz, washing the body, applying [[vibhuti]] (holy ash) and [[kumkum]] or holy paste (sandalwood) on the forehead of the deceased etc., but instead of cremating, the deceased is buried. The body is either placed in sleeping position or in some Shaivite and tribal traditions is in [[Lotus position|Padmasana]] sitting position with legs folded and arms resting on the thigh simulating meditative position. The burial pit is prepared in the community burial ground called Shamshana, usually situated outside the city or village. Some affluent will bury their dead in their own field. The burial pit for sleeping position is generally three feet wide and six feet long and for sitting position it is three feet by three feet. As a thumb rule in all the sects invariable the saints are buried in sitting position in a separate place where later on a Samadhi is built which becomes a place of worship. For example, followers of [[Ayyavazhi]] sect bury the body, facing the geographic [[north]] in a padmasana position, without [[coffins]] and it is covered by sand or [[Thirunamam|Namam]] (sacred soil) as an act austerity for the unfolding of [[Dharma Yukam]].

==Post Antyesti rituals ==

Other [[Indian rituals after death]] include [[Indian rituals after death#Niravapanjali|Niravapanjali]], [[Tarpana]], [[Śrāddha]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Shradh Puja: Five Facts you should Know about Death Anniversary Ritual In Hinduism|date=4 September 2017|website=NewsGram|url=https://www.newsgram.com/five-facts-you-should-know-about-death-anniversary-ritual-shradh-puja-in-hinduism/|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124175408/https://www.newsgram.com/five-facts-you-should-know-about-death-anniversary-ritual-shradh-puja-in-hinduism|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rasam Pagri]],<ref name="ref18dymtb">{{Citation | title=Veins of devotion: blood donation and religious experience in north India | author=Jacob Copeman | publisher=Rutgers University Press, 2009 | isbn=978-0-8135-4449-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbSXa5Fag9gC&q=%22Rasam+Pagri%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA60 | quote=''... rasam pagri is the passing of the deceased male's turban to ... 'When people have the funeral gathering, a turban (pagri) is put on the elder son to show he is now responsible for the family ...''|page=60| year=2009 }}</ref> [[Pitru Paksha]].<ref name=sharma>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Usha |year=2008 |title=Festivals In Indian Society |chapter=Mahalaya |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-113-7 |volume=2 |pages=72–73 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6OYRUEAF7oC&q=pitru%20paksha&pg=PA72}}</ref><ref name=underhill>{{cite book |last=Underhill |first=M M |year=2001 |title=The Hindu religious year |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0523-7 |pages=112–116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC&q=sraddha&pg=PA114}}</ref><ref name=vidya>{{cite book |last=Vidyarathi |first=L P |year=1978 |title=The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=13,15,33,81,110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FidiusPr0C&q=mahalaya&pg=PA34}}</ref>

===Genealogy registers ===

Many people visit Hindu pilgrimage sites to perform, ''Śrāddha'' ceremonies, like [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Pehowa#Gene|Pehowa]],<ref name="gen2">[http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/dec/news/20072712-183237.shtml Tracing your Asian roots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426041339/http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/dec/news/20072712-183237.shtml |date=26 April 2017 }} www.overseasindian.in.</ref><ref name="gen3">[http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/roots/asian/countries/lds.htm Hindu Pilgrimage Marriage Records] ''www.movinghere.org.uk''.</ref><ref name="gen4">[https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/10-places-across-the-world-that-help-you-trace-your-ancestors-249825.html 10 Places Across The World That Help You Trace Your Ancestors], India Times, 29 Jan 2016.</ref> [[Kurukshetra]], [[Haridwar]], [[Gokarneshwar]], [[Nashik]] etc. where they also update their genealogy registers maintained by [[pandit|pandas]].

* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Chintpurni, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Kurukshetra, Haryana]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Peohwa, Haryana]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra]]
* [[Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi]]

==Observance by Hindu communities outside India and Nepal==
[[File:Ubud Cremation 1.jpg|thumb|Cremation of the dead by Hindus in [[Ubud]], Bali, Indonesia.]]

===Trinidad and Tobago===

Hindus brought into [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as indentured laborers for plantations between 1845 and 1917, by the British colonial government, suffered discriminatory laws that did not allow cremation, and other rites of passage such as the traditional marriage, because the colonial officials considered these as pagan and uncivilized barbaric practices. The non-Hindu government further did not allow the construction of a crematorium.<ref name=mocall>[[Marion O'Callaghan]] (1998), [http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=jhcs&sei-redir=1&referer=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DHinduism%2Bin%2Bthe%2BIndian%2BDiaspora%2Bin%2BTrinidad%26btnG%3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C6%26as_sdtp%3D#search=%22Hinduism%20Indian%20Diaspora%20Trinidad%22 "Hinduism in the Indian Diaspora in Trinidad"], ''Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies'', Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 2-10.</ref> After decades of social organization and petitions, the Hindus of Trinidad gained the permission to practice their traditional rites of passage including ''Antyesti'' in the 1950s, and build the first crematorium in 1980s.<ref name=mocall/>

===United Kingdom===

In the [[United Kingdom]], it was formerly illegal to conduct a traditional outdoors Hindu cremation under the [[Cremation Act 1902|1902 Cremation Act]], with Hindus having to cremate their dead in indoor crematoriums instead. In 2006, Daven Ghai, a British Hindu who had been refused the right to have a traditional funeral by [[Newcastle City Council]], brought a case to court in which he claimed that the current law did in fact allow open air cremations, so long as they were in some enclosed building and away from the public.<ref name=indep/> A High Court ruling disagreed with his claim, and the-then Justice Secretary [[Jack Straw]] stated that the British public would "find it abhorrent that human remains were being burned in this way." Nonetheless, upon taking it to the [[Court of Appeals]] in 2010, the judge, Lord Justice Neuberger, ruled that such a cremation would be legal under the 1902 Act, so long as it was performed within a building, even an open-air one.<ref name=indep/> Upon his victory, Ghai told reporters that "I always maintained that I wanted to clarify the law, not disobey or disrespect it" and expressed regret at the amount that the trial had cost the [[taxpayer]].<ref name=indep>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/davender-ghai-wins-funeral-pyre-battle-1895116.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/davender-ghai-wins-funeral-pyre-battle-1895116.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Hindu healer wins funeral pyre battle |journal=The Independent |first=Jerome |last=Taylor | location=London | date=2010-02-10 | access-date=2010-04-25}}</ref> He stated that he was thankful that he now had "the right to be cremated with the sun shining on my body and my son lighting the pyre" and he and other Hindus and Sikhs in the country had begun investigations into finding a site upon which they could perform the funerary ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100211/jsp/frontpage/story_12093239.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214233133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100211/jsp/frontpage/story_12093239.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 14, 2010 |title=UK funeral rights for Hindus |journal=The Telegraph |first=Amit |last=Roy |year=2010}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Antam Sanskar]]
* [[Cremation in the Christian World]]
* [[Cemetery H culture]]
* [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials]]
* [[Sanskara (rite of passage)]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*[[S. P. Gupta]]: Disposal of the Dead and Physical Types in Ancient India (1971)

==External links==
*[http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/466/1/1_Logic_of_Cremation.pdf The Logic of Cremation in Indic Contexts: An Anthropological Analysis], Roger Ballard, United Kingdom, A High Court of Justice ordered analysis of the demand for a right to traditional Hindu and Sikh cremation ritual in the United Kingdom (2006), with [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/466/2/2_Cremation_Addenda.pdf Addendum and Supplementary submissions to the Court], Heidelberg University [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/466 Archive]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/mar/26/father-hindu-funeral-cremation-tanith-carey My father's Hindu funeral] Tanith Carey, The Guardian (2011)

{{Death in Hinduism}}
{{Hindu samskaras|state=collapsed}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Brahmanda}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Samskaras]]
[[Category:Hindu rituals related to death]]
[[Category:Funerals in Nepal]]

Ministry of Commerce & Industries (West Bengal)

2025-12-01T04:21:01Z

ReggieHuntley0: page fix

{{short description|Government departments of West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Industry, Commerce & Enterprises
| type = Department
| logo =
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| seal_caption = Seal of West Bengal
| picture =
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = Camac Street, [[Kolkata]]
| coordinates =
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| minister1_name = [[Dr. Sashi Panja]]
| minister1_pfo =
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The '''Department of Industry, Commerce & Enterprises of West Bengal''' is a [[Government of West Bengal|Bengal government]] [[Department (government department)|department]], mainly responsible for the functions relating to promotion, regulation and development of large and medium scale industries and trade and commerce in West Bengal.<ref name="WBGOV.com">[http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view Official Departmental Website of the Department of Industry, Commerce & Enterprises] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407213738/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view |date=7 April 2014 }} [[Government of West Bengal]] (2011-05-25)</ref>

The ministerial team is headed by the Cabinet Minister for Commerce & Industries, currently [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]].<ref name="WBGOV.com"/> The Cabinet Minister may be supported by Ministers of State. Civil servants are assigned to them to manage the ministers' office and ministry.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

Previous heads of the department include:
* [[Dr. Kanailal Bhattacharyya]] (1977-1993)
* [[Jyoti Basu]] (1993-2006)
* [[Amit Mitra]] (2011-2021)
* [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]] (2021-2022)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Commerce and Industries (West Bengal)}}
[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subnational economy ministries|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subnational industry ministries|West Bengal]]
[[Category:State industries departments of India|West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

2022 Bengaluru Open II – Doubles

2025-11-29T11:46:13Z

ReggieHuntley0:

{{morefootnotes|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Tennis events|2022|Bengaluru Open II|s
| champ = {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
| runner = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
| score = 6–3, 6–7(4–7), [10–7]
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| before_year = 2022
| before_name = Bengaluru Open
| main_name = Bengaluru Open
| after_name = Bengaluru Open
}}

{{main|2022 Bengaluru Open II}}

[[Saketh Myneni]] and [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] were the defending champions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/bengaluru-open-saketh-myneni-and-ramkumar-ramanathan-win-doubles-crown-4765772.html|title=Bengaluru Open: Saketh Myneni and Ramkumar Ramanathan Win Doubles Crown|date=12 February 2022|website=News18}}</ref> but lost in the final to [[Alexander Erler]] and [[Arjun Kadhe]].

