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Siliguri Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T12:06:45Z

RefugiaLoveless:

'''Siliguri Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Siliguri
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Siliguri.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Siliguri Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| constituency_no = 26
| established = 1951
| electors = 228,406
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 26 Siliguri Assembly constituency covers ward nos. 1 to 30 and 45 to 47 of [[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 30 June 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher =Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Siliguri Assembly constituency is part of No. 4 [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
!Election Year
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Siliguri-Kurseong'''
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||'''Tenzing Wangdi'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
| '''George Mahbert Subba'''
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Siliguri Constituency'''
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||'''[[Satyendra Narayan Mazumdar]]'''
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| ||'''Tenzing Wangdi'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||'''Jagadish Chandra Bhattacharjee'''
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||'''Arun Kumar Moitra'''
|-
|1969||'''Prem Thapa'''
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League}}
|-
|1971|| rowspan="2" |'''Arun Kumar Moitra'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1972
|-
|1977|| rowspan="2" |'''Biren Bose'''
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=7}}
|-
|1982
|-
|1987||'''Gour Chakraborty'''
|-
|1991|| rowspan="4" |'''[[Ashok Bhattacharya]]'''
|-
|1996
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||'''Rudra Nath Bhattacharya'''
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||'''[[Ashok Bhattacharya]]'''
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||rowspan=2|[[Sankar Ghosh (politician)|'''Shankar Ghosh''']]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}
Ward Nos. 31 to 44 of Siliguri municipal corporation are covered by [[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency]]

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Siliguri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:120760}}|percentage=65.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Goutam Deb]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-21 |title=West Bengal:Not Dabgram-Phulbari, Goutam Deb wants to contest polls from Siliguri |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/not-dabgram-phulbari-goutam-deb-wants-to-contest-polls-from-siliguri/ar-AA1WMc1g?ocid=msedgntp&pc=LCTS&cvid=1fd7a3f782994234e025b46ea6049409&ei=12|access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref>|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:47568}}|percentage=25.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Saradindu Chakraborty|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:9168}}|percentage=4.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Alok Dhara|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:2275}}|percentage=1.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1224}}|percentage=0.67|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:73192}}|percentage=39.87|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:183573}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 Election===

In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Shankar Ghosh of BJP defeated his nearest rival Omprakash Mishra of TMC.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Siliguri constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
|votes = 89,370
|percentage = 50.03
|change ={{Up}}38.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Omprakash Mishra|votes=53,784|percentage=30.11|change={{Down}}7.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Ashok Bhattacharya]]|votes=28,835|percentage=16.14|change=-30.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,074|percentage=1.16|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=35,586|percentage=19.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=178,650|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 Election===

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], [[Ashok Bhattacharya]] of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] of TMC.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Siliguri constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ashok Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 78,054
|percentage = 46.36
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|votes = 63,982
|percentage = 38.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gita Chatterjee
|votes = 19,300
|percentage = 11.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gorkha Rashtriya Congress
|candidate = Rabindra Rai
|votes = 924
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Haridas Thakur
|votes = 832
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar Jain
|votes = 618
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Zafar Eqbal
|votes = 499
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Vishwjeet Chatterji
|votes = 491
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Tanmay Dutta
|votes = 439
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Dasarath Karmakar
|votes = 334
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,877
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,072
|percentage = 8.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,350
|percentage = 80.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011 Election===

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Rudra Nath Bhattacharya of TMC defeated his nearest rival Ashok Bhattacharya of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title= [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Siliguri constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rudra Nath Bhattacharya
|votes = 72,019
|percentage = 48.08
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ashok Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 67,013
|percentage = 44.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arun Prasad Sarker
|votes = 6,069
|percentage = 4.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hardwar Singh
|votes = 1,310
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shankar Das
|votes = 1,054
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Hiralal Paswan
|votes = 1,028
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Khushi Ranjan Mondal
|votes = 804
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Adhir Singha
|votes = 503
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,006
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,800
|percentage = 81.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996 and 1991 state assembly elections, [[Ashok Bhattacharya]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Siliguri assembly seat defeating Nantu Paul of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], Prasanta Nandy of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], Sankar Malakar of Congress and Prasanta Nandy of Congress, respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Gour Chakraborty of CPI(M) defeated Prasanta Nandy of Congress in 1987. Biren Bose of CPI(M) defeated Krishnendra Narayan Chowdhury and Arun Kumar Moitra, both of Congress, in 1982 and 1977, respectively.

===1951–1972===
Arun Kumar Moitra of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Prem Thapa of [[All India Gorkha League|IGL]] won in 1969. Arun Kumar Moitra of Congress won in 1967. Jagadish Chandra Bhattacharjee of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In 1957, the Siliguri seat was a joint seat with one reserved for scheduled tribes. Satendra Narayan Mazumdar of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and Tenzing Wangdi of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]] Kurseong-Siliguri was a joint seat. Tenzing Wangdi of Congress and George Mahbert, Independent, won in 1951.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Darjeeling}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Siliguri]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Radhikaraje

2026-05-07T20:54:55Z

RefugiaLoveless: Created A Entry Nd Citations

{{Short description|Maharani of Baroda (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Radhikaraje
| title = [[Maharani]]
| image = Samarjitand RadhikaRaje.png
| image_size = 250px
| alt = refer to caption
| caption = Wth her husband [[Samarjitsinh Gaekwad|Samarjitsinh]]
| succession = [[Maharani]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]]
| reign = 9 May 2012 – present
| birth_name = Radhika Kumari
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|07|19|df=yes}}
| consort = yes
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Samarjitsinh Gaekwad]]|27 February 2002}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* Padmajaraje
* Narayaniraje
}}
| house = {{plainlist|
* [[Baroda State|Baroda]] (by marriage)
* [[Wankaner State|Wankaner]] (by birth)
}}
| father = [[MK Ranjitsinh Jhala|Ranjitsinh Jhala]]
| mother = Kalpana Kumari
| module = {{infobox person | embed=yes
| website = {{URL|radhikaraje.com}}
}}
}}
'''Radhikaraje Gaekwad''' (born '''Radhika Kumari''';<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=WANKANER |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/w/wankaner.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129025033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/w/wankaner.html |archive-date=2017-11-29 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> 19 July 1978) is the [[Maharaja|Maharani]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Maharani of Baroda' Radhikaraje Gaekwad marks 24 years of royal romance in a stunning snake-inspired ikat saree |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/celeb-style/maharani-of-baroda-radhikaraje-gaekwad-marks-24-years-of-royal-romance-in-a-stunning-snake-inspired-ikat-saree/amp_articleshow/125480192.cms |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life, education and family==
She was born on 19 July 1978 to [[MK Ranjitsinh Jhala|Ranjitsinh Jhala]] of [[Wankaner State|Wankaner]] and his wife Kalpana Kumari.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Meet India’s most ‘beautiful’ queen, who lives in largest residence in the world, known for her simplicity, her name is... |url=https://www.india.com/business/meet-indias-most-beautiful-queen-who-lives-in-largest-residence-in-the-world-known-for-her-simplicity-her-name-is-radhikaraje-gaekwad-7572907/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> She completed her preliminary education in [[Delhi]] and later at [[Mayo College Girls School|Mayo College Girls’ School]] in [[Ajmer]]. She did her undergraduate and graduate studies in Indian history from [[Lady Shri Ram College]], a constituent college of the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=":1" /> She married on 27 February 2002 in [[New Delhi]] to [[Samarjitsinh Gaekwad]], the heir-apparent of [[Baroda State|Baroda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Meet woman who lives in India's largest residence, bigger than Mukesh Ambani, Nita Ambani’s Antilia, she is married to.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-woman-who-lives-in-worlds-largest-private-residence-bigger-mukesh-ambani-antilia-radhikaraje-gaekwad-3064713 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=BARODA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/baroda.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219151755/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/baroda.html |archive-date=2017-12-19 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> She and her husband have two children: Padmajaraje and Narayaniraje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarup |first=Pratyush |date=2025-08-08 |title=Her Highness Radhikaraje Gaekwad welcomes AD inside Lukshmi Vilas Palace, the world's largest private residence |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/her-highness-radhikaraje-gaekwad-welcomes-ad-inside-lukshmi-vilas-palace-the-worlds-largest-private-residence/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
She worked as a writer for the [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]] following the completion of her undergraduate studies.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Sanya |date=24 June 2021 |title="Reality Is Far From Sparkling": The Maharani Of Baroda On Being A Royal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/radhikaraje-gaekwad-the-maharani-of-baroda-on-being-a-royal-2471162 |website=NDTV}}</ref> She worked as a journalist for three years before getting married.<ref name=":2" />

== Titles, styles and honours ==

=== Titles and styles ===
Before her marriage, she was styled as Rajkumari of Wankaner. Upon her marriage in 2002, Radhikaraje became Yuvarani of Baroda.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_states_in/wfUvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> Upon her father-in-law’s death on 9 May 2012, her husband automatically succeeded to the throne of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] and Radhikaraje became the [[Maharaja|Maharani]] as per family custom.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-10 |title=Samarjitsinh Gaekwad will now be crowned as the next Maharaja of Baroda after the demise of his father Ranjitsinh. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/samarjitsinh-gaekwad-will-now-be-crowned-as-the-next-maharaja-of-baroda-after-the-demise-of-his-father-ranjitsinh-/articleshow/13084413.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-13 |title=Samarjitsinh immerses father's ashes in Narmada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/samarjitsinh-immerses-fathers-ashes-in-narmada/articleshow/13125200.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Since the coronation of her husband on 22 June 2012, she is styled as [[Her Highness]] the Maharani.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-14 |title=Samarjitsinh to be coronated as next Maharaja on June 22 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/samarjitsinh-to-be-coronated-as-next-maharaja-on-june-22/articleshow/14119358.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-22 |title=Samarjitsinh Gaekwad to be coronated today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/samarjitsinh-gaekwad-to-be-coronated-today/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Her complete styles and titles since 2012 are: Her Highness Maharani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Radhikaraje Sahib Gaekwad, the Maharani of Baroda.<ref name=":3" />

=== Honorary degrees ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Date
!School
!Degree
!Ref
|-
|{{Flagu|England}}
|2023
|[[University of East London]]
|Doctorate of Arts
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2023 |title=Maharani Radhikaraje Gaekwad of Vadodara conferred Doctorate degree from University of East London |url=https://www.uniindia.com/maharani-radhikaraje-gaekwad-of-vadodara-conferred-doctorate-degree-from-university-of-east-london/pnn/news/3095312.html |website=United News of India}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gaekwad dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]

Akshat Raghuwanshi

2026-05-07T16:20:56Z

RefugiaLoveless: creating a details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Akshat Raghuwanshi
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|9|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = ASHOKNAGAR MADHYA PRADESH
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off spin|off break]]
| role =

| club1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2022–present
| club2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year2 = 2026
| date = 5 March 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1300795.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Akshat Raghuwanshi''' (born 15 September 2003) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1300795.html |title=Akshat Raghuwanshi |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Akshat Raghuwanshi Biography, Cricket Career, Age, Journey, Height, Weight |url=https://indiasmagazine.in/akshat-raghuwanshi-biography/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312163734/https://indiasmagazine.in/akshat-raghuwanshi-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy]] on 24 February 2022.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280428.html |title=Elite, Group A, Saurashtra, February 24 - 26, 2022, Ranji Trophy |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Madhya Pradesh in the [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 11 October 2022.<ref name="T20">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332924.html |title=Elite, Group A (D/N), Rajkot, October 11, 2022, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Madhya Pradesh in the [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 12 November 2022.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333069.html |title=Elite, Group D, DY Patil, November 12, 2022, Vijay Hazare Trophy |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==IPL 2026==
Ahead of [[IPL 2026]], Raghuwanshi was acquired by [[Lucknow Super Giants]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-teams-squads-list-player-prices |title=IPL 2026 player list - full squads of each team |work=Olympics.com |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1300795}}

{{Lucknow Super Giants squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghuwanshi, Akshat}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

P. Karthikeyan

2026-05-06T19:49:01Z

RefugiaLoveless: Created A Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{see also|P. Karthikeyan (Puducherry politician)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Karthikeyan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 May 2016
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[V.S. Vijay|Dr.V.S.Vijay]]
| successor =
}}
'''P. Karthikeyan''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055830/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC043.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC043.pdf|access-date= 28 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vellore Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a043|access-date= 28 Apr 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Vellore Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Vellore Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Vellore Assembly constituency|2016}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karthikeyan, P}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Vikas Divyakirti

2026-04-26T18:43:44Z

RefugiaLoveless: Creating - done

{{Short description|Indian educator (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox social media personality
| name = Vikas Divyakirti
| image = Vikas divyakirti.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|12|26}}
| birth_place = [[Bhiwani]], [[Haryana, India|Haryana]], India
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Teacher]]|former [[Civil Servant|civil servant]]|[[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]]}}
| known_for = Co-founding Drishti IAS
| spouse = {{Marriage|Taruna Verma|1997}}
| children = 1
| youtube_handle = vikasdivyakirti
| youtube_display_name = Vikas Divyakirti
| youtube_years_active = 2022–present
| youtube_subscribers = 4.28 million
| youtube_views = 151 million
| stats_update = 7 December 2025
}}

'''Vikas Divyakirti''' (born 26 December 1973) is an Indian educator, author, lecturer, and former [[Civil Services of India|civil servant]]. He is the founder and coaching head of Drishti IAS, a [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] coaching institute based in [[Delhi]].<ref name="VD Outlook">{{cite web |title=The Pied Pipers: Meet The Stars Of India's Online Teaching Industry |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/the-pied-pipers-meet-the-stars-of-india-s-online-teaching-industry-news-234452 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Divyakirti was born on 26 December 1973 in [[Bhiwani]], [[Haryana]]. He studied at [[Zakir Husain Delhi College]] and later at the [[University of Delhi]], where he completed degrees in commerce, history, and Hindi literature.<ref name="Zee">{{cite web |title=Meet Vikas Divyakirti |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/meet-vikas-divyakirti-who-cleared-upsc-civil-services-examination-cse-in-first-attempt-but-left-job-to-establish-one-of-indias-famous-ias-coaching-centres-drishti-ias-2648459.html |website=[[Zee News]] |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>

He later obtained a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree and completed [[Master of Philosophy]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in Hindi literature from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="VD Outlook"/>

==Career==
Divyakirti began his career as a teacher at colleges affiliated with the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="Zee"/>

In 1996, he cleared the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] Civil Services Examination and joined the [[Central Secretariat Service]].<ref name="VD Outlook"/> He joined as a desk officer in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], and resigned four months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=The Pied Pipers: Meet The Stars Of India's Online Teaching Industry |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/the-pied-pipers-meet-the-stars-of-india-s-online-teaching-industry-news-234452 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

In 1999, he founded Drishti IAS in [[Mukherjee Nagar]], [[Delhi]].<ref name="Zee"/>

In 2022, he started a YouTube channel focused on educational content. In 2023, he appeared as himself in the film ''[[12th Fail]]'' and contributed to its script.<ref name="12thfail">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikas-divyakirti-a-real-life-upsc-prof-to-play-himself-in-vikrant-massey-starrer-12th-fail/articleshow/104217883.cms |title=Vikas Divyakirti, a real-life UPSC prof, to play himself in Vikrant Massey-starrer '12th Fail' |date=6 October 2023 |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112044930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikas-divyakirti-a-real-life-upsc-prof-to-play-himself-in-vikrant-massey-starrer-12th-fail/articleshow/104217883.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Divyakirti is married to Taruna Verma and has one child.<ref name="NBT">{{Cite web |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/education/education-news/who-is-dr-vikas-divyakirti-who-has-admirer-of-upsc-aspirants/articleshow/89244764.cms |first=Archit |last=Gupta |title=Dr. Vikas Divyakirti: जानें कौन हैं डॉ. विकास दिव्यकीर्ति जlodaमुरीद हैं लाखों UPSC उम्‍मीदवार |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |date=12 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112044931/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/education/education-news/who-is-dr-vikas-divyakirti-who-has-admirer-of-upsc-aspirants/articleshow/89244764.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

He comes from a family associated with the [[Arya Samaj]] and has expressed views identifying as an [[agnostic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikas Divyakirti views on God |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/web-stories/india/vikas-divyakirti-views-on-god-exists-or-not-know/photostory/103023481.cms}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2022, Divyakirti faced criticism over remarks related to the [[Ramayana]]. He later responded, stating that his comments were based on interpretations of texts.<ref name="sita">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/controversy-over-dr-vikas-divyakriti-s-statement-on-sita-i-have-proof-101668223453470.html |title=Controversy over Dr Vikas Divyakriti's statement on Sita: 'I have proof' |date=12 November 2022 |first=Poulomi |last=Ghosh |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112045518/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/controversy-over-dr-vikas-divyakriti-s-statement-on-sita-i-have-proof-101668223453470.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2024, a basement of his coaching institute was sealed by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi for alleged violations following a broader crackdown on coaching centres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/drishti-ias-vajiram-and-ravi-sriram-ias-coaching-institutes-basements-sealed-delhi-old-rajinder-nagar-2573457-2024-07-29 |title=Drishti IAS centre's basement sealed |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref
|-
| 2023 || ''[[12th Fail]]'' || Himself || <ref name="12thfail"/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm14653472/ Vikas Divyakirti – IMDb]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divyakirti, Vikas}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]

Kushalnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T15:29:44Z

RefugiaLoveless: Started New Details

{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Mysore Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fraserpet
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| state = [[Mysore State]] ''([[Coorg State]] till 31 October 1956)''
| electorate =
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| reservation = None
}}
'''Kushalnagar Assembly constituency''' (also known as '''Fraserpet'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=Master plan for Kushalnagar |url=http://www.kushalnagar.tpa.gov.in/sites/kushalnagar.tpa.gov.in/files/Master%20Plan%20Final%202031_Report_upload.pdf |access-date=2024-08-15 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Historical Links / Pre-Independence {{!}} Kodagu First {{!}} Page 2 |url=https://www.kodagufirst.in/?cat=9&paged=2 |access-date=2024-08-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-10 |title=India 1961 Census Report- Coorg (Kodagu) district|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28912/download/32094/22750_1961_COO.pdf |access-date=2024-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Anon. 1908 The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 11. Oxford. [https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee11greauoft#page/12/mode/2up page 12]</ref>) was a constituency of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] (part of [[Coorg Legislative Assembly]] till 31 October 1956). The lone election to this constituency was conducted in [[1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] to the legislature of the [[Coorg State|Coorg State (Kodagu)]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC |title=India Votes |year=1968 |page=355}}</ref> The constituency included [[Kushalanagar]]. This seat was included to [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of [[Coorg State|Coorg (Kodagu)]] was merged with [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2005 |title=SRC submits report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="CoorgECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu) | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>
|[[G. Lingarajayya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|colspan=5 align=center|1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Periyapatna Assembly constituency|Periyapatna]]''
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election]]: Fraserpet<ref name="CoorgECI1951"></ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[G. Lingarajayya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,375
|percentage = 71.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = S. N. Ramashetty
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 786
|percentage = 23.71
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. C. Mallappa
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 154
|percentage = 4.65
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3315
|percentage = 77.11
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coords|12.457663|75.960213|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Coorg]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Sohanveer Singh

2026-04-21T12:38:27Z

RefugiaLoveless: Biography

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1950)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sohanveer Singh
| image =
| alt = Sohanveer Singh
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]
| term_start = March 1996
| term_end = March 1999
| predecessor = [[Naresh Kumar Balyan]]
| successor = [[S. Saiduzzaman]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|10|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = Rajpur Kalan, Jansath Block, [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = BSc,LLB in [[Meerut University]]
| occupation = [[Agriculture]]
| profession = [[Advocate]]
}}

'''Sohanveer Singh''' (born 4 October 1950) is an Indian politician. He belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was a member of the [[11th Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3800.htm |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sohanveer Singh obtained BSC and LLB Degree from DAV College Muzaffarnagar. Later He started working as Advocate in Muzaffarnagar bar council.

==Political career==
Sohanveer Singh started his political career as a member of [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] in 1969. Later he worked in [[Lok Dal]] after 1980.
He joined [[BJP]] in 1991. In 1996 with the help of [[Malti Sharma]] he succeed in securing the ticket from [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

Singh contested and won elections in 1996 and 1998 by defeating [[Sanjay Singh Chauhan]] and [[Harendra Singh Malik]] of [[Samajwadi Party]] respectively.

Singh failed to register his third win hat trick and lost by Congress candidate [[S. Saiduzzaman]] by nearly 26,000 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vemulawada Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:57Z

RefugiaLoveless: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{One source|date=November 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vemulawada
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (28-Vemulawada highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Vemulawada Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Aadi Srinivas]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 1,67,490
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 28
| loksabha_cons = [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
}}

'''Vemulawada Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of two constituencies in [[Rajanna Sircilla district]]. It includes the temple town of [[Vemulawada, Karimnagar district|Vemulawada]] and part of [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Chennamaneni Ramesh]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] represented the constituency since its inception in 2009 to 2023. [[Aadi Srinivas]] won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2023|title=Vemulawada Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/vemulawada-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687816.html|website=News18|publisher=[[News18]]|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref> and is the current MLA.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Vemulawada, Karimnagar district|Vemulawada]]
| rowspan=3|[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|-
| [[Konaraopeta]]
|-
| [[Chandurthi]]
|-
| [[Kathlapur]]
| rowspan=2|[[Jagtial District|Jagtial]]
|-
| [[Medipalle (village)|Medipalle]]
|-Bheemaram

| [[Rudrangi]]
| rowspan=2|[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|-
| [[Vemulawada Rural]]
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan=2|[[Chennamaneni Ramesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|2010★
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
|[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=2|[[Chennamaneni Ramesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Aadi Srinivas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
★by-election

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Vemulawada}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Aadi Srinivas]]
|votes=71,451
|percentage=41.03
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Chalmeda Lakshmi Narasimha Rao|votes=56,870|percentage=32.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dr Chennamaneni Vikas Rao|votes=29,710|percentage=17.06|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dr. Goli Mohan|votes=4,649|percentage=2.67|change=}}{{Election box candidate|party=Alliance of Democratic Reforms Party|candidate=Md. Akhil Pasha|votes=2,836|percentage=1.63|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,280|percentage=0.74|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=14,581|percentage=8.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,74,145|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemulawada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=[[Chennamaneni Ramesh]]
|votes=84,050
|percentage=54.7%
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Aadi Srinivas]]|votes=55,864|percentage=36.4%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pratapa Ramakrishan]]|votes=6,592|percentage=4.24%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bhoomesh Pittala|votes=2,119|percentage=1.36%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,729|percentage=1.11%|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=28,186|percentage=18.3%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,55,354|percentage=80.62%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Chennamaneni Ramesh|votes=58,414|percentage=42.79%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Aadi Srinivas]]|votes=53,146|percentage=38.93%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bomma Venkateshwar|votes=14,051|percentage=10.29%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Naagula Narender|votes=3,635|percentage=2.66%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gaddam Ravinder Reddy|votes=2,432|percentage=1.78%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,535|percentage=1.12%|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=5,268|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,36,518|percentage=75.21%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|18.47|78.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Rajanna Sircilla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Why I Killed Gandhi

2026-04-09T08:28:40Z

RefugiaLoveless: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Why I Killed Gandhi
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ashok Tyagi
| producer = [[Kalyaani Singh]]
| writer = [[Kalyaani Singh]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]
| starring = [[Amol Kolhe]]
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017}}
| runtime = 45 minutes
| country =
| language =
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Why I Killed Gandhi''''' is a biographical [[drama movie]] about the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/plea-in-supreme-court-seeks-ban-on-exhibition-publication-of-film-why-i-killed-gandhi-2734725 | title=Plea In Supreme Court Seeks Ban On Publication Of Film 'Why I Killed Gandhi' | publisher=NDTV | date=28 January 2022 | accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sc-refuses-to-stay-release-of-why-i-killed-gandhi-asks-petitioner-to-approach-hc-1906756-2022-01-31 | title=SC refuses to stay release of Why I Killed Gandhi, asks petitioner to approach HC | publisher=India Today | work=Sanjay Sharma | date=31 January 2022 | accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/pil-in-sc-against-why-i-killed-gandhi-on-ott-platform-364968 | title=PIL in SC against 'Why I killed Gandhi' on OTT platform | newspaper=The Tribune | date=28 January 2022 | accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref> This is a short film which runs for 45 minutes. This movie shows the reason that [[Nathuram Godse]] provided for assassinating Gandhi during his trials in court. The role of [[Nathuram Godse]] has been played by [[Amol Kolhe]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/cliched-monotonous-lazy-why-i-killed-gandhi-is-not-worth-the-hype/819002 | title=Cliched, monotonous, lazy — 'Why I Killed Gandhi' is not worth the hype | publisher=The Print | date=2 February 2022 | accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Works about the Mahatma Gandhi assassination]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2017 biographical drama films]]
{{India-film-stub}}

Index of Kohima-related articles

2026-04-08T07:15:41Z

RefugiaLoveless: Started Entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Expand list|date=February 2022}}
The following is an '''incomplete list of articles related to the city of [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]''', sorted in alphabetical order. To learn quickly what Kohima is, see [[Outline of Kohima]].

{{compact ToC|side=yes|num=yes|seealso=yes|nobreak=yes}}

== Quick index ==
{| border=1 cellpadding=7 cellspacing=1
|-
| bgcolor=#FADA5E | [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|}
__NOTOC__
== 0–9 ==
=== 19 ===
* [[1986 Killing of Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü]]
* [[1995 Kohima massacre]]
=== 20 ===
* [[2022 MG Music Awards]]
* [[2022 Nagaland Olympic & Paralympic Games]]
* [[2023 Kohima fire]]

==A==
* [[Agri Farm Ward]]
* [[AIR FM Tragopan]]
* [[Alder College]]
* [[Angami Public Organization]]
* [[Angami Women Organization]]
* [[Andrea Kevichüsa]]

==B==
* [[Baptist College, Kohima]]
* [[Battle of Kohima]]
* [[Battle of the Tennis Court]]
* [[Bayavü Hill Ward]]

== C ==
* [[Capi (newspaper)|''Capi'' (newspaper)]]
* [[Chalie Kevichüsa]]

== D ==
* [[Daklane Ward]]
* [[D. Block Ward]]
* [[Dimapur–Kohima Expressway]]
* [[Dzüvürü Ward]]

== E ==
* [[Electrical Ward]]

== F ==
* [[Forest Ward, Kohima]]

== G ==

== H ==
* [[Hekani Jakhalu Kense]]

=== Hi ===
* [[History of Kohima]]

=== Ho ===
* [[Hornbill Festival]]
* [[Hovithal Sothu]]

== I ==
* [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Kohima]]

== J ==
* [[Jail Ward]]
* [[Jain Temple Kohima]]

== K ==
=== Ke ===
* [[Kenuozou Hill Ward]]
* ''[[Kewhira Dielie]]''
* [[Keziekie Ward]]

=== Kh ===
* [[Khriehu Liezietsu]]
* [[Khrielie-ü Kire]]
* [[Khuochiezie]]

=== Ki ===
* [[Kitsübozou Ward]]

=== Ko ===
* [[Kohima]]
* [[Kohima Ao Baptist Church]]
* [[Kohima Botanical Garden]]
* [[Kohima Camp]]
* [[Kohima Capital Cultural Center]]
* [[Kohima Chiethu Airport]]
* [[Kohima (disambiguation)]]
* [[Kohima district]]
* [[Kohima Komets]]
* [[Kohima Lotha Baptist Church]]
* [[Kohima Municipal Council]]
* [[Kohima North Police Station]]
* [[Kohima Science College]]
* [[Kohima Stone Inscription]]
* [[Kohima Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Kohima Village]]
* [[Kohima War Cemetery]]
* [[Kohima Zubza Railway Station]]

=== Kr ===
* [[KROS College, Kohima]]

== L ==
* [[Lerie Ward]]
* [[Lhüthiprü Vasa]]
* [[List of higher education and academic institutions in Kohima]]
* [[List of religious buildings in Kohima]]
* [[Lower Mediezie Ward]]
* [[Lower Chandmari Ward]]
* [[Lower Police Reserve Hill Ward]]
* [[Lower PWD Ward]]

== M ==
* [[Macnivil]]
* [[Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Kohima]]
* [[Mengu Süokhrie]]
* [[Merhülietsa Ward]]
* [[Methaneilie Solo]]
* [[Mezhür Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Middle PWD Ward]]
* [[Midland Ward]]
* [[Ministers' Hill Baptist Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Miss Nagaland]]
* [[Model Christian College, Kohima]]
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

== N==
* [[Naga Bazaar Ward]]
* [[Naga Hospital Authority]]
* [[Naga Hospital Ward]]
* [[Nagaland Medical College]]
* [[Nagaland State Library]]
* [[Nagaland State Museum]]
* [[Nagaland Wrestling Association]]
* [[Naga Wrestling Championship]]
* [[NAJ Cosfest]]
* [[Neidonuo Angami]]
* [[Neiliezhü Üsou]]
* [[New Market Ward]]
* [[New Ministers' Hill Ward]]
* [[New Reserve Ward]]

== O ==
* [[Old Ministers' Hill Ward]]

== P ==
* [[Peraciezie Ward]]
* [[Police Reserve Hill Ward]]
* [[Pulie Badze]]
* [[Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== R ==
* [[Raj Bhavan, Kohima]]
* [[Razhukhrielie Kevichüsa]]
* [[Regional Centre of Excellence for Music & Performing Arts]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kohima]]

== S ==
* [[Sakhrie Park]]
* [[Salhoutuonuo Kruse]]
* [[Sepfüzou Ward]]
* [[Sesino Yhoshü]]
* [[Shürhozelie Liezietsu]]

==T==
* [[Tetseo Sisters]]
* [[Thegabakha Ward]]
* [[Tseilhoutuo Rhütso]]
* [[Tsiepfü Tsiepfhe Ward]]

==U==
* [[Upper Mediezie Ward]]
* [[Upper Chandmari Ward]]
* [[Upper PWD Ward]]

== Y ==

== Z ==
* [[Zaku Zachariah Tsükrü]]
* [[Zale Neikha]]
* [[Zapu Phizo]]

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Kohima]]

{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}

{{Index footer}}

[[Category:Kohima-related lists]]

Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon

2026-04-07T02:15:37Z

RefugiaLoveless: made a pg

{{short description|Indian Bengali-language feature film}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abhijit Chowdhury
| writer = Abhijit Chowdhury
| producer = Fourth Floor Entertainment, Concept Cube(Co Producer)
| starring = Rishav Basu, Ritwika Pal, Korak Samanta, Anandarupa Chakraborty
| cinematography = Arnab Laha
| editing = Abhijit Chowdhury
| music = Pralay Sarkar
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 20 Lakhs
| gross = 68 Lakhs
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|12||Kolkata Film Festival|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiff.in/archive/2024/official-selection/bengali-panorama|title=Official Selection 2024 - Kolkata International Film Festival|website=kiff.in}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon''''' (transl. The Strange Life of Dhurbo) is a 2025 Indian Bengali-language feature film written and directed by [[Abhijit Chowdhury]] and presented by [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]. The film blends elements of crime drama and science fiction, focusing on themes such as moral conflict, fate, and the socio-political influences on personal decisions.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Feb/28/director-abhijit-chowdhury-shares-insights-from-his-film-dhrubor-ashchorjyo-jibon|title=Director Abhijit Chowdhury shares insights from his film 'Dhrubor Ashchorjyo Jibon'|first=Dharitri|last=Ganguly|date=28 February 2025|website=Indulgexpress}}</ref> Cinematographer Arnab Laha was praised for his work in visually recreating the artistic styles of the four renowned painters—[[Jamini Roy]], [[Gaganendranath Tagore]], [[Bikash Bhattacharjee]], and [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]]—whose distinct artistic philosophies inspired the film’s chapters.<ref name=TOI1>{{Cite news |title=Tollygunge adds colours to cine palette at fraction of Bollywood, South cost | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tollygunge-adds-colours-to-cine-palette-at-fraction-of-bollywood-south-cost/articleshow/118989924.cms | newspaper=Times of India | first=Priyanka | last=Dasgupta | date=15 March 2025 |accessdate=6 April 2026 }}</ref>

The film premiered at the [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] and won the Best Film (Bengali Panorama) award. It won the Best Director Award at the Atlanta Indian Film Festival and Best Film at the NABC Film Festival.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | last=Niyogi | first=Agnivo | title='Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon' explores the concept of multiverse but is grounded in emotions: Abhijit Chowdhury | website=Telegraph India | date=2025-03-25 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/director-abhijit-chowdhury-chats-about-his-multiverse-film-that-won-big-at-kiff-2024/cid/2090745 | access-date=2025-08-30}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story follows Dhrubo, a man whose life takes a dramatic turn after a chance encounter with a crime. Each decision he makes leads to a branching timeline, creating alternate versions of his life. As Dhrubo navigates these parallel realities, the film explores how ethical dilemmas and social structures shape individual destiny. The narrative structure blends speculative fiction with emotional realism to raise questions about fate and free will.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | first=দেবর্ষি | title='ধ্রুবর আশ্চর্য জীবন': এক অনন্য চিত্রকথা যেন বলে যায় নতুন ধারার ছবির অদ্ভুত কাহিনি | website=Anandabazar | date=2025-03-01 | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-dhrubor-aschorjo-jibon-starring-rishav-basu-judhajit-sarkar-debesh-chattopadhyay-directed-by-abhijit-chowdhury-dgtl/cid/1585295 | language=bn | access-date=2025-08-30}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Rishav Basu as Dhrubo
* Ritwika Pal as Rimi
* Korak Samanta as Nandi
* Anandarupa Chakraborty as Firoza
* Senjuti Mukherjee as Dhrubo's mother
* [[Badshah Moitra]]
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]]
* [[Debesh Chattopadhyay]]
* Judhajit Sarkar
* Deepak Haldar

== Production ==
The film was produced by Fourth Floor Entertainment and co-produced by Concept Cube. Principal photography took place across various locations in and around Kolkata. The visual style of the film was inspired by four renowned Bengali artists—Jamini Roy, Gaganendranath Tagore, Bikash Bhattacharjee, and Benode Behari Mukherjee—with each chapter of the narrative reflecting their distinct artistic philosophies.<ref name="auto"/> Principal photography lasted approximately 12 days and involved 40–50 extras along with a crew of about 30 members. Post-production took approximately one year to complete.

== Reception ==
*Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon* received positive critical reception for its narrative innovation, performances, and visual treatment. Critics praised the film’s exploration of alternate realities and its commentary on societal structures. The interval sequence, visually inspired by Gaganendranath Tagore’s painting *Bishorjon*, was noted for its striking visual composition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/sudeshna-roy-writes-about-dhrubor-aschorjo-jibon/1362825|title=Sudeshna Roy writes about Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon|website=t2online.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/dhrubor-aschorjo-jibon-film-review/|title=প্রথাভাঙা ছবি 'ধ্রুবর আশ্চর্য জীবন', পড়ুন রিভিউ}}</ref>
*The Lighting, Composition & Production Design played a key role in achieving the visual tone of Gaganendranath Tagore’s painting Bisorjon. The scene was filmed on a real location near the Sealdah area, chosen for its architectural resemblance to the setting depicted in the artwork.<ref name=TOI1 />

== Awards ==
* Best Film (Bengali Panorama) – Kolkata International Film Festival<ref name="auto"/>
* Best Director – Atlanta Indian Film Festival<ref name="auto2"/>
* Best Film – NABC Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-interplay-of-art-and-emotion-in-dhrubor-aschorjo-jibon/1247245|title=The interplay of art and emotion in Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon|website=t2online.in}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film’s music was composed by Pralay Sarkar. The final sequence features a song rendered by Timir Biswas, which received particular acclaim for its emotional resonance.<ref name="auto1"/>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/dhrubor-aschorjo-jibon/movieshow/118935249.cms Times of India page]
* {{IMDb title|34876114}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction drama films]]

Nat Geo People

2026-03-26T00:10:05Z

RefugiaLoveless:

{{short description|Global pay television channel}}
{{Redirect|Adventure One|the European successor of Adventure One|National Geographic Wild (European TV channel)}}
{{Redirect|National Geographic Adventure|the magazine|National Geographic Adventure (magazine)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Nat Geo People
| logo = New NatGeo People logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1999|11|1|df=y}} {{Start date and age|2011|06|1|df=yes}} (Malaysia) {{Start date and age|2014|02|1|df=yes}} (Turkey) {{start date and age|2014|03|1}} (Italy) {{Start date and age|2014|04|5|df=yes}} (Germany) {{Start date and age|2015|08|31|df=yes}} (Malaysia) {{Start date and age|2015|09|1|df=yes}} (Romania, 1st launch) {{Start date and age|2015|10|1|df=yes}} (Poland) {{Start date and age|2020|02|18|df=yes}} (Romania, 2nd launch)
| closed_date = {{End date and age|2017|09|12|df=yes}} (Germany) {{End date and age|2018|03|1|df=yes}} (Australia) {{End date and age|2018|07|1|df=yes}} (Romania, 1st launch) {{End date and age|2019|10|1|df=yes}} (Italy) {{End date and age|2020|05|31|df=yes}} (Turkey) {{End date and age|2020|07|2|df=yes}} (SD, Brunei) {{End date and age|df=y|2021|10|01}} (Middle East and Asia)<ref name="SEAShutdownBundle">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=27 April 2021 |title=Disney Slashes Linear TV in Asia With 18-Channel Closure, Shifts Focus to Disney Plus |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/asia/disney-closing-tv-channels-in-asia-1234961166/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921002441/https://variety.com/2021/tv/asia/disney-closing-tv-channels-in-asia-1234961166/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Kanter |first=Jake |date=27 April 2021 |title=Disney Closes 18 Asia TV Channels As It Shifts Focus To Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/disney-closes-asia-tv-channels-1234744754 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921002426/https://deadline.com/2021/04/disney-closes-asia-tv-channels-1234744754/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Lai |first=Adrian |date=29 April 2021 |title=Disney To Shut Down 18 Channels In Southeast Asia |url=https://sea.ign.com/walt-disney/171433/news/disney-to-shut-down-18-channels-in-southeast-asia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921002411/https://sea.ign.com/walt-disney/171433/news/disney-to-shut-down-18-channels-in-southeast-asia |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[IGN]]}} }}</ref>
| owner = [[National Geographic Partners]] ([[Walt Disney Television]])
| country = Singapore, India
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| language = English
| area = International
| headquarters = '''Asia''': [[New Delhi]] '''America''': [[New York City]] '''Europe''': [[London]]
| former_names = {{ubl|Adventure One Channel (1999-2003)|Adventure One (A1) (2003–2007)|Nat Geo Adventure (2007–2014)}}
| replaced_by = [[Nat Geo Wild (Europe)]]
| sister_channels = {{hlist|[[National Geographic (Asia)|National Geographic]]|[[Nat Geo Wild]]|[[National Geographic Abu Dhabi]]}}
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20140226160635/http://natgeotv.com/asia/ngp] MENA: [http://natgeopeoplehd.foxarabia.tv/default.aspx]
}}

'''Nat Geo People''' (short for '''National Geographic People''') is (was) an international [[pay television]] channel owned by [[National Geographic Partners]], a joint venture between [[the Walt Disney Company]] (73%) and the [[National Geographic Society]] (27%).<ref name="vty-deal-close">{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/disney-fox-deal-complete-1203167374/ | title =Disney Closes $71 Billion 21st Century Fox Deal | publisher = Variety | first = Cynthia | last=Littleton | date= March 19, 2019 | access-date = April 3, 2019}}</ref> Targeted at female audiences, with programming focusing on people and cultures, the channel is available in 50 countries in both linear and non-linear formats.<ref name="NatGeoPeople"/>

==History==
The channel was launched as '''Adventure One Channel''' on 1 November 1999, rebranded on 2003 as '''Adventure One (A1)''' and was later rebranded on 1 May 2007 as '''National Geographic Adventure''', strengthening the overall Nat Geo presence.<ref>{{cite press release| title = National Geographic Channels International Launches Nat Geo Adventure| publisher = National Geographic Channels (International)| date = April 2, 2007| url = http://www.ngcipressroom.com/press-release/563| access-date = January 22, 2014}}</ref> All countries adopted the change, except in Europe which instead changed A1 to [[Nat Geo Wild (Europe)|Nat Geo Wild]].<ref name=UK>{{cite press release|title = National Geographic Channel Set to Go Wild|publisher = National Geographic Channels (International)|url = http://ngcipressroom.com/press-release/560|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080523232826/http://www.ngcipressroom.com/releases.aspx?id=226|archive-date = May 23, 2008|access-date = January 22, 2014|date = December 7, 2006}}</ref> Nat Geo Adventure is also a global adventure travel video and photography portal, which launched worldwide in 2009.

Nat Geo Adventure was aimed at younger audiences, providing programming based around outdoor adventure, travel and stories involving people having fun while exploring the world.

In early 2008, National Geographic Adventure Australia and Italy launched a new video sharing feature on their website called Blognotes.

In 2010, Nat Geo Adventure launched its own HD feed in Asia via AsiaSat 5.

Nat Geo Adventure Italy upgraded to HD on [[Sky Italia]] on 1 February 2012, At the time of launch (0500 [[UTC]]).

On 30 September 2013, it was announced that Nat Geo Adventure would be replaced by '''Nat Geo People''' on 1 March 2014. This would see Nat Geo People launch in HD where currently available, as well as in linear and non-linear formats, in 50 countries internationally. The rebrand would see the channel become more female-focused, with programming to focus on people and cultures.<ref name="NatGeoPeople">{{cite web|title=National Geographic International Announces Launch of Nat Geo People |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2013/09/national-geographic-international-announces-launch-of-nat-geo-people-599475/ |date=September 30, 2013|access-date=January 8, 2014}}</ref>

Nat Geo People was replaced by Nat Geo Wild in Germany and Austria on 12 September 2017. The channel was closed down in Australia on 1 march 2018 together with FX with all popular TV shows moving to the National Geographic Channel. Nat Geo People in Italy closed on 1 October 2019, along with the Italian versions of [[Disney XD (Italian TV channel)|Disney XD]], [[Disney in English (Italian TV channel)|Disney in English]], [[Fox Comedy]] and [[Fox Animation (TV channel)|Fox Animation]], due to Sky Italia's deal with The Walt Disney Company Italy not being renewed. In Romania, the channel closed on 1 July 2018, but will be available again in 2020. The channel closed in Turkey on 31 May 2020. On April 27, 2021, for the 21 years of television broadcasting history, Disney and Fox Networks Group announced that Nat Geo People will be closing down and will be merging with [[National Geographic Channel (Asia)|National Geographic Asia]] (which would also ceased its broadcasting two years later) on 1 October 2021, as well as a part of its winddown of traditional cable/satellite networks across Southeast Asia and Hong Kong in favor of [[Disney+]] (in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Philippines) and [[Disney+ Hotstar]] (in Southeast Asia outside Singapore and the Philippines),<ref name="SEAShutdownBundle" /> thus the channel space once occupied by Adventure One Channel ceased to exist. The final program aired was an episode of Airport Below Zero.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

As of 2026, Poland and Romania are the only regions where Nat Geo People is still active.

<gallery>
Image:Adventure1.svg|Adventure One (A1) logo used from 2003 until 30 April 2007
Image:Natgeo adventure.svg|Nat Geo Adventure logo used from 1 May 2007 until 28 February 2014
Image:New NatGeo People logo.svg|Nat Geo People logo used since 1 March 2014
</gallery>

==Programmes==
{{div col begin}}
*''62 Days at Sea''
*''Adventure Wanted''
*''[[Amazing Adventures of a Nobody]]''
*''[[Around the World for Free]]''
*''Art of Walking''
*''[[Banged Up Abroad]]''
* ''The Best Job in the World''
*''Bite Me with Dr. Mike Leahy''
*''Bluelist Australia''
*''[[Bondi Rescue]]''
*''[[By Any Means (2008 TV series)|By Any Means]]''
*''Calcutta or Bust''
*''Chasing Che: Latin America on a Motorcycle''
*''[[Chasing Time (TV series)|Chasing Time]]''
*''City Chase''
*''City Chase Marrakech''
*''Cooking the World''
*''Cruise Ship Diaries''
*''Cycling Home from Siberia with Rob Lilwall''
*''Danger Men''
*''[[David Rocco's Amalfi Getaway]]''
*''[[David Rocco's Dolce Vita]]''
*''Deadliest Journeys''
*''[[Departures (TV series)|Departures]]''
*''Delinquent Gourmet''
*''Destination Extreme''
*''Dive Detectives''
*''[[Don't Tell My Mother]]''
*''Earth Tripping''
*''Eccentric UK''
*''Endurance Traveller''
*''Exploring the Vine''
*''[[Extreme Tourist Afghanistan]]''
*''Finding Genghis''
*''First Ascent''
*''[[Food Lovers Guide to the Planet]]''
*''Food School''
*''The Frankincense Trail''
*''Geo Sessions''
*''Going Bush''
*''Gone to Save the Planet''
*''Graham's World''
*''The Green Way Up''
*''Into the Drink''
*''[[Keeping up with the Joneses (TV series)|Keeping up with the Joneses]]''
*''[[Kimchi Chronicles]]''
*''[[Lonely Planet: Roads Less Travelled]]''
*''[[Long Way Down]]''
*''Madagascar Maverick''
*''[[Madventures (Finnish TV program)|Madventures]]''
*''Making Tracks''
*''Market Values''
*''Meet the Amish''
*''Meet the Natives''
*''Miracle on Everest''
*''Motorcycle Karma''
*''The Music Nomad''
*''Naked Lentil''
*''Nomads''
*''On Surfari''
*''On the Camino de Santiago''
*''One Man & His Campervan''
*''[[Perilous Journeys]]''
*''Pressure Cook''
*''Race to the Bottom of the Earth''
*''Racing Around the Clock''
*''Racing to America''
*''Reverse Exploration''
*''The Ride''
*''Sahara Sprinters''
*''Solo''
*''Somewhere in China''
*''[[The Surfer's Journal]]''
*''[[The Surgery Ship]]''
*''Travel Madness''
*''Treks in a Wild World''
*''Ultimate Traveller''
*''Warrior Road Trip''
*''Wedding Crasher: The Real Deal''
*''Weird and Wonderful Hotels''
*''Wheel2Wheel''
*''Which Way To''
*''Wild Ride''
*''[[Word Travels]]''
*''Word of Mouth''
*''A World Apart''
*''Young Global Hotshots''
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[National Geographic Channel]]
* [[National Geographic Channel Australia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.natgeoadventure.tv Nat Geo Adventure International Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804185534/http://natgeoadventure.tv/ |date=4 August 2009 }}

{{Subscription television channels in Australia}}
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Ujjain Mahaliamman Temple, Thanjavur

2026-03-25T21:56:51Z

RefugiaLoveless: Stub

{{Short description|Hindu temple at Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{orphan|date=May 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox temple|image=Thanjavurujjainimahakaliammantemple.jpg|map_type=India Tamil Nadu|map_caption=Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]|country=[[India]]|state=[[Tamil Nadu]]|district=[[Thanjavur district]]|location=[[Thanjavur]]|name=Ujjain Mahaliamman Temple|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]}}

The '''Ujjain Mahaliamman Temple'''<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:தஞ்சாவூர் உஜ்ஜயினி மாகாளியம்மன் கோயில்]]</ref> is a [[Hindu]] [[temple]] located at [[Thanjavur]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Location==
The temple of goddess is one of the famous temples in [[Thanjavur district]]. The temple is located in East Gate area of Thanjavur.<ref name=dinamani>[http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/vellimani/2018/apr/06/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF-2894816.html ஜ.பாக்கியவதி, பிரார்த்தனைகளை நிறைவேற்றும் உஜ்ஜயினி மாகாளி! தினமணி, வெள்ளிமணி, 6 ஏப்ரல் 2018]</ref><ref name=malaimalar/> This temple is very near to [[Thanjavur Vellai Vinayakar Temple|Vellai Vinayakar Temple]].

