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Surinder Films

2026-05-16T07:41:11Z

Realsouravbiswas: adding initial article w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian media company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Surinder Films
| image = Surinder Films (media company) logo.png
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| founder = Surinder Singh
| owner = [[Nispal Singh]]
| genre = [[Entertainment]]
| area_served = India
| location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = India
| industry = Entertainment (2001-Present)
| key_people = Nispal Singh [[Surinder Singh (producer)|Surinder Singh]]
| products = Television programs, Motion pictures, Addatimes
| homepage = [https://www.surinderfilms.com Surinder Films]
}}

'''Surinder Films''' is an Indian media and entertainment company headquartered in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It mainly produces and distributes Bengali films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |title=হাতের মুঠোয় কাবেরী অন্তর্ধান, মিতিন মাসিরা, মালিকানা বদলে সুরিন্দর ফিল্মের হাতে 'আড্ডা টাইমস' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/surinder-films-acquires-addatimes-surinder-films-acquires-india-s-first-bengali-ott-platform-addatimes-know-about-the-new-films-and-series-965429 |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=24 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> The production house was created by Surinder Singh in 1970 as a film distribution company. In 1995, it was taken over by his son [[Nispal Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Tina |title=SVF is West Bengal’s own YRF. But this Tollywood kingmaker began with a rejection |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/svf-is-west-bengals-own-yrf-but-this-tollywood-kingmaker-began-with-a-rejection/1660379/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=8 July 2023 |quote=The only other prominent production house is Surinder Films, helmed by producer Nispal Singh.}}</ref> The company has produced more than 70 films, 20 television shows, 50 web series and short films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Surinder Films acquires Addatimes, the first Bengali OTT Platform of the country |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/surinder-films-acquires-addatimes-the-first-bengali-ott-platform-of-the-country20230321174009/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=21 March 2023|quote=Surinder Films has produced over 100 Bengali films and has now become one of the most prominent names in the field of content production, producing more than 6000 hours of television content.}}</ref>

Apart from producing and distributing [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]], Surinder Films is also in the business of Television content production.<ref>{{cite news |title=হিন্দিতে ডাবিং হবে বাংলা ‘নেতাজি’র, হিন্দি ধারাবাহিক প্রযোজনায় আসছে সুরিন্দর ফিল্মস |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/surinder-films-introduces-hindi-version-of-zee-bangla-s-netaji-bengali-serial-netaji-dgtl-1.1197277 |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=1 September 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> The other division of the company includes digital content production for [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platforms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Surinder Films acquires OTT platform Addatimes |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/surinder-films-acquires-ott-platform-addatimes/details |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=India Blooms |date=22 March 2023}}</ref> In 2023, Surinder Films acquired the first Bengali OTT platform of India, Addatimes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Surinder Films acquires OTT platform Addatimes, to release new web shows and films |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/surinder-films-acquires-ott-platform-addatimes-to-release-new-web-shows-and-films/dd536ccbab217 |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=21 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Surinder Films launches romantic musical Mon |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/photo-gallery/surinder-films-launches-romantic-musical-mon/details |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=India Blooms |date=20 December 2023}}</ref>

==Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"| Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''Rakhi Purnima''
| [[Anjan Choudhury|Anjan Chaudhury]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jamaibabu Jindabad]]''
| Ratan Adhikari
| Remake of 1986 Kannada film ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]''
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Deva (2002 film)|Deva]]''
| [[Sujit Guha]]
|Remake of 2001 Tamil film [[Dheena]]
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Guru (2003 film)|Guru]]''
| [[Swapan Saha]]
| Remake of 1995 Tamil film ''[[Baashha]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Premi]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Ravi Kinagi]]
|Remake of 2002 Telugu film ''[[Nee Sneham]]''
|-
|''[[Mastan]]''
|Remake of 1999 Hindi film ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]''
|-
|2005
|''Dada''
|[[T. L. V. Prasad]]
|Remake of 2002 Telugu film ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
| ''[[Hero (2006 film)|Hero]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Swapan Saha]]
| Remake of 2002 Kannada film ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]''
|-
|''Ghatak''
|
|-
| ''[[Premi No.1]]''
| Debu Pattnayak
| Remake of 2003 Telugu film ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]''
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2007
| ''Tiger''
| [[Swapan Saha]]
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Na]]''
| [[Sujit Guha]]
| Remake of ''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha|Pyar To Hona Hi Tha]]''
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Saat Paake Bandha]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Sujit Mondal]]
| Remake of 1996 Telugu film ''[[Pavitra Bandham]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Bolo Na Tumi Aamar]]''
| Remake of 2006 Telugu film ''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]''
|-
| ''[[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]''
| [[Rabi Kinnagi]]
| Remake of 2005 Telugu film ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]''
|-
| ''Mon Je Kore Uru Uru''
| [[Sujit Guha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Paglu]]''
| [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| Remake of 2006 Telugu film ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]''
|-
| ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahasya]]''
| [[Sandip Ray]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
| ''[[Le Halua Le]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Raja Chanda]]
| Remake of 1984 Malayalam film ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]'' and its Hindi version ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''
|-
| ''[[Jaaneman (2012 film)|Jaaneman]]''
| Remake of 2010 Tamil film ''[[Paiyaa]]''
|-
| ''[[Paglu 2]]''
| [[Sujit Mondal]]
| Remake of 2011 Telugu film ''[[Kandireega]]''
|-
| ''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]''
| [[Sandip Ray]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013
| ''[[Loveria]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| Remake of 2009 Telugu film ''[[Bumper Offer]]''
|-
| ''[[Rocky (2013 film)|Rocky]]''
| [[Sujit Mondal]]
| Remake of 2011 Telugu film ''[[Oosaravelli]]''
|-
| ''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| Remake of 2007 Telugu film ''[[Chirutha]]''
|-
| ''Majnu''
| [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014
| ''[[Arundhati (2014 film)|Arundhati]]''
| [[Sujit Mondal]]
| Remake of 2009 Telugu film ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|the same name]]''
|-
| ''[[Chaar]]''
| [[Sandip Ray]]
|
|-
| ''[[Highway (2014 Bengali film)|Highway]]''
| Sudipto Chattopadhyay
|
|-
| ''[[Khaad]]''
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
| ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]''
| [[Sandip Ray]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| ''[[Herogiri]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Rabi Kinnagi]]
| Remake of 2013 Telugu film ''[[Balupu]]''
|-
| ''[[Jamai 420]]''
| The movie resembles Hindi movies like ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'', ''[[Housefull 2]]'', and Bengali movie ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]''
|-
| ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| Remake of 2014 Telugu film ''[[Loukyam]]''
|-
| ''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]''
| [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| Remake of 2013 Telugu film ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]''
|-
| ''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]''
| [[Arindam Sil]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
| ''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-in-a-new-avtar/articleshow/49668263.cms|title=Jeet in a new avtar|publisher=Eisamay|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref>''
| [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| Remake of 2014 Telugu film of ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|the same name]]''
|-
| ''[[Kelor Kirti]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| Remake of 2002 Tamil film ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' and its Hindi version ''[[No Entry]]''
|-
| ''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]''
| [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| Remake of 2013 Telugu film ''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]''
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh Pawrbo]]''
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| Based on the novel, ''Amrityer Mrityu'' written by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Groves |first1=Don |title=Amazon Prime Video Snares Bengali Thriller 'Byomkesh Pawrbo' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/12/08/amazon-prime-video-snares-bengali-thriller-byomkesh-pawrbo/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=9 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Tomake Chai (film)|Tomake Chai]]''
| [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| Remake of 2011 Kannada film ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5yE7C-aHcA|title=Sanju Weds Geetha - Kannada Movie - Trailer.flv|last=Lakshmeesha BV|date=10 December 2010|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chhaya O Chhobi]]''
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jio Pagla]]''
| [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| Core story based on the play ''Joy Maa Kali Boarding'' Remake of ''[[Biwi Aur Makan]]'' which has already been remade in Marathi as ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'', in Kannada as ''Olu Saar Bari Olu'' and again in Hindi as ''[[Paying Guests]]''
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2018
| ''[[Inspector Notty K]]''
| [[Ashok Pati]]
| Remake of 2013 Punjabi film ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]''
|-
| ''[[Honeymoon (Bengali Film)|Honeymoon]]''
| Premendu Bikash Chaki
| Based on Samaresh Basu's novel which has been adapted in 1975 as ''Chhutir Phande ''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/honeymoon/movie-review/63065336.cms|title=Honeymoon Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ghare & Baire]]''
| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Drishtikone]]''
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sultan: The Saviour]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| Remake of 2015 Tamil film ''[[Vedalam]]''
|-
| ''Piya Re''
| Abhimanyu Mukherjee
| Remake of 2010 Kannada film ''[[Krishnan Love Story]]''<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Bh_WtpnST8w Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201011211148/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bh_WtpnST8w Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bh_WtpnST8w| title = 'Krishna' n Love Story Trailer - 1 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Girlfriend (2018 film)|Girlfriend]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| Remake of 2015 Telugu film ''[[Cinema Choopistha Mava]]''
|-
| ''Bagh Bandi Khela''
| [[Raja Chanda]], [[Sujit Mondal]], [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| Television film
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2019
| ''[[Jamai Badal]]''
| [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| Remake of 2012 Punjabi film ''[[Carry On Jatta]]''
|-
| ''[[Baccha Shoshur]]''
| Biswarup Biswas
|
|-
| ''Googly''
| Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|
|-
| ''[[Jyeshthoputro]]''
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kidnap (2019 film)|Kidnap]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bhootchakra Pvt. Ltd.]]''
| [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| Loosely inspired by 2017 Telugu film ''[[Anando Brahma]]''
|-
| ''[[Teko (film)|Teko]]''
| Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|
|-
| ''[[Sagardwipey Jawker Dhan]]''
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
| A sequel to ''[[Jawker Dhan]]'' and the second film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| ''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]''
| [[Anik Dutta]]
|
|-
| ''[[Rawkto Rawhoshyo]]''
| [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Love Story (2020 film)|Love Story]]''
| [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| Remake of 2014 Tamil film ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021
| ''[[Tumi Ashbe Bole]]''
| [[Sujit Mondal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Miss Call]]''
| [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| Remake of 2015 Kannada film ''[[Krishna Leela (2015 film)|Krishna Leela]]''
|-
| ''[[Flyover (film)|Flyover]]''
| Abhimanyu Mukherjee
| Remake of 2016 Kannada film ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]''
|-
| ''[[Bony (film)|Bony]]''
| [[Parambrata Chatterjee filmography|Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2022
| ''Toke Chhara Banchbo Na''
| [[Sujit Mondal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023
| ''[[Kaberi Antardhan]]''
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
| ''[[Love Marriage (2023 film)|Love Marriage]]''
| Premendu Bikash Chaki
|
|-
| ''[[Tenida and Co.]]''
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ardhangini (2023 film)|Ardhangini]]''
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
| ''Tarokar Mrityu''
| [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
|''[[Bhootpori]]''
|[[Soukarya Ghosal]]
|
|-
|''[[Alaap (2024 film)|Alaap]]''
|Premendu Bikash Chaki
|
|-
|''[[Nayan Rahasya]]''
|Sandip Ray
|Based on [[Satyajit Ray]]'s Feluda story, Nayan Rahasya
|-
|''[[Ajogyo]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|Ajogyo marks [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Rituparna Sengupta]]'s 50th Film
|-
|''[[Shastri (2024 film)|Shastri]]''
|Pathkrit Basu
|
|-
|''[[Khadaan]]''
|Soojit Dutta
|Jointly produced in collaboration with Dev Entertainment Ventures
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Sonar Kellay Jawker Dhan]]''
|[[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|
|-
|''[[Sharthopor (film)|Sharthopor]]''
|Annapurna Basu
|
|-
|''[[Mitin: Ekti Khunir Sandhaney]]''
|Arindam Sil
|
|-
|2026
|''Ajo Ardhangini''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! TV Series
! Network
|-
| 2009–2011
|''Dhonni Meye''
| rowspan="3" | [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2010–2011
|''Mukhosh Manush''
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''Ghore Pherar Gaan''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014–2016
| ''[[Rajjotok]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| ''[[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015–2016
| ''Aponjon''
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| ''[[Esho Maa Lakshmi]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''Bhakter Bhogobaan Shri Krishna''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2016
| ''Rudrani''
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Raadha (TV series)|Raadha]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017–2018
| ''Roopkatha''
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| ''Mayar Badhon''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| ''[[Jamai Raja (2017 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017–2019
| ''[[Seemarekha]]''
|-
| ''[[Saat Bhai Champa (TV series)|Saat Bhai Champa]]''
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Om Namah Shivay (2018 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''Arabbya Rajani''
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| ''[[Nojor]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019–2020
| ''[[Ekhane Aakash Neel Season 2]]''
|-
| ''[[Netaji (2019 TV series)|Netaji]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''[[Beder Meye Jyotsna]]''
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|-
| 2019–2022
| ''[[Mahapeeth Tarapeeth]]''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020–2021
| [[Harano Sur (TV series)|''Harano Sur'']]
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|-
| ''Bhelpuri Pyare''
| [[Dangal TV]]
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''Mompalok''
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Shree Krishna Bhakto Meera]]''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021–2022
| '' [[Mon Mane Na (TV series)|Mon Mane Na]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| ''Mou Er Bari''
|-
| ''Joy Jagannath''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[Laalkuthi]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| ''[[Bodhisattwar Bodhbuddhi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022– 2023
| ''Bikram Betal''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| ''Alor Thikana''
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|-
|2022– 2024
|''[[Sohag Chand]]''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| 2023
| ''Meyebela''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023– 2024
|''Ram Krishna''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|-
|''Ramprasad''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Mongolmoyee Maa Shitala''
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|-
|''Bhaktir Sagar''
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|-
|2024– 2025
|''Uraan''
|-
|2025
|''Putul TTP''
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|-
|2025– 2026
|''Bedeni Jotsnar Omor Prem''
|Zee Bangla Sonar
|-
|2025– 2026
|''SIT Bengal''
|Zee Bangla Sonar
|-
|2025– Present
|''O Mor Dorodiya''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in West Bengal]]

Sreerampur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:51:42Z

Realsouravbiswas:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sreerampur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Sreerampur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sreerampur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Bhaskar Bhattacharya]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency|Sreerampur]]
| constituency_no = 186
| established = 1951
| electors = 206,868
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Sreerampur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 186 Sreerampur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos. 3 and 7 to 26 of [[Serampore Municipality]], [[Rishra Municipality]], Rajyadharpur and Rishra [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Sreerampur Uttarpara]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Sreerampur Assembly constituency is part of No. 27 [[Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Jitendra Nath Lahiri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|Panchu Gopal Bhaduri
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Gopal Das Nag
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Panchu Gopal Bhaduri
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Gopal Das Nag
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kamal Krishna Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="3"|Arun Kumar Goswami
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Jyoti Chowdhury
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ratna De|Ratna De Nag]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|2009^
|rowspan="4"|[[Sudipto Roy]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Bhaskar Bhattacharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sreerampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhaskar Bhattacharya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 85,644
|percentage = 45.97
|change = {{increase}}8.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tanmoy Ghosh
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 76,959
|percentage = 41.31
|change = {{decrease}}8.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nabanita Chakraborty
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 17,136
|percentage = 9.2
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subhankar Sarkar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,884
|percentage = 1.55
|change = {{decrease}}8.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,817
|percentage = 0.98
|change = {{decrease}}0.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,685
|percentage = 4.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,86,297
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sreerampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudipto Roy]]
|votes = 93,021
|percentage = 49.46
|change = {{increase}}5.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kabir Shankar Bose
|votes = 69,588
|percentage = 37.00
|change = {{increase}}22.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alok Ranjan Banerjee
|votes = 19,401
|percentage = 10.32
|change = {{decrease}}27.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,400
|percentage = 1.28
|change = {{decrease}}0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Biswanath Bhattacharjee
|votes = 1,075
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Singh
|votes = 914
|percentage = 0.49
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Mangal Sarkar
|votes = 914
|percentage = 0.49
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Samir Sarkar
|votes = 768
|percentage = 0.41
|change = {{down}}0.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 23,433
|percentage = 12.46
|change = {{increase}}6.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,88,081
|percentage = 74.41
|change = {{increase}}0.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sreerampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudipto Roy]]
|votes = 74,995
|percentage = 43.78
|change = {{decrease}}20.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Subhankar Sarkar]]
|votes = 65,088
|percentage = 38.00
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhaskar Bhattacharya
|votes = 24,059
|percentage = 14.05
|change = {{increase}}9.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,965
|percentage = 1.73
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Samir Mitra
|votes = 1,584
|percentage = 0.92
|change = {{down}}0.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Tapan Chowdhury
|votes = 1,523
|percentage = 0.89
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mangal Sarkar
|votes = 1,082
|percentage = 0.63
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,907
|percentage = 5.78
|change = {{decrease}}28.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,71,296
|percentage = 74.16
|change = {{increase}}0.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sreerampur<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=186| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163949/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=186| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sreerampur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudipto Roy]]
|votes = 97,540
|percentage = 63.83
|change = {{up}}4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Partha Sarathi Rej
|votes = 45,849
|percentage = 30.00
|change = {{up}}1.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vidya Sagar Pandey
|votes = 7,101
|percentage = 4.65
|change = {{up}}0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rishikesh Singh
|votes = 2,328
|percentage = 1.52
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 51,691
|percentage = 33.83
|change = {{up}}2.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,52,818
|percentage = 73.54
|change = {{up}}14.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 by-election===
The by-election occurred due to the resignation of the sitting [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] MLA [[Ratna De|Ratna De Nag]] who was elected in the Lok Sabha from [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]] on 16 May 2009.

{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 elections in India|West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election, 2009]]: Sreerampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudipto Roy]]
|votes = 56,979
|percentage = 59.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Prosanta Mukherjee
|votes = 27,301
|percentage = 28.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jyoti Chandra
|votes = 5,398
|percentage = 5.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhaskar Bhattacharya
|votes = 4,353
|percentage = 4.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Sharma
|votes = 1,274
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 29,678
|percentage = 31.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 95,305
|percentage = 58.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2009===
In the 2009 by elections consequent to the election of [[Ratna De]] to Parliament from [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)]], [[Sudipto Roy]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the 180 Serampore assembly seat.<ref name=vidhansabha2009by>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/current/pn101109.pdf| title = Results of bye – elections to the 31 (thirty one) Assembly Constituencies and 1(one) Lok Sabha Constituency|publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 27 July 2015}}</ref>

In the state assembly elections, contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Ratna De defeated Dhirendra Nath Dasgupta of [[Communist party of India|CPI]] in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Kesto Mukherjee, Independent, in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Jyoti Chowdhury of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Asimes Goswami of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Arun Kumar Goswami of Congress defeated Sanjay Deb Banerjee of [[Janata Dal]] in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Ajit Bag of CPI(M) in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Kamal Krishna Bhattacharjee of CPI(M) in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Kamal Krishna Bhattacharjee of CPI(M) defeated Gopal Das Nag of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp180.htm |title = 180 - Serampore Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Gopal Das Nag of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Panchu Gopal Bhaduri of CPI won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Gopal Das Nag of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Panchu Gopal Bhaduri of CPI won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]] Jitendra Nath Lahiri of Congress won the Serampore seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

The Nutmeg's Curse

2026-05-04T06:45:23Z

Realsouravbiswas: new initial pg from scratch

{{Short description|2021 non-fiction book by Amitav Ghosh}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:The Nutmeg's Curse.jpg|thumb|First US edition (publ. [[University of Chicago Press]])]]
'''''The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis''''' is a 2021 non-fiction book by [[Amitav Ghosh]]. It discusses [[colonialism]] and [[environmental issues]] with particular focus on the [[Banda Islands]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amitav Ghosh's new book 'The Nutmeg's Curse' to release in October - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/amitav-ghoshs-new-book-the-nutmegs-curse-to-release-in-october/articleshow/83549789.cms |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> European powers took control of land, people, and natural resources for profit. It uses the history of the nutmeg trade as the main example to learn how this has continued to shape the modern world. It is Ghosh's second non-fiction work to discuss [[climate change]], after ''[[The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable]]'' (2016).