Erler and Kadhe won the title after defeating Myneni and Ramanathan 6–3, 6–7(4–7), [10–7] in the final.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# '''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]] ''(semifinals)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler|A Erler]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=Alt
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Bogdan Bobrov|B Bobrov]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominik Palán|D Palán]]
| RD1-score02-1=0
| RD1-score02-2=3
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Steven Diez|S Diez]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rio Noguchi|R Noguchi]]
| RD1-score03-1=2
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=WC
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev|SDP Dev]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=4
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=WC
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|IND}} Suraj Prabodh {{flagicon|IND}} Rishi Reddy
| RD1-score06-1=4
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=PR
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar|A Chandrasekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth|VS Prashanth]]
| RD1-score07-1=5
| RD1-score07-2=63
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Markos Kalovelonis|M Kalovelonis]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''7'''
| RD1-score08-2='''77'''
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva|V Kopřiva]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jaroslav Pospíšil|J Pospíšil]]
| RD1-score09-1=5
| RD1-score09-2=4
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Orlov|V Orlov]] {{flagicon|GER}} Kai Wehnelt'''
| RD1-score10-1='''7'''
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri|Y Bhambri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan|D Sharan]]
| RD1-score11-1=1
| RD1-score11-2=5
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=3
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''7'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Enzo Couacaud|E Couacaud]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Harris (tennis)|A Harris]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Raúl Brancaccio|R Brancaccio]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Johan Nikles|J Nikles]]
| RD1-score14-1=4
| RD1-score14-2=2
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Thomas Fancutt|T Fancutt]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Kubler|J Kubler]]
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=5
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan|J Nedunchezhiyan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja|P Raja]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''7'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler|A Erler]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2=3
| RD2-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD2-seed02=WC
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev|SDP Dev]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
| RD2-score02-1=1
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=[6]

| RD2-seed03=4
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2=4
| RD2-score03-3='''[11]'''
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|GRE}} [[Markos Kalovelonis|M Kalovelonis]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]]
| RD2-score04-1=3
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=[9]

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Orlov|V Orlov]] {{flagicon|GER}} K Wehnelt
| RD2-score05-1=4
| RD2-score05-2=63
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=3
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2='''77'''
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Enzo Couacaud|E Couacaud]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Harris (tennis)|A Harris]]'''
| RD2-score07-1=3
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3='''[13]'''
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan|J Nedunchezhiyan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja|P Raja]]
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2=2
| RD2-score08-3=[11]

| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler|A Erler]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2=4
| RD3-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD3-seed02=4
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]
| RD3-score02-1=4
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=[3]

| RD3-seed03=3
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2='''77'''
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Enzo Couacaud|E Couacaud]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Harris (tennis)|A Harris]]
| RD3-score04-1=1
| RD3-score04-2=63
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=1
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler|A Erler]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2=64
| RD4-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD4-seed02=3
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]
| RD4-score02-1=3
| RD4-score02-2='''77'''
| RD4-score02-3=[7]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2022/9806/mdd.pdf Main draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022 Bengaluru Open II - Doubles}}
[[Category:2022 ATP Challenger Tour|Bengaluru Open II - Doubles]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2022 Doubles]]

Politics of Jammu and Kashmir

2025-11-26T04:39:15Z

ReggieHuntley0: adjust section to improve readability and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|Union Territory In India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox political system
| name = Politics of Jammu and Kashmir
| native_name =
| image = Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg
| image_size = 200
| caption = [[Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| type = [[Union territory|Union territory of India]]: A [[Federation|federal territory]] with its own elected legislatures and governments; with partial statehood
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| legislature = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| legislature_type = [[Unicameral]]
| legislature_place =
| legislature_speaker =
| legislature_speaker_title =
| upperhouse =
| upperhouse_speaker = [[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]
| upperhouse_speaker_title =
| upperhouse_appointer =
| lowerhouse =
| lowerhouse_speaker =
| lowerhouse_speaker_title =
| lowerhouse_appointer =
| title_hos = [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]]
| current_hos = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| appointer_hos =
| title_hog = [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| current_hog = Omar Abdullah
| appointer_hog =
| title_hosag =
| current_hosag =
| appointer_hosag =
| cabinet =
| current_cabinet =
| cabinet_leader =
| cabinet_deputyleader =
| cabinet_appointer =
| cabinet_hq =
| cabinet_ministries =
| judiciary =
| judiciary_head =
| courts =
| court = [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
| chief_judge = [[Ali Mohammad Magrey]]
| court_seat =
| court1 =
| chief_judge1 =
| court_seat1 =
}}
[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is administered by the [[India|Republic of India]] within the framework of a [[Parliamentary republic|federal parliamentary republic]] as a [[union territory]], like the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], with a multi-party democratic system of governance. Until 2019, it was governed as a [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state]] administered by India. Politics in the region reflects the historical tension and dispute that the state has been a part of in the form of the [[Kashmir conflict]]. The head of state is the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]], currently [[Manoj Sinha]], while the head of government is the [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]], currently [[Omar Abdullah]]. Legislative power is vested in the [[Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The [[judiciary]] is [[Judicial independence|independent]] of the executive and the legislature.

== History ==
[[Gulab Singh]] has been called as the founder of the polity of Jammu and Kashmir.{{Sfn|Muhammad|2019|p=Chapter 10}} Following the 1860s, interaction with British India resulted in the region becoming a part of the geopolitical game between Russia and Britain.{{Sfn|Kaur|1996|p=9}} During the period of India's independence, the partition, up till and after India becoming a Republic, the question of Kashmir's future marked political decisions. The introduction of Pakistan into the internal political situation at this stage created complexities.{{Sfn|Puri|2015|p=217–221}}

Some observers point out that the Kashmir conflict is a [[political issue]].{{Sfn|Wani|2018|p=Acknowledgement}} Amidst the political instability that the conflict has brought to the region, all the governments of Jammu and Kashmir have been engaged in attaining normalcy.{{Sfn|Wani|2018|p=Introduction}} The state has seen a "parallel existence of the democratic and separatist sphere of politics" and a shift from political hegemony till as late as 2002 to a multi-party system.{{Sfn|Rekha|2019|p=Introduction}}

Historically Kashmiri Muslims preferred greater autonomy and sovereignty for the region or an independent Kashmir. However a minority of the non-Muslims who live in the region prefer the state to be fully integrated into India. Some [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] Muslims also prefer to be part of Pakistan and a small part of Kashmir is under Pakistan control. There have also been a number of separatist movements, both political and militant, mostly led by Muslim leaders. However, in recent years there have been claims that a growing number of [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] Muslims have been leaning towards remaining in [[India]] for economic and cultural reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A growing peace constituency - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/A-growing-peace-constituency/articleshow/12009007.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 29 :: No. 13|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1719/17190890.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020526052340/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1719/17190890.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 May 2002|access-date=2012-06-28|publisher=Hinduonnet.com}}</ref> A 2008 report by [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] determined that the State of Jammu and Kashmir was the only 'Partly free' state in India<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|date=2008-07-02|title=Refworld | Freedom in the World 2008 - Kashmir [India]|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21996,0.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010022834/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21996,0.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2012|access-date=2012-06-28|publisher=UNHCR}}</ref> but it is now a Union Territory rather than a State. [[Human rights abuse|Human rights abuses]] in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and a strong Indian army presence have also been an issue and affect the politics of the region.

In August 2019, the Government of India introduced the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019]] in the Rajya Sabha and moved resolution to scrap the Article 370 from the Constitution of India and bifurcate the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories – Jammu & Kashmir with a legislation like [[Delhi]], and Ladakh with a legislation like [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt introduces J&K Reorganisation Bill 2019 in Rajya Sabha; moves resolution revoking Article 370 {{!}} DD News|url=http://www.ddnews.gov.in/national/govt-introduces-jk-reorganisation-bill-2019-rajya-sabha-moves-resolution-revoking-article|access-date=2019-08-26|website=www.ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state that had its own flag. However, as Article 370 of the Indian constitution, which granted Jammu and Kashmir autonomy, was abrogated in August 2019, the flag has lost its official status.

== Political parties of Jammu & Kashmir ==
List of political parties:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/#info_id7|title=Jammu and Kashmir Elections and Results - News and Updates on Chief Ministers, Cabinet and Governors|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref>{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (NC)
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news/44547237_1_bjp-launches-narendra-modi-state-bjp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201054132/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news/44547237_1_bjp-launches-narendra-modi-state-bjp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2013|title=BJP launches website ahead of Modi's rally in Jammu & Kashmir}}</ref>
* Jammu Republic Party (JRP)
* [[Indian National Congress]] (Congress)
* [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM)
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP)
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] (JKAP)
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party]] (JKWP)
* [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] (JKPC)
* [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement]] (JKPM)
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference]] (JKANC)
* [[IkkJutt Jammu]]
* [[All Jammu & Kashmir Patriotic Peoples Front]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Praja Parishad Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Democratic Janata Dal (Jammu and Kashmir)]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party]]<ref name=":1" />
* Mallah Insaf Party<ref name=":1" />
* [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] (JKPC)
* Dogra Swabhiman Sangathan
* National Democratic Party (Indian) [NDPI]
*[[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Politics of Ladakh]]
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book|last=Tajuddin|first=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRmvDwAAQBAJ|title=Politics and Religion in India|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2019|isbn=9781000691474|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Narender|chapter=10— Religion-polity interface in Jammu and Kashmir: An analysis}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kaur|first=Ravinderjit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCCbohBKzcC|title=Political Awakening in Kashmir|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1996|isbn=9788170247098|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wani|first=Aijaz Ashraf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPqNDwAAQBAJ|title=What Happened to Governance in Kashmir?|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=9780199097159|location=New Delhi}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chowdhary|first=Rekha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSGBDwAAQBAJ|title=Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond: Competitive Politics in the Shadow of Separatism|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2019|isbn=9789353282325|location=Tamil Nadu}}
*{{Cite book|last=Puri|first=Balraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VErWCgAAQBAJ|title=State Politics in India|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781400879144|editor-last=Wiener|editor-first=Myron|pages=215–243|chapter=V: Jammu and Kashmir}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Radha|title=Paradise at War: A Political History of Kashmir|publisher=Aleph|year=2018|isbn=9789388292122|location=New Delhi|author-link=Radha Kumar}}
*Chowdhary, Rekha. [https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/2785 ''"Electoral Politics in the Context of Separatism and Political Divergence: An Analysis of 2009 Parliamentary elections in Jammu & Kashmir"'']. ''South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal'', 3, 2009.

{{Jammu and Kashmir elections}}
{{Politics of India by state or territory}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Jammu And Kashmir}}
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir| ]]

Kalrayan Hills

2025-11-24T18:10:56Z

ReggieHuntley0: correct content further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Range of hills in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Kalvarayan Hills
| native_name =
| photo = View of Kalvarayan Hills from Arasampattu.jpg
| photo_caption = View of Kalvarayan Hills from Arasampattu
| map = India Tamil Nadu
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Kallakurichi District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| map_relief =
| label = Kalrayan Hills
| label_position = right
| elevation_m = 609.6-914.4
| elevation_ref = <ref name="nazer" />
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| range = [[Eastern Ghats]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|51|0|N|78|38|0|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| map_size =
| range_coordinates =
| area_km2 = 1095
}}

The '''Kalvarayan Hills''' are a major range of hills situated in the [[Eastern Ghats]] of the southern [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="kadavul" /> Along with the [[Pachaimalai Hills|Pachaimalai]], [[Alavaimalai]], [[Javadi Hills|Javadi]], and [[Shevaroy Hills|Shevaroy]] hills, they separate the [[Kaveri River]] basin to the south from the [[Palar River]] basin to the north.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pachaimalai Hills|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|date=2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057904|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref> The hills range in height from 2000 feet to 3000 feet<ref name="nazer">{{Cite web |last=Nazer |first=Dr. M. |title=A Study of Land Alienation and Indebtedness among Tribals in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka states |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_land.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513201047/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_land.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-13 |website=planningcommission.nic.in}}</ref> and extend over an area of 1095 square kilometres.<ref name="kadavul" />

The hills straddle a number of Tamil Nadu districts, extending northeast from the [[Salem District]].<ref name="kadavul" /> The range serves as a boundary between the Salem and [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]] districts.<ref name="nazer" /> The Kalrayans are divided into two sections — the northern section, referred to as the Chinna ("little") Kalrayans, and the southern section, called the Periya ("big") Kalrayans. The Chinna Kalrayans average 2700 feet in height, while the Periya Kalrayans average 4000 feet.<ref name="nazer" />

The range as a whole is fairly smooth, with soil well-suited for plant growth.<ref name="nazer" /> [[Scrub jungle|Scrub and bushes jungle]]s reach up to 400 metres in altitude, while [[deciduous forest]]s can be found between above 800 metres. [[chola]]s, a type of high-altitude stunted evergreen forest, can be found growing on isolated [[plateaus]].<ref name= "kadavul" /> Though the forest stand is growing, due to "habitat uniqueness, human impacts and cultural tradition," conservation efforts are needed.<ref name="kadavul">{{Cite web |last=Sakthivel |first=R |last2=Manivel |first2=M |last3=Alagappa |first3=Moses |title=Application of Remote Sensing data for Delineation of Ground Water potential zones in the Kalrayan Hills, Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/nrm/water/ground/mi03219pf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030910101735/http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/nrm/water/ground/mi03219pf.htm |archive-date=2003-09-10 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Geospatial World |language=en-US}}</ref> There are ten water falls in the Kalarayan Hills and when the people comes to visit during the winter season only water flow on the falls .The way to the falls are unsafe and it does not have any proper roads and it does not safety for the people.The climate are moderate highly 27 °C and lowly 19 °C. The top of the hills where the roads are like a jeep road only .In the hills being people's are called tribal (Malayali). There are more than 180 villages are here.