==Structure==
The [[Trishula|Sula]], the [[Bali Pitha|bali pitham]], and lion are found facing the presiding deity. The entrance to the main shrine is flanked with [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] at the right and [[Kartikeya|Subramania]] with his consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena|Deivanai]] at the left side. In the [[Prakaram|prakara]], [[Yenathinathar|Yenathi Nayanar]], [[Durga]], [[Ayyappan]], [[Hanuman]], the [[Azadirachta indica|neem tree]], [[Nāga]] and [[Navagraha]] are found.<ref name=dinamani/>

==Presiding deity==
In the [[garbhagriha]], the presiding deity Ujjain Mahaliamman is found in sitting posture, facing east.<ref name=malaimalar>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/09/20074735/1192491/ujjaini-mahakaliamman-temple-thanjavur.vpf |title=உஜ்ஜயினி மகாளியம்மன் கோவில் - தஞ்சாவூர், மாலை மலர், 20 செப்டம்பர் 2018 |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318051321/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/09/20074735/1192491/ujjaini-mahakaliamman-temple-thanjavur.vpf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legend==
Once members belonging to a family came to Thanjavur for carrying out business, accompanied by a ten-year-old girl and her brother. They halted in a hut, very near to the place where the present temple structure was found. The family members went outside leaving the girl inside. On return they found their hut was found locked from inside. In spite of repeated calls the door was not opened. When they broke the entrance gate and gathered entry, to their shock they saw a girl in the form of a sculpture. Later they started to construct a temple and worship her.<ref name=malaimalar/>

==Kumbhabhishekham==
The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of this temple was held during 1989 and 2008.<ref name=dinamani/> The third kumbhabhishekham of the temple took place on 10 February 2023.<ref>[https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/worship/ujjaini-makali-amman-temple-kumbabishekam-on-tomorrow-570284 தஞ்சை கீழவாசல் உஜ்ஜையினி மாகாளி அம்மன் கோவில் குடமுழுக்கு நாளை நடக்கிறது, மாலை மலர், 9 பிப்ரவரி 2023]</ref><ref>[https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/temples/ujjaini-kaliamman-temple-thanjavur-570652 பக்தர்கள் வாழ்வில் நம்பிக்கை ஒளியேற்றும் உஜ்ஜையினி மாகாளியம்மன், மாலை மலர், 10 பிப்ரவரி 2023]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2018/jun/08/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2935700.html சிறுமி அம்மன் சிலையாக மாறிக் காட்சியளித்த திருத்தலம்!, தினமணி, 6 சூன் 2018]
* [https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/temple-fest-894452 தஞ்சை உஜ்ஜையினி மாகாளிஅம்மன் கோவில் குடமுழுக்கு விழாவையொட்டி 2 ஆயிரம் பெண்களுடன் புனிதநீர் ஊர்வலம், தினத்தந்தி, 7 பிப்ரவரி 2023]
* [https://tamil.news18.com/thanjavur/tanjore-ujjain-magali-amman-temple-yagasala-poojai-was-held-888071.html தஞ்சை உஜ்ஜையினி மாகாளி அம்மன் கோயிலில் சிறப்பாக நடைபெற்ற யாகசாலை பூஜைகள், நியூஸ்18, 9 பிப்ரவரி 2023]

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Mariamman temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Chhatrapati

2026-03-25T11:31:42Z

RefugiaLoveless: add section also and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Indian royal title}}
{{About|the title of the Maratha head of state|the Telugu film|Chatrapathi (2005 film)}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''Chhatrapati''' is a [[royal title]] from [[Sanskrit]] used to denote a king. The word "Chhatrapati" is a [[Sanskrit]] language compound word of ''[[Chatra (umbrella)|chhatra]]'' (''[[parasol]]'' or ''[[umbrella]]'') and ''[[Pati (title)|pati]]'' (''master/[[lord]]/ruler'').<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fairey|first1=Jack|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlFuDwAAQBAJ&q=Chhatrapati+%22parasol%22+Maratha&pg=PA160|title=Empire in Asia: A New Global History: From Chinggisid to Qing|last2=Farrell|first2=Brian P.|date=2018-06-28|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-9123-4|language=en}}</ref>

== Usage examples ==

''Sangita Raga-Kalpa-druma'' (1842) by Krishnananda Vyasa contains [[dhrupad]] lyrics in which [[Tansen]] addresses Man Singh Tomar ({{r.c.}} 1486-1516), the ruler of [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Gwalior]], as a Chhatrapati: "छत्रपति मान राजा, तुम चिरंजीव रहौ जौलो ध्रुव मेरू तारो".<ref>{{cite book | last=द्विवेदी | first=राधेश्याम | title=हिन्दी भाषा और साहित्य में ग्वालियर क्षेत्र का योगदान | publisher=Kailāśa Pustaka Sadana | date=1972 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%2594%25E0%25A4%25B0.html?id=pIkRAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y | language=hi | access-date=8 March 2026 | page=86}}</ref>

The 1644 CE [[Rajsitapur]] inscription, issued by Amarasimha I of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]], uses the epithet ''Chhatrapati'' for the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] emperor [[Shahjahan]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Diskalkar | first=Dattatraya Balkrishna | title=Inscriptions of Kathiawad | publisher=Karnarak publishing house | date=1941 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54106/page/n151/mode/1up | access-date=9 March 2026 | page=345 |quote=The epithet छत्रपति used with Shahajehan in this inscription deserves to be noted.}}</ref>

The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] ruler [[Shivaji]] adopted the title Chhatrapati at the time of his coronation in 1674.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shashikant Govind Dhopate |title=An Early Half-hon of Shivaji |editor1=Parmeshwari Lal Gupta |editor2=Ajay Mitra Shastri |journal=Numismatic Digest |volume=14 |publisher=Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies |year=1990 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Numismatic_Digest/3lFmAAAAMAAJ |pages=55-56 }}</ref> His descendants - the members of the [[House of Bhonsle]] - also used the title, as the rulers of the Maratha Confederacy and the princely states of [[Satara state|Satara]] and [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]].

==See also==
* [[List of Maratha rulers]]
* [[House of Bhonsle]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Maratha]]
* [[Maratha titles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{note|1}} V. S. Kadam, 1993. ''Maratha Confederacy: A Study in Its Origin and Development''. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.
* D. B. Kasar, ''Rigveda to Rajgarh: Making of Shivaji the Great''. Manudevi Prakashan, Mumbai.

{{MarathaEmpire}}
[[Category:Maratha kings]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]

M. A. Mannan

2026-03-22T11:17:27Z

RefugiaLoveless:

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1950–2022)}}
{{similar names||Abdul Mannan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = M. A. Mannan
| native_name = এম. এ. মান্নান
| native_name_lang = bn
| order = 1st
| office = Mayor of Gazipur
| term_start = 1 June 2017
| term_end = 6 July 2017
| predecessor = {{ubl| Asadur Rahman Kiron|{{Small|''as [[Mayor|Acting Mayor]]''}}}}
| successor = {{ubl| Asadur Rahman Kiron|{{Small|''as [[Mayor|Acting Mayor]]''}}}}
| term_start1 = 6 July 2013
| term_end1 = 11 February 2015
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = {{ubl| Asadur Rahman Kiron|{{Small|''as [[Mayor|Acting Mayor]]''}}}}
| office2 = [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of State for Religious Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 20 March 1991
| term_end2 = 30 March 1996
| primeminister2 = [[Khaleda Zia]]
| predecessor2 = [[Kazi Shah Mofazzal Hossain Kaikobad]]
| successor2 = Abdur Rahman Khan
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency3 = [[Gazipur-2]]
| term_start3 = 5 March 1991
| term_end3 = 24 November 1995
| predecessor3 = [[Hasan Uddin Sarkar]]
| successor3 = [[Ahsanullah Master]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1950}}
| birth_place = [[Gazipur]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2022|04|28|72|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| awards = [[File:Bir Bikrom Ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Bir Bikrom]]
}}

'''Mohammad Abdul Mannan''' (1950 – 28 April 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-28 |title=First mayor of Gazipur city MA Mannan no more |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/first-mayor-gazipur-city-ma-mannan-no-more-3014491 |access-date=2022-05-01 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> was a politician of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]. He was the first elected city mayor of [[Gazipur City Corporation]] of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://worldtimes24.com/gazipur-city-mayor-detained/ |title=Gazipur city Mayor detained |publisher=World Times 24 |date=11 February 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> Before that, he served as the religious affairs minister of Bangladesh from 1991 to 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/people-will-vote-for-me-mannan |title=People will vote for me: Mannan |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> He also served as the [[Minister of Science and Technology (Bangladesh)|Minister of Science and Technology]] from 1993 to 1995.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baxter |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Bangladesh_Hist/PWKCmtu-RT4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mohammad%20Abdul%20Mannan%20Minister%201993&pg=PA229&printsec=frontcover |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh (Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East) |last2=Rahman |date=2003-09-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-0-8108-4863-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Abdul Mannan was elected [[Gazipur City Corporation]] mayor in July 2013 and assumed office in August. In February 2015, police arrested him for his suspected involvement in an arson attack on a bus in Gazipur in February the same year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=470062&date=2015-02-11 |title=GCC Mayor Mannan arrested in city |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] (BSS) |date=11 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825211624/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=470062&date=2015-02-11 |archive-date=25 August 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref> The next month, panel mayor, local Awami League leader [[Asadur Rahman Kiron]], who was elected a ward councillor, was made acting mayor upon a court directive. Mannan was released from jail in March 2016. He was arrested again in April of the same year and released in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bnp-backed-gazipur-city-mayor-ma-mannan-suspended-again-1429180 |title=Gazipur city mayor suspended again |date=6 July 2017 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=21 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He rejoined the office in June 2017, but the Local Government Division (LGD) suspended him for the third time on 6 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/gazipur-city-corporation-gcc-mayor-abdul-mannan-suspension-once-again-1429363 |title=Suspension, once again |date=7 July 2017 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=21 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Mannan, M.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gazipur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:State ministers of religious affairs of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mayors of Gazipur]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Bikrom]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Ministers of science and technology of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi academics]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Army of the Mughal Empire

2026-03-20T15:42:52Z

RefugiaLoveless: update structure and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Armed forces of the Mughal Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{infobox national military|country=[[Mughal Empire]]|name=Mughal Army|image=File:Farrukhsiyar Procession in front of the Great Mosque of Delhi.png|caption=Arrival of an imperial procession of the emperor Farrukh Siyar at Delhi's "world-revealing" mosque on a Friday, to hear the sermon (khutba) recited in his name|founded={{Circa}} 1556|disbanded={{Circa}} 1806|branches=|headquarters=''Exalted camp'' / ''Victorious camp''<ref name="Traveling mode of Mughal rulers; Zoya Ansari">{{cite news |author1=Zoya Ansari |title=Traveling mode of Mughal rulers |date=December 24, 2022 |url=https://theweekenderpk.com/traveling-mode-of-mughal-rulers/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=the weekender pk |language=En}}</ref>|flying_hours=|commander-in-chief=[[Timurid conquests and invasions|Timurid Army]]|commander-in-chief_title=Former Military|minister_title=[[Grand vizier|Grand-Vizier]]|commander=|commander_title=|age=15-25|conscription=|manpower_data=1600 est.|active=* Regular army:
** 911,400–4,039,097 infantry{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=29}}
** 342,696 cavalry{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=29}}
* Total: 4,400,000{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=47}} - 26,000,000{{sfn|Eraly|2007|p=300}} personnel|available_f=|fit=|fit_f=|reaching=|reaching_f=|reserve=|ranked=|deployed=|amount=12,071,876,840 ''dams''{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=29}}|percent_GDP=|domestic_suppliers=|foreign_suppliers=|imports=|history=|ranks=|minister=[[List of Mughal grand viziers|Mughal ''Vazere'azam'']]|chief minister_title=[[Padishah]]|chief minister=[[Mughal Emperor]]}}
The '''army of the Mughal Empire''' was the military force by which the [[Mughal emperors]] established and expanded [[Mughal Empire|their empire]]. Although its origins, like the Mughals themselves, were in the cavalry-based armies of central Asia, its essential form and structure was established by the third emperor, [[Akbar]]. The regular forces were mainly recruited and fielded by ''[[Mansabdar]]'' officers.

During the 17th century, the army became the earth's largest,<ref name="harrison2">{{cite book|title=Developing cultures: case studies|author=[[Lawrence Harrison (academic)|Lawrence E. Harrison]], [[Peter L. Berger]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-0-415-95279-8}}</ref> numbering 911,400–4,049,097 infantry ([[Infantry|zats]]) and 342,696–15,000,000 cavalry ([[Cavalry|Swari]]).{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=29}} Alternatively, according to the [[Abul Fazl]]'s census, the size of the army was roughly about 4.4 million, with less than half a million trained as cavalry;{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=47}}<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052">{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza |2016 |p=48}}</ref>{{rp|89–90}} while modern Indian historians estimate 26 million.{{sfn|Eraly|2007|p=300}}

The Mughal dominated India,<ref name="Abdul Sabahuddin 2003 1992">{{harvtxt|Abdul Sabahuddin |Rajshree Shukla|2003 |p=199}}</ref> employing superior engineering and logistic mastery. Historians compared the Mughal army with [[Roman army|that of the Roman Empire]] or the [[United States Armed Forces]] in terms of force projection.<ref name="Mughal, Memorial Jon Guilmartin2">{{cite book |author1=Robert S. Ehlers Jr |author2=Sarah K. Douglas |author3=Daniel P.M. Curzon |title=Technology, Violence, and War: Essays in Honor of Dr. John F. Guilmartin, Jr. |year=2019 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004393301 |page=93,98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yheJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6 |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Societies and Military Power India and Its Armies; Stephen Peter Rosen2">{{cite book |author1=Stephen Peter Rosen|author-link=Stephen Peter Rosen |title=Societies and Military Power India and Its Armies |date=May 15, 2019 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9781501744792 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OyYDwAAQBAJ |access-date=14 March 2024 |language=En}}</ref>{{rp|276}}<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052" />{{rp|158}} In logistical superiority, the Mughals were comparable with the [[British Army during the Victorian Era]].<ref name="Jeremy Black; Mughal logistic2">{{cite book |author1=Jeremy Black |author1-link=Jeremy Black (historian) |title=Logistics: The Key to Victory |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |year=2021 |isbn=978-1399006026 |access-date=4 August 2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xydCEAAAQBAJ |quote=Ancient Rome or British army... logistics had to support operations in a variety... faced problem transporting artillery...}}</ref> Historian Stephen Morillo claimed that Western scholarship generally overlooked the destructive scale of Asian empires such as the Mughal, not unlike the Roman Empire.<ref name="Seven Myths of Military History (Myths of History: A Hackett Series)2">{{cite book |author1=John D. Hosler |author1-link=John D. Hosler |author2=[[Alfred J. Andrea]] |author3=Stephen Holt |title=Seven Myths of Military History (Myths of History: A Hackett Series) |date=2022 |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company, Inc |isbn=978-1647920449 |page=40 |language=En }}</ref>

British historian [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]] claimed that the Mughal army's struggles until their decline in the wake of [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]] reflected Asiatic military development in the 17th century. Black's evaluation contrasted with other historians who claimed that Asian empire militaries during the 17th century were influenced by the [[Military Revolution]] in Europe.<ref name="A Military Revolution?: Military Change and European Society 1550–1800 (Studies in European History, 14)2">{{cite book |author1=Jeremy Black |author1-link=Jeremy Black (historian) |title=A Military Revolution?: Military Change and European Society 1550–1800 (Studies in European History, 14) |date=1991 |publisher=Red Globe Press |isbn=978-0333519066 |page=59 |language=En }}</ref> This period coincided with the costly [[Deccan wars]], which substantially damaged the Mughal army.

Historians such as [[Irfan Habib]] and Farhat Hasan claimed that Mughal cavalry was unmatched in South Asian conflicts.<ref name="State and Locality in Mughal India Power Relations in Western India, C.1572-17302">{{cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Farhat |title=State and Locality in Mughal India Power Relations in Western India, C.1572-1730 |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84119-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4TbxNT70UPEC |access-date=8 July 2023 |language=En |format=Hardcover |quote=Others suggest that it was not artillery but cavalry that made the Mughals invincible in the}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Farhat Hasan |title=State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, C.1572-1730; Issue 61 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, ISSN 0068-6891 |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521841194 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4TbxNT70UPEC |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> Its superiority in discipline and shock [[Charge (warfare)|charge]] were a staple of its success.<ref name="Later Mughals2">{{cite book |author1=William Irvine |editor1-last=Sarkar |editor1-first=Sir Jadunath |title=Later Mughals |date=2007 |publisher=University of Minnesota |isbn=978-969-35-1924-2 |pages=669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOk2AQAAMAAJ&q=mughal%20superior%20heavy%20cavalry%20charge%20babur |access-date=8 July 2023 |language=En}}</ref><ref name="The Mughal Empire2">{{cite book |author1=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |access-date=8 July 2023 |language=En |format=Paperback |chapter=Part 1, Volume 5}}</ref> By the 16th-17th century, Mughal horses were imported, mostly from Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Central Asia.<ref name="HORSE TRADE Mugla2">{{cite journal |last1=Kumari |first1=Deepti |title=HORSE TRADE |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2017 |volume=78 |pages=351–360 |jstor=26906103 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906103 |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref>

Due to their adoption of gunpowder warfare, historians [[Marshall Hodgson]] and colleague [[William H. McNeill (historian)|William H. McNeill]] termed the Mughals a [[Gunpowder empires|gunpowder empire]].{{sfn|Hodgson|1974|p=II:405-06}} The Mughal army employed [[Cannons|heavy cannons]], light artillery, [[Grenade|grenades]], [[Rocket (weapon)|rockets]],<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052" /><ref name="Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History2">{{cite book |author1=Alfred W. Crosby |title=Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History |date=April 8, 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79158-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyFxldb2GJQC |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref>{{rp|133}}<ref name="The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes - Debt Before Dishonour Timetable of World Dominance 1400-21002">{{cite book |author1=Will Slatyer |title=The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes - Debt Before Dishonour Timetable of World Dominance 1400-2100 |date=February 20, 2015 |publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore |isbn=978-1-4828-2961-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tprrCQAAQBAJ |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=En |quote=rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets utilised during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot}}</ref> and heavy [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] among other weapons.<ref name="Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War; Pinzelli; Akbar2">{{cite book |author1=Eric G. L. Pinzelli |title=Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War |date=2022 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |isbn=9781399070157 |pages=140–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W62ZEAAAQBAJ |access-date=14 April 2024 |language=En}}</ref> Heavy cannons were expensive and difficult to transport, and had to be dragged by elephants and oxen.

The Mughal naval forces were named the ''Amla-e-Nawara''. In [[Dhaka]], the Mughal naval fleet contained 768 ships with 933 foreigner crews of Portuguese origin and 8,112 artillery personnel.<ref name="Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka; UNESCO2">{{cite web |author1=Permanent Delegation of Bangladesh to UNESCO |title=Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6675/ |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=19 April 2024 |location=Dhaka, District- Dhaka, Narayanganj, Munshiganj |language=En |date=2023}}</ref> They maintained fleets of warships and transport ships.<ref name="NAVAL STRATEGY OF THE MUGHALS IN BENGAL2">{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Atulchandra |title=Naval Strategy of the Mughals in Bengal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1961 |volume=24 |pages=170–175 |jstor=44140736 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140736 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|List of battles involving the Mughal Empire}}{{Excerpt|Battles of the Mughal Empire}}

== Organization ==
The emperor's personal army numbered around 24,000 soldiers.{{sfn|Roy|2015|pp=65–66}} Directly under royal command, these warriors were called ''Ahadis'',{{sfn|Roy|2015|pp=65–66}} a body of cavalry troopers.<ref name="Shahjahanabad The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-17392">{{harvtxt|Stephen P. Blake |2002 |p=85 |ps=... Mughal emperor contained a great many persons . The only one of its kind, this elite mahallah served as the model ... walashahis ( belonging to the king ) or ''mansabdar''an - i khassa ( special officeholders ), were found in the emperor's ...}}</ref>

Another term for the Mughal emperor's personal bodyguards which was associated with the ''Ahadis'' was the ''Walashahis'' (belonging to the king),<ref name="Shahjahanabad The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-17392" /> or imperial bodyguards. Regarded as the most trusted and faithful troops, they were directly in the pay of the Emperor.<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire2">{{harvtxt |Jos J. L. Gommans |2002 |ps=... walashahis, the most trusted bodyguard of the emperor and often associated with the ahadi contingent.49 Indeed, for any European observer, the precise difference between slaves and free retainers must have been rather obscure. For ...}}</ref> They served as cavalrymen, similar to ''Ahadis''.<ref name="Shahjahanabad The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-17392" /> ''Walashahis'' were chiefly, if not entirely, men who had been attached to the Emperor since their youth and had served him while he was only a prince, and were thus marked as his personal attendants and household troops.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131341/page/n297/mode/2up?q=zafar |title= The Reign Of Muhammad Shah 1919-1748 |author= Zahiruddin Malik |date= 1977 |page= 298 }}</ref>

The Mughal army was generally divided into four branches: the cavalry (''Aswaran''), the infantry (''Perigean''), the artillery (''Topkhana'') and the navy. These were branches or classes that were distributed amongst the ''Mansabdars'' '', each of whom commanded some of each of these forces. The exception to this rule was the artillery, which had its own designated commander, and was not part of the ''mansabdar''i'' troops.{{sfn|Eraly|2007|p=300}} The Mughals followed the tradition of harsh execution of mutineers by strapping them into the mouth of cannon and blowing them apart.<ref name="True to Their Salt Indigenous Personnel in Western Armed Forces; Robert Johnson2">{{cite book |author1=Robert Johnson |title=True to Their Salt Indigenous Personnel in Western Armed Forces |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190694562 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f05WDwAAQBAJ |access-date=14 March 2024 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Muzaffar H. Syed|1905|p=417}}</ref> This tradition was copied by the [[British soldiers in the eighteenth century|British empire's military]] to punish their own mutineers.<ref name="Amazing Uttar Pradesh - General Knowledge for UPPSC, UPSSSC & other Competitive Exams; Disha Experts2">{{cite book |author1=Disha Experts |title=Amazing Uttar Pradesh - General Knowledge for UPPSC, UPSSSC & other Competitive Exams |date= July 2020|publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=9789390486724 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D44EAAAQBAJ |access-date=14 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref><ref name="A History of Artillery; Jeremy Black2">{{cite book |author1=Jeremy Black |title=A History of Artillery |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781538178218 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IS_EAAAQBAJ |access-date=14 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref><ref name="The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Warfare From Ancient Egypt to Iraq2">{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Warfare From Ancient Egypt to Iraq |date=16 April 2012 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9781465403735 |page=394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpRT7qBPDAwC |access-date=14 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref>

=== Mansabdars ===
{{main|Mansabdar}}

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Raja_Man_Singh_I.jpg|[[Man Singh I]], ''mansabdar''
</gallery>Officers called ''mansabdars'' led the bulk of the Mughal armed forces. Under Akbar, as many as 1,600 ''mansabdar''s served.{{sfn|Roy|2015|pp=65–66}} [[Shah Jahan]] had many as 8,000 ''mansabdars''.{{sfn|Roy|2015|pp=65–66}} ''[[Mansabdar]]'' officers worked for the government and were responsible for recruiting and maintaining their quota of horsemen.{{sfn|Roy|2015|pp=65–66}} A ''Mansabdar's'' rank was based on the horsemen he provided, which ranged from 10 (the lowest), up to 5000. A prince had 25000.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Roshen Dalal |author1-link=Roshen Dalal |title=The Puffin History of India for Children, 3000 BC - AD 1947, Volume 1 |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=0143335448 |page=237 |edition=illustrated, reprint, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2gRUVIF2joC |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref> Their salaries were based on their ranks.<ref name="Jorge Flores 742">{{harvtxt|Jorge Flores |2015 |p=74}}</ref><ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-17002">{{harvtxt |Jos J. L. Gommans |2002 |p=85}}</ref>

Historian [[Richard M. Eaton]] noted Aurangzeb's strengthening of the ''mansabdar''i system and rotation of ''jagirs'', which ensured noble loyalty and political stability, deterring usurpation attempts during his early reign.<ref name="pers">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXVDwAAQBAJ&dq=mughals+heavy+cavalry&pg=PT349 |title= India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |author= Richard M. Eaton |date= 2019 |publisher= University of California Press|isbn= 978-0-520-97423-4 }}</ref>

Each ''Mansabdar'' was responsible to the ''[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)#Mir Bakhshi|Mir Bakshi]]'', or the head of Mughal empire's office of military and intelligence administrations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abidin |first=Farah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DE-lCwAAQBAJ |title=Suba of Kabul Under the Mughals: 1585-1739 |publisher=Patridge Publishing India |year=2014 |isbn=9781482839388 |pages=76}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Gladden |first=E.N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgGaDwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Public Administration Volume II: From the Eleventh Century to the Present Day |date=23 May 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-42321-5 |pages=234–236}}</ref><ref name="Corinne2">{{Citation |last=Lefèvre |first=Corinne |title=Bakhshī (Mughal) |date=2014 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/bakhshi-mughal-COM_25229?lang=en |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25229|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Aside from reporting to the Mir Bakshi, ''Mansabdars'' were often appointed as [[Subahdar|''Subahdars'']], or heads of provincial administration where they were assisted by provincial officers such as ''Diwan'', ''[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Bakhshi]]'', ''[[Faujdar]]'', ''[[Kotwal]]'', ''[[Qadi|Qazi]]'', ''Sadr'', ''Waqa-i-Navis'', ''Qanungo'' and ''[[Patwari]]'' officers.<ref>Mahajan V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part II, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.236</ref> ''Faujdaris'' aided their ''subahdar'' in maintaining law and order and enforcing imperial regulations, while also commanding ''thanas'' or military outposts, which were usually garrisoned with a fixed number of ''[[sowar]]'' (cavalry).<ref name="The Mughal State: 1526-1750 (Oxford in India Readings: Them) (Oxford in India Readings: Themes in Indian History); Muzaffar Alam; Muzaffar Alam2">{{cite book |author1=Muzaffar Alam |title=The Mughal State: 1526-1750 (Oxford in India Readings: Them) (Oxford in India Readings: Themes in Indian History) |author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam ( |date=February 17, 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565225-3 |language=En}}</ref> According to Jos Gommans, the assessment and appointment of ''mansabdar'' officers was done personally by the emperor.<ref name="Jorge Flores 742" /> Mughal administrative policies were directed at the heterogenous population of India which consisted of myriad backgrounds, social strata, ethnicities, and religious groups. While rare, foreigners from Europe such as the Englishman [[William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600)|William Hawkins]] were sometimes appointed as ''Mansabdar''. Hawkins provided records about the administrations of ''mansabdar'', recording during his life the names of about 41 ''mansabdar'' officers who commanded about 3,000-5,000 ''Zat'' or horsemen.<ref name="Jorge Flores 74-752">{{harvtxt|Jorge Flores |2015 |pp=74–75}}</ref>

=== ''Bakhshi'' officer ===
[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|''Bakhshi'']] officers were charged with the management and payment of a province's military. The provincial ''bakhshi'' often simultaneously served as the province's ''waqia-navis'' (news writer), and reported on all provincial ''mansabdar's'', including senior officials (such as the ''subahdar'' or ''diwan'').The role of provincial ''bakhshi'' could face tension from the ''subahdar'' or ''diwan'', since the ''bakhshi'''s activities kept these officials accountable to the imperial centre.<ref name="Corinne2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abidin |first=Farah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DE-lCwAAQBAJ |title=Suba of Kabul Under the Mughals: 1585-1739 |publisher=Patridge Publishing India |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4828-3938-8 |pages=76}}</ref>

The ''Mir Bakhshi'' was the chief ''Bakhsh'', and worked in the central administration. The position was also referred to as ''bakhshi-ul-mamalik'' or ''bakhshi-i-mamalik''. Scholars translated the title as 'paymaster general' or 'army minister'.<ref name="RichardsBakshi2">{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |title=The Mughal empire |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |edition=Transferred to digital print |series=The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 1, The Mughals and their contemporaries |location=Cambridge |pages=63–64}}</ref><ref name="Corinne2" /> Unlike the [[Delhi Sultanate]]-era office, the Mughal version ''Mir Bakhshi'''s influence extended beyond the military, since every noble of the Mughal empire was a ''mansabdar''.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=139–140}}

=== Imperial camp and fortresses ===
[[File:Great_Mogul_And_His_Court_Returning_From_The_Great_Mosque_At_Delhi_India_-_Oil_Painting_by_American_Artist_Edwin_Lord_Weeks.jpg|right|thumb|Great Mogul And His Court Returning From The Great Mosque At Delhi by Edwin Lord Weeks.jpg]]
The Mughal imperial camp, known as "The exalted camp" or "The victorious camp", was used for military expeditions and royal tours, also serving as a mobile, ''de facto'' administrative capital and imperial army headquarters. It was manned by hundreds of thousands of people and 50,000 horses and oxen required to transport tents, baggage and equipment as its challenge. Vincent Smith writes that the Mughal Camp was like ''a moving city from one place to other'' while [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]], discussing about the mode of travelling, observed that the manner of travelling in those days was convenient like Italy or France.<ref name="GRANDEUR OF THE MUGHAL'S MOVING COURT; ANJU BALA2">{{cite journal |author1=Anju Bala |title=Grandeur of the Mughal's Moving Court |journal=Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects |date=1 June 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1015–1019 |url=http://docplayer.net/103105878-Grandeur-of-the-mughal-s-moving-court.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=Department of History, University of Jammu |language=En |issn=2349-266X}}</ref>

This mobile military capital was constructed by more than 2,000 personnel and labourers sent ahead of the main force. From the time of Akbar, Mughal military camps were huge in scale, accompanied by members of the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. Administration and governance were carried out from within, with the Emperors spending a significant portion of their rule within these camps.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M.|date=1994|title=Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=33|issue=2|pages=296 & 298|jstor=42928323|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> Akbar's entourage included small camps for journeys or hunting and large camps for royal tours and military campaigns, which could altogether accommodate 300,000 people.<ref name="Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City; Jolen A Martinez2">{{cite journal |author1=Jolen A Martinez |editor1-last=Jordan |editor1-first=Avery |title=Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City |journal=Rice Asian Studies Review |date=2020 |volume=4 |pages=29–34 |url=https://www.academia.edu/44568042 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[Rice University]] Chao Center for Asian Studies |language=En |quote=...Mughal historiographical tradition has depicted the encampment as an example of its central Asian legacy.... He also created new revenue collection systems known as the khalisa... 21 Nevertheless, these centralizing policies also coincided with Akbar's .... Akbar's entourage included small camps for journeys or hunting and large camps for royal ...The emperor and his administration ruled the expanding Mughal empire from these camps.}}</ref> The large camp travelled an estimated 6-16 km per day,<ref name="Description of Mughal Tents as a Temporary Capital; Naseer Ahmad Mir2">{{cite journal |author1=Naseer Ahmad Mir |title=Description of Mughal Tents as a Temporary Capital |journal=International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications |date=8 August 2017 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=668–670 |url=https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0817/ijsrp-p6883.pdf |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=Centre of Advanced Study Department of History, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |language=En |issn=2250-3153}}</ref> preceded by agents, scouts and workers who handled logistics, preparing roads and bridges, campsites, purchasing food and fuel and assuring the cooperation of local rulers.

As ''mansabdar''s, royal household, domestic servants and others presented a picture of a well-planned city, moving from place to place, traveller [[Niccolao Manucci]] who witnessed it wrote that the grandeur of the entourage was far greater than any European ruler.<ref name="GRANDEUR OF THE MUGHAL'S MOVING COURT; ANJU BALA2" /> [[Abul Fazl]] wrote that it was difficult to describe a large encampment, stating, "Each encampment required for its carriage 100 elephants, 500 camels, 400 carts and 100 bearers. It is escorted by 500 troopers, mansabdars, Ahadis besides, there are employed a thousand Farrashes, native of Iran, Turan and Hindustan, 500 pioneers, 100 water-carriers, 50 carpenters, tent makers and torch bearers, 50 workers in leather and 150 sweepers.".<ref name="GRANDEUR OF THE MUGHAL'S MOVING COURT; ANJU BALA2" /> [[Antoni de Montserrat]], who accompanied Akbar on a Kabul expedition, gave a detailed account of the magnitude of the Imperial Camp.<ref name="GRANDEUR OF THE MUGHAL'S MOVING COURT; ANJU BALA2" /> The marches came in intervals, as the imperial army adopted the Persian traditions of gardens and large and extravagant tents.<ref name="Description of Mughal Tents as a Temporary Capital; Naseer Ahmad Mir2" /> Persian texts such as the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the ''Enuma Elish'', the [[the Code of Hammurabi|Code of Hammurabi]], Zoroastrian texts such ''Vendidad'' and ''Yasna'', and the [[Book of Genesis]] was implied in the pavilion structure of those gardens.<ref name="Description of Mughal Tents as a Temporary Capital; Naseer Ahmad Mir2" /> The pavilion-like structures in different Persian type and names used in this mobile encampment, such as ''emarat'', ''khaneh'', ''qasr'', ''moshkuy'', ''sarai'', ''shabistan'' ''tagh'', ''iwan'', and ''kakh'', while on the other side, it contained some permanent structures, and also tents with different sizes and complexities such as ''khaimeh'', ''khargah'', and ''sardagh''.<ref name="Description of Mughal Tents as a Temporary Capital; Naseer Ahmad Mir2" />

Akbar's massive mobile military encampment administration, followed by his successors, was accompanied by centralization policies practiced by the nomadic military style of his Central Asian predecessors, such as the Mongols of [[Genghis Khan]], [[Timur]] empire, and [[Babur]]<ref name="Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City; Jolen A Martinez2" /> With steppe culture in mind, this model of military administration focused on the camps as a way to gain prestige and loyalty.<ref name="Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City; Jolen A Martinez2" /> Babur wrote frequently about pitching his camp throughout Hindustan as he advanced.<ref name="Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City; Jolen A Martinez2" /> Mobile technology that allowed Babur to evade his opponents was a military and political necessity because he was surrounded by raiding nomadic empires.<ref name="Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City; Jolen A Martinez2" /> Regardless of his defeats in battle, Babur maintained control by monopolizing control of his subjects' movements, deciding which paths they would take as they maneuvered around Hindustan in their struggle for power.<ref name="Managing Mobility: New Materialist Approaches to Mughal Mobility in the Encampment and Constructed City; Jolen A Martinez2" />

The Mughals also erected permanent military fortresses such as [[Lalbagh Fort]],<ref name="Extracts from the Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca2">{{cite book |title=Extracts from the Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C4wNQEACAAJ |year=1903 |author=Sayid Aulad Hasan |publisher=Published by the author |page=5}}</ref> [[Allahabad Fort]],<ref name="Alphabetical List of Monuments - Uttar Pradesh2">{{cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Uttar Pradesh |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_lucknow.asp |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India}}</ref> [[Red Fort]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi's Red Fort was originally white |first1=Dean|last1=Nelson|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (UK)|date=20 May 2011}}</ref> [[Balapur Fort]], and [[Purana Qila]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000003459u00000000.html | title=The Purana Qila, Delhi }}</ref> They inherited chains of forts, or ''qilas'' that were scattered throughout the Deccan.<ref name="Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D.; M. A. Nayeem2">{{cite book |author1=M. A. Nayeem |title=Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D. |date=1985 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=9788172243258 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRweAAAAMAAJ |access-date=14 March 2024 |language=En |format=Paperback}}</ref>

=== Manpower ===
Around the 17th century, the dynasty was ruling the world's wealthiest empire and controlling its largest military.<ref name="harrison2" /> The Mughals had an approximately 24 percent share of the world's economy and a military of millions of regular soldiers.{{sfn|Eraly|2007|p=300}}<ref name="Maddison20032">{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA256|title=Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics|date=25 September 2003|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-10414-3|pages=256–|author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref><ref>Art of Mughal Warfare." Art of Mughal Warfare. Indiannetzone, 25 August 2005.</ref> Political scientist J. C. Sharman viewed the empire as one of Asia's great powers matching the [[Ming dynasty]] in terms of population, riches, and military power unmatched by their European contemporaries.<ref>{{harvtxt|J. C. Sharman|2019 |p=3}}</ref> Stephen Rosen calculated that even the highly conservative estimate for Indian peninsular military personnel per capita would at least rival contemporary Europe at the end of the [[Thirty Years' War]], using his own estimate of 550,000 personnel for the Mughal military and a population of 105,000,000 for Europe west of the [[Ural Mountains]].{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=47}}

The potential manpower of the Mughal empire in 1647, according to Kaushik Roy, reached 911,400 cavalry and infantry. He quoted the accumulation in imperial revenue of 12,071,876,840 ''dams,'' calculated by Streissand to support 342,696 cavalry and 4,039,097 infantry,{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=29}} while F. Valentijn estimated numbers higher than 4,000,000 in 1707.<ref name="Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002 42">{{harvtxt|Dirk H. A. Kolff |2002 |p=4}}</ref> It further illustrated that during Shah Jahan's reign, in 1647, the Mughal army composed of about 911,400 infantry and cavalry, while from 1627 to 1658, it included 47,000 mounted musketeers, foot musketeers, gunners, and archers.<ref name="Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500BCE to 1740CE; Kaushik Roy2">{{harvtxt|Roy|2015b|p=211 }}</ref> [[Antoni de Montserrat]] recorded in ''[[Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius]]'' that in the [[Mughal–Afghan Wars]] alone, Akbar could muster 50,000 cavalry, 500 war elephants and camels, along with "countless number of infantry".{{sfn|João Vicente Melo|2022|p=54}} De Montserrat claimed that the Mughal army under Akbar consisted of multiple ethnicities: Persians, Turkmen, [[Chagatai people|Chagatais]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Pathans in India|Pathans]], [[Rajput|Rajputs]], and [[Baloch people|Balochis]].{{sfn|João Vicente Melo|2022|p=54}} [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]] claimed that this high estimate was essentially an "inventory of military labors" available for hiring in a single operation.<ref name="Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002 42" />
[[File:Battle_between_Mughal_princes_Chatelain.png|right|thumb|Battle between Mughal princes Chatelain]]
The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' chronicle recorded an estimate of 4 million soldiers including local auxiliaries, which consisted of infantries outside of Mughal controlled territories. According to Barua, this implied 3 percent of the Indian population in 1600. Barua asserted this number to exclude other political powers.{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=47}} [[Stephen Peter Rosen]] considered the 4,400,000 estimate of Mughal military population to be the most pragmatic, since he claimed that the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' census was too conservative, and did not cover the military population of southern India. Rosen inferred that Mughal military force numbered above 4.4 million.<ref name="Societies and Military Power India and Its Armies; Stephen Peter Rosen2" /> Far higher estimates came from [[Abraham Eraly]], who quoted [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]'s work that the raw number of potential bodies of Mughal military personnel, including auxiliary forces, reached 26,000,000.{{sfn|Eraly|2007|p=300}} Eraly added the reflection of massive numbers of this Mughal military expenses in the case of Aurangzeb, who brought about 170,000 cavalry troopers and similar numbers of infantry and non-combatants, for a campaign in Deccan alone.{{sfn|Eraly|2007|p=300}} Eraly also mentioned Shah Jahan, who boasted about 900,000 troops.{{sfn|Eraly|2007|p=300}}

Other estimates came from historian [[Abdul Hamid Lahori|Abdul-Hamid Lahori]] recorded the Mughal military strength in 1647 as 200,000 paid cavalry, 185,000 other cavalry, and 40,000 garrisoned musketeers and gunners.<ref name="War and the World Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000; Jeremy Black2">{{cite book |author1=Jeremy Black |title=War and the World Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000 |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08285-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1W--DwAAQBAJ |access-date=9 December 2023 |language=En |format=Paperback |quote=... Mughals paid insufficient attention to the quality of their firearms, they nevertheless maintained a formidable mixed-arms army. In 1647, the historian Abdul Hamid Lahori listed Mughal military strength as 200,000 stipendiary cavalry ...}}</ref> Andrew de la Garza claimed that these troopers were not unorganized mobs, but rather units that had different roles, equipment and tasks, from heavy shock infantry that acted like [[Roman legion|Roman legionnaires]] or [[Swiss pikemen]], to the ''Shamsherbaz'' units that served as halberdier, mace fighters, or sword gladiators.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052" />

Soldiers were given the option to be paid either in monthly/annual payments or ''[[jagir]]''; many chose ''jagir''. The emperor also allocated ''jagir'' to ''mansabdar''s for maintenance of the ''mansabs''.<ref>{{harvtxt|Annemarie Schimmel|2004|pp=82–84}}</ref>

=== Logistics ===
The Mughal military developed an advanced logistics system, which according Rosen was comparable with the Romans or the US Army.<ref name="Mughal, Memorial Jon Guilmartin2" /> Historian Jeremy Black compared Mughal logistics with the [[Victorian era]] British army.<ref name="Jeremy Black; Mughal logistic2" />

Its massive war machine, complemented by large numbers of [[Pioneer (military)|settler pioneers]], animal trainers, security forces, spies, [[chef]]s, artisans, and others, allowed for armed forces that could operate effectively in any season or terrain.<ref name="Mughal, Memorial Jon Guilmartin2" /><ref name="Jeremy Black; Mughal logistic2" />

To ensure supplies for their massive cavalry forces, the empire had to ensure the transportation of [[fodder]].<ref name="Mughal hoofprint of empire2">{{cite journal |title=Hoofprint of Empire: An Environmental History of Fodder in Mughal India (1650–1850) |journal=Studies in History |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=2016 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0257643016645721 |language=En |last1=Arha |first1=Abhimanyu Singh |pages=186–208 |doi=10.1177/0257643016645721 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A key component was producing revenue to employ camp followers such as accountants, bankers, and merch*#ants for months and years. Hundr¥eds of Mughal nobles had to supply their needs. The followers handled the needs of large camps inhabitants. They established an credit institution or [[Hundi]] system to supply the camps from local markets. Gommans noted that due to the empre's wealth, it was not necessary to frequently move their encampment sites.<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire;1052">{{harvtxt |Jos J. L. Gommans |2002 |p=105}}</ref>

The logistics department proved pivotal in supporting naval fleets. The army logistical units cleared the jungles in coastal area and built roads and canals. This allowed naval units to advance, such as during operations in Assam by Mir Jumla and Chittagong by Shaishta Khan.{{sfn|Francisco Bethencourt|Cátia A.P. Antunes|2022|p=115}} Rivers and waterways peninsula proved crucial for the empire to transport their heavy artillery.<ref name="Jeremy Black; Mughal logistic2" />

== Arms and weapons ==
{{further|Mughal weapons|Mughal Karkhanas}}
[[File:Mumtaz_Mahal_Museum,_Red_Fort10.JPG|right|thumb|Weapons used by the Mughal Infantry]]
The Mughal's most important military equipment production centers were [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=T7HpAAAAMAAJ&q=mughals |title= A Century of Collecting, 1882–1982: A Guide to the Manchester City Art Galleries |author= Timothy Clifford |date= 1983 |publisher= Manchester City Art Gallery |isbn= 978-0-901673-20-6 |quote= Under the Mughals, [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]] had been the most important centres for the production of military equipment. }}</ref> ''Karkhanas'' or workshops produced arms, ammunition, and imperial stable-harnesses for horses using iron, copper and other metals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Tripta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRntAAAAMAAJ|title=Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development|date=1994|publisher=Pragati Publications|isbn=978-81-7307-021-1|pages=18|language=en|access-date=2021-01-02|archive-date=2024-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516105534/https://books.google.com/books?id=IRntAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Sri Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kQ5AQAAIAAJ|title=Mughal Government and Administration|date=1951|publisher=Hind Kitabs|pages=61|language=en|access-date=2021-01-06|archive-date=2024-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418195228/https://books.google.com/books?id=7kQ5AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The main weapons were the sword, spear, and [[bow and arrow]].<ref name="Abraham Eraly 2007 2932">{{harvtxt|Eraly|2007|p=293}}</ref>

The [[Firangi (sword)|Firangi]] ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|iː}}) sword is a European style straight sword. Many classical image depictions of Mughal nobles holding firangis, or accompanied by retainers carrying their masters' firangis, suggest that this sword was a symbol of martial virtue and power.<ref name="Mughal Firangi sword2">{{cite book |author1=Nick Evangelista |author2=W. M. Gaugler |title=The Encyclopedia of the Sword |date=1995 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=Us |isbn=0313369739 |page=247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk7EEAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> It was used until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857-58.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Saul David |title=The Indian Mutiny: 1857 |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=0141040971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eULXUXXc2NQC |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=En |chapter=ill. 29, showing British and Indian Officers of Hodson's Horse March 1858. One Indian officer is armed with a firangi.}}</ref> The Rajput ''Shamserbaz'' infantry carried a [[halberd]] and mace. Some were equipped with sword-and-[[buckler]] set and a two-handed sword similar to the [[Zweihänder]], where they fought like central European [[Doppelsöldner]]s on the offensive.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052" />{{rp|89–90}}<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Personal_armour_of_Akbar_-_CSMVS,_Mumbai.jpg|Personal body armour of emperor Akbar
File:Body_Armour_of_Aurangzeb,_Mughal_Period,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg|Personal body armour of emperor Aurangzeb
File:Shirt_of_Mail_and_Plate_MET_DP219616.jpg|Personal body armour of emperor Shah Jahan
File:Mughal_Armor_Detail.jpg|inscription detail of a Mughal armour
File:Dhal_(shield),_North_India,_Mughal_period,_17th_century,_steel,_gold,_silk,_leather_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04543.JPG|Dhal (shield) from the Northern India during the Mughal era
File:Two-Handed_Sword_MET_36.25.1356_001June2014.jpg|Indian Two-Handed Sword; from the Metropolitan Museum of Art; donated by George C. Stone, 1935
</gallery>India was fertile ground for manufacturing technologies before the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The adoption of [[muskets]] became widespread under Akbar.<ref>{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza|2016|pp=114–115}}</ref> When the Portuguese reached India in 1498, they brought firearms, including the matchlock musket. Expert armourers were plentiful, and they copied the weapons and adapted them for local use.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=156}} These indigenous matchlocks were called ''[[Toradar]]''.{{sfn|Stone|2013|pp=623-4}} They were found mostly in Mughal-influenced Northern and Central India.{{sfn|Stone|2013|pp=623-4}} One type of Toradar is slim, from {{convert|3-6|ft|cm}} long and straight stock with a pentagonal-shaped section, and a light barrel. The other type is between {{convert|5-6|ft|cm}} long, with a curved stock, diamond-shaped section, and heavy barrel, much enlarged at the breech.{{sfn|Stone|2013|pp=623-4}}

From the time of Babur, cavalry troopers wore heavy, chain mail armour and acted as mounted archers armed with [[Composite bow|composite]] or steel bows. Composite bows were made of animal horn and sinews with around four feet long.<ref name="Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 volumes]; Mughal bows2">{{cite book |author1=Daniel Coetzee |author2=Lee W. Eysturlid |title=Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 volumes] |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=US |isbn=978-0313070334 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OanOEAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> When facing a difficult situation, the cavalrymen would fight using ''Utara'',<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ3fAAAAMAAJ&q=utara+muslim+mughals |title= India and Its Army |page= 132 |author= Rajesh Kadian |date= 1990 |publisher= the University of Michigan |isbn= 978-81-7094-049-4 }}</ref> dismounting from their horses and fighting on foot until they died rather than retreat.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_2zNAAAAMAAJ&q=Utara+or+fighting+dismounted+.+This+was+considered+very+honourable+.+The+dismounting+was+resorted+to+at+the+crisis+in+battle+. |title= Know Your Armed Forces |date= 1969 |author= Altaf Alfroid David |page= 13 |publisher= Army Educational Stores}}</ref> Mughal armour was not as heavy as contemporaneous European armour, due to the hot climate, but was heavier than south Indian outfits.<ref name="Jos J. L. Gommans 2002 1202">{{harvtxt|Jos J. L. Gommans |2002|p= 120}}</ref>

== Cavalry ==
[[File:Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png|thumb|Cavalry in the Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor [[Akbar II]] (reigned 1806–1837)]]
From the time of Babur, cavalry archery was a staple.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |author2=Geoffrey Parker |author2-link=Geoffrey Parker (historian) |title=Arms and the Asian Part 1 |series=ARMAS, FORTALEZAS E ESTRATÉGIAS MILITARES NO SUDESTE ASIÁTICO – I |publisher=Revista de Cultura |year=2008 |pages=18–19 |url=https://www.academia.edu/20092687 |access-date=17 July 2024 |chapter=Revisiting European Firearms and their Place in Early Modern Asia}}</ref> Under Jahangir, the Mughals maintained 342,696 cavalry troopers.{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=29}} The Mughal army depended heavily on animals such as war elephants, warhorses, and bulls to transport their artillery.<ref name="Veterinary of Mughal beast of burdens2">{{cite book |author1=Susan D. Jones |editor1-last=Peter A. Koolmees |title=A Concise History of Veterinary Medicine |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108420631 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUF8EAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