== Background ==
[[File:Banda Islands en.png|left|thumb|The [[Banda Islands]], which Ghosh travelled to in 2016.]]
Ghosh had begun writing ''The Nutmeg's Curse'' in March 2020. At the time, Ghosh was staying in his [[Brooklyn]] home during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]]. This book builds on his earlier work on climate change, mainly ''The Great Derangement.''

The Nutmeg's Curse was inspired by Ghosh's trip to the Banda Islands and his discovery of an online [[PDF]] copy of an obscure book that recounted the [[Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands#Banda massacre|massacre of the Bandanese]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Excerpt: The Nutmeg's Curse by Amitav Ghosh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/excerptthe-nutmeg-s-curse-by-amitav-ghosh-101633692933273.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The text was entitled {{lang|nl|De vestiging van het Nederlandsche gezag over de Banda-eilanden (1599-1621)}} ({{langx|en|The Establishment of Dutch Rule Over the Banda Islands}}), and its author was J.A. van der Chijs. What particularly struck Ghosh was an aspect of the conquest of the Banda Islands, which had taken place in the village of Selamon on [[Banda Besar]] Island. On 21 April 1621, [[Martinus Sonck|Maarten Sonck]], a former tax official, was commissioned by the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) to destroy the aforementioned village. When a lamp fell to the floor in the meeting room called "bale-bale", where the Dutch were staying, causing a fire, Sonck panicked, thinking that this was a signal of the local population's revolt against the colonisers. The reaction of the Dutch was terrible. They started shooting in the dark, massacring, dismembering and torturing the natives.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Nutmeg's Curse. Parables for a Planet in Crisis |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=2021 |isbn=978-0226815459 }} First Chapter ''A lamp falls''.</ref>

== Synopsis ==
''The Nutmeg's Curse'' focuses on the [[Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands|conquest of the Banda Islands]], which in the 1600's was the only source of nutmeg. In the 1600's the [[Dutch East India Company]] imposed extreme violence on the islands with goal of control. This includes the massacre of the Bandanese people in 1621. Ghosh touches on how this was not just about money, it was a way of thinking that viewed humans and nature as objects that could be controlled and exploited.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

He uses this as an analogy to discuss [[climate change]] and contemporary [[environmental issues]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-26 |title=In brief: Lemon; The Nutmeg's Curse; Dirt – reviews |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/in-brief-lemon-the-nutmegs-curse-dirt-reviews |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nuttall |first=Philippa |date=2022-10-19 |title=Amitav Ghosh: "Climate change is becoming an all-out war" |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2022/10/amitav-ghosh-climate-change-war |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>This book brings together the idea that this "spice war" about nutmeg is to our dependence on fossil fuels like oil and coal in modern times. Ghosh argues that we have a "curse" of resources referring to valuable resources like nutmeg in the book or oil in todays world. As it talks about in the article ''The Resource Curse, Colonialism, And The Hypocrisy Of Western "Climate Leadership"''<ref>{{Cite web |last=jvg34 |date=2022-04-02 |title=The Resource Curse, Colonialism, And The Hypocrisy Of Western “Climate Leadership” |url=https://gssr.georgetown.edu/the-forum/regions/africa/the-resource-curse-colonialism-and-the-hypocrisy-of-western-climate-leadership/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Georgetown Security Studies Review |language=en}}</ref> : "The resource curse, or the paradox of plenty, posits that resource-rich countries often do worse economically, have reduced human rights outcomes, and are more apt to authoritarianism and conflict". It can lead to violence, war, and environmental destruction for the humans who live near those resources.

== Reception ==
[[Andrea Wulf]] described it as a "strange book, but not in a bad way" in a review for the ''[[Financial Times]]'', saying it is "meandering and looping". Although Wulf said Ghosh's ideas were not new, she praised it, saying "the simplicity of his main argument and the power of his storytelling that makes the book work."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-11 |title=The Nutmeg's Curse by Amitav Ghosh — a plea for the planet |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/52a3d1ec-c12d-4501-aa8a-40627a8ad02b |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/excerptthe-nutmeg-s-curse-by-amitav-ghosh-101633692933273.html Excerpt] in ''[[Hindustan Times]]''
* [https://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2022/10/amitav-ghosh-climate-change-war Interview with Ghosh] at ''[[New Statesman]]''

{{Amitav Ghosh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nutmeg's Curse, The}}
[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Banda Islands]]
[[Category:Books by Amitav Ghosh]]
[[Category:Climate change books]]
[[Category:Environmental non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:History books about Indonesia]]
[[Category:John Murray (publishing house) books]]
[[Category:Parables]]
[[Category:University of Chicago Press books]]
[[Category:Works about colonialism]]
[[Category:Works about the Dutch East India Company]]

Dushala

2026-05-04T01:17:45Z

Realsouravbiswas: new new data!

{{Short description|Princess in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Information
| image = File:Duhshala with her grandson.jpg
| caption = An illustration of Dushala carrying her grandson
| spouse = [[Jayadratha]]
| children = Suratha (son)
| family = [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] and [[Dhritarashtra]] (parents) [[Duryodhana]], [[Dushasana]], [[Vikarna]] and 97 other brothers [[Yuyutsu]] (half-brother)
| name =
}}
'''Dushala''' ({{Langx|sa|दुश्शला|translit=Duśśalā}}), sometimes spelled as '''Dushshala''' and '''Duhshala''', is a minor character in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]].'' She was the princess of Hastinapura, and the only daughter of King [[Dhritrashtra|Dhritarashtra]] and Queen [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-06-28 |title=Dushshala, Duśśalā, Duśśala: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dushshala |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> She was born after the birth of her [[Kaurava]] brothers and her paternal half-sibling, [[Yuyutsu]]. She is married to [[Jayadratha]], the king of [[Sindhu Kingdom|Sindhu]]. She had a son named Suratha.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=263}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-24|title=Unveiling the secret of Duhsala, the only sister of 100 Kaurava Brothers|url=https://detechter.com/duhsala-sister-100-kauravas/|access-date=2020-08-26|website=Detechter}}</ref>

== Legend ==
When, Jayadratha tried to kidnap and molest [[Draupadi]] and failed, some of the [[Pandava]]s decided to slay him. But on Yudhishthira's plea to prevent Dushala from becoming a widow, they left him alone, just shaving his head. Later, Jayadratha played a vital role in getting [[Abhimanyu]], the son of [[Arjuna]], killed in the [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukhsetra war]] to satiate his vengeance. But Arjuna, with the help of Krishna, decapitated him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Duśśalā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241571.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org }}</ref>

Later, during the [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice, the horse of the Pandavas came to Sindhu, which was then ruled by Suratha, the son of Dushala. Suratha, terrified at the prospect of fighting Arjuna, commits suicide. Dushala came to the battlefield, wailing with the infant son of Suratha, which shattered Arjuna with sorrow. Arjuna proclaimed the infant the king of Sindhu.<ref>{{cite book|page=263|last = Mani|first = Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0|authorlink =Vettam Mani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shalom|first=Naama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9aEDgAAQBAJ&q=Duhsala&pg=PA191|publisher=SUNY press|title=Re-ending the Mahabharata: The Rejection of Dharma in the Sanskrit Epic|date=2017-03-27|isbn=978-1-4384-6501-2}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Princesses in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Kuru dynasty]]

Hanumankind

2026-05-03T20:56:10Z

Realsouravbiswas: creating info

{{Short description|Indian rapper (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Hanumankind
| image = 2025 cover photo Hanumankind.jpg
| landscape = no
| alt =
| caption = Hanumankind in 2025
| birth_name = Sooraj Cherukat
| alias = HMK, HMKOTW
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kondotty]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Rapper
* singer
* songwriter
* actor
}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed=yes
| origin = Kerala, India
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
* [[R&B]]
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam India]]
* [[Universal Music Group|Universal]]
* [[Think Music|Think]]
* [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
}}
}}
}}

'''Sooraj Cherukat''' (born 17 October 1992),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Suanshu |date=5 August 2024 |title=Meet Hanumankind, the genre-smashing rapper based in Kerala whose latest song is a global sensation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/hanumankind-kerala-rapper-global-sensation-9496408/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The-Times-of-India-2024" /> known professionally as '''Hanumankind''', is a  rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor from [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2024 |title=Meet the rapper from Kerala who is trending worldwide with his sensational 'Big Dawgs' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/hanumankind-rapper-from-kerala-trending-globally-with-new-music-video-1.9776944 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ritu |date=July 29, 2024 |title=Anand Mahindra's Big Shoutout To Rapper Sooraj Cherukat: ''Extraordinary, Raw Videos'' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/anand-mahindras-big-shoutout-to-rapper-sooraj-cherukat-extraordinary-raw-videos-6217227 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> He released his first single "Daily Dose" from his debut EP ''Kalari'' in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=April 5, 2024 |title=Future of Music – Hanumankind |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/future-of-music-2024/hanumankind-future-of-music-2024/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> He received mainstream popularity in [[India]] and internationally with his track "[[Big Dawgs]]", which features the [[Hyderabad]]-based artist and producer [[Kalmi]] and American rapper [[ASAP Rocky]] on its remix. He acted in the 2024 Malayalam film, ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]'', directed by [[Aashiq Abu]].

== Early life and education ==

Sooraj Cherukat was born in 1992, in [[Malappuram]], Kondotty, Kerala, India.<ref name="Thapar-2025">{{Cite news |last=Thapar |first=Ciaran |date=2025-07-28 |title='They're rowdy. They're vibing. I rip my shirt off': the exploding career of Hanumankind, India's hottest rapper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/jul/28/theyre-rowdy-theyre-vibing-i-rip-my-shirt-off-the-exploding-career-of-hanumankind-indias-hottest-rapper |access-date=2025-08-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="The-Times-of-India-2024" /> His father works for a leading oil company, as a result he moved around a lot.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Haridasani Gupta
|first=Alisha
|title=A Hit Song Brought a Rapper Unexpected Fame. But How Long Will it Last?
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/02/style/hanumankind-sooraj-cherukat-rap-india.html
|website=[[The New York Times]]
|date=April 2, 2026
|access-date=May 3, 2026
}}</ref><ref name="Mateen-2024">{{Cite web |last=Mateen |first=Zoya |date=30 August 2024 |title=Hanumankind: The rapper from India topping global hip-hop charts |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2ljxj3wrxo |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Hirwani-2024">{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=2024-09-06 |title=COVER STORY: Hanumankind is Just Getting Started |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hanumankind-cover-story-august-2024/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> As a child, Cherukat lived in [[Nigeria]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Dubai]], [[Egypt]], [[Qatar]], and [[Italy]] before settling down in [[Houston]], Texas when he was in second grade.<ref name="Mateen-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Kyann-Sian |date=2024-11-20 |title=Hanumankind: the India-born, Houston-raised rapper riding high on southern pride |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/hanumankind-interview-radar-breakout-big-dawgs-3814233 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Thapar-2025" /> He attended [[Houston Community College]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Arfa |date=29 July 2024 |title='Rapping his way to global recognition': Anand Mahindra on Sooraj Cherukat's viral 'well of death' rap |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/rapping-his-way-to-global-recognition-anand-mahindra-on-sooraj-cherukat-s-viral-well-of-death-rap-101722236067759.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="Coleman-2026">{{Cite web |last=Coleman II |first=C. Vernon |date=2026-01-15 |title=Rooted in India, Raised on Houston Rap – The Making of Hanumankind |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/hanumankind-interview/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=XXL Mag |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, he returned to India enrolling at [[PSG College of Arts and Science|PSG College]] in [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu to pursue a degree in business administration.<ref name="Mateen-2024" /><ref name="The-Times-of-India-2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-14 |title=Who is Hanumankind, the Kerala-born rapper who smashed global records with 'Big Dawgs'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/who-is-hanumankind-the-kerala-born-rapper-who-smashed-global-records-with-big-dawgs/articleshow/112518072.cms |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He worked at [[Goldman Sachs]] in 2014, and also as a personal trainer.<ref name= "rolling stone">{{Cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Isha |date=2 August 2024 |title=Big Beats, Death-Defying Stunts: How Indian Rapper Hanumankind Stunned Audiences With His Viral Hit 'Big Dawgs' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/hanumankind-big-dawgs-video-indian-hip-hop-1235072670/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Hirwani-2024" />

== Music career ==

=== 2018–2023: Career beginnings ===
Cherukat officially began his career as a professional rapper by performing at [[NH7 Weekender]], which is held in multiple cities and releasing his debut EP ''Kalari'', in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2024 |title=Anand Mahindra is in awe of desi rapper Sooraj Cherukat, calls him 'extraordinary & raw' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anand-mahindra-is-in-awe-of-desi-rapper-sooraj-cherukat-calls-him-extraordinary-raw/articleshow/112116132.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Before the release of ''Kalari'', he had released a mixtape consisting of him rapping on YouTube beats, called the ''959 Mixtape'' on Soundcloud and a single "Super Mario", where he rapped over a beat which sampled the video game [[Super Mario]]'s soundtrack in 2018. The name Hanumankind is a [[portmanteau]] of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Hanuman]] and "mankind".<ref name="rolling stone" />

Cherukat released his sophomore EP, ''Surface Level'', in 2020,<ref name="Coleman-2026" />''<ref name="Tagat-2020" />'' which was succeeded by the release of some singles, such as "DAMNSON", "Genghis", "Go To Sleep",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Guniya |date=August 13, 2025 |title=The Best HanuMankind Songs To Listen To If You Can't Get Enough Of The 'Big Dawgs' Rapper |url=https://www.augustman.com/in/entertainment/music/best-hanumankind-songs-big-dawgs-rapper/ |access-date=December 7, 2025 |website=[[Augustman]]}}</ref> as well as collaborations, like "THAT'S A FACT" and "Enemies" with [[Yashraj]].<ref name="Tripathi-2023" /><ref name="telegraphindia.com" />

He collaborated with [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] and [[Sanjith Hegde]] for the song "Maadeva" featuring on the [[Kannada]] movie ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]''.<ref name="Fernandes-2020">{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Sandra Marina |date=2020-02-15 |title=How a Kannada song for Popcorn Monkey Tiger ended up with English lyrics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/how-a-kannada-song-for-popcorn-monkey-tiger-ended-up-with-english-lyrics/articleshow/74136503.cms |access-date=2025-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2024-present: Breakthrough with "Big Dawgs" and debut mixtape ===
{{main|Big Dawgs|Monsoon Season|}}

His song "The Last Dance" is featured on the [[Aavesham (soundtrack)|official soundtrack]] for the [[Malayalam]]-language film ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Aman |date=10 August 2024 |title=Beer, Bikes & Adrenaline: How Hanumankind's international hit 'Big Dawgs' redefined masculinity |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/167954-hanumankind-big-dawgs-redefined-masculinity.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=[[MensXP]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He was featured in ''[[Rolling Stone India]]''<nowiki/>'s first edition of the "Future of Music" list in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Future of Music 2024|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/future-of-music-2024/|website=Rolling Stone India|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref> He gained widespread recognition both with the release of the single and its music video "[[Big Dawgs]]", featuring [[Kalmi]], in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lidhoo |first=Prateek |date=2 August 2024 |title=Hanumankind's 'Big Dawgs': The Indian Rapper Who Took Over American Hip Hop |url=https://www.thequint.com/podcast/hanumankind-sooraj-cherukat-big-dawgs-def-jam-india-hip-hop-music-southern-project-pat-texas-houston-three-six-mafia-american-reaction-dj-akademiks-maut-ka-kuan |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Aaryaman |date=24 July 2024 |title=Big Dawgs: Hanumankind Is The Brown Daredevil We've Been Waiting For |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/big-dawgs-hanumankind-is-the-brown-daredevil-weve-been-waiting-for/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> The accompanying music video directed by Bijoy Shetty, features Cherukat performing in a classic carnival attraction with motorcycles known as the [[well of death]]. The video was shot in [[Ponnani]], his hometown district in Kerala state in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Indian Directors Who Played a Huge Role in Music Success: From "Be-Together for O Sajna" to Bijoy Shetty's "Big Dawgs" |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/indian-directors-who-played-huge-role-music-success-be-together-o-sajna-bijoy |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Telly Chakkar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rolling stone" />[[File:Hanumankind live performance 2024.jpg|thumb|Hanumankind performing in 2024.]]He also acted in the 2024 Malayalam film, ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]'', directed by [[Aashiq Abu]].<ref name="The-Hindu" /> In 2025, he released his song "[[Run It Up (Hanumankind song)|Run It Up]]", which features [[chenda]] drums in its instrumental,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conteh |first=Mankaprr |date=2025-03-06 |title=Hanumankind Bets Big On Himself to 'Run It Up' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hanumankind-run-it-up-single-music-video-1235290468/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Pace-McCarrick-2025">{{Cite web |last=Pace-McCarrick |first=Solomon |date=2025-07-25 |title=Hanumankind is welcoming us to rap's 'south side' |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/68303/1/hanumankind-monsoon-season-interview |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> and performed the song at [[Netflix]]'s 2025 [[Tudum]] event.<ref name="Paul-2025">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Larisha |date=2025-05-28 |title=Hanumankind Joins Netflix Tudum 2025: The Live Event Performance Lineup |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hanumankind-performing-netflix-tudum-2025-live-event-1235348848/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> He performed the single "Holiday" on the [[ColorsxStudios|Colors Show]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aurelius |first=Marcus |date=June 3, 2025 |title=Hanumankind continues hot streak with 'Holiday' on COLORS |url=https://liftedasia.com/article/hanumankind-holiday |access-date=July 26, 2025 |website=LIFTED Asia}}</ref> and headlined the "OTW Tour" in support of his debut mixtape, [[Monsoon Season|''Monsoon Season'']], in the summer of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Sam |date=2025-07-17 |title=Hanumankind Announces Debut Headlining North American Tour |url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/hanumankind-north-american-tour/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=uDiscover Music |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Monsoon Season'' released on July 25, 2025, featuring guest appearances from [[Denzel Curry]], Roisee, [[ASAP Rocky]], Rudy Mukta and [[Maxo Kream]] and production from longtime collaborators Parimal Shais and Kalmi.<ref name="Tagat-2025">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=July 25, 2025 |title=Hanumankind's 'Monsoon Season' Is the Arrival of a Global Rap Contender |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hanumankind-monsoon-season-tape-review/ |access-date=July 25, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> On November 22, 2025, Cherukat made his second appearance at [[Rolling Loud]] in his home country, India, where he performed alongside other notable names within the music scene and industry; it was also his first headlining Rolling Loud performance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rolling Loud India Headliners: Wiz Khalifa, Don Toliver, Central Cee and More |website=Billboard |date=2025-09-09 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/rolling-loud-india-headliners-wiz-khalifa-don-toliver-1236062590/ |access-date=2025-10-04}}</ref>