==History==
{{Cleanup|date=June 2025|reason=grammar|section}}
The History of Kalrayan hills with its Jagirdars run back to the time of Krishna Deverayar the Emperor of ‘Vijaya Nagar Kingdom’. The emperor Krishna Deverayar He gave power to the Kurumba people, his own tribe. but imposed many taxes on them. About the hill tribes, The Kalavara Kurumba warriors migrated from Kanchivaram, settled in the Kalavaraya hills, and married the local hunting Kurumba Gounder girls of their clan.. The communities of karalar and kurumbar who at present are called ‘Malayali’ and they call themselves as "Gounders" one of the title from kurumba Gounders<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annexure III: List of Communities |url=https://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/Communitylist.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606084251/https://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/Communitylist.pdf |archive-date=2020-06-06 |website=www.tangedco.gov.in}}</ref>

Kalvarayan hill ([[Kallakurichi district|Kallakuruchi]] district) was being ruled by the following three Jagirdhars (Poligars) - Sadaya Goundan, Kurumba Goundan and Arya Goundan. As per 1901 census, Sadaya Goundan had 40 villages with a population of 10,009, [[Kurumba Gounder|Kurumba Goundar]] had 40 villages with a population of 7,490 and Arya Goundan had 11 villages with 2,318 people. Kalvarayan Hills which is under Salem districts has two as Chinna Kalvarayan and Periya Kalvarayan Hills. Both the hills ruled by Jagirdhars/Durai. Chinna Kalvarayan capital is Maniyara Gundam ruled by Ponnudurai ancestors and Periya Kalvarayan capital is Kovilputhur/Koilputhur by Ramasamy Durai, LasumanaDurai and their heirs, even now. As per 2001 population Chinna Kalvarayan over 20,000 and Periya Kalvarayan 15,000 populations. The community had wedding tax, cultivation tax, registration of births and deaths, and everyone had to offer gifts to jagirdhar's families during Pongal celebrations. Till 25 June 1976 the area was "not part of India, as there was no presence of governance or any government till then". The three jagirdhars were not willing to recognise the government of India and abide by its statutes by handing over 105 villages under them. The hill was brought under the government control on 25 June 1976 by invoking slavery abolition legislation, 1963.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

The fact that many of our places and regions are also popular as ethnonyms is well-evident from place name studies. Among the ancient Dravidian tribes, the people called 'Kalavar' are also notable. The existence of a land that gives the mark of this tribe in the vicinity of the famous Nandi Hills is known from detailed inscriptions. Kalavaranadu is mentioned in many inscriptions of the Chola period. It is mentioned that it was a land belonging to the Cholamandala in Nigarili. But it seems that the name 'Kalavaranadu' was in common use for that region even before that. There is also a village named Kalavar/Kandavara on the eastern foothills of the Nandi Hills. It is also found that the Kalavara hills are called 'Skandhagiri' and the Kalavara village is called Kandavara, which is a Sanskrit adaptation. This Kalavara hill and the surrounding villages are the origin of 'Kalavaranad' and the area comprising the hills around Nandidurga can be said to have been named Kalavaranadu. It is also the source of rivers like U. Pinakini, D. Pinakini, Palar and Arkavati. The ancient royal dynasties of South India, the Banaras and Gangaras, called themselves Nandagirinathar.

It is noteworthy that Nandigiri had already occupied an important political position by the early 3rd-4th century AD. It is also believed that it was also under the rule of the Nanda dynasty of pre-Mauryan North India.

The caves on Nandi hill were touched by Shaiva tradition as early as the 8th century AD, as evidenced by the inscription inside the cave near the Nellikai Basavanamantapa there and the inscription dated 10th century AD. This is confirmed by the copper inscriptions of the Rashtrakuta king Govinda of 806. Another copper inscription states that the Shiva temple (Bhoga Nandeeshwara) in Nandigram, located at the northeastern foot of Nandi Hill, was built as per the wishes of 'Ratnavali', the daughter of Rashtrakuta king Govinda and the queen of Banaras. Thus, by the ninth century AD, Nandi had become a famous Shaivite place, that is, it was considered a purely religious place, free from its former political status. Shiva was called 'Senanampati'. (It is believed that the Kalavars were the Sthenas.) Therefore, it seems that this Shaivite place became the place of worship of the Kalavars. It did not regain an administrative position until the time of the Vijayanagara kings. An inscription dated 1428 AD, during the rule of the Avatinada lords under the Vijayanagara kings, mentions that "Nandimandala had a five-cross boundary". It can be assumed that this region was probably the 'Kalavaranad' mentioned in the Chola inscriptions.

It is common for the names of the regions to include the geographical features of the region or the name of a famous place in that region. For example: Kukkalanad, Kilinad, Kilenad, Segalanad, Hommaligenad, etc. are regions related to geographical features. Elahakkanad, Kaivaranad, Kolalanad, etc. are regions directly related to famous places. It is noteworthy that these regions have a natural background. A different region from these but with a tribal background is 'Kalavaranad',

North India's U. The KALWAR (Kalar, Kallar, Sehor, Kalal, Konwar) tribe is still found living in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Mathura, Vindhya, Bihar and West Bengal. It seems that their ancestors, who were around the Vindhya mountains of Central India, came south over time and settled from Tirupati to Nandigiri in Chikkaballapur. Two main tribes, Kalavar and Maravar, are considered to be the original Dravidians. They are recognized as a major race belonging to the Dravidian clan in Tamil Nadu. There are mainly nine groups among them. Sub-tribes like Kallarkula, Thondaman, Isanattu Kallar, Natwar Kallar, Periasuriur Kallar are found among the Kalavars. It is known that the traditional profession of the Periasuriur Kallar, like the KALWAR of North India mentioned above, was the manufacture of liquor. The main occupations of the remaining Kalavar (Kuruba) clan are animal husbandry, chivalry (natural military prowess) and agriculture. According to Oppert (1818-9), Kallan is a branch of Kuruba. W. Francis in his 1901 census report states that they originally migrated from the Chola region (Thanjavur) to the Pandya kingdom in the 11th century AD. Among them, the Natwar Kallar clan is said to have originally come from the Pallava kingdom and from there migrated to the Chola and Pandyan lands.

They are mainly a people of military inclination. They have a certain historical heritage. Their staple food is millet. They are non-vegetarians, also drinkers of liquor. Their women also participate equally in agricultural work. They have priests of their own caste. They are traditional warriors, camp leaders, farmers. Their village deities - Panchaveera, Beera, Krishna, Kuruppu-Veera, Kali Amman, Lakshmi are originally Bhagavata and Shaiva. Among them are also the tribes of Solgar, Mangarl, Tengandiyar, Palandar, Kulandar. The thieves belonging to the Thondaman clan are mostly found in the Tirunelveli, Chidambaram, Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Pudukote districts of Tamil Nadu. They also considered Tondamana as their leader.8

If we look at the above details, the Kalavars are cowherds, and the Turukaras are their wealth. In the ancient times when 'valiance' was an ideal quality, the people of that time took pride in attacking others in wars and winning their cattle... The Kalavars also had no less desire to earn money. The skill of the Kalavars and the Maravars in robbing cattle is amazing - says Thurston

In the descriptions of the (Vadakaras) in the ancient Tamil literature, their nature of robbing cattle in wars is also evident. Although the original Dravidians were all Kalavars, that is, 'those who follow the milkman's religion', it is evident that due to many reasons, many types began to emerge among them. There is a proverb in Tamil which means 'A thief becomes a tree as soon as he becomes rich'. There is an interesting story about the origin of these thieves and Maravas. Once upon a time, sage Gautama had gone out for some work. Devendra took advantage of that occasion and developed a relationship with the sage's wife Ahalai. As a result, Ahalai had three children. When the sage returned, one of the three hid behind the door like a thief, one climbed a tree. The other stood in front with self-confidence. The one who hid behind the door like a thief was called 'Kallan', the one who climbed the tree was called 'Maravan', and the one who appeared directly was called 'Ahamudeyan'. Aham-udeyan has been changed to Ahambudiyan. It is a popular belief that the descendants of these three are the Kallar, Maravar and Ahambudiyar races. In ancient Tamil literature, they are called 'Kurunilammanneya'. Therefore, basically, the Kalavar and Maravar are one and the same.

'Although the Kalavas can be counted among the Tamils today, if we look at the descriptions in ancient Tamil literature, it does not seem that the Cholas and Pandyas had any warm feelings towards these people. Tamil poets have described the Kalavas as having a different language and a different way of life. Therefore, there is no doubt that these Vadakas among the Kalavars were different from the Tamils," says Shamba Joshi. Even today, the Kurumba people of Tamil Nadu speak the Old Kannada form of Kannada.

In the history of South India, kings called 'Kalabhra' appear in the 4th-7th centuries AD. Scholars are of the opinion that they were originally Kalavars. Prof. P.T. Srinivasa Ayyangar has given his support to the theory that the Kalabnras were Kallar of old Tamil poetry. Kallar has as alternative form of Kalvar and Kallavar". The opinion was expressed by the senior inscription expert. R. S. Venkatayya. It is generally accepted by all researchers that the Kalavars later became famous by the name of Kalabrara. Kalabhra means the ancestors of the elephant Gangas. The Gangas of this Kalabhra origin came to their original place Vadugavali from Kongunadu and settled there.

The existence of a regional division called Vadugavali, which included Kaivaranadu to the east of Kallaranadu in the Nandi Hills and Pulinadu to the east, is evident from many inscriptions. Vadaga/Badaga means north direction. That is, the area north of the Tamil region. Since the Tamils consider the Kalabhras to be Vadakas, it is not wrong to say that the Kalavas in this region were considered Vadakas. This region, which is mentioned in the inscriptions of the ninth-tenth century as Vadagavati Pannirchhasira, included many areas of the present-day Mulbagilu, Srinivasapura and Chintamani taluks of Kolar district, as well as Punganur taluk of Chittoor district, Gudiyattam taluks of North Arcadu district. It seems that the Kalavars, who were originally cattle herders, settled in this area and continued their heroic life as slaves to the Tamils. If we look at the ancient donation inscriptions of this area, we see that sheep were donated to the temple for services such as Nandadevi. Therefore, it can be said that this was an area that had abundant livestock and cattle herders. Another notable fact is that the largest number of heroic stone monuments related to Turugalega are found in this area. The fact that the Kalavars were also cowherds has been mentioned earlier. The fact that this cowherd ritual later transformed into a symbol of their establishment of power is well-known in our traditional folklore and classical literature. The cowherd episode of the Mahabharata is a clear example of this. The facts mentioned in the Kannada folk epics... are further supplementary details to this.

By considering the above explanation in detail, some facts can be understood.

1. The Kallars were originally a Dravidian tribe from the Vindhya region of northern India, i.e. central India. Over time, they migrated south and settled in the Nandi Hills, giving rise to a unique geographical region called 'Kallaranad'.

The Kallars, Maravars and Ambudiyas, who are found throughout Tamil Nadu today, are originally from the same source. They migrated from the north, through present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, as nomadic pastoralists, and settled in the Tamil region, where they must have been the original inhabitants.

3. The Badaga Vadagars, who appear in ancient Tamil literature, are probably the thieves who entered the Tamil region in the second phase. They migrated east from the Nandi Hills and settled in the northern part of Tamil Nadu, i.e. in the Vadagavali region. These aggressive new thieves from Vadagavach were considered the Kalabhras, the lion's dream of contemporary Tamils. The Vadagavali region was later subject to the rule of the Kurumba Banaras and seems to have been integrated into their vast 'Perbanavadi' region.