André Wink claimed that cavalry warfare came to replace the logistically difficult elephant warfare and chaotic mass infantry assaults. Rajputs were co-opted by converting them into cavalry despite their traditions of fighting on foot. This was similar to the [[Marathas]]' role in the army of the [[Deccan Sultanates]].<ref name="making2">{{cite book |last1=André Wink |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World c.700–1800 CE|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=University of Wisconsin, Madison |pages=165–166}}</ref>

=== Horse ===
{{further|Arabian horse}}
[[File:Mughal_mail_head_defense,_Lahore,_1800s_-_Higgins_Armory_Museum_-_DSC05548.JPG|thumb|Mughal mail head defense, Lahore, dated from 1800s. exhibited by Higgins armoury Museum]]
''Bargustawan'' mail and plate armour worn by horses were formed from three parts, a ''shaffron'' (head defence), ''crinet'' (neck defence) and combined ''peytral'' and ''crupper''. Small plates edges are cusped and scalloped, giving the armour a geometric appearance. Panels of mail formed from alternating rows of solid and riveted links connects the rows. This arrangement accommodates radiating- pattern plates around circular plate edged with a brass border around the shoulders, flanks and neck areas of the armour.<ref>{{Cite web
|title = Horse armour (bargustawan)
|website = Royal Armouries Collections Online
|publisher = [[Royal Armouries Museum]]
|location = [[Leeds]], England
|url = https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-1693
|access-date = December 23, 2025
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20251223133326/https://royalarmouries.org/collection/object/object-1693
|archive-date = 2025-12-23
}}</ref>

The key to Mughal power was its use of warhorses and its control of the supply of superior warhorses from Central Asia. Historian [[Annemarie Schimmel]] estimated that around 75 percent of warhorses were imported.<ref name="Annemarie Schimmel Mughal horses2">{{cite book |author1=Annemarie Schimmel |author1-link=Annemarie Schimmel |editor1-last=K. Waghmar |editor1-first=Burzine |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=1861891857 |page=218 |edition=illustrated, reprint, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref> This aided the Mughal in the battles of [[Second Battle of Panipat|Panipat]], [[Battle of Machhiwara|Machhiwara]], [[Battle of Dharmat|Dharmat]], reflected in eyewitness accounts such as that of Father Monserrate, which primarily featured the use of traditional Turko-Mongol horse archer tactics rather than gunpowder.<ref name="making2" /> The cavalrymen usually hailed from a high caste and were better paid than foot soldiers and artillerymen. They had to possess at least two of their own horses and good equipment.<ref name="Jos J. L. Gommans 2002 1202" />

The difference between Mughal heavy cavalry charge with their counterpart in European [[man-at-arms]] was the ability of the cavalryman to comfortably sit comfortably on their saddles during a top speed charge. Historian Jos Gommans recorded how the Mughals mocked the "European style" of cavalry charge.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jos J. L. Gommans |2002|p= 118}}</ref> The regular cavalry troopers were directly recruited by the emperor, mainly from the emperor's blood relatives and tribesmen. They had their own payroll and paymaster, and were better paid than normal horsemen [[Sowar|''sowars'']].<ref>{{cite book |author1=B. N. Majumdar |title=Military System of the Mughals |year=1959 |publisher=Army Educational Stores |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecw9AAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>

Normally, the riders were armed with bows and arrows,<ref name="musket vs archer I A Khan; Mughal; 352">{{harvtxt|Iqtada Alam Khan|2001 |p=35}}</ref> [[Mace (bludgeon)|maces]], cavalry [[Lance|lances]], [[Sabre|sabres]],<ref name="Andrew de la Garza 2016 882">{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza|2016|p=88}}</ref> swords, shields, and sometimes also rifles.<ref name="Jos J. L. Gommans 2002 1202" /> Mughal cavalry armour was made of steel or leather, heavy chainmail, lamellar, or half-plate armour, while their horses also wore similar types of protection.<ref name="Andrew de la Garza 2016 882" /> The full set of their armour consisted of two layers; the first consisting of steel plates and helmets to secure the head, breast, and limbs. Underneath this steel network of armour was worn an upper garment of cotton or linen quilted thick enough to resist a sword or a bullet, which came down as far as the knees. There was also a custom among the riders to cover the body in protective garments until little beyond a man's eyes could be seen. Above all, they wore the traditional dress of their tribes, such as silken pants as the lower garment and a pair of [[kashmir shawls]] wrapped around the waist completed this costume.<ref>{{cite book |title=The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration |author= William Irvine |date= 1903 |page=64 }}</ref> Furthermore, [[Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri]] testified about the magnificent gallop of the Mughal cavalier's charge, as they adorned their horse's saddles and head covers with gems or jewel stones.<ref name="Abraham Eraly 2007 2932" />

The horse cavalry and musketeers recruited by ''mansabdar''s were required to meet the quality standards set by the emperor. The cavalry troopers in particular were riding the strong breeds of [[Tartary]] (central Asian)<ref name="The Writings of Antoni de Montserrat at the Mughal Court; 792">{{cite book |author1=João Vicente Melo |title=The Writings of Antoni de Montserrat at the Mughal Court |date=2023 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004471993 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id= |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=En}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> or Persian steeds which generally have larger bodies than most horses commonly found in contemporary India. The quality control regarding the imperial standard used ''Dagh'' (imperial mark) which branded on the side of the horse. The cavalry troops of the Mughals were also required to possess extra mounts as spares.<ref>{{harvtxt|John F. Richards |1993 |p=64}}</ref> Well-bred horses were either imported from Arabia, Iran and Central Asia, or bred in Sindh, Rajasthan and parts of Punjab. Emperors at times also issued firman or imperial mandates on regular intervals addressing officials like ''mansabdar''s, kotwals, zamindars and mutasaddis for the remission of taxes for promoting the horse trade.<ref name="Azad Choudhary2">{{cite journal |last1=Azad Choudhary |first1=R.B. |title=The Mughal and the Trading of Horses in India, 1526-1707 |journal=International Journal of History and Cultural Studies |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |url=https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijhcs/v3-i1/1.pdf |access-date=4 June 2023 |publisher=Hindu College, University of Delhi |language=en}}</ref>{{pred|date=July 2024}}<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-17002" /> Meanwhile, the emperor and the high-ranking commanders using [[Arabian horse|Arabian horses]] for their high quality.<ref name="The Writings of Antoni de Montserrat at the Mughal Court; 792" /> The Marathan lords of [[Thanjavur]] regularly sent tributes to the empire by sending Persian and Arabian horses.<ref name="Mughal; gift, horse & Elephants2">{{cite book |author1=Muzaffar Alam |author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |author1-link=Muzaffar Alam |author2-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |title=Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231158114 |page=360 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>
[[File:Gatsby.jpg|thumb|Purebreed Arabian stallion]]
Aside from the high quality purebreed Arabian, Iraq, Khurasan, and Central Asia steeds, the Mughal also bred lower quality warhorses.<ref name="Jos J. L. Gommans 2002 1142">{{harvtxt|Jos J. L. Gommans |2002|p= 114}}</ref> The systematic classification of horse quality in Mughal empire was started in 1595 and generally divided horses into several classes such as:<ref name="Jorge Flores 782">{{harvtxt|Jorge Flores |2015 |p=78}}</ref><ref name="Jos J. L. Gommans 2002 1142" />

* Mujannas, mixed Arabian breed
* Yabus, mixed Turkish breed
* High quality native Indian breed from Sind, Balochistan, Kachchh
* Janglas, mid quality breed
* Tattus, a considered inferior breed
* Sanuji, local Punjab breed
* Gut, a western Himalaya breed with small bones
* Tanghan, an eastern Himalaya breed
* Pachwarya, a native Rajasthan breed

[[File:Turkish_horses_(SM_1557z).png|thumb|Depiction of Central Asian or Turkic horse]]
The most precious breeds of warhorse to the Mughals were:

* Iraqi variant of Arabian breed, which were considered by contemporary Mughals to be the best warhorse breed.<ref name="Annemarie Schimmel Mughal horses2" />
* Arabian-Persian mixed breed, for their endurance, speed, and mild temperament for training.<ref name="Jos J. L. Gommans 2002 1142" />
* Turkish breed, for their strength, greater stamina than Arabian breed, and long marches; this was considered the standard for a regular Mughal cavalry unit.<ref name="Jos J. L. Gommans 2002 1142" />

[[Stewart N. Gordon]] classified pre-colonial India into 3 zones of military culture. Southern India featured fortresses and light infantries, western India(such as the Marathas) basing their military forces on light cavalry, and the Mughals and Rajputs, relying on traditional heavy cavalry with feudalistic land revenue systems.<ref>{{harvtxt|Rosalind O'Hanlon |2007 |p=495}}</ref>

Tactically speaking, the Mughals were characterized by their frontal-combat oriented and shock-charge tactics. Heavy cavalry armed with swords and lances were popular in Mughal armies.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nfhGEAAAQBAJ&dq=mughals++cavalry+lances&pg=PT21 |title= Beyond the Military Revolution War in the Seventeenth Century World|author= Jeremy Black |date= 2001 |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn= 978-1-350-30773-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=viUlDwAAQBAJ&dq=mughals+heavy+cavalry&pg=PA203 |date= 2016 |author= Pius Malekandathi | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-1-351-99746-1 }}</ref> The Mughal cavalry also trained in a special maneuver to attack enemies' war elephants, and could control their horses to stand on their hind legs and jump forward.<ref name="Stephen P. Blake 1986 2062">{{harvtxt|Stephen P. Blake |1986 |p=206}}</ref> The adversaries of the Mughals such as the [[Uzbeks]] employed their own cavalry archers to prevent the Mughal heavy cavalry from closing in.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pratyay Nath |year=2022 |title=War and the Non-Elite: Towards a People's History of the Mughal Empire |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=127–158 |doi=10.1177/0971945820961695 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0971945820961695 |access-date=17 July 2024 |issn=0973-0753 |quote=Nath, Climate of Conquest: 30–36|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Mughals also possessed their own cavalry archer units which were more effective than rifle armed cavalry, being able to shoot their arrows repeatedly while riding their horses.<ref name="musket vs archer I A Khan; Mughal; 352" /> [[François Bernier]] observed that a Mughal cavalry archer was capable of unleashing 6 arrows before a riflemen could shoot twice.<ref name="Stephen P. Blake 1986 2062" />

In the [[Second Battle of Panipat]], the Mughal army led by Ali Quli Khan Shaibani featured three sections of cavalry vanguard with the centre composed of 10,000 cavalry.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=68}} This formation included Bairam Khan's detachment of Turks.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=68}} There were unique characteristics among horse-cavalry troopers under the command of each [[Subahdar]] (Mughal provincial governor). According to the father of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], [[Safdar Jang]], the [[Nawab of Awadh|governor of Awadh]] had adorned his contingent of 20,000 cavalry, who were mainly native Hindustan from the Jadibal district in [[Kashmir]], with the uniform of Persian [[Qizilbash]] in dress and taught them to speak Persian language casually.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49871/page/n267/mode/2up |page=254 |last= Sarkar |first=Jadunath |date= 1964|publisher= digitallibraryindia; JaiGyan|title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol. 1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49871/page/n267/mode/2up |title= textsThe First Two Nawabs Of Oudh (a Critical Study Based On Original Sources) Approved For The Degree Of Ph. D. In The University Fo Lucknow In 1932 |author= Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal |date= 1933 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Sadaat-e-Bara]] tribe of [[Urdu-speaking people]] which traditionally composed the vanguard of the imperial army, held the hereditary role f serving as vanguard units of the empire in battles.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=barha+traditionally+right&pg=PA202 |title= Later Mughal |author= William Irvine |date= 1971 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distri |page= 202 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3RVDAAAAYAAJ&q=barha+sayyids+every+battle |title= Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research: Volume 12 |date= 1975 |publisher= Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research |author= Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research}}</ref>

=== Elephants ===
[[File:Mughal_elephant_armour.JPG|right|thumb|Side view Mughal [[War elephant|Elephant Armour]] model from the late 16th-early 17th century]]
[[File:Armored_elephant_front.jpg|right|thumb|Front view Elephant Armour model from the late 16th-early 17th century. An elephant armour (bargustavan-i-pil) dates back to around 1600 and was brought from India by Lady Clive, wife of Edward, 2nd Lord Clive (Governor of Madras), to England in 1801. It is said to be the largest armour of animal displayed in any museum. Elephants usually deployed in the centre of the line, where they served role to Shield the army against the opposition's charge or conduxt one themselves.<ref>{{Cite web
|title = Elephant armour decoration
|website = Royal Armouries Collections Online
|publisher = [[Royal Armouries Museum]]
|location = [[Leeds]], England
|url = https://shop.royalarmouries.org/products/elephant-armour-decoration?srsltid=AfmBOopS7aLRk8baG579SstfDHCfQU9yBWIpB-Jysr_6axjOXyKPYedQ
|access-date = December 23, 2025
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20251223134801/https://shop.royalarmouries.org/products/elephant-armour-decoration
|archive-date = 2025-12-23
}}</ref>]]
Mughal army commanders led their troops atop an elephant,<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{harvtxt|Jeremy Black |1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |p=37}}</ref> as the perch gave them good vision for giving orders.<ref name="Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War; Pinzelli; Akbar2" /> An elephant unit consisting of two riders atop a single elephant was known as ''Howdah''.<ref name="Nossov; Mughal elephants2">{{harvtxt|Konstantin Nossov (Константин Носов) |2012 |pp=16–17}}</ref> They were mainly used to carry heavy goods.<ref name="Mahout elephant Mughal2">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Mahout |volume=17 |page=424}}</ref> Elephant riders in [[Indus river]] civilizations were typically called ''[[Mahout]]''.<ref name="Mahout elephant Mughal2" /> The riders were natives of desert areas like Rajasthan.<ref name="Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India2">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=JL |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt Limited |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |page=359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC |access-date=5 June 2023 |language=en |format=Paperback}}</ref> Female elephants usually were tasked to carry or drag baggage and siege cannons, while males were trained to fight.<ref name="Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War; Pinzelli; Akbar2" />

In 1581, Catalan [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] Antoni de Montserrat recorded that Akbar had brought around 500 elephants and 28 field cannons to his battle against his brother Mirza Hakim.<ref name="Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War; Pinzelli; Akbar2" /> Montserrat testified to the supporting role of war elephants.<ref name="De la Garza elephant, nebelwefer & gladiator2">{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza |2016 |ps=german nebelwerfer...Monserrate notes the secondary role of elephants in the Mughal... 1,000 gladiators stationed in the royal palace...}}</ref> In 1703, under [[Aurangzeb]], Mughal commander [[Daud Khan Panni]] was recorded to have used 10,500 coins to purchase 30 to 50 war elephants from [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{Google books |id=3C1vz5ioOMwC |page=122 |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500–1700 }}</ref> Akbar maintained around 5000 to 7000 elephants in his ''fil-khana'' (elephant house), of which about 100 of the best were reserved for his personal collection (''khassa'').<ref name="An Elephant is Never Forgotten: The Mughals' Use of Elephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule; Vikram Aggarwal2">{{cite journal |author1=Vikram Aggarwal |editor1-last=Jordan |editor1-first=Avery |title=An Elephant is Never Forgotten, The Mughals' Use ofElephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule |journal=Rice Asian Studies Review |date=2020 |volume=4 |pages=1–10 |url=https://rasr.rice.edu/RASR_V4_FINAL.pdf#page=1 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[Rice University]] Chao Center for Asian Studies |language=En |quote=..elephants significance to Mughal leadership's right to rule, depicting how cultural symbols are co opted and repurposed and thus underscoring the dynamic nature of culture and power....In South Asia, elephants have been a symbol of power and reverence since the ancient Vedic times, as shown in the Arthashastra and Manusmriti}}</ref> The Mughals were more interested in maintaining war elephants than their predecessors, the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi sultans]], who never had more than 3,000 elephants.<ref name="An Elephant is Never Forgotten: The Mughals' Use of Elephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule; Vikram Aggarwal2" /> They changed their tactics to include elephants. Akbar was a proponent of elephant warfare.<ref name="An Elephant is Never Forgotten: The Mughals' Use of Elephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule; Vikram Aggarwal2" /> Historian Shireen Moosvin estimated the elephant population at 5,000, while [[Raman Sukumar]] estimated that under Jahangir, numbers swelled from 12,000 to 40,000.<ref>{{cite book |author=Raman Sukumar |author-link=Raman Sukumar |title=The Living Elephants |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-510778-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_IS80OBWTgC |access-date=2025-10-01 |pages=76–77}}</ref>

''Gajnal ele''phant unit carried Indian swivel-guns on its back.<ref name="Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India2" /><ref name="War Elephants2">{{cite book |last1=Nossov |first1=Konstantin |title=War Elephants |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-803-7 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w021CwAAQBAJ |access-date=5 June 2023 |format=ebook}}</ref> Two of these guns could be carried by a single elephant.<ref name="Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India2" />

Mughal's war elephants wore ''Bargustawan-i-pil'' armour. It consisted of [[chain mail]] and [[plate armour]] that weighed 118 kg.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jonathan Bloom |author2=Sheila Blair |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set |date=2009 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=9780195309911 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC |access-date=10 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref> However war elephants were vulnerable to firearms.<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> Mughal elephants bore substantial armour.<ref name="Mahout elephant Mughal2" /> it mostly protected the head and trunk. However, elephants ridden by high ranking figures typically were fully protected with chainmail, steel plates, sewn-scale or brigandine armour sets, although this was not typical.<ref name="Nossov; Mughal elephants2" /> From the earliest times, war elephants assigned to the frontline served as basically unstoppable shock troops.<ref name="Mughal, Memorial Jon Guilmartin2" />

Vikram Aggarwal highlighted historical accounts and religious lore to illustrate elephant's significance to Mughal leadership, co-opting cultural symbols and underscoring the dynamic nature of culture and power, Elephants played a major role in the culture of South Asia, as they had been seen as a symbol of power and reverence since the [[Vedic period]].<ref name="An Elephant is Never Forgotten: The Mughals' Use of Elephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule; Vikram Aggarwal2" /> The Mughals adopted elephant husbandry into their dynasty.<ref name="An Elephant is Never Forgotten: The Mughals' Use of Elephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule; Vikram Aggarwal2" /> [[Abul Fazl]], author of Akbar's biography ''[[Akbarnama]]'', stated that in Mughal society, the value of one well-conditioned elephant was equal to 500 horses.<ref name="An Elephant is Never Forgotten: The Mughals' Use of Elephants as a Means of Legitimizing Their Right to Rule; Vikram Aggarwal2" /> The empire had a regular supply of [[Sri Lankan elephant|Sri Lankan]] elephants from the Marathan lords of [[Thanjavur]].<ref name="Mughal; gift, horse & Elephants2" />

=== Camel ===
[[File:Reminiscences_of_Imperial_Delhi_Camel_Artillery_Man.PNG|right|thumb|Mughal [[Zamburakchi]]]]
Some Rajput ''mansabdar''s provided [[camel cavalry]]. The Zamburaks or camel units carried mounted swivel guns and were thought to be a Mughal innovation. Bernier reported that Aurangzeb took two to three hundred camel-guns with him on his expedition to Kashmir.<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700; page 125, 1282">{{harvtxt|Jos J. L. Gommans |2002 |pp=125, 128 |ps=(zamburak, shutarnal, shahin) that was attached to the saddle of the dromedary. These zamburaks were first mentioned by Bernier, who reports that Aurangzeb took two to three hundred camel- guns with him on his expedition to Kashmir}}</ref> Their mobility compared to their Gajnal elephant counterparts was considered pivotal, as these weapons, double the size of normal muskets, could be shot from the camels.<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700; page 125, 1282" /> Zamburaks attached to the saddle of a camel and the ordnance typically measured in two ''haths'' and forty - six ''liva''.<ref name="Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana; Rajendra Kumar Saxena2">{{cite book |author1=Rajendra Kumar Saxena |title=Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana |date=2002 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-75-0 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

Akbar reportedly employed camel trainers from Baloch and [[Rabari]] ethnic in addition to his own camel corps that numbered around 6,000-7,000 camel riders.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Harbans Mukhia |author1-link=Harbans Mukhia |title=The Mughals of India |series= Volume 5 of Peoples of Asia |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0470758151 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxHTBQAAQBAJ |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

== Infantry ==
[[File:A_Mughal_Infantryman.jpg|right|thumb|A Mughal infantryman]]
The infantry was recruited either by ''Mansabdars'' , or by the emperor. The emperor's infantry was called ''Ahsam''. They were normally ill-paid, ill-equipped, and lacked discipline.<ref name="Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India2">{{cite journal |last=Spessert |first=Robert D. |title=Review: Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India – Pratyay Nath, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2019, 368 pages |journal=Military Review |date=2019 |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/January-February-2021/Spessert-Book-Review-Essay/ |access-date=4 June 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> This group included ''bandukchi'' or gun bearers, swordsmen, and servants and artisans.<ref name="Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India2" /> They used swords, shields, lances, clubs, pistols, rifles, muskets, etc. They normally wore no armour.<ref name="Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India2" /> Unlike the Europeans who placed [[Laager|wagon forts]] in their rear formations, the Mughals army placed their wagon in front of enemy centers with<ref name="Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India2" /> chains connecting the wagons to impede enemy cavalry charges. These wagon forts provided cover for the slow-loading Indian musketeers,<ref name="Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India2" /> while protecting heavy cavalry who positioned behind the direct-fire infantry.<ref name="Climate of Conquest War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India2" />

===Musketeer===
Musket infantry (''Banduqchis'') units were generally more effective than archer infantry units<ref name="musket vs archer I A Khan; Mughal; 352" /> and were the majority.<ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PudjDwAAQBAJ&dq=banduqchis+bulk+of+mughal+infantry&pg=PT275 |title=Medieval India Old NCERT {{as written|Hist|roy [sic]}} Book Series for Civil Services Examination |date= 101|publisher=Mocktime Publications}}</ref>

The musketeers line was able to break the enemy's elephant charges without help from cavalry units, as was demonstrated in the [[Battle of Haldighati]] and in the [[Battle of Tukaroi]] against cavalry and elephant charges, exploiting some level of [[combined arms]] with cavalry and artillery units.<ref name="Andrew de la Garza 2016 49–502">{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza |2016 |pp=49–50}}</ref> They were most useful in rural operations to subdue local insurrections.<ref name="musket vs archer I A Khan; Mughal; 352" />

Locally recruited and equipped with [[matchlocks]], bows and spears, the infantry was held in low status and was virtually equated with [[Litter (vehicle)|''palanquin'']] bearers, woodworkers, and [[Pinjara|cotton carders]] in the army payrolls. Their matchlocks were one-third as fast as the mounted archers, and battle chronicles hardly mention them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=André Wink |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World c.700–1800 CE|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=University of Wisconsin, Madison |page=164}}</ref> Indian Muslims usually enlisted in the cavalry and seldom recruited in the infantry, as they regarded fighting with muskets with contempt. The ''Banduqchis'' were mainly made up of Hindus of various castes who developed skills as marksmen, such as the Bundelas, the Karnatakas and Buxar.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119114/page/n293/mode/2up?q=patronage |title=Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court |author= Satish Chandra |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1959 |page=245 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFrXAAAAMAAJ&q=department+was+filled+with+Turkish+and+Feringi+gunners+and+cannon+-+founders+,+while+the+musketeers+were+mostly+recruited+from+certain+. |quote= musketeers were mostly recruited from certain Hindu tribes, such as the Bundelas, the Karnatakis, and the men of Buxar |title= The Mughal Administration |author= Sir Jadunath Sarkar |date=1920 |page=17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767/page/n89/mode/2up?q=sword+play |title=A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 9 |author=Ghosh, D. K. Ed. |date=1978 |publisher=Orient Longmans |quote=The Indian muslims looked down upon fighting with muskets and prided on sword play. The best gunners in the mughal army were hindus}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=William Irvine |page= 668 |publisher= Sang-e-Meel Publications |date= 2007 |title= Later Muguhals }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNiAAgAAQBAJ&dq=matchlockmen+mughal&pg=PA161 |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500-1700 |author= J.J.L. Gommans |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-55276-4 }}</ref>

=== Heavy infantry ===
[[File:Mughal_armor,_India-Pakistan,_mail_head_defense_Lahore_1800s,_mail_shirt_perhaps_1700s,_pata_gauntlet-sword_India_1600s-1700s_-_Higgins_Armory_Museum_-_DSC05543.JPG|thumb|Mughal chainmail armour set with [[Pata (sword)|Pata]] gauntlet]]
The main infantry was supplemented by specialized units such as the ''Shamsherbaz (''sword-wielders or gladiators,<ref name="Garza; Empire at War2">{{cite book |last1=Garza |first1=Andrew de la |title=The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605 |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-24530-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2ERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT82 |language=en}}</ref> or swordsmen).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Henk W. Wagenaar |editor1-last=Parikh |editor1-first=S. S. |title=Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary |year=1993 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=8186062106 |page=1146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref> The Shamsherbaz were elite heavy infantry companies of skilled swordsmen. Some were assigned to the court to serve as palace guards, or participate in mock-battles or exhibitions. Tens of thousands were assigned to army units by the ''Mansabdars''.<ref name="Garza; Empire at War2" /> The Shamsherbaz were frequently used in siege warfare, unleashed to deal with any resistance once the walls were breached with explosives or artillery.<ref>{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza |2016}}</ref> They were divided into classes:<ref name="Pratyay Nath 2022 1572">{{harvtxt|Pratyay Nath |2022|p=157}}</ref>

* ''Yak-hath'': carried a single-handed weapon and a shield. ''Yak-hath'' soldiers originated from south India. Their shields could cover an entire horsemen, while those from other regions carried a smaller shield.
* ''Banaits'': carried a curved longsword called ''Bankulis.'' Each hundred soldiers were commanded by a ''Ṣadī'' (lit. [[centurion]]), who hailed from an ''Ahadi'' noblemen. According to Abul Fazl, their salary was between 80 and 600 ''dāms''.

Much of the Shamsherbaz were recruited from religious sects such as [[Tariqa|Sufi orders]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza |2016|pp=89–90}}</ref> Many Rajput tribesmen joined Shamserbaz units either as regular soldiers or as mercenaries.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052" /> Chronicler Abul Fazl recorded that around 1,000 Shamsherbaz lived within the Mughal royal palace, of approximately 100,000 gladiators in total.<ref name="De la Garza elephant, nebelwefer & gladiator2" />

=== Archer ===
Infantry archers were called ''dākhilī''. The emperor placed them under the command of ''manṣabdār'' officers. They usually had a salary of about 100-120 [[Dam (Indian coin)|''dāms'']]. A captain of 10 archers was called a ''Mīr-dah'' officer, typically paid between 20 and 180 ''dāms''.<ref name="Pratyay Nath 2022 1572" /> During Akbar's final years, the ratio of archers to musketeers was about 3 to 1.<ref>{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza |2019|p=92}}</ref> Archer units mainly filled a similar role as musketeer units.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Irfan Habib |author2=K. N. Panikkar |author3=T. J. Byres |author4=Utsa Patnaik |title=The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=1843310384 |page=82 |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejrBraqBaLQC&q=%22 |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Iqtada Alam Khan |2004 |p=165}}</ref>

[[Mridha]] archers were the elite class archers units hailing from the parts of [[Dhaka]], [[Tangail]], [[Bikrampur]] and [[Pirojpur]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Partha |author-link=Partha Chatterjee (scholar) |year=2002 |title=A Princely Impostor?: The Strange and Universal History of the Kumar of Bhawal |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/princelyimpostor00chat_1/page/29 29] |isbn=978-0-691-09031-3 |quote=Most of the larger zamindari establishments consisted of a considerable number—sometimes half or more of all estate employees—of armed men, called ''jamadar'', ''mridha'', ''peyada'', ''paik'', and so on, who were used against recalcitrant tenants. |url=https://archive.org/details/princelyimpostor00chat_1 |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Lathial |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Lathial |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

===Slave soldier===
{{redirect|Chelas|the concept of the disciple in Indian religions|Guru–shishya tradition|the station on the Red Line of the Lisbon Metro|Chelas (Lisbon Metro)}}
''Chela'' were slave soldiers. As counterparts to the mercenaries, over whom commanders had a loose hold, commanders typically collected personal dependents or slaves. Such troops were known as ''chela'' (slave). They were fed, clothed, and housed by their owner. The mostly had been brought up and trained by the master. They were recruited chiefly from children taken in war or bought from their parents during famine. The great majority were of Hindu origin, who converted to Islam after they were enslaved. These units were the most dependably loyal in the force.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511766 |first=S. R. |last=Sharma |year=1940 |page=11}}</ref>

The Mughals, Timurids, and other Mongol-derived armies, and unlike other Islamic states did not use slave soldiers as their regular army. The ''Chela'' mainly worked as menial labor, footmen and low-level officers. [[Eunuch]] officers were particularly prized for their loyalty.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bano |first1=Shadab |title=MILITARY SLAVES IN MUGHAL INDIA |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2006 |volume=67 |pages=350–57}}</ref>

=== Female palace guards ===
{{main|Urdubegis}}

''Urdubegis'' were women assigned to protect the emperor and inhabitants of the Emperor's ''[[zenana]]'', (harem).<ref name="Urdubegis; Khadija Tauseef2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Urdubegis |encyclopedia=World History Encyclopedia |author=Khadija Tauseef |date=19 February 2024 |publisher= |location= |id= |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Urdubegis/Urdubegis |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> The women of the Mughal court were sequestered under ''[[purdah]]'', so their living quarters were run entirely by women.<ref name=":02">{{cite book|last1=Lal|first1=K.S.|title=The Mughal Harem|date=1988|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-85179-03-4|pages=14, 52–55}}</ref> The division of administrative tasks was dictated largely by [[Akbar]], whose ''zenana'' numbered over 5,000 noble women and servants.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ain-i Akbari|last=Abu 'l-Fazl Allami|publisher=Munishram Manoharlal|others=Trans. H. Blochman|year=1977|isbn=978-81-86142-24-0|editor-last=Phillot, Lieut. Colonel D.C.|location=Delhi|pages=45–47}}</ref>

The women who protected the zenana were commonly of [[Habshi]], [[Tatars|Tatar]], Turk and [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] origin. Kashmiri women were selected because they did not observe ''purdah''. Many were purchased as slaves.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women in the medieval Islamic world : Power, patronage, and piety|last=Hambly|first=Gavin|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=0-312-21057-4|location=New York|pages=431–433|chapter=Armed Women Retainers in the Zenanas of Indo-Muslim Rulers: The case of Bibi Fatima}}</ref>

They are mentioned as early as the reigns of [[Babur]] and [[Hamayun|Humayun]], and were proficient in the lance and bow. Emperors spent a great deal of their leisure time in the ''zenana'', and slept there. The women assigned to protect the women's quarters were part of the larger system to protect the emperor.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women in Mughal India (1526–1748)|last=Misra|first=Rekha|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1967|location=Delhi|pages=79–80|oclc=568760006}}</ref> During Babur's and [[Humayun]]'s reign, when the Mughal throne was not consolidated, the harem was mobile, traveling with the Emperor. Accordingly, it was necessary to have trustworthy guards and thus, the army of ''Urdubegis'' was constituted. They accompanied the harem during excursions and sieges, and kept guard in the palace mansions were the Emperor's male soldiers were prohibited from entering. Warriors ascended the ranks, or were granted a promotion by the Emperor in return for a favour. For instance, Bibi Fatima, the only known ''Urdubegi'', was first a wet-nurse in Humayun's period, but was promoted to the rank of an ''Urdubegi'' by [[Akbar]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.2307/603650 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=603650|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Despite the large number of ''Urdubegis'', the name of only one is known: Bibi Fatima. She is mentioned by [[Gulbadan Begum|Gulbadan-Begum]], Humayun's half-sister, who wrote of her in his autobiography the [[Humayun Nama|''Humayun-nama'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tauseef |first=Khadija |date=2022-06-20 |title=Urdubegis: The Forgotten Female Fighters of the Mughal Empire |url=https://www.mpositive.in/category/royal-familiespreindependence-descendants/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Ancient Origins Reconstructing the story of humanity's past |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=enrouteI |date=2022-10-22 |title=The Urdubegis — Female Guards of the Zenana and the Mughal Emperor |url=https://enrouteindianhistory.com/the-urdubegis-female-guards-of-the-zenana-and-the-mughal-emperor/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Enroute Indian History |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Artillery==
{{main|Mughal artillery}}

The Indian Muslims during the rule of Mughal maintained artillery dominance, and even after the fall of the empire, various other non-Islamic Indian kingdoms continued to recruit Hindustani Muslims as artillery officers in their armies.<ref name="Romesh C. Butalia 1998 3002">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV262iNGUb4C&dq=artillery+officers+indian+muslims&pg=PA300 |title=The Evolution of the Artillery in India |page=300 |author=Romesh C. Butalia |date=1998 |publisher=Allied Publishers Limited |isbn=978-81-7023-872-0 }}</ref>

Mughal artillery consisted of various types of [[cannons]], light artillery, and [[grenadier]] units.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052" /><ref name="Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History2" />{{rp|133}}<ref name="The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes - Debt Before Dishonour Timetable of World Dominance 1400-21002" /> The artillery was a specialized corps with its own designated commander, the Mir-i-Atish.{{sfn|Eraly|2007|p=291}} The office of Mir-i-Atish grew in importance during the time of the later Mughals.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ&q=mir+atish+military |title=A Military History of Medieval India |page=657 |author= Sandhu |date=2003 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-81-7094-525-3 }}</ref> Being in charge of the defense of the Imperial Palace Fort, and being in personal contact with the Emperor, the Mir-i-Atish commander had great influence.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=mir+atish+military&pg=RA1-PA235 |title=History of Medieval India |page=235 |author=V. D. Mahajan |date=2007 |publisher= Chand |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 }}</ref> The Mughal artillery was somewhat risky to be used in the battlefield, since they exploded sometimes, killing the crew members. Light artillery was the most useful in the battlefield. They were mainly made up of bronze and drawn by horses. This also included swivel guns born by camels called [[zamburak]].

One of the largest artillery pieces used by the Mughal army was employed during the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)]], where they used a gigantic [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]] designed by Persian engineer [[Fathullah Shirazi]]. This mortar was capable of firing a cannonball weighing over {{convert|3000|lbs}}.<ref name="Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War; Pinzelli; Akbar2" /><ref>{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza|2016|p=47|ps="...One gargantuan mortar used....payload of over 3,000 pounds"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Kolkata, India|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 65, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOnRAAAAMAAJ|date=2007 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |isbn=978-9693519242 |page=294 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> Another recorded mortar usage also recorded in 1659 during the conflict between Aurangzeb and his brother, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=James Prinsep |editor1-last=Sarkar |editor1-first=Jadunath |editor1-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (first published in 1896) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WHf7oZgguEC |year=2007|volume= 65 part 1 |publisher=Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Kolkata, India |isbn=978-9693519242 |page=187 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=William Irvine |editor1-last=Sarkar |editor1-first=Jadunath |editor1-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Later Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOk2AQAAMAAJ |year=2007|series= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |publisher=Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Kolkata, India |isbn=978-9693519242 |page=199 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

The Mughals also used [[Rocket (weapon)|rocket]] based weaponries.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052" /><ref name="Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History2" />{{rp|133}}<ref name="The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes - Debt Before Dishonour Timetable of World Dominance 1400-21002" /> Emperor [[Akbar]] reportedly used metal cylinder rocket weapons known as ''bans'' against enemy [[War elephant|war elephants]], during the Battle of Sanbal.<ref name="POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE MUGHALS: INFLUENCE ON SOUTH ASIA; 1132">{{cite journal |author1=Swati Shiwal |author2=Dolamani Sahu |year=2022 |title=POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE MUGHALS: INFLUENCE ON SOUTH ASIA |journal=IJRTS Journal of Research |volume=23 |issue=23 |page=113 |url=https://ijrtspublications.org/fileserve.php?FID=235 |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=En |issn=2347-6117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MughalistanSipahi |date=19 June 2010 |title=Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbzr26t8H2U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Lbzr26t8H2U |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=28 November 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1657, the Mughal army also used rockets during the [[Siege of Bidar]].<ref name="Yazdani152">{{cite book |author1=Ghulam Yazdani |title=Bidar: Its History and Monuments |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=8120810716 |page=15 |edition=1 |year=1995}}</ref> Aurangzeb's forces reportedly used rockets and [[Grenade|grenades]] while scaling the walls.<ref name="Yazdani152" /> Some miscellaneous rocket artillery engine was also employed by the Mughal artillery corps, such as one which recorded by chronicler Abul Fazl, which modern historian Andrew de la Garza described as resembling German [[nebelwerfer]] artillery.<ref name="De la Garza elephant, nebelwefer & gladiator2" />

The Mughals artillery corps also employed hand [[Grenade|grenades]]<ref name="Irvine19032">{{cite book |author=Irvine W. |author-link=William Irvine (historian) |title=The Army Of The Indian Moghuls: Its Organization And Administration |url=https://archive.org/details/armyofindianmogh00irvirich |publisher=Luzac |year=1903 |pages=113–159}}</ref> and rocket artilleries.<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052" />{{rp|48}}<ref name="Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History2" />{{rp|133}} These rockets are considered to be the predecessor of [[Mysorean rockets]] employed by [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]<ref name="The Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes - Debt Before Dishonour Timetable of World Dominance 1400-21002" /> Pradeep Barua also noted that the Mughal technology for [[sapping]] and mining warfare saw small improvements from the Delhi sultanates which ruled India before them.<ref>{{harvtxt|Pradeep Barua |2005 |p=318}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="200">
File:The_Adventures_of_Akbar_artillery.jpg|depiction of Mughal artillery during the reign of Akbar
File:Bibi_Mariam.jpg|Mughal-era Cannon
</gallery>

== Naval forces ==
{{further|Shipbuilding in Bangladesh}}
[[File:1565-Battle_Scene_with_Boats_on_the_Ganges-Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|1565-Battle Scene with Boats on the Ganges-Akbarnama]]
The Mughals also maintained a considerable navy, known as the ''Amla-e-Nawara''. In [[Dhaka]] alone, the fleet numbered 768 ships, including 933 sailors of Portuguese origin and 8,112 artillery personnel in the east.<ref name="Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka; UNESCO2" /> To support the maritime operations, Mughal grand vizier [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] repaired and fortified three river forts: [[Hajiganj Fort]], [[Sonakanda Fort]], and [[Idrakpur Fort]] between 1660 and 1663.{{sfn|Francisco Bethencourt |Cátia A.P. Antunes |2022 |p=116}}<ref name="Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka; UNESCO2" /> The Navy's main duty was controlling piracy, but it was sometimes used in war.<ref>{{harvtxt|Atul Chandra Roy|1972}}</ref> It is known from the standard survey of maritime technology in 1958, that Bengali expertise on shipbuilding was duplicated by the British [[East India Company]] in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution.<ref name="Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution2">{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Morgan |last2=Ó Gráda |first2=Cormac |title=Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution |journal=UCD Centre for Economic Research Working Paper Series |date=2017 |page=10 |url=http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP17_11.pdf |access-date=23 May 2023 |publisher=UCD SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN |language=en}}</ref> Among them, there are 923 Portuguese sailors in service of Akbar.<ref name="India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.); Kaveh Yazdani2">{{cite book |author1=Kaveh Yazdani |title=India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.) |date=January 5, 2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33079-5 |page=258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdrzDQAAQBAJ |access-date=24 November 2023 |language=En |format=ebook |quote=Akbar supposedly possessed 3000 vessels or boats. Later on, the amount was decreased to 768 armed cruisers; (1618–1707) is said to have possessed four great vessels at Surat, the southern Gujarati port}}</ref>

=== Ships ===
According to records on the Mughal invasion of the [[Ahom kingdom|kingdom of Ahom]], the characteristic warships of Mughals in the Bengal regions were [[Ghurab]] warships which were outfitted with 14 guns.<ref name="The Mughals and the North-East Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India2">{{cite book |editor1-last=Nag |editor1-first=Sajal |title=The Mughals and the North-East Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India |date=2023 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-1-000-90525-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEa8EAAAQBAJ |access-date=4 July 2023 |language=En |format=Ebook}}</ref> Their personnels numbered 50 to 60 crew members.<ref name="The Mughals and the North-East Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India2" /> The officers of these ships were conscripted from Dutch, Portuguese, British, and Russian naval officers.<ref name="The Mughals and the North-East Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India2" />

Another characteristic of Mughal warships were their strength and their size, due to the shipbuilding skills of their Bengali shipbuilders.<ref name="NAVAL STRATEGY OF THE MUGHALS IN BENGAL2" /> Contrary to the naval forces in Bengal which relied mostly on riverine fitted Gharb warships,<ref name="Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800 The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore2">{{cite book |last1=MacDougall |first1=Phillip |title=Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800 The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore |date=2014 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1-84383-948-4 |pages=28–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIKfBwAAQBAJ |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref>{{rp|28}} the naval forces of Janjira state which were subsidised by [[Aurangzeb]] and access to the port of [[Surat]] could construct more large ships like [[Sailing frigate|frigates]] and [[Man-of-war|men-of-war]].<ref name="Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800 The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore2" />{{rp|34}} The man-of-war ships of the Mughals were as large as English [[third-rate]] ships, while the frigates used [[Bow (watercraft)|prows]] instead of [[Beakhead|beakheads]].<ref name="The History of India from the Earliest Ages Volume 52">{{cite book |author1=James Talboys Wheeler|author-link=James Talboys Wheeler |title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages Volume 5 |date=1881 |publisher=National Library of Scotland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSBcVPdoHQEC |access-date=5 December 2023 |language=En}}</ref>{{rp|499–500}} Some of these ships carried thirty to forty pieces of cannons.<ref name="The History of India from the Earliest Ages Volume 52" />{{rp|499–500}} This navy included rare huge vessels with certain craft weighing between 300 and 400 tons and equipped with heavy ordnance on row boats, where a few matchlock gunners and spearmen were cramped.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2">{{cite journal |last1=Hasan Askari |first1=Syed |title=Mughal Naval Weakness and Aurangzeb's Attitude Towards the Traders and Pirates on the Western Coast |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1961 |volume=24 |pages=163–170 |jstor=44140735 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140735 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> The use of hand-driven pumps to remove excessive water from boats was already used by Indian shipmasters in the seventeenth century.<ref name="The Mughal Empire2" />{{rp|287}} However, larger imperial ships were also operated by Mughasl such as the [[Rahīmī]], which reached 1500 tons.<ref name="The Great Defiance How the World Took on the British Empire; David Veevers2">{{cite book |author1=David Veevers |title=The Great Defiance How the World Took on the British Empire |date=2023 |publisher=Ebury Publishing |isbn=9781473594524 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlKFEAAAQBAJ |access-date=1 April 2024 |language=En |format=ebook |quote=Rahimi, a 1,500 - ton}}</ref> [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti]] also noted the existence of ships belonging to the emperor weighing 1000 tons.<ref name="The Archaeology of European Expansion in India Gujarat, C. 16th-18th Centuries; Dilip K. Chakrabarti2">{{cite book |author1=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |author1-link=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |title=The Archaeology of European Expansion in India Gujarat, C. 16th-18th Centuries |date=2003 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=9788173052507 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ_pAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 April 2024 |language=En}}</ref> Another notable huge ship owned by the Mughals was the ''Ganj-i-Sawai'', which had 800 onboard guns at its disposal.{{sfn|Roy|2015b|p=194}}{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=194}}<ref>{{harvtxt|Atul Chandra Roy |1972|p=XII }}</ref> Ganj-i-Sawai was reported as the largest ship in Surat at that time, with its 1600 tonnes in weight.<ref name="The Pirate King: The Strange Adventures of Henry Avery and the Birth of the Golden Age of Piracy2">{{cite book |author1=Sean Kingsley |author2=Rex Cowan |title=The Pirate King: The Strange Adventures of Henry Avery and the Birth of the Golden Age of Piracy |date=2024 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781639365968 |page=1629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68LEEAAAQBAJ |access-date=13 April 2024 |language=En}}</ref><ref name="Pirates of the British Isles2">{{cite book |author1=Joel Baer |title=Pirates of the British Isles |date=2005 |publisher=Tempus |isbn=9780752423043 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4RzAAAAIAAJ |access-date=13 April 2024 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref>

=== Naval history ===
[[File:Avery_Chasing_the_Great_Mughal's_Ship.jpg|thumb|The Ganj-i-Sawai, one of the largest armed trade ships in the 17th century.]]
For the two decades at the end of the 16th century, during their operations in Bengal, the Mughals faced difficulties due to the rainy climate and the geography of Bengal, which contains large portions of the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] delta, resulting in any attempts for military conquest turning into amphibious operations. Their opponents were local warlords, who owned large quantities of warships. The locals were also assisted by the pirates from the Portuguese Goa region, along with some Dutch ships, although some of the Portuguese instead assisted the Mughal empire.<ref name="Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka; UNESCO2" />

The Mughal amphibious forces also operated in muddy terrains, such as when Ghiyas Khan led an operation against Udayaditya of the [[Jessore District|Jessore]] Kingdom.<ref name="Kaushik Roy Lorge 1542">{{harvtxt |Kaushik Roy |Peter Lorge|2014|p=154}}</ref> To further improve their operations in wet terrains, the Mughals leveraged local Bengalese fortress construction techniques to build a number of cheap, river-dedicated fortresses which were built with the abundance of mud in the region. Soon, the imperial naval strategy focused on the mobility of their ships whose tracks were defended by these river forts.<ref name="Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka; UNESCO2" /> Grand vizier Mir Jumla also constructed land-based defensive installations to put on those floating river forts. These were constructed by lashing ships, while large rafts enabled the Mughal soldiers to fight on water.{{sfn|Francisco Bethencourt|Cátia A.P. Antunes|2022|p=116}} Heavy artillery pieces were brought on board rafts to supplement the existing ones, while wagons lashed to decks and stacks of crates or bales of straw and cotton formed makeshift fortifications.{{sfn|Francisco Bethencourt|Cátia A.P. Antunes|2022|p=116}}

The foundation of the salt water naval force of the Mughals was established by [[Akbar]] from the late 16th century after he conquered Bengal and Gujarat.<ref name="Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy2">{{cite journal |last1=de la Garza |first1=Andrew |title=Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy |url=https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/12.1/forum_delagarza.html |journal=World History Connected |date=February 2014 |volume=12 |issue=1 |publisher=Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> Emperor Akbar reorganized the imperial navy from a collections of civilian vessels to more professional institutions of naval administration; this is detailed in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', the annals of Akbar's reign. The annals identify the navy's primary objectives as being the maintenance of transport and combat vessels, the retention of skilled seamen, protection of civilian commerce and the enforcement of tolls and tariffs.<ref name="Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy2" /> Akbar was recorded in ''A'in Mir Bahri'', to be possessed of 3000 armed vessels, although this later decreased to 768.<ref name="India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.); Kaveh Yazdani2" /> In early 1600, the Mughals employed local Bengali warriors as their naval force.<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-17002" />{{rp|165}}{{sfn|Francisco Bethencourt|Cátia A.P. Antunes|2022|p=116}} these ''Nawwara'' is a Bengal local warlords.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jadunath Sarkar |1985 |page=8, .... Nawwara ( Bengal war flotilla )}}</ref> These locals consisted of the twelve chiefs of [[Baro-Bhuyan]] military confederacy, and were responsible for shipbuilding, commercial trade, slave raids, and military protection.<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-17002" />{{rp|165}} The Mughals assigned these local warlords to naval positions and gave uncultivated lands to them{{Clarify|date=November 2025}}.<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-17002" />{{rp|165}}{{sfn|Francisco Bethencourt|Cátia A.P. Antunes|2022|p=116}}