Hanumankind collaborated with Indian composer [[Shashwat Sachdev]] for the soundtrack of the 2025 [[Hindi film]] ''[[Dhurandhar]]'', on which he was featured on two tracks, [[Dhurandhar (soundtrack)#Release|"Dhurandhar (Title Track)"]] alongside [[Jasmine Sandlas]], and [[Dhurandhar (soundtrack)#Release|"Ez-Ez"]] alongside [[Diljit Dosanjh]].<ref name="rollingstone-dhurandhar-hanumankind">{{Cite web
|last=Tagat
|first=Anurag
|date=2025-07-14
|title=Shashwat Sachdev on 'Dhurandhar', Hip-Hop Experiments, and Collaborating with Hanumankind
|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/dhurandhar-song-hanumankind-shashwat-sachdev-jasmine-sandlas/
|access-date=2025-12-30
|website=[[Rolling Stone India]]
|language=en-US
}}</ref>

In April 2026, it was announced that Hanumankind would contribute to the soundtrack of the second season of the Netflix animated series [[Devil May Cry (TV series)|''Devil May Cry'']], entitled "See U in Hell" alongside [[Papa Roach]], with the single set to release on May 7.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geeked |first=Netflix |date=April 28, 2026 |title=Let's rock 🤘 "See U in Hell," a new DEVIL MAY CRY Season 2 original song from Papa Roach ft. Hanumankind, drops May 7. Showtime. |url=https://x.com/NetflixGeeked/status/2049141589281239119 |access-date=April 28, 2026 |website=X.com}}</ref> In the same month, he was featured in ''[[GQ India]]''<nowiki/>'s list of "Most Influential Young Indians of 2026".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Sanjana |date=2026-04-23 |title=Meet GQ's Most Influential Young Indians of 2026 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-gqs-most-influential-young-indians-of-2026 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=[[GQ India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Artistry ==
While living in Houston, Cherukat was exposed to [[Southern hip hop]] and listened to artists like [[Chamillionaire]], [[Three 6 Mafia]], [[Project Pat]], [[UGK]], and [[DJ Screw]]. He is also a fan of [[System of a Down]].<ref name= "rolling stone" /> His musical style is significantly influenced by [[Kendrick Lamar]], [[J. Cole]], and [[Logic (rapper)|Logic]].<ref name= "rolling stone" />

== Personal life ==
As of July 2025, Cherukat lives in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="Pace-McCarrick-2025" />

== Discography ==
=== Mixtapes ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Details
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Monsoon Season]]''<ref name="Hirwani-2025">{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=July 11, 2025 |title=Hanumankind Jumps Off a Cliff to Announce 'Monsoon Season' Mixtape |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hanumankind-new-mixtape-monsoon-season-release-date/ |access-date=July 13, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|
* Released: 25 July 2025
* Label: [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam India]], SLDM
* Formats: Digital download, streaming
|}
=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Details
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kalari''<ref name="apple music">{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/hanumankind/1458932353/see-all?section=singles |title=Hanumankind – Singles & EPs |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
|
* Released: 27 December 2019
* Label: Monopoly
* Formats: [[Digital download (music)|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Surface Level''<ref name="Tagat-2020">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2020-10-07 |title=Hanumankind and Kalmi Swim Against the Tide on New Mixtape 'Surface Level' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hanumankind-and-kalmi-swim-against-the-tide-on-new-mixtape-surface-level/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* Released: 2 October 2020
* Label: The Illage, [[Create Music Group]]
* Formats: Digital download, streaming
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles, with selected peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="10" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" | [[Billboard India Songs|{{abbr|IND|India}}]] <ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2024-08-24/ |title=India Songs: Week of August 17, 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" | [[ARIA Charts|{{abbr|AUS|Australia}}]] <ref name="Australian-Recording-Industry-Association-2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2024-08-19 |title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |date=19 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" | [[Canadian Hot 100|{{abbr|CAN|Canada}}]] <ref name="Billboard-2">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2024-08-24/ |title=''Billboard'' Canadian Hot 100: Week of August 24, 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[GfK Entertainment charts|{{abbr|GER|Germany}}]] <ref name="GER-singles">{{cite web |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Hanumankind |title=Hanumankind |publisher=Offizielle Deutsche Charts |access-date=16 August 2024 |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924000222/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Hanumankind |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Irish Singles Chart|{{abbr|IRE|Ireland}}]] <ref name="IRE">{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart/20240823/ie7501/ |title=Top 100 Singles, Week Ending 23 August 2024 |publisher=Official Charts Company |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" | [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|{{abbr|NZ|New Zealand}}]] <ref name="Recorded-Music-NZ-2024">{{cite web |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/singles/2024-09-13 |title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] |date=19 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Swiss Hitparade|{{abbr|SWI|Switzerland}}]] <ref name="SWI">{{Cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/artist/Hanumankind#charts |title=Discography Hanumankind |language=de |website=swisscharts.com |publisher=Hung Medien |format=Switch to the "Charts" tab |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[UK Singles Chart|{{abbr|UK|United Kingdom}}]] <ref name="UK">{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/hanumankind/ |title=Hanumankind {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] | access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" | [[Billboard Hot 100|{{abbr|US|United States}}]] <ref name="Billboard-3">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2024-08-24/ |title=''Billboard'' Hot 100: Week of August 24, 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" | [[Billboard Global 200|{{abbr|WW|Worldwide}}]] <ref name="Billboard-4">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2024-08-24/ |title=''Billboard'' Global 200: Week of August 24, 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Super Mario"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaker |first=Naini |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Big Stepper: How Sooraj Cherukat aka Hanumankind set the world ablaze |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/showstoppers/big-stepper-how-sooraj-cherukat-aka-hanumankind-set-the-world-ablaze/95001/1 |access-date=October 21, 2025 |website=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref>
|2018
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|{{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Daily Dose"<ref name="apple music" />
| 2019
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| ''Kalari''
|-
! scope="row" | "S.L.A.B"<ref name="apple music" />
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| rowspan="10" {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Options"<ref name="apple music" />
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Beer and Biryani"<ref name="apple music" />
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Genghis"<ref name="apple music" />
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Damnson"<ref name="apple music" />
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Skyline"<ref name="apple music" />
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Lola's Chant" {{small|(with Kalmi)}}<ref name="apple music" />
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Third Eye Freeverse (Red Bull 64 Bars)"<ref name="apple music" />
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Go To Sleep"<ref name="apple music" />
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Ayyayyo"<ref name="apple music" />
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Big Dawgs]]" {{small|(with Kalmi, remixed by [[ASAP Rocky]])}}<ref name="apple music" />
| 2024
| 3 || 9 || 9 || 11 || 30 || 2 || 9 || 15 || 23 || 9
|
* [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Silver<ref name="BPI">{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Hanumankind|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Music Canada|MC]]: 3× Platinum<ref>{{Cite certification|region=Canada|title=Big Dawgs|artist=Hanumankind|type=single}}</ref>
* [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: Gold<ref>{{cite certification |region=New Zealand |type=single |artist=Hanumankind and Kalmi |id=2024-09-06 |source=newchart |access-date=2024-11-20 |title=Big Dawgs }}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |''[[Monsoon Season]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Run It Up (Hanumankind song)|Run It Up]]" {{small|(with Kalmi)}}<ref name="apple music" />
| rowspan="3" | 2025
| — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Run It Up" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 24 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2025-03-14|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=14 March 2025|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Holiday - A COLORS SHOW|Holiday]]"<ref name="apple music" />
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Villainous Freestyle]]"<ref name="apple music" /><ref name="Hirwani-2025" />
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | Tangents {{Small|(Arshaq Malik, 47K ft. Hanumankind)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2025 |title=India-Born, UK-Based Hip-Hop artist Arshaq Malik shares new single 'PARASITES' |url=https://www.clickrollboom.co.uk/news/india-born-uk-based-hip-hop-artist-arshaq-malik-shares-new-single-parasites |access-date=October 17, 2025 |website=Click Roll Boom}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''Joint Custody''
|-
! scope="row" | Pharmaceutical {{Small|(Parimal Shais ft. Hanumankind)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=September 21, 2019 |title=Hear The 'New Wave of Young Dravidian Energy' on 'Kumari Kandam Traps Vol.1' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-parimal-shais-kumari-kandam-traps-vol-1/ |access-date=October 22, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|''Kumari Kandam Traps, Vol.1''
|-
! scope="row" | 9 {{Small|(Lojal ft. Hanumankind)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=February 29, 2020 |title=Exclusive Premiere: Bengaluru Soul/Hip-Hop Artist Lojal's Sublime Debut 'Phase' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-premiere-bengaluru-soul-hip-hop-artist-lojal-sublime-debut-phase/ |access-date=October 17, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|2020
|''Phase''
|-
! scope="row" | Namma Stories {{Small|([[Arivu]], SIRI, Hanumankind, NJ, Kartik Shah)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Namma Stories: Arivu, SIRI and Others Shine In Netflix's South Anthem |url=https://thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/namma-stories-south-anthem-arivu-siri-netflix-india-south |access-date=October 17, 2025 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>
|2021
|{{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | THAT'S A FACT {{Small|([[Yashraj]], Hanumankind)}}<ref name="Tripathi-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Shirish |date=October 5, 2023 |title=Review: Yashraj Unveils A Brand New Side Of His Artistry Through 'Ladke Convict' |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/yashraj-unveils-a-brand-new-side-of-his-artistry-through-ladke-convict/ |access-date=October 17, 2025 |website=The Indian Music Diaries}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 2023
|''LADKE CONVICT''
|-
! scope="row" | Enemies {{Small|([[KSHMR]], Yashraj, Hanumankind)}}<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web |title=There's so much creativity in the Indian hip-hop scene: Niles Hollowell-Dhar aka Kshmr |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/kshmr-on-his-upcoming-album-karam-and-connection-with-indian-hip-hop/cid/1962656 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|''KARAM''
|-
! scope="row" | [[Victory Lap (Fred Again, PlaqueBoyMax and Skepta song)|Victory Lap Five]] {{Small|([[Fred Again]], [[Skepta]], [[PlaqueBoyMax]], [[Denzel Curry]], [[That Mexican OT]], Hanumankind, [[D Double E]], LYNY)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=16 July 2025 |title=Denzel Curry and Hunamankind jump on Fred again.., Skepta and PlaqueBoyMax's 'Victory Lap Three' |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/denzel-curry-and-hunamankind-jump-on-fred-again-skepta-and-plaqueboymaxs-victory-lap-three |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[USB (album)|USB]]''
|-
! scope="row" | Don't Look Down {{Small|([[Ed Sheeran]], Hanumankind, [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]], [[Santhosh Narayanan]])}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2025 |title=Ed Sheeran's new EP Play includes songs with Karan Aujla, Hanumankind, Dhee, more |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/ed-sheeran-ep-play-remixes-with-karan-aujla-hanumankind-jonita-dhee-santhosh-narayanan-2804516-2025-10-17 |access-date=October 17, 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|''[[Play (Ed Sheeran album)|Play (The Remixes)]]''
|-
! scope="row" |Tequila Dance {{Small|([[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]], Hanumankind)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awasthi |first=Pragati |date=December 20, 2025 |title=Rapper DIVINE premieres his 5th studio album Walking On Water, check the track list |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/rapper-divine-premieres-his-5th-studio-album-walking-on-water-check-the-track-list-1766230069757 |access-date=December 27, 2025 |website=[[WION]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=December 24, 2025 |title=DIVINE's 'Walking on Water' Balances Money Moves and Gully Rap Roots |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/divine-walking-on-water-album-review/ |access-date=December 27, 2025 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>
|''Walking on Water''
|}

=== Soundtracks ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Soundtracks
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
!Performer(s)
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2020
! scope=row | ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]''
|"Maadeva"
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], Hanumankind, [[Sanjith Hegde]]
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|<ref name="Fernandes-2020" />
|-
|2023
! scope=row | ''[[Kuttey]]''
|"Ek Aur Dhan Te Nan"
|[[Jyoti Nooran]], Hanumankind
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Gulzar]], Hanumankind
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]''
| "The Last Dance"
|Hanumankind
| [[Sushin Shyam]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shyam |first=Sushin |author-link=Sushin Shyam |date=19 April 2024 |title=Aavesham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/aavesham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1742153570 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419180420/https://music.apple.com/us/album/aavesham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1742153570 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 December 2024 |publisher=[[Think Music]] |via=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Squid Game]]''
| "The Game Don't Stop"
|Hanumankind
| Hanumankind, Kalmi, Parimal Shais
|<ref name="Paul-2025" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Dhurandhar]]''
| "Dhurandhar Title Track"
|Hanumankind, [[Jasmine Sandlas]], [[Shashwat Sachdev]]
| [[Shashwat Sachdev]], [[Charanjit Ahuja]]
|<ref name="rollingstone-dhurandhar-soundtrack">{{Cite web
|last=Tagat
|first=Anurag
|date=2025-12-11
|title=Inside the Making of 'Dhurandhar's Explosive Soundtrack
|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/dhurandhar-soundtrack-shashwat-sachdev-fa9la/
|access-date=2025-12-30
|website=[[Rolling Stone India]]
|language=en-US
}}</ref>
|-
|"Ez-Ez"
|Hanumankind, [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|[[Shashwat Sachdev]], Raj Ranjodh, Hanumankind
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2025 |title=Ranveer Singh drops 'Ez-Ez' from 'Dhurandhar'; Diljit Dosanjh x Hanumankind deliver 'the biggest collab of 2025' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranveer-singh-drops-ez-ez-from-dhurandhar-diljit-dosanjh-x-hanumankind-deliver-the-biggest-collab-of-2025/articleshow/125736838.cms |access-date=December 7, 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Promotional singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song
!Performer(s)
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
!Promoting
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2026
|"Taste the Thunder"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]], Hanumankind
|Sushin Shyam
|[[Thums Up]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanumankind and Vishal Dadlani Turn Up the Thunder with Thums Up |url=https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/hanumankind-and-vishal-dadlani-turn-up-the-thunder-with-thums-up |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ As actor
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024
! scope=row | ''[[Dange (film)|Por]]''
| Student
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Guest appearance
|
|-
! scope=row | ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]''
| Bheera Bare
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| <ref name="The-Hindu">{{Cite news|title='Big Dawgs' rapper Hanumankind's first look from Aashiq Abu's 'Rifle Club' out|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/big-dawgs-rapper-hanumankinds-first-look-from-aashiq-abus-rifle-club-out/article68539605.ece|access-date=18 August 2024|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|archive-date=18 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818131100/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/big-dawgs-rapper-hanumankinds-first-look-from-aashiq-abus-rifle-club-out/article68539605.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{IMDb name|id=11836728}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/Hanumankind HanumanKind] at [[YouTube]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American rappers]]
[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:Hanuman in popular culture]]

{{Hanumankind}}
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

Karmegh

2026-05-01T22:52:11Z

Realsouravbiswas: creating new info

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karmegh
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|31|31|N|86|25|58|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| subdivision_name3 = Laukaha
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 38.76
| elevation_m = 81
| population_total = 39855
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 847421
| area_code = 06277
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = BR-32
}}
'''Karmegh''' is a former village in Laukaha Block, [[Madhubani district|Madhubani District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is situated near the border with [[Nepal]], about 39 kilometres northeast of the district capital [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], and 7 kilometres southwest of the subdistrict capital [[Laukaha]]. In 2011, there are 39,855 people residing within the village.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Karmegh is located on the west of Bhuthi Balan River. Bihar State Highway 51 passes through the village. It has a total area of 3875.71 hectares.

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], it has 7,652 households. Out of the 39,855 residents, 20,448 men and 19,407 women. The literacy rate is 47.72%, with 12,224 of the male population and 6,794 of the female population being literate. The census location code of Karmegh is 219986.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

Meerut Teachers constituency

2026-04-29T14:20:49Z

Realsouravbiswas: Started initial data more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

'''Meerut Teachers constituency''' is one of 100 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. This constituency comes under [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahar]], [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautambuddhnagar]], [[Bagpat district|Bagpat]], [[Meerut district|Meerut]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]] and [[Saharanpur district]]s.<ref>n.nic.in/olwing/Election%20Manual/EM_E2/%2813%29%20THE%20DELIMITATION%20OF%20COUNCIL%20CONSTITUENCIES%20%28UTTAR%20PRADESH%29%20%20ORDER,%201951.pdf</ref>

==Members of Legislative Council==
*1974 [[Om Prakash Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]] (Teacher) Independent
*1980 Om Prakash Sharma (Teacher) Independent
*1986 Om Prakash Sharma (Teacher) Independent
*1992 Om Prakash Sharma (Teacher) Independent
*1998 Om Prakash Sharma (Teacher) Independent
*2004 Om Prakash Sharma (Teacher) Independent
*2010 Om Prakash Sharma (Teacher) Independent
*2014 Om Prakash Sharma (Teacher) Independent
*2020 Sri Chand Sharma (Teacher) BJP

==Term of tenure==
Retirement after 6 years.

==Political Party View==
Non political party view

==See also==
*[[Meerut (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_051004.pdf
* http://upvidhanparishad.nic.in/dalwaqr%20sadasya.htm
* http://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=62

[[Category:Teachers constituencies in India]]
[[Category:Council constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]

Hero (2022 Indian film)

2026-04-21T02:00:25Z

Realsouravbiswas: creating new info

{{Short description|2022 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hero
| image = Hero (2022 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sriram Adittya]]
| writer = Sriram Adittya
| producer = Padmavathi Galla
| starring = Ashok Galla [[Nidhhi Agerwal]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]] Richard Prasad
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| studio = [[Amara Raja Group|Amara Raja Media and Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|01|15}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹5.10 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Hero Movie Total Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/hero-movie-total-collections/ |website=T2Blive.com |language=en |date=17 February 2022 |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
}}
'''''Hero''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Sriram Adittya]]. Produced by [[Amara Raja Group|Amara Raja Media and Entertainment]], the film stars debutant Ashok Galla and [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] while [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Brahmaji]], and [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] play supporting roles with the music composed by [[Ghibran]].

The film began its production in November 2019. Following the delays caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], ''Hero'' was theatrically released on 15 January 2022. The film received mixed reviews from the critics and audiences as well.

==Plot==
Saleem Bhai Savyasachi is a crime boss in [[Mumbai]] who kills the [[police commissioner]] with an [[Flintlock|flintlock gun]] and sends the gun to Hyderabad to assassinate one of his enemies. Arjun is a struggling actor who orders a hair oil to treat his hair fall, but receives the gun in courier due to mistaken identity and discusses the problem with his friend at night on his terrace. A [[Circle Inspector|CI]] harasses a lone woman at night in their colony and Arjun's friend (who is drunk) couldn't understand the problem, where he accidentally shoots the CI while snatching the gun from Arjun. He tries to report the incident to the police but withdraws after realizing that he shot the CI. He tries to toss away the gun, but fails to do so.

Meanwhile, the hitman who is also named Arjun, receives the hair oil instead of the gun and investigates the matter. Arjun receives another parcel with the photo of Sripati, who is his girlfriend Subbu's father, and is ordered to kill him. Arjun (hitman) finds Arjun's home and holds him at gunpoint while Arjun's parents return from a film and find the gangsters in their house. Arjun convinces them that they are from the shooting crew. The gangsters leave with the courier, but Arjun changes the photo of their target. Sripati acts as he suffers from [[heart stroke]] in a bid to leave for [[United States|US]] with a reluctant Subbu. The gangsters realize their mistake but decide to help Arjun. They inform him that Saleem Bhai hired another assassin to kill Sripati.