4. It is noteworthy that scholars have claimed that the thieves, who were mainly cattle herders, are the original inhabitants of the Kannadigas and that many scholars are of the opinion that the thieves are the Kalabhras.

It can be said that the environment of the Nandi Hills of Tirupati in the movement path of the Kalavara tribe was the reason for their settlement, and that they settled there and that name, which remained like a fossil for that area and was recorded in the inscriptions, provides a small link for the study of the Kurumba tribe.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kalrayan Hills}}
*[https://kalvarayanhills.blogspot.com/ Kalvarayanhills.com: Kalvarayan Hills and Falls Blog]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Salem-mountain-that-joined-India-in-1976/articleshow/42933041.cms Salem mountain that joined India in 1976]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Then-and-now-A-tale-of-freedom-from-bondage/articleshow/603122493.cms Then and now: A tale of freedom from bondage]

{{Eastern Ghats}}
{{Vasishta Nadi}}
{{Villupuram District}}

[[Category:Hills of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]
[[Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]

Maharani Konar

2025-11-21T22:44:23Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding New Article - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1933–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maharani Konar
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1982
| term_end = 1996
| preceded = [[Benoy Krishna Konar]]
| succeeded = Tapas Chattopadhyay
| constituency = [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1933|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Bardhaman]], [[Bardhaman district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2024|01|05|1933|11|23}}
| death_place = [[Memari]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| party = {{ubl|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964–2024)|[[Communist Party of India]] (1958–1964)}}
| spouse = [[Benoy Krishna Konar]]
| relatives = [[Hare Krishna Konar]] (brother-in-law)
}}

'''Maharani Konar''' (23 November 1933 – 5 January 2024), popularly known as '''Rani Di''', was an Indian [[Communism|communist]] leader and politician. In the 1990s, she became one of the principal leaders of the democratic women's movement in [[West Bengal|Bengal]]. Konar was one of the founding leaders of the [[All India Federation of Anganwadi Workers and Helpers]] and was the National Vice President of the [[Integrated Child Development Services|ICDS]] workers union; she also served the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for 14 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Red Salute Comrade Maharani Konar |url=http://citucentre.org/federations/867-red-salute-comrade-maharani-konar |archive-date= |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|citucentre.org]] |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Maharani Konar was born into a [[Zamindar]] family on November 23, 1933, in the [[Bardhaman district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] in [[British India]]. Konar joined the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1958. Later, after the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], she quit the party and eventually joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
She was part of a heroic peasant's struggle in Bardhaman district, organized by the [[All India Kisan Sabha]], against the feudal landlords and Zamindars of Bardhaman district. Following that, she became actively involved in the [[trade union]] movement under the banner of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]. and eventually played a major role in organizing [[Anganwadi|Anganwadi workers and helpers]] of the whole India. Then she founded the union of the [[Integrated Child Development Services]] workers, the [[All India Federation of Anganwadi Workers and Helpers]]. She became the National Vice President as well as the [[West Bengal]] State Vice President of the organization. After that, she joined the mainstream movement of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions and got elected to the Centre of Indian Trade Unions West Bengal state committee.<ref name=":0" />

She was also a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for a long 14 years from 1982 to 1996 elected from the [[Memari Assembly constituency]]. During the left-front rule, she became one of the excellent legislators in the 1980s and was involved in various legislative committees and government bodies.<ref name=":0" />

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Election of 1982–1991
!Election
Year
!Office
Held
!Constituency
!Party affiliation
! Result
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 346 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006142613/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date = 26 October 2024| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 354 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063052/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date = 26 October 2024| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 363 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006200136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date = 26 October 2024| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|}

== Later life and death ==

=== Later life ===
Maharani Konar was a regular attendee at all left and Brigade meetings. In the Memari Municipal Election on February 27, 2022, Maharani Konar was 88 years old, but she campaigned for the Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidate in various wards. Konar also campaigned for the 2024 general election in the year 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPIM Campaign for West Bengal Municipal Election 2022{{!}}{{!}} বয়স শুধুই সংখ্যা মাত্র! ৮৮-তেও ভোটারদের বাড়ি বাড়ি ঘুরছেন মহারাণী |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/west-bengal-municipal-election-2022-cpim-binay-kongar-wife-maharani-kongar-seeking-vote-sdg-744943.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=bengali.news18.com |date=20 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Death ===
After a prolonged illness at the age of 90, Maharani Konar died at 1:52 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on Friday, January 5, 2024, at her residence in [[Memari]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]], West Bengal. Konar donated her body for the advancement of medical research. As a result, her body was handed over to the [[Burdwan Medical College]] administration without following any kind of [[Indian rituals after death|Indian rituals]] of the [[Hindu]] religion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-01-05 |title=প্রয়াত হলেন প্রবীণ সিপিআই(এম) নেত্রী মহারানি কোঙার |url=https://epurbabardhaman.com/veteran-cpim-leader-maharani-konar-passed-away/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=E Purba Bardhaman |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Maharani was married to [[Benoy Krishna Konar]], a communist politician and a firebrand peasant leader. Maharani Konar was also the sister-in-law of legendary Marxist revolutionary and agricultural theorist [[Hare Krishna Konar]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konar, Maharani}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]

Gourisagar Pukhuri

2025-11-10T00:22:06Z

ReggieHuntley0: Added pg

{{short description|Lake in Assam}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Gourisagar Pukhuri
| native_name =
| other_name = Gaurisagar Tank
| image = Gaurisagar tank.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gaurisagar Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry = 
| location = [[Sivasagar district]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| group =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|56|37.5|N|94|32|16.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| type = [[Reservoir|Tank]]
| etymology = Sivasingha
| part_of =
| inflow =
| rivers =
| outflow =
| oceans =
| catchment = 
| basin_countries =
| agency =
| designation =
| date-built = {{start date and age|1715}}
| engineer =
| date-flooded =
| length = 
| width = 
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth = 
| volume = 
| residence_time =
| salinity =
| shore = 
| elevation = 
| temperature_high = 
| temperature_low = 
| frozen =
| islands =
| islands_category =
| sections =
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| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
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| website =
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}}
'''Gourisagar Pukhuri''' or '''Gaurisagar Tank''' is an [[Lake|artificial lake]] in [[Sivasagar]], [[Sivasagar district]] in the state of [[Assam]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Barkataki |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyE-AAAAMAAJ&q=Gaurisagar+Lake |title=Assam |date=1969 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-0-8426-1142-8 |language=en}}</ref> It is situated 12 km away from Sivasagar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&dq=Gaurisagar+Lake&pg=PA11 |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-017-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Gourisagar Pukhuri popularly known as ''Gourisagar Tank,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kar |first=Devashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usr2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Gaurisagar+Pukhuri&pg=PA45 |title=Community-Based Fisheries Management: A Global Perspective |date=2020-10-23 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-823247-7 |language=en}}</ref> there are three temples on the north bank. DeviDoul, adorned with sandstone sculptures. In winter migratory birds visit the lake in large numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaurisagar Tank and Doul {{!}} Sivasagar {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/333 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=sivasagar.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Gaurisagar Lake was constructed between 1715 and 1719 by Queen [[Phuleshwari|Phuleswari]], who was wife of King [[Sutanphaa|Siva Singha]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[List of lakes of Assam]]

== References ==

[[Category:Lakes of Assam]]
[[Category:Sivasagar district]]
<references />{{Lake-stub}}

Mustafa Kamal (politician)

2025-10-28T19:36:10Z

ReggieHuntley0: update layout based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician and cricket official}}
{{about|the Bangladeshi politician|the other people with similar name|Mustafa Kamal (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mustafa Kamal
| native_name = মুস্তফা কামাল
| image = A H M Mustafa Kamal at Planning Commission Meet the Press Dhaka 2000-01-01 (PID-0059212).jpg
| caption = Kamal in 2020

| constituency_MP = [[Comilla-10]]
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 25 January 2009
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Anwarul Azim (politician)|Anwarul Azim]]

| office1 = [[Minister of Finance (Bangladesh)|Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abul Mal Abdul Muhit]]
| term_start1 = 7 January 2019
| term_end1 = 10 January 2024
| successor1 = [[Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali]]

| office2 = [[Planning Ministry (Bangladesh)|Minister for Planning]]
| term_start2 = 12 January 2014
| term_end2 = 7 January 2019
| predecessor2 = [[A. K. Khandker]]
| successor2 = [[Muhammad Abdul Mannan]]

| office3 = [[International Cricket Council|President of the International Cricket Council]]
| predecessor3 = [[Alan Isaac]]
| successor3 = [[Zaheer Abbas]]
| term_start3 = 1 July 2014
| term_end3 = 1 April 2015

| office4 = [[Bangladesh Cricket Board|President of the Bangladesh Cricket Board]]
| term_start4 = 23 September 2009
| term_end4 = 17 October 2012
| predecessor4 = [[Sina Ibn Jamali]]
| successor4 = [[Nazmul Hasan Papon]]

| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|06|15|df=yes}}
| birth_name = Abu Hena Mohammed Mustafa
| birth_place = [[Comilla]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
}}

'''Abu Hena Mohammad Mustafa Kamal''' ({{langx|bn|আবু হেনা মোহাম্মদ মোস্তফা কামাল|Abu Hena Mohammad Mostofa Kamaal}}; born 15 June 1947) commonly known as '''Lotus Kamal''' is a Bangladeshi politician, former cricket official, and businessman. He was a member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] representing the [[Comilla-10]] constituency and a Minister for Planning as well as Minister of Finance.<ref>{{cite news |title=47-member new cabinet announced |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/new-cabinet-members-of-bangladesh-government-formed-monday-1683733 |access-date=24 February 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> He is the owner of Lotus Kamal Group, which is a well-known Bangladeshi conglomerate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plandiv.gov.bd/index.php/planning-minister| title=A H M Mustafa Kamal| publisher=Ministry of Planning|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.bd/site/page/7776684d-66c7-4236-8231-ac98f285b475| title=Cabinet Division | publisher=Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> Kamal was awarded the [[Finance minister|Finance Minister]] of the Year 2020 by magazine ''[[The Banker]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.thebanker.com/Awards/Finance-Minister-of-the-Year/Finance-Minister-of-the-Year-2020?ct=true|title=Finance Minister of the Year 2020 |magazine=The Banker |access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kamal was born on 15 June 1947 in [[Laksham Upazila|Laksham]], [[Comilla District|Cumilla]], East Bengal, British India. After the primary education from local Dattapur Primary School, SSC from Bagmara High School in 1962, later HSC from [[Comilla Victoria Government College|Cumilla Victoria Government College]], and B.Com. (Honors) degree from Chittagong Government Commerce College in 1964–1967.<ref>{{cite news |title=Finance minister mustafa kamal gained first place in CA exam |url=http://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/177913/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2 |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref> In 1967 he finished his undergraduate in Financial Management from the [[University of Dhaka]]. He completed his master's degree in accounting in 1968 from the University of Dhaka. He also earned a law degree. He is also an FCA (Fellow Chartered Accountant).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://plandiv.gov.bd/site/office_head/e5cb82ed-ed6f-40cf-b670-10edfdc736d7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4|script-title=bn:মাননীয় মন্ত্রী|website=plandiv.gov.bd|access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Business ===
Kamal founded the Lotus Kamal Group which is a well-known Bengali textile industry.