About 20 years after the [[Siege of Hooghly]], the Mughals in Bengal came into [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|a conflict with English East India]]. The Mughal forces were commanded by [[Shaista Khan]]<ref name="Bengal – India's Rebellious Spirit2">{{cite book |author1=Temple of India foundation |title=Bengal – India's Rebellious Spirit |date=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64324-746-5 |pages=449–450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MAYEglIiFAC |access-date=3 July 2023 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref> and Masum Khan, the eldest son of [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]] and grand son of Isa khan, former enemies of the Mughals in Bengal during the reign of Akbar. Masum served as the Mughal army's general during the Hughly invasion in 1632.<ref name="bpage3982">{{cite book
| last = Chowdhury
| first = Kamal
| year=2005
|title = Banglar Baro Bhuiyan and Maharaj Pratapaditya
|page = 398
}}</ref><ref name="Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-18472">{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sudip |title=Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-1847 |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6309-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZJJDAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 July 2023 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref> The English company under Admiral Nicholson, who had been granted permission by the emperor to sail about 10 warships,<ref>{{cite book |author1=H. C. Das |author2=Indu Bhusan Kar |editor1-last=Pani |editor1-first=Subas |title=Glimpses of History and Culture of Balasore |date=1988 |publisher=Orissa State Museum |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=im1DAAAAYAAJ&q=nicholson%20bengal%20mughal%2010%20warships |access-date=3 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> aimed to seize [[Chittagong]] and consolidate its interests.<ref name="Bengal – India's Rebellious Spirit2" /> However, the English were defeated by the Mughal counterattack under Shaista Khan towards Hooghly.<ref name="Bengal – India's Rebellious Spirit2" /><ref name="Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-18472" />

Empress [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] maintained large fleets of trade ships, including the ''[[Rahīmī]]'' and ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]''.<ref name=":152">{{cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |year=2021 |title=History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/v7_no1_21.html |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=186–188 |quote=... Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns .... take pilgrims to Mecca...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 April 2021 |title=Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1617497/harking-back-the-empress-and-her-two-doomed-pilgrim-ships}}</ref> The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in the Red Sea.<ref name=":22" /> It had large sails that were identifiable to sailors from miles away, and was known to Europeans as ''the great pilgrimage ship''.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=150–151 |language=English}}</ref> After being sacked by pirates, this ship was replaced by the ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai|Ganj-i-Sawa]].'' This ship was eventually scaked{{Clarify|date=November 2025}} by English pirate [[Henry Every]].''<ref>{{cite journal |year=1812 |title=The trial of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, Wm. Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Old-Bailey, for felony and piracy |journal=A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors |volume=13 |issue=392, column 451}}</ref>''

The Mughal Empire's naval forces also engaged in maritime cooperation with the Ottoman Empire to counter Portuguese dominance in the 16th-century Indian Ocean. Giancarlo Casale's The Ottoman Age of Exploration highlights that Ottoman fleets, such as during the 1538 Diu siege, relied on logistical support from Surat, a key Mughal port after 1573.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Casale |first=Giancarlo |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780195377828 |pages=87–89}}</ref> The Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient notes Surat's role as a trade and logistical hub, where local sailors aided Ottoman efforts against the Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |title=Maritime Trade and Politics in the Indian Ocean |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume= |issue= |year= |pages= |publisher=Brill |doi= |url=https://www.jstor.org/journal/jeconsochistor}}</ref> Seydi Ali Reis's Mir'āt ül-Memālik records Surat's sailors providing supplies and navigation aid to Ottoman fleets in 1554, integrating Mughal naval efforts into a broader Islamic maritime network.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seydi Ali Reis |title=Mir'āt ül-Memālik |editor=Veli Sevin |year=1975 |language=Turkish}}</ref>

On November 9, 1665, Mughal commander Abul Hussain, under Shaista Khan, attacked [[Sandwip]] Island from Dhaka to oust 80-year-old pirate ruler Dilawar Khan (Raja Dilal), who had held it independently for around 50 years. Wounded in the clash, Hussain retreated to Noakhali as an Arakanese fleet approached but withdrew. Reinforcements of 141 boats, 1,500 musketeers/gunners, and 400 cavalry under Jamal Khan and others arrived. On November 18, the Mughals captured wounded son Sharif Khan and Dilawar after fierce fighting, imprisoning them in Dhaka. This bloody victory, aided by Dutch and Portuguese defectors, secured a base for Chittagong.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=S. N. H. |title=Chittagong District Gazetteer |publisher=Dhaka |year=1970 |ref=none |pages=82–84 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304141335/https://www.scribd.com/doc/150840424/Chittagong-District-Gazetteer |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/150840424/Chittagong-District-Gazetteer |archive-date=2024-03-04 |access-date=2024-03-04}}</ref>{{sfn|Sarkar|1919|pp=226–228}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Shafaat |title=Anglo-Portuguese Negotiations Relating to Bombay, 1660–1677 |journal=Journal of Indian History |volume=13 |pages=1–22 |date=1934 |jstor=44140983 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304141335/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140983 |archive-date=2024-03-04 }}</ref>

In the same year, during the [[Shaista Khan#Conquest of Chittagong|conflict against the kingdom of Arakan]] in December, Aurangzeb dispatched Shaista Khan, his governor of Bengal to command 288 vessels and more than 20,000 men to pacify the pirate activities within Arakan territory and to capture [[Chittagong]],<ref name="Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy2" /><ref name="The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760; Richard M. Eaton2">{{cite book |author1=Richard M. Eaton|author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=2023 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91777-4 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMTLEAAAQBAJ |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref> assisted by about 40 Portuguese vessels.<ref name="Majumdar20072">{{cite book |date=2007 |orig-year=First published 1974 |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VII |title=The Mughal Empire |location=Mumbai |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref>{{rp|230}} Ibn Hussain, Shaista Khan's admiral, was asked to lead the navy, while the subahdar himself took up the responsibility of supplying provisions for the campaign. He also ordered [[Farhad Khan]] and Mir Murtaza to take the land route, while the overall command was given to [[Buzurg Umed Khan]], a son of Shaista Khan.<ref name="Majumdar20072" />{{rp|230}} The Mughals and the Portuguese held sway in the following naval battle. The conquered territory to the western bank of Kashyapnadi ([[Kaladan river]]) was placed under direct imperial administration. The name of Chittagong was changed to Islamabad and it became the headquarters of a Mughal [[faujdar]].<ref name="Majumdar20072" />{{rp|230}} This ensuing conflict in Chittagong was documented as the largest galley battle of the [[Early modern period|Early Modern period]], involving more than 500 ships and claiming more than 40,000 lives.<ref name="Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy2" /> After the Mughals took Chittagong, the Portuguese moved to the Ferengi Bazaar in Dhaka. Descendants of the Portuguese still reside in these places.{{Sfn|Hasan|2012|p=125}}
[[File:Murud_Janjira_Fort.JPG|thumb|[[Murud-Janjira]], a semi independent island fort which allied to the Mughals .{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=13}}]]
It is said in the Ahkam 'Alamgiri record that the commander of British navy, Sir John Child, concluded peace with the Mughals in 1689 due to his fear of the "Mughal navy" force of Janjira which let by [[Yakut Khan|Siddi Yaqub]].<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" /> According to Grant Duff, until 1670 the imperial navy under the leadership of Shah Jahan with the Janjira mariners has clashed frequently against [[Maratha Navy]] under [[Shivaji]], where the Janjira and Mughal naval forces always comes victorious.<ref name="History of the Konkan2">{{cite book |last1=Kyd Nairne |first1=Alexander |title=History of the Konkan |date=1988 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0275-5 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref> English letters in 1672 record that Aurangzeb sent 30 small frigates to assist the Siddis in Danda-Rajapuri.<ref name="Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 18702">{{harvtxt |Kaushik Roy |Peter Lorge|2014|p=196}}</ref> The resulting battle caused the Shivaji naval forces to be burned and 50 ships to be lost.<ref name="Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 18702" />{{rp|196}} [[Khafi Khan]] also records that the Mughal fleet once inflicted heavy losses on the Maratha naval forces during the reign of Shah Jahan, capturing 200 while suffering only 100 casualties. This fuelled the rivalry of the Siddis with the Maratha in the sea.<ref name="Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 18702" />{{rp|196}}

During the era of Aurangzeb, the chronicle of ''Ahkam 'Alamgiri'' reveals how the Mughals had struggled to establish a strong navy, spurred by the failure to prevent losses of Muslim vessels off the coast of the [[Maldives]] islands. Aurangzeb was said to possess four huge vessels at Surat and the port of southern Gujarat.<ref name="India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.); Kaveh Yazdani2" /> Aurangzeb's Vizier, Jafar Khan, blames the Mughal lack of ability to establish an effective navy not on the lack of resources and money, but on the lack of men to direct (the vessels).<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" /> Thus, Syed Hassan Askari concluded that the lack of priority of Aurangzeb to afford his naval project due to his conflicts against the Maratha hindered his ability to do so.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" />

Andrew de la Garza stated that the other reason why the Mughal navy did not evolve into a high seas fleet during the 17th century was the technological inferiority of Indian [[Blast furnace|blast furnaces]] in comparison with their European counterparts, which were capable of creating the high temperatures required to manufacture [[cast iron]] cannons in quantity.<ref name="Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy2" /> Nevertheless, Syed maintained that the Mughals were not independently able to control rampant piracy and European naval incursions, instead depending on the strength of friendly Arab forces from [[Muscat]] to keep the Portuguese in check.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" /> Alternative explanation were offered by [[Michael Pearson (historian)|Michael Naylor Pearson]], as he and other historians suggested that the Portuguese were actually posing no real threat to the Hajj expeditions during the reign of Aurangzeb. Umar Ryad highlighted the fact that the Portuguese typically did not dare to attack armadas of pilgrims sponsored by the Mughal empire, since they were heavily protected with many military personnel in each ship.<ref name="umarryad2">{{cite book
|author=Umar Ryad
|title=The Hajj and Europe in the Age of Empire
|isbn= 9789004323353
|date=2016
|page= 31 |publisher=BRILL
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wIKEQAAQBAJ |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

However, Syed Hassan also highlighted that Aurangzeb did not completely neglect the Mughal navy as he had acquired British expertise to strengthen the fort of [[Murud-Janjira#History|Janjira]] island, while also establishing naval cooperation with semi independent [[Siddi]] community naval force of [[Janjira State]] which resisted the Marathas.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" /> The proficiency of the Siddi Yaqub navy is exemplified during [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)#Events|Siege of Bombay]], where Siddi Yaqub and his [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] fleet blockaded the fortress and forced the submission of the British forces.<ref name="The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-17502">{{cite book |last1=Veevers |first1=David |title=The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-1750 |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48395-7 |page=156 |edition=Hardcover |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhzhDwAAQBAJ |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> In the late 1600s, Sidi Yaqut received a subsidy of 400,000 rupees from emperor Aurangzeb to manage [[Murud-Janjira]] He also owned large ships which weighed 300–400 tons. According to records, these ships were unsuitable for fighting on the open sea against European warships, but their size allowed for transporting soldiers for amphibious operations.{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=13}} Reports from travellers has noted that Mughal general [[Mir Jumla II]] was employing the services the sailors from British, the Dutch, and the Portuguese, along their ships.{{sfn|Sarkar|1951|p=243-244}} In August, 1660, he employed 6–7 British sailors of a small vessel carrying Trevisa, the English Agent, to [[Dhaka]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1951|p=243-244}} He also utilised the services of both the Dutch and the British for constructing his warships as it is recorded a [[galiot]] built by the Dutch at [[Hooghly district]] and manned by 6–7 British fugitives under a captain named John Durson.{{sfn|Sarkar|1951|p=243-244}} Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a Britishman named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare{{sfn|Sarkar|1951|p=243-244}} During the tenure of Mughal general Mir Jumla in Bengal, he employed Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors to operate his 323 warships.{{sfn|Francisco Bethencourt|Cátia A.P. Antunes|2022|p=116}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1951|p=243-244}} In August, 1660, he employed 6–7 British sailors of a small vessel carrying Trevisa, the English Agent, to [[Dhaka]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1951|p=243-244}} He also utilised the services of both the Dutch and the British for constructing his warships as it is recorded a [[galiot]] built by the Dutch at [[Hooghly district]] and manned by 6–7 British fugitives under a captain named John Durson.{{sfn|Sarkar|1951|p=243-244}} Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare.{{sfn|Sarkar|1951|p=243-244}} After the death of Mir Jumla, Shaista Khan launched conquest of Chittagong in 1666, where he employing the fleet of ships belonging local warlords group in Bengal, which called [[Baro-Bhuyan|''Nawwara'']], to overcome the turbulent water frontier of the region.<ref>{{harvtxt|Francisco Bethencourt |Cátia A.P. Antunes |2022 |p=115}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Battles of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[List of battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Tipu Sultan]]
* [[Sir John Child]]
* [[Yahya Saleh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Book ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author1=Abdul Sabahuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal Strategy of War |author2=Rajshree Shukla |date=2003 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=9788187746997 |language=En |format=Hardcover |access-date=21 March 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |author-link=Abraham Eraly |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorsofpeacoc0000eral/page/171/mode/1up |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |orig-year=First published 1997}}
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=Syed Murtaza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJk9AAAAMAAJ |title=হযরত শাহ জালাল ও সিলেটের ইতিহাস |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |year=1965 |location=[[Dhaka]] |language=Bangla}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ali Khan |first1=Zulfiqar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73304/page/n4/mode/1up |title=Sher Shah Suri, Emperor of India |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |year=1925 |location=Lahore}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpa8gyGW_twC&dq=the+artillery+had+a+specialized+commander+mughal&pg=PA291 |title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-310262-5 |page=291}}
* {{cite book |author1=Andrew de la Garza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGERDAAAQBAJ |title=The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605 |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-24531-5 |language=En |access-date=6 December 2023}}
* {{cite book |last1=Banerji |first1=S.K. |url=https://archive.org/details/humayunbadshah035068mbp/mode/2up |title=Humāyun Bādshāh |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1938 |location=Calcutta |oclc=952877148}}
* {{cite book |last=Barua|first=Pradeep |url=https://epdf.tips/the-state-at-war-in-south-asia-5ea6a52742153.html |title=The State at War in South Asia Studies in War, Society, and the Military |date=2005 |publisher=[[Ohio State University]]; [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] |editor1-last=Grimsley |editor1-first=Mark |page=47 |language=en |access-date=13 March 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3GxzQEACAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Modern Bengal, 1700-1950 |date=2020 |publisher=Asiatic Society |isbn=978-93-89901-95-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhattacherje |first1=S. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121155826/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC |archive-date=21 January 2024 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Planned by Wolseley Haig |year=1960 |editor-last=Burn |editor-first=Richard |ref={{sfnref|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} |orig-date=1937}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=James Macnabb |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |title=History of Gujarát |publisher=The Government Central Press |year=1896 |editor=[[James Macnabb Campbell]] |series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=I(II) |pages=266–274 |chapter=Chapter II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.), Chapter III. MUGHAL VICEROYS. (A.D. 1573–1758)}} {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA105 |title=Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |edition=Revised |volume=II |location=New Delhi |orig-year=First published 1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |place=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |author1=Dirk H. A. Kolff |author1-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521523059 |language=En |format=illustrated, reprint, revised |access-date=14 April 2024}}
* {{cite book |author1=Francis Robinson |title=ムガル皇帝歴代誌 |date=2009 |publisher=創元社 |page=242 |language=Ja |trans-title=Chronicles of the Mughals |id={{ASIN|4422215205|country=jp}}}}
* {{cite book |author1=Francisco Bethencourt |author1-link=Francisco Bethencourt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mplcEAAAQBAJ |title=Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 |author2=Cátia A.P. Antunes |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004506572 |language=En |access-date=21 March 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |date=2006 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |location=New York City |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon}}
* {{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=Akbar and His India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-563791-5 |place=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaG8GIBTIGAC |title=The Muslim world in the 21st century : space, power, and human development |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-2632-1 |editor1-last=Hasan |editor1-first=Samiul |location=New York |access-date=13 July 2015}}
* {{cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Marshall G. S. |author-link=Marshall Hodgson |title=The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization' |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-226-34677-9 |location=Chicago}}
* {{cite book |author1=Jeremy Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792, Volume 2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0521470331 |edition=Illustrated |page=37 |access-date=19 July 2024}}
* {{cite book |author1=Jorge Flores |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3XsCgAAQBAJ |title=The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004307537 |series=Volume 6 of Rulers & Elites |page=74 |language=En |access-date=13 July 2024}}
* {{cite book |author1=Jos J. L. Gommans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA3YVOt9QZUC |title=Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23989-9 |language=En |format=Paperback |access-date=4 December 2023}}
* {{cite book |author1=Konstantin Nossov (Константин Носов) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w021CwAAQBAJ |title=War Elephants |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1846038037 |access-date=19 July 2024}} Author link=* [[:ru:Носов, Константин Георгиевич|Konstantin Georgievich Nossov]]
* {{cite book |author1=Iqtada Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4PfAAAAMAAJ |title=Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0195665260}}
* {{cite book |author1=J. C. Sharman |title=Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691182797 |language=En}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Everett Jr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111182852/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ |archive-date=11 January 2024 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first=João Vicente |last=Melo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHFuEAAAQBAJ |title=Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, C. 1580–1615 |date=2022 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=9783030965884 |language=En |format=ebook |access-date=16 March 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ |title=India Since 1526 |publisher=S. Chand |year=1968 |edition=8th |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author1=Muzaffar H. Syed |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |date=1905 |publisher=K. K. Publications |isbn=81-7844-132-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jagadish Narayan |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/65196.pdf |title=The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzab |date=1951 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] |language=En |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014040654/http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/65196.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2023 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Beni |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281009 |title=History of Jahangir |publisher=The Indian Press |year=1930 |edition=2nd |location=Allahabad |orig-year=1922}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwari |author-link=Ishwari Prasad |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Chugh Publications |year=1974 |location=Allahabad |oclc=1532660}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Puri |first1=B. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&q=sher+shah+suri+bengal+campaign+1537 |title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India |last2=Das |first2=M. N. |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-207-2508-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA288 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=S. N. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GntCAAAAYAAJ |title=East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Dacca |publisher=East Pakistan Government Press |year=1969}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-79087-4 |edition=Volume 3 Asian States and Empires}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=October 6, 2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ |access-date=4 December 2023 |language=En |format=ebook}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&dq=babur's%20horse%20archers&pg=PT136 |title=Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=2015b |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58691-3}}
* {{cite book |author1=Kaushik Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ |title=Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870 |author2=Peter Lorge |date=December 17, 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-58710-1 |page=196 |language=En |format=ebook |access-date=5 December 2023}}
*{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/mode/2up |title=History of Bengal: Mughal Period, 1526-1765 A.D. |publisher=Nababharat Publishers |year=1968 |location=Calcutta}}
* {{cite book |author1=Atul Chandra Roy |url=https://www.amazon.com/history-Mughal-navy-naval-warfares/dp/B0006C8KUY |title=A history of Mughal navy and naval warfares |date=1972 |publisher=World Press |pages=XII |language=En |access-date=6 April 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3GxzQEACAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Modern Bengal, 1700-1950 |date=2020 |publisher=Asiatic Society |isbn=978-93-89901-95-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |author-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DZciX6WxgUC |title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History |publisher=Wiley |year=2012 |isbn=9780470672914 |edition=2nd |language=English |oclc=1055573094 |access-date=2025-11-07 |orig-year=1993}}
* {{citation |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |year=1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183820/page/n1 |title=History Of Aurangjib |year=1919 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183820/page/n274 264]–265}}
*{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56807/page/n5/mode/2up |title=The History of Bengal |publisher=The University of Dacca |year=1948 |edition=First |volume=II |location=Dacca}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ |title=Military History of India |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1960 |isbn=978-0-86125-155-1 |pages=66–69}}
* {{cite book |author1=Jadunath Sarkar |author1-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzYg4HTVKb4C |title=Bengal Nawābs |date=1985 |publisher=Asiatic Soc. |page=8, .... Nawwara ( Bengal war flotilla ) and |language=En |access-date=22 March 2024}}
* {{cite book |author1=Stephen P. Blake |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ0e0kfgttUC |title=Shahjahanabad The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52299-1 |language=En |format=Paperback |access-date=4 December 2023}}
* {{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |date=2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290 |location=Dover}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent A. |author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smit |title=The Oxford History of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-561297-4 |orig-year=First published 1919}}
*{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Ram Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc8BAAAAMAAJ |title=Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire |publisher=Central Book Depot |year=1960 |location=Allahabad}}
{{refend}}

=== Journal, thesis, and encyclopedia ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ali |first=Syed Murtaza |author-link=Syed Murtaza Ali |year=1954 |title=A chronology of Muslim Faujdars of Sylhet |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66554/page/n3/mode/2up |journal=Proceedings of the Pakistan History Conference |location=Karachi |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.}}
* {{cite thesis |author1=Andrew De La Garza |title=An unfinished revolution: Babur, Akbar and the rise of Mughal military power |date=2006 |access-date=12 July 2024 |degree=MA |publisher=Ohio State University |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1210269616 |language=En}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Iqtada Alam Khan |year=2001 |title=State in the Mughal India: Re-Examining the Myths of a Counter-Vision |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518271 |journal=Social Scientist |language=En |volume=29 |issue=1 |page=35 |doi=10.2307/3518271 |jstor=3518271 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Manjeet S. Pardesi |date=2017 |title=Region, System, and Order: The Mughal Empire in Islamicate Asia |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/ss/2017/00000026/00000002/art00003 |journal=Security Studies |language=En |publisher=Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group |volume=26 |access-date=16 March 2024 |quote=This Mughal military machine conquered and absorbed all the northern and central regions of South Asia except for some small, geographically isolated, strategically insignificant, or … |number=2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=Adnan |last2=Zubair |first2=Muhammad |last3=Parveen |first3=Uzman |date=2016 |title=Effects of social reforms of shaykh Ahmad sirhindi (1564-1624) on muslim society in the sub continent |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MALEOS-28 |journal=Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |language=En |publisher=[[University of Karachi]] |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=155–164 |doi=10.46568/jssh.v55i2.70 |access-date=9 March 2024 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite Banglapedia|article=Musa Khan|last=Khan|first=Muazzam Hussain}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Rosalind O'Hanlon |author1-link=Polly O'Hanlon |date=2007 |title=Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165208 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |language=En |publisher=Brill |volume=50 |issue=4 |page=495 |issn=0022-4995 |jstor=25165208 |access-date=14 April 2024}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Stephen P. Blake |year=1986 |title=Courtly Culture Under Babur and the Early Mughals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931994 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=193–214 |jstor=41931994}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Military history of the Mughal Empire}}

* {{cite book |last1=Edwardes |first1=Stephen Meredyth |author-link1=Stephen Edwardes |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10091 |title=Mughal Rule in India |last2=Garrett |first2=Herbert Leonard Offley |year=1930}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=S. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511766 |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |year=1940}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-241-0522-1 |volume=I}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119462/page/n24/mode/1up |title=Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7069-6385-4 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=2019 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |language=en}}

{{PD-old-text|title=[https://archive.org/details/armyofindianmogh00irvirich The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration]|year=1903|author=[[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]]}}{{Mughal Empire}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal Empire Army}}
[[Category:Indian slaves]]
[[Category:Military of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military slavery]]
[[Category:Disbanded armed forces|Mughal]]
[[Category:Disbanded armies|Mughal]]

Tauqir Hussain Naqvi

2026-03-19T06:57:14Z

RefugiaLoveless: small expanded page to improve readability further and corrected details

{{Short description|Pakistani admiral}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = S. Tauquir H. Naqvi
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| office = [[Chairman]] of the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]]
| term_start = 11 June 2000
| term_end = 11 May 2007
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| predecessor = Vice-Admiral Sikandar Viqar Naqvi
| successor = Vice-Admiral [[Abaidullah Khan|A.U. Khan]]
| prior_term = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Syed Tauqir Hussain Naqvi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[British Indian Empire|British India]] {{small|(Present day, [[India]] and [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date =
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| alma_mater = '''Military Training''' [[Pakistan Naval Academy]]
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| branch = [[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1960–2000
| rank = [[File:14-Pakistan Navy-VADM.svg|30px]] [[Vice-Admiral]]
| unit = [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Executive Branch]]
| commands = [[Director-General|DG]] [[Joint warfare|Joint Trig]] at [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]] [[military attaché]] at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistan Embassy, Tokyo]] [[Special Service Group (Navy)]] 
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| mawards = [[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]][[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military)]] [[File:Star of Good Conduct Sitara-e-Basalat.png|30px]][[Sitara-e-Basalat]]
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| honorific_prefix = [[Vice Admiral]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]
}}
'''S. Tauqir H. Naqvi''' is a retired [[Three-star rank|three-star]] rank [[admiral]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]], politician, and a [[Pakistani diplomatic missions|diplomat]] who served as the Chairman of the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]] (PNSC) from 2000 until 2007, the longest serving chairman in the national flag carrier's history.<ref>{{cite book |year=2004 |title=Cost of Conflict Between India and Pakistan |publisher=Strategic Foresight Group |page=37 |isbn=9788188262045}}</ref>

==Biography==

Naqvi joined the [[Pakistan Navy]] in 1960 whose career mostly spent in the [[Special Service Group (Navy)#SEALs Teams in the Special Services Group (SSGN)|Navy SEALs Teams]] of the [[Special Service Group (Navy)|Special Service Group]] of the [[Pakistan Navy]], having helped in preparing a documentary on SEALs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Navy Seals SSG Commandos Short Documentary Sarbakaf New Video 2017 YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] | date=7 January 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYktXjHTTIk&t=761s |access-date=5 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> His military training as a [[Frogman|military diver]] comes from the [[United States Navy SEALs]] after 1965.{{rp|280}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Mian Zahir |title=Bubbles of water, or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy |date=2001 |publisher=PN Book Club Publication |isbn=978-969-8318-03-1 |edition=1st |language=en}}</ref>

He served in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] in 1965 and Western front of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with [[India]] in 1971, having commanding the [[SX-404-class submarine|''SX-404-class'']] submarine as a [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant-Commander]].<ref name="Roli Books Private Limited, Cardozo"/> In 1971, [[Lieutenant commander|Lt-Cdr.]] Naqvi successfully spied on [[Indian Navy]]'s movement, notably the {{ship|INS|Kiltan|P79}} and {{ship|INS|Katchall|P81}}.<ref name="Roli Books Private Limited, Cardozo">{{cite book |last1=Cardozo |first1=Major General Ian |title=The Sinking of INS Khukri: Survivor's Stories |date=2006 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-099-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvs_CgAAQBAJ&q=STH+Naqvi&pg=PT126 |access-date=1 December 2019 |language=en |format=google books |chapter={{small|§The Lucky Captain}}}}</ref>

An order of firing off the [[torpedo]] was issued but the [[SX-404-class submarine|''SX-404-class'']] failed to struck the Indian Navy's [[Petya-class frigate|''Petya-class'']] frigates; the Indian Navy's flotilla, unaware of being spied and watched on, passed through safely, which he called the captains of the [[Petya-class frigate|''Petya-class'']] as the "lucky ones".<ref name="Roli Books Private Limited, Cardozo"/> After the war, [[Commander (naval)|Commander]] Naqvi served as a [[Special Service Group (Navy)#SEALs Teams in the Special Services Group (SSGN)|Navy SEAL]] instructor at the [[PNS Iqbal|Naval Base Iqbal]] in the [[Karachi coast]], eventually serving as commanding officer of the [[SX-404-class submarine|''SX-404-class'']] and overseeing its phasing out from the Navy in the 1990s.{{rp|343}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, R-Adm. Shah">{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Mian Zahir |title=Bubbles of water, or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy |year=2001 |publisher=PN Book Club Publication |isbn=978-969-8318-03-1 |pages=487 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goDfAAAAMAAJ&q=STH+Naqvi |access-date=1 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 1991–93, he was appointed as [[military attaché]] at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistan Embassy]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].{{rp|21}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Japan Directory |date=1992 |publisher=Japan Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOCGAAAAIAAJ&q=STH+Naqvi+Special+Service |access-date=1 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1993–94, [[Rear-Admiral]] Naqvi was assigned to join the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s [[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government|administration]], eventually taking an assignment as Additional Secretary at the Defense Division of the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense]].{{rp|219}}<ref name="Springer, Siddiqa-Agha">{{cite book |last1=Siddiqa-Agha |first1=A. |title=Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979-99: In Search of a Policy |date=2001 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-51352-5 |pages=216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beJ8DAAAQBAJ&q=admiral+tauqir+Naqvi&pg=PA219 |access-date=1 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 1994–96, R-Adm. Naqvi later went to serve as the [[Director-General|DG]] [[Joint warfare|Joint Warfare]] (DG TJ) and DG Training (DG Trig) at the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]].{{rp|344}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, R-Adm. Shah"/>

In 2000, [[Vice-Admiral]] Naqvi was eventually taken as an [[secondment]] in the [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf administration]] when he was appointed [[Chairman]] of the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation|National Shipping Corporation]], which he served till 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chairmen History |url=https://www.pnsc.com.pk/chairman-history.html |website=www.pnsc.com.pk |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> His tenureship was credited for overseeing the fleet expansion of the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation|National Shipping Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PNSC to acquire oil tankers, bulk cargo carrier – Business Recorder |url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2006/07/20060730458007/ |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> On 21 August 2002, Adm. Naqvi's name was shortlisted and was considered in a race of joining the [[Shaukat Aziz|Aziz administration]] as an [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Interior Minister]], eventually [[Faisal Saleh Hayat|Faisal Hayat]] was later confirmed.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 ministers resign |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/53581 |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=DAWN.COM |date=21 August 2002 |language=en}}</ref>

After his retirement, he remained associate with the tradition of Navy SEALs, having helped in preparing a documentary on SEALs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Navy Seals SSG Commandos Short Documentary Sarbakaf New Video 2017 YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] | date=7 January 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYktXjHTTIk&t=761s |access-date=5 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pakistan Navy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakistan Armed Forces}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naqvi, Tauqir Hussain}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Special Service Group (Navy) personnel|N]]
[[Category:Pakistani spies]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971|N]]
[[Category:National Defence University (Pakistan) alumni]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Pakistan Naval War College]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto staffers and personnel]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Priyadarshini Indalkar

2026-03-15T03:55:28Z

RefugiaLoveless: Created Some Entry W/ Sources

{{Short description|Marathi actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyadarshini Indalkar
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|06|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sangli]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = [[B.E]] (IT)
| alma_mater = PVG'S COET
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| known_for = [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]
| height_cm =
}}

'''Priyadarshini Indalkar''' is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Marathi language]] movies and comedy TV show ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''. She is acted in Marathi films such as ''[[Phulrani]]'', ''[[Soyrik]]'', ''[[Navardev Bsc. Agri]]'', and [[Dashavatar (2025 film)|''Dashavatar'']]. She received critical acclaim for her performance in ''[[Phulrani]]'' and ''[[Navardev Bsc. Agri.|Navardev Bsc. Agri]]'' and earned Nominations [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi]] also won [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi]] for ''[[Phulrani]]''.

== Early life and education ==
Indalkar was born in [[Sangli]] and grew up in [[Pune]].<ref name="fulrani">{{cite news |date=16 March 2023 |title=चुकीच्या गोष्टी करण्याची आवश्यकता नसते, गुणवत्तेच्या जोरावर कामे मिळतात - अभिनेत्री प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune/career-in-film-entertainment-industry-are-based-on-virtue-of-quality-said-by-marathi-actress-priyadarshini-indalkar-kjp-91-asj-82-3524909/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> She attended Renuka Swarup Memorial Girls High School. Indalkar completed her [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] (IT) degree from Pune Vidhyarthi Griha's College of Engineering and Technology in Pune.<ref name="Ma Ta">{{cite news |last1=रसाळ |first1=भाग्यश्री |title='हास्यजत्रे'चा अमेरिका दौरा झाल्यावर माझे डोळे उघडले...असं का म्हणाली प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकर? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/interview/priyadarshini-indalkar-interview-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actress-talks-about-roles-and-upcoming-projects/articleshow/108866362.cms |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Video: गुरंढोरं,शेतीवाडी अन् प्रशस्त घर! पाहा प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकरची गावची संपत्ती |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-actress-priyadarshini-indalkar-village-house-video-viral-a-a734/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=3 July 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>


== Career ==
Indalkar started her career with a performance on ''Aflatoon Little Masters'', a kids show on [[ETV Marathi]].<ref name="early career">{{cite news |date=25 March 2023 |title='अफलातून लिटील मास्टर्स'चा १५ वर्षांपूर्वीचा Video व्हायरल, ओळखलंत का या चिमुकलीला? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/marathi-actor-priyadarshini-indalkar-aflatoon-little-masters-comedy-show-old-video-a-a590/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=महिला दिनानिमित्त मुंबई ट्रॅफिक पोलिसांचा खास उपक्रम, 'फुलराणी'नं शेअर केला स्पेशल किस्सा |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/priyadarshani-indalkar-marathi-actress-shared-a-post-on-mumbai-traffic-police-for-international-women-day-detail-marathi-news-1262963 |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[ABP Majha]] |agency=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट डेस्क |date=8 March 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>

Indalkar moved to [[Mumbai]] for her work in 2018 and became friends with her later ''Hasyajatra'' co-star [[Vanita Kharat]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=अडसूळ |first1=नीलेश |date=22 March 2023 |title=Priyadarshini Indalkar: मुंबईत राहण्यासाठी जेव्हा घर नव्हतं तेव्हा वनिता खरातने.. प्रियदर्शिनीने सांगितली खास आठवण.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fem-priyadarshini-indalkar-talks-about-her-struggle-days-and-vanita-kharat-support-nsa95 |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref> She started her [[Marathi theatre]] career with a part in ''Maunaantar'' and later worked in ''Khamoshi'' and ''Parana''. She has also done some dubbing work. Indalkar had a recurring role in [[Sony Marathi]] TV show ''Assa Maher Nako Ga Bai''.<ref name="early career"/>

Her big break came when she became a regular performer in the ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]'' sketch-comedy show.<ref name="Ma Ta"/><ref>{{cite news |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' कार्यक्रमात तुझी निवड कशी झाली? प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकर म्हणाली "सुरुवातीला कठीण..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actress-priyadarshani-indalkar-how-did-you-get-selected-in-programme-nrp-97-3978486/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=11 October 2023 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा'च्या सुरुवातीला दिग्दर्शकांनी मला नकार दिला होता कारण..." प्रियदर्शनीने केला खुलासा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actress-priyadarshani-indalkar-said-i-was-rejected-for-show-but-nrp-97-3529528/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=18 March 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>

In 2021, she had a brief role in Marathi movie ''Photoprem''. Later, she acted in multiple Marathi movies and was the female lead in ''[[Phulrani]]'',<ref name="fulrani"/> ''[[Soyrik]]'', and ''[[Navardev Bsc. Agri]]''.

Indalkar has appeared in Hindi and Marathi web series, starring in productions like ''Shantit Kranti'' and ''[[Farzi]]''.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title='समृद्ध' करणारी भूमिका – प्रियदर्शिनी इंदलकर |url=https://www.saamana.com/priyadarshini-indalkar-interview-on-shantit-kranti-season-two/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Saamana]] |date=11 October 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref
|-
|2021
|''Photoprem''
| rowspan="2" |Unnamed
|
|
|-
|Rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Soyrik]]''
|
|
|-
|''BhauBali''
|Chinmayee Aawalaskar
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Phulrani]]''
|Shevanta Tandel alias Phulrani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-13 |title=हास्यजत्रेची राणी झाली सुबोधची फुलराणी, अखेर समोर आला तिचा चेहरा |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/priyadarshini-indalkar-to-play-phulranis-role-with-subodh-bhave-nrsr-369479/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Navardev Bsc. Agri]]''
|Sukanya
|Nominated Best Actress (City Cine Awards Marathi 2024''')'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Cinema's Finest Honored: City Cine Awards Marathi 2024 Results |url=https://www.radiocity.in/ccamarathi |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Radiocity}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Rukhwat''
|Mahima
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''[[ChikiChiki BooBoomBoom]]''
|Sweety
|
|
|-
|''Samsara''
|Bhanvi
|
|
|-
|''Gaadi Number 1760''
|Chinu
|
|
|-
|[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|''Dashavatar'']]
|Vandana Soman
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|''Lagnacha Shot''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Gandhi Talks]]'' || ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रियदर्शिनी इंदलकरच्या 'गांधी टॉक्स' चित्रपटाची चर्चा; अभिनेत्रीने फोटो शेअर करत चाहत्यांना दिली खास अपडेट|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/5679865/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-priyadarshini-indalkar-gandhi-talks-silent-film-update-svk-05/|website=Loksatta|date=2026-01-31|access-date=2026-02-01|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2010
|''Aflatoon Little Masters''
|Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-03-25 |title='अफलातून लिटील मास्टर्स'चा १५ वर्षांपूर्वीचा Video व्हायरल, ओळखलंत का या चिमुकलीला? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/marathi-actor-priyadarshini-indalkar-aflatoon-little-masters-comedy-show-old-video-a-a590/ |access-date= |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2020-2021
|''[[Assa Maher Nako Ga Baai!]]''
|Sunaina
|
|-
|2022–present
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Contestant
|Different roles
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''Shantit Kranti''
|Samruddhi
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Farzi]]''
|Ishwari Patil
|}

===Play===
*''Maunaantar''
*''Khamoshi''
*''Parana''

==Awards==
Indalkar was awarded the following awards:
*2023: Global Icons of India Award<ref>{{cite news |last1=पाटील |first1=नम्रता |title=प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकरला शरद पोंक्षेंच्या हस्ते मिळाला महत्त्वाचा पुरस्कार, म्हणाली "अशी प्रोत्साहनाची थाप…" |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/marathi-actress-priyadarshini-indalkar-receive-global-icons-of-india-award-share-post-nrp-97-4033778/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=7 November 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>
* 2024 (April): [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Award Marathi]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Female Debut]]<ref>{{cite news |title="विश्वास बसत नाहीय की.."; आयुष्यातला पहिला फिल्मफेअर मिळाल्याने प्रियदर्शनीच्या आनंदाला उधाण |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/priyadarshini-indalkar-got-first-filmfare-award-for-her-film-phulrani-a-a998/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
*2024 (June): The ''Indira Chitnis Memorial Comedienne Award'' by the [[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad]]<ref>{{cite news |title="हास्यजत्रेशिवाय हे शक्य नव्हतं…", प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकरचा सर्वात्कृष्ट विनोदी अभिनेत्री पुरस्कारने गौरव, पोस्ट करत म्हणाली… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-priyadarshini-indalkar-was-honored-with-the-best-comedian-award-pps-98-4415886/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=8 June 2024 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकरचा आणखी एका पुरस्काराने सन्मान |url=https://www.dainikprabhat.com/priyadarshini-indalkar-of-maharashtra-laughter-fair-fame-honored-with-yet-another-award/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Prabhat Khabar|Dainik Prabhat]] |agency=प्रभात वृत्तसेवा |date=8 June 2024}}</ref>
*Best (July): The ''Best New Face'' by [[Sakal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sakal Premier Award 2024 : गौरी देशपांडे, प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकर पदार्पणातील सर्वोत्कृष्ट चेहरा;संतोष जुवेकर सर्वोत्कृष्ट खलनायक |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/sakal-premier-award-2024-gauri-deshpande-priyadarshini-indalkar-award-was-announced-santosh-juvekar-best-villain-adi01 |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[Sakal]] |agency=सकाळ |date=7 June 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm7271166}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indalkar, Priyadarshini}}
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Barbarika

2026-03-14T18:39:17Z

RefugiaLoveless:

{{Short description|Hindu deity}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Khatu Shyam
| image =Khatushyamji Pad Yatra from Kota.JPG
| caption = Barbarika worshipped as Khatushyamji in Khatu near Sikar as well as other places including Kota, Rajasthan
| other_names = Barbara
, Khatu Naath
| god_of = War, Sacrifice
| abode = [[Mount Meru]]
| parents = [[Ghatotkacha]] (father), Mauravi (mother)
| consort =
| children =
| symbols = Bow, Arrow
| festivals = Khatu Shyam Jayanti
| type = Hindu
| texts =
}}

'''Barbarika''' (''Barbarīka'') in [[Hinduism]] is the son of [[Ghatotkacha]] and Princess Ahilawati or Maurvi. Ghatotkach is the son of [[Bhima]] and [[Hidimbi]]. Maurvi is the daughter of Daitya Moora (Army Chief of Demon King [[Narakasura]]) and Demoness Danavi.<ref name="Parmeshwaranand2001">{{cite book|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC|year=2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-226-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC/page/n161 155]}}</ref> Babarika is a [[folk hero]] and is not directly attested in the [[Mahabharata]].

In [[Nepal]], Kirati king [[Yalambar]] is believed to be the Barbarik of Mahabharata, son of Ghatotkach and grandson of Bheem. Legend credits him with meeting Indra, the lord of heaven, who ventured into the Valley in human guise, while natives of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] portray him as [[Akash Bhairav]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/02-13/features2739.htm |title={title} |access-date=17 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225033948/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/02-13/features2739.htm |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In [[Rajasthan]], Barbarika is worshipped as '''Khatu Shyam''' in [[Khatu Shyam Temple]],<ref>{{cite web |title=जानिये कौन हैं ये खाटू श्याम महाराज |url=https://www.newstrend.news/175965/khatu-shyam-maharaj-ki-kahani/ |website=newstrend.news |date=14 October 2018 |publisher=Newstrend |access-date=3 May 2020 |language=hi}}</ref> and in [[Gujarat]], he is worshipped as '''Baliyadev'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pravase |title=Baliyabapa Temple, Lambha Baliyadev Mandir, Ahmedabad{{!}}Pravase |url=https://pravase.co.in/thingstododetail/176/india/gujarat/ahmedabad/baliyabapa-temple-lambha-mandir-timings-history-rituals-facilities |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=pravase.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== His legendary arrows ==
Barbarika/ Belarsen was a grandson of [[Bhima]] (second of the [[Pandava]] brothers), and the son of Ghatotkacha. [[Ghatotkacha]] was the son of [[Bhima]] and [[Hidimbi]]. He learnt the art of warfare from his mother [[Ahilawati|Ahilāvati]], who was also known as Mauravi (daughter of Mura). The gods (''ashtadeva'') gave him the three infallible arrows.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA431 |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780226340555 |page=431 |access-date=28 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012600/https://books.google.ca/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&lpg=PA431 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Iravan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]

Veeran Sundaralingam

2026-03-13T08:28:22Z

RefugiaLoveless: minor changes

{{Short description|18th century general from Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Sundaralinga Kudumbanar
|father = Pandiyan Kattana Karuppanan Kudumbanar
|image =
|caption = Sundaralinga Kudumbanar Statue in Governagiri village in Ottapidaram
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|successor = [[British Rule]]
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date = 1799
}}

'''Sundaralinga Kudumbanar''' (died 1799), also known as '''"Veeran" Sundaralingam Kudumbanar''', was an 18th-century CE general from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=வீரன் சுந்தரலிங்கம்|language=ta|trans-title=Veeran Sundaralingam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_NEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&pg=PT25|last=Viswanathan|first=S.|publisher=KS Radhakrishnan|year=2006|isbn=|access-date=2023-04-02|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402052603/https://books.google.com/books?id=W_NEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&pg=PT25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Maaveeran Sundaralingam|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?8611|work=Azadika Amrit Mahastoav|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714163137/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?8611|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Fight against British==
He was a general of the [[Poligar]] [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]] in their fight against the [[British East India Company]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jan/26/amid-low-key-republic-day-celebrations-tamil-nadu-showcases-centre-rejected-tableau-ofqueen-velu-n-2411530.html| newspaper=The Indian Express| title=Republic Day celebrations, Tamil Nadu| date=26 January 2022| first=| last=| access-date=28 July 2022| archive-date=28 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728051225/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jan/26/amid-low-key-republic-day-celebrations-tamil-nadu-showcases-centre-rejected-tableau-ofqueen-velu-n-2411530.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
.According to a majority of the accepted historical accounts, he was killed in 1799, while fighting for Kattabomman during the First [[Polygar War]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/warm-reception-for-tableau-of-freedom-fighters/article38393146.ece| newspaper=The Hindu| title=Warm reception for tableau of freedom fighters| date=7 February 2022| first=| last=| access-date=28 July 2022| archive-date=28 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728051227/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/warm-reception-for-tableau-of-freedom-fighters/article38393146.ece| url-status=live}}</ref> Another view is that he was killed in the Second Polygar War (1800-1) while assisting Kattabomman's younger brother [[Oomaithurai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/information_publicity_0_0.pdf|title=Policy note on Information and Publicity|year=2009|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908120220/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/information_publicity_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jan/26/amid-low-key-republic-day-celebrations-tamil-nadu-showcases-centre-rejected-tableau-ofqueen-velu-n-2411530.html| newspaper=The Indian Express| title=Republic Day celebrations, Tamil Nadu| date=26 January 2022| first=| last=| access-date=28 July 2022| archive-date=28 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728051225/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jan/26/amid-low-key-republic-day-celebrations-tamil-nadu-showcases-centre-rejected-tableau-ofqueen-velu-n-2411530.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In 2009, the Tamil Nadu government-issued a policy note to build a memorial for Sundaralingam at [[Governagiri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jun/30caste.htm|title=Fear, hatred haunts violence-hit southern districts of TN|date=30 June 1997|website=[[Rediff]]|access-date=24 November 2019|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609235150/http://www.rediff.com/news/jun/30caste.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/govt_schemes_services/Budget_Speech_e_2010_2011.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Budget Speech 2010|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=24 November 2019|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719182537/http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/govt_schemes_services/Budget_Speech_e_2010_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=பூலித்தேவன்: அண்ணன் மு.க....தொடர்ச்சி|date=26 November 2007|work=[[Sify]]|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Smita Narula|title=Broken people: caste violence against India's "untouchables".|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1999|page=84|isbn=9781564322289}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/information_publicity_0_0.pdf|title=Policy note on Information and Publicity|year=2009|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908120220/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/information_publicity_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He belonged to the Kudumbanar community, which is a subsect of [[Devendrakula Velalar]] caste, an agricultural community found in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-okays-putting-seven-castes-under-devendrakula-vellalars/article34109785.ece| newspaper=The Hindu| title=Lok Sabha passes bill to place seven castes under Devendrakula Velalars in Tamil Nadu| date=19 March 2021| first=| last=| access-date=20 March 2021| archive-date=20 March 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320045011/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-okays-putting-seven-castes-under-devendrakula-vellalars/article34109785.ece| url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Maruthu Pandiyar]]
*[[Periya Kaladi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundaralingam, Veeran}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1799 deaths]]

[[Category:People killed in 1799]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:18th century in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Polygar Wars]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]

Hamare Baarah

2026-03-08T06:09:06Z

RefugiaLoveless: Started New Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hamare Baarah
| image = Hamare Baarah movie poster.jpg
| director = Kamal Chandra
| producer = Ravi S Gupta, Birendra Bhagat, Sanjay Nagpal, Sheo Balak Singh
| story = Rajan Agarwal
| cinematography = Sethu Sriram
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Annu Kapoor]]
* [[Parth Samthaan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/parth-samthaan-to-play-lead-role-in-annu-kapoors-hamare-baarah-heres-what-we-know-8880832.html |title=Parth Samthaan to Play Lead Role in Annu Kapoor's Hamare Baarah? Here's What We Know |date=7 May 2024}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Bagga]]
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* Shaan Saxena
}}
| music =
| editing = Sanjay Sharma
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Radhika G Film
* Newtech Media Entertainment
}}
| distributor = [[Viacom18 Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|06|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamare Baarah makers change release date after clearing legal hurdle; Annu Kapoor starrer to hit theaters on June 14 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/hamare-baarah-makers-change-release-date-clearing-legal-hurdle-annu-kapoor-starrer-hit-theaters-june-14/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 June 2024}}</ref>
| runtime = 148 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hamare-baarah-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixnjcx |title=''Hamare Baarah'' (12A) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 11 crore <ref name="o407"/>
}}
'''''Hamare Baarah'''''{{Efn|Originally titled '''''Hum Do Hamare Baarah''''' ({{lit|We Two and Our Twelve}}).<ref>{{cite news |title=Title of Hum Do Humare Baarah changed to Humare Baarah, film to release on June 7 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/title-hum-humare-baarah-changed-humare-baarah-film-release-june-7/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hum Do Humare Baraah retitled Humare Baarah, gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hum-do-humare-baraah-retitled-humare-baarah-gets-release-date-9311611/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 May 2024}}</ref>}} is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Kamal Chandra and produced by Radhika G Film & Newtech Media Entertainment, along with producers Ravi S. Gupta, Birender Bhagat, Sanjay Nagpal, and Sheo Balak Singh. The film is co-produced by Triloki Prasad. Along with [[Annu Kapoor]] it features cast including [[Ashwini Kalsekar]], [[Rahul Bagga]], Paritosh Tiwari, [[Parth Samthaan]],{{cn|date=October 2024}} [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], debutant Aditi Bhatpahri, and others in prominent roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/parth-samthaan-to-play-lead-role-in-annu-kapoors-hamare-baarah-heres-what-we-know-8880832.html |title=Parth Samthaan to Play Lead Role in Annu Kapoor's Hamare Baarah? Here's What We Know |date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