Arjun and his family along with Subbu's father leave for a temple shrine where after secretly defeating the goons, Arjun finds the assassin to be CI and saves Sripati from him. Subbu's mother then reveals to everyone that Sripati dreamt of becoming an actor and finally landed a lead role in Saleem Bhai's biopic. Sripati's car broke down on the first day of filming and he travelled with the police commissioner. The police commissioner attacked Saleem Bhai, who swore vengeance on Sripati. After narrating the events, Sripati then boards a train to [[Mumbai]] and Arjun tries to convince him to return. They later realize that it is a [[film shooting|shooting spot]] and the train isn't going anywhere. Saleem Bhai attacks Arjun and Sripati at the railway station, but they defeat him. Impressed with their performance, the producer of the film offers them roles in his film where Arjun and Sripati finally become actors.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Ashok Galla as Arjun
* [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] as Subhadra "Subbu" Sripati
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Sripati, Subbu's father
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Subbu's mother
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Arjun's father
* Archana Ananth as Sarada, Arjun's mother
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Telemarketing guy
* [[Brahmaji]] as a film actor
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Arjun's friend
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as Saleem Bhai Savyasachi
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Arjuna, a goon
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Arjuna's father
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Arjuna's henchmen
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Mumbai Police
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Police CI
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Police Officer
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Subbu's fiance
* [[Harsha Chemudu|Viva Harsha]] as a forest thief
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as a clinic worker
* [[K. Sivasankar]] as a dance master (posthumous)
* [[Anil Ravipudi]] in a [[cameo appearance]] as a film director
}}

== Production ==
''Hero'' marks the debut of [[Mahesh Babu]]'s nephew Ashok Galla, the son of businessman and politician [[Galla Jayadev]]. Sriram Aditya (who earlier directed ''[[Bhale Manchi Roju]]'', [[Samanthakamani (film)|''Samanthakamani'']] and [[Devadas (2018 film)|''Devadas'']]) was signed to helm the film while actress [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] was cast opposite Galla. It is produced by Padmavathi Galla under [[Amara Raja Group|Amar Raja Media and Entertainment]] as their maiden venture.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13|title=Mahesh Babu's nephew Ashok Galla to make acting debut with Sriram Aditya's next; film goes on floors today|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/mahesh-babus-nephew-ashok-galla-to-make-acting-debut-with-sriram-adityas-next-film-goes-on-floors-today/514611|access-date=|website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom Entertainment]]}}</ref> The film began its production in November 2019 in [[Hyderabad]] with an estimated budget of {{INR}}3.5 [[crore]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Galla's grandfather and veteran actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] visited the film's sets and directed a scene on Aditya's request.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adivi|first=Sasidhar|date=2020-04-08|title=Sriram's fan boy moment!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/080420/srirams-fan-boy-moment.html|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Aditya described the film as "a romantic potboiler with a hidden twist towards the end."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-11|title='Hero' will stand out as a commercial potboiler, says Sriram Aditya|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hero-will-stand-out-as-a-commercial-potboiler-says-sriram-aditya|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-11|title=Hero trailer: Mahesh Babu's nephew Ashok Galla plays a struggling actor in debut movie, watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahesh-babu-nephew-ashok-galla-hero-trailer-video-7717133/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The film began its post-production in June 2021, and the title was unveiled as ''Hero''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-23|title=Mahesh Babu's nephew Ashok Galla to make debut with 'Hero'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahesh-babus-nephew-ashok-galla-make-debut-hero-151137|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 26 January 2022, however, owing to the postponement of other major films like [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']], ''Hero''{{'s}} release date was advanced to 15 January 2022, coinciding with the festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]]. The film's digital rights were brought by [[Hotstar]] and premiered on February 11, 2022. The satellite rights were brought by [[Star Maa]]. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-02|title=Mahesh Babu's nephew's debut film 'Hero' gets a release date; to hit the big screens on Sankranthi!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-nephews-debut-film-hero-gets-a-release-date-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-sankranthi/articleshow/88645088.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics praising the cast performances, visuals, humour and action sequences, but criticize the latter half and termed it as ''silly''.

Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'', rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "''Hero'' had the potential to be a film that keeps you on the edge of your seat while ensuring you leave the cinema hall having laughed your heart out."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-15|title=Hero Movie Review : Delightfully meta and chaotically messy at the same time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hero/movie-review/88913127.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']] critic appreciated the direction, screenplay and performances, with a particular praise to the film's humour.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-15|title='హీరో 'మూవీ రివ్యూ|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/hero-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1427549|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Eenadu]]'' also echoed the same but felt that the latter half was too silly for a serious subject.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-15|title=Hero movie review రివ్యూ హీరో|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/ashok-galla-and-nidhhi-agerwal-hero-movie-review-in-telugu/0201/122010939|access-date=|website=Eenadu|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|11306518}}
{{Sriram Adittya}}
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sriram Adittya]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]

Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2026-04-20T21:49:19Z

Realsouravbiswas: new a article

{{Short description|Former Indian Navy appointment}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (FORTAN)
| body =
| native_name =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| flag =
| flagsize =
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| image =
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| incumbent =
| acting =
| incumbentsince =
| department =
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = FORTAN
| member_of =
| reports_to = [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]]
| residence =
| seat = [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| nominator =
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor = Commodore, Andaman & Nicobar (COMAN)
| formation = 1977
| first = [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] HML Saxena
| last = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] OP Bansal
| abolished = 2001
| superseded_by = [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}

The '''Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (FORTAN)''' was a senior appointment of the [[Indian Navy]]. As the head of the Fortress, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, FORTAN was based at [[Port Blair]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a [[Union Territory]] of [[India]]. The Fortress and the appointment were disbanded in 2001 after the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] was operationalised as the first [[Integrated Theatre Command (India)|Integrated Theatre Command]] of India.

The first FORTAN was [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] HML Saxena, who took over in 1977 and the last was [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] OP Bansal who relinquished charge as FORTAN on 27 September 2001.

==History==
The [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] became a [[Union territory]] of India in 1956. The first military unit on the islands was the [[naval base]] [[INS Jarawa]], which was commissioned in 1964.<ref name=in-transition>{{cite book|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/20%20repair%20refeit%20facility.htm|chapter=Chapter 20 - Maintenance, Repair And Refit Facilities|title=Transition to Triumph|author=Vice Admiral [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani]]|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=2012-01-09}}</ref> The base was commanded by a Resident Naval Officer (RNO). After establishing subsequent garrisons in the islands, the post was upgraded to Naval Officer-in-Charge Andaman & Nicobar (NOIC A&N).{{sfn|Singh|2018|p=299}} The naval establishments were under the command of the [[Eastern Naval Command]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. In October 1976, the operational control of all forces in the islands was given, and the post was upgraded to Commodore, Andaman & Nicobar (COMAN). In 1977, all establishments came under the newly created Fortress Andaman & Nicobar to signify jointness. The appointment was re-designated to Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (FORTAN). Commodore HML Saxena, the COMAN, took over as the first FORTAN.{{sfn|Hiranandani|2010}}

In March 1981, FORTAN was upgraded to a [[Two-star rank|Two star]] appointment tenanted by a [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]].<ref>{{cite web |title=h5 |url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2011/oct16-11/h5.htm |website=www.sainiksamachar.nic.in |access-date=2025-08-27 |archive-date=2012-09-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910211916/http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2011/oct16-11/h5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1987, the post was further upgraded to a [[Three-star rank|three star]] appointment.{{sfn|Hiranandani|2005}} In 1998, a 'Far East Naval Command' (FENC) was proposed, to be commanded by a Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Far East Naval Command. However, this proposal was changed in the aftermath of the [[Kargil War]]. The Kargil Review Committee recommended the establishment of a tri-service command replacing the FORTAN by a Commander-in-Chief Andaman & Nicobar to control the assets of the three Services and the [[Indian Coast Guard]]. {{sfn|Singh|2018|p=300}}

The recommendation was implemented with the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] being operationalised in October 2001 and [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Arun Prakash]] taking over as the First [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]] (CINCAN).<ref>{{cite web |title=ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR COMMAND BEING OPERATIONALISED |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2001-AUG-OCT-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-2001-09-28_136.pdf}}</ref>

==List of Commanders==
The following is a list of Commanders-in-Chief of the A&N command.{{sfn|Mukherjee|Mohan|2015}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 40px;"|S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 450px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] HML Saxena {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|1977
|1980
|<ref>{{cite web |title=National Staff College for Educational Planners and Adnninistrators |url=https://hindi.niepa.ac.in/download/Publications/Annual%20Reports_archives/NIEPA%20Annual%20Report%201977-78.pdf |website=hindi,niepa.ac.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] RP Sawhney {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|27 June 1980 {{refn|Post upgraded to Rear Admiral in March 1981.|group= n}}
|30 June 1982
|Later [[Commandant of the National Defence Academy]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Commodore Sawhney takes over as Fortress Commander |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-06-27_216.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Sawhney appointed Commandant NDA |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-06-29_268.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Arindam Ghosh {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|1 July 1982
|15 May 1983
|
|-
|4
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] RR Sood {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VrC|NM}}}}
|15 May 1983
|29 April 1986
|<ref>{{cite web |title=First Naval Air Station in Andamans |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1985-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1985-05-11_157.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Arun Auditto]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|30 April 1986
|30 March 1987
|First [[Flag Officer Submarines (India)|Flag Officer Submarines]].
|-
|6
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] SP Govil {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|30 March 1987
|1 September 1988
|Later [[Commandant of the National Defence College]], [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Fortress Commander for Andamans |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1987-03-30_104.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Govil appointed Commandant, NDC |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1988-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1988-08-31_065.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] SW Lakhkar {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM|VSM}}}}
|5 October 1988
|28 June 1990
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Fortress Commander for Andaman & Nicobar Islands |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1988-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1988-10-05_105.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] JMS Sodhi {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|13 July 1990
|23 September 1990
|
|-
|9
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Inderjit Bedi {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|24 September 1990
|26 August 1991
|Later [[Commandant of the National Defence Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Fortress Commander for Andaman and Nicobar |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1990-09-16_082.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] SK Chand {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|16 August 1991
|29 August 1992
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Fortress Commander and Commandant NDA |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1991-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1991-08-02_188.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral SK Chand takes over Southern Naval Command |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-08-29_193.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] PS Das {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|UYSM|VSM}}}}
|29 August 1992
|13 May 1994
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PS DAS, NEW FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF EASTERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1995-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1995-06-01_118.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sushil Kumar (admiral)|Sushil Kumar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|UYSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|13 May 1994
|30 November 1995
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Fortress Commander |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1994-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1994-05-06_175.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[R. N. Ganesh]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|30 November 1995
|11 November 1996
|Later [[Director General Indian Coast Guard]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral RN Ganesh is the New Fortress Commander |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1995-DEFENCE%20(2)/PDF/DEF-1995-12-05_173.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Harinder Singh {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|12 November 1996
|12 March 1999
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Harinder Singh takes over as Fortress Commander |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-1996-11-13_177.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy to host MILAN-97 at Port Blair |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1997-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1997-02-12_044.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Raman Puri {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|13 March 1999
|20 November 2000
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointments |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2000-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEC/PDF/DEF-2000-11-24_111.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|16
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] OP Bansal {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|13 March 1999
|20 November 2000
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]], [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral OP Bansal takes over as Director General Indian Coast Guard |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2001-AUG-OCT-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-2001-10-01_142.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist |30em|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=G M|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to eminence : the Indian navy 1976-1990|year=2005|isbn=978-8170622666|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}
*{{citation|first1=G. M.|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000|year=2010|isbn= 978-1935501268|publisher= Lancer InterConsult, Incorporated}}
* {{citation|first1=Anup|last1=Singh|title=Blue Waters Ahoy!, The Indian Navy 2001-2010 |year=2018|isbn= 978-93-5302-552-6|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India}}
* {{citation|first1=Anit|last1=Mukherjee|first2=C. Raja|last2=Mohan|title=India's Naval Strategy and Asian Security |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-36133-6 |publisher=Routledge}}

{{Military of India}}
{{Indian Army}}
{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Fortress Commanders, Andaman and Nicobar Islands| ]]

Man Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:41Z

Realsouravbiswas: Started some data from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Man
| constituency_no = 258
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 258-Man.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
| district = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Jaykumar Gore]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =362,328
}}
'''Man Assembly constituency''' of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] is one of the constituencies located in [[Satara district]].

It is a part of [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency]], along with five other assembly constituencies, namely [[Phaltan (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Phaltan]] in [[Satara district]] and [[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]], [[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]], Sangole, [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malsiras]] in [[Solapur district]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation Of Parliamentary And Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1962]]
| Laxman Bhingardeve
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| P. T. Sonawane
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1972]]
| Prabhawati G Shinde
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=3|Vishnu Sonavane
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan=2|Dhondiram Waghmare
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra State Assembly election|1999]]
| Tukaram Tupe
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2004]]
| Sampatrao Awaghade
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=4|[[Jaykumar Gore]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra State Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Man">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Man |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13258.htm |access-date=21 January 2025 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121061748/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13258.htm |archive-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jaykumar Gore]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 150,021 |percentage = 57.13% |change={{increase}}16.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhakar Devba Gharge |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 100,346 |percentage = 38.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Engg. Satyawan Vijay Ombase |party=Swarajya Sena (maharashtra) |votes = 2,638 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 574 |percentage = 0.22% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,675 |percentage = 18.92% |change= {{increase}}17.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 263,192 |percentage = 72.64% |change= {{increase}}6.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 262,618}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 362,328|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}16.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jaykumar Gore]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 91,469 |percentage = 40.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhakar Krushnaji Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 88,426 |percentage = 39.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shekhar Bhagwanrao Gore |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 37,539 |percentage = 16.59% |change={{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amrut Popat Suryavanshi |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 3,340 |percentage = 1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Ramchandra Gawade |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,927 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,525 |percentage = 0.67% |change={{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,043 |percentage = 1.34% |change= {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 228,044 |percentage = 66.69% |change= {{decrease}}3.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 226,261}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 341,964|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jaykumar Gore]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 75,708 |percentage = 34.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gore Shekhar Bhagwanrao |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 52,357 |percentage = 23.97% |change={{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiva Aabaji Pol |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 35,562 |percentage = 16.28% |change={{decrease}}13.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjeet Dhairyashil Deshmukh |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 31,032 |percentage = 14.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Shivajirao Desai |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,291 |percentage = 8.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhairyashil Shahaji (Patil) Katte |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 816 |percentage = 0.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,351 |percentage = 10.69% |change= {{increase}}8.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 219,336 |percentage = 70.36% |change= {{increase}}3.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 218,446}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 311,738|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jaykumar Gore]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 60,703 |percentage = 32.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Abaji Pol |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 56,605 |percentage = 30.13% |change={{decrease}}10.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr.Yelgaonkar Dilip Murlidhar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,585 |percentage = 22.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gudage Surendra Mohanrao |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 18,870 |percentage = 10.04% |change={{decrease}}6.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Dadu Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,461 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangita Pandurang Shelar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,066 |percentage = 1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,098 |percentage = 2.18% |change= {{decrease}}11.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 188,110 |percentage = 67.00% |change= {{decrease}}1.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 187,898}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,755|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Awaghade Sampatrao Ganapat |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 58,398 |percentage = 40.64% |change={{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Baburao Jotiram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 39,095 |percentage = 27.20% |change={{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tupe Dilip Ramchandra |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 23,416 |percentage = 16.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tupe Tukaram Namdeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,021 |percentage = 8.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shilwant Rhushikesh Dattatraya |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,149 |percentage = 2.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Shankarrao Dadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,316 |percentage = 1.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Awale Namdeo Dadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,111 |percentage = 1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,303 |percentage = 13.43% |change= {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,766 |percentage = 68.54% |change= {{increase}}4.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,713}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,745|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tupe Tukaram Namdeo |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 45,993 |percentage = 41.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Dhondiram Ganapati |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,876 |percentage = 31.79% |change={{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tupe Dilip Ramchandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 25,902 |percentage = 23.61% |change={{increase}}18.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapurao Nabaji Kambale |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji Punaji Tupe |party=Independent politician |votes = 905 |percentage = 0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,117 |percentage = 10.13% |change= {{decrease}}9.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,452 |percentage = 67.44% |change= {{decrease}}8.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,717}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,683|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}11.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Dhondiram Ganapati |party=Independent politician |votes = 66,765 |percentage = 53.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonavane Vishnu Tatoba |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,844 |percentage = 34.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khade J. G. |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 6,189 |percentage = 4.95% |change={{decrease}}4.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant N. B. |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,566 |percentage = 2.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adhav C. B. |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,656 |percentage = 1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kengar P. C. |party=Independent politician |votes = 896 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,921 |percentage = 19.15% |change= {{increase}}16.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,140 |percentage = 74.00% |change= {{increase}}13.13 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,938}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,173|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}14.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Dhondiram Ganapati |party=Independent politician |votes = 38,490 |percentage = 38.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonavane Vishnu Tatoba |party=Independent politician |votes = 36,036 |percentage = 36.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Haridas Krishna |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,424 |percentage = 9.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tupe Dilip Ramchandra |party=Janata Dal |votes = 7,405 |percentage = 7.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Ajitkumar Anandrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,455 |percentage = 3.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaske Kamal Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,533 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saratapa Mahadeo Sopan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,454 |percentage = 2.48% |change= {{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,940 |percentage = 60.29% |change= {{increase}}1.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,809}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,434|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}15.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sonavane Vishnu Tatoba |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 41,092 |percentage = 54.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Gundopant Balaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,513 |percentage = 42.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Popatrao Gulabrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,248 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,579 |percentage = 11.31% |change= {{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,486 |percentage = 58.34% |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,858}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,825|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sonavane Vishnu Tatoba |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 32,307 |percentage = 49.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Gundopant Balaji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,101 |percentage = 43.14% |change={{increase}}33.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lawangare Nitin Jagnnath |party=Janata Party |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 1.68% |change={{decrease}}29.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Bapurao Shivaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 956 |percentage = 1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Nivaruti Balvant |party=Independent politician |votes = 850 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jawale Balasaheb Tatyaba |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 801 |percentage = 1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dupate Raghunath Balvant |party=Independent politician |votes = 484 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,206 |percentage = 6.46% |change= {{decrease}}12.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,107 |percentage = 56.37% |change= {{decrease}}1.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,137}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,050|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sonavane Vishnu Tatoba |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,541 |percentage = 50.63% |change={{decrease}}21.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lavangare Nitin Jagannath |party=Janata Party |votes = 19,622 |percentage = 31.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhingerdeve Jijaba Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 5,811 |percentage = 9.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Bapurao Shivram |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,096 |percentage = 4.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dupate Raghunathrao Balavant |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,197 |percentage = 1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Shankarrao Dadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,028 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,919 |percentage = 19.13% |change= {{decrease}}39.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,566 |percentage = 58.04% |change= {{increase}}17.22 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,295}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,236|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhawati G Shinde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,271 |percentage = 71.86% |change={{increase}}15.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Bapurao Shiwaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,528 |percentage = 13.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Dinkar Tatya |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,397 |percentage = 8.06% |change={{decrease}}20.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pol Sarjerao Nanasaheb |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,597 |percentage = 3.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpatrao M. Ahiwale |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 952 |percentage = 2.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankuntala J. Ingale |party=Independent politician |votes = 381 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,743 |percentage = 58.74% |change= {{increase}}31.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,512 |percentage = 40.06% |change= {{decrease}}14.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,126}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,629|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=P. T. Sonawane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,554 |percentage = 55.94% |change={{decrease}}22.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. B. Mane |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 13,741 |percentage = 28.95% |change={{increase}}16.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. H. Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,934 |percentage = 8.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. B. Mane |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,237 |percentage = 6.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,813 |percentage = 26.99% |change= {{decrease}}38.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,129 |percentage = 58.54% |change= {{increase}}7.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,466}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,043|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}22.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Man<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Babaji Bhingardeve |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,624 |percentage = 78.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khanderao Sakharam Savant |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 4,061 |percentage = 12.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gundopant Balaji Mane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,891 |percentage = 6.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Koyana Krishna Khade |party=Independent politician |votes = 942 |percentage = 2.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,563 |percentage = 65.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,721 |percentage = 49.24% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,518}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,485|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Maan, Maharashtra|Man]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Satara district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|17.70|74.54|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Man (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Sanchi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:12Z

Realsouravbiswas: new a entry added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sanchi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 142
| map_image = 142-Sanchi.svg
| mla = [[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Gauri Shankar Shejwar]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Raisen district|Raisen]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Vidisha]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Sanchi''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. It is a segment of '''[[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]''' Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> Sanchi is known for its Buddhist monuments, called [[Sanchi Stupa|Sanchi Stupas]].