===Politics===
Kamal was elected to Parliament from [[Comilla-9]] in 1996.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2008-12-28 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |url=http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=256 |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=28 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228234847/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=256 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He received 57,195 votes while his closest rival, [[Monirul Haq Chowdhury]] of [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party (E)]], received 47,570 votes.<ref name=":1" />

Kamal contested the 2001 election from Comilla-9 as an Awami League candidate and lost.<ref name=":1" /> He received 66,175 votes while Monirul Haq Chowdhury of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] candidate won with 78,622 votes.<ref name=":1" />

Kamal was elected to his second term as a member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] for the constituency of [[Comilla-10|Cumilla-10]] in 2008.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-26 |title=Bangladesh Parliament Election - Detail Results - Amar Desh Online |url=http://amardesh.com/EADetailsYear.php?sol=251&Year=2008 |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226152017/http://amardesh.com/EADetailsYear.php?sol=251&Year=2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He received 138,089 votes while his nearest rival, Mobasher Alam Bhuiyan of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, received 89,821.<ref name=":2" />

Kamal was reelected in 2014 unopposed after the election was boycotted by the main opposition party, Bangladesh Nationalist Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-16 |title=AL closer to majority before voting |url=http://archive.newagebd.net/260342/al-closer-to-majority-before-voting/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |work=New Age |archive-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025402/http://archive.newagebd.net/260342/al-closer-to-majority-before-voting/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He is Convener of Awami League in the Cumilla district (South). He is also the Finance and Planning Secretary of Bangladesh Awami League. He was appointed the Minister for Planning in January 2014.<ref name="parliament">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/MP_Profile_258.html|title=Constituency 258|website=Bangladesh Parliament|access-date=30 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602101154/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/MP_Profile_258.html|archive-date=2 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tigercricket.com/board.html|title=Mustafa Kamal|publisher=Bangladesh Cricket Board|date=9 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015021346/http://tigercricket.com/board.html|archive-date=15 October 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

Kamal was re-elected to parliament in December 2018 from Comilla-10 as a candidate of the Awami League.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-25 |title=Cumilla-10 - Constituency detail of Bangladesh General Election 2018 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/seats?s=Cumilla-10&d=chattogram |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He received 405,299 votes while his nearest rival, Md Monirul Haq Chowdhuri of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, received 12,488 votes.<ref name=":3" /> On 7 January 2019, Kamal was appointed the Minister of Finance of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Finance Minister |url=https://mof.portal.gov.bd/site/page/d2c8b011-f1a7-4c58-9472-ae647f81eed5 |website=Ministry of Finance |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

===Cricket administration===
Kamal has been involved with cricket and its development for last 30 years in various capacities. From 1990 to 2010 he was chairman of the cricket committee of [[Abahani Limited (Dhaka)|Abahani Limited]], before becoming the President of Asian Cricket Council between 2010 and 2012.<ref name="acc">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/the-acc/46|title=Presidents of the Asian Cricket Council|website=Asian Cricket Council|access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>

In 2012, Kamal was named as the vice-president of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) for the 2012–2014 term.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/newsdetails.php?newsId=21792_1349783220|title=Mustafa Kamal's nomination as ICC Vice-President 2012-14 accepted|date=9 October 2012|publisher=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/Mustafa-Kamal-to-be-ICC-vice-president/articleshow/16740830.cms|title=Mustafa Kamal to be ICC Vice-President for 2012-14|date=9 October 2012|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Prior to his nomination for the ICC, Kamal was the president of the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]].<ref name="wisdenindia">{{cite news|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/mustafa-kamal-icc-vice-president-2012-14/30196|title=Mustafa Kamal to be ICC Vice-President for 2012-14|date=9 October 2012|work=Wisden India|publisher=FW Sports and Media India Private Limited|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218170459/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/mustafa-kamal-icc-vice-president-2012-14/30196|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kamal succeeded Alan Isaac as president of the ICC in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/about/63/icc-organisation/committees|title=ICC Board of Directors, Chief Executives & IDI Board of Directors|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630053814/http://www.icc-cricket.com/about/63/icc-organisation/committees|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kamal resigned from his designation as ICC President, with effect from 1 April 2015. The resignation was reportedly to protest alleged non-compliance by the ICC of laws written in the constitution of the ICC, and he was an active protester of corruption in cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/cricket-world-cup-ahm-mustafa-kamal-quits-icc-after-butting-heads-with-n-srinivasan-over-trophy-snub/news-story/a3a6428eba461cb1fd84f8ee8e4338f9|title=Clarke trophy row ends in shock resignation|date=2015-04-01|work=Fox Sports|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kamal's daughter [[Nafisa Kamal]] is the director of Farmers Bank presently known as [[Padma Bank Limited]] and owner of [[Cumilla Warriors|Cumilla Victorians]] and wife is Kasmiri Kamal.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons}}
{{Presidents of ICC}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamal, Mustafa}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Laksam Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Comilla Victoria Government College alumni]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Cricket Council]]
[[Category:Ministers of planning of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Government College of Commerce, Chittagong alumni]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Bangladesh Cricket Board]]

Political families of Punjab, India

2025-10-17T15:45:17Z

ReggieHuntley0:

{{Short description|Indian politicians family}}{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}}
The list of members of political families of [[Punjab, India]]. Punjab, since the [[Partition of India]], has been held in the grip of few major political families including the Chaudhary and Kaypee Families of [[Jalandhar]], Majithias of [[Amritsar]], Badals of [[Muktsar]], Royal family of [[Patiala]], Manns of [[Sheikhupura]], Kairons of [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]] and family of [[Sarai Naga]].

In [[Doaba]], the region in Punjab comprising Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala, and Nawanshahr (Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar) districts, there is a strong presence of the [[Ravidassia]]/[[Chamar]] community, which produced several powerful Ravidassia political families such as the Chaudrary and Kaypee families.The Chaudhary family’s political legacy began with [[Master Gurbanta Singh]] and continues through multiple generations in Punjab's Dalit politics. Chaudhary family has contested every Punjab assembly election since 1936. Master Gurbanta Singh rose to become a stalwart of Punjab’s Dalit politics, initially aligning with the Ad-Dharm movement alongside [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]] before joining the Unionist Party and later the Indian National Congress. He started his political life by becoming Village Sarpanch and Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], Premier of [[British Punjab]], and then he served as MLA six times, including being elected unopposed in 1972, and held ministerial posts in agriculture and education. He played a key role in founding [[Punjab Agricultural University]] and in the Bhakra Dam project.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vasudeva |first1=Ravinder |title=Dalit icons of Punjab: The all-powerful Chaudharys of Doaba |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dalit-icons-the-all-powerful-chaudharys-of-doaba/story-Zb5pms2aKYj0Ut7C31HybK.html |access-date=28 July 2025 |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The secondary political families are temporary and not traditional they often change with the times. The current ones include the Bajwas of [[Gurdaspur]], Talwandis of [[Lyallpur]], Bittus of [[Ludhiana]] and Jakhars of [[Fazilka]] who have had a list of less successful politicians. The Bajwas and Bittus have been staunch INC supporters, the Talwandis have always been staunch allies of the SAD and since 2021 they have been supporting the [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]]. The Jakhars have never held loyalty to one party and have switched various times from the BJP and INC.

== Primary political families ==

=== Badal Family ===

* [[Parkash Singh Badal]].
* [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]].
* [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]].
* [[Gurdas Singh Badal]].
* [[Manpreet Singh Badal]].

===Chabbewal Family===

* [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]] - Current Member of Parliament
* [[Ishank Kumar Chabbewal]] - Current member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

===Chaudhary Family===

* Late [[Master Gurbanta Singh]], former Agriculture Minister of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He was Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], Premier of British Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Duhra |first1=Malkiat Singh |title=Master Gurbanta Singh |url=https://www.drduhra.com/post/master-gurbanta-singh |website=MALKIAT SINGH DUHRA |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=en |date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
* Late [[Jagjit Singh (politician)|Chaudhary Jagjit Singh]], former Cabinet Minister and MLA
* [[Chaudhary Surinder Singh]], former MLA [[Kartarpur Assembly Constituency|Kartarpur]]
* Late [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]] Member of Parliament from [[Jalandhar]] and former Cabinet Minister of [[Punjab]]
* [[Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary]], MLA [[Phillaur Assembly constituency|Phillaur]] and former Chief of Punjab Youth Congress.

===Chaudhary Sunder Singh family===

* Late [[Chaudhary Sunder Singh]] - Former Member of Parliament
* [[Santosh Chowdhary]] - Former Member of Parliament
*[[Chaudhary Ram Lubaya]] - former [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]

===Kaypee Family===

*[[Darshan Singh Kaypee]] - Former Minister and five times elected M.L.A
*[[Mohinder Singh Kaypee]] - Former Minister and Member of Parliament.

===Khalsa Family===

*[[Gopal Singh Khalsa]] - Elected M.L.A in 1937 for [[Punjab Provincial Assembly]] and was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the British Punjab's Premier [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]. He was first Leader of the Opposition in the first [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] after Independence of India in 1952. He was very close associate of [[Dr. Ambedkar]].
*[[Harinder Singh Khalsa]] - Former Diplomat and former Member of Parliament.

=== Majithia Family ===

* Wing Commander [[Sardar Surjit Singh Majithia]].
* [[Bikram Singh Majithia]].

=== Patiala Family ===
* [[Rajmata Mohinder Kaur of Patiala|Mohinder Kaur]].
* [[Bhalindra Singh]].
* [[Amarinder Singh]].
* [[Preneet Kaur]].
* [[Raninder Singh]].

=== Kairon Family ===
* [[Partap Singh Kairon]].
* [[Surinder Singh Kairon]].
* [[Adesh Partap Singh Kairon]].

=== Brar Family ===

* [[Harcharan Singh Brar]].
* [[Gurbinder Kaur Brar]].
* [[Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar]].
* [[Karan Kaur Brar]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political families of India by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Punjab, India]]

Chitpur

2025-09-15T04:57:44Z

ReggieHuntley0: Added new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement


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| image1 = Kolkata Temple.jpg
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| imagesize = 270 px
| image_caption = Nabaratna Temple in 1798
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Shyambazar metro station|Shyambazar]]
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| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
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| parts = [[Ward No. 6, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|6]]
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| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|32.58|N|88|21|04.03|E|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700002
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kashipur-Belgachhia]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chitpur''' (or '''Chitpore''') is a neighbourhood in [[North Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. Sometimes, the entire area along Chitpur Road is referred to as Chitpur, although the various localities have distinctive names.