The release of the film was initially [[injunction|stayed]] by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on 13 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/if-teaser-so-offensive-what-about-the-whole-movie-sc-stays-release-of-humare-baarah |title='If Teaser's So Offensive...': SC Stays Release of Film 'Humare Baarah' |date=14 June 2024}}</ref> The film was eventually released on 21 June 2024 after the [[Bombay High Court]] allowed the release of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/hamare-baarah-bombay-hc-permits-release-of-annu-kapoor-starrer-after-makers-agree-to-make-few-changes-2024-06-19-937667 |title=Hamare Baarah: Bombay HC permits release of Annu Kapoor-starrer after makers agree to make few changes |date=19 June 2024}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews.<ref name="r485"/>

== Synopsis ==
''Hamare Baarah''<ref>{{cite news |title=Hum Do Hamare Baarah targets Muslims, say netizens; director denies |url=https://www.siasat.com/hum-do-hamare-baarah-targets-muslims-say-netizens-director-denies-2385593/ |work=Siasat |date=9 August 2022}}</ref> follows Manzoor Ali Khan Sanjari, who is married to two women and insists on having more children despite complications of pregnancy. His daughter, Alfiya, takes him to court to save her stepmother's life, sparking a battle between patriarchal traditions and individual rights. The film encourages contemplation of society's views on family size and the importance of women's empowerment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is hum do humare baarah Islamophobic? Twitter says new film poster against Muslims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hum-do-hamare-baarah-movie-poster-controversy-population-explosion-issue-muslim-community-director-actor-clarify-1985393-2022-08-08 |work=India Today |date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Are Muslims The Reason For Population Explosion? 'Hum Do Hamare Baarah' Accused Of Islamophobia |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hum-do-hamare-baarah-islamophobia-muslims-population-explosion-576674.html |work=The Times of India |date=7 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/hamare-baarah-a-film-with-uttarakhand-connection-gets-entry-in-cannes-film-festival-in-france-2528700 |title='Hamare Baarah', a film with Uttarakhand connection, gets entry in Cannes film festival in France |date=8 May 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Annu Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Annu Kapoor's Hum Do Hamare Baarah 'not targeting any community': Director reacts to criticism |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/annu-kapoor-s-hum-do-hamare-baarah-not-targeting-any-community-says-director-101659934238577.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 August 2022}}</ref> as Manzoor Ali Khan Sanjari
* [[Rahul Bagga]]
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Hum Do Hamare Baarah: Parth Samthaan will soon make his Bollywood debut with this movie |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-hum-do-hamare-baarah-parth-samthaan-will-soon-make-his-bollywood-debut-with-this-movie-1685822 |work=ABP Live |date=7 May 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Parth Samthaan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Parth Samthaan To Play Lead Role In Annu Kapoor's Hamare Baarah? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/parth-samthaan-to-play-lead-role-in-annu-kapoors-hamare-baarah-heres-what-we-know-8880832.html |work=Times Now |date=7 May 2024}}</ref>
* Shaan Saxena

==Box office==
The film grossed ₹11.03 crore worldwide during its theatrical run.<ref name="o407">{{cite web |title=Hamare Baarah' crosses 10 crore mark worldwide |website=The Statesman |date=27 June 2024 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/hamare-baarah-crosses-10-crore-mark-worldwide-1503314328.html}}</ref>

==Reception==

Rosy Panwar, writing for [[NDTV]], gave the movie a rating of 3 out of 5.<ref name="w960">{{cite web |last=पंवार |first=रोज़ी |title=Hamare Baarah Review: जानें कैसी है अन्नू कपूर की 'हमारे बारह' रिव्यू |website=ndtv.in |date=21 June 2024 |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/hamare-baarah-review-in-hindi-know-how-is-anu-kapoor-latest-movie-5937708 |language=hi |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> The ''[[Times of India]]'' gave it a rating of 2.5/5 and added that the movie "often veers into a narrative that feels more like advocacy than entertainment".<ref name="r485">{{cite web |title=Hamare Baarah Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |website=The Times of India |date=31 May 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/hamare-baarah/movieshow/110598295.cms?val=3728&_gl=1*s5k36o*_ga*bFRHNklGcmNWNzY2VURBZ2VTX3pfVHJIRF9QcTE2djBYQ0Z6Q0sySVpKVy1OdVkzMWJ1N0g1YmhEaWI2c3hNUA.. |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Demographic threat#India]], alleged to be depicted in the film
* ''[[The Kerala Story]]'', a 2023 Indian film about the [[Love jihad conspiracy theory]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|26885613}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | hamare_baarah }}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Films about polygamy]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films about Islam]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]

Sahodhari

2026-03-04T05:00:35Z

RefugiaLoveless: Entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sahodari
| image = Sahodhari poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| producer = [[Gubbi Veeranna]] C.R. Basavaraj Manneth David
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| story = Krishnamurthi Puranic
| based_on =
| starring = [[K. Balaji]] [[Devika]] [[Rajasulochana]] [[Prem Nazir]] [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
| narrator =
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| cinematography = Madhav Papule
| editing = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| studio = The Karnataka Film
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1959|12|11|ref1=}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sahodari''''' ({{translation|Sister}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]], starring [[K. Balaji]], [[Rajasulochana]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Devika]] and [[J. P. Chandrababu]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |title=Blast from the past — Sahodari (1959) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-sahodari-1959/article2782979.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 January 2012 |accessdate=2016-09-25 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140830223721/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-sahodari-1959/article2782979.ece |archivedate=30 August 2014|last1=Guy |first1=Randor }}</ref> It was released on 11 December 1959.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=1959 – சகோதரி – தி கர்நாடக பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1959 – Sahodhari – The Karnataka Film |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails18.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927064349/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails18.asp |archive-date=27 September 2016 |access-date=25 September 2016 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=January 2023}}
Pazhani has two children — Chandiran and Meena. Meena is married. Chandiran loves Pankajam. His father and grandmother want him to marry a relative girl, Thangam, who is very helpful to the family. But Chandiran marries Pankajam defying them. Meena's husband spends money in drinking and gambling. He also cheats on her and develops a relationship with the milk woman. Meena is worried. Pankajam, who hailed from a rich family is not financially satisfied with Chandiran. She also starts suspecting Chandiran as having an affair with Thangam. Anandakonar, a milkman, who is also the fiancée of the milk woman finds out the extravagant life led by Meena's husband and his trying to seduce his fiancée, the milk woman. Anandakonar tries to bring a solution. How everything is solved forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
The list was adapted from the film's review article in [[The Hindu]]<ref name="hindu" /> and the film's opening credits.
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] as Meena's husband
* [[Prem Nazir]] as Chandran
* [[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]] as Pazhani
* [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] as Ravi
* [[S. A. Ashokan|Ashokan]] as Devika's brother
* [[J. P. Chandrababu]] as Anandakonar
;Male support cast
* Rama Rao, C. V. V. Panthulu, Gemini Balu, Dhanapal, Ramaiah, Chandran, Jayasakthivel, M. M. Muthu, and S. L. Narayan.
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Meena
* [[Tambaram Lalitha|N. Lalitha]] as Thangam
* [[Devika]] as Pankajam
* [[Padmini Priyadarshini]] as Milkmaid
* S. R. Janaki
* Kamakshi
* Lakshmi (Maadi)

{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Gubbi Veeranna , C. R. Basavaraj, both from the [[Kannada]] cinema and Manneth David from Kerala alongside AVM Productions. The story of the film was written by Krishnamurthi Puranic, a Kannada writer. The film was made both in Kannada and Tamil. [[Murasoli Maran]] wrote the screenplay and dialogues for the Tamil version. The production was financed by [[A. V. Meiyappan]].<ref name=":0" />

Maran initially refused to write dialogues for the film after coming to know that Rajasulochana was the lead actress of the film who refused acting in his home production ''[[Kuravanji]]''. Krishnan (of [[Krishnan–Panju]]) spoke to M. Karunanidhi who insisted Maran to write dialogues to which he agreed. After completing the film, Meiyappan found the film lacked an ingredient that would ensure box office success.<ref name="Maran">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=12 December 2004 |title=முரசொலி வந்த கதை! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2004-12-12/kalki2004-12-12.pdf |access-date=6 October 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28–30 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The milkman character played by [[J. P. Chandrababu]] was included on his recommendation as an afterthought.<ref name="hindu" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2 October 2009 |title=A voice that mesmerised |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/02/stories/2009100250670400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106120522/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/02/stories/2009100250670400.htm |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers 044 25361039 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=168 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Duration
|-
|"Kan Paadum Pon Vanname" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 03:15
|-
|"Naan oru Muttalunga" || [[J. P. Chandrababu]] || 03:14
|-
|"Malarum Malarum Nallarame" || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || 03:15
|-
|"Uravu Thanthaai Kannaale" || R. Balasaraswathi Devi || 04:15
|-
|"Odi Odi Nee Ennodu Vaa" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 02:49
|-
|"Katti Thangam" || [[P. Susheela]] || 04:03
|-
|"Nadagam Poal Mudindhade" ("Thirunaalai Kaanatha") || P. Susheela || 04:57
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Anugraha (film)

2026-03-03T22:20:01Z

RefugiaLoveless: minor reworked article and cleaned formatting

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anugraha
| image =
| caption =
| director = H. L. N. Simha
| producer = K. M. Somasundarappa
| writer = K. M. Somasundarappa
| screenplay = H. L. N. Simha
| starring = [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] [[T. N. Balakrishna]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = R. Madhu
| editing = P. U. S. Manyam
| studio = Sri Malleshwari Production
| distributor = Sri Malleshwari Production
| released = {{Film date|1971|03|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Anugraha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅನುಗ್ರಹ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1971|1971]] Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by H. L. N. Simha and produced by K. M. Somasundarappa. The film stars [[K. S. Ashwath]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] and [[T. N. Balakrishna]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/anugraha-1971|title=Anugraha|accessdate=2015-01-12|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/crew/Anugraha-1971-cast-and-crew/9219800535 |title=Anugraha |accessdate=2015-01-12 |publisher=nthwall.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215445/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/crew/Anugraha-1971-cast-and-crew/9219800535 |archivedate=12 January 2015 }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[K. S. Ashwath]] as Mallanna
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Mahadeva
*[[Aarathi]] as Gowri
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*[[T. N. Balakrishna]]
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[B. V. Radha]]
*[[Rajanand]]
*[[Dikki Madhava Rao]]
*Rathnakar
*Ramadevi
*Nagappa
*Eshwarappa
*[[Rajanand]]
*Sorat Nagaraj
*H. T. Urs
*Nandakumar
*Seetharam
*Shivalingu
*Rama
*Lakshmidevi
*[[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]]
*Nirmala
*Kuppu Swamy
*Master Shivashankar
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0369240}}
* {{YouTube|id=_zdCoWTpL_M|title=Anugraha}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. L. N. Simha]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

K. S. Adhiyaman

2026-03-03T01:06:34Z

RefugiaLoveless: enhance article as per guidelines for consistency

{{short description|Indian film director and producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. S. Adhiyaman
| image = "Photograph of KS Adhiyaman - 2016".jpg
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|10|03}}
| birth_place = [[Paramakudi]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1992–present
| spouse =
| occupation = Director, screenwriter, lyricist
}}

'''K. S. Adhiyaman''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter and lyricist who works in Tamil, Hindi and Telugu films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/quotbollywood-respects-directors-coming-from-the-southquot/article3045797.ece |title="Bollywood respects directors coming from the south" - the Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308182327/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/quotbollywood-respects-directors-coming-from-the-southquot/article3045797.ece |archive-date=8 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Adhiyaman apprenticed under director [[K. Vijayan]] for eight films in the late 1980s, before deciding to become a film maker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/10/stories/2006111003570200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202204858/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/10/stories/2006111003570200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-12-02 |title=Archive News |date=2006-11-10|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> After beginning his directorial career with a relatively unnoticed film in ''Thoorathu Sondham'' (1992), Adhiyaman wrote the dialogues for Suresh Menon's well received films ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' (1993) and ''[[Paasamalargal]]'' (1994) and subsequently bagged the opportunity to make another film. ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'', a relationship drama featuring an ensemble cast of [[Raghuvaran]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Revathi]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] and [[Nagendra Prasad]], won critical acclaim and performed well at the box office. He then featured as an actor in ''Thalaimurai'' (1998) directed by Saravana Pandian and won acclaim for his performance, while making another family drama titled ''[[Swarnamukhi (film)|Swarnamukhi]]'' which had [[Parthiban]] and [[Prakash Raj]] in leading roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Thalaimurai_141015.html |title=Thalaimurai: Movie Review |website=www.indolink.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000531090230/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Thalaimurai_141015.html |archive-date=2000-05-31}}</ref>

Adhiyaman then chose to direct his first Hindi film and began remaking ''Thotta Chinungi'' in Hindi as ''Aap Mere Hai Sanam'' in early 1998.<ref>{{cite web|first=Anupama|last=Chandra|date=2 March 1998|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980302-after-successive-flops-and-press-obits-madhuri-dixit-returns-to-the-top-825804-1998-03-01 |title=After successive flops and press obits, Madhuri Dixit returns to the top |publisher=India Today |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> Notably, the film featured an ensemble cast of several leading actors including [[Salman Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]] while several music composers also worked on the film. The film languished in [[development hell]] and was eventually released in 2002 as ''[[Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam]]'' earning mixed reviews and below average collections, with a critic noting Adhiyaman's "overly simplistic direction lacks both pace and creativity."<ref>{{cite web|author=Kuljinder Singh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/05/31/hum_tumhare_hain_sanam_2002_review.shtml |title=Films - review - Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam |publisher=BBC |date=2002-05-31 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/24hum.htm |title=Movies: The Rediff Review: Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam |work=rediff.com |date=2002-05-24 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> He then began making a project titled ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' in 2002, a romantic drama starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Shilpa Shetty]]. The project's title was changed to ''Dil Chura Ke Chal Diye'' and then to the eventual title ''[[Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar]]'' and the film was completed within a year, though the producers delayed the film's release indefinitely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/21ad.htm |title=Movies: Adhiyaman's run |work=rediff.com |date=2002-05-21 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/07shilpa.htm |title=Shilpa Shetty bares her heart |work=Rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> Delays meant that Adhiyaman chose to remake the film and release it swiftly in Tamil as ''[[Priyasakhi]]'' (2005) with [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Sadha]] playing lead roles. ''Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar'' was finally released in August 2006, with the films earning mixed reviews in both languages.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Shaadi-Karke-Phas-Gaya-Yaar/movie-review/1855979.cms |title=Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/priyasakhi-review-tamil-13901321.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030104446/http://www.sify.com/movies/priyasakhi-review-tamil-13901321.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-30 |title=Review |website=[[Sify]] |date=2005-07-22 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/shaadi/20060804.htm |title=Salman and Shilpa don't arouse interest - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=2006-08-04 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> In between the ventures, he also started a film titled ''Hot'' featuring [[Neha Dhupia]] and [[Parvin Dabbas]], but despite completing shoot has not released.<ref>{{cite web|author=ByBollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1220980/Diana-Hayden-is-Sahara-Sr-VP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415054524/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1220980/Diana-Hayden-is-Sahara-Sr-VP |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2014 |title=Diana Hayden is Sahara Sr VP |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date= 27 May 2004|accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

Adhiyaman made another family drama film titled ''[[Thoondil]]'' starring [[Shaam_(actor)|Shaam]], [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]] and [[Divya Spandana]]. Extensively shot in London, Thoondil began shoot in mid 2006 and progressed slowly before releasing to average reviews in February 2008, with reviewers calling it "melodramatic" and noting that it "starts promisingly and turns unsatisfying".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/05ss.htm |title=Surya-Jyothika wedding will be low key |work=Rediff.com |date=2004-12-31 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-1/thoondil-review.html |title=THOONDIL MOVIE REVIEW - Behindwoods SHAAM SANDHYA DIVYA Director Adhiyaman Vivek Actress Gallery Tamil Movie Pictures Tamil Movie Stills Thoondil Movie Stills |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=2007-12-05 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> Adhiyaman initially planned to remake ''Thoondil'' in Hindi with [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Bipasha Basu]], as well revealing he was set to remake the 2004 Tamil film ''[[Ghilli]]'' in Hindi with [[Harman Baweja]] and [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/carnaticmusic/season2003/fullstory.php?id=14817875 |title=Sify.com |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101717/http://www.sify.com/carnaticmusic/season2003/fullstory.php?id=14817875 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He then announced that he was set to remake the Malayalam film ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' with [[Sunny Deol]] in Hindi as ''Judgement'' and would incorporate real life events of the death of journalist [[Shivani Bhatnagar]] into the script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14658264&cid=13151866 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428083858/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14658264&cid=13151866 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-28 |title=Sify Movies | Bollywood, Kollywood, Track Kabali News, Reviews |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> Neither of the three films eventually materialised. In early 2010, he began a comedy film titled ''Amali Thumali'' featuring [[Nakkhul]], [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Swathi Reddy]] and [[Nikesha Patel]] in lead roles. The film was initially titled ''Nanba'' and had a tagline of ''2 Idiots'', and thus the media mistook this film for [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'', the remake of the 2009 Hindi film ''[[3 Idiots]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-03/nanba-%E2%80%93-2-idiots-shantanu-17-02-11.html |title=Shantanu & Nakul: 2 Idiots |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=2011-02-17 |accessdate=2011-08-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720230748/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-03/nanba-%E2%80%93-2-idiots-shantanu-17-02-11.html| archivedate= 20 July 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/02/20/stories/2011022050010100.htm |title=Retail Plus Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=2011-02-20 |accessdate=2011-08-07 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110101722/http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/02/20/stories/2011022050010100.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was later renamed ''Amali Thumali''. The film title was based on the [[Ko (soundtrack)#Track listing|song of the same name]] from ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/71652.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003231336/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/71652.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2011|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref> Despite filming scenes in locations including [[Fiji]] in 2012, the film is yet to be complete and have a theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/3-idiots-v-s-2-idiots-news-tamil-lcungOciije.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223001436/http://www.sify.com/movies/3-idiots-v-s-2-idiots-news-tamil-lcungOciije.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-02-23 |title=3 Idiots v/s 2 Idiots! |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article323060.ece?service=print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416121650/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article323060.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |title=Romancing Fiji Islands |publisher=The New Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> In 2014, it was reported that the director was considering directing a Tamil project featuring [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Amala Paul]] and [[Nazriya Nazim]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cineulagam.com/tamil/newsen/celebrities/20140106101080/ |title=Nazariya Nazim to share screen with Amala Paul - Tamil - Cinema & Celebrities - Tamil Cinema News in English - Cineulagam.com, Anytime Cinema! |access-date=14 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415135948/http://www.cineulagam.com/tamil/newsen/celebrities/20140106101080/ |archive-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In August 2018, Adhiyaman began production on a horror film titled ''Angel'' starring [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], [[Payal Rajput]] and [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/sep/21/udhayanidhi-ks-adhiyaman-film-titled-angel-7985.html|title = Udhayanidhi-KS Adhiyaman film titled Angel| website=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref> After eighty percent of the shoot was finished, the film became delayed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Udhayanidhi Stalin subsequently announced his retirement from films to focus on his full-time politics, citing that ''[[Maamannan]]'' (2023) would be his final release and refused to cooperate with the producers to complete the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Restrain 'Maamannan' release until Udhayanidhi Stalin completes 'Angel': Producer moves court |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/high-courts/story/hold-maamannan-release-till-you-complete-angel-shoot-madras-high-court-tells-udhayanidhi-stalin-2396898-2023-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As a film director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-

|-
| 1992 || ''Thoorathu Sondham'' || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'' || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[Swarnamukhi (film)|Swarnamukhi]]'' ||
|-
| ''Bobbili Vamsam'' || Telugu || Remake of ''Thalaimurai''
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Priyasakhi]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thoondil]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Tumse Milkar'' || Hindi ||
|}

=== Other crew positions ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Credited as
! Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' || rowspan="2"|Dialogue writer ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Paasamalargal]]'' ||
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Thalaimurai]]'' || Actor
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb Name|nm1147756}}
{{K. S. Adhiyaman}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhiyaman, K. S.}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Techno-thriller

2026-02-24T18:13:32Z

RefugiaLoveless: added section for accuracy and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|Thriller sub-genre with high level of technical detail}}
{{use dmy dates |date=June 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=April 2014}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2014}}
}}
A '''techno-thriller''' or '''technothriller''' is a hybrid genre drawing from [[science fiction]], [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]s, [[spy fiction]], [[action (fiction)|action]], and [[War novel|war novels]]. They are defined by a thriller style of narrative structure, but supported by an exceptional amount of technical details on their subject matter (typically military technology). The inner workings of technology and the mechanics of various disciplines ([[espionage]], [[martial arts]], [[politics]]) are thoroughly explored, and the plot often turns on the particulars of that exploration. This genre began to be distinguished from its parent genres in the early 20th century, receiving further developments and focus in the mid 20th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Themes : Technothriller : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia |url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/technothriller |access-date=2019-05-06 |website=www.sf-encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

== History ==
The genre dates back to early in the 20th century. ''[[Invasion of the Sea]]'' by Jules Verne (1905) has been called an early techno-thriller.<ref>https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780819564658 Retrieved 29 June 2024.</ref> Many techno-thrillers are comparable to science fiction—and several modes within science-fiction. The popularity of the genre has maintained itself and evolved over the years.<ref name=":0" />

One of the earliest techno-thrillers is thought to be ''[[The Satan Bug (novel)|The Satan Bug]]'' (1962) by [[Alistair MacLean]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alistair MacLean's THE SATAN BUG: Birth of the Techno-Thriller - by CEJ |url=http://www.gullcottageonline.com/Buried_Treas.html |website=gullcottageonline |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075654/http://www.gullcottageonline.com/Buried_Treas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> while much of what counted for [[Russian science fiction and fantasy|science fiction in the pre-war and early post-war Soviet Union]] were essentially techno-thrillers, full of technical details and featuring complex spy-rich plots, one of the most enduring example being the [[Grigory Adamov]]'s ''The Mystery of the Two Oceans'' (1939). [[Michael Crichton]] and [[Tom Clancy]] are considered to be the fathers of the "modern techno-thriller";<ref>{{Cite web |title=Father Of Our Country? Tom Clancy Created The Techno-thriller, And He Did It With A Pro-american Mindset. |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-11/features/9302050353_1_tom-clancy-clancy-novel-fiction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191555/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-11/features/9302050353_1_tom-clancy-clancy-novel-fiction |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |website=tribunedigital-sunsentinel}}</ref> Crichton's book ''[[The Andromeda Strain]]'' and Clancy's book ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'' set out the type example which defined the genre, although many authors had been writing similar material earlier, such as [[Craig Thomas (author)|Craig Thomas]]. [[BBC News]] credits Thomas as an early innovator, saying that fans regard him "as the inventor of the techno-thriller,"<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=8 April 2011 |title=Techno thriller writer Craig Thomas dies |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-13012763 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> and his 1977 novel ''[[Firefox (novel)|Firefox]]'' has been credited with starting the genre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Craig Thomas |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/8536437/Craig-Thomas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204151552/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/8536437/Craig-Thomas.html |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Style ==
Techno-thrillers focus strongly on details, especially on the technology, which is frequently of military origin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaltenbach |first=Chris |date=2 October 2013 |title=Clancy invented 'techno-thriller,' reflected Cold War fears |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2013/10/02/clancy-invented-techno-thriller-reflected-cold-war-fears/ |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Minzesheimer |first=Bob |date=3 October 2013 |title=Appreciation: Tom Clancy mastered the techno-thriller |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/10/02/tom-clancy-appreciation/2908305/ |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> Techno-thrillers tend to have a broad scope in the narrative, and can often be regarded as contemporary [[speculative fiction]]; world wars are a common topic. Techno-thrillers often overlap, as far as the genre goes, with near-future science fiction, [[War_novel|military fiction]], and [[Spy_fiction|espionage fiction]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Boush |first=Sam |date=19 July 2018 |title=Crypto, Sci-Fi, Soldiers, Spies (and Disasters): 5 Varieties Within the Technothriller Genre |work=[[Writer's Digest]] |url=http://www.writersdigest.com/writing-articles/by-writing-genre/varieties-of-the-technothriller-genre |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> To the extent that technology is now a dominant aspect of modern global culture, most modern thrillers are "techno-thrillers" in broad sense, and the genre is somewhat diffuse. Techno-thrillers blur smoothly into the category of [[hard science fiction]]; the defining characteristics of techno-thriller are an emphasis on real-world or plausible near-future technology. There is often a focus on military or military-political action. Techno-thrillers also overlap with [[conspiracy fiction]] and [[apocalyptic fiction]]. While techno-thrillers borrow concepts and ideas from other forms and styles of other genres, notably science-fiction and its subcategories, it is a fresh and still developing style with it being more of a hybrid genre, more closely related to thrillers and technology. Since technology is always changing, that brings a fresh take on techno thrillers with advancement always on the scope.<ref name=":0" />

== Varieties ==
According to a Writer’s Digest article, techno-thrillers have at least five varieties within the genre. These are military techno-thrillers, spy techno-thrillers, crypto-techno-thrillers, disaster techno-thrillers, and science-fiction techno-thrillers.

* '''Military techno-thrillers''': These techno-thrillers focus mainly on military issues and problems. They have to do with military centralism in the story and are focused on martial technology. [[Tom Clancy]] is credited with having huge success within this category.<ref name=":1" />
* '''Spy techno-thrillers''': These techno-thrillers are similar to traditional techno-thrillers while remaining true to the pace and they borrow from spy-fi as well. The main aim of this category is to write about espionage as well as tradecraft. They have to do with defeating a rival enemy or enemies and stopping them from achieving their goals.<ref name=":1" />
* '''Crypto-techno-thrillers''': These techno-thrillers are the kind that has the story and the drama unfold most of the time online.
* '''Disaster techno-thrillers''': These techno-thrillers usually have to do with terrible things happening such as an earthquake or any natural disaster, war and nuclear wars, apocalypse, and the end of the world themes are also prevalent. Most times, the problem is grand and affects a worldwide level instead of a local one. The goal of the protagonist is to survive instead of fixing the crisis. A prominent modern day writer to this subgenre is [[Boyd Morrison]], author of ''[[Typhoon Fury]]'', a ''New York Times'' best seller.<ref name=":1" />
* '''Science-fiction techno-thrillers''': Are heavily reliant on science fiction and are often set in the future. Techno-thrillers borrow concepts from science fiction. An example of this techno-thriller would be the science behind ''[[Jurassic Park (novel)|Jurassic Park]]''.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Cyberpunk]]
* [[List of techno-thriller novels]]
* [[Military science fiction]]
* [[Spy-fi (subgenre)]]
* [[Techno-horror]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Science fiction}}
{{Film genres}}

[[Category:Techno-thrillers| ]]
[[Category:Thriller genres]]

Pallavi Sharda

2026-02-16T00:30:33Z

RefugiaLoveless:

{{Short description|Australian actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pallavi Sharda
| image = File:Pallavi Sharda Rooftop Portrait 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sharda in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|3|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Perth]], Western Australia, Australia
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2008–present
| website =
| title = Miss India Australia 2010
| children =
}}

'''Pallavi Sharda''' (born 5 March 1992 in Perth, Western Australia)<ref name="officialDOB4">{{cite web |title=Pallavi Sharda – Age |url=https://pallavisharda.com.au/age |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=Pallavi Sharda Official Website}}</ref> is an Australian actress and [[Bharathanatyam]] dancer of [[Indian people|Indian]] descent. She is best known for her role in the Netflix Rom-Com ''[[Wedding Season]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravindran |first=Manori |title='Wedding Season' Star Pallavi Sharda on Smashing Stereotypes in Netflix Rom-Com |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/columns/wedding-season-pallavi-sharda-netflix-1235334860/ |website=Variety |date=5 August 2022 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> She has also starred in [[Hindi-language]] films ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]'' (2013), ''[[Hawaizaada]]'' (2015), and ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]'' (2017). She starred in the 2012 Australian film ''[[Save Your Legs!]]'' and the 2019 TV series [[Les Norton (TV series)|''Les Norton'']]. Sharda starred in ''[[Tom & Jerry (2021 American film)|Tom & Jerry]]'', [[The Twelve (Australian TV series)|''The Twelve'']], and the Academy Award-nominated film ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]'' (2016).

Beyond acting, Sharda has been involved in philanthropy and cultural advocacy, serving on the board of [[Screen Australia]],<ref name=":1" /> acting as an ambassador for organisations such as [[World Vision Australia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Vision partners with notable Australian females ahead of International Day of the Girl - AdNews |url=https://www.adnews.com.au/campaigns/world-vision-partners-with-notable-australian-females-ahead-of-international-day-of-the-girl
|access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.adnews.com.au
|language=en}}</ref> and the Ovarian Cancer Research Foundation<ref name="Gordon">{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Georgie |date=2024-04-20 |title='Baggy jeans, a classic shirt and an oversized jacket': Pallavi Sharda's daily style |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/baggy-jeans-a-classic-shirt-and-an-oversized-jacket-pallavi-sharda-s-daily-style-20240404-p5fhct.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> through the [[Witchery (company)|Witchery]] White Shirt campaign,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Georgie |date=2024-04-20 |title='Baggy jeans, a classic shirt and an oversized jacket': Pallavi Sharda's daily style |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/baggy-jeans-a-classic-shirt-and-an-oversized-jacket-pallavi-sharda-s-daily-style-20240404-p5fhct.html
|access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> and partnering with social enterprises like Dharma Life and E-Kutir to support women in rural India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pallavi Sharda: Humanitarian Work |url=https://www.pallavisharda.com.au/speak |website=Pallavi Sharda Official Website |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pallavi Sharda was born on 5 March 1992 in [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]].<ref name=elle2021>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Meet Pallavi Sharda, The Indian-Australian Actress From Netflix's 'The One' To Keep On Your Radar|first=Diandra |last=Malivindi |url=https://www.elle.com.au/culture/celebrity/the-one-pallavi-sharda-megan-24857/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |language=en-AU|quote=Pallavi Sharda is a 31-year-old Indian-Australian actress. Standing at 5″3′, she was born in Perth on March 5, 1988}} </ref><ref name=harris2013 /> Her mother, Hema Sharda, has a PhD in [[microelectronics]], and her father, Nalin Sharda has a PhD in [[information technology]], and both are professors.<ref name=harris2013/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwa.edu.au/people/hema.sharda |title=UWA Staff Profile : W/Prof Hema Sharda |website=[[University of Western Australia]] |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929015746/http://www.uwa.edu.au/people/hema.sharda |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Nalin Kant Sharda |url=http://nalinsharda.com |title=Dr.Nalin Kant Sharda |publisher=Nalinsharda.com |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009085643/http://nalinsharda.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> They migrated to Australia in the early 1980s, soon after the birth of Pallavi's elder brother.<ref name=harris2013/><ref name="age3">{{Cite news |title=I always regretted not being born in India: Pallavi Sharda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pallavi-sharda-talks-to-toi-about-her-indian-australian-upbringing-her-observation-on-her-co-star-ranbir-kapoor-and-how-the-indian-australian-issues-were-sensationalised-by-the-indian-medi/articleshow/22117248.cms |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=29 August 2013 |language=en| quote=Pallavi Sharda, 25, is an Australia-born Indian... She is extremely close to her academic and independent family...}}</ref>

Sharda moved to [[Melbourne]] as a toddler, where she grew up in the outer north-western suburbs.<ref name=harris2013/>

She went to school at [[Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar School|Lowther Hall]] in [[Essendon, Victoria|Essendon]], where she obtained an academic scholarship<ref name=harris2013>{{cite web |title=Profile: Pallavi Sharda living Bollywood dream|first= Sarah |last=Harris |url=http://www.brimbankweekly.com.au/story/1792850/profile-pallavi-sharda-living-bollywood-dream/ |work=Brimbank Weekly |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217205856/http://www.brimbankweekly.com.au/story/1792850/profile-pallavi-sharda-living-bollywood-dream/ |archive-date=17 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and at the age of 16 commenced her LLB and BA (Media & Communications) and Diploma in Modern Languages (French) at the [[University of Melbourne]], graduating with honours at 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=Pallavi Sharda - Australian South Asian Centre |url=https://australiansouthasiancentre.com/blogs/pallavi-sharda/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=harris2013 /> the title of her dissertation was "Representation of cross-cultural communities in Australian media", in which she looked at the work of the British Indian film director [[Gurinder Chadha]], "one of the pioneering women of colour in the 1990s in Britain".<ref name=int2020>{{cite interview|first= Pallavi| last=Sharda | interviewer-last=Singh | interviewer-first=Manpreet K | title='I suddenly became visible' says Pallavi Sharda, the Australian-Indian actress of Hollywood and Bollywood fame | website=SBS Punjabi | date=24 August 2020 | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/punjabi/en/podcast-episode/i-suddenly-became-visible-says-pallavi-sharda-the-australian-indian-actress-of-hollywood-and-bollywood-fame/y46p0ki8s | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

She trained for many years in [[Bharatanatyam]], a classical Indian dance form,<ref name=banerjee2010>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Debesh |date=19 October 2010 |title=Building on Bollywood |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/building-on-bollywood/699315/ |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140219055055/https://archive.indianexpress.com/news/building-on-bollywood/699315/ |archive-date =19 Feb 2014 }}</ref> and also learnt some [[Odissi]] dance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140508/jsp/odisha/story_18319621.jsp |title=Bollywood dreams |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=8 May 2014|access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917141216/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140508/jsp/odisha/story_18319621.jsp#.V816YDYkyRs |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
===Screen===
Sharda moved from Melbourne to [[Mumbai]] around 2008-2010 to follow a career in film.<ref name=harris2013 /><ref name=banerjee2010/><ref name=elle2021/><ref name=forever>{{cite web | title=Pallavi Sharda | website= Screen Forever | url=https://2017.screenforever.org.au/speakers/pallavi-sharda/ | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref> She started her career by playing a cameo in [[Karan Johar]]'s ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'', released in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-01 |title=2010-03 Sydney (2) by Indian Link - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/indianlink/docs/2010-03_sydney_2_ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=banerjee2010/>

She next starred in the [[comedy drama]] film, ''[[Dus Tola]]'' (2010) opposite acclaimed actor Manoj Bajpayee, in which she played the role of Geeta, a village dance teacher. Sharda's performance was considered the best element of the film by ''The Times of India''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Dus-Tola/moviereview/6787838.cms |title=Dus Tola Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106112944/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Dus-Tola/moviereview/6787838.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011 and 2012 Sharda was the lead actress of the theatrical musical, ''Taj Express'' directed by Shruti Merchant and choreographed by [[Vaibhavi Merchant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aboard-the-taj-express/808745/ |title=Aboard the Taj Express |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 June 2011 |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916135857/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aboard-the-taj-express/808745/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sharda made her Australian film debut with comedy film ''[[Save Your Legs]]'', which released on 28 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/pallavi-sharda-spreads-her-wings-back-home/story-e6frf96x-1226229701896 |title=Pallavi Sharda spreads her wings back home |work=Herald Sun |access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> She was selected through an audition process in India when producers travelled there to find an Indian actress who could convincingly play an Australian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pallavi Sharda on the brink of Bollywood mega stardom |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-02/pallavi-sharda-on-the-brink-of-bollywood-mega-stardom/4994584 |website=ABC News |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>
She then appeared in [[Abhinav Kashyap]]'s Bollywood film ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Thakkar |first=Mehul |title=Ranbir Kapoor juggling between the Kashyap brothers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ranbir-Kapoor-juggling-between-the-Kashyap-brothers/articleshow/21853917.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819042936/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-16/news-interviews/41417354_1_besharam-bombay-velvet-abhinav |url-status=live |archive-date=19 August 2013 |date=16 August 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> a breakthrough performance opposite [[Ranbir Kapoor]],<ref name=forever/> in which she portrayed a woman whose car is stolen by a petty thief.

Sharda's next Bollywood venture, ''[[Hawaizaada]]'', was released worldwide on 30 January 2015. Directed by [[Vibhu Puri]] and co-starring [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Mithun Chakraborty]], the film is inspired by the true events of [[Shivkar Bapuji Talpade]], who is believed to have flown an unmanned aircraft in 1895 Bombay. Sharda received critical acclaim for her portrayal of a courtesan dancer during the [[British Raj]] era in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hawaizaada-a-dreamlike-masterpiece-about-a-dreamer/articleshow/46052979.cms |title='Hawaizaada': A dreamlike masterpiece about a dreamer |date=4 February 2015 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=31 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031062342/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hawaizaada-a-dreamlike-masterpiece-about-a-dreamer/articleshow/46052979.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sharda joined [[Dev Patel]] and [[Nicole Kidman]] in the Hollywood film ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-23 |title=Pallavi Sharda on working in Oscar-nominated film Lion: I connected with my character |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/hollywood/story/pallavi-sharda-lion-oscar-nominated-film-dev-patel-bollywood-962317-2017-02-23 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], where she played the role of Prama.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lion' to premiere at Toronto International Film Festival |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/lion-to-premiere-at-toronto-international-film-festival/ |website=FilmInk |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> Her next Bollywood film, ''Begum Jaan'', released in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Srijit-shares-picture-of-his-Begum-Jaan-brigade/articleshow/53189802.cms |title=Srijit shares picture of his Begum Jaan brigade |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 August 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724011918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Srijit-shares-picture-of-his-Begum-Jaan-brigade/articleshow/53189802.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Sharda received critical acclaim for her authenticity in the portrayal of Gulabo, a sex worker in rural Punjab, at the time of Pakistan's partition from India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/begum-jaan-movie-review-live-all-bow-down-to-vidya-balan-the-begum-who-means-business-382782.html |title=Begum Jaan movie review LIVE: All bow down to Vidya Balan, the begum who means business |date=13 April 2017 |website=Firstpost.com |access-date=19 August 2017 |archive-date=26 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626062615/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/begum-jaan-movie-review-live-all-bow-down-to-vidya-balan-the-begum-who-means-business-3382782.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sharda played a leading role in [[ABC Television (Australian TV network)|ABC Television]]'s medical drama ''[[Pulse (Australian TV series)|Pulse]]'' (2017), which earned her the [[Casting Guild of Australia]]'s "Rising Star" award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://if.com.au/ |title=Home |website=If.com.au |access-date=19 August 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710120246/http://if.com.au/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She played in the ABC-TV series ''[[Les Norton (TV series)|Les Norton]]'' in 2019, performing opposite [[David Wenham]] as Georgie Burman, a spunky and pragmatic casino manager.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABC drama Les Norton to air this August – You wouldn't want to miss it |url=https://www.abc.net.au/about/media-centre/publicity-media-room/abc-drama-les-norton-to-air-this-august-you-wouldnt-want-to-miss/103725902 |website=ABC |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2020, she starred in ''[[Beecham House]]'', [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]'s historical drama series directed by [[Gurinder Chadha]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pallavi-sharda-plays-a-princess-in-gurinder-chadhas-period-drama/articleshow/66120698.cms |title=Pallavi Sharda plays a princess in Gurinder Chadha's period drama |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 October 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009015444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pallavi-sharda-plays-a-princess-in-gurinder-chadhas-period-drama/articleshow/66120698.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pallavi-sharda-happy-to-work-with-gurinder-chadha/articleshow/66133051.cms |title=Pallavi Sharda happy to work with Gurinder Chadha |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010062732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pallavi-sharda-happy-to-work-with-gurinder-chadha/articleshow/66133051.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> the British Indian director whose work she wrote about in her dissertation at university.<ref name=int2020/> In July of the same year, she starred in ABC TV's ''[[Retrograde (TV series)|Retrograde]]'', a six-part dramedy about life for a group of young people during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia]].<ref>{{cite web | title=ABC series Retrograde launches in July | website=Screen Australia | date=10 June 2020 | url=https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/sa/media-centre/news/2020/06-10-abc-series-retrograde-launches-july | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Donoughue | first=Paul | title=Retrograde, ABC TV's new show, pulls apart life under coronavirus lockdown | website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] | date=11 July 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-12/retrograde-abc-tv-are-you-ready-to-laugh-at-coronavirus-lockdown/12433680 | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

In 2021, Sharda appeared as Megan Chapman in the British [[Netflix]] drama ''[[The One (TV series)|The One]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the cast of Netflix's The One |url=https://www.elle.com.au/culture/news/the-one-netflix-cast-24848/ |website=Elle Australia |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> That same year, she featured in the live-action film ''[[Tom and Jerry (2021 American film)|Tom & Jerry]]'', alongside [[Chloë Grace Moretz]], [[Michael Peña]], and [[Colin Jost]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pallavi Sharda is on a roll with Tom & Jerry and more |url=https://if.com.au/pallavi-sharda-is-on-a-roll-with-tom-and-jerry-and-more/ |website=IF Magazine |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2022, Sharda starred as Asha in the Netflix romantic comedy ''[[Wedding Season]]'', opposite [[Suraj Sharma]]. Directed by [[Tom Dey]] and produced by [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Jax Media]], and Swati Shetty, the film follows two Indian-Americans who pretend to date during wedding season before developing a genuine relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pallavi Sharda on bringing heart and humour to Netflix's Wedding Season |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/features/pallavi-sharda-wedding-season/news-story/70c6713103385f360d7047cb0fc2ed6a |website=Vogue Australia |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2022 she starred in the Australian award-winning drama ''[[The Twelve (Australian TV series)|The Twelve]]'' opposite [[Sam Neill|Sam Neil]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Twelve, starring Pallavi Sharda, to stream on Lionsgate Play |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/countdown-begins-451484 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> this garnered her a [[Logie Awards|Logie]] nomination for [[Logie Award for Most Outstanding Supporting Actress|Most outstanding supporting actress]] for her portrayal of 24 year old Corrie D'Souza – a head juror marred by her own story of [[PTSD]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-06 |title=The highlights from all The Twelve Logies winners |url=https://www.nowtolove.com.au/entertainment/tv/the-twelve-tv-week-logies-2023-78472/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Now To Love |language=en-AU}}</ref>

In 2024, Sharda was cast in two Australian comedy films. ''[[Spit (2025 film)|SPIT]]'', which released theatrically in March 2025, features Sharda as Aria Sahni, a lawyer known for her unconventional methods.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=SPIT: Pallavi Sharda Interview |url=https://drawyourbox.com/posts/spit-pallavi-sharda-interview/ |website=Draw Your Box |date=March 2025 |access-date=16 October 2025 |language=en }}</ref> ''[[One More Shot (2025 film)|One More Shot]]'' is due to premiere on [[Stan (streaming service)|Stan]] in October 2025, following screenings at [[South by Southwest|SXSW]] Austin, its Australian premiere, and the [[Melbourne International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Nicholas |title=MIFF Review: One More Shot |url=https://www.thecurb.com.au/miff-review-one-more-shot-nicholas-clifford/ |website=The Curb |date=August 2025 |access-date=16 October 2025 |language=en }}</ref>

===Audio===
Sharda starred in the [[Audible (service)|Audible]] original [[podcast]] ''The Missed'', written by [[Sami Shah]] and released in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web | title=Audible Original podcast series 'The Missed' starring Pallavi Sharda hits Audible this week | website=Screenwest | date=5 August 2022 | url=https://www.screenwest.com.au/news/latest-news/audible-original-podcast-series-the-missed-starring-pallavi-sharda-hits-audible-this-week/ | access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

==Other activities==
Sharda joined [[Sony ESPN]]'s team as their new face for the IPL 2016 [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ipl-2016-rochelle-rao-pallavi-sharda-anchor-extraaa-innings-t20 |title=IPL 2016: Rochelle Rao and Pallavi Sharda to anchor 'Extraaa Innings T20 |website=Sportskeeda.com |date=5 April 2016 |access-date=19 August 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411032930/http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ipl-2016-rochelle-rao-pallavi-sharda-anchor-extraaa-innings-t20 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2016 Sharda was on the board of advisers for the [[social enterprise]] eKutir, an organisation focuses on rural development projects across sanitation, nutrition, and sustainable agriculture, located in the state of [[Odisha|Odissa]] in eastern India,<ref name=puneet2016/> founded by KC Mishra.<ref name=dharma/> She was the ambassador of a sanitation project called Svadha, and encouraged Australians to donate to the cause.<ref name=puneet2016>{{cite web | last=Anand | first=Puneet | title=An evening with Pallavi Sharda | website=Indian Link | date=7 December 2016 | url=https://www.indianlink.com.au/an-evening-with-pallavi-sharda/ | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref> She worked with eKutir for several years.<ref name=dharma/>

In 2017 she was writing a memoir called ''Which Way to Bombay?'',<ref name=forever/> due to be published in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | last=Groves | first=Don | title=Pallavi Sharda advances the cause of on-screen diversity | website=[[IF Magazine]] | date=26 November 2017 | url=https://if.com.au/pallavi-sharda-advances-cause-screen-diversity/ | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, she was appointed to the [[Screen Australia]] board, becoming the youngest member ever and first of Indian origin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Karl |date=2023-07-24 |title=Bollywood star tapped to turbocharge Australian film and television |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/movies/bollywood-star-tapped-to-turbocharge-australian-film-and-television-20230724-p5dqpa.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='There are no ceilings now': Bollywood star Pallavi Sharda takes key Screen Australia role |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/bollywood-star-pallavi-sharda-shatters-barriers-with-screen-australia-appointment/swvb4eskl |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref> She also partnered with [[World Vision Australia]] alongside other notable Australian women activists to raise her voices to empower 1,000 girls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Vision partners with notable Australian females ahead of International Day of the Girl - AdNews |url=https://www.adnews.com.au/campaigns/world-vision-partners-with-notable-australian-females-ahead-of-international-day-of-the-girl |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.adnews.com.au |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024 she became an ambassador of the [[Witchery (company)|Witchery]] White Shirt campaign, to help raise awareness for Ovarian Cancer Research.<ref name="Gordon"/>

In 2024, Sharda founded Bodhini Studios, a production initiative focused on intercultural storytelling, with an emphasis on cultural safety and addressing barriers within mainstream screen culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In her 20s, Pallavi Sharda conquered Bollywood. Now she's home and on a mission |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/in-her-20s-pallavi-sharda-conquered-bollywood-now-she-s-home-and-on-a-mission-20250908-p5mtdy.html |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 September 2025 |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pallavi Sharda – Australian Indian Actress |url=https://www.bodhinistudios.com/blog/pallavi-sharda-australian-indian-actress |website=Bodhini Studios |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, Sharda began working with Dharma Life, a social enterprise based in India, talking with women social entrepreneurs in the mountainous state of [[Uttarakhand]] in northern India.<ref name=dharma>{{cite web | title=Social Enterprise | website=Pallavi Sharda | date=22 April 2025 | url=https://www.pallavisharda.com.au/speak | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

She has been a regular keynote speaker on Asia Literacy in Australia, cross-cultural relations between India and Australia, and women's empowerment in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indusage.com.au/law-graduate-turned-bollywood-actress-pallavi-sharda-addresses-aala-diwali-dinner/ |title=Law graduate turned Bollywood Actress Pallavi Sharda addresses AALA Diwali Dinner |date=29 November 2014 |website=Indusage.com.au |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914004540/http://www.indusage.com.au/law-graduate-turned-bollywood-actress-pallavi-sharda-addresses-aala-diwali-dinner/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
She has delivered talks at forums including the Australia India Leadership Dialogue (AILD) in Melbourne, where she spoke about the role of culture and technology in strengthening bilateral ties and highlighted cultural diplomacy as a form of soft power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia–India Leadership Dialogue: On Culture & Geopolitics |url=https://www.pallavisharda.com.au/speak#:~:text=AUSTRALIA%2DINDIA%20LEADERSHIP%20DIALOGUE%3A%20ON%20CULTURE%20%26%20GEOPOLITICS |website=Pallavi Sharda Official Website |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

==Recognition and honours==
Sharda was crowned Miss India Australia in [[Sydney]] in 2010.<ref name=banerjee2010/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-always-wanted-to-dance-in-Bollywood/Article1-616299.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125134713/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-always-wanted-to-dance-in-Bollywood/Article1-616299.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=I always wanted to dance in Bollywood |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/who-is-pallavi-sharda-/1176812/ |title=Who is Pallavi Sharda? |work=The Indian Express |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105231826/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/who-is-pallavi-sharda-/1176812 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015 she was appointed the "[[Moomba Festival#Moomba monarchs|Queen of Moomba]]", Melbourne's largest community festival, alongside retired Australian cricketer [[Shane Warne]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/cricketer-shane-warne-and-bollywood-star-pallavi-sharda-named-king-and-queen-of-moomba-20150211-13bsiw.html |title=Cricketer Shane Warne and Bollywood star Pallavi Sharda named king and queen of Moomba |last=Schetzer |first=Alana |date=11 February 2015 |work=[[The Age]] |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505041617/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/cricketer-shane-warne-and-bollywood-star-pallavi-sharda-named-king-and-queen-of-moomba-20150211-13bsiw.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=forever/>