The assembly seat lies in [[Raisen district]].

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Khuman Singh]]<ref name="General Elections of MP 1957">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf|title=General Elections of MP 1957|publisher=Election Commission Of India|year=2004}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Gulab Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Kumadanlal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Dulichand
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gauri Shankar Shejwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Gauri Shankar Shejwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Gauri Shankar Shejwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=3|[[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis|2020]]^
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanchi<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:122960}}
|percentage = 59.45
|change = -6.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = G. C. Gautam
|votes = {{formatnum:78687}}
|percentage = 38.05
|change = +8.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1616}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:44273}}
|percentage = 21.4
|change = -14.71
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206825}}
|percentage = 78.27
|change = +5.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypoll ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Sanchi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:116577}}
|percentage = 65.98
|change = +21.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madanlal Choudhary
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:52768}}
|percentage = 29.87
|change = -20.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:966}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.88
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:63809}}
|percentage = 36.11
|change = +29.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176677}}
|percentage = 72.99
|change = -2.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanchi<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:89567}}
|percentage = 50.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mudit Shejwar
|votes = {{formatnum:78754}}
|percentage = 44.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2519}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10813}}
|percentage = 6.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176654}}
|percentage = 75.32
|change =
}}

{{Election box end}}
===2013===
* Dr Gourishankar Shejwar (BJP) : 85,599 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sanchi-madhya-pradesh-assembly-constituency|title=Sanchi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
* Dr Prabhuram Choudhary (INC) : 64,663

===1962===
* Gulab Chand (SOC) : 7,979 votes <ref name="election1962">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1962|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* Vijai Singh (INC) : 7,400

==See also==
* [[Sanchi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.48|77.74|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raisen district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

R Sudhakar

2026-04-05T00:39:51Z

Realsouravbiswas: started initial details initial version

{{short description|Former Chief Justice of Manipur High Court (2018-2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| name = Ramalingam Sudhakar
| office = President of [[National Company Law Tribunal]]
| term_start = 1 November 2021
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor = [[Mahesh Mittal Kumar]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Manipur High Court|5th Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]]
| term_start1 = 18 May 2018
| term_end1 = 13 February 2021
| nominator1 = [[Dipak Misra]]
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Abhilasha Kumari]]|[[N. Kotiswar Singh|N. K. Singh]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor1 = [[P. V. Sanjay Kumar]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
| term_start2 = 18 April 2016
| term_end2 = 17 May 2018
| nominator2 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| status3 = [[acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| term_start3 = 16 March 2018
| term_end3 = 11 May 2018
| appointer3 = [[Ramnath Kovind]]
| predecessor3 = [[Badar Durrez Ahmed]]
| successor3 = {{ubl|[[Gita Mittal]]|[[Alok Aradhe]] ''(acting)''}}
| term_start4 = 15 March 2017
| term_end4 = 31 March 2017
| appointer4 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor4 = [[N. Paul Vasanthakumar]]
| successor4 = [[Badar Durrez Ahmed]]
| office5 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start5 = 10 December 2005
| term_end5 = 17 April 2016
| appointer5 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator5 = [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|02|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamilnadu]]
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]] [[Madras Law College]] [[Madras University]]
| term_end = 13 February 2026
| successor = Deep Chandra Joshi (acting)
}}

'''Ramalingam Sudhakar''' (born 14 February 1959) is a retired Indian judge who served as 5th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]] from 2018 to 2021. He is also former [[Chief Justice|Acting Chief Justice]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] and [[judge]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] and [[Madras High Court]].<ref name="dailyexcelsior.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/justice-sudhakar-justice-mir-posted-cjs-manipur-meghalaya/|title = Justice Sudhakar, Justice Mir posted as CJS of Manipur, Meghalaya|date = 27 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2018/local-news/justice-m-yaqoob-mir-be-chief-justice-meghalaya-31373 |title=Justice M Yaqoob Mir To Be Chief Justice Of Meghalaya {{!}} Local News {{!}} Kashmir Observer |website=kashmirobserver.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035857/https://kashmirobserver.net/2018/local-news/justice-m-yaqoob-mir-be-chief-justice-meghalaya-31373 |archive-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> He served as president of [[National Company Law Tribunal]] from 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Hon'ble President and Sitting Members {{!}} National Company Law Tribunal |url=https://nclt.gov.in/nclt-member |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=nclt.gov.in}}</ref> to 2026.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NCLT President Chief Justice (R) Ramalingam Sudhakar demits office |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2227786 |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

==Life and education==
He was born on 14 February 1959 and hails from [[Panapakkam]], [[Vellore]] District in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/cjjk.php |title=Jammu & Kashmir High Court |website=Jkhighcourt.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2017-06-16}}</ref>

Sudhakar had his early schooling done in Don Bosco Matriculation School, [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]]. He graduated from [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Madurai|St. Mary’s Higher Secondary School, Madurai]], completing his school education. He graduated from [[Loyola College, Chennai]] with a college degree. He was conferred a Degree in Law from [[Madras Law College]].<ref name="jkhighcourt1">{{cite web|url=http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/cjjk.php |title=Jammu & Kashmir High Court |publisher=Jkhighcourt.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2017-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/rsj.htm |title=Madras High Court |website=Hcmadras.tn.nic.in |date=1959-02-14 |accessdate=2017-06-16}}</ref>

==Career==
Sudhakar enrolled as an [[advocate]] and started practice as an associate of the senior advocate [[Habibullah Badsha]], former [[Advocate General]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Public Prosecutor]] of [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-11-22 |title=Former Advocate-General Habibullah Badsha no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/former-advocate-general-habibullah-badsha-no-more/article20668172.ece |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sudhakar practised in all branches of law and specialized in the field of Customs, Central Excise and Sales Tax Law. Besides Madras High Court, he also practiced, appeared in cases before the [[High Court of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka High Court]] and [[Kerala High Court]]. He regularly appeared in matters before the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well.<ref name="autogenerated1959">{{cite web|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/rsj.htm |title=Madras High Court |publisher=Hcmadras.tn.nic.in |date=1959-02-14 |accessdate=2017-06-16}}</ref><ref name="greaterkashmir1">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/jammu/justice-ramalingam-sudhakar-takes-oath-as-hc-judge/215128.html |title=Justice Ramalingam Sudhakar takes oath as HC Judge |website=Greaterkashmir.com |date=2016-04-18 |accessdate=2017-06-16}}</ref>

==Judgeship==
Sudhakar was elevated to the [[Bench (law)|Bench]] as an Additional Judge of the High Court of Madras on 10 December 2005 and as a Permanent Judge on 20 April 2007. On 18 April 2016, he was appointed a judge of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]. He was the Acting [[Chief Justice]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]], from 15 March 2017 to 31 March 2017, after the retirement of former Chief Justice [[N. Paul Vasanthakumar]], until the appointment of the current Chief Justice, [[Badar Durrez Ahmed]].<ref name="jkhighcourt1"/><ref name="greaterkashmir1"/><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.livelaw.in/justice-paul-vasanthakumar-retires-jk-cj-justice-r-sudhakar-acting-cj/ |title=Justice Paul Vasanthakumar Retires as J&K CJ, Justice R.Sudhakar Acting CJ | Live Law |website=Livelaw.in |date=2017-03-14 |accessdate=2017-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140216/cs-karnan-r-sudhakar-to-move-out-of-madras-hc.html |title=CS Karnan, R Sudhakar to move out of Madras HC |website=Deccanchronicle.com |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> He once again assumed the role of Acting Chief Justice after the retirement of Justice [[Badar Durrez Ahmed]], on 16 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/justice-ramalingam-sudhakar-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jk-hc/|title = Justice Ramalingam Sudhakar appointed acting Chief Justice of Jammu & Kashmir HC}}</ref> He was overlooked and [[V. Ramasubramanian]] was chosen over him as a [[Supreme Court Judge|Supreme Court judge]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=Another Judge now objects to SC collegium overlooking seniority |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/another-judge-now-objects-to-sc-collegium-overlooking-seniority/articleshow/70983735.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=6 April 2021 |work=Ajmer Singh |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

He was elevated as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]] on 18 May 2018.

He retired on 13 February 2021.<ref name="dailyexcelsior.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theins.in/2018/04/27/present-jk-acting-cj-to-be-chief-justice-of-manipur-hc/|title=Present J&K Acting CJ to be Chief Justice of Manipur HC}}</ref>

He was appointed President of [[National Company Law Tribunal]] on 1 November 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Manipur High Court Chief Justice Ramalingam Sudhakar appointed NCLT President |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/ramalingam-sudhakar-nclt-president}}</ref> and served until 13 February 2026.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2026-02-14 |title=Former District Judge Deep Chandra Joshi appointed acting President of NCLT |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/law-policy/former-district-judge-deep-chandra-joshi-appointed-acting-president-of-nclt |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

==Family legacy==
His father, S. T. Ramalingam served as a Judge of the Madras High Court. S. P. Sri Ram, his maternal grandfather, served as a District Judge and retired as Chairman of the [[Sales Tax]] Appellate Tribunal. He hails from a family actively involved in the [[India]]n independence movement.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} His maternal great-grandfather [[S. P. Ayyaswamy Mudaliar]], a well known [[Civil Engineer]] in the early twentieth century, was an active freedom fighter. During the years of 1939 and 1940 the family hosted several national leaders and freedom fighters at their house.<ref name="autogenerated1959"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/rsj.htm |title=Madras High Court |website=Hcmadras.tn.nic.in |date=1959-02-14 |accessdate=2017-06-17}}
*{{cite web|url=http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/cjjk.php |title=Jammu & Kashmir High Court |website=Jkhighcourt.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2017-06-17}}
*{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/livelihood-of-people-should-be-considered-before-eradicating-karuvelam-trees_1806882.html |title='Livelihood of people should be considered before eradicating Karuvelam trees' | Zee News |website=Zeenews.india.com |date=2015-10-06 |accessdate=2017-06-17}}
*{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/hc-on-protective-measures-for-shola-forests_1804997.html |title=HC on protective measures for Shola forests | Zee News |website=Zeenews.india.com |date=2015-10-01 |accessdate=2017-06-17}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhakar, R}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of Manipur High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Dedicated freight corridors in India

2026-03-31T15:20:10Z

Realsouravbiswas:

{{Short description|Freight corridor network in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
[[File:A_freight_train_is_running_on_the_Western_Dedicated_Freight_Corridor.jpg|thumb|A section of DFC.]]
[[File:Map of dedicated freight corridors of India.jpg|thumb|alt= colour coded map showing freight-lines network|upright=1.2|The under development dedicated freight corridor network in India.]]
The '''dedicated freight corridors in India''' are a network of [[Railway electrification|electric]] [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] [[Rail freight transport|freight railway]] lines that solely serve freight trains, thus making the freight service in India faster and efficient.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Railways' Dedicated Freight Corridors – transforming transportation |url=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/116660/indian-railways-dedicated-freight-corridors/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Indian Railways achieves a milestone! Completes construction of Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor – Know its details, benefits |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-achieves-a-milestone-completes-construction-of-eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-know-its-details-benefits-3337960/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The '''Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India''' ('''DFCCIL''') a [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|public sector company]] is responsible for undertaking planning, development, mobilisation of financial resources and construction, maintenance and operation of these corridors.

In [[fiscal year]] 2024, an average of 241 trains used the dedicated freight corridors daily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Sangeetha |date=2024-12-04 |title=Freight corridor cargo movement up 142 pc in FY24 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/freight-corridor-cargo-movement-up-142-pc-in-fy24-1844080 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228141025/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/business/freight-corridor-cargo-movement-up-142-pc-in-fy24-1844080 |url-status=live }}</ref> The number increased to an average of 403 freight trains per day in fiscal year 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-29 |title=403 freight trains per day in November 2025: Railway minister |url=https://www.itln.in/railway/403-freight-trains-per-day-in-november-2025-railway-minister-1357656 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.itln.in |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:JRF-Koki-104-1552.jpg|thumb|DFC is inspired by [[High-speed Freight Trains (Japan)|highspeed freight trains]] of Japan and funded by [[JICA]].]]
[[File:The Joint Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Shri Kumar Sanjay Krishna and Ambassador of Japan to India, Mr. Hideaki Domichi signing Exchange of Notes for Dedicated Freight Corridor Project (Phase-1) with Government of Japan.jpg|thumb|The Joint Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Kumar Sanjay Krishna and Ambassador of Japan to India, Hideaki Domichi signing Exchange of Notes for Dedicated Freight Corridor Project (Phase-1), in New Delhi on October 27, 2009]]

The Tenth [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five Year Plan]] (2002–07) projected that freight traffic in India would rise from 489 million tons in 2001–02 to 624 million tons by 2006–07, growing at a rate of 5% annually. The mid-term appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan suggested building dedicated freight corridors (DFC) on [[trunk route]]s. The objective of the DFC was to separate freight traffic from passenger traffic on high density routes in order to improve operational efficiency, reduce cost of operation and carry higher volumes of freight traffic.<ref name="CAGReport48">{{cite web |title=Report No. 48 of 2015 – Performance Audit on Status of Ongoing Projects Union Government, Railways |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2015/Union_Performance_Railways_Status_Work_Report_48_2015_chap_3.pdf |website=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |access-date=4 October 2023 |pages=58–69 |date=18 December 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018100430/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2015/Union_Performance_Railways_Status_Work_Report_48_2015_chap_3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2005, the government proposed building DFCs along the [[Golden Quadrilateral]]. The Committee on Infrastructure established a task force in May 2005 to prepare a concept paper on the [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (EDFC) and the [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (WDFC). The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] appointed [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service|RITES]] in July 2005 to conduct a feasibility and preliminary engineering cum traffic survey for both corridors. The Government also sought support from Japan for technical cooperation to assist in assessing the feasibility of the DFCs. Japan agreed to conduct a feasibility study on the project in November 2005.<ref name="CAGReport48" />

RITES submitted its feasibility report on the project in January 2006. The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] granted in-principle approval to the project the next month. The [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|Dedicated Freight Corridors Corporation of India Limited]] (DFCCIL), a [[public sector|public sector company]] to build and operate the DFCs, was incorporated on 30 October 2006. RITES submitted the preliminary engineering cum traffic survey for the project in January 2007. The [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) completed a feasibility study on the project in October 2007, and subsequently agreed to provide funding for the WDFC. The Ministry of Railways approached the [[World Bank]] to provide funding for the EDFC in 2008. In May 2011, the World Bank agreed to provide funds for a 1,183 km section of the EDFC connecting Ludhiana with Mughalsarai.<ref name="CAGReport48" /> The Union Cabinet approved both corridors in February 2008 with a target completion date of 2013.<ref name="CAGReport48" />

== Construction ==
[[File:Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor of India.jpg|thumb|Under construction picture of Eastern dedicated freight corridor. The tracks of dedicated freight corridors in India are [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]].]]

Under the Eleventh [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five Year Plan]] of India (2007–12), the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] started constructing a new Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) in two long routes, namely the Eastern and Western freight corridors.<ref>{{cite web|title=DFC – as revolutionary as the Golden Quadrilateral|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20report%20-%208%20Jan%202016.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090559/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20report%20-%208%20Jan%202016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The two routes cover a total length of {{Convert|3260|km|mi}}, with the ''Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor'' stretching from [[Ludhiana]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to [[Dankuni railway station|Dankuni]] in [[West Bengal]] and the ''Western Dedicated Freight Corridor'' from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] in [[Mumbai]] ([[Maharashtra]]) to [[Dadri]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dedicated Freight Corridors: Paradigm Shift Coming in Indian Railways' Freight Operations|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=134359|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103085626/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=134359|url-status=live}}</ref> Upgrading of transportation technology, increase in productivity and reduction in unit transportation cost are the focus areas for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategy of Indian Railways During the Eleventh Five Year Plan |publisher=Government of India |year=2007–2008 |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2007-08/chapt2008/chap93.pdf |access-date=2010-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205101226/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2007-08/chapt2008/chap93.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The construction of Eastern Freight Corridor has been completed by February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=Indian Railways advances freight transportation with completion of Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor and ongoing progress on Western Corridor |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-advances-freight-transportation-with-completion-of-eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-and-ongoing-progress-on-western-corridor-3391026/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212175012/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-advances-freight-transportation-with-completion-of-eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-and-ongoing-progress-on-western-corridor-3391026/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Karvi |date=2024-02-12 |title=Indian Railways complete Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, Western Corridor gains momentum |url=https://www.logisticsinsider.in/indian-railways-complete-eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-western-corridor-gains-momentum/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Logistics Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212175012/https://www.logisticsinsider.in/indian-railways-complete-eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-western-corridor-gains-momentum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the construction of the Western Freight Corridor has been completed by March 2026.