==History==
Chitpur has existed for at least 400 years. It received its name from the goddess Chitteswari, who had a splendid temple here erected by [[Gobindram Mitter]], where human sacrifices used to be offered. The lofty [[dome]] of the temple, which was known as Nabarutna or the shrine of nine jewels, fell during the [[1737 Calcutta Cyclone|earthquake of 1737]], and it is now in ruins.<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', [1909] (1980), rev. ed., pp. 221, 283, General Printers and Publishers Pvt Ltd.</ref>
[[File:Kolkata Map 1690.jpg|left|200px]]
According to another source, the area was earlier named Chitrapur. It is referred to in [[Bipradas Pipilai]]'s poem ''Manasamangal'' in 1495, but it could be a later interpolation. According to it, Chitpur was home to Chakrapani, Commander-in-Chief of the [[Nawab of Bengal]]'s army, and had a flourishing colony of artists. It refers to one Gobinda Ghosh as founder of the Chitteswari temple in 1610. The most notorious bandit of the region was Chitey Dakat, who offered human sacrifices at the temple. The area could also have acquired its name from him.<ref name = "Gupta27-30">Gupta, Bunny and Chaliha, Jaya, ''Chitpur'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp. 27-30, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref>

The [[East India Company]] obtained from the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]], in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], it purchased these villages in 1758 from [[Mir Jafar]] and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]'' and Chitpur was one of them. It was considered to be a suburb beyond the limits of the [[Maratha Ditch]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 6-10: The History | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, pages 103-4 and 221, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 14-15, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

There was a house and garden of Mahmed Reza Khan, the Chitpur Nawab, to whom the administration of Bengal was assigned for several years after the [[British East India Company]] acquired the ''dewani'' of Bengal from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors in [[Delhi]].<ref name = "Cotton221">Cotton, H.E.A., p. 221,</ref> The Chitpur Nawab lived on terms of intimacy with the 'powers' of the day and was accounted by them as a personage of first rank. The foreign governors—Danish, French and Dutch—on their visits to Kolkata from [[Serampore]], [[Chandannagar]] and [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chinsurah]], made it a practice to halt at Chitpur on their way to the Government House.<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., p. 109.</ref>

The Circular Canal joins the [[Hooghly River]] at Chitpur. Early in the 20th century a large lock and tidal basin had been constructed, at the mouth of the canal.<ref name = "Cotton221"/>

[[Entally]], [[Manicktala]], [[Beliaghata]], [[Ultadanga]], Chitpur, [[Cossipore]], parts of Beniapukur, [[Ballygunge]], [[Watgunge]], Ekbalpur, [[Garden Reach]] and [[Tollygunj]] were added to [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] in 1888. Garden Reach was later taken out.<ref>Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, ''Wealth and Work in Calcutta, 1860-1921'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 213.</ref>

==Chitpur Road==
{{quote box|width=300px|quote=The great thoroughfare, which commencing in the extreme south, assumes the various names of Russa Road, Chowringhee Road, Bentick Street, Chitpore Road, and Barrackpore Trunk Road, forms a continuation of the Dum Dum Road and was the old line of communication between Morshedabad and Kalighat. It is said to occupy the site of the old road made by the [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]]s, the old zemindars of Calcutta, from [[Barisha, India|Barisha]], where the junior branch resided, to [[Halisahar]], beyond [[Barrackpore]], which was the seat of the senior branch.<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., p. 283</ref>|source= [[H.E.A.Cotton]]}}
Along that old road, popular as pilgrim's path, [[dharamshalas]] and shops came up. Habitations grew around them and localities developed. They were self-descriptive. The chicken (''murgi'') market (''hat'') was Murgihata, twin (''jora'') bridges (''sanko'') over a [[stream|creek]] distinguished [[Jorasanko]], butchers (''kasais'') slaughtered animals at Kasitola, and the potters (''kumors'') spun the river [[clay]] on wheels at [[Kumortuli]]. Later, they took to making clay idols in demand in the mansions that grew up all around. When the new [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] was built in the 1750s at [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Gobindapur]], the inhabitants of the disbanded village migrated northwards.<ref name = "Gupta27-30"/>

Chitpur Road was Kolkata's oldest road. Apart from the aristocracy, there have been common folks engaged in various trades.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Ritajyoti |title=streets in motion: the making of infrastructure, property, and political culture in twentieth-century Calcutta |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/streets-in-motion/2D42F4BF0D2086A1DBB254A5120ACB42}}</ref> The distinctive Bengali ''[[panjika]]'' [[almanac]] was printed here. It was a centre for Battala books. So many things on Chitpore Road have been an integral part of Bengal's life and culture – the ''paan'' ([[betel]] leaf mouth refresher), the ''adda'' (stray gossiping), ''[[Jatra (Bengal)|jatra]]'' shows and the brass band playing "He is a jolly good fellow" to enliven wedding receptions.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/south_asia_india0s_changing_folk_theatre/html/2.stm Jatra 2] ''[[BBC News]]'', 2005.</ref>

A part of Lower Chitpur Road rivalled the [[Chandni Chowk]] of Delhi before construction of Nakhoda Mosque in 1926. The last vestiges of Nawabi style were found along Chitpur Road.<ref>Chakraborty, Manish and Hanig, Florian. Bialobrzeski, Peter.(Ed.) (2008) ''Calcutta - Chitpur Road Neighborhoods''. Hatje Cantz. {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2106-6}}</ref> It was on this road that [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Rammohun Roy]] built his Brahmo Sabha, which later became Adi Brahmo Samaj. The road was renamed Rabindra Sarani, after its most famous resident, [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. It is Kolkata's museum with communities and social groups from various parts of country and beyond finding a place in nooks along the road.<ref name = "Gupta27-30"/>

[[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], the home of the [[Tagore family]] now houses [[Rabindra Bharati University]].

==Corporation ward==
In 1876, the peripheral areas of Kolkata were brought under the umbrella of a single Suburban Municipality. In 1889, the suburban area was split into five units of which one was the Suburban Municipality of Kashipur and Chitpur. In 1931, it was merged with Kolkata.<ref>Chakraborty, Satyesh C., ''The Growth of Calcutta in the Twentieth Century'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol II, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p. 2, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563697-0}}.</ref> Chitpur now forms ward no. 6 of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]. With the [[Hooghly River]] on the west, it is surrounded by [[Cossipore]], [[Bagbazar]], Paikpara, [[Tala, Kolkata|Tala]], [[Belgachia]] and [[Shyambazar]] on the other three sides.<ref>''Detailed Maps of Kolkata'', D.P.Publication & Sales Concern.</ref> Across the [[Hooghly River]] is [[Salkia]] in [[Howrah]].

==Police district==
Chitpur police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|North and North Suburban division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. Located at 19, Cossipore Road, Kolkata-700002, it has jurisdiction over Chitpur neighbourhood/ Ward no. [[Ward No. 6, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|6]], of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="police">{{cite web |url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=3&Division=X |title = Kolkata Police |work = North and North Suburban Division |publisher = KP |access-date = 5 March 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330083931/http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=3&Division=X |archive-date = 30 March 2018 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>Kolkata: Detail Maps of 141 Wards with Street Directory, Fourth Impression 2003, Map No. 4, D.P.publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata - 700 073.</ref>

[[Amherst Street (Kolkata)#Police district|Amherst Street Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the North and North Suburban division i.e. Amherst Street, Jorabagan, Shyampukur, Cossipore, Chitpur, Sinthi, Burtolla and Tala.<ref name="police"/>

==Railway passenger terminal==
Chitpur is home to [[Kolkata railway station]], the fourth and latest railway passenger terminal for the city. The first two stations, [[Howrah Station|Howrah]] and [[Sealdah Station|Sealdah]], were built more than a century ago and now both of them have reached the saturation point in capacity.<ref name="frontline">[http://www.flonnet.com/fl2225/stories/20051216002509200.htm Online version of Frontline magazine dated 3-16 Dec 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212165344/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2225/stories/20051216002509200.htm |date=12 February 2012 }}</ref> The third one, [[Shalimar Station|Shalimar]], which is under jurisdiction of [[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South Eastern Railway]], is located in [[Howrah]], far away from the city centre. The new terminal has been named "Kolkata".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=167700 |title=News article dated January-31-2006 from expressindia.com |access-date=23 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212190252/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=167700 |archive-date=12 February 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="frontline"/>

==Transport==
Cossipore Road (Sri Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa Dev Sarani) is the artery of Chitpur. Buses ply along the road. The road is connected to [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]] (at Chunni Babu Bazar) with '''Lock Gate Road Overbridge'''. It is also connected to [[Bagbazar]] (Khirode Vidyavinode Avenue) with '''Chitpur Bridge''' over a canal.<ref>Google maps</ref> Chitpur Bridge was firstly inaugurated in 1937.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chitpur Bridge|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-ill-health-of-calcutta-bridges-spells-much-more-than-logistical-doom/cid/1719743}}</ref>
===Bus===
====Private Bus====
* 34B [[Dunlop, Kolkata|Dunlop]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* 43 [[Dakshineswar]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* 242 [[Cossipore]] 4B - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]

====CSTC Bus====
* S17A Ariadaha - [[Kudghat]]

===Train===
Besides [[Kolkata Station]], [[Tala railway station]] and [[Bagbazar railway station]] (both are on [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] line) are also located nearby.

==In popular culture==
Chitpur is the setting for the 2012 [[Malayalam]] novel ''[[Aarachaar]]'' ({{Translation|''Hangwoman''}}) by [[K. R. Meera]], which won many awards.
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/North Kolkata}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Ramanujar (TV series)

2025-08-28T07:40:53Z

ReggieHuntley0: adding info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kalaignar-Tv-Ramanujar-Serial.jpg
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = [[Kutty Padmini|Vaishnavi Media Works Limited]]
| based_on = [[Ramanuja]]
| writer = [[Karunanidhi]]
| creative_director = [[Kutty Padmini]]
| director = Dhanush
| starring = Kaushik Narasimhan Chanthirakanth Gayathiri Lakshmiraj Balaji as Alavanthar Girish Ayapath Vijay Prasadh
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_episodes = 433
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Kutty Padmini|Vaishnavi Media Works Limited]]
| company = [[Kutty Padmini|Vaishnavi Media Works Limited]]
| theme_music_composer = Ravirakav '''Music''' Thaiyanban
| opentheme =
| cinematography =
| editor = Muthu Krishnan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Kalaignar TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|6|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|1|27}}
}}

'''Ramanujar''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] historical soap opera, written by former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Dr. M.Karunanidhi, starring Gowsik, Chanthirakanth, Gayathiri and Lakshmiraj. It aired Monday through Friday on [[Kalaignar TV]] from 1 June 2015 to 27 January 2017 at 7:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] for 433 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/showthread.php?t=23504|title= Ramanujar serial |website=www.tamilbrahmins.com|date= 20 March 2015 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/ramanujar-serial-telecast-on-kalaignar-tv-035631.html|title= Ramanujar serial telecast on Kalaignar Tv-|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date= 11 July 2015|accessdate=}}</ref> It had been receiving the highest ratings of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] serials and received high praising from viewers.

==Plot summary==
The story revolves around the life of the Vaishnavite Acharya, [[Ramanujar]] and his contributions to the Hindu religion.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* Kaushik Narasimhan as [[Ramanuja]]
* Chanthirakanth as Nathamunigal
* Gayathiri as Ganthimathi
* Lakshmiraj as Kesava Somayaji (Died in serial)
* Balaji as Alavanthar ( Yamunacharya)
* Girish Ayapath as Periyanambigal
* Senthil as Marthandam
* Jayalaskhmi as Patti
* Vijay Prasadh as Eswara Battar
* K.R.S Kumar as Yadavaprakasar
* Suresh as Thirumalai Nambigal
* Ananth as Thirukoshti Nambigal
* Deepak as Maraner Nambi
* Ranganathan as Manakkal Nambi
* Aruna
* Pranav
* S.S.Vasan as Uyyakondar
* Dhanush as Thirukatchi Nambi
* Nakshatra as Thanjamaambal
* Syamanta Kiran as Andal (Koorathazhwan's wife)
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The series was written by [[Karunanidhi]], who also wrote the popular historical series [[Romapuri Pandian]] (2014–2016) and [[Thenpandi Singam (TV series) (2016)|Thenpandi Singam]]. The drama marked his third collaboration with creative director and producer [[Kutty Padmini]].

==International broadcast==
The Series was released on 1 June 2015 on [[Kalaignar TV]]. The Show was also broadcast internationally on Channel's international distribution. It aired in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[South East Asia]], [[Middle East]], [[Oceania]], [[South Africa]] and [[Sub Saharan Africa]] on [[Kalaignar TV]] and also aired in United States, Canada, [[Europe]] on [[Ayngaran International|Kalaignar Ayngaran TV]]. The show's episodes were released on [[Kalaignar TV]] YouTube channel.

* {{flagicon|India}} It airs in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] Bhakthi channel Dubbed in [[Telugu language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ttd-boost-to-karunanidhis-ramanujar/article8079533.ece|title=TTD boost to Karunanidhi's 'Ramanujar'|website=www.thehindu.com|date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-atheist-karunanidhi-under-fire-for-ttd-priests-chanting-vedic-hymns-at-his-home-2163761|title=Atheist Karunanidhi under fire for TTD priests chanting Vedic hymns at his house|website=www.dnaindia.com|accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.kalignartv.com/}}

{{Kalaignar TV shows}}

[[Category:Kalaignar TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Archdiocese of Nagpur

2025-08-24T23:50:23Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding a info with sources.