In 2020, Sharda was named on the list of 40 forty most influential [[Asian Australians]] at the inaugural Asian-Australian Leadership Summit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianaustralianleadership.com.au/40-under-40-awards-winners |title=40 Under 40 Awards Winners |publisher=[[Asian Australian Leaders]] |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510170301/https://www.asianaustralianleadership.com.au/40-under-40-awards-winners |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
|-
| 2021
| [[Equity Ensemble Awards]]
| Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (with [[Maria Angelico]], [[Nicholas Boshier]], [[Max Brown (Australian actor)|Max Brown]], [[Esther Hannaford]] & Ilai Swindells)
| ''[[Retrograde (TV series)|Retrograde]]''
| {{win}}<ref>{{cite web | last=Knox | first=David | title=Equity Ensemble Awards 2021: winners | website=TV Tonight | date=7 May 2021 | url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2021/05/equity-ensemble-awards-2021-winners.html | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
| Sajida Siddiqi
|
|-
| ''[[Dus Tola]]''
| Geeta
|
|-
| ''[[Walkaway (film)|Walkaway]]''
| Sia
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011
| ''The Saviour''
| Pia
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]''
| Radhika
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[Save Your Legs!]]''
| Anjali
|
|-
| ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]''
| Gayatri
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]''
| Tara Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Hawaizaada]]''
| Sitara
|
|-
| ''[[UnIndian]]''
| Shanthi
|<ref name=forever/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]''
| Prama
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]''
| Gulabo
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]''
| News Voiceover
| Voice role
|-
| ''Murder''
| Dr. Parvati Agrawal
| TV film
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Tom & Jerry (2021 American film)|Tom & Jerry: The Movie]]''
| Preeta Mehta
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Wedding Season]]''
| Asha
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo]]''
|
| Episode: ''"Uniform Special"''
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Pulse (Australian TV series)|Pulse]]''
| Tanya Kalchuri
| Series regular, 8 episodes
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
| ''[[Strike Back (TV series)|Strike Back]]''
| Samira Shah
| Episode: ''"[[Strike Back: Revolution|Revolution: Part 3]]"''
|-
| ''[[Beecham House]]''
| Chandrika
| Series regular, 6 episodes
|-
| ''[[Les Norton (TV series)|Les Norton]]''
| Georgie Burman
| Mini-series
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Retrograde (TV series)|Retrograde]]''
| Maddie
| Series regular, 6 episodes
|-
| 2021
| ''[[The One (TV series)|The One]]''
| Megan Chapman
| Series regular, 7 episodes
|-
|2022
|''[[The Twelve (Australian TV series)|The Twelve]]''
|Corrie D'Souza
|TV series: 10 episodes
|-
|2024
|''[[The Office (Australian TV series)|The Office]]''
|Alisha Khanna
|Series regular
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Zumba Dance Fitness Party]]
*[[Indian Australians]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://pallavisharda.com.au/}}
* {{IMDb name|3354963}}
* {{BH person|pallavi-sharda}}
* "[https://www.sbs.com.au/language/punjabi/en/podcast-episode/i-suddenly-became-visible-says-pallavi-sharda-the-australian-indian-actress-of-hollywood-and-bollywood-fame/y46p0ki8s 'I suddenly became visible' says Pallavi Sharda, the Australian-Indian actress of Hollywood and Bollywood fame]". SBS Punjabi, 24 August 2020. (Audio 22 min. + text)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharda, Pallavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Perth, Western Australia]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:Australian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Melbourne Law School alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]]

Bhadla Solar Park

2026-01-30T11:53:56Z

RefugiaLoveless:

{{short description|Solar power array in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Bhadla Solar Park
| name_official =
| image = File:2020-05-20, _Sentinel-2A_L1C,_True_color_(1).jpg
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| country = [[India]]
| location = Bhadla, [[Phalodi district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = {{start date and age |2020|03|20|df=yes}}
| cost = (US$2.175 billion)
| owner =
| operator =
| solar_type = pv
| solar_collectors =
| solar_collectors_area =
| ps_site_area = {{cvt|14000|acre|order=flip}}
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_units_manu_model =
| ps_units_uc =
| ps_units_planned =
| ps_units_cancelled =
| ps_units_decommissioned =
| ps_thermal_capacity =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 2,245 MW<ref name=p>{{cite web |url=https://mercomindia.com/world-largest-solar-park-bhadla/|title=With 2'245 MW of Commissioned Solar Projects, World's Largest Solar Park is Now at Bhadl|accessdate=20 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name=baad>{{cite news|title=Solar power park of 620 MW capacity get operational at Bhadla park|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-power-park-of-620-mw-capacity-get-operational-at-bhadla-park/66041962|accessdate=2 December 2018|language=en|date=2 October 2018|work=Energyworld, The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002220715/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-power-park-of-620-mw-capacity-get-operational-at-bhadla-park/66041962|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=acmee>{{cite web|title=ACME commissions 2000 MW solar power plant at Bhadla|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/acme-commissions-200-mw-solar-power-plant-at-bhadla/65908043|accessdate=19 February 2018|language=en|date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922094656/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/acme-commissions-200-mw-solar-power-plant-at-bhadla/65908043|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_storage_capacity =
| ps_annual_generation =
| website = https://ntpcrel.co.in/
| extra =
}}

The '''Bhadla Solar Park''' is a [[Photovoltaic power station|solar power plant]] located in the [[Thar Desert]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It covers an area of 56 square kilometers and has a total installed capacity of 2,245 [[Watt|megawatts]] (MW), making it India's largest and the [[List of photovoltaic power stations#World's largest photovoltaic power stations|11th-largest solar park in the world]] as of 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gill |first=Tom |url=https://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/solar-panels/biggest-solar-farms|title=The 15 largest solar farms in the world 2024 |work=Theecoexperts |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> The park was developed in four phases since 2015, with $775 million in funding from the [[Climate Investment Funds|Climate Investment Fund]] and $1.4 billion in funding from other sources.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Malley |first=James |title=India is harnessing renewable energy through the world's biggest solar farm. Here's how it happened. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/india-harnessing-renewable-energy-through-worlds-biggest-solar-farm-2022-11 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> The park contributes to India's [[renewable energy]] goals and helps reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by an estimated 4 million tons per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-19 |title=Soaking Up Sun in the Thar Desert |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149442/soaking-up-sun-in-the-thar-desert |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref>

== Development ==
The Bhadla Solar Park was initiated by the Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited (RRECL), a joint venture between the [[Government of Rajasthan]] and the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] (MNRE). The RRECL identified Bhadla, a remote area in the [[Phalodi tehsil]] of [[Phalodi district]], as a suitable site for solar power generation due to its [[Solar irradiance|high solar irradiance]], [[Population density|low population density]], and availability of government-owned land.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-20 |title=All You Need To Know About Bhadla Solar Power Plant |url=https://www.solarsquare.in/blog/bhadla-solar-power-plant/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Solar Square Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

In Phase I in 2017, [[NTPC Limited]] auctioned 420 MW to several developers including Fortum of Finland. In Phase II, [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]] (SECI) auctioned 250 MW which includes the under-construction AMPIN Energy Transition's [[AMP Energy Bhadla Solar Power Plant|Bhadla Solar Power Plant]] and [[NTPC Bhadla Solar Power Plant]]. In Phase III on May 11, 2017, ACME Power won 200 MW and [[SoftBank Group|Softbank Group]] (SBG) won 300 MW. In Phase IV on May 9, 2017, Phelan Energy Group won 50 MW, Avaada Energy won 100 MW and SBG Cleantech consortium won 100 MW. SECI tendered bids for the remaining 750 MW in June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |date=2020-03-19 |title=Bhadla World's Largest Solar Park |url=http://65.1.240.89/bhadla-worlds-largest-solar-park/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=RajRAS {{!}} RAS Exam Preparation |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> After its completion in December 2018, the solar park achieved a total installed capacity of 2,055 MW, making it the largest solar park in India as of 2023.[[File:PV power plant cluster near Bhadla (India).png|thumb|722x722px|Development of Bhadla Solar Park documented on satellite Sentinel-2 imagery]]

==Impact==
The Bhadla Solar Park is one of the projects of [[National Solar Mission|India's National Solar Mission]], which aims to install 100 gigawatts (GW) of solar power by 2022. The park also helps India meet its commitments under the [[Paris Agreement]] to reduce its carbon intensity by 33-35% by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Jill |title=Why India Thinks A Trillion-Dollar Price Tag Is Worth Staying In The Paris Climate Accord |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillbaker/2017/06/05/why-india-thinks-a-trillion-dollar-price-tag-is-worth-staying-in-the-paris-climate-accord/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

According to a study by the [[World Bank]], the park has multiple benefits for the local economy and environment. The park has created about 10,000 direct and indirect jobs during construction and operation.<ref name=bbc>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-13 |title=India's solar-powered future clashes with local life |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62848096 |access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref> The park has also improved the quality and reliability of electricity supply in the region.<ref name=bbc/> The park has also reduced the dependence on [[fossil fuel]]s and avoided about 4 million tons of [[carbon dioxide]] emissions per year.<ref name=bbc/>

==Challenges==
The Bhadla Solar Park has faced some challenges due to its location and scale. One of the main challenges has been dust accumulation on the solar panels, which reduces their efficiency and output. The park is also located in an arid region that experiences frequent [[Dust storm|dust storms and sandstorms]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-19 |title=Soaking Up Sun in the Thar Desert |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149442/soaking-up-sun-in-the-thar-desert |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Renewable energy}}
* [[Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects]]
* [[Solar power in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{stack|}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150824054110/http://www.rrecl.com/PDF/Solar%20Park%20Bhadla%20Presentation%203.pdf SOLAR PARK, BHADLA, PHASE-II]
*[https://ecoigloo.com/2020/12/29/worlds-largest-solar-plant/ World's largest solar power plant]
*[https://www.civilengineeringweb.com/2025/04/bhadla-fatehpur-hvdc-project.html/ BHADLA-FATEHPUR HVDC PROJECT]

{{SPIN}}

[[Category:Solar power stations in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2017]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]

Shikohabad Junction railway station

2026-01-29T17:56:03Z

RefugiaLoveless: Done - done

{{short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shikohabad Junction railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Shikohabad railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Shikohabad railway station board on platform 4
| address = [[Shikohabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.0861|N|78.5754|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|166|m|ft}}
| line = [[Kanpur–Delhi section]]
*Shikohabad–Farrukhabad line
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 4
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1865-66
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1971–72
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SKB
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Prayagraj}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Shikohabad Junction railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
}}

'''Shikohabad Junction railway station''' is on the [[Kanpur-Delhi section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] and [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]]. It is located in [[Firozabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It serves [[Shikohabad]].

==History==
Through [[Train|trains]] started running on the [[East Indian Railway Company]]'s Howrah–Delhi line in 1866.<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title = IR History: Early History (1832-1869) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 28 June 2013}}</ref>

A branch line was opened from Shikohabad to [[Mainpuri]] in 1905 and extended to [[Farrukhabad]] in 1906.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mainpuri.nic.in/gaz/chapter7.htm | title = Mainpuri | work = Chapter 7: Communication | publisher = Mainpuri district administration | access-date = 28 June 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090858/http://mainpuri.nic.in/gaz/chapter7.htm | archive-date = 28 July 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Panki–Tundla sector was [[Electrification|electrified]] in 1971–72.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 28 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Firozabad railway station]]
*[[Tundla Junction railway station]]
*[[Mainpuri railway station]]
*[[Etawah Junction railway station]]
* Udi Mor Junction railway station

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/shikohabad-junction-skb/903 Trains at Shikohabad]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways|line=North Central Railway zone|left=Kaurara|right=Makkhanpur|type=[[Kanpur–Delhi section]]|line2=North Central Railway zone|left2=|right2=Aaraon|type2=Shikohabad–Farrukhabad branch line}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1865]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Prayagraj railway division]]
[[Category:Shikohabad]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-27T06:13:00Z

RefugiaLoveless: Put Up Some Biography First Draft

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar {{Small|UK-4}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttarakhand/Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2009
| electors = 20,15,809<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| mp = [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Ajay Bhatt Minister (cropped).jpg
| assembly_cons = 14: [[Lalkuan (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lalkuan]], [[Bhimtal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhimtal]], [[Nainital (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nainital]], [[Haldwani (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haldwani]], [[Kaladhungi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kaladhungi]], [[Jaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jaspur]], [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]], [[Bajpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bajpur]], [[Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gadarpur]], [[Rudrapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]], [[Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kichha]], [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]], [[Nanakmatta (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nanakmatta]] and [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]]
}}

'''Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the five [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Parliament of India|parliamentary]]) constituencies in [[Uttarakhand]]. It comprises two districts namely [[Nainital district|Nainital]] (part) and [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]. This constituency came into existence in 2009, following the [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation]] of Lok Sabha constituencies.

==Assembly segments==
Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following fourteen [[Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assembly]]) constituency segments:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090413/dun.htm#1|title=Three in fray, but bipolar contest expected: Nainital-Udham Singh Nagar Seat|last=Dewan|first=Umesh|date=13 April 2009|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=31 December 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Name
!District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
| align="center" | 56
| [[Lalkuan (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lalkuan]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| [[M. S. Bisht|Dr. Mohan Singh Bisht]]
| {{full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=3}}
| {{full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=5}}
|-
| align="center" | 57
| [[Bhimtal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhimtal]]
| [[Ram Singh Kaira]]
|-
| align="center" | 58
| [[Nainital (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nainital]] (SC)
| [[Sarita Arya]]
|-
| align="center" | 59
| [[Haldwani (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haldwani]]
| [[Sumit Hridayesh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| align="center" | 60
| [[Kaladhungi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kaladhungi]]
| [[Banshidhar Bhagat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| align="center" | 62
| [[Jaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jaspur]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| [[Adesh Singh Chauhan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| align="center" | 63
| [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
| [[Trilok Singh Cheema]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| {{full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=8}}
|-
| align="center" | 64
| [[Bajpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bajpur]] (SC)
| [[Yashpal Arya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| align="center" | 65
| [[Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gadarpur]]
| [[Arvind Pandey]]
| {{full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|-
| align="center" | 66
| [[Rudrapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]]
| [[Shiv Arora]]
|-
| align="center" | 67
| [[Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kichha]]
| [[Tilak Raj Behar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| align="center" | 68
| [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]]
| [[Saurabh Bahuguna]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| align="center" | 69
| [[Nanakmatta (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nanakmatta]] (ST)
| [[Gopal Singh Rana]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| align="center" | 70
| [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]]
| [[Bhuwan Chandra Kapri]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Karan Chand Singh Baba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Nainital]]-[[Udham Singh Nagar|Udhamsingh Nagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,72,671
|percentage = 61.03
|change = {{decrease}}0.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prakash Joshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,38,123
|percentage = 34.61
|change = {{increase}}0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Akhtar Ali
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 23,455
|percentage = 1.85
|change = {{decrease}}0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 10,425
|percentage = 0.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,34,458
|percentage = 26.42
|change = {{decrease}}0.52
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,71,666
|percentage = 62.75
|change = {{decrease}}6.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Nainital]]-[[Udham Singh Nagar|Udhamsingh Nagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|votes = 7,72,195
|percentage = 61.35
|change = {{increase}}3.54
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Harish Rawat]]
|votes = 4,33,099
|percentage = 34.41
|change = {{increase}}2.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Navneet Agrawal
|votes = 28,455
|percentage = 2.26
|change = {{decrease}}3.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
|candidate = Kailash Pandey
|votes = 5,488
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 10,608
|percentage = 0.84
|change = {{decrease}}0.1
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,39,096
|percentage = 26.94
|change = {{increase}}1.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,58,570
|percentage = 69.22
|change = {{increase}}0.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Nainital]]-[[Udham Singh Nagar|Udhamsingh Nagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
|votes = 6,36,769
|percentage = 57.81
|change = {{increase}}26.9
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. C. Singh Baba]]
|votes = 3,52,052
|percentage = 31.96
|change = {{decrease}}10.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Laik Ahmed
|votes = 59,245
|percentage = 5.38
|change = {{decrease}}13.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Balli Singh Cheema]]
|votes = 13,472
|percentage = 1.22
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 10,328
|percentage = 0.94
|change = {{increase}}0.94
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,84,717
|percentage = 25.85
|change = {{increase}}14.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,01,435
|percentage = 68.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}21.56
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Nainital]]-[[Udham Singh Nagar|Udhamsingh Nagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. C. Singh Baba]]
|votes = 3,21,377
|percentage = 42.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bachi Singh Rawat]]
|votes = 2,32,965
|percentage =30.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =[[Narayan Pal]]
|votes = 1,43,515
|percentage =19.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 88,412
|percentage = 11.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,53,682
|percentage =58.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nainital (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of parliamentary constituencies in Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttarakhand/nainital_udhamsingh_nagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Nainital Udhamsingh Nagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|29.2|79.52|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttarakhand]]

Haritha Savithri

2026-01-26T15:36:20Z

RefugiaLoveless: Started A Article

{{Short description|Indian author}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Haritha Savithri
| image = Haritha Savithri.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karunagappally]], [[Kollam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| occupation = Novelist
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| alma_mater =
| genre = Novel, [[travel literature|travelogue]], essays
| notableworks = ''Murivettavarude Pathakal'', ''Zin'', ''Spanish Nadodikkadhakal''
| spouse =
| awards = {{ubl||[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| caption = Haritha Savithri
}}

'''Haritha Savithry''' is a Malayalam writer, human rights activist and translator. She was awarded the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2022 for the travalogue ''Murivettavarude Pathakal'' in 2022<ref name="MB01">{{cite news |title=വി. ഷിനിലാലിനും പിഎഫ് മാത്യൂസിനും കെ. ശ്രീകുമാറിനും കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/kerala-sahithya-academy-awards-thrissur-1.8688641 |access-date=1 August 2024 |agency=[[Mathrubhumi]] |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230701141746/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/kerala-sahithya-academy-awards-thrissur-1.8688641 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="KSA01">{{cite web |title=2022-ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരങ്ങള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/2022-%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF/ |website=Kerala Sahithya Academy |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230701142118/https://keralasahityaakademi.org/2022-%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> and for the novel ''Zîn'' in 2023.<ref name="MM01">{{cite news |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാര നിറവിൽ കൽപറ്റ നാരായണനും ഹരിത സാവിത്രിയും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2024/07/26/kerala-sahitya-akademi-award-2023-winners.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |agency=[[Malayala Manorama]] |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref><ref name="DA01">{{cite news |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/kerala-sahitya-academy-award-doe-2023/1127704 |access-date= 1 August 2024 |agency=[[Deshabhimani]] |publisher=[[Deshabhimani]]}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
She was born at [[Karunagappalli]], a small town in the district of [[Kollam district|Kollam]] in [[Kerala]]. She completed her post graduation in English Literature from the [[University of Kerala]] and went on to study in the [[University of Barcelona]].<ref name="GB01">{{cite web |title=Green Books Author Preview |url=https://greenbooksindia.com/haritha-savithri |website=Green Books |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> She is doing doctoral research in the university of Barcelona in English philology now.<ref name="PB01">{{cite web |title=Haritha Savithri |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/haritha-savithri/ |website=Penguin Books Author Profile |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Travalogue===
*Murivettavarute Pathakal

===Translations===
*Tulip of Istanbul by [[İskender Pala]]
*The Crossing by [[Samar Yazbek]]
*The Cry of a Swallow by [[Ahmet Ümit]]

===Fiction===
*Zin

===Children's literature===
*Spanish Nadodikathakal

==Awards==
[[File:Haritha Savithri receiving state Library council award at Kollam 2024.jpg|thumb|Haritha Savithri receiving stateLibrary council award at Kollam 2024 ]]
* Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for the travelogue Murivettavarude Pathakal in 2022
* Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for the novel Zîn in 2023.
* [[Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan|Kadammanitta]] Award given by the Kerala State Library Council for Zin in 2024<ref name="MB03">{{cite news |title=കടമ്മനിട്ട സാഹിത്യപുരസ്കാരം ഹരിതാ സാവിത്രിക്ക്‌ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/author-haritha-savithri-bags-kadammanitta-literary-award-1.9828601 |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
* Sharjah Indian association literary award for Zin.<ref name="MB02">{{cite news |title=ഷാര്‍ജ ഇന്ത്യന്‍ അസോസിയേഷന്‍ സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരം നേടി ഹരിത സാവിത്രിയുടെ 'സിന്‍' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/sin-novel-wins-sharjah-award-1.10362570 |access-date=27 February 2025 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=21 February 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Savithri, Haritha}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]

East Karbi-Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-01-22T16:00:20Z

RefugiaLoveless: improve section for clarity additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name = East Karbi-Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Assam#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Karbi Anglong district, Assam, India
| nearest_city = [[Diphu]]
| area = 221.81 km²
| established = 27 July 2000
}}

The '''East Karbi Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary''' is located in the [[Assam]] state of India.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Asad Rafi Rahmani |author2=M. Zafar-Ul Islam |author3=Indian Bird Conservation Network |title=Important bird areas in India: priority sites for conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G98PAQAAMAAJ |date=10 December 2004 |publisher=IBCN, Bombay Natural History Society |isbn=978-0-19-567333-3 |page=268 }}</ref> It is situated 35 km from the city of [[Diphu]], [[Karbi Anglong district]]. It covers an area of 221.81 km2,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://assamagribusiness.nic.in/Stastical%20Handbook/Forest.pdf |title=Assam Agri Business: Statistical Handbook |access-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023303/http://assamagribusiness.nic.in/Stastical%20Handbook/Forest.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and its elevation varies between 80 and 500 meter above sea level.

The forest area was declared a wildlife sanctuary on 27 July 2000 by the [[Government of Assam|Assam State Government]].<ref>[http://karbianglong.nic.in/main-web/forest.htm Information on Forest Management of Karbi Anglong District]</ref>

== Atmosphere ==

The annual rainfall is around 1800 millimeter and average temperature is around 34 °C and minimum of 6 °C.

== Flora and fauna==

East Karbi Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary is a home to a great variety of wildlife, [[Mammal|mammals]] and [[Reptile|reptiles]] like [[tiger]], [[elephant]], [[bear]], [[hoolock gibbon]], [[leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[small Indian civet]], [[pig-tailed macaque]], [[leopard cat]], [[sambar deer|sambar]], [[barking deer]], [[porcupine]], [[mongoose]], [[king cobra]], [[monitor lizard]], [[Pythonidae|python]] and others. And around 250 bird species have been recorded till date some like, [[great hornbill]], [[Green pigeon|common green pigeon]], [[lesser racket-tailed drongo]], [[Black-hooded oriole|black hooded oriole]] etc.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Protected areas of Assam}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Assam]]
[[Category:Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2000]]

Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

2026-01-03T19:41:39Z

RefugiaLoveless: basic add references based on references and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian expressway connecting Delhi with Katra in J&K}}
{{Update|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NE
| route = 5
| name = Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=5|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id= Q47089857|title=Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of Delhi–Gurdaspur section of the expressway in red
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
| length_km = 670
| terminus_a = [[Nilauthi]] village near [[Bahadurgarh border]], [[Delhi]]
| terminus_b = 1. [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport]], [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]] 2. [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| status = To be fully functional in 2026
| states = [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| header_type = UC
}}

'''Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway''' is an under-construction {{convert|670|km|abbr=on}} long, 4-lane (expandable to 8 lanes) wide [[Controlled-access highway|controlled-access expressway]], which will connect [[Bahadurgarh]] border near [[Delhi]] with [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] via [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="bha1">{{Cite news |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-finds-road-construction-easier-for-new-expressways-117110100561_1.html |title = Govt finds road construction easier for new expressways |last = Manchanda |first = Megha |date = 1 November 2017 |work = Business Standard |access-date = 11 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171101170824/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-finds-road-construction-easier-for-new-expressways-117110100561_1.html |archive-date = 1 November 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2017/oct/p2017102505.pdf|title=List of Projects under Bharatmala Pariyojna}}</ref> It will have a spur section which will connect [[Nakodar]] with [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport]] located in [[Rajasansi|Raja Sansi]], [[Amritsar]].<ref name=":11" /> The {{convert|397.7|km|abbr=on}} long '''Delhi–Katra Expressway''' is '''National Expressway 5''' '''(NE-5)''' and {{convert|99|km|abbr=on}} long '''Nakodar-Amritsar Expressway''' is '''National Expressway 5A''' '''(NE-5A).''' Once completed, it will reduce the current Delhi-Katra distance from {{convert|727|km|abbr=on}} to {{convert|588|km|abbr=on}} and the time travel will be reduced from 14 hours to 6 hours, and Delhi-Amritsar distance to {{convert|405|km|abbr=on}} and from the time travel will be reduced from 8 hours to only 4 hours.<ref name=":11" />

It will have a [[trauma centre]], ambulances, fire brigades, traffic police, [[bus bay]]s, [[truck stops]], interchanges with refreshment, and recreational facilities. To be constructed as a part of the [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala Pariyojana]],<ref name=bha1/> it is expected to cost [[Indian rupee|₹]]40,000 [[crore]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/nhai-nod-for-asr-delhi-highway-extension/394525.html |title = NHAI nod for Asr-Delhi highway extension |last = Bagga |first = Neeraj |date = 19 April 2017 |work = The Tribune |access-date = 2 October 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20171002073655/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/nhai-nod-for-asr-delhi-highway-extension/394525.html |archive-date = 2 October 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) was completed in November 2019,<ref name=stat1/> and land acquisition commenced from January 2020.<ref name=stat2/><ref name=dpr4/> M/S Feedback Infra Pvt Ltd. was appointed as DPR consultant to carry out alignment studies which submitted the final shortest proposed alignment report of Delhi–Nakodar–Gurdaspur section in September 2019,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/katra-delhi-expressway-dpr-consultants-appointed-dr-jitendra/|title=Katra-Delhi Expressway DPR Consultants appointed: Dr Jitendra|date=14 December 2017|work=Daily Excelsior|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180603115053/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/katra-delhi-expressway-dpr-consultants-appointed-dr-jitendra/|archive-date=3 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Nakodar–Amritsar section in June 2020, and the survey is currently under progress in [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] section.<ref name="amarujala.com">{{Cite web|title=जम्मू संभाग के 279 गांवों से गुजरेगा दिल्ली-कटरा एक्सप्रेस-वे, भूमि अधिग्रहण की अधिसूचना जारी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/jammu/delhi-katra-expressway-will-pass-through-279-villages-of-jammu-division-land-acquisition-notification-issued|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> It is part of Ludhiana-Delhi-Kolkata Industrial Corridor. There are 11 National [[industrial corridor#India|industrial corridors]] and numerous state level industrial corridors in India.

[[File:11 Industrial Corridors.png|thumb|240x160px|11 National Industrial Corridors of India.]]

==Project details==
It is a combination of greenfield and brownfield expressway which passes through [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It starts from [[Western Peripheral Expressway|Kundli Manesar Palwal (KMP) Expressway]] near Nilauthi village in [[Jhajjar district]]. It will lessen the workload of [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] of the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government planned to construct ten expressways in the country under [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala Pariyojana]], one of which would connect the national capital [[Delhi]] with [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] and [[Amritsar]] via [[Kharkhoda, Haryana|Kharkhoda]], [[Gohana]], [[Jind]], [[Sangrur]], [[Malerkotla]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Gurdaspur]].

The Greenfield expressway splits into two near Nakodar. One greenfield section towards Amritsar would pass nearby [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], [[Goindval|Goindwal Sahib]], [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]], TarnTarn and ends near [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-03|title=Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway: Amritsar to Delhi in 4 hours! Phase 1 of the expressway to cost Rs 25,000 crore|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/delhi-amritsar-katra-expressway-amritsar-to-delhi-in-4-hours-phase-1-of-expressway-to-cost-rs-25000-crore/1979806/|access-date=2020-07-12|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> The second section goes straight to Katra through [[Gurdaspur]], bypassing [[Kathua]] and [[Jammu]], and it consists of both greenfield and brownfield parts. Central and state governments also agreed to connect [[Dera Baba Nanak]] and [[Kartarpur Corridor]] with this expressway project. Nearly 14,000 acres of land in Punjab and 5,000 acres of Haryana will be acquired to construct these expressways.
.

==Construction==
The [[NHAI]] has divided the construction work of Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway into 2 phases with a total of 21 construction packages.

===Phase 1===
* The construction work of {{convert|397.7|km|abbr=on}} long [[Delhi]]–[[Nakodar]]–[[Gurdaspur]] section is divided into 12 packages. Package 8 to 12 has been awarded to the [[joint venture]] (JV) of Evrascon and MKC Infrastructure Limited (MKCIL).

{| class= "sortable wikitable" width=50%
!Sr. No.
!Package
!Segment Length
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| Nilauthi ([[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]])–Rukhi Pana ([[Sonipat district|Sonipat]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|34.0|km|abbr=on}}
| KCC Buildcon<ref name="package 1,2,3">{{cite web |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/-cds-and-kcc-lowest-bidders-for-nhais-dak-tender/26087 |title=CDS and KCC lowest bidders for NHAI's DAK tender |work=Construction World |date=8 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2.
| Rukhi Pana ([[Sonipat district|Sonipat]])–Gangana ([[Sonipat district|Sonipat]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|26.8|km|abbr=on}}
| CDS Infra Projects<ref name="package 1,2,3" />
|-
| 3.
| Gangana ([[Sonipat district|Sonipat]])–Alewa ([[Jind district|Jind]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|30.6|km|abbr=on}}
| KCC Buildcon<ref name="package 1,2,3" />
|-
| 4.
| Alewa ([[Jind district|Jind]])–Kharak Pandwa ([[Kaithal district|Kaithal]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|28.8|km|abbr=on}}
| NKC Projects<ref name="package 4,5,9">{{cite web |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/evrascon--nkc--cds-secure-delhi-katra-expressway-works/26220 |title=Evrascon, NKC & CDS secure Delhi–Katra Expressway works |work=Construction World |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 5.
| Kharak Pandwa ([[Kaithal district|Kaithal]])–[[Ghagga]] ([[Patiala district|Patiala]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|37.6|km|abbr=on}}
| CDS Infra Projects<ref name="package 4,5,9" />
|-
| 6.
| [[Ghagga]] ([[Patiala district|Patiala]])–Bhawanigarh ([[Sangrur district|Sangrur]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|30.9|km|abbr=on}}
| Shiv Build India<ref name="package 6,10,spur 3">{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/03/28/shiv-evrascon-jsciav-win-delhi-amritsar-expressways-work/ |title=Shiv, Evrascon & Vozrozhdenie win Delhi–Amritsar Expressway's work |work=The Metro Rail Guy |date=28 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 7.
| Bhawanigarh ([[Sangrur district|Sangrur]])–Bhogiwal ([[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|36.9|km|abbr=on}}
| Ceigall India<ref name="package 7&8">{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/04/06/ceigall-evrascon-win-delhi-amritsar-expressways-packages-7-8/ |title=Ceigall & Evrascon win Delhi–Amritsar Expressway's packages 7 & 8 |work=The Metro Rail Guy |date=6 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 8.
| Bhogiwal ([[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]])–[[Mullanpur Dakha]] ([[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|35.0|km|abbr=on}}
| Evrascon – MKCIL [[Joint venture|JV]]<ref name="package 7&8" />
|-
| 9.
| [[Mullanpur Dakha]]–'''[[Nakodar]]'''–[[Kang Sahbu]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|34.0|km|abbr=on}}
| Evrascon – MKCIL [[Joint venture|JV]]<ref name="package 4,5,9" />
|-
| 10.
| [[Kang Sahbu]] ([[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]])–Khojewal ([[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|15.5|km|abbr=on}}
| Evrascon – MKCIL [[Joint venture|JV]]<ref name="package 6,10,spur 3" />
|-
| 11.
| Khojewal ([[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]])–[[Sri Hargobindpur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|43.0|km|abbr=on}}
| Evrascon – MKCIL [[Joint venture|JV]]<ref name="package 11 & spur 2">{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/04/20/evrascon-ceigall-win-delhi-amritsar-expressways-work/ |title=Evrascon & Ceigall win Delhi–Amritsar Expressway's work |work=The Metro Rail Guy |date=20 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 12.
| [[Sri Hargobindpur]]–[[Gurdaspur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|35.3|km|abbr=on}}
| Evrascon – MKCIL [[Joint venture|JV]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/03/30/evrascon-wins-delhi-amritsar-expressways-package-12/ |title=Evrascon wins Delhi–Amritsar Expressway's package 12 |work=The Metro Rail Guy |date=30 March 2021 }}</ref>
|}

====Nakodar–Amritsar spur====
* The construction work of {{convert|99|km|abbr=on}} long [[Nakodar]]–[[Amritsar]] spur section is divided into 3 packages. Nakodar–Amritsar section will merge with [[Delhi]]–[[Nakodar]]–[[Gurdaspur]] section on Package-9 ([[Mullanpur Dakha]]–[[Kang Sahbu]]).

{| class= "sortable wikitable" width=50%
!Sr. No.
!Package
!Segment Length
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| '''[[Nakodar]]''' ([[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]])–Dhunda ([[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|41.0|km|abbr=on}}
| SP Singla Constructions
|-
| 2.
| Dhunda ([[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]])–Manawala Khurd ([[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|30.0|km|abbr=on}}
| Ceigall India<ref name="package 11 & spur 2" />
|-
| 3.
| Manawala Khurd ([[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]])–[[Harsha Chhina]] ([[Amritsar district|Amritsar]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|28.0|km|abbr=on}}
| Vozrozhdenie India<ref name="package 6,10,spur 3" />
|}

===Phase 2===
* [[Gurdaspur]]–[[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] section

{| class= "sortable wikitable" width=50%
!Sr. No.
!Package
!Segment Length
!Contractor
|-
| 13.
| ''Details awaited''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|25.8|km|abbr=on}}
| ''Tender Notice pending''
|-
| 14.
| Balsua ([[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]])–Gurah Baildaran ([[Kathua district|Kathua]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|44.6|km|abbr=on}}
| Megha Engineering & Infrastructures
|-
| 15.
| Gurah Baildaran ([[Kathua district|Kathua]]) – Jakh ([[Samba district|Samba]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|35.15|km|abbr=on}}
| Vishwa Samudra Engineering
|-
| 16.
| Jakh ([[Samba district|Samba]])–[[Jammu Airport]] ([[Jammu district|Jammu]])
| style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|11.8|km|abbr=on}}
| Shivalaya Construction Company
|-
| 17.
| Kunjwani ([[Jammu district|Jammu]]) – [[Sidhra]] ([[Jammu district|Jammu]]) & Domel ([[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]) – Katra ([[Reasi district|Reasi]])
| style="text-align:center;"| {{convert|28.9|km|abbr=on}}
| Apco Infratech
|-
| 18.
| ''Details awaited''
| style="text-align:center;"| {{convert|15.3|km|abbr=on}}
| Gawar Construction
|}

==Route alignment==

=== Delhi to Nakodar (Main route) ===
The Phase-1 of Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway consists of two sections, namely [[Delhi]]–[[Nakodar]]–[[Gurdaspur]] (NE-5) and [[Nakodar]]–[[Amritsar]] (NE-5A). The Phase-2 consists of [[Gurdaspur]]–[[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] section. Following is the alignment agreed by the Governments of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] with the [[NHAI]].<ref name=dpr4/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/auth/FORM_A_PDF.aspx?cat_id=IA/HR/NCP/141416/2020&pid=New|title=Development of Haryana Section from Km 0+000 to Km 135+056 of Delhi–Amritsar-Katra Expressway|last=|first=|date=|website=Environmentclearance|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/delhi-to-chandigarh-in-two-hours-nhai-clears-deck-for-new-highways-41596422906504.html|title=Delhi to Chandigarh in two hours; NHAI clears deck for new highways|last=|first=|date=3 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927170958/https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/delhi-to-chandigarh-in-two-hours-nhai-clears-deck-for-new-highways-41596422906504.html |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

==== Delhi ====
{{anchor | DAKEUER}}

Haryana to Kanjhawala (UER-II) extension: DPR was being prepared for this 20 km section in March 2025, which will be ready by Sept-Oct 2025, after which tenders for constructions will be invited.<ref name=newu1/>

* [[Jhajjar district]]
** [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] (also called KMP Expressway), starting near village [[Nilauthi]] Bahadurgarh.<ref name=newu1/>
* [[West Delhi district]]
** [[Kanjhawala]] at [[Urban_Extension_Road-II|UER-II]].<ref name=newu1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nhai-readying-dprs-for-3-link-roads-for-better-connectivity/articleshow/119127683.cms NHAI preparing 3 DPR for better connectivity in Delhi], Times of India, 25 March 2025.</ref>

====[[Haryana]]====
Alignment is from Nilothi-Kharkhoda–Gohana (west)–Jind (east)–Safidon (west)–Ratoli (Ambala–Narnaul)–Assandh (west)–Kalayat–Kaithal (west)–Barta. There is a proposal to extend it in Delhi from Nilothi to "Urban Extension Road II".

* [[Jhajjar district]]
** [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] (also called KMP Expressway), starting near village [[Nilauthi]] Bahadurgarh.
* [[Rohtak district]]
** [[Hassangarh]], between [[Sampla (town)|Sampla]]–[[Kharkhoda, Haryana|Kharkhoda]] on [[National Highway 334B (India)|NH334B]].
** [[List of highways in Haryana#State highways (SH)|SH-18 Rohtak–Kharkhoda]] (northwest of Kharkhoda)
* [[Sonipat district]]
** [[Gohana]] city on the west side on [[National Highway 709 (India)|NH-709 Rohtak–Gohana–Panipat Highway]] between Rohtak-Gohana.
** between [[Lahkan Majra]] and Gohana.
** [[List of highways in Haryana#State highways (SH)|SH-11 Jind–Gohana–Sonipat]] between Jind and Gohana.
* [[Jind district]]
** [[Jind]] city (east of),
** The interchange with [[List of highways in Haryana#State highways (SH)|SH-14 Jind–Panipat]] 18 km east of Jind near [[Pilu Khera]].
** [[Ratoli]], (west of) interchange with [[Trans-Haryana Expressway]] between Jind–[[Safidon]].
** [[Alewa]], 25 km northeast of Jind between Jind–[[Assandh]] on [[National Highway 709A (India)|NH-709A]].
** [[Pegan]], 25 km north of Jind between Jind–[[Kaithal]] Road
* [[Kaithal district]]
** [[Kalayat]] (west of Kaithal), between [[Narwana]]–[[Kaithal]] on [[National Highway 152 (India)|NH-152]].
** [[Barta, Haryana|Barta]] (west of Kaithal city) on Haryana [[List of highways in Haryana#State highways (SH)|SH-8]] Kaithal–[[Khanauri]] State Highway, exits Haryana state here and enters Punjab at Galoli.

====[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]====
* [[Patiala district]]
** [[Galoli, Punjab|Galoli]] southeast of Patran, enters here on Kaithal–Khanauri Haryana [[List of highways in Haryana#State highways (SH)|SH-8]].
** [[Patran]] (northeast of), between Patran-[[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] on [[Moonak]]-Patran-Samana Punjab SH-10.
* [[Sangrur district]]
** [[Bhawanigarh]], west of Sangrur between [[Roshanwala]]–Bhawanigarh on [[National Highway 7 (India)|NH-7]] [[Barnala]]–Sangrur–Bhawanigarh–Patiala–Chandigarh.
** between [[Dhuri]]–[[Nabha]].
** between [[Dhuri]]–[[Bagrian]]
** between [[Dhuri]]–Amargarh
* [[Malerkotla district]]
** between [[Malerkotla]]–Nabha at the southeast of Malerkotla and northwest of Nabha.
** between Malerkotla–[[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]], immediate east of Malerkotla and southwest of Khanna on Malerkotla-Khanna Road.
** between Malerkotla–Ludhiana, immediate north of Malerkotla and south of Ludhiana on [[Sangrur]]–Malerkotla-[[Ludhiana]] Punjab SH-11.
** [[Ahmedgarh]] between Malerkotla–Ludhiana
* [[Ludhiana district]]
** [[Jodhan]] (southwest of Ludhiana), on Raikot–Jodhan–Ludhiana road.
** [[Ludhiana]] (west of), with a new Jodhan–[[Doraha, Ludhiana|Doraha]] spur as a south bypass of Ludhiana, at Doraha this spur will connect to the existing [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH-5]] Ludhiana-Doraha-[[Rupnagar|Ropar]]–[[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]]–[[Chandigarh Airport]]–[[Panchkula]].
** [[Mullanpur Dakha]], southeast of Ludhiana on [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH-5]] [[Firozepur]]–[[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]–[[Jagraon]]–Ludhiana–Chandigarh Road. Interconnect with [[Ludhiana–Bathinda–Ajmer Expressway]].
** between Sidhwan Bet and Ludhiana, east of Ludhiana on Punjab SH-20 Firozepur–Zira–Sidhwan Bet–Ludhiana Road.
* [[Jalandhar district]]
** Through tehsils of [[Phillaur]], [[Nakodar]], Jalandhar II.
** Nakodar (east of), between [[Nakodar]]-[[Phagwara]].
** Nakodar (northeast of), between Nakodar-[[Jalandhar]] on [[National Highway 703 (India)|NH-703]] Nakodar-Jalandhar Road.
** Nakodar (north of), 2 following separate Y-fork expressways spurs from Nakodar: one to Amritsar–Kartarpur in the west and another to Jammu–Katra in the northwest - one goes to Pathankot–Jammu and another goes to Amritsar.

===Nakodar to Amritsar (Spur-1)===
First greenfield expressway spur (99 km long) from [[Nakodar]] to [[Amritsar]] through [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], [[Goindwal Sahib]], [[Khadur Sahib]], [[Tarn Taran Sahib]] and ends at [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport]] (Amritsar Airport).

====[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]====

* [[Jalandhar district]]
** [[Nakodar]] (north of)
* [[Kapurthala district]]
** [[Sultanpur Lodhi]] (northeast of), between Sultanpur Lodhi and [[Kapurthala]] on [[National Highway 703A (India)|NH-703A]] Firozepur-Sultanpur Lodhi–Kapurthala Road.
** Tehsils of [[Kapurthala]] and [[Bholath]]
* [[Tarn Taran district]]
** [[Goindval|Goindwal Sahib]] (east of), between Goindwal Sahib and Kapurthala on [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Taran Taran]]–Goindwal Sahib–Kapurthala Road.
** [[Khadur Sahib|Khadoor Sahib]] (east of), Khadur Sahib lies east of Taran Taran and north of Goindwal Sahib
** [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarntaran Sahib]]
* [[Amritsar district]]
** [[Rakh Manawala]] (southeast of Amritsar), on Amritsar bypass on [[AH1]] Amritsar–Jalandhar Road.
** New Amritsar (east of Amritsar), on Amritsar bypass on [[National Highway 503A (India)|NH-503A]] Amritsar–[[Sri Hargobindpur]]-[[Hoshiarpur]] Road.
** [[Verka Town|Verka]] (northeast of Amritsar) between Amritsar and Batala on [[National Highway 152D (India)|NH54]] Amritsar–[[Batala]]–[[Gurdaspur]] Road.
** [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport]], with plans to extend a semi-circular loop spur to [[Dera Baba Nanak]] near [[Kartarpur Corridor]] in the north and then back to this expressway at [[Gurdaspur]] in the northeast.

===Nakodar to Katra (Spur-2)===
Second greenfield expressway spur from [[Nakodar]] to [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] passing through [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]], [[Gurdaspur]], and [[Dinanagar]].

====[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]====
* [[Jalandhar district]]
** [[Nakodar]] (north of)
** Kapurthala (east of), between Kapurthala and Jalandar on [[National Highway 703A (India)|NH-703A]] Firozepur–Sultanpour Lodhi–Kapurthala–Jalandhar Road.
** Kapurthala (northeast of), between Kapurthala and [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]].
** Kapurthala (north of), between [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] and Kartarpur on [[AH1]] Amritsar–Radha Soami Satsang Beas–Kartarpur–Jalandhar.
* [[Gurdaspur district]]
** [[Sri Hargobindpur]] (southwest of), route realignment done at some stretches due to high-pressure "Bathinda–Jammu Gas Pipeline" and "[[Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation|GIGL]]'s [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] Gas Plant" near [[Mari Buchian]].
** Sri Hargobindpur (west of), between Amritsar and Sri Hargobindpur on [[National Highway 503A (India)|NH-503A]] Amritsar–Sri Hargobindpur-[[Urmar Tanda]]–[[Hoshiarpur]] Road.
** [[Gurdaspur]] (southeast of), between [[Qadian]]–[[Harchowal]].
** [[Gurdaspur]] (east of), between Gurdaspur and [[Mukerian]] on Punjab SH-25 Gurdaspur–Mukerian–[[Talwara]] Road.
** [[Gurdaspur]] (north of), at [[Dinanagar]] between Gurdaspur and [[Pathankot]] on [[National Highway 54 (India)|NH-54]] Gurdaspur–Pathankot Road.
* [[Pathankot district]]
** Pathankot (southwest of), at [[Bhoa]].
** Pathankot (west of), at [[Sunder Chak]]

====[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]====
* [[Jammu district]], bypassing [[Kathua]].
** [[Jammu]]
* [[Reasi district]]
** [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] (location of [[Vaishno Devi]] temple).

===Inter-connectivity===

Following provide the inter-connectivity:

* '''Amritsar:'''
** '''Gurdaspur:''' Amritsar–Gurdaspur [[National Highway 54 (India)|NH-54]] highway converted to signal-free route.
** '''Kartarpur Corridor:''' [[National Highway 354 (India)|NH-354]] Amritsar–[[Dera Baba Nanak]] ([[Kartarpur Corridor]]) converted to signal-free route.
* '''Ludhiana:'''
** '''Chandigarh:''' [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH-5]] Ludhiana–Chandigarh Highway via [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] and [[Ropar]] strengthened and widened to 4 lanes, to provide connectivity to [[Chandigarh Airport]] via Urban Extension Road II. This will reduce Ludhiana-Chandigarh time from 1.5 hours to less than one hour and Chandigarh–Amritsar from 4 hours to 2 hours.<ref name=":11"/>
** '''Bathinda:''' [[Ludhiana–Bathinda–Ajmer Expressway]] interconnects near Mullanpur Dakha.
* '''Jind:''' [[Trans-Haryana Expressway]] ([[Ambala]]–[[Narnaul]]) near Pillu Khera. This will reduce the time from Chandigarh Airport to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Delhi airport]] from 5 hours to 2 hours, and Delhi to [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] from 14 hours to 8 hours.<ref name=":11"/>

==Status updates==

* '''2017 Dec:''' [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) appointed a consultant to prepare the [[Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) within 10 months by Oct 2018.<ref name="dpr2">[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/katra-delhi-expressway-dpr-consultants-appointed-dr-jitendra/ DPR consultant appointed in December 2017].</ref><ref name="dpr1">[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-appoints-consultant-for-delhi-katra-expressway-project-report-118073000704_1.html DPR consultant appointed], Business Starndard, July 2018.</ref>

* '''2019 Nov:''' DPR of Delhi-Amritsar-Katra expressway completed by NHAI.<ref name=stat1>{{Cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/survey-of-575-km-long-katra-delhi-express-road-corridor-completed-jitendra-singh/71986908|title=Survey of 575-km-long Katra-Delhi express road corridor completed: Jitendra Singh - ET Auto|website=ETAuto.com}}</ref>

* '''2020 Jun–Jul:''' In Haryana, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir, the land acquisition process started.<ref name=stat2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/delhi-amritsar-katra-expressway-project-nhai-to-start-work-on-300-km-stretch-in-punjab-details/1836130/|title=Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway project: NHAI to start work on 300 km stretch in Punjab; details|date=27 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=dpr4>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-wants-delhi-amritsar-katra-expressway-expedited/articleshow/65677830.cms Punjab CM wants Expressway expedited], Sept 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panipat-delhi-amritsar-katra-express-way-will-pass-through-16-villages-of-jind-20078579.html|title=दिल्ली अमृतसर कटड़ा एक्सप्रेस वे का नोटिफिकेशन, जींद के 16 गांवों को होगा फायदा|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref name="amarujala.com"/>

* '''2021 Apr:''' Construction work awarded by NHAI for all 12 packages on 397.7 Km long Delhi-Nakodar-[[Gurdaspur]] section, and 2 out of 3 packages on 99km long Nakodar-Amritsar section.