The Detailed Project Review (DPR) of North-South and East-Coast Freight Corridor are being prepared has been submitted whereas the DPR for East-West DFC will be submitted by April-end (2024). The combined project value is expected to be Rs. 2 lakh crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=₹2-lakh-cr dedicated freight corridors on track |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/2-lakh-cr-dedicated-freight-corridors-on-track/article68038985.ece |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=7 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408020129/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/2-lakh-cr-dedicated-freight-corridors-on-track/article68038985.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Technology ==
=== Pantographs ===
In 2007, India set a world record with the indigenously designed high-rise [[Pantograph (transport)|pantograph]] by [[Jupiter Wagons|Stone India Ltd]],<ref>{{cite web | title=High reach pantograph-world record set by Stone India | url=https://www.worldrecordacademy.com/technology/high_reach_pantograph-world_record_set_by_Stone_India_90314.htm }}</ref> developed for the use in dedicated freight corridors and other freight routes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.irgreenri.gov.in/tractiondistribution.html | title=New Technological Developments in Electric Traction | work=Indian Railways Green Energy Initiatives | access-date=2023-05-08 | archive-date=2023-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030050919/http://www.irgreenri.gov.in/tractiondistribution.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> with many other added features, such as twin catenary height of 6 and 7.5 meters, auto upward-force adjustment to improve effective current collection in adverse conditions, thereby enabling reduction in energy consumption and allowing trains to run at much higher speeds.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.worldrecordacademy.com/transport/high_reach_pantograph-world_record_set_by_Stone_India_90314.htm | title=High reach pantograph-world record set by Stone India | date=10 August 2009 | work=World Record Academy | access-date=8 May 2023 | archive-date=22 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422201537/http://www.worldrecordacademy.com/transport/high_reach_pantograph-world_record_set_by_Stone_India_90314.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Locomotives ===

[[File:WAG9-31179 (2).JPG|thumb|WAG-9HH locomotive carrying freight wagons]]
[[Indian locomotive class WAG-12|WAG-12]] locomotive is a class of Indian multi-frame electric locomotive that was developed in 2017 by [[Alstom]]. With a horsepower of 12,000 hp it is one of the most powerful locomotives in the world. These locomotives are being used on the existing dedicated freight corridors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Meet the WAG12 locomotive which runs at a capacity of 12,000 horsepower |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-wag12-b-one-of-worlds-most-powerful-locomotives-6931261.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508120438/https://www.news18.com/news/auto/all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-wag12-b-one-of-worlds-most-powerful-locomotives-6931261.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9HH]] locomotive is a 9000 hp single-frame electric locomotive developed by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] to be used in Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC). The WAG-9 series are quite similar to the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] class locomotive but features a different gear ratio, which makes it suitable for heavy freight operations. They are also the freight-dedicated three-phase AC locomotives in the country fitted with IGBT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Rail Analysis |date=2020-05-01 |title=Article : The significance of CLW 9000 HP locomotive in India |url=https://news.railanalysis.com/article-the-significance-of-clw-9000-hp-locomotive-in-india/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Rail Analysis India |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205054941/https://news.railanalysis.com/article-the-significance-of-clw-9000-hp-locomotive-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tracks ===
The Eastern and Western DFCs use special [[Rail profile|head-hardened (HH)]] 250m-long rails welded using [[Flash welding|flash butt welding]] machines. The [[axle load]] of their tracks is 32.5t, compared to the existing 25t axle load used on Indian Railways' tracks.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, India |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/western-dedicated-freight-corridor/ |website=railway-technology.com |language=en-US |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title=Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, India |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-edfc/ |website=railway-technology.com |language=en-US |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Speed ===
As of December 2019, in the commissioned sections, a total of 4000 trains have been run.
Some of the trains in the section are achieving the average speed of 99.38 kmph in EDFC and the average speed is 89.50 kmph in WDFC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crossing the Newman barrier in freight train Avg Speed: DFC has achieved an Avg Speed of 99.38 kmph in the New Khurja New Bhaupur Section of the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor by running Coal loadable Boxn Empty in 3 hrs and 20 minutes |url=https://dfccil.com/images/uploads/img/DFC-Press-Release_DFC-achieves-avg-speed-of-99.38-kmph-on-EDFC_30.05.2021_SV17.pdf |website=DFCCIL |access-date=22 March 2025 |archive-date=8 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308003732/https://dfccil.com/images/uploads/img/DFC-Press-Release_DFC-achieves-avg-speed-of-99.38-kmph-on-EDFC_30.05.2021_SV17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/freight-train-on-dfc-clocks-record-speed-of-99-38-kmph-runs-faster-than-rajdhani-trains-6960071.html | title=Freight train on DFC clocks record speed of 99.38 KMPH, runs faster than Rajdhani trains | date=29 May 2021 | access-date=11 October 2023 | archive-date=12 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112144335/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/freight-train-on-dfc-clocks-record-speed-of-99-38-kmph-runs-faster-than-rajdhani-trains-6960071.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandi |first=Tamal |date=2019-12-28 |title=Indian Railways conduct speed tests for trains on dedicated freight corridor |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-conduct-speed-tests-for-trains-on-dedicated-freight-corridor-11577448026976.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120104957/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-conduct-speed-tests-for-trains-on-dedicated-freight-corridor-11577448026976.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since its inauguration, on average 150 to 200 freight trains are running daily maintaining the average speed between 75 and 80 kmph with operational speeds of 99 kmph. DFCC officials say that their target is to increase the operation to 300 trains daily with an average speed of 90 kmph, previously trials have been completed on sections with 99 kmph not on entire route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dedicated Freight Corridor: Where Goods Trains Run Faster Than Many Vande Bharat Trains |url=https://thesecretariat.in/article/dedicated-freight-corridor-where-goods-trains-run-faster-than-many-vande-bharat-trains |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=The secretariat |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514132801/https://thesecretariat.in/article/dedicated-freight-corridor-where-goods-trains-run-faster-than-many-vande-bharat-trains |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Network==
===Summary===
{{legend inline|#FFFFFF|Operational}} 
{{legend inline|#bcffc5|Partly opened}} 
{{legend inline|#b0e0e6|Approved}} 
{{legend inline|#ffffbb|Proposed}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Corridor
! Length
! Status
! Start point
! Termination point
! Logistics hub
|-
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|[[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor|Eastern]]
|{{convert|1337|km||abbr=on}}
|Operational<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=327|title=Map of DFC corridors stated by DFCCIL|access-date=2025-02-27|archive-date=2025-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122185047/https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=327|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Ludhiana]]
|[[Dankuni]]
|[[Meerut]]
|-
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|[[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor|Western]]
|{{convert|1504|km||abbr=on}}
|Operational<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-31 |title=Mumbai: Western Dedicated Freight Corridor ready after JNPT–Vaitarna trial |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-western-dedicated-freight-corridor-ready-after-jnpt-vaitarna-trial-23623517 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Dadri railway station|Dadri]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust|JNPT, Nava Sheva]]
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;"|[[East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor|East-West]]
|{{convert|2000|km||abbr=on}}
|Announced in Budget 2021–22<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/interview-dfcs-to-raise-rail-share-in-freight-traffic-to-45-ravindra-kumar-jain-md-dfccil-6527351.html/amp|title=DFCs to raise rail share in freight traffic to 45%|first=Anshu|last=Agarwal|date=16 February 2021|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227055828/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/interview-dfcs-to-raise-rail-share-in-freight-traffic-to-45-ravindra-kumar-jain-md-dfccil-6527351.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Dankuni]]
|[[Bhusawal]]
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;"|[[North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor|North-South]]
|{{convert|975|km||abbr=on}}
|Announced in Budget 2021–22<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/vij-to-get-dedicated-freight-corridors/articleshow/80637839.cms|title=Vij to get dedicated freight corridors |first=Anshu |last=Agarwal|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2021}}</ref>
|[[Vijayawada]]
|[[Itarsi]]
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;"|[[East Coast Dedicated Freight Corridor|East Coast]]
|{{convert|1115|km||abbr=on}}
|Announced in Budget 2021–22
|[[Kharagpur]]
|[[Vijayawada]]
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;"|Dankuni Surat
|
|Announced in Budget 2026–27<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Highlights of Union Budget 2026-27|date=2026-02-01|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2221455&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=2026-02-01|quote=New Dedicated Freight Corridors to be established connecting Dankuni in the East, to Surat in the West}}</ref>
|[[Dankuni]]
|[[Surat]]
|
|-
| style="background:#ffffbb;"|Southern
|{{convert|892|km||abbr=on}}
|Proposed
|[[Madgaon]]
|[[Chennai]]
|
|-
|'''Total'''
|{{convert|7823|km||abbr=on}}
|2/6
|
|
|
|}

=== Golden Quadrilateral Freight Corridor (GQFC) ===
{{anchor | GQFC }}

GQFC has six DFCs; two are being implemented and the funding for the remaining four was approved in January 2018. The rail tracks linking the four largest metropolitan cities of [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]], and the two diagonals of [[North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (Delhi-[[Chennai]]) and [[East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (Kolkata-Mumbai) are called the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] (GQFC). These carry 55% of the India Railway's freight traffic over a total {{Convert|10122|km|mi|abbr=on}} route length. The line capacity utilisation on the existing highly saturated shared trunk routes of [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Howrah-Delhi]] on the [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor|Eastern Corridor]] and [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|Mumbai-Delhi]] on the [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor|Western Corridor]] varies between 115% and 150%. The surging requirement for the power generation requiring heavy coal movement, booming infrastructure construction and growing international trade has led to the conception of the GQFCs. [[Carbon emission]] reduction from DFCs will help DFCCIL claim carbon credits.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/Exe-Summary-241220-NPR.pdf |title=National Rail Plan – India: Executive Summary |date=24 December 2020 |website=indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=6 May 2022 |quote=HDN 1 – Delhi Howrah Main Route via Prayagraj, Mughalsarai and Gaya: Majority of the sections of HDN 1 are operating beyond their capacity in terms of number of trains/days which is causing congestion, delay in passenger operations and enormous delay in freight operations. *Capacity Utilization of 100–150%: 81% share of the network |page=42 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319203818/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/Exe-Summary-241220-NPR.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/Exe-Summary-241220-NPR.pdf |title=National Rail Plan – India: Executive Summary |date=24 December 2020 |website=indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= Indian Railways |access-date= 6 May 2022 |quote=HDN 3 – Delhi to Mumbai via Kota, Bharatpur, Ratlam, Ahmedabad and Vadodara: HDN 3 – Delhi to Mumbai via Kota, Bharatpur, Ratlam, Ahmedabad and Vadodara *Capacity Utilization of 100–150%: 83% share of the network |page=43}}</ref>

==Impact==
The dedicated freight corridors aim to bring down the cost of freight transport (by using electricity, longer trains with more capacity can be operated, plus the western DFC utilises double stacking to transport more containers), thus helping Indian industries to become competitive in the world export market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/blog/infrastructure/in-freight-rail-can-outpace-road-via-corridors/|title=in freight, rail can outpace road via corridors {{!}} forbes india blog|website=forbes india|language=en-us|access-date=2017-06-27|archive-date=2017-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610234327/http://www.forbesindia.com/blog/infrastructure/in-freight-rail-can-outpace-road-via-corridors/|url-status=live}}</ref> These corridors will also help India achieve the targets it has committed to in the [[Paris Climate Accords]], by switching from diesel propelled freight trains and fossil fuel-based road traffic to the electricity based railway locomotives. India is growing in renewable energy production, with most of the country's new electricity generation capacity being added through solar, wind and nuclear sources.<ref>{{citation|last=johnnys desk|title=india's mega dfc project will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions|date=2017-04-09|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=destination|access-date=2017-08-01|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227163025/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=destination&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

Goods trains on the dedicated freight corridor are running at average journey speeds higher than Rajdhani trains, with one clocking a record average of 99.38 kmph. 3,077 trains ran on EDFC; the maximum speed so far was 97.85 kmph before the milestone was reached. On WDFC, the maximum speed of the 837 trains was 89.50 kmph.<ref name="moneycontrol.com" />

The new generation [[pantograph (transport)|pantograph]] allows an increase in the height of the overhead wires ([[overhead line|catenary]] height) from the standard {{convert|6|m|ftin|frac=8|sp=us}} to {{convert|7.45|m|ftin|frac=8|sp=us}},<ref>{{cite web|date=August 2009|title=reaching up|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/reaching-up.html|publisher=railway gazette international|page=17|access-date=2022-02-27|archive-date=2011-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615133917/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/reaching-up.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> setting the world record for the "high reach pantograph for highest catenary for electric locomotives". This will also enable Indian railways to introduce [[bilevel rail car|double-decker passenger trains]] in high-density suburban passenger route and [[Rolling highway#India|RORO]] cargo service across the Indian railways network. The Indian passenger railway network will be able to run semi-high speed and high-speed trains in the existing network, as 70% of cargo traffic will migrate to the dedicated freight corridors. It will also increase the distance between track centers to {{convert|5.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, allowing larger out-of-gauge trains. Only low platforms will be permissible.

The [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor|Eastern DFC]] may not be able to support RORO as it has height of {{convert|5.1|m|ftin|frac=8|sp=us}} compared to {{convert|7.1|m|ftin|frac=8|sp=us}} of the [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor|Western DFC]]. The [[Konkan railway|Konkan Railway]] is the only railway zone in India that has streamlined the RORO service and is able to save 75 million litres of [[diesel fuel]] and related foreign exchange for the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/konkan-railway%e2%80%99s-roro-saves-750-lakh-litre-diesel/article14384592.ece|title=konkan railway's RORO saves 750 lakh litre diesel|work=the hindu|access-date=2017-08-16|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108112053/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Konkan-Railway%E2%80%99s-RORO-saves-750-lakh-litre-diesel/article14384592.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> RORO services are deployed in the [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]] and [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] zones along with Konkan railway, but RORO has failed to be successful in existing electrical railway infrastructure because of the height of the overhead electrical wires.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/indian-railways-roro-service-hits-infrastructure-hurdle-needs-structural-change-to-work-effectively/613896/|title=indian railways roro service hits infrastructure hurdle, needs structural change to work effectively|date=2017-04-04|work=the financial express|access-date=2017-08-16|language=en-us|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194318/http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/indian-railways-roro-service-hits-infrastructure-hurdle-needs-structural-change-to-work-effectively/613896/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/indian-railways-roll-on-roll-off-service-delhi-pollution-traffic-967809-2017-03-26|title=railways roll-on-roll-off service goes off track due to technical hurdles|access-date=2017-08-16|archive-date=2017-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331061439/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-railways-roll-on-roll-off-service-delhi-pollution-traffic/1/913522.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Logistic parks ===
The [[Uttar Pradesh]] government has announced the creation of large logistic parks in [[Meerut]] and [[Khurja]] due to their proximity to the [[Ganga Expressway]] and their location on the line of the [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]]. These areas are set to become major logistical hubs, with access to key transportation networks enhancing their connectivity and facilitating efficient movement of goods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meerut – National Industrial Corridor |url=https://nationalindustrialcorridor.com/tag/meerut/,%20https://nationalindustrialcorridor.com/tag/meerut/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Ashok Agarwal]], national president of the [[Indian Industries Association (IIA)]], mentioned during the [[UP Investors Summit]] that numerous inquiries had been received regarding land allotment along the [[Ganga Expressway]], particularly from investors interested in the [[Meerut]], [[Budaun]], and adjoining areas. This surge in interest highlights the significant potential of the region for industrial development and investment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-07 |title=Industrial clusters to come up along Ganga Expressway |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ganga-expressway-to-boost-industrial-clusters-across-12-up-districts-investors-eyeing-meerut-and-budaun-areas-101683470276029.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Freight transport]]
*[[Transport in India]]
**[[Rail transport in India]]
***[[List of railway lines in India]]
***[[High-speed rail in India]]
***[[Urban rail transit in India]]
***[[RapidX]]
***[[List of high-speed railway lines in India]]
**[[Multi-Modal Logistics Parks in India]]
**[[Aerial lift in India]]
**[[Bus rapid transit in India]]
*[[Future of rail transport in India]]
*[[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dfccil.gov.in Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020043359/http://dfccil.gov.in/ |date=2019-10-20 }}
* [http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Project_status.jsp Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) Official link for project status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401154429/http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Project_status.jsp |date=2016-04-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071434/http://www.transreporter.com/logisticsnews/24237/NTC-machine-for-Dedicated-Freight-Corridor-project/ DFCC will use New Track Construction machine having capacity of 1.5 KM of track per day]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/mega-freight-corridor-project-waiting-to-take-off/article5750769.ece March 2014 news article stating near total land acquisition and environmental clearances]

{{Dedicated freight corridors of India}}
{{Indian Railways}}
{{Transport in India}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India}}
[[Category:Use dmy dates from February 2022]]
[[Category:Dedicated freight corridors of India]]
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

2026-03-29T16:00:49Z

Realsouravbiswas: enhance intro to improve readability

{{Short description|German writer and polymath (1749–1832)}}
{{Redirect-several|Goethe|Gote}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = {{lang|de|[[Geheimrat]]}}
| name = Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Goethe (Stieler 1828).jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Joseph Karl Stieler]], 1828
| birth_name = Johann Wolfgang Goethe
| birth_date = {{birth date|1749|8|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Free Imperial City of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1832|3|22|1749|8|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Weimar]], Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
| education = [[Leipzig University]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Strasbourg]] ([[Licentiate (degree)|Lic.]])
| period =
| genres = {{hlist|Fiction (poetry|novel|[[romance (prose fiction)|romance]]|drama)}}{{hlist|non-fiction ([[aesthetic criticism]]|[[treatise]]|[[article (publishing)|article]]|autobiography|[[oration]]|[[letter (message)|correspondence]])}}
| movement = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Sturm und Drang]]''
* [[Weimar Classicism]]}}
| subject =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Christiane Vulpius]]|1806|1816|end=died}}
| children = 5, including [[August von Goethe|August]]
| parents = {{ubl | [[Johann Caspar Goethe]] | [[Catharina Elisabeth Goethe|Catharina Elisabeth Textor]]}}
| signature = Goethe Signature.svg
| module = {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Other positions|titlestyle=border: 1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office = [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] of [[Saxe-Weimar|Duchy of Saxe-Weimar]]
| term_start = 1782
| term_end = 1784
| office2 = Superintendent of the ducal library and Chief Adviser of Saxe-Weimar (from 1775)
| office3 = Commissioner of the War, Mines and Highways Commissions of Saxe-Weimar (from 1779)
}}{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| notable_works = [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe bibliography]]
}}

'''Johann Wolfgang von Goethe'''{{efn|1={{IPA|de|ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfɡaŋ fɔn ˈɡøːtə|audio=GT JWvG.ogg}};<ref name="Longman"/> English pronunciations include {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɜːr|t|ə}} {{respell|GUR|tə|}}, {{IPAc-en|alsous|ˈ|ɡ|ʌ|t|ə|,_|ˈ|ɡ|eɪ|t|ə|,_|-|t|i}} {{respell|GUT|ə|,_|GAY|tə|,_-|ee}}.<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Goethe}}</ref><ref name="Longman">{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|author-link=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref>}} (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German [[polymath]] who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language. His work has had a wide-ranging influence on [[Western literature|literary]], [[Political philosophy#European Enlightenment|political]], Christian views, and [[Western philosophy|philosophical]] thought in the [[Western world]] from the late 18th century to the present.<ref name="Britannica">{{Britannica|id=237027|title=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|author=[[Nicholas Boyle]]}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe — Biography|url=http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Goethe/bio.html|access-date=3 January 2023|website=knarf.english.upenn.edu}}</ref> A poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre-director, and critic,<ref name=Britannica /> Goethe wrote a wide range of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe bibliography|works]], including plays, poetry and [[aesthetic criticism]], as well as [[treatise]]s on [[botany]], [[anatomy]], and colour.