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Archdiocese
|name = Nagpur
|latin = Archidioecesis Nagpurensis
|local = नागपूर बिशपच्या अधिकारातील प्रदेश
|country = [[India]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
| image = St. Francis de Sales Cathedral, Nagpur.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Photo of St. Francis de Sales Cathedral
| caption = St. Francis de Sales Cathedral
|cathedral = Cathedral of St Francis de Sales in [[Nagpur]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = [[St Francis de Sales]] [[Our Lady of Lourdes]]
|area_km2 = 55,272
|population = 11,000,000
|population_as_of = 2004
|catholics = 24,446
|catholics_percent= 0.2
|parishes = 34
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = Elias Joseph Gonsalves
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|vicar_general = Anthony D'Souza
|website = [http://nagpurarchdiocese.org/ Website of the Archdiocese]
}}
The '''Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nagpur''' ({{langx|la|Nagpuren(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]] Metropolitan [[archdiocese]] in central India, yet depends on the missionary [[Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]].

Its [[cathedral]] episcopal see is [[St. Francis de Sales]] Cathedral, in the city of [[Nagpur]], in [[Maharashtra]] state.

== Statistics ==
As per 2014, it pastorally served 25,500 Catholics (0.2% of 12,360,000 total) on 59,042 km2 in 34 parishes and 12 missions with 142 priests (48 diocesan, 94 religious), 798 lay religious (265 brothers, 533 sisters) and 23 seminarians.

== History ==
* Established on July 11, 1887, as '''Diocese of Nagpur''', on territory split off from the [[Diocese of Vizagapatam]].
* It lost territories repeatedly : on 1932.07.18 to establish the [[Apostolic Prefecture of Jubbulpore]], on 1935.03.11 to establish the then [[Apostolic Prefecture of Indore]], on 1951.06.14 to establish the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sambalpur|Diocese of Sambalpur]] and on 1951.12.13 to establish the then [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raigarh–Ambikapur|Diocese of Raigarh–Ambikapur]]
* Promoted on September 19, 1953, as '''Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nagpur'''.
* Lost more territories thrice again : on 1955.05.08 to establish its [[suffragan]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amravati|Diocese of Amravati]], on 1964.01.16 to establish the then [[Apostolic Prefecture of Raipur]] and ''on 1968.07.29 to establish the then [[Apostolic Exarchate of Chanda]] (now also a suffragan diocese of Nagpur)''

== Ecclesiastical province ==
Its [[ecclesiastical province]] comprises the Metropolitan's own archbishopric and these [[Suffragan]] bishoprics, [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]] ''except one [[Syro-Oriental Rite]]'':
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amravati]], its daughter
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aurangabad]]
* ''[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Chanda]], its only [[Eastern Catholic]] daughter''

==Episcopal ordinaries==
''(all [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]], initially missionary members of a Latin congregation)''

:''Suffragan Bishops of Nagpur''
* Charles-Félix Pelvat, [[Fransalians]] (M.S.F.S.) (born France) (October 2, 1893 – death July 23, 1900)
* Jean-Marie Crochet (born France) (October 25, 1900 – death June 6, 1903)
* Etienne-Marie Bonaventure, M.S.F.S. (born France) (September 17, 1904 – death March 12, 1907)
* François-Etienne Coppel, M.S.F.S. (born France) (June 22, 1907 – death March 16, 1933)
* Louis-François Gayet, M.S.F.S. (born France) (February 1, 1934 – death August 26, 1950)
* Eugene D’Souza, M.S.F.S. (first Indian incumbent) (July 12, 1951 – September 19, 1953 ''see below'')

;''Metropolitan Archbishops of Nagpur''
* [[Eugene D’Souza]], M.S.F.S. (''see above'' September 19, 1953 – September 13, 1963), later Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]] (India) (1963.09.13 – death 1994.03.26)
* [[Leonard Joseph Raymond]] (January 16, 1964 – death February 1, 1974) (born Pakistan), previously Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad|Allahabad]] (India) (1947.04.10 – 1964.01.16)
* [[Leobard D’Souza]] (July 1, 1975 – retired January 17, 1998), also vice-president of Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (1988–1991); previously [[Titular Bishop]] of [[Caput Cilla]] (1964.11.12 – 1965.12.17) & [[Coadjutor Bishop]] of Jabalpur (India) (1964.11.12 – 1965.12.17), succeeding as Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jabalpur|Jabalpur]] (1965.12.17 – 1975.07.01)
** [[Auxiliary Bishop]]: Sylvester Monteiro (1993.12.06 – 1999.02.09), [[Titular Bishop]] of [[Scampa]] (1993.12.06 – 1999.02.09); next Bishop of suffragan [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aurangabad|Aurangabad]] (India) (1999.02.09 – death 2005.08.14)
* [[Abraham Viruthakulangara]] (January 17, 1998 – April 19, 2018), previously Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khandwa|Khandwa]] (India) (1977.03.04 – 1998.01.17).
*Elias Joseph Gonsalves – 2018.12.03 – present

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Sr. Marie Gertrude Gros, SMMI<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|access-date=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources and external links ==
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Nagpur|Diocese of Nagpur}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/nagp0.htm GCatholic.org, with incumbent biography links – data for all sections] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnagp.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|21.1597|N|79.0818|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1887|Religious organizations established in 1887]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in British India]]

Bhumij rebellion

2025-08-19T03:26:43Z

ReggieHuntley0: Page refined with updated information

#REDIRECT [[Bhumij Revolt]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Central Police Canteen

2025-08-04T19:33:38Z

ReggieHuntley0: Added new entry

{{short description|State-owned retail chain in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Central Police Canteen
| logo = Central Police Canteen Logo.png
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| trading_name = 
| former type =
| type = [[State ownership|State-owned]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Retail]]
| fate =
| predecessors =
| foundation =  {{Start date|df=yes|2006|09|26}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location_city = East Block-07 (Level-II), Sector-1, [[Rama Krishna Puram]], [[Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| locations = 
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|cpcmha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}
The '''Central Police Canteen''' (commonly abbreviated as the '''CPC'''), officially known as the '''Kendriya Police Kalyan Bhandar''' ({{Translation|Central Police Welfare Stores}}), is a retail chain in India serving the active and retired personnel of the [[Central Armed Police Force]]s, the Central Police Organisations, and different [[police in India|state police forces]] and their families. Established on 26 September 2006 by an order of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], the CPC works as an independent department under the Ministry. There are 119 master canteens and over 1,778 subsidiary canteens in the CPC system. Headed by an [[additional director general]]-rank officer, who is appointed by the Home Ministry on a rotation basis from the six CAPFs, the CPC is headquartered at [[Rama Krishna Puram]], [[New Delhi]]. The routine affairs related to it are handled by its chief executive officer, who is a [[deputy inspector general]]-rank officer.

The products available at the CPC subsidiary canteens are not tax-exempt as they are in the [[Canteen Stores Department (India)|Canteen Stores Department]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], and many petitions to the government have been made by different central and state organisations to extend such tax rebates to the CPC.

The CPC is in the process of promoting indigenous products following the call for [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].

== History ==
The Canteen Stores Department (CSD) under the Ministry of Defence provides its facilities primarily to the personnel of the [[Indian military]]. The Ministry of Home Affairs had proposed to expand its scope to include the members of different Central Armed Police Forces during the [[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Atal Bihari Vajpayee government]]. Though the proposal was acceptable to the Prime Minister, it was opposed and rejected by the Ministry of Defence. In 2006 then-Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] agreed with and acted upon a proposal to establish a new retail chain scheme for the personnel of CAPFs similar to the CSD.<ref name="Hindu20">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-case-to-exempt-gst-in-central-police-canteens/article31893547.ece |title=A case to exempt GST in Central Police Canteens |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 June 2020 |access-date=24 June 2020 |last=Nathanael |first=M. P.}}</ref> The Kendriya Police Kalyan Bhandar system was inaugurated on 26 September 2006 under the Ministry of Home Affairs.<ref name="About">{{Cite web |url=http://cpcmha.gov.in/about_us.html |title=About Kendriya Police Kalyan Bhandar |website=Cpcmha.gov.in Kendriya Police Kalyan Bhandar |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The Central Police Canteen comes under the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs and works as an independent department. It is governed by the Central Administrative Committee (CAC) headed by an [[additional director general]]-rank officer and includes six [[inspectors general]] from six different CAPFs. The primary objective of the CAC is to prepare and implement the standard operating procedures related to the functioning of the Kendriya Police Kalyan Bhandar system; it also works as a monitoring agency of the whole system. The Central Purchase Committee of the system is headed by an inspector general and includes five members of the rank of [[deputy inspector general]].<ref name="IGMessage">{{Cite web |url=http://cpcmha.gov.in/messageIG.html |title=IG-Chairman KPKB's Message |website=Cpcmha.gov.in |publisher=Kendriya Police Kalyan Bhandar |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> The purchase committee negotiates prices of the items retailed at CPCs with the different firms.<ref name="IGMessage" />

The heads of both the committees are appointed by the Ministry on a rotation basis from among the different CAPFs. Each committee is constituted for a period of two years, with members coming from different CAPFs nominated by their respective [[director general of police|directors general]]. An officer of the rank of deputy inspector general discharges the role of chief executive officer to handle the routine affairs of the system and preside over the headquarters, known as the Central Office, situated at Rama Krishna Puram, New Delhi. There are a total of 119 master canteens directly under the Central Office and 1,778 subsidiary canteens throughout the country are at the end of the CPC system hierarchy which deal with customers.<ref name="CPC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/centrepoliceforcecanteen.pdf |title=Office Memorandum – Central Police Forces Canteen System |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=Mha.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/police-canteen-goes-vocal-about-local-11589917401464.html |title=Police canteen goes 'vocal about local' |work=[[Livemint]] |date=20 May 2020 |access-date=26 June 2020 |last=Tandon |first=Suneera}}</ref>

== Beneficiaries ==
[[File:Central Police Canteen, Kollam.jpg|right|thumb|Subsidiary canteen at the [[Kerala Police]] Armed Reserve Police Camp, [[Kollam]]]]
After its inception in 2006, the Central Police Canteen provided its services only to the active and retired personnel of the different CAPFs and their family members. However, different police organisations in the country approached the Ministry of Home Affairs every so often to extend the facility of the CPC to include their personnel as well. Keeping such requests under consideration, the Ministry promulgated an order on 18 October 2011 to enlarge the scope of beneficiaries of the CPC facility to include active and retired members of the various Central Police Organisations, including the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], the [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]], the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] and the [[National Investigation Agency]], the [[Special Protection Group]], the [[National Disaster Response Force]] and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], various state police forces, and the employees of the Home Ministry with service times of not less than five years.<ref name="Beneficiaries">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/CPP-Canteen-271011.pdf |title=Police II-Division – Welfare Activities in Central Police Organisations – Extending of Central Police Canteen facilities to serving & retired personnel of State Police, Central Police Organization and employees of MHA |website=Mha.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