* '''2021 Sep:''' NHAI announces the completion deadline is by October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2021-09-16|title=Delhi-Katra in 6 hours by road. Expressway to be launched in 2 years|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/delhikatra-in-6-hours-by-road-expressway-to-be-launched-in-2-years-11631766099337.html|access-date=2021-09-16|website=livemint.com|language=en}}</ref>

* '''2022 Apr:''' [[Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] laid the [[foundation stone]] for the expressway on 5 January and construction started.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=PM Modi to lay foundation stone of Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway - Oneindia News|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-delhi-amritsar-katra-expressway-3354762.html|access-date=2022-01-04|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM @narendramodi Lays the Foundation Stone of the Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway in ... - Latest Tweet by DD News {{!}} 📰 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/news/pm-narendramodi-lays-the-foundation-stone-of-the-delhi-amritsar-katra-expressway-in-latest-tweet-by-dd-news-3627496.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=LatestLY |date=24 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister Modi will inaugurate operational parts of partially completed expressway before 2024 LS polls: [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/will-ensure-delhi-katra-expressway-gets-completed-before-2024-ls-polls-nitin-gadkari-8551258/ | title=Will ensure Delhi-Katra Expressway gets completed before 2024 LS polls: Nitin Gadkari | date=11 April 2023 }}</ref>

* '''2024 Aug:''' Likely completion date for Delhi-Ludhiana Katra is 31 December 2025 and 1 April 2026 for the Ludhiana-Amritsar spur. 669 km Delhi-Katra expressway almost complete in most states except Punjab due to the land acquisition issues in Punjab. Haryana and Jammu and Kashmir packages are 80-90% complete. In Punjab, where the completion rate for various packages is 3% to 90%, only 273 km is complete and 362 km is incomplete.<ref name=bar1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/barring-punjab-669-km-delhi-katra-e-way-almost-complete-in-most-states/ Barring Punjab, 669 km Delhi-Katra e-way almost complete in most states], The Tribune, 23 Aug 2024.</ref> In Punjab of the total 295 km of land required, the land acquisition of 230 km is complete in 11 out of 13 districts except Ludhiana and Gurdaspur, the remaining 65 km will be acquired by the end of September 2024.<ref name="bar2">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/pms-review-by-month-end-punjab-puts-land-acquisition-on-fast-lane-101724784560241.html], Hindustan Times, 28 Aug 2024.</ref>
* '''2025 Nov:''' Due to the land acquisition issues in some parts of Punjab the completion date of the expressway is pushed back to June 2026. NHAI is actively trying to resolve the issues with the farmers for the completion of the project without any further delay.

==See also==

* [[List of highways in Haryana]]
* [[List of state highways in Punjab#Expressways|Expressways in Punjab]]
* [[Expressways of India]]
* [[Amritsar Ring Road]]
* [[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]]
* [[Western Peripheral Expressway]]
* [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]]
* [[Trans-Haryana Expressway]] (Ambala–Narnaul)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-delhi-amritsar-katra-expressway-information-route-map-status/ Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway route map and status]
* [https://ppcb.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/EIA%20Report%20Punjab%20Section%20(1).pdf Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway environmental clearance report and route map]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi - Katra Expressway}}
[[Category:National expressways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed expressways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Expressways in Punjab, India]]

2018 Indian Super League final

2026-01-01T09:13:41Z

RefugiaLoveless: creating article

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2018 Indian Super League Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = {{nobreak|[[2017–18 Indian Super League]]}}
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| team1association = {{fbaicon|IND}}
| team1score = 2
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| team2association = {{fbaicon|IND}}
| team2score = 3
| details =
| date = 17 March 2018
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Maílson Alves]]
| man_of_the_match1atitle =
| man_of_the_match1b =
| man_of_the_match1btitle =
| referee = [[Ali Abdulnabi]] (Bahrain)
| attendance = 25,753
| weather =
| previous = [[2016 ISL Cup final|2016]]
| next = [[2019 ISL Cup final|2019]]
}}
The '''2018 Indian Super League Cup final''' was a [[Association football|football]] match between [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] and [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]], played on 17 March 2018, at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] in [[Bangalore]]. The match was a culmination of the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]], the fourth season of one of the top professional [[association football|football]] leagues in India. Chennaiyin won the match, defeating Bengaluru 3–2. Hero of the Match [[Maílson Alves]] scored a brace for Chennaiyin while [[Raphael Augusto]] scored their third goal. Bengaluru's [[Sunil Chhetri]] originally gave his side the lead with his ninth minute goal while [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scored their consolation in second half stoppage-time.

Chennaiyin managed to qualify for the finals after finishing in second during the regular season. They then defeated [[FC Goa|Goa]] over two legs, 4–1, in the semi-finals. Bengaluru qualified for the finals after finishing at the top of the regular season table. They then defeated [[FC Pune City|Pune City]] during the semi-finals tie, 3–1. Prior to the finals, Chennaiyin and Bengaluru played each other twice during the season, with both sides winning the away fixtures against each other.

The ISL Cup was Chennaiyin's second, after they won the [[2015 Indian Super League final|2015 final]]. This was Bengaluru's first time in the final in what was only their first season in the Indian Super League. As the winner of the cup, Chennaiyin earned a berth into the [[2019 AFC Cup|2019 AFC Cup qualifiers]].it was a thriller with one late goal

== Background ==
This was Bengaluru's first season in the Indian Super League and also their first appearance in the finals. Meanwhile Chennaiyin made their second appearance in the Indian Super League finals.

[[Sunil Chhetri]] scored the fastest goal in an Indian Super League final in 8 minutes 5 seconds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2018-final-sunil-chhetri-scores-the-fastest-goal-isl-final-bengaluru-fc-vs-chennaiyin-fc|title=ISL 2018 Final: Sunil Chhetri scores the fastest goal in a summit clash|date=2018-03-17|access-date=2018-03-18}}</ref>

[[Maílson Alves]] was named the man of the match for scoring two goals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2018-final-bengaluru-fc-vs-chennaiyin-live-score-and-updates-blues-eye-maiden-title-4394561.html|title=Highlights, ISL 2018 final, Bengaluru FC vs Chennaiyin: Chennaiyin win second title after 3-2 win over Bengaluru FC LIVE News, Latest Updates, Live blog, Highlights and Live coverage - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|access-date=2018-03-18}}</ref>

==Match==
{{Football box
|date = 17 March 2018
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score = 2–3
|report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/alves-headers-and-augustos-strike-give-chennaiyin-their-second-title Report]
|team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|9}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2 = [[Maílson Alves|Alves]] {{goal|17||45}} [[Raphael Augusto|Augusto]] {{goal|67}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|attendance = 25,753
|referee= [[Ali Abdulnabi]]
}}

{| width=92% |
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _blueshoulders
| pattern_b = _bengalurufc_home_2017
| pattern_ra = _blueshoulders
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _arsenalh9800
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts = 0000FF
| socks = 0000FF
| alt = blue shirt with white stripes, blue shorts, and blue socks
| title = Bengaluru
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _blueborder
| pattern_b = _bluecollar
| pattern_ra = _blueborder
| pattern_sh = _bluebottom
| pattern_so = _top_on_white
| leftarm = FFFFFF
| body = FFFFFF
| rightarm = FFFFFF
| shorts = FFFFFF
| socks = FFFFFF
| alt = white shirt, shorts, and socks; blue stripe on sleeves and body
| title = Chennaiyin
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK || '''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|-
|DF || '''6''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]
|-
|DF || '''16''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Erik Paartalu]] || || {{suboff|61}}
|-
|DF || '''5''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juanan]]
|-
|MF || '''2''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
|-
|MF || '''8''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]] || {{yel|78}}
|-
|MF || '''14''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dimas Delgado]] || || {{suboff|45}}
|-
|MF || '''17''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Boithang Haokip]] || || {{suboff|61}}
|-
|FW || '''21''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh]]
|-
|FW || '''11''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] || {{yel|85}}
|-
|FW || '''7''' || {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK || '''28''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
|-
|DF || '''22''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishu Kumar]] || || {{subon|61}}
|-
|MF || '''20''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alwyn George]]
|-
|MF || '''19''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Toni]]
|-
|MF || '''12''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Daniel Lucas Segovia|Daniel Segovia]] || || {{subon|61}}
|-
|MF || '''44''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Pérez Alonso|Víctor Pérez]] || || {{subon|45}}
|-
|MF || '''4''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zohmingliana Ralte]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan=4| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Roca]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK || '''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karanjit Singh]]
|-
|DF || '''14''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iñigo Calderón]]
|-
|DF || '''27''' || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Maílson Alves]]
|-
|DF || '''2''' || {{flagicon|POR}} [[Henrique Sereno]]
|-
|DF || '''18''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
|-
|MF || '''17''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhanpal Ganesh]]
|-
|MF || '''6''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikramjit Singh]] || || {{suboff|62}}
|-
|MF || '''30''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Francis Fernandes]] || || {{suboff|90}}
|-
|MF || '''7''' || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Gregory Nelson]] || {{yel|22}}
|-
|MF || '''19''' || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Raphael Augusto]] || || {{suboff|88}}
|-
|FW || '''12''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK || '''13''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]]
|-
|MF || '''15''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]] || || {{subon|62}}
|-
|MF || '''8''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jaime Gavilán]] || || {{subon|88}}
|-
|MF || '''10''' || {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Rene Mihelič]]
|-
|MF || '''11''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]] || || {{subon|90}}
|-
|FW || '''9''' || {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Jude Nworuh]]
|-
|FW || '''20''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan=4| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]]
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Man of the Match:''' [[Maílson Alves]] (Chennaiyin)
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size:90%"
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/ Indian Super League Official Website].

{{Indian Super League}}
{{2017–18 in Indian football}}
{{Bengaluru FC}}
{{Chennaiyin FC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Super League Final 2018}}
[[Category:Indian Super League finals|2018]]
[[Category:2017–18 Indian Super League season]]
[[Category:2017–18 in Indian football]]
[[Category:March 2018 sports events in India|Indian Super League Final]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC matches]]
[[Category:Chennaiyin FC matches]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Himachal Pradesh

2025-12-30T22:43:40Z

RefugiaLoveless: Done

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|inactive}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{Shortcut|WP:Himachal|WP:INHP}}
In order to make [[Himachal Pradesh]] topics a feature this project has been launched.

==Participants==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Himachal Pradesh, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Himachal Pradesh#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.

#{{User|Ankush2611}}
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===Former members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
#{{User|Buaidh}} 15:15:44, 19 July 2019 (UTC) – WikiProject templates and categories.

===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Himachal Pradesh should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Himachal Pradesh participants]]}}'''.
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{{yycat|WikiProject Himachal Pradesh participants}}
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For other Himachal Pradesh user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Himachal Pradesh user templates]]}}'''.

==Portal==
{{Pbox|Himachal Pradesh|align=left}}
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==Categories==
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[[:Category:Cities and towns in Himachal Pradesh]] 
[[:Category:Districts of Himachal Pradesh]] 
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[[:Category:Political parties in Himachal Pradesh]] 
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[[:Category:People from Himachal Pradesh]] 
[[:Category:Stopovers in Himachal Pradesh]] 
[[:Category:Universities and colleges in Himachal Pradesh]] 
[[:Category:Villages in Himachal Pradesh]] 
[[:Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh]] 
[[:Category:Economy of Himachal Pradesh]] 
[[:Category:Education in Himachal Pradesh]] 
[[:Category:Government of Himachal Pradesh]] 

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== Refer to ==
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Pabitra Mohan Pradhan Medical College and Hospital

2025-12-08T04:34:37Z

RefugiaLoveless:

{{Short description|Government medical college in Odisha}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Pabitra Mohan Pradhan Medical College and Hospital
| other_name = Mahanadi Institute of Medical Science & Research
| image =
| motto =
| type = [[Medical]] [[college]] and [[hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2021}}
| dean = Dr. Kirtirekha Mohapatra
| address = [[Talcher]], [[Odisha]] India
| city =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.936|85.173|display=title,inline}}
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website =
}}

'''Pabitra Mohan Pradhan Medical College and Hospital'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/mcl-committed-to-serving-people-of-odisha-cmd-1503248112.html|title=India MCL committed to serving people of Odisha |website= The Statesman|date=8 December 2023 }}</ref> previously '''Mahanadi Institute of Medical Science and Research''' is a tertiary Government medical college in [[Talcher]], [[Odisha]], [[East India]], and is accredited by the [[National Medical Commission]]. The college awards the degree [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). The college was established by [[Coal India|Coal India limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.aglasem.com/new-medical-college-mahanadi-institute-of-medical-sciences-and-research/|title=New Medical College Mahanadi Institute Of Medical Sciences And Research By CIL To Have 100 Seats, 500 Beds|website=AglaSem News|date=20 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/oct/03/mimsar-to-be-managed-by-a-reputed-institute-2042693.html|title=MIMSAR to be managed by a reputed institute|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 October 2019 }}</ref>

==History==
[[Mahanadi Coalfields|Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL)]], the public sector undertaking and subsidiary of Coal India Limited reiterated its commitment to set up a medical college and hospital in the state,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mcl-medical-college-gets-2019-date/cid/1489063|title=MCL medical college gets 2019 date|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> and signed a MoU with National Building Corporation of India (NBCC) for medical college.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mcl-signs-mou-with-nbcc-for-medical-college-115081401683_1.html|title=MCL signs MoU with NBCC for medical college|date=August 14, 2015|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
On 2022 [[Government of Odisha]] agrees to run the Medical college, while [[Mahanadi Coalfields|MCL]] will provide funds for operation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradhan |first=Ashok |date=May 13, 2022 |title=Govt agrees to operate Talcher medical college |work=[[The Times of India]] 03:39 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/govt-agrees-to-operate-talcher-medical-college/articleshow/91528163.cms |access-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref>

==Courses offered==
The college offers the degree [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). Selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through the [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 100 and the college has 500 beds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mcl-to-invite-eoi-for-running-medical-college-in-talcher-119100200646_1.html|title=MCL to invite EoI for running medical college in Talcher|agency=Press Trust of India|date=October 2, 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Odisha]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Odisha-university-stub}}

Pragathi Gramin Bank

2025-12-01T13:37:29Z

RefugiaLoveless:

{{Short description|Defuncted Indian regional bank}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pragathi Gramin Bank
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Bank]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| predecessor = Sahyadri, Chitradurga, Tungabhadra and Kolar Gramin Banks
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2005|9|12|df=yes|br=yes}}
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|2013|8|23}} amalgamated with [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]]
| fate = Merged
| successor = [[Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank]]
| location_city = [[Ballari]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations = [[Raichur district|Raichur]], [[Koppal district|Koppal]], [[Bellary district|Bellary]], [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]], [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]], [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]], [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]], [[Kolar district|Kolar]] and [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
| area_served = [[Karnataka]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| services = Loans, Deposits, [[Automated teller machine|ATM Services]], [[National Electronic Fund Transfer|National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)]], Debit Card<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kaverigrameenabank.com/index.php/about-us/performance-highlights |title=Performance Highlights |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801064940/http://www.kaverigrameenabank.com/index.php/about-us/performance-highlights |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Canara Bank]] (35%)
| homepage = {{URL|http://pragathigrameenabank.com/}} or {{URL|http://pragathigraminabank.com/}} or {{URL|http://pragatigraminbank.com/}} {{deadlink|date=May 2024}}
}}

'''Pragathi Gramin Bank''' was an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) established under the Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976. The bank was permitted to carry out all kinds of banking business and provided [[banking services]] to individuals and small businesses.

It was a Scheduled Bank jointly owned by the [[Government of India]], [[Canara Bank]] and the [[Government of Karnataka]] (share capital contributed in the ratio of 50:35:15 respectively). The bank operated in nine districts of Karnataka, with its Head Office in [[Ballari]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pragathi Gramin Bank - Branches, ATMs, IFSC Codes, MICR Codes, Swift Codes|url=http://www.getbankcode.com/banks/pragathi-gramin-bank|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.getbankcode.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=The second schedule to the reserve bank of India act, 1934 | url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/publications/pdfs/84656.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131152319/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in:80/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/84656.pdf | archive-date=2012-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Subhomoy|date=2019-09-07|title=The largest rewrite of the banking history and merger's cultural traps|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/the-largest-rewrite-of-the-banking-history-and-merger-s-cultural-traps-119090701030_1.html|access-date=2021-12-22}}</ref>

In 2023, the bank was merged with [[Krishna Grameena Bank]] to form [[Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank]], which was later merged to form [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]].

== History ==

===Year - event===
* 1976 - Tungabhadra Gramin Bank established on 25 Jan
* 2005 - Pragathi Gramin Bank formed on 12 Sep
* 2013 - The Bank was amalgamated with [[Krishna Grameena Bank]] to form [[Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank]], on 23 August (Headquartered at [[Ballari]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vinayak|first=A. J.|title=2 RRBs in Karnataka to be amalgamated|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/2-rrbs-in-karnataka-to-be-amalgamated/article26206397.ece|access-date=2021-10-10|website=@businessline|date=7 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wipro Implements Core Banking Solution for Canara Bank sponsored Regional Rural Bank (RRB)|url=http://bwsmartcities.businessworld.in/article/Wipro-Implements-Core-Banking-Solution-for-Canara-Bank-sponsored-Regional-Rural-Bank-RRB-/18-03-2020-186528|access-date=2021-10-10|website=BW SC|language=en}}</ref>

On 23 August 2013, ''Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank,'' with its Head Office in Ballari, was formed through the amalgamation of two RRBs: [[Canara Bank]]-sponsored Pragathi Gramin Bank (Headquartered in [[Bellary|Ballari]]) and the erstwhile [[State Bank of India]]-sponsored Krishna Grameena Bank (Headquartered in [[Kalaburagi]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vinayak|first=A. J.|title=2 RRBs in Karnataka to be amalgamated|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/2-rrbs-in-karnataka-to-be-amalgamated/article26206397.ece|access-date=2021-10-10|website=@businessline|date=7 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The bank was formed as per gazette Notification of [[Government of India]] No. F1/5/2011- RRB ([[Karnataka]]) dated 23 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-25|title=Two rural banks merged|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/two-rural-banks-merged-343010.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Karnataka RRBs merged post ministry notification|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/karnataka-rrbs-merged-post-ministry-notification/articleshow/1242342.cms|access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian banking]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Kaveri Grameena Bank]]
* [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.pragathikrishnabank.com/ Official Website]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://netbanking.pragathikrishnabank.com/ Internet Banking]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Banking in India}}
{{SBI}}

[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Banks based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ballari]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2005]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 2013]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Canara Bank]]

Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)

2025-11-25T20:09:46Z

RefugiaLoveless: small refined intro as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Other uses|Bishnupur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bishnupur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Bishnupur in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.083333|N|87.316667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 392.00
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 74
| population_total = 156,822
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722163 (Ajodhya) 722164 (Bankadaha) 722122 (Bishnupur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03244
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-87, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-88
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 66.30%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur, Bankura]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bishnupur''' (also spelled Vishnupur) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==

===From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities]]
Bishnupur is located at {{coord|23.083333|N|87.316667|E|format=dms|}}.

Bishnupur CD block is located in the north-eastern part of the district and belongs to the fertile low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains, similar to the predominating rice lands in the adjacent districts of West Bengal. Here, the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref><ref name= omalley1>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, first published 1908, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>

Bishnupur CD block is bounded by [[Sonamukhi (community development block)|Sonamukhi]] CD block on the north, [[Indas (community development block)|Indas]], [[Patrasayer (community development block)|Patrasayer]] and [[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]] CD blocks on the east, [[Garhbeta I]] CD block in Paschim Medinipur district, on the south and [[Taldangra (community development block)|Taldangra]] and [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/paschim-mednipur.html | title = Paschim Medinipur CD block/ Tehsil Map | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Large forest areas exist in Sonamukhi, Joypur, Bishnupur, Khatra and Ranibandh areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bankura.gov.in/natural.htm|title=Official Website of Bankura district|publisher=Bankura District Administration|work=Natural Resources - Forestry|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/BANKURA.pdf|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bankura District, West Bengal|publisher=MSME Development Institute, Kolkata|work=Forests|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083932/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/bankura.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bishnupur CD block has an area of 365.73 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 113 gram sansads (village councils), 161 [[mouza]]s and 147 inhabited villages. [[Bishnupur, Bankura#Police station|Bishnupur]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of this CD block is at Bishnupur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Bishnupur block/ panchayat samiti are: Ajodhya, Bankadha, Belsulia, Bhora, Dwarika Gosainpur, Layekbandh, Marar, Radhanagar and Uliara.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bishnupur CD block had a total population of 156,822, all of which were rural. There were 79,941 (51%) males and 76,881 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 19,102. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 55,940 (35.67%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 11,812 (7.53%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Bishnupur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Chua Masina (5,726), [[Radhanagar, Bankura|Radhanagar]] (5,335), Marar (7,799), Majura (4,245) and Chak Uparsol (5,416).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Bishnupur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Dwarika (2,366), [[Dihar]] (815), Layek Bandh (3,325), Ajodhya (2,862), [[Bhara]] (2,970), Uliara (2,067), Belshula (1,028), [[Gumut, Bankura|Gumut]] (1,723), [[Dwadashbari]] (604), [[Ajodhya, Bankura|Ajodhya]] (2,862) and [[Joykrishnapur]] (2,749).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Bishnupur CD block was 91,309 (66.30% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 53,099 (75.51% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 38,210 (56.69%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 18.82%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bishnupur CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|17.76}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|2.73}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.31}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 124,197 and formed 79.20% of the population in Bishnupur CD block. Muslims numbered 27,849 and formed 17.76% of the population. Others numbered 4,776 and formed 3.04% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 79.82%, Muslims 16.39% and followers of tribal religions 3.74% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bishnupur CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 92.60 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 7.03 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.37 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 92.60% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 7.03% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Bishnupur CD block 45.21% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2 >{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Bishnupur CD block'''
|value1 = 21.24
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 44.61
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 5.77
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 28.38
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Bishnuur CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,261 and formed 21.24%, agricultural labourers numbered 29,960 and formed 44.61%, household industry workers numbered 3,876 and formed 5.77% and other workers numbered 19,059 and formed 28.38%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 67,156 and formed 42.82% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 89,666 and formed 57.18% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 147 inhabited villages in the Bishnupur CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 146 villages (99.32%) have drinking water supply. 22 villages (14.97%) have post offices. 124 villages (84.35%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 40 villages (27.21%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 68 villages (46.26%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 16 villages (10.88%) have agricultural credit societies and 8 villages (5.44%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
There were 117 fertiliser depots, 22 seed stores and 46 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Bishnupur CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Bishnupur CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 15.71%, patta (document) holders 21.77%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.90%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 16.61% and agricultural labourers 41.02%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown Bishnupur CD block was 16,123 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 11,904 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Bishnupur CD block was 20,384 hectares, out of which 6,760 hectares was by canal water, 350 hectares by tank water, 820 hectares by river lift irrigation, 1,050 hectares by deep tube well, 11,094 hectares by shallow tubewell, 20 hectares by open dug wells and 290 hectares by other methods.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Bishnupur CD block produced 103,234 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 37,032 hectares, 358 tonnes of Aus paddy from 236 hectares, 1,707 tonnes of Boro paddy from 561 hectares, 30 tonnes of wheat from 14 hectares and 26,873,000 tonnes of potatoes from 2,005 hectares. It also produced pulses and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Another crop of Bishnupur is Silk.

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Bishnupur CD block had 154 silk looms in operation. In [[Bishnupur Municipality|Bishnupur municipal]] area (outside the CD block) there were 1,220 looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 135 families were involved in Bishnupur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 83-84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Bishnupur CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
In 2013-14, Bishnupur CD block had 2 ferry services and 11 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Kharagpur-Bankura-Adra line]] of South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block. There is a station at Bishnupur .<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/midnapore-adra-memu-68089-mdn-to-adra/21528/952/956 |title = 68089 Midnapore-Adra Memu |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 1 September 2016}}</ref>

The Bishnupur-Maynapur line of South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block, which will soon connect to the Goghat-Arambagh line of Eastern Railway, after construction of the railway track from Maynapur to Goghat.

[[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]], (old numbering [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|NH 60]]), running from [[Morgram]] to [[Kharagpur]], passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 September 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)]] running from Bankura to Malancha (in North 24 Parganas district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Bishnupur CD block had 150 primary schools, 18 middle schools, 8 high schools and 10 higher secondary schools. It also has 1 general college and 3 professional/ technical institutions. Bishnupur (municipal town) had a general college outside the CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Bishnupur CD block, among the 147 inhabited villages, 21 villages did not have a school, 40 villages had two or more primary schools, 41 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 14 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Swami Dhananjoy Das Kathiababa Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Bhara]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sddkm.in/ | title = Swami Dhananjoy Das Kathiababa Mahavidyalaya | publisher = SDDKM | access-date = 8 August 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Bishnupur CD block had 1 rural hospital and 3 primary health centre.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Radhanagar Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Radhanagar, Bankura|Radhanagar]], is the major government medical facility in the Bishnupur CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Ajodhya (with 6 beds), Kankila (with 6 beds) and [[Bhara|Bhora]] (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Bishnupur (West Bengal)}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]

Amit Bimrot

2025-11-23T14:02:26Z

RefugiaLoveless: cleaned up details for clarity and fixed typos for clarity

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1990)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
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| years_active = 2013-present
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Amit Bimrot is an Indian film and television actor known for his work in Hindi cinema and streaming platforms. He is best known for his performances in "Raid" (2018), "Made in China" (2019), and the Netflix espionage thriller series "Bard of Blood" (2019). A trained actor from the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, Bimrot began his career in theatre before transitioning to films, digital series, and commercial advertising

== Early life and education ==
Bimrot was born in [[Mehsana, Gujarat]] and brought up in [[Alwar, Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|trans-title=Alwar's Amit Bimrot will appear again on the big screen|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/alwar/news/rajasthan-news-amit-bimrot-amit-bimroth-ajay-devgan-govind-sahay-actors-resident-vineet-singh-imran-hashmi-kirti-kulhari-rajkumar-rao-boman-irani-mauni-rai-keshanti-devi-lady-alwar-bard-of-blood-malviya-nagar-daily-bhaskar-railways-movies-film-movie-in-the-red-advertisements-made-in-china-alwar-office-dinesh-vision-033556-3819763.html|title=अलवर के अमित बिमरोत फिर दिखेंगे बड़े पर्दे पर|last=Automation|first=Bhaskar|date=2019-02-04|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> He studied film and acting at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII, Pune) <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/raid-actor-amit-bimrot-i-did-not-fall-for-ajay-devgns-prank|title=Raid actor Amit Bimrot: I did not fall for Ajay Devgn's prank|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> before moving to [[Mumbai]] to start his career as an actor. He was doing theatre in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=जयपुर के थिएटर आर्टिस्ट अमित बिमरोट ने किया फिल्म 'रेड' से बॉलीवुड डेब्यू|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/amit-bimarot-the-theater-artist-of-jaipur-did-a-bollywood-debut-with-2556588/|access-date=2019-07-08|website=www.patrika.com|language=hindi}}{{dead link|date=February 2021|bot=Dlmarial|fix-attempted=Yes}}</ref> He was associated with Sarthak Theatre Group Association<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/science-tech-news/|title=Science and Tech News, विज्ञान और तकनीक न्यूज़, Science and Tech News in Hindi, Science and Tech Samachar, विज्ञान और तकनीक समाचार|website=Patrika News}}</ref> and was mentored by popular theatre artist Sabir Khan.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|trans-title=The actor did not bathe for 15 days during the shooting of the film|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/amit-will-share-screen-with-rajkumar-rao-3474110/|title=फिल्म की शूटिंग के दौरान 15 दिन तक नहीं नहाया यह एक्टर|website=Patrika News}}</ref> After his move to [[Mumbai]] he did several advertisements and made his feature film debut with [[Ajay Devgn]] in the 2018 film ''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/amit-bimrot-feels-blessed-to-debut-in-ajay-devgn-starrer-117122400361_1.html|title=Amit Bimrot feels blessed to debut in Ajay Devgn starrer|last=IANS|date=2017-12-24|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> directed by [[Raj Kumar Gupta]].

== Acting career ==
Bimrot made his Bollywood debut in 2018 with super hit film ''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekJFmQNUKu4|title=RAID - Amit Bimrot interview - Bollywood debut|date=16 May 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|trans-title='Red' got a new career, now getting to learn from Rajkumar Rao:Amit Bimrot|url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/bollywood-actor-amit-bimrot-exclusive-interview-3478238/|title='रेड' से मिली कॅरियर को नई दिशा, अब राजकुमार राव से सीखने को मिल रहा: अमित बिमरोत|website=Patrika News}}</ref> He next appeared in the web series ''[[Bard of Blood]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/reviews/bard-of-blood-review-shah-rukh-khan-netflix-india-2108001|title=Netflix's Bard of Blood Is Bad, and Shah Rukh Khan Should Feel Bad|first=Akhil|last=Arora|website=NDTV Gadgets 360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a29265069/bard-of-blood-season-2-release-date-cast-trailer/|title=Bard of Blood season 2: Everything you need to know|first=Abby|last=Robinson|date=27 September 2019|website=Digital Spy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80225885|title=Bard of Blood | Netflix Official Site|website=www.netflix.com}}</ref> produced by Red Chilies Entertainment for Netflix. He has also worked in Dinesh Vijan production film ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/celebrities-movies/rajkummar-rao-inspiration-amit-bimrot/2019/10/03|title=Rajkummar Rao is an inspiration: Amit Bimrot|date=3 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQsIFoAzzRs|title=Valam - Made In China | Arijit Singh, Priya Saraiya | Rajkummar Rao & Mouni Roy | Sachin - Jigar|date=14 October 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7u6rtswjCU|title=Odhani – Made In China | Rajkummar Rao & Mouni Roy | Neha Kakkar & Darshan Raval | Sachin – Jigar|date=23 September 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> His next big venture is Abhishek Mamgain directed ''Barkha Sarkar''<ref>{{cite web |title=Amit Bimrot bags lead role of Barkha Sarkar |url=https://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/136635/made-in-china-and-bard-of-blood-actor-amit-bimrot-bags-his-next-film/}}</ref> where he will be seen playing struggling theater actor Badal Sarkar.

His television commercial work includes Parle G,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwwoEFtAxOo|title=Parle-G | Mother & Son Film|date=23 November 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> JK Tyre<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgFOVaS5RCw|title=#LetsRide with JK Tyre - 2|date=24 October 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> and Vicks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-57i47uhK1M|title=Vicks Action 500 TVC 2018 -Virat Kohli | Amit Bimrot|date=18 April 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Film/Web Series
!Character
!Director
|-
|2018
|''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]''
|Film
|Satish Mishra
|[[Raj Kumar Gupta]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Bard of Blood]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/938646/bard-of-blood-review-netflix-spy-thriller-has-relentless-action-and-a-committed-emraan-hashmi|title='Bard of Blood' review: Netflix spy thriller has relentless action and a committed Emraan Hashmi|first=Udita|last=Jhunjhunwala|website=Scroll.in |date=28 September 2019 }}</ref>
|Web Series
|Nihar Gupta
|[[Ribhu Dasgupta]]
|-
|-
|2019
|''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eA6PFnSHo-E|title=Made In China Official Trailer | Rajkummar Rao, Boman, Mouni | Dinesh Vijan | Mikhil Musale|date=18 September 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Film
|Ravi Panchal
|[[Mikhil Musale]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5014824/|title=Mikhil Musale|website=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Indoo Ki Jawani]]
|FILM
|
|Abir Sengupta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiara Advani's Indoo Ki Jawani release in theatres on December 11|url=https://indvox.com/kiara-advanis-indoo-ki-jawani-release-in-theatres-on-december-11/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124101445/https://indvox.com/kiara-advanis-indoo-ki-jawani-release-in-theatres-on-december-11/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 November 2020|access-date=2020-11-26|website=indvox|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9709175// Amit bimrot on IMDB]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bimrot, Amit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships

2025-10-29T11:38:48Z

RefugiaLoveless: creating a post

{{short description|Boxing tournament in New Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox sport event
| name = 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships
| image = 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships.png
| size = 200
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| dates = 15–26 March
| venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Indoor Hall]]
| competitors = 324
| prize_money = $2.4 million
| nations = 65
| previous = [[2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2022]]
| next = [[2025 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2025]]
}}
{{2023Women'sWorldBoxingChampionships}}
The '''2023 [[IBA Women's World Boxing Championships]]''' were the 13th edition of the championships, held in [[New Delhi]], India from 15 to 26 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Delhi to host 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|url=https://www.iba.sport/news/new-delhi-to-host-2023-iba-womens-world-boxing-championships/|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|IBA]]|date=9 November 2022|access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=20 December 2022 |title=India to host 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/india-to-host-2023-iba-womens-world-boxing-championships/article66285611.ece |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com }}</ref>
India topped the medal tally for the first time after 2006.

Medal winners were awarded prize money; gold medallists earn $100,000, silver medallists $50,000, and bronze medallists $25,000. The overall prize fund was $2.4 million.

This event was boycotted by multiple nations due to participation of athletes from Russia and Belarus during the ongoing [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].

==Qualification System for Paris 2024==

In June 2022, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) barred the [[International Boxing Association]]'s (IBA) rights to run and organize the tournament due to "continuing irregularity issues in the areas of finance, governance, ethics, refereeing, and judging".<ref>{{cite news|title=IOC EB: IBA not in position to run qualifying events and boxing competitions for Paris 2024|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-eb-iba-not-in-position-to-run-qualifying-events-and-boxing-competitions-for-paris-2024|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|date=24 June 2022|accessdate=25 February 2023}}</ref> Hence, the IOC executive board established and ratified a new qualification system for [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024]] that would witness the boxers obtain the quota spots through the continental multisport events, reducing the complexity of the process. The qualification period commences at five regional multisport events in the middle of the 2023 season ([[2023 African Games]] in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]; [[2022 Asian Games]] in [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]; [[2023 European Games]] in [[Poland]]; [[2023 Pacific Games]] in [[Honiara]], [[Solomon Islands]]; and the [[2023 Pan American Games]] in [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]), set to be served as continental qualifying meets, where a total of 139 spots will be assigned to a specific number of highest-ranked boxers in each weight category. For these reasons, this tournament does not give a quota for the Olympic Games.<ref name=boxing-qual>{{cite news|title=New boxing qualification system approved for Paris 2024|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/new-boxing-qualification-system-approved-for-paris-2024|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|date=8 September 2022|accessdate=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Paris 2024 boxing qualification system to achieve a fair process for all NOCs|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/paris-2024-boxing-qualification-system-to-achieve-a-fair-process-for-all-nocs|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|date=6 December 2022|accessdate=25 February 2023}}</ref>

==Schedule==
''All times are local ([[Indian Standard Time|UTC+5:30]])''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Delegations' Handbook|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Team-Delegation-Handbook-IBA-Womens-World-Championship-2023-New-Delhi-India-version-1.4.pdf|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|IBA]]|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Overall schedule|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Competition-Schedule-IBA-Womens-Boxing-World-Championships-2023-India-v2.pdf|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|IBA]]|access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Date || Time || Phase
|-
| rowspan=2|16–21 March || 14:00 || rowspan=2|Preliminaries
|-
| 18:00
|-
| rowspan=2|22 March || 14:00 || rowspan=2|Quarterfinals
|-
| 18:00
|-
| 23 March || 18:00 ||Semifinals
|-
| 25–26 March || 18:00 || Finals
|}

==Medal summary==
===Medal table===
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host = IND
| flag_template = flagcountry
| event =
| team =
| gold_IND = 4 | silver_IND = 0 | bronze_IND = 0 | host_IND = yes
| gold_CHN = 3 | silver_CHN = 1 | bronze_CHN = 3
| gold_RUS = 1 | silver_RUS = 1 | bronze_RUS = 1
| gold_ITA = 1 | silver_ITA = 1 | bronze_ITA = 0
| gold_BRA = 1 | silver_BRA = 0 | bronze_BRA = 1
| gold_MAR = 1 | silver_MAR = 0 | bronze_MAR = 1
| gold_TPE = 1 | silver_TPE = 0 | bronze_TPE = 0
| gold_KAZ = 0 | silver_KAZ = 2 | bronze_KAZ = 4
| gold_COL = 0 | silver_COL = 2 | bronze_COL = 2
| gold_AUS = 0 | silver_AUS = 2 | bronze_AUS = 1
| gold_MGL = 0 | silver_MGL = 1 | bronze_MGL = 1
| gold_THA = 0 | silver_THA = 1 | bronze_THA = 1
| gold_VIE = 0 | silver_VIE = 1 | bronze_VIE = 0
| gold_FRA = 0 | silver_FRA = 0 | bronze_FRA = 3
| gold_AZE = 0 | silver_AZE = 0 | bronze_AZE = 1
| gold_BLR = 0 | silver_BLR = 0 | bronze_BLR = 1
| gold_BUL = 0 | silver_BUL = 0 | bronze_BUL = 1
| gold_JPN = 0 | silver_JPN = 0 | bronze_JPN = 1
| gold_KOR = 0 | silver_KOR = 0 | bronze_KOR = 1
| gold_UZB = 0 | silver_UZB = 0 | bronze_UZB = 1
}}

===Medal events===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Minimumweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Minimumweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Nitu Ghanghas]]|IND}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Lutsaikhany Altantsetseg]]|MGL}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Alua Balkibekova]]|KAZ}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Yasmine Moutaqui]]|MAR}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Light flyweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light flyweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Nikhat Zareen]]|IND}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Nguyễn Thị Tâm]]|VIE}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Ingrit Valencia]]|COL}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Wassila Lkhadiri]]|FRA}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Flyweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Flyweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Wu Yu (boxer)|Wu Yu]]|CHN}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Sirine Charaabi]]|ITA}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Yuliya Apanasovich]]|BLR}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|{{ill|Rinka Kinoshita|ja|木下鈴花}}|JPN}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Bantamweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Bantamweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Huang Hsiao-wen]]|TPE}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Yeni Arias]]|COL}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Jutamas Jitpong]]|THA}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Möngöntsetsegiin Enkhjargal]]|MGL}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Featherweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Featherweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Irma Testa]]|ITA}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Karina Ibragimova]]|KAZ}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Amina Zidani]]|FRA}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Svetlana Staneva]]{{efn|name=lin|The original bronze medalist, [[Lin Yu-ting]] from Chinese Taipei, has been disqualified from the IBA Women's World Boxing Championships after failing to meet gender eligibility rules.<ref name=lin>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/world-women-boxing-championships-finals-live-score-highlights-updates-nitu-saweety-boora-gold-medal-bouts/article66660984.ece|title=World Women's Boxing Championships finals, HIGHLIGHTS: Nitu Ghanghas, Saweety Boora win gold medals|publisher=Sportstar|date=March 25, 2023|access-date=March 25, 2023}}</ref>}}|BUL}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Lightweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Lightweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Beatriz Ferreira]]|BRA}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Angie Valdés]]|COL}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Oh Yeon-ji]]|KOR}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Yang Wenlu]]|CHN}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Light welterweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light welterweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Yang Chengyu]]|CHN}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Nataliya Sychugova]]|RUS}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Camila Camilo]]|COL}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Fatia Benmessahel]]|FRA}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Welterweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Welterweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Yang Liu (boxer)|Yang Liu]]|CHN}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Janjaem Suwannapheng]]{{efn|name=khelif|The original finalist, Algeria's [[Imane Khelif]], was disqualified from the IBA Women's World Boxing Championships three days after defeating Azalia Amineva, a previously-unbeaten Russian boxer. The Russian-led IBA claimed, without evidence, that Khelif had failed a gender test. Khelif was born female.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berkeley |first1=Geoff |title=Algerian disqualified from final of IBA Women's World Championships after failing eligibility rules |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1135205/khelif-disqualified-eligibility-rules |accessdate=26 March 2023 |work=insidethegames.biz |publisher=Dunsar Media Company Limited |date=26 March 2023}}</ref>}}|THA}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Navbakhor Khamidova]]{{efn|name=khelif}}|UZB}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Nadezhda Ryabets]]|KAZ}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Light middleweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light middleweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Anastasiia Demurchian]]|RUS}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Kaye Scott]]|AUS}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Zhou Pan]]|CHN}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Bárbara Santos]]|BRA}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Middleweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Middleweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Lovlina Borgohain]]|IND}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Caitlin Parker]]|AUS}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Li Qian (boxer)|Li Qian]]|CHN}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Valentina Khalzova]]|KAZ}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Light heavyweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light heavyweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Saweety Boora]]|IND}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Wang Lina (boxer)|Wang Lina]]|CHN}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Emma-Sue Greentree]]|AUS}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Fariza Sholtay]]|KAZ}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Heavyweight {{DetailsLink|2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Heavyweight}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Khadija El-Mardi]]|MAR}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Lazzat Kungeibayeva]]|KAZ}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Diana Pyatak]]|RUS}}
|-
|{{flagmedalist|[[Aynur Rzayeva]]|AZE}}
|}

==Participating nations==
The following nations participate with total participation entries of 324:<ref>{{cite web|title=Entries by country|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IBA-WWch-2023-INDIA-ENTRIES-BY-COUNTRYDETAILED-.pdf|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|IBA]]|access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}} (2)
*{{ALG}} (6)
*{{ARM}} (6)
*{{AUS}} (9)
*{{AZE}} (6)
*{{BLR}} (6)
*{{BOT}} (3)
*{{BRA}} (7)<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2023 |title=Seven Olympic medallists to be in action in Women's World Boxing Championships in New Delhi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/seven-olympic-medallists-to-be-in-action-in-womens-world-boxing-championships-in-new-delhi/articleshow/98154011.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=5 March 2023 |title=Indian boxers start training camp ahead of Women's World Boxing Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/women-world-boxing-championship-india-boxers-start-training-camp/article66585043.ece |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
*{{BUL}} (6)
*{{CMR}} (1)
*{{CPV}} (1)
*{{CHN}} (12)
*{{TPE}} (9)
*{{COL}} (9)
*{{CRO}} (1)
*{{DOM}} (3)
*{{SWZ}} (1)
*{{FSM}} (1)
*{{FRA}} (9)
*{{PYF}} (1)
*{{GRE}} (2)
*{{GUA}} (3)
*{{GUY}} (2)
*{{HAI}} (1)
*{{HUN}} (8)
*{{IND}} (12)<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/sports/indian-pugilists-promise-better-showing-in-the-womens-world-boxing-championship-1503161299.html/amp|website=The Statesman|title=Indian squad|date=10 March 2023}}</ref> '''Host'''
*{{ITA}} (8)
*{{JPN}} (8)
*{{JOR}} (1)
*{{KAZ}} (12)<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-reveals-roster-for-women-s-world-boxing-championships_a4043213/amp|title=Kazak Squad|website=inform.kz|date=7 March 2023}}</ref>
*{{KEN}} (11)
*{{KUW}} (1)
*{{MLI}} (1)
*{{MEX}} (8)
*{{MDA}} (2)
*{{MGL}} (8)
*{{MAR}} (4)
*{{MOZ}} (4)
*{{NEP}} (7)
*{{flagicon image|International Boxing Association (amateur) logo.png}} [[Netherlands]] (1){{efn||name=NED}}
*{{NZL}} (6)
*{{PAN}} (1)
*{{PHI}} (3)
*{{PUR}} (4)
*{{ROU}} (4)
*{{RUS}} (12)
*{{LCA}} (1)
*{{SRB}} (7)
*{{SLE}} (1)
*{{SGP}} (5)
*{{SVK}} (3)
*{{RSA}} (3)
*{{KOR}} (8)
*{{ESP}} (5)
*{{SRI}} (2)
*{{TJK}} (4)
*{{TAN}} (2)
*{{THA}} (9)
*{{TTO}} (3)
*{{TUN}} (3)
*{{TUR}} (12)
*{{TKM}} (1)
*{{UZB}} (10)
*{{VEN}} (4)
*{{VIE}} (9)
{{div col end}}

==Controversies==
===Boycott due to participation of athletes from Russia and Belarus===
Ignoring [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022 and subsequent recommendations of the [[International Olympic Committee]] to bar Russian and Belarusian athletes from competing under their national flags and for the anthems to be played,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Matytsin says Russian flag at global events should be "normal" |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1134797/matytsin-present-world-boxing-champs |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref> the [[International Boxing Association]] under the leadership of Russian [[Umar Nazarovich Kremlev|Umar Kremlev]] allowed them to compete with no restrictions. In the aftermath, 17 countries (19 national federations) decided to boycott the championship over IBA's decision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2023 |title=Ukraine joins growing list of countries boycotting women's boxing World Championship in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/ukraine-joins-growing-list-of-countries-boycotting-womens-boxing-world-championship-in-delhi-8461841/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1 March 2023 |title=Boxing-Complaint filed against countries boycotting world championships |url=https://theprint.in/sport/boxing-complaint-filed-against-countries-boycotting-world-championships/1409896/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2023 |title=Women's World Championships: India's boxing federation writes to boycotting nations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/womens-world-championships-indias-boxing-federation-writes-to-boycotting-nations/articleshow/98217006.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boikotlaužių išduoti lietuviai laikosi savo: nebus ir vilkas sotus, ir avis sveika |url=https://www.delfi.lt/sportas/kitos-sporto-sakos/boikotlauziu-isduoti-lietuviai-laikosi-savo-nebus-ir-vilkas-sotus-ir-avis-sveika-92798171 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Delfi sportas |language=lt}}</ref>

The nations that boycotted the tournament were:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{ARG}}
* {{CAN}}
* {{CZE}}
* {{DEN}}
* {{FIN}}
* {{GBR2}}
** {{ENG}}
** {{SCO}}
** {{WAL}}
* {{ISL}}
* {{IRE}}
* {{LAT}}
* {{LTU}}
* {{NED}}{{efn|name=NED|Megan de Cler was the lone boxer from the Netherlands at the WWCH 2023 competing under IBA flag. While interacting with media on March 17 after her bout, she told ,"I am not playing for the Netherlands, I am here on my own. I don't do politics, I do boxing that's why I'm here".<ref>https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/iba-women-s-world-boxing-championships-dutch-boxer-megan-de-cler-defies-her-federation-210981.html</ref>}}
* {{NOR}}
* {{POL}}
* {{SWE}}
* {{SUI}}
* {{UKR}}
* {{USA}}
{{div col end}}

===Alleged discrimination of Kosovo boxer===
[[Kosovo]] withdrew its competitors from the championship as a result of alleged discrimination by the Indian authorities. Despite the Kosovo Boxing Federation being a full member of the IBA,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxing Federation of Russia |url=https://www.iba.sport/national-federations/europe/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> local organisers decided to ban the use of the [[Flag of Kosovo|flag]] and [[Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo|national anthem]] of Kosovo at the championship, including in medal ceremonies and on team uniforms for political reasons.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fboxk.com/2023/03/14/edhe-pse-lejohet-marrja-e-vizave-politika-perseri-penges-e-sportit/ | title=Edhe Pse Lejohet Marrja e Vizave Politika Përsëri Penges e Sportit }}</ref> Kosovo's sole entrant, 2022 bronze medalist [[Donjeta Sadiku]], also encountered problems in obtaining a visa to enter India for the competition. Sadiku was previously denied entry to India in 2017 for the Youth Women's World Championships and 2018 for the [[2018 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships|Women's World Championships]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kosovo refuse to compete at IBA Women's Boxing World Championships over "discriminatory" conditions|url=https://web5.insidethegames.biz/articles/1134764/kosovo-refuse-to-compete-world-champs|date=14 March 2023|access-date=15 March 2023|website=Inside the Games|language=en-US}}</ref> Kosovo's president [[Vjosa Osmani]] described the treatment of athletes from her country as a "blatant violation of int'l sporting standards" and urged the organisers to reconsider their decision.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Osmani |first=Vjosa |author-link=Vjosa Osmani |user=VjosaOsmaniPRKS |number=1636016011026776064 |date=15 March 2023 |title=The decision to prevent Donjeta Sadiku from taking part in the World Boxing Championship is a blatant violation of int'l sporting standards. As an @IBA_Boxing member, Kosovo is entitled to participate under its flag & anthem. We urge India to reconsider their decision. https://t.co/F5zIufm9sV |language=en |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> The IBA's media communications team termed the incident as "unfortunate and the Indian government was also very cooperative, and the team was granted visas for the competitions. It was unfortunate to learn that the athletes of Kosovo declined the opportunity to come to New Delhi."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-17 |title=Kosovo boxer denied permission to compete under national flag |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/kosovo-boxer-denied-permission-to-compete-under-national-flag/articleshow/98720814.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Nepali Boxer Anjani Teli===
A question was raised against Indian-born Nepali boxer Anjani Teli, on the subject of her passport. People believed she owned an Indian passport yet was competing for Nepal, leading to IBA holding an investigation on the allegations made against her. However, she was given a clean chit as she had never acquired an Indian passport. She was born in Delhi to migrated Nepali parents, and she received a Nepali passport at the age of 8 years as her parents were from Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Championships: IBA Clears Delhi-born Boxer Anjani Teli to Continue Competing for Nepal |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/womens-world-championships-iba-clears-delhi-born-boxer-anjani-teli-to-continue-competing-for-nepal-7333999.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=News18 |date=19 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=19 March 2023 |title=IBA clean chit to Delhi-based Nepali boxer Anjani Teli |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/international-boxing-association-iba-clean-chit-anjali-teli-delhi-based-nepali-boxer/article66639174.ece |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> IBA then allowed her to continue participating in the tournament.