Goethe took up residence in [[Weimar]] in 1775 following the success of his first novel, ''[[The Sorrows of Young Werther]]'' (1774), and joined a thriving intellectual and cultural environment under the patronage of [[Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Duchess Anna Amalia]] that formed the basis of [[Weimar Classicism]]. He was [[ennobled]] by [[Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar]], in 1782. Goethe was an early participant in the ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'' literary movement. During his first ten years in Weimar, Goethe became a member of the Duke's [[privy council]] (1776–1785), sat on the war and highway commissions, oversaw the reopening of silver mines in nearby [[Ilmenau]], and implemented a series of administrative [[reforms]] at the [[University of Jena]]. He also contributed to the planning of Weimar's botanical park and the rebuilding of its [[Schloss Weimar|Ducal Palace]].<ref name=Weimar/>{{efn|In 1998, both of these sites, together with nine others, were designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] under the name [[Classical Weimar (World Heritage Site)|Classical Weimar]].<ref name=Weimar>{{cite web|title= Classical Weimar UNESCO Justification|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/846|work= Justification for UNESCO Heritage Cites|publisher= UNESCO|access-date= 7 June 2012|archive-date= 29 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220729182249/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/846|url-status= live}}</ref>}}

Goethe's first major scientific work, the ''[[Metamorphosis of Plants]]'', was published after he returned from a 1788 tour of Italy. In 1791 he was made managing director of the [[Deutsches Nationaltheater und Staatskapelle Weimar|theatre at Weimar]], and in 1794 he began a friendship with the [[playwright|dramatist]], historian, and philosopher [[Friedrich Schiller]], whose plays he premiered until Schiller's death in 1805. During this period Goethe published his second novel, ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]''; the verse epic ''[[Hermann and Dorothea]]'', and, in 1808, the first part of his most celebrated drama, ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]''. His conversations and various shared undertakings throughout the 1790s with Schiller, [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], [[Johann Gottfried Herder]], [[Alexander von Humboldt]],<ref name=Daum>{{cite journal|last=Daum|first=Andreas W.|author-link=Andreas Daum|date=March 2019|title=Social Relations, Shared Practices, and Emotions: Alexander von Humboldt's Excursion into Literary Classicism and the Challenges to Science around 1800|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/701757|journal=[[The Journal of Modern History]]|publisher=University of Chicago|volume=91|issue=1|pages=1–37|doi=10.1086/701757|s2cid=151051482|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417173811/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/701757|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], and [[August Schlegel|August]] and [[Friedrich Schlegel]] have come to be collectively termed [[Weimar Classicism]].

The German philosopher [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] named ''Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship'' one of the four greatest novels ever written,<ref name="schopenhauer_art"/>{{efn|The others Schopenhauer named were [[The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman|''Tristram Shandy'']], [[Julie, or the New Heloise|''La Nouvelle Héloïse'']], and ''[[Don Quixote]]''.<ref name="schopenhauer_art">{{cite book |last = Schopenhauer |first = Arthur |chapter = The Art of Literature |title = The Essays of Arthur Schopenahuer |url = http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10714/pg10714.html |access-date = 22 March 2015 |date = January 2004 |archive-date = 4 May 2015 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20150504103459/http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10714/pg10714.html |url-status = live }}</ref>}} while the American philosopher and essayist [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] selected Goethe as one of six "representative men" in his [[Representative Men|work of the same name]] (along with [[Plato]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg]], [[Michel de Montaigne]], [[Napoleon]], and [[William Shakespeare]]). Goethe's comments and observations form the basis of several biographical works, notably [[Johann Peter Eckermann]]'s ''[[Conversations with Goethe]]'' (1836). His poems were set to music by many composers, including [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Franz Schubert]], [[Hector Berlioz]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Richard Wagner]], and [[Gustav Mahler]].

== Life ==
=== Early life ===
[[File:Goethehaus-ffm011.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Goethe House|Goethe's birthplace]] in Frankfurt (Großer Hirschgraben)|alt=Exterior of the Goethe House on Großer Hirschgraben in Frankfurt am Main, showing its multi-storey yellow facade with gray trim and rows of rectangular windows.]]

Through his maternal grandmother, Goethe descended from the [[Soldan family]].<ref>Meier-Braun, Karl-Heinz [in German] (2017), Die 101 wichtigsten Fragen: Einwanderung und Asyl, C.H. Beck, "Dass Johann Wolfgang von Goethe türkische Vorfahren hatte, war bekannt. Dass diese Wurzeln jedoch nach Baden-Württemberg zurückreichen, weniger. Das hat jedenfalls der Brackenheimer Dekan Werner-Ulrich Deetjen herausgefunden Laut dem promovierten Kirchenhistoriker gehen Goethes Vorfahren auf Sadok Selim zurück, der gegen Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts bei Kämpfen mit Kreuzfahrern im Heiligen Land in die Gefangenschaft des Deutschritterordens geriet."</ref><ref>Leiprecht, Rudolf [in German] (2005), Schule in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft: ein Handbuch, Wochenschau Verlag, p. 29, ISBN 9783879202744, "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, einen fremdländischen Vorfahren : Er soll von dem türkischen Offizier Sadok Seli Zoltan abstammen, den Graf Reinhart von Württemberg im Jahre 1291 von einem der Kreuzzüge aus dem Heiligen Land mit nach Süddeutschland gebracht hatte"</ref><ref>Engelmann, Bernt [in German] (1991), Du deutsch?: Geschichte der Ausländer in Deutschland, Steidl, p. 59, ISBN 9783882431858</ref><ref>Maier, Ulrich [in German] (2002), Fremd bin ich eingezogen: Zuwanderung und Auswanderung in Baden-Württemberg, Bleicher Verlag, p. 27, "Gedachter Johann Soldan heiratete Rebekka Dohlerin... Kein Geringerer als Johann Wolfgang von Goethe zählt diesen ehemaligen türkischen Beamten und Offizier zu seinen Vorfahren"</ref> Bernt Engelmann has said that "the German poet prince [i.e. Goethe] with oriental ancestors is by no means a rare exception."<ref>Engelmann, Bernt [in German] (1991), Du deutsch?: Geschichte der Ausländer in Deutschland, Steidl, p. 59, ISBN 9783882431858, "...die er taufen ließ und zur Ehefrau nahm, und fast jeder der heimkehrenden Barone und Grafen hatte Kriegsgefangene in seinem Gefolge...Der deutsche Dichterfürst mit orientalischen Vorfahren stellt indessen keineswegs eine seltene Ausnahme dar."</ref>

Goethe's grandfather, {{ill|Friedrich Georg Goethe|de|Friedrich Georg Göthe}}, moved from [[Thuringia]] in 1687 and changed the spelling of his surname from Göthe to Goethe. In Frankfurt, he first worked as a tailor, then opened a tavern. His son and grandchildren subsequently lived on the fortune he earned. Friedrich Georg Goethe was married twice; his first marriage was to Anna Elisabeth Lutz, the daughter of a burgher Sebastian Lutz, with whom he had five children, including Hermann Jakob Goethe. After the death of his first wife in 1705 he married Cornelia Schellhorn, née Walther, widow of the innkeeper Johannes Schellhorn (died 1704), with whom he had four more children, including Johann Caspar Goethe, father of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Goethe's father, [[Johann Caspar Goethe]], lived with his family in a large house (today the [[Goethe House]]) in [[Frankfurt]], then a [[free imperial city]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Though he had studied [[Jurisprudence|law]] in Leipzig and had been appointed Imperial Councillor, Johann Caspar Goethe was not involved in the city's official affairs.<ref name=Grimm36>[[Herman Grimm]]: ''Goethe. Vorlesungen gehalten an der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin.'' Vol. 1. J.G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger, Stuttgart / Berlin 1923, p. 36</ref> Johann Caspar married Goethe's mother, [[Catharina Elisabeth Goethe|Catharina Elisabeth Textor]], in Frankfurt on 20 August 1748, when he was 38 and she was 17.<ref>Catharina was the daughter of {{ill|Johann Wolfgang Textor|de}} (1693–1771), sheriff (''[[Schultheiß]]'') of Frankfurt, and of Anna Margaretha Lindheimer (1711–1783).</ref> All their children, with the exception of Johann Wolfgang and his sister [[Cornelia Schlosser|Cornelia Friederica Christiana]], died at an early age.

The young Goethe received from his father and private tutors lessons in subjects common at the time, especially languages ([[Latin]], [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], [[Biblical Hebrew]] (briefly),<ref>{{cite book|last=Kruse|first=Joseph A.|chapter=Poetisch-religiöse Vorratskammer – Die Hebräische Bibel bei Goethe und Heine|page=71|title=Goethe und die Juden – die Juden und Goethe|language=de|editor1=Anna-Dorothea Ludewig|editor2=Steffen Höhne|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2018|isbn=9783110530421}}</ref> French, Italian, and English). Goethe also received lessons in dancing, [[equestrianism|riding]], and [[fencing]]. Johann Caspar, feeling frustrated in his own ambitions, was determined that his children should have every advantage he had missed.<ref name=Grimm36 />

Although Goethe's great passion was drawing, he quickly became interested in literature; [[Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock]] and [[Homer]] were among his early favorites.<ref>Oehler, R 1932, "Buch und Bibliotheken unter der Perspektive Goethe – Goethe's attitude toward books and libraries", ''[[The Library Quarterly]]'', 2, pp. 232–249</ref> He also had a devotion to the theater, and was greatly fascinated by the [[puppet]] shows that were annually arranged by occupying French Soldiers at his home and which later became a recurrent theme in his literary work ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]''.

He also took great pleasure in reading works on history and religion. Of this period he wrote:

{{Blockquote|I had from childhood the singular habit of always learning by heart the beginnings of books, and the divisions of a work, first of the [[five books of Moses]], and then of the ''[[Aeneid]]'' and [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]''. ... If an ever active imagination, of which that tale may bear witness, led me hither and thither, if the medley of fable and history, mythology and religion, threatened to bewilder me, I readily fled to those oriental regions, and plunged into the first books of Moses, and there, amid the scattered shepherd tribes, found myself at once in the greatest solitude and the greatest society.<ref>Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. ''The Autobiography of Goethe: Truth and Poetry, From My Own Life'', Volume 1 (1897), translated by [[John Oxenford]], pp. 114, 129</ref>}}

Goethe also became acquainted with Frankfurt actors. Valerian Tornius wrote: ''Goethe – Leben, Wirken und Schaffen''.<ref>Ludwig-Röhrscheid-Verlag, Bonn 1949, p. 26</ref> In early literary attempts Goethe showed an infatuation with ''Gretchen'', who would later reappear in his [[Goethe's Faust|''Faust'']], and the adventures with whom he would describe concisely in ''[[Dichtung und Wahrheit]]''.<ref>[[Emil Ludwig]]: ''Goethe – Geschichte eines Menschen.'' Vol. 1. Ernst-Rowohlt-Verlag, Berlin 1926, pp. 17–18</ref> He adored Caritas Meixner, a wealthy [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] merchant's daughter and friend of his sister, who later married the merchant G. F. Schuler.<ref>[[Karl Goedeke]]: ''Goethes Leben.'' Cotta / Kröner, Stuttgart around 1883, pp. 16–17.</ref>

=== Legal career ===
[[File:Annakatharinaschoenkopf.png|thumb|upright|[[Anna Katharina Schönkopf|Anna Katharina (''Käthchen'') Schönkopf]]|alt=Black-and-white portrait of Anna Katharina Schönkopf.]]

Goethe studied law at [[Leipzig University]] from 1765 to 1768. He detested learning judicial rules by heart, preferring instead to attend the lessons of the university professor and poet [[Christian Fürchtegott Gellert]]. In Leipzig, Goethe fell in love with [[Anna Katharina Schönkopf]], the daughter of a craftsman and innkeeper, writing cheerful verses about her in the [[Rococo]] genre. In 1770, he released anonymously his first collection of poems, ''Annette''. His uncritical admiration for many contemporary poets evaporated as he developed an interest in [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] and [[Christoph Martin Wieland]]. By this time, Goethe had already written a great deal, but he discarded nearly all of these works except for the comedy ''Die Mitschuldigen''. The inn [[Auerbachs Keller]] and its legend of [[Johann Georg Faust]]'s 1525 barrel ride impressed him so much that Auerbachs Keller became the only real place in his [[closet drama]] ''[[Faust Part One]]''. Given that he was making little progress in his formal studies, Goethe was forced to return to Frankfurt at the end of August 1768.

Back in Frankfurt, Goethe became severely ill. During the year and a half that followed, marked by several relapses, relations with his father worsened. During convalescence, Goethe was nursed by his mother and sister. In April 1770, Goethe left Frankfurt to finish his studies, this time at the [[University of Strasbourg]].

In [[Alsace]], Goethe blossomed. No other landscape was to be described by him as affectionately as the warm, wide Rhineland. In Strasbourg, Goethe met [[Johann Gottfried Herder]]. The two became close friends, and crucially to Goethe's intellectual development, Herder kindled his interest in [[William Shakespeare]], [[Ossian]] and in the notion of ''Volkspoesie'' (folk poetry). On 14 October 1772 Goethe hosted a gathering in his parents home in honour of the first German "Shakespeare Day". His first acquaintance with Shakespeare's works is described as his personal awakening in the field of literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-duisburg-essen.de/einladung/Vorlesungen/dramatik/goetheshak.htm |title=Originally speech of Goethe to the ''Shakespeare's Day'' by University Duisburg |publisher=Uni-duisburg-essen.de |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130212080234/http://www.uni-duisburg-essen.de/einladung/Vorlesungen/dramatik/goetheshak.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On a trip to the village of [[Sessenheim]] in October 1770, Goethe fell in love with [[Friederike Brion]],<ref>Herman Grimm: ''Goethe. Vorlesungen gehalten an der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin.'' Vol. 1. J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger, Stuttgart / Berlin 1923, p. 81</ref><ref>Karl Robert Mandelkow, Bodo Morawe: Goethes Briefe. 2. edition. Vol. 1: Briefe der Jahre 1764–1786. ''Christian Wegner'', Hamburg 1968, p. 571</ref> but the tryst ended in August 1771.<ref>Valerian Tornius: ''Goethe – Leben, Wirken und Schaffen''. Ludwig-Röhrscheid-Verlag, Bonn 1949, p. 60</ref> Several of Goethe's poems, like "{{lang|de|Willkommen und Abschied|italic=unset}}", "{{lang|de|Sesenheimer Lieder|italic=unset}}" and "{{lang|de|Heidenröslein|italic=unset}}", date to this period.

At the end of August 1771, Goethe acquired the academic degree of the [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] in Law from Strasbourg and was able to establish a small legal practice in Frankfurt. Although in his academic work he had given voice to an ambition to make [[jurisprudence]] progressively more humane, his inexperience led him to proceed too vigorously in his first cases, for which he was reprimanded and lost further clientele. Within a few months, this put an early end to his law career. Around this time, Goethe became acquainted with the court of [[Darmstadt]], where his inventiveness was praised. It was from that world that there came Johann Georg Schlosser (who later became Goethe's brother-in-law) and [[Johann Heinrich Merck]]. Goethe also pursued literary plans again; this time, his father did not object, and even helped. Goethe obtained a copy of the biography of a [[Nobility|noble]] [[highwayman]] from the [[German Peasants' War]]. In a couple of weeks the biography was reworked into a colourful drama titled ''[[Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe)|Götz von Berlichingen]]'', and the work struck a chord among Goethe's contemporaries.

Since Goethe could not subsist on his income as one of the editors of a literary periodical (published by Schlosser and Merck), in May 1772 he once more took up the practice of law, this time at [[Wetzlar]]. In 1774 he wrote the book which would bring him worldwide fame, ''[[The Sorrows of Young Werther]]''. The broad shape of the work's plot is largely based on what Goethe experienced during his time at Wetzlar with [[Charlotte Buff]]<ref name="KestnerAndLotte">Mandelkow, Karl Robert (1962). ''Goethes Briefe''. Vol. 1: ''Briefe der Jahre 1764–1786''. Christian Wegner Verlag. p. 589</ref> and her fiancé, [[Johann Christian Kestner]],<ref name="KestnerAndLotte" /> as well as the suicide of the Goethes' friend [[Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem]]. In the latter case, Goethe made a desperate passion of what was in reality a hearty and relaxed friendship.<ref>Mandelkow, Karl Robert (1962). ''Goethes Briefe''. Vol. 1: ''Briefe der Jahre 1764–1786''. Christian Wegner Verlag. pp. 590–592</ref> Despite the immense success of ''Werther'', it did not bring Goethe much financial gain since the protection later afforded by copyright laws at that time virtually did not exist. In later years Goethe would counter this problem by periodically authorizing "new, revised" editions of his ''Complete Works''.<ref>See ''Goethe and his Publishers''.</ref>

=== Early years in Weimar ===
[[File:goethe.png|thumb|upright|Goethe {{Circa|1775}}|alt=Engraved portrait of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, shown in profile with one hand in his jacket.]]

In 1775, on the strength of his fame as the author of ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'', Goethe was invited to the court of [[Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]], who later became [[Grand Duke]] in 1815. The Duke's mother, [[Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Duchess Anna Amalia]], had been the long-time regent on behalf of her son until 1775 and was one of the most important patrons of the arts in her day, making her court into a centre of the arts. Her court had hosted the renowned [[Seyler Theatre Company|theatre company]] of [[Abel Seyler]] until a 1774 fire had destroyed [[Schloss Weimar]]. Karl August came of age when he turned eighteen in 1775, although his mother continued to be a major presence at the court. So it was that Goethe took up residence in [[Weimar]], where he remained for the rest of his life<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von |volume=12 |page=183 |first=John George |last=Robertson}}</ref> and where, over the course of many years, he held a succession of offices, including superintendent of the ducal library.<ref>Gosnell, Charles F., and Géza Schütz. 1932. "Goethe the Librarian." ''Library Quarterly'' 2 (January): 367–374.</ref> He was, moreover, the Duke's friend and chief [[adviser]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Peter|last=Hume Brown|author-link=Peter Hume Brown|title=Life of Goethe|year=1920|pages=224–225}}</ref><ref>[https://www.klassik-stiftung.de/uploads/tx_lombkswdigitaldocs/Jahrbuch_2007_Mueller.pdf "Goethe und Carl August – Freundschaft und Politik"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021229/https://www.klassik-stiftung.de/uploads/tx_lombkswdigitaldocs/Jahrbuch_2007_Mueller.pdf |date=9 January 2017 }} by Gerhard Müller, in Th. Seemann (ed.): ''Anna Amalia, Carl August und das Ereignis Weimar''. Jahrbuch der Klassik Stiftung Weimar 2007. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, pp. 132–164 {{in lang|de}}</ref>

In 1776, Goethe formed a close relationship with [[Charlotte von Stein]], a married woman seven years older than him. The intimate bond with her lasted for ten years, after which Goethe abruptly left for Italy without giving his companion any notice. She was emotionally distraught at the time, but they were eventually reconciled.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Stein, Charlotte von |volume=25 |page=871}}</ref>

Aside from his official duties, Goethe was also a friend and confidant to Duke Karl August and participated in the activities of the court. For Goethe, his first ten years at Weimar could well be described as a garnering of a degree and range of experiences which perhaps could have been achieved in no other way. In 1779, Goethe took on the War Commission of the Grand Duchy of [[Saxe-Weimar]], in addition to the Mines and Highways commissions. In 1782, when the Duchy's [[chancellor of the Exchequer]] left his office, Goethe agreed to act in his place and did so for two and a half years; this post virtually made him [[prime minister]] and the principal representative of the Duchy.<ref name=Britannica /> Goethe was [[Ennoblement|ennobled]] in 1782 (hence the particle "[[von]]" in his name). In that same year, Goethe moved into what would be his [[Goethe House (Weimar)|primary residence in Weimar]] for the next 50 years.<ref name = "klassik">{{cite web |url = https://www.klassik-stiftung.de/en/goethe-national-museum/the-goethe-residence/ |title = The Goethe Residence |website = Klassik Siftung Weimar |access-date = 29 July 2022 |archive-date = 29 July 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220729235533/https://www.klassik-stiftung.de/en/goethe-national-museum/the-goethe-residence/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

As head of the Saxe-Weimar War Commission, Goethe participated in the recruitment of mercenaries into the Prussian and British military during the American Revolution. The author Daniel Wilson claims that Goethe engaged in negotiating the forced sale of vagabonds, criminals, and political dissidents as part of these activities.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Craig |first1=Gordon A. |last2=Wilson |first2=W. Daniel |title=The Goethe Case {{!}} W. Daniel Wilson |journal=The New York Review of Books 2022 |language=en |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2000/06/29/the-goethe-case/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |issn=0028-7504 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722121104/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2000/06/29/the-goethe-case/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Italy ===
[[File:Der junge Goethe, gemalt von Angelica Kauffmann 1787.JPG|thumb|upright|Goethe, age 38, painted by [[Angelica Kauffman]] 1787|alt=Oval portrait of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe at age 38, painted in 1787 by Angelica Kauffman, showing him facing slightly left in a brown coat and white cravat.]]
[[File:Louise Seidler - J. W. Goethe 1811.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Goethe, by [[Luise Seidler]] (Weimar 1811)|alt=Pastel portrait of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe painted in 1811 by Louise Seidler, showing him facing forward in dark clothing and a white neckcloth.]]
[[File:Goethe National-Museum am Frauenplan.jpg|thumb|[[Goethe House (Weimar)|Goethe's residence and museum]]|alt=Exterior view of the Goethe National Museum and Goethe’s former residence in Weimar.]]
{{see also|Affair of the Diamond Necklace}}

Goethe's journey to the [[Italian peninsula]] and Sicily from 1786 to 1788 was of great significance in his aesthetic and philosophical development. His father had made a similar journey, and his example was a major motivating factor for Goethe to make the trip. More importantly, however, the work of [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] had provoked a general renewed interest in the classical [[Ancient Greek art|art of ancient Greece]] and [[Roman art|Rome]]. Thus Goethe's journey had something of the nature of a [[pilgrimage]] to it. During the course of his trip Goethe met and befriended the artists [[Angelica Kauffman]] and [[Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein]], as well as encountering such notable characters as [[Emma, Lady Hamilton|Lady Hamilton]] and [[Alessandro Cagliostro]].

He also journeyed to Sicily during this time, and wrote that "To have seen Italy without having seen Sicily is to not have seen Italy at all, for Sicily is the clue to everything."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Desmond |first1=Will D. |title=Hegel's Antiquity |date=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=10 |isbn=978-0-19-257574-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bryDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10}}</ref> While in Southern Italy and Sicily, Goethe encountered, for the first time genuine Greek (as opposed to Roman) architecture, and was quite startled by its relative simplicity. Winckelmann had not recognized the distinctness of the two styles.

Goethe's diaries of this period form the basis of the non-fiction ''[[Italian Journey]]''. ''Italian Journey'' only covers the first year of Goethe's visit. The remaining year is largely undocumented, aside from the fact that he spent much of it in [[Venice]]. This "gap in the record" has been the source of much speculation over the years.

In the decades which immediately followed its publication in 1816, ''Italian Journey'' inspired countless German youths to follow Goethe's example. This is pictured, somewhat satirically, in [[George Eliot]]'s ''[[Middlemarch]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

=== Weimar ===

[[File:Freiheitsbaum.jpg|thumb|A Goethe watercolour depicting a [[liberty pole]] at the border to the short-lived [[Republic of Mainz]], created under influence of the French Revolution and destroyed in the [[Siege of Mainz (1793)|Siege of Mainz]] in which Goethe participated|alt=Watercolour depicting a liberty pole with ribbons beside a river landscape, with small figures and hills in the background.]]

In late 1792, Goethe took part in the [[Battle of Valmy]] against [[revolutionary France]], assisting Duke [[Carl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Karl August]] of [[Saxe-Weimar|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] during the failed invasion of France. Again during the [[Siege of Mainz (1793)|Siege of Mainz]], he assisted Karl August as a military observer. His written account of these events can be found within his ''Complete Works''.

In 1794, [[Friedrich Schiller]] wrote to Goethe offering friendship; they had previously had only a mutually wary relationship ever since first becoming acquainted in 1788. This collaborative friendship lasted until Schiller's death in 1805.

In 1806, Goethe was living in Weimar with his mistress [[Christiane Vulpius]], the sister of [[Christian August Vulpius|Christian A. Vulpius]] and daughter of archivist [[Johann Friedrich Vulpius]], and their son [[August von Goethe]]. On 13 October, [[Napoleon]]'s army invaded the town. The French "spoon guards", the least disciplined soldiers, occupied Goethe's house: {{blockquote|The 'spoon guards' had broken in, they had drunk wine, made a great uproar and called for the master of the house. Goethe's secretary Riemer reports: 'Although already undressed and wearing only his wide nightgown... he descended the stairs towards them and inquired what they wanted from him.... His dignified figure, commanding respect, and his spiritual mien seemed to impress even them.' But it was not to last long. Late at night they burst into his bedroom with drawn bayonets. Goethe was petrified, Christiane raised a lot of noise and even tangled with them, other people who had taken refuge in Goethe's house rushed in, and so the marauders eventually withdrew again. It was Christiane who commanded and organized the defense of the house on the Frauenplan. The barricading of the kitchen and the cellar against the wild pillaging soldiery was her work. Goethe noted in his diary: "Fires, rapine, a frightful night... Preservation of the house through steadfastness and luck." The luck was Goethe's, the steadfastness was displayed by Christiane.<ref>{{cite book|last=Safranski|first=Rüdiger|title=[[Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy]] | publisher=Harvard University Press | year = 1990 |isbn= 978-0-674-79275-3}}</ref>}}

Days afterward, on 19 October 1806, Goethe legitimized their 18-year relationship by marrying Christiane in a quiet marriage service at the Jakobskirche in Weimar. They had already had several children together by this time, including their son, Julius August Walter von Goethe (1789–1830), whose wife, [[Ottilie von Pogwisch]], cared for the elder Goethe until his death in 1832. August and Ottilie had three children: [[Walther von Goethe|Walther, Freiherr von Goethe]] (1818–1885), Wolfgang, Freiherr von Goethe (1820–1883) and Alma von Goethe (1827–1844). Christiane von Goethe died in 1816. Johann reflected, "There is nothing more charming to see than a mother with her child in her arms, and there is nothing more venerable than a mother among a number of her children."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcYZlz0ezQUC&pg=PA385|title=The Child and Childhood in Folk Thought: (The Child in Primitive Culture), p. 385|last=Chamberlain|first=Alexander|date=1896|publisher=MacMillan|isbn=9781421987484 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Ulrike von Levetzow.jpg|upright|thumb|Ulrike von Levetzow|alt=Pastel portrait of a young woman with brown curled hair, wearing a white lace-trimmed dress and a thin necklace.]]

=== Later life ===
After 1793, Goethe devoted his endeavours primarily to literature. In 1812, he travelled to [[Teplice]] and [[Vienna]] both times meeting his admirer [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], who had set music to [[Egmont (Beethoven)|Egmont]] two years prior in 1810. By 1820, Goethe was on amiable terms with [[Kaspar Maria von Sternberg]].

[[File:Goethe und Ulrike.jpg|thumb|upright=.65|Goethe and Ulrike, sculpture by Heinrich Drake in Marienbad|alt=Bronze statue titled Goethe and Ulrike by Heinrich Drake, showing Johann Wolfgang von Goethe standing beside a young woman, displayed outdoors in Marienbad.]]

In 1821, having recovered from a near fatal heart illness, the 72-year-old Goethe fell in love with [[Ulrike von Levetzow]], 17 at the time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Goethes späte Liebe|last=Gersdorff|first=Dagmar von|year=2005|author-link=:de:Dagmar von Gersdorff|publisher=Insel Verlag|isbn=978-3-458-19265-7|language=de}}</ref> In 1823, he wanted to marry her, but because of the opposition of her mother, he never proposed. Their last meeting in [[Carlsbad, Bohemia|Carlsbad]] on 5 September 1823 inspired his poem "[[Marienbad Elegy]]" which he considered one of his finest works.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hamelika.cz/?cz_ulrika-von-levetzowova-(1804-1899),154|title=Ulrika von Levetzowová|language=cs|website=hamelika.cz|access-date=22 March 2022|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018130055/https://www.hamelika.cz/?cz_ulrika-von-levetzowova-(1804-1899),154|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The encounter is described in [[Stefan Zweig]]'s 1927 book, ''[[Decisive Moments in History]]''</ref> During that time he also developed a deep emotional bond with the Polish pianist [[Maria Szymanowska]], 33 at the time, and she separated from her husband.<ref>Briscoe, J. R. (Ed.). (2004). ''New Historical Anthology of Music by Women'' (Vol. 1). Indiana University Press. pp. 126–127.</ref>

In 1821 Goethe's friend [[Carl Friedrich Zelter]] introduced him to the 12-year-old [[Felix Mendelssohn]]. Goethe, now in his seventies, was greatly impressed by the child, leading to perhaps the earliest confirmed comparison to [[Mozart]] in the following conversation between Goethe and Zelter:

{{blockquote|"Musical prodigies ... are probably no longer so rare; but what this little man can do in extemporizing and playing at sight borders the miraculous, and I could not have believed it possible at so early an age." "And yet you heard Mozart in his seventh year at Frankfurt?" said Zelter. "Yes", answered Goethe, "... but what your pupil already accomplishes, bears the same relation to the Mozart of that time that the cultivated talk of a grown-up person bears to the prattle of a child."{{sfn|Todd|2003|p=89}}}}

Mendelssohn was invited to meet Goethe on several later occasions,{{sfn|Mercer-Taylor|2000|pp=41–42, 93}} and set a number of Goethe's poems to music. His other compositions inspired by Goethe include the overture ''[[Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage (Mendelssohn)|Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage]]'' (Op. 27, 1828), and the cantata ''[[Die erste Walpurgisnacht]]'' (''The First Walpurgis Night'', Op. 60, 1832).{{sfn|Todd|2003|pp=188–190, 269–270}}

[[Heinrich Heine]], on his hiking tour through Germany (the trip immortalised in his work ''[[Die Harzreise]]'') was granted an audience with Goethe in 1824 in Weimar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spencer |first1=Hanna |title=Heinrich Heine |date=1982 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |location=MA: Boston |page=34 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1895600010/GVRL?u=ed_itw&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=8038f37b. |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> Heine had been a great admirer of Goethe's in his early youth, sending him some of his earlier works with praising cover notes.<ref>''Ibid.''</ref> The meeting is said to be of a strikingly unsuccessful nature, with Heine completely omitting the meeting in the ''Harzreise'', and speaking flippantly of it in much later life.<ref>''Ibid.''</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Särge Goethe und Schiller.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|Coffins of Goethe and [[Schiller]], Weimar vault|alt=Two dark wooden coffins with metal ring handles, belonging to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller, displayed on stone supports in the Ducal Vault, Weimar.]]
In 1832, Goethe died in [[Weimar]] of apparent heart failure. He is buried in the [[Weimarer Fürstengruft|Ducal Vault]] at Weimar's [[Historical Cemetery, Weimar|Historical Cemetery]].

=== Last words ===
The last words of Goethe usually abridged as {{Lang|de|Mehr Licht!}}, that is, "more light!", although the original claimed last words quote was longer.

The earliest known account was of Karl Wilhelm Müller's, which gives all of his last words:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Karl Wilhelm |title=Goethe's letzte literarische Thätigkeit, Verhältniss zum Ausland und Scheiden nach dem Mittheilungen seiner freunde |date=1832 |publisher=Friedrich Frommann |location=Jena |page=29 |isbn=978-3-598-50924-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vVY6AAAAcAAJ/ |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref> {{Lang|de|"Macht doch den zweiten Fensterladen in der Stube auch auf, damit mehr Licht hereinkomme."}} ("Open the second shutter in the living room so that more light comes in.")

According to his doctor {{ill|Carl Vogel (physician)|de|Carl Vogel (Mediziner)|lt=Carl Vogel}}, his last words were, ''{{Lang|de|Mehr Licht!}}'' (More light!), but this is disputed as Vogel was not in the room at the moment Goethe died, something he himself says in his account:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vogel |first1=Carl |title=Die letzte Krankheit Goethe's beschrieben und nebst einigen andern Bemerkungen über denselben |journal=Journal der Practischen Heilkunde |date=1833 |volume=LXXVI |issue=II |page=17 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011939454&seq=161 |quote={{Lang|de|[...] "Mehr Licht" sollen, während ich das Sterbezimmer auf einen Moment verlassen hatte, die letzten Worte des Mannes gewesen seyn, dem Finsterniss in jeder Beziehung stets verhasst war. [...]}}}} [[Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland]] in his postscript commented: "He ended with the words: "More light" —He has now received it.— We want to be told this as an obituary, to encourage and revive us."
{{cite journal |last1=Hufeland |first1=C. W. |title=Nachschrift |journal=Journal der Practischen Heilkunde |date=1833 |volume=LXXVI |issue=II |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011939454&seq=174 |page=32 |quote={{Lang|de|Er endete mit den Worten: "Mehr Licht" —Ihm ist es nun geworden.— Wir wollen es uns gesagt seyn lassen, als Nachruf, zur Ermunterung und Belebung.}}}}</ref> "[...] "More light" is said to have been the last words of the man, who always hated darkness in every respect, as I had left the dying room for a moment. [...]"

[[Thomas Carlyle]], in his letter to John Carlyle (2 July 1832) records that he had learned the version {{Lang|de|Macht die Fensterladen auf, damit ich mehr Licht bekomme!}} ("Open the shutters so I can get more light!") from [[Sarah Austin (translator)|Sarah Austin]]:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Froude |first1=James Anthony |author1-link=James Anthony Froude |title=Thomas Carlyle: a History of the First Forty Years of His Life, 1795-1835 — In Two Volumes (Vol. II) |date=1882 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZvKVy3i4AkC&pg=PA241}}</ref> "[...] Mrs. Austin wrote lately that Goethe's last words were, {{Lang|de|Macht die Fensterladen auf, damit ich mehr Licht bekomme!}} Glorious man! Happy man! I never think of him but with reverence and pride. [...]" [[John Ruskin]], in his ''Præterita'', narrates a memory of him from his diary record of 25 October 1874 that Carlyle "[...] had been quoting the last words of Goethe, 'Open the window, let us have more light' (this about an hour before painless death, his eyes failing him)."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruskin |first1=John |author1-link=John Ruskin |title=Præterita: Outlines of Scenes and Thoughts, Perhaps Worth of Memory, in My Past Life (Vol. II) |date=1888 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York |page=428 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emtnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA428 |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

Even though the context was different, these words, especially the abridged version, which turned into a dictum, usually used as a mean to illustrate the pro-Enlightenment worldview of Goethe.

=== Aftermath ===
The first production of [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'' took place in Weimar in 1850. The conductor was [[Franz Liszt]], who chose the date 28 August in honour of Goethe, who was born on 28 August 1749.<ref>''[[Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', 5th ed., 1954{{page needed|date=January 2021}}</ref>

===Descendants===
Goethe had five children with Christiane Vulpius. Only their eldest son, August, survived into adulthood. One child was stillborn, while the others died early. Through his son August and daughter-in-law Ottilie, Johann had three grandchildren: Walther, Wolfgang and Alma. Alma died of [[typhoid fever]] during the outbreak in Vienna, at age 16. Walther and Wolfgang neither married nor had any children. Walther's gravestone states: "With him ends Goethe's dynasty, the name will last forever," marking the end of Goethe's personal bloodline. While he has no direct descendants, his siblings do.

== Literary work ==
[[File:-1- Die Leiden des jungen Werthers. Erstdruck.jpg|thumb|First edition of ''The Sorrows of Young Werther''|alt=Open book showing the title page of the 1774 first edition of Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, with decorative vignette and publisher information from Leipzig.]]
[[File:1876 'Faust' by Goethe, decorated by Rudolf Seib, large German edition 51x38cm, from Tamoikin Art Fund.jpg|thumb|1876 'Faust' by Goethe, decorated by [[Rudolf von Seitz|Rudolf Seitz]], large German edition 51x38cm|alt=Decorative leather-bound cover and printed title page of an 1876 illustrated edition of Faust, Part I by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.]]

The most important of Goethe's works produced before he went to Weimar were ''[[Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe)|Götz von Berlichingen]]'' (1773), a tragedy that was the first work to bring him recognition, and the novel ''[[The Sorrows of Young Werther]]'' (German: {{Lang|de|Die Leiden des jungen Werthers}}) (1774), which gained him enormous fame as a writer in the ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'' period which marked the early phase of [[Romanticism]]. Indeed, ''Werther'' is often considered to be the "spark" which ignited the movement, and can arguably be called the world's first "[[Bestseller#Early best sellers|best-seller]]". During the years at Weimar before he met [[Schiller]] in 1794, he began ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]''<ref>Ludwig, Emil (1928) ''Goethe: The History of a Man 1749–1833, Schiller and Wilhelm Meister'' Translated by Ethel Colburn Mayne, New York: G.P. Putnum's Sons.</ref> and wrote the dramas ''[[Iphigenia in Tauris (Goethe)|Iphigenie auf Tauris]]'' (''Iphigenia in Tauris''),<ref>{{cite book|author=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|title=Iphigenia in Tauris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOznAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR15|year=1966|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=15}}</ref> ''[[Egmont (play)|Egmont]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharpe |first1=Lesley |title=Schiller and Goethe's 'Egmont' |journal=[[The Modern Language Review]] |date=July 1982 |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.2307/3728071 |jstor=3728071 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3728071 |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718014110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3728071 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and ''[[Torquato Tasso (play)|Torquato Tasso]]''<ref>Lamport, Francis John. 1990. ''German Classical Drama: Theatre, Humanity and Nation, 1750–1870''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-36270-9}}. p. 90.</ref> and the fable ''[[Reineke Fuchs]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Return to Weimar and the French Revolution (1788–94) |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Wolfgang-von-Goethe/Return-to-Weimar-and-the-French-Revolution-1788-94#ref924364 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718020037/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Wolfgang-von-Goethe/Return-to-Weimar-and-the-French-Revolution-1788-94#ref924364 |url-status=live }}</ref>

To the period of his friendship with Schiller belong the conception of ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years]]'' (the continuation of ''Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship''), the [[idyll]] of ''[[Hermann and Dorothea]]'', the ''[[Roman Elegies]]'' and the verse drama ''[[The Natural Daughter]]''.<ref name="generally">See, generally Schiller, F. (1877). ''Correspondence between Schiller and Goethe, from 1794 to 1805'' (Vol. 1). G. Bell.</ref> In the last period, between Schiller's death, in 1805, and his own, appeared ''[[Faust Part One]]'' (1808), ''[[Elective Affinities]]'' (1809), the ''[[West–östlicher Divan|West-Eastern Diwan]]'' (an 1819 collection of poems in the Persian style, influenced by the work of [[Hafez]]), his autobiographical ''[[Dichtung und Wahrheit|Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit]]'' (''From My Life: Poetry and Truth'', published between 1811 and 1833) which covers his early life and ends with his departure for Weimar, his ''[[Italian Journey]]'' (1816–17), and a series of treatises on art. ''[[Faust, Part Two]]'' was completed before his 1832 death and published posthumously later that year. His writings were immediately influential in literary and artistic circles.<ref name="generally"/>

Goethe was fascinated by [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'', which was one of the first works of [[Sanskrit literature]] that became known in Europe, after being translated from English to German.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&pg=