== Tax exemption ==
The products sold at the subsidiary canteens of the Central Police Canteen do not receive a special tax exemption as is provided for the same products available at the Canteen Stores Department. The lack of a tax exemption makes the products available at the CPC costlier in comparison to the CSD. Many organisations, including different CAPFs, different state police forces, and the Confederation of Ex-Paramilitary Forces Welfare Association have petitioned the Central Government from time to time to provide a [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] exemption for the products available at the CPC in line with the CSD.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.uniindia.com/paramilitary-veterans-meet-junior-home-ministers-seek-pension-restoration/india/news/1638360.html |title=Paramilitary veterans meet junior home minister; seek pension restoration |date=20 January 2019 |access-date=26 June 2020 |agency=[[United News of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/capf-canteens-in-the-red-petition-government-for-gst-relief/articleshow/59758671.cms |title=CAPF canteens in the red; petition government for GST relief |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 July 2018 |access-date=26 June 2020 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> However, the Home Ministry refused to provide such rebate in October 2019 and decided to instead "compensate the CPCs through budgetary support to that extent".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/mha-directs-capfs-to-adopt-swadeshi-goods-in-canteens-office/articleshow/71636487.cms |title=MHA directs CAPFs to adopt 'swadeshi' goods in canteens, office |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=26 June 2020 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Indigenous products ==
{{More|Atmanirbhar Bharat}}
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] addressed the nation on 12 May 2020 to announce a special economic package among other measures taken by the government during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus pandemic]]. He underscored the importance of indigenous products and the local supply chain and appealed to the nation to "be vocal for [the country's] local products [and] not just buy but also publicise them".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-pm-modis-address-to-the-nation-on-may-12-2020/article31566800.ece |title=Narendra Modi address to nation on May 12, 2020 |date=12 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> The day after the appeal of the Prime Minister, the Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] announced that Central Police Canteens throughout the country would only sell either Indian products or made in Indian products, and this order was supposed to go into effect beginning on 1 June 2020.<ref name="HinduMay20">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/capf-canteens-will-sell-only-swadeshi-products-says-amit-shah/article31572715.ece |title=CAPF canteens to sell only swadeshi products |date=13 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 June 2020 |last=Singh |first=Vijaita}}</ref>

Proceeding with the direction of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the chief executive officer of the CPC, [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] DIG R. M. Meena, issued a list of 1,026 items on 29 May which he found non-indigenous and which were required to be banned for sale in the CPC subsidiary canteens.<ref name="DH20"/> The list created a controversy, as many products made by Indian companies and products manufactured in India by foreign companies appeared on it. The Ministry withdrew the order issued by Meena on 1 June, stating that he prepared and issued the list without receiving approval from the competent authority.<ref name="DH20">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mha-repatriates-ceo-of-capf-canteens-after-swadeshi-products-list-goof-up-845635.html |title=MHA repatriates CEO of CAPF canteens after 'Swadeshi' products list goof-up |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=4 June 2020 |access-date=26 June 2020 |last=Joy |first=Shemin |location=New Delhi |agency=Deccan Herald News Service}}</ref> The Kendriya Police Kalyan Bhandar issued an order on 2 June to recall the order issued on 29 May "with immediate effect", saying that it would "re-scrutinise the lists of products under different categories".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-body-running-paramilitary-canteens-withdraws-list-of-banned-products-11591180896756.html |title=Govt body running paramilitary canteens withdraws list of banned products |work=[[Livemint]] |last=Tandon |first=Suneera |date=3 June 2020 |access-date=26 June 2020 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Meena was removed from his post as CEO and repatriated to the CRPF on 3 June, and another CRPF DIG, Rajeev Ranjan Kumar, was appointed as his replacement.<ref name="DH20" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Central Armed Police Forces of India]]

Bansagar Dam

2025-07-07T05:19:54Z

ReggieHuntley0:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Bansagar Dam
| image = Bansagar Dam.png
| image_caption = View of Bansagar Dam from up stream
| name_official =
| dam_crosses = [[Sone River]]
| res_name = Bansagar Reservoir
capacity = 5.43 cubic kms OR 191.78 tmc ft
| location = Deolond, Shahdol, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| operator = Water Resources Department, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1020|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|67|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began = 14 May 1978
| opening = 25 September 2006
| coordinates = {{coord|24|11|30|N|81|17|15|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| extra =
}}
[[File:Bansagar2.JPG|thumb|270px|Bansagar Reservoir]]

'''Bansagar''' or '''Ban Sagar Dam''' is a multipurpose river Valley Project on [[Sone River]] situated in the Ganges Basin in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]] with both [[irrigation]] and ''435 MW'' of [[hydroelectric]] power generation.<ref name=resources>Water Resources of Madhya Pradesh: Major Projects, Water Resources Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh, January 2006</ref>

The Bansagar Dam across the Sone River was constructed near the [[Deolond]] village in the [[Shahdol district]]. It is surrounded by Maihar, Katni, and Rewa districts. The project was called "Bansagar" after [[Banabhatta|Bana Bhatt]], the renowned [[Sanskrit]] scholar of the 7th century, who is believed to have hailed from this region in India. Bansagar Dam is located at [[Latitude]] 24-11-30 N and [[Longitude]] 81-17-15 E.

The project was initially called the "Dimba Project" in 1956 by the [[Central Water Commission]], [[New Delhi]] to be constructed on the [[Sone River]] at the confluence of the Sone and [[Banas River]]s near Shikarganj town 30 km down river from the present site. Later it was shifted to the present site at [[Deolond]]. There was an agreement in 1973 between the State Governments of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] for the construction of the dam, in which the states shared the expenditure in the ratio of 2:1:1. The 4 million-acre-feet of water is also shared by the states in the same ratio. The construction work was started in 1978 at original approved cost of Rs. 91.31 crores. The final estimated cost in 1998 was Rs. 1054.96 crores.<ref name=resources/>

==Dedicated to nation==
The foundation stone of the Bansagar project was laid by the late Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] on 14 May 1978.<ref>Hindustan Times, New Delhi: 26 September 2006</ref> The project was inspected and allocated sufficient funds in every five-year plan by the endless attempts of [[Ram Kishore Shukla|Pandit Ram Kishore Shukla]] former finance minister of Madhya Pradesh. The Bansagar Dam was dedicated to the nation on 25 September 2006 by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], former [[Prime Minister of India]].

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Water Resources of Madhya Pradesh: Major Projects, Water Resources Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh, January 2006
*Hindustan Times, New Delhi: 26 September 2006

==External links==
{{stack|{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
{{Commons category|Bansagar Dam}}
* [http://wikimapia.org/1180470/ Google Map of Ban sagar Dam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061209201858/http://www.mp.nic.in/wrd/ Website of Water Resources of Madhya Pradesh]

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Power Plants of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Son basin}}

[[Category:Dams in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Beohari]]
[[Category:Shahdol district]]
[[Category:Dams on the Son River]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

National Level Common Entrance Examination

2025-06-27T05:52:30Z

ReggieHuntley0: Adding New Entry

{{Short description|Scholarship and talent identification examination}}

{{Infobox examination
| name = National Level Common Entrance Examination
| image_name = NLCEE Official Logo.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt = Official logo of NLCEE
| caption = ''Official Logo of NLCEE''
| acronym = NLCEE
| type = Scholarship and Talent Identification Exam
| test_admin =
| skills_tested = General Knowledge, Logical Reasoning, Problem-solving, Analytical Reasoning
| purpose = Identify academically gifted students and provide exposure opportunities
| year_started = {{Start date and age|2019|df=yes|paren=yes}}
| year_terminated = 
| duration = 3 hours
| score_range =
| score_validity = 1 year
| offered = Annually (usually in December)
| attempt_restriction =
| regions = India
| language = [[English language|English]]
| test_takers = 987,650<ref>{{cite web | title = NLCEE Official Website | url = https://nlcee.org/ | website = NLCEE | access-date = 2025-01-06}}</ref>
| prerequisite = Students from Class 9-12 or competitive exam aspirants
| fee =
| score_users = Universities, Institutes
| qualification_rate = Top 1% merit-based
| free_label = Exposure Opportunities<ref>{{cite news |title=30 underprivileged Bihar students take maiden flight, visit IIT Guwahati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/30-underprivileged-bihar-students-take-maiden-flight-visit-iit-guwahati/article65852729.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2022-09-04}}</ref>
| free = Visits to IITs, ISRO, NASA for selected students<ref>{{cite news |title=Talent hunt enables 30 unprivileged students from Bihar to visit IIT Guwahati campus |url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/newsroom/94219745/talent-hunt-enables-30-unprivileged-students-from-bihar-to-visit-iit-guwahati-campus |website=Education Times |publisher=Education Times |date=2022-09-15 |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>
| website = [https://nlcee.org/ nlcee.org]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''National Level Common Entrance Examination (NLCEE)''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] [[scholarship]] and talent identification examination conducted in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IIT, IIM alumni to conduct test for ₹5 crore in scholarships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/iit-iim-alumni-to-conduct-test-for-5-crore-in-scholarships/article33424127.ece |website=thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu |date=2020-12-26 |access-date=2025-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IIM, IIT Alumni Launch Rs. 5 Crore Scholarships for JEE, UPSC & NEET Preparations |url=https://thebetterindia.com/247115/iit-iim-edvizo-scholarship-jee-neet-upsc-apply-details-underprivileged-exam-competitive-bulletin-vid01/ |website= thebetterindia.com |publisher=The Better India |date=2021-01-14 |access-date=2025-06-27}}</ref> It provides opportunities for academically gifted students, particularly from [[underprivileged]] backgrounds, by offering scholarships, career guidance, and exposure visits to prestigious institutions like [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]] and [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Start-up offers free coaching to 100 needy students via competitive exam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/start-up-offers-free-coaching-to-100-needy-students-via-competitive-exam/article65490830.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2022-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IIM, IIT alumni to hold scholarship exam to aid students preparing for JEE, UPSC, NEET |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-iim-iit-alumni-to-hold-scholarship-exam-to-aid-students-preparing-for-jee-upsc-neet-details-2167203/ |publisher=Financial Express |date=2021-01-08}}</ref>

== History ==
NLCEE was founded in 2019 by alumni from the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs) and [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs) to address educational inequity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashmi Rani of Purnia passed NLCEE exam, she wants to become an engineer |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/purnia-rashmi-rani-of-purnia-passed-nlcee-exam-she-want-to-become-an-engineer-nodmk8-4583311.html |publisher=News18 |date=2023-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Honoring successful students in NLCEE |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/aurangabad/news/successful-students-honored-in-nlcee-130279112.html |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |date=2023-08-15}}</ref> Initially targeted at students from [[Bihar]] and the [[Northeast India|northeastern states]], it expanded nationwide, becoming one of India's largest private scholarship initiatives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scholarship scheme expanded |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/scholarship-scheme-expanded/article29484704.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2019-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IIT-IIM students expand scope of their scholarship scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/iit-iim-students-expand-scope-of-their-scholarship-scheme-to-northeast/article29480735.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2019-09-23}}</ref>

== Eligibility ==
NLCEE is open to students from classes 9 to 12 and competitive exam aspirants such as [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE]] and [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (disambiguation)|NEET]] candidates.<ref>{{cite news |title=EdTech startup Edvizo launches NLCEE for students |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/edtech-startup-edvizos-scholarship-exam-nlcee-for-jee/365474 |publisher=Entrepreneur |date=2021-05-10}}</ref> Special focus is given to underprivileged students.<ref>{{cite news |title=Educational startup helps fulfill underprivileged students' dreams |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Sep/04/educational-startup-helps-fulfil-underprivileged-bihar-students-dream-2494874.html |website=New Indian Express |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2022-09-04 |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scholarship scheme expanded to include remote regions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/scholarship-scheme-expanded/article29484704.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2019-09-23 |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>

== Exam Structure ==
NLCEE involves a written test with sections including:
* [[General knowledge]] – Current affairs and basic general knowledge.
* [[Mathematics]] – Problem-solving and [[analytical skill|analytical]] reasoning.
* [[Science]] – Conceptual understanding of physics, chemistry, and biology.
* [[Logical reasoning|Logical Reasoning]] – Critical thinking and reasoning skills.

The examination is available in online and offline formats, conducted in multiple languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Golden opportunity for job in many posts in NLCEE |url=https://news4nation.com/news/golden-opportunity-for-job-in-many-posts-in-nlcee-graduate-pass-candidates-should-apply-563080 |publisher=News4Nation |date=2023-07-12}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Scholarships in India]]
[[Category:Entrance examinations]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]

Matunga Road, Mumbai

2025-05-03T08:24:54Z

ReggieHuntley0: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Matunga]]