==See also==
*[[IBA World Boxing Championships]]
*[[International Boxing Association]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iba.sport/event/iba-womens-world-boxing-championships-new-delhi-2023/ IBA website]
*[https://cdn.sportdata.org/88a455aa-4b60-49ce-9566-1bdf4b2ff7ae/ Results book]

{{WC Amateur Boxing}}
{{World championships in 2023}}

[[Category:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships| ]]
[[Category:IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2023]]
[[Category:2023 in women's boxing|IBA]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian women's sport|IBA Women's World Boxing Championships]]
[[Category:International boxing competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in New Delhi]]
[[Category:March 2023 sports events in India|IBA Women's World Boxing Championships]]
[[Category:Sports events affected by the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
[[Category:International sports boycotts]]

A. Sudershan Reddy

2025-10-23T04:22:33Z

RefugiaLoveless: creating a info

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
}}
'''A. Sudershan Reddy''' (born 25 May 1959) is a [[Senior counsel|Senior Advocate]] in the [[Telangana High Court]] and the current [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] for the State of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2024 |title=A Sudarshan Reddy takes charge as AG Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Dec/31/sudarshan-reddy-new-telangana-ag-2646409.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudarshan Reddy new Telangana AG |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Dec/31/sudarshan-reddy-new-telangana-ag-2646409.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A. Sudarshan Reddy is New Advocate General of TS |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/311223/a-sudarshan-reddy-is-new-advocate-general-of-ts.html |work=The Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He was also the first lawyer from the Telangana region to hold the position since the formation of the erstwhile unified state of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] in 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |title=State gets first Advocate General from Telangana |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/state-gets-first-advocate-general-telangana-157030/ |work=The Siasat Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudarshan Reddy is new Advocate General |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2011/Jan/18/sudarshan-reddy-is-new-advocate-general-220146.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
A native of Rechepalli village in Sarangapur mandal of Jagtial District, Sudershan Reddy completed his schooling at St. Paul’s School, pursued his undergraduate studies at [[Nizam College]], and obtained his law degree from [[Osmania University]].

== Career ==
Sudershan Reddy enrolled as an advocate in 1985, beginning his legal practice in the district courts and the High Court. He also worked as a part-time lecturer at the Post Graduate College of Law, Osmania University, from 1988 to 1991, where he taught the Criminal Procedure Code and the Transfer of Property Act.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Senior Advocate A. Sudarshan Reddy Appointed As Advocate General Of Telangana |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/telangana-governor-appoints-surdarshan-reddy-advocate-general-245606 |work=The Live Law}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudarshan Reddy is new Advocate General |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Dec/31/sudarshan-reddy-new-telangana-ag-2646409.html#:~:text=In%20addition%20to%20his%20legal,College%20of%20Law%2C%20Osmania%20University. |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He was appointed the Advocate General for the erstwhile State of Andhra Pradesh from 2011 to 2014, during [[Kiran Kumar Reddy|Kiran Kumar Reddy’s]] tenure as the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudarshan Reddy appointed new AG of Telangana |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sudarshan-reddy-appointed-new-ag-of-telangana |work=The Telangana Today}}</ref> He became the first lawyer from the Telangana region to hold this post since the formation of the erstwhile united Andhra Pradesh in 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |title=State Gets first Advocate General from Telangana |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/state-gets-first-advocate-general-telangana-157030/ |work=The Siasat Daily}}</ref>

After the bifurcation of the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh, Governor [[E. S. L. Narasimhan|E.S.L. Narasimhan]] issued an order for his continuation, along with his team, to represent both Telangana and the residuary State of Andhra Pradesh during [[President's rule|President’s Rule]] until new Advocate Generals were appointed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A. Sudarshan Reddy is New Advocate General of TS |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140604/nation-current-affairs/article/attorney-general-team-submit-resignations-telangana-cm-k |work=The Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He also served as the AG for AP and Telangana during the President’s Rule in 2014, during the demarcation of the State of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudarshan Reddy appointed new AG of Telangana |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sudarshan-reddy-appointed-new-ag-of-telangana |work=The Telangana Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{catimprove|date=September 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, A. Sudershan}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]

Madia Gond

2025-09-27T09:09:57Z

RefugiaLoveless:

{{Short description|Indigenous tribe of Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{over-quotation|date=March 2009}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = The Madia Gond
| image = [[Image:All smiles 6 x 4.JPG|none|220px]]
| caption = Madia school girls on the grounds of [[Lok Biradari Prakalp]] school.
| population = 77,000 (1997–1998)
| popplace = [[Gadchiroli District]] – [[Maharashtra]], [[Bastar division]] – [[Chhattisgarh]]
| langs = [[Madiya language|Madiya]]
| rels = [[Gondi people#Koyapunem|Koyapunem]] with [[Folk Hinduism|significant influence]] from [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Gond people]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Madia Gonds''' or '''Madia''' or '''Maria''' ({{ipa|gon|maːɽijaː|lang}}) are one of the [[endogamous]] Gond tribes living in [[Chandrapur District]] and [[Gadchiroli District]] of [[Maharashtra]] State, and [[Bastar division]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] State [[India]].<ref name = "Chanda">[http://chanda.nic.in/htmldocs/pdf/dgazette1/chanda_popu/population_caste.html# Chanda District Gaztteer]</ref> They have been granted the status of a [[particularly vulnerable tribal group]] by the Government of India under its [[affirmative action]] or [[Reservation in India|reservation]] programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahashabri.com/tribal.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130408074921/http://www.mahashabri.com/tribal.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 April 2013|title=SHABARI ADIVASI VITTA VA VIKAS MAHAMANDAL|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> The Madia Gonds are strongly affected by [[Naxalite|Naxal]] activities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://infochangeindia.org/200606306716/Other/Features/Gadchiroli-Inside-the-Red-Line.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090922131812/http://infochangeindia.org/200606306716/Other/Features/Gadchiroli-Inside-the-Red-Line.html | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 22 September 2009 | title = Gadchiroli: Inside the Red Line |first = Anosh | last = Malekar | publisher = InfoChange News & Features | date = June 2006 | access-date = 2009-03-05}}</ref> The Madia Gond use the self designation Madia, and call the area where they live Madia [[Pradesh|Desh]].<ref>Manohar V. B, Eka Nakshalwadya cha Janma</ref> They speak the Madia dialect of [[Gondi language|Gondi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_lang_family.asp?code=mrr|title=Maria|work=Ethnologue|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> The shifting agriculture of madia is known as jhoom. A study mentions living [[megalithic]] practices amongst the Madia Gonds.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last =Anuja
| first =Geetali
| title =Living Megalithic practices amongst the Madia gonds of Bhamragad, District Gadchiroli, Maharashtra
| journal =Purātattva
| volume =32
| issue =1
| pages =244
| year =2002
| url =http://www.indarchaeology.org/puratattva/puratattva_32.htm
| access-date =21 February 2009
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130510070325/http://www.indarchaeology.org/puratattva/puratattva_32.htm
| archive-date =10 May 2013
| url-status =dead
}}</ref> One of the findings of The Bench Mark Survey done in 1997–1998: 91.08 per cent of Madia Gond families lived [[Below Poverty Line]].<ref name="BPL">{{cite web |url=http://trti.mah.nic.in/static_pages/MaharashtraStateStatistics.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319192338/http://trti.mah.nic.in/static_pages/MaharashtraStateStatistics.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2009 }}</ref>

==Tradition and culture==
Madias today are doctors,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lokbiradariprakalp.org/about_us.html#achi |title=..:: Lok Biradari Prakalp ::.. |website=lokbiradariprakalp.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530014002/http://lokbiradariprakalp.org/about_us.html |archive-date=2008-05-30}}</ref> teachers, government employees and naxalites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/chhattisgarh-net/message/10989|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708205211/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/chhattisgarh-net/message/10989|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|title=Yahoo! Groups|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Performance of school going Madia children is on par with other children of [[Maharashtra]] state, a Madia girl student has figured in the merit list of candidates at the state level.<ref>.[http://www.pitara.com/news/news_india/online.asp?story=25 The School that Built Many Lives, By Brishti Bandyopadhyay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312130712/http://www.pitara.com/news/news_india/online.asp?story=25 |date=12 March 2004 }}</ref> The following are the descriptions of the Madia Gond as recorded by the British Rulers in the District Gazettes, which has been carried in the Gazettes of independent India.

===Description in the Chanda district gazette===
[[Image:Madia Gond Family 12 x 9.JPG|thumb|right|350px|A Madia Gond family on the grounds of [[Lok Biradari Prakalp]]]]
The [[Chandrapur district]] gazette description of the Madia is as follows:
<blockquote>The Marias inhabit the wilder tracts, and are in their unsophisticated state a very attractive people. The villages are usually built deep in the jungle near some wide shallow stream, which offers facilities for the gata cultivation,{{#tag:ref|[Gata means a field or plot.] system in which [[kharif]] crop is invariably light rice, generally sown broadcast; this is reaped in October, and the fields are again ploughed and cropped with gram, linseed and rabi pulses; occasionally wheat is the second crop. This system is quite distinct from the 'ordinary double-cropping, when pulses are sown as a catch-crop after rice; here, the light rice is a "catch" crop, and 'the second harvest is the more important; but the profits from the cultivation are high, because the out-turn of the rice is heavy, and the expenses of transplantation are saved.<ref name = "Chanda"/>|group="nb"}} and the surrounding jungles supplement the fruits of their agricultural efforts. Few villages lack the customary grove of toddy – [[Palm wine]] trees, the juice of which, fermented or unfermented, is ever acceptable to the Gond. The Marias are a lithe, active looking, well-built set of men, open, hearty manner, and the cheerful smile of good fellowship. Their dress is scanty, consisting of a compromise between a langoti (a [[loincloth]]) and a [[dhoti]], a strip of cloth wound tightly round the waist in rope-like folds and passed between the legs with the spare end hanging down in front below the knees. Often this garment diminishes to the scantiest rag. They adorn their necks with handsome strings of beads and their arms occasionally with metal and glass bangles. Their ears are pulled out of shape by the weight of numerous brass rings with which they are usually garnished and occasionally they wear [[pagri]]s. A curved knife with a brass mounted handle is stuck into the waist cloth and, from the shoulder dangles the ever handy axe without which a Gond seldom moves. Maria women wear a [[Sari|lugada]] of strong cloth usually white with a coloured strip in the border. They wear no choli (blouse), no Gond woman ever does, and their necks, like their husbands are garnished with beads. They frequently tattoo their faces and limbs in intricate patterns."<ref name = "Chanda"/>

'''Dance'''
All Gonds and especially Madias, are very fond of dancing. It is the great amusement of the people. Night after night in the eastern tracts in the cool, moon-lit nights of the hot weather, the rhythmic lilt of a Gondi chorus fills the air, as the villagers dance round a fire in some open space near the hamlet. The favourite dance is a peculiar rippling step forward with the foot dragged, not very graceful when done by a single individual, but looking quite different when done in unison by a great circle of dancers singing a 're-la', 're-la', chorus to which the step keeps time. In some villages, where the headman is an enthusiast for the pastime, a trained band performs weird and wonderful step dances to the sound of the drum. At a big dance, the trained band occupies the inner ring round the fire, while the common folk, men and maids, in separate rings move round in great circles in opposite ways. All are dressed for the occasion in their best, bearing in their hands weird ornaments of wicker work, with garlands of flowers on their necks and in their hair, feather ornaments humorously or coquettishly placed. Seen in the glow of a huge log fire, glinting on the shining beads and barbaric ornaments of the dancers, with the throb of the drums and the beat of many feet moving in unison to the wild music of the voices in chorus, a Madia dance is a spectacle not easily forgotten, but lingers as a characteristic scene when other details have faded out of the memory. Men and women ordinarily dance in separate circles but in the dances where the young men choose their brides, they dance in couples.<ref name = "Chanda"/></blockquote>
[[File:Bison Horn Maria Tribal Dance Bastar.jpg|thumb|Bison Horn Maria Tribal Dance Bastar]]

===Ghotul===
[[Image:Memorial to the dead 6 x 4.JPG|thumb|left|A Madia Gond memorial to a dead person]] The youth dormitory system or [[Ghotul]] is deeply rooted in Madia Gond culture. Traditionally the Madia have a Ghotul in every village where unmarried boys and girls assemble in the evening and play, mix, dance and sing until late night but return to their houses for sleeping, which marks the difference between Bastar Ghotuls and the Ghotuls of Madia Gonds. There is a taboo against married women entering a Ghotul.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAlCTxJowUC&q=ghotul+madia&pg=PA718|title=People of India|isbn=9788179911006|access-date=1 April 2015|last1=Bhanu|first1=B. V.|year=2004}}</ref>

===Government's liquor policy===
The Government has granted concession to Adivasis to manufacture and possess [[Palm wine|toddy]] for domestic consumption on obtaining toddy licences for a period of one year (i.e. July to June every year). This privilege is given to the people of this community as they are used to toddy drinking as a part of their food for ages. According to the excise arrangements now in force in that area, each individual applicant is granted Toddy licence for tapping trees ranging from 1 to 5 for domestic consumption. The permit fee and tree tax per toddy tree is 75 paise per annum respectively.[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/CHANDRAPUR/other_social_prohibition_dept.html]

===Mundha===
Mundha is one-piece decorative wooden pillar carved by a bridegroom after he is engaged. It is kept in front of ''Ghotul'' during his marriage ceremony perhaps the best example of skill in wood carving. These are reminiscent of the [[totem pole]]s of the Americas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trti.mah.nic.in/static_pages/frm_HandiWood.htm#Columns_erected_during_marriage_ceremonies_and%20_memory_of_the_dead |title=TRTI, Tribal Handicraft |website=trti.mah.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410072141/http://trti.mah.nic.in/static_pages/frm_HandiWood.htm |archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>

===Myths===
About menstruation, the Maria Gond believe that the vagina once [[Vagina dentata|contained teeth]] and that when these teeth were removed, the wound never healed completely<ref>.{{cite journal |jstor=179348 |title=Manhood, Femaleness, and Power: A Cultural Analysis of Prehistoric Images of Reproduction|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |publisher=Uli Linke |date=October 1992 |volume=34 |pages=579–620 |doi=10.1017/s0010417500018004|last1=Linke|first1=Uli|issue=4|s2cid=145640615 }}</ref>

==Contemporary life style==

===Naxal Activities===
A [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] Cover Story calls the [[Bhamragad]] [[Taluka]] where the Madia Gond [[Adivasi]]s live, the heart of the [[naxalite|naxalite-affected]] region in [[Maharashtra]]. In the jungles and 120-odd naxalite-affected villages of eastern Gadchiroli, it is the Adivasis who pay the price for extremist violence. "Whether a policeman or a naxalite, it is the Adivasis who is caught in the crossfire. The bosses are never Adivasis. They are safe in their offices or hideouts," a resident of Bhamragad is mentioned saying in the article.The police are quoted as saying that [[Left-wing terrorism#Communist Party of India (Maoist) and Naxalites|The Communist Part of India (Maoist)]] has around 250 full-time members and 3,000-odd local supporters. Many tribals accused of being informers are killed by naxalites or harassed by the police. Despite the constant fear, Adivasis do agree that naxalites have forced contractors to give them higher wages for tendu leaves collected and bamboo cut. The possibility of justice and action against their exploiters – the forest department, the police, the government, the contractors, makes the Madia Gonds sympathise with the naxals. Harassment by the police pushes many naxalite sympathisers underground.<ref>[http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021008701600.htm Guerilla zone, Cover Story, Frontline, Volume 22 – Issue 21, Oct. 08 – 21, 2005 DIONNE BUNSHA in Gadchiroli] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221144918/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021008701600.htm |date=21 February 2009 }}</ref>

====Eka Nakshalwadya Cha Janma====
Eka Nakshalwadya Cha Janma, ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: एका नक्षलवाद्याचा जन्म – The birth of a [[Naxalite|Naxal]]), a novel written by Vilas Balkrishna Manohar, a volunteer with the Lok Biradari Prakalp, is a fictional account of a Madia Gond Juru's unwilling journey of life his metamorphosis from an exploited nameless tribal to a Naxal, a fugitive from the law.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=vilas+manohar+writer&pg=PA723|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|isbn=9788126008735|access-date=1 April 2015|last1=Dutt|first1=Kartik Chandra|year=1999}}</ref>

===Collection of tendu leaves===
[[Tendu (tree)|Tendu]] patta, or the leaves of the [[Diospyros melanoxylon]]<ref>[http://www.orissafdc.com/products_kendu_ofdc.php Dyospyros melanoxylon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026104939/http://www.orissafdc.com/products_kendu_ofdc.php |date=26 October 2008 }}</ref> (an ebony tree with date-like fruit) in which tobacco is rolled to make [[beedi]]s; is for the poor in this impoverished eastern Maharashtra district a crucial source of livelihood. Summer when temperatures touch 45 degrees Celsius, is peak earning time for the Madia. Tens of thousands of tribal women and children are engaged in collecting tendu leaves every summer. Women and children get up at 4.30 in the morning and walk towards the forests near their village. In no time the forests are transformed into a beehive of activity, with small armies of women and children plucking tendu leaves with assembly-line precision. The plucking session ends around 11 am and the women and children walk back balancing the weight of the leaves on their heads. Back in their villages, the women sort out the leaves and tie them up in bundles, squatting for hours inside their huts. They do the bulk of the work; it is they who bear the brunt of the hot sun and the drudgery. The day's collection of tendu patta is taken to the market or phad at around 4.30 pm and laid out in long, neat rows that stretch for acres in sun-baked fields or dry riverbeds. Men appointed by private contractors count the bundles and record them in their registers for future payments. The names in the register are those of the men. It is the husbands and fathers of the toiling women and children who claim the money. Although the tendu patta season doesn't last more than two weeks, each healthy family unit can make a significant earning in this time. Tendu patta thus helps the poor earn enough money to survive the two months before the onset of the monsoons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empowerpoor.com/statestoriesdetail.asp?report=377&state=Maharashtra|title=EmpowerPoor.com|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

===Status of women===
A Madia Gond girl has the freedom to have premarital sex and choose husband. As a married woman she has a freedom to take divorce if the husband gives ill treatment to her or if she cannot beget a child from him. She has a right to spend her earnings. A husband does not interfere in her affairs. However, even these women are taboo during menstruation and are not allowed attending the festivals.<ref>[http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_mgrwmn.pdf A Research Study On Migrant Tribal Women Girls in Ten Cities – A Study of Their Socio-Cultural and Economic Reference to Social Intervention]</ref>

===Organisations associated===
[[Image:BOM Perimeli 6 x 4.JPG|thumb|right|Board – Bank of Maharashtra, Perimili a Madia Gond village in [[Bhamragad]] [[Taluka]]]]
* '''[[Lok Biradari Prakalp]]''' is an NGO working in the fields of health and education in the [[Bhamragad]] [[taluka]] of Gadchiroli, where many Madia Gond live. It was established in 1973<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lokbiradariprakalp.org/|title=Lok Biradari Prakalp – People's Brotherhood Project|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> [[Prakash Amte|Dr. Prakash Amte and Dr. Mandakini Amte]] working for the Lok Biradari Prakalp received the 2008 [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for Community Leadership. In the citation the board of trustees stated:
<blockquote>
''the board of trustees recognizes their enhancing the capacity of the '''Madia Gonds''' to adapt positively in today's India, through healing and teaching and other compassionate interventions''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationAmtes.html|title=Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation|author=Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827114435/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationAmtes.html|archive-date=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
</blockquote>
* '''The Tribal Cultural Heritage of India Foundation''': Established in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribal-india.org/ |title=Tribal Cultural Heritage of India Foundation |access-date=2009-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108225906/http://www.tribal-india.org/ |archive-date=8 January 2010 }}</ref>
*'''SEARCH''' [[Society For Education, Action and Research In Community Health]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.searchgadchiroli.org/|title=Abhay Bang & Rani Bang|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

===Health issues===
Historically the Madia Gond were victims of the ravages of small-pox and skin-diseases and a mild form of leprosy called Gondi rog.<ref name = "Chanda"/> Prevalence of [[sickle cell anemia]] is very high amongst the Madia Gond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/india_scd.html|title=Health Problems of Tribal Population Groups from the State of Maharashtra|author=Dr. S.L. Kate|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027024046/http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/india_scd.html|archive-date=27 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Research studies==
The primitive tribe status of the Madia Gond make them the subject of various studies, such as the following:

===Genetic diversity===

A Microsatellite diversity was analysed in [[Gondi language]] speaking Madia Gonds of Maharashtra and three other [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking Proto – Australoid tribal groups, to understand their genetic structure and to identify the congruence between language and [[gene pool]]. [[Allele|Allele frequency data]] at 15 [[Short tandem repeat]] (STR) [[Locus (mathematics)|loci]] in studied tribes was compared with data of 22 Indo-European- and Dravidian-speaking caste and tribal populations using [[heterozygosity]], [[Allele|allele size variance]], [[analysis of molecular variance]] (AMOVA), GST ([[Glutathione S-transferase]]) estimate, [[Parallel coordinates|PC plot]], and [[Mantel test|Mantel correlation test]]. Results demonstrate that Gondi tribes comprising the Madia-Gond, a hunter-gatherer population, harbour lower diversity than Marathi tribal groups, which are culturally and genetically distinct. The [[Proto-Australoid]] tribal populations were genetically differentiated from castes of similar morphology, suggesting different evolutionary mechanisms operating upon the populations. The populations showed genetic and linguistic similarity, barring a few groups with varied migratory histories. The [[Microsatellite (genetics)|microsatellite]] variation clearly demonstrates the interplay of sociocultural factors including linguistic, geographical contiguity, and microevolutionary processes in shaping the genetic diversity of populations in contemporary India.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16323197 |title=Microsatellite diversity reveals the interplay of language and geography in shaping genetic differentiation of diverse Proto-Australoid populations of west-central India
|date=February 2006
|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20283
|volume=129
|issue=2
|pages=260–7 | last1 = Gaikwad | first1 = S | last2 = Vasulu | first2 = TS | last3 = Kashyap | first3 = VK | journal=Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.}}</ref>

===Emancipation of women===

The study is a record and analysis of the following events. The coming together of Madia women to form a ''Self Help Group'', in Bagul village of Gadchiroli District, to assert their independence, the breaking of Madia customs which triggered a group member to be brutalised and paraded naked by her husband, her committing suicide, the subsequent coming together of the other members in protest, further breaking of tribal taboos, the decision taken to wear blouses and to the breaking of isolation and pollution norms during menstruation, the initiative taken in execution of government development schemes. The Naxal fear of loss of influence in the face of development and inclusion in the mainstream of the Madia. Their opposition to the activities of the ''Self Help Group''. The murder of an engineer by the Naxals. The ongoing struggle engaged by the Madia women against poverty, prejudice, male domination and vested interests in the form of the Naxals, the politicians and the bureaucracy.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/events/2006events/UNIFEMNov06.asp
|title=No Single Path: Cultural Perspectives in overcoming Domestic Violence
|access-date=2009-03-05
|work=UNIFEM Informs seminar, co-presented by UNIFEM Australia and The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre at UniSA
|publisher=Veena Poonacha, Professor and Director, Research Centre for Women's Studies, SNDT Women's University, Mumbai, India
|date=23 November 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703155527/http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/events/2006events/UNIFEMNov06.asp
|archive-date=3 July 2009
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===''Bench Mark Survey 1997–98''===

The results of the Bench Mark Survey was organised in the tribal area of the Maharashtra State pertinent to the Madia Gond are tabulated hereunder.{{#tag:ref| Bench Mark Survey

At the instance of Central Government, the Bench Mark Survey was organised in the Tribal Area of the Maharashtra State with a view to collect factual information of the socio-economic conditions of the tribals.

The survey was carried out in three levels
#Village Level
#Pada (hamlet) Level
#Household Level

Three distinct type of survey schedules were designed and canvassed. The assistance of field level staff of Tribal Development Department was taken to fill in the survey schedules.
The survey was restricted to tribal households only. Accordingly the survey has encompassed 8,338 villages and their hamlets and about 650,000 tribal households in the Tribal Area of the State. The field work was completed in the year 1997–98.
Data processing was completed in the year 1999–2000.<ref name="BPL"/>
|group="nb"}}<ref name="BPL"/>

'''Population'''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! female
! male
! total
|-
| 38749
| 38156
| 76905
|}

'''Literacy'''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! female
! male
! total
|-
| 30.19
| 16.09
| 23.19
|}
'''Occupation family wise'''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Agriculture
! Agriculture labour
! Forest labour
! Other
! Total
! Migration %
! [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] %
|-
| 10444
| 2260
| 365
| 282
| 13351
| 34
| 91.08
|}

==Footnotes==
<references group="nb" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]

Gabhana

2025-09-19T03:20:03Z

RefugiaLoveless: made a entry

{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gabhana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Nagar Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Gabhana
| image_caption = Gabhana
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Gabhana
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.0491896|N|77.9610158|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,886
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=26 December 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 202136<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/pincode/uttar-pradesh/gabhana.htm|title=Whereincity.com|website=www.whereincity.com}}</ref>
| area_code = 05724
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-81
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Aligarh
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barauli, Uttar Pradesh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gabhana(Barauli)]]
}}

'''Gabhana''' is a tehsil, block, town and a Nagar panchayat in [[Aligarh district]], 23 km from the district headquarters in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Gabhana is situated on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] 100  km southeast of [[New Delhi]] and 80 km from [[Noida]] and [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]. Neighbouring cities are [[Khair]] and [[Khurja]]. It is near to [[Harduaganj Thermal Power Station]], one of the oldest [[hydroelectric power plants]] of [[India]]. This was the Gabhana estate of [[Jadaun (clan)|Jadaun]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]], whose descendants migrated here from [[Karauli State]] and built the notable Fort Gabhana, a sandstone palace recently renovated quite drastically by the current occupant. The fort is located in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built during the reign of the Raja Surajmal Jadaun in the early 18th century. The fort reflects the architectural style and strategic significance of the era.<ref>{{Cite news |title="करीब दो सौ साल पहले राजस्थान के करौली जिले से चंद्रवंशी राजवंश से जयराम सिंह ने यहां आकर अपना ठिकाना बनाया। इसके बाद इन्होंने धीरे-धीरे गभाना, सोमना व वीरपुरा में अपनी रियासत स्थापित की।" |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-city-16462804.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabhana estate in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/story-the-descendants-of-the-royal-family-came-to-somna-from-timangarh-in-rajasthan-during-the-mughal-period-2965473.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=थाना गभाना क्षेत्र अंतर्गत गभाना राजा के किले में कई राउंड फायरिंग की गई. यह फायरिंग गभाना के राजा विजय राज सिंह और उनके बेटे व नगर पंचायत अध्यक्ष अभिमन्यु राज और एक अन्य व्यक्ति ने की. किले में की गई इस फायरिंग का वीडियो सोशल मीडिया पर जमकर वायरल हो रहा है. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/aligarh/firing-in-the-fort-of-raja-of-gabhana-in-aligarh-case-filed-against-three-including-raja/up20230816184638001001515}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabhana estate |url=http://jadaun-history.blogspot.com/2020/05/historical-research-on-zamindar-clans.html}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Gabhana had a total population of 5,886, of which 3,096 were males and 2,790 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 843. The total number of literates in Gabhana was 3,617, which constituted 61.5% of the population with male literacy of 70.3% and female literacy of 51.6%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Gabhana was 71.7%, of which male literacy rate was 81.9% and female literacy rate was 60.4%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 1,875 and 6 respectively. Gabhana had 993 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Gabhana |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=140526 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Gabhana has a bus stand and a railway station, Somna Railway Station. National Highway NH91 (also known as [[Gabhana bypass]]) passes through the town of Gabhana. NH91 Toll Plaza is situated at Somna.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aligarh district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Villages in Aligarh district]]

Mansinh Chauhan

2025-08-18T03:52:44Z

RefugiaLoveless: Put Up The Page From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Mansinh Chauhan''' (born 1950)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mansinh Kohyabhai Chauhan(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BALASINOR(MAHISAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6141 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a six time member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Balasinor Assembly constituency in [[Mahisagar district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Balasinor Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate MANSINH KOHYABHAI CHAUHAN wins from Balasinor , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/balasinor-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568263 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-07 |title=Balasinor assembly constituency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/balasinor-assembly-constituency/articleshow/95354039.cms |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat election 2022: Balasinor Assembly seat results |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/balasinor-121 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chauhan is from [[Balasinor]], Mahisagar district, Gujarat. He is the son of Kohyabhai Chauhan. He completed his B.A. in 1973 and later did B.Ed. in 1975 at a college affiliated with [[Gujarat University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chauhan won from [[Balasinor Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 92,501 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ajitsinh Chauhan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 51,422 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06121.htm?ac=121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131165035/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06121.htm?ac=121 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] as a BJP candidate.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Balasinor Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/balasinor-gujarat-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Later, he retained the Balasinor seat in the [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Party]] and won for a third time in [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]] but on the Indian National Congress ticket.<ref name=":2" /> He regained the seat for the Congress winning the [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] and [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections]]. In 2012, he beat Pathak Rajeshbhai Gajanan of the BJP by a margin of 17,171 votes. Later, he returned to the BJP and lost the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017 election]] to Ajitsinh Parvatsinh Chauhan of the Congress by a margin of 10,602 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balasinor Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Mansinh Kohyabhai Chauhan Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/balasinor-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6563437.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He won for a sixth time in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022 Assembly election]] retaining the seat for the BJP.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Mansinh}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Mahisagar district]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]

Bikram Vicckey Goswami

2025-07-15T03:43:51Z

RefugiaLoveless: made post

{{Short description|Indian music composer (died 2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
'''Bikram Vicckey Goswami''' was an Indian music composer. He studied at [[Wilson College, Mumbai]].<ref name=:0>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/malavika-s-mumbaistan-lights-camera-kashish/story-22Pb4DwbX5Ubz6r2mINQtI.html|title=Malavika's Mumbaistan: Lights, Camera, Kashish|date=14 June 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Goswami won the [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award]] for best background score for the film ''[[Tere Naam]]''. He worked as a background score composer for ''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]'' (2004), ''[[Dil Maange More]]'' (2004), and ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' (2009).<ref name=:1>{{Cite news |title=Musician Bikram dies in Mumbai |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/musician-bikram-dies-in-mumbai/cid/1692370 |access-date=2022-07-04 | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | first=Abdul | last=Gani | date=13 June 2019}}</ref> He also worked on several advertisements including an [[Audi A7]] advertisement.<ref name=:2>{{Cite web |title=Assamese music composer passes away in Mumbai |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/daily-news/assamese-music-composer-passes-away-in-mumbai |access-date=2020-07-30 |website=G Plus |language=en}}</ref> His father Durga Goswami is the founder of Hotel Luit.<ref name=:2/>

== Discography ==
*''[[Tere Naam]]'' (2003)
*''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Dil Maange More]]'' (2004)
*''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' (2009)

== Death ==
He died on 12 June 2019 due to stomach cancer.<ref name=:1/><ref name=:2/> He was diagnosed with cancer one month earlier.<ref name=:0/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{India-composer-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Bikram Vicckey}}
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

National Highway 761 (India)

2025-02-26T22:12:13Z

RefugiaLoveless: quick refined lead for consistency also and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 761
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 761|text= Map of National Highway '''761''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| length_km = 49
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = Belhe
| terminus_b = [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 61
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 61 
| next_route = 753F 
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 761''', commonly referred to as '''NH 761''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/182688.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 61 (India)|National Highway 61]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> NH-761 runs in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
NH761 connects Belhe, Alkuti, Devibhoyare, Nighoj and [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] in the state of Maharashtra.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|61|country=IND}} Terminal near Belhe.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|753F|country=IND}} Terminal near Shirur.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/8038739 NH 761 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH61 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Annamreddy Adeep Raj

2025-02-24T20:15:35Z

RefugiaLoveless: creating new post

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
| successor = [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| constituency = [[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}
'''Annamreddy Adeep Raj''' (born 22 February 1985) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=పుట్టినరోజు వేడుకల్లో కిందపడిపోయిన వైసీపీ ఎమ్మెల్యే |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam/pendurthi-mla-annamreddy-adeep-raj-fell-down-in-his-birthday-celebrations/articleshow/98145153.cms |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref> He served as a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2019 to 2024.

== Early life and education ==
Raj hails from Chakalaveedhi, Rampuram mandal, Visakhapatnam. His father is Satyanarayana. He completed schooling from Zilla Parishad High School, Adivivaram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annamreddy Adeep Raj(YSRCP):Constituency- PENDURTHI(VISAKHAPATNAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=6011 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He did his intermediate (plus two) from Gayatri Vidya Parishad College. He is a businessman. He married Sirisha and has a son, Satya Dhanvith Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-05 |title=Annamreddy Adeep Raj {{!}} MLA {{!}} Rampuram {{!}} Pendurthi {{!}} Visakhapatnam {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/annamreddy-adeep-raj/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Raj started his political journey in 2006 when he was unanimously elected as the sarpanch of Rampuram village. In 2019, he was elected as MLA on YSRCP ticket from Pendurthi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendurthi Constituency Election Results 2019: Pendurthi Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pendurthi |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendurthi Assembly Election 2024: Pendurthi Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/pendurthi-constituency-result-1031 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Before joining YSRCP in 2019, he was the president of the Visakhapatnam Youth Congress.

He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi Assembly Constituency]] in [[Visakhapatnam district]] on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annamreddy Adeep Raj |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/annamreddy-adeep-raj |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a first time MLA, who won against senior [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] leader and former minister [[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]] by a margin of 28,860 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendurthi Assembly Election 2024: Pendurthi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} पेंडुर्थी विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2024 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/andhra-pradesh/pendurthi-assembly-result-1031 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

Despite some factions in the party opposing his candidature, YSR Congress Party has confirmed his name to contest the Pendurthi Assembly Constituency for the 2024 election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilai |first=Harish |date=2024-03-21 |title=Pendurthi Assembly Constituency: MLA Ticket Speculations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/dissent-in-tdp-over-proposal-to-allocate-pendurthi-ticket-to-jsp/article67976269.ece |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Tension up as YSRC summons four Vizag MLAs |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/281223/tension-up-as-ysrc-summons-four-vizag-mlas.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The Pendurthi constituency has a reputation not to elect the same candidate twice.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-19 |title=No one gets a second term in Pendurthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/no-one-gets-a-second-term-in-pendurthi/articleshow/108626441.cms |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devalla |first=Rani |date=2023-12-21 |title=Visakhapatnam: Pendurthi saw no repetition of MLAs |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-pendurthi-saw-no-repetition-of-mlas-845732 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> And he did not win. He lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]] of [[Janasena Party]], by a margin of 81,870 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendurthi Constituency Election Results 2024: Pendurthi Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pendurthi |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendurthi Assembly Election Results 2024: Pendurthi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/pendurthi-constituency-result-1031 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adeep Raj, Annamreddy}}
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]

States of India by Tamil speakers

2025-02-16T03:45:21Z

RefugiaLoveless: fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
This is a list of [[States and union territories of India|states and territories]] of [[India]] by number of people for whom [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is their [[mother tongue]] (first language).

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
|-
! scope=col rowspan=2|[[States and union territories of India|State/territory]]
! scope=col colspan=3|1981 census{{Efn|Excludes [[Assam]] where no census was carried out due to [[Assam separatist movements|separatist insurgency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Census shows drop in Assam population |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/03/30/stories/1430203e.htm |accessdate=7 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 March 2001 |location=Chennai, India}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>}}{{Efn|Household population only i.e. excludes people in institutions.}}
! scope=col colspan=3|[[1991 Census of India|1991 census]]{{Efn|Excludes [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] where no census was carried out due to [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|separatist insurgency]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sugden |first1=Joanna |last2=Seervai |first2=Shanoor |title=Where Are India’s 2011 Census Figures on Religion? |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/01/09/where-are-indias-census-figures-on-religion/ |accessdate=7 October 2018 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=9 January 2015 |location=New York, U.S.A.}}</ref>}}
! scope=col colspan=3|[[2001 Census of India|2001 census]]
! scope=col colspan=3|[[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]
|-
! scope=col valign=top|Tamil {{Tooltip|pop.|population}} <ref name="census1981">{{cite book |last1=Padmanabha |first1=P. |title=Census of India 1981: Series 1 India Paper 1 of 1987 - Households and Household Population by Language Mainly Spoken in the Household |date=1987 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |location=New Delhi, India |page=38 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/data/Census_1981/Publication/India/46428_1981_HH.pdf |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>
! scope=col valign=top|% of state <ref name="census1981"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Padmanabha |first1=P. |title=Census of India 1981: Series 1 India Paper 1 of 1987 - Households and Household Population by Language Mainly Spoken in the Household |date=1987 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |location=New Delhi, India |pages=1-2 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/data/Census_1981/Publication/India/46428_1981_HH.pdf |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>
! scope=col valign=top|% of Tamil 
! scope=col valign=top|Tamil {{Tooltip|pop.|population}} <ref name="census1991">{{cite web |title=Tabulations Plan of Census Year - 1991: Social & Cultural Tables - C-7 : Mother Tongue - C-7 Part A (i): Distribution of the 18 Scheduled Languages |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/Tables.aspx |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=1 October 2018 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
! scope=col valign=top|% of state <ref name="census1991"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Tabulations Plan of Census Year - 1991: Primary Census Abstract - Primary Census Abstract Total : Primary Census Abstract Total |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/Tables.aspx |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=1 October 2018 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
! scope=col valign=top|% of Tamil 
! scope=col valign=top|Tamil {{Tooltip|pop.|population}} <ref name="census2001">{{cite web |title=Census Data Online - 2001: Data on Language - Part A: Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages – India, States & Union Territories – 2001 Census |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/parta.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160317212112/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/parta.htm |archive-date=17 March 2016|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=1 October 2018 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
! scope=col valign=top|% of state <ref name="census2001"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Census Data Online - 2001: Data on Language - Statement 2: Distribution of population by Scheduled and Other Languages - India, States and Union Territories - 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement2.htm |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=1 October 2018 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
! scope=col valign=top|% of Tamil 
! scope=col valign=top|Tamil {{Tooltip|pop.|population}} <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=2011 Census Data: Data on Language and Mother Tongue - Part A : Distribution of the 22 scheduled languages - India/States/Union Territories - 2011 census |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091709/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2019 |accessdate=1 October 2018 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
! scope=col|% of state <ref name="census2011"/><ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census Data: Data on Language and Mother Tongue - Statement 2 : Distribution of population by Scheduled and other Languages India, States and Union Territories - 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-2.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=1 October 2018 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
! scope=col valign=top|% of Tamil 
|-
|align=left| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 41,045,591 || 85.35% || 91.76% || 48,434,744 || 86.71% || 91.38% || 55,798,916 || 89.41% || 91.78% || 63,753,997 || 88.37% || 92.36%
|-
|align=left| [[Karnataka]] || 1,385,313 || 3.76% || 3.10% || 1,728,361 || 3.84% || 3.26% || 1,874,959 || 3.55% || 3.08% || 2,110,128 || 3.45% || 3.06%
|-
|align=left| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || 534,560 || 89.18% || 1.20% || 720,473 || 89.19% || 1.36% || 861,502 || 88.42% || 1.42% || 1,100,976 || 88.22% || 1.59%
|-
|align=left| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 654,463 || 1.23% || 1.46% || 753,484 || 1.13% || 1.42% || 769,685 || 1.01% || 1.27% || 713,848 || 0.84% || 1.03%
|-
|align=left| [[Maharashtra]] || 300,348 || 0.48% || 0.67% || 427,447 || 0.54% || 0.81% || 527,995 || 0.55% || 0.87% || 509,887 || 0.45% || 0.74%
|-
|align=left| [[Kerala]] || 603,188 || 2.39% || 1.35% || 616,010 || 2.12% || 1.16% || 596,971 || 1.87% || 0.98% || 502,516 || 1.50% || 0.73%
|-
|align=left| [[Delhi]] || 54,776 || 0.89% || 0.12% || 84,873 || 0.90% || 0.16% || 92,426 || 0.67% || 0.15% || 82,719 || 0.49% || 0.12%
|-
|align=left| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar]] || 26,485 || 14.81% || 0.06% || 53,536 || 19.07% || 0.10% || 62,961 || 17.68% || 0.10% || 57,830 || 15.20% || 0.08%
|-
|align=left| [[Gujarat]] || 21,852 || 0.06% || 0.05% || 34,498 || 0.08% || 0.07% || 37,092 || 0.07% || 0.06% || 40,072 || 0.07% || 0.06%
|-
|align=left| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 32,152 || 0.06% || 0.07% || 38,562 || 0.06% || 0.07% || 24,848 || 0.04% || 0.04% || 20,544 || 0.03% || 0.03%
|-
|align=left| [[West Bengal]] || 19,447 || 0.04% || 0.04% || 25,797 || 0.04% || 0.05% || 20,238 || 0.03% || 0.03% || 15,930 || 0.02% || 0.02%
|-
|align=left| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] || 866 || 0.01% || 0.00% || n/a || n/a || n/a || 9,494 || 0.09% || 0.02% || 14,728 || 0.12% || 0.02%
|-
|align=left| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 3,455 || 0.00% || 0.01% || 15,569 || 0.01% || 0.03% || 13,665 || 0.01% || 0.02% || 14,444 || 0.01% || 0.02%
|-
|align=left| [[Haryana]] || 4,082 || 0.03% || 0.01% || 5,202 || 0.03% || 0.01% || 10,207 || 0.05% || 0.02% || 12,658 || 0.05% || 0.02%
|-
|align=left| [[Punjab]] || 3,280 || 0.02% || 0.01% || 6,271 || 0.03% || 0.01% || 12,339 || 0.05% || 0.02% || 10,389 || 0.04% || 0.02%
|-
|align=left| [[Chhattisgarh]] || - || - || - || - || - || - || 13,241 || 0.06% || 0.02% || 10,334 || 0.04% || 0.01%
|-
|align=left| [[Jharkhand]] || - || - || - || - || - || - || 12,913 || 0.05% || 0.02% || 10,061 || 0.03% || 0.01%
|-
|align=left| [[Rajasthan]] || 5,117 || 0.01% || 0.01% || 12,461 || 0.03% || 0.02% || 11,852 || 0.02% || 0.02% || 8,939 || 0.01% || 0.01%
|-
|align=left| [[Goa]] || 3,884 || 0.37% || 0.01% || 6,818 || 0.58% || 0.01% || 7,903 || 0.59% || 0.01% || 6,947 || 0.48% || 0.01%
|-
|align=left| [[Odisha]] || 8,906 || 0.03% || 0.02% || 11,502 || 0.04% || 0.02% || 8,709 || 0.02% || 0.01% || 6,155 || 0.01% || 0.01%
|-
|align=left| [[Chandigarh]] || 3,426 || 0.78% || 0.01% || 5,318 || 0.83% || 0.01% || 5,716 || 0.63% || 0.01% || 5,579 || 0.53% || 0.01%
|-
|align=left| [[Assam]] || n/a || n/a || n/a || 1,770 || 0.01% || 0.00% || 5,672 || 0.02% || 0.01% || 5,229 || 0.02% || 0.01%
|-
|align=left| [[Uttarakhand]] || - || - || - || - || - || - || 2,215 || 0.03% || 0.00% || 2,584 || 0.03% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Manipur]] || 1,832 || 0.13% || 0.00% || 2,600 || 0.14% || 0.00% || 2,279 || 0.11% || 0.00% || 1,657 || 0.06% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 548 || 0.09% || 0.00% || 887 || 0.10% || 0.00% || 1,595 || 0.15% || 0.00% || 1,246 || 0.09% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Nagaland]] || 258 || 0.03% || 0.00% || 1,166 || 0.10% || 0.00% || 1,441 || 0.07% || 0.00% || 1,127 || 0.06% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 458 || 0.01% || 0.00% || 569 || 0.01% || 0.00% || 1,066 || 0.02% || 0.00% || 1,038 || 0.02% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Bihar]] || 15,351 || 0.02% || 0.03% || 16,304 || 0.02% || 0.03% || 1,453 || 0.00% || 0.00% || 986 || 0.00% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Tripura]] || 131 || 0.01% || 0.00% || 423 || 0.02% || 0.00% || 1,312 || 0.04% || 0.00% || 929 || 0.03% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Meghalaya]] || 290 || 0.02% || 0.00% || 642 || 0.04% || 0.00% || 834 || 0.04% || 0.00% || 913 || 0.03% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Sikkim]] || 133 || 0.04% || 0.00% || 169 || 0.04% || 0.00% || 484 || 0.09% || 0.00% || 762 || 0.12% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra & Nagar Haveli]] || 54 || 0.05% || 0.00% || 199 || 0.14% || 0.00% || 666 || 0.30% || 0.00% || 739 || 0.22% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Lakshadweep]] || 35 || 0.09% || 0.00% || 282 || 0.55% || 0.00% || 386 || 0.64% || 0.00% || 364 || 0.56% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Daman and Diu|Daman & Diu]] || - || - || - || 100 || 0.10% || 0.00% || 348 || 0.22% || 0.00% || 320 || 0.13% || 0.00%
|-
|align=left| [[Mizoram]] || 108 || 0.02% || 0.00% || 331 || 0.05% || 0.00% || 431 || 0.05% || 0.00% || 306 || 0.03% || 0.00%
|- class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"
|align=left| [[India]] || 44,730,389 || 6.76% || 100.00% || 53,006,368 || 6.32% || 100.00% || 60,793,814 || 5.91% || 100.00% || 69,026,881 || 5.70% || 100.00%
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==See also==
* [[List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language]]
* [[Tamil population by nation]]
* [[Tamil population by cities]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil language}}

[[Category:Lists of states of India by number of speakers of the languages|Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil language-related lists|India]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]

Cannanore Cantonment

2024-04-21T04:46:19Z

RefugiaLoveless: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Kannur Cantonment]] {{R from merge}}

Rampur Khurd

2024-04-15T06:39:38Z

RefugiaLoveless: Created First Entry Initial Version

{{Other uses|Rampur (disambiguation){{!}}Rampur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampur Khurd
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Rāmpur Khurd
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sareni block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Rampur Khurd (#658) in Sareni CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.156303|N|80.777478|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.41
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 303
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rampur Khurd''' is a village in [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=262–87 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 20 km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 303 people, in 65 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has no schools and no healthcare facilities, and it hosts a weekly [[haat]] but not a regular market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Murarmau]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Rampur Khurd as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 123 people (60 male and 63 female), in 26 households and 23 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=116–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 101 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 2 residents were literate, 1 male and 1 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] and the [[thana]] of Sareni.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Rampur Khurd as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 148 people (76 male and 76 female), in 32 households and 24 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxviii-lxix of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 101 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Rampur Khurd as having a population of 195 people, in 36 households, and having an area of 40.47 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=138–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Rampur Khurd as having a total population of 247 people (124 male and 123 female), in 49 households and 48 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 162–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 41 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 38, or 15% of the total; this group was 47% male (18) and 53% female (20).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 1% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 23% (46 men and 10 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 79 people were classified as main workers (72 men and 7 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 168 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 28 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 43 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 0 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 1 [[construction worker]]; 1 employed in trade and commerce; 1 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 5 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

1991 Census of India

2023-10-31T15:22:43Z

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#REDIRECT [[1991 census of India]]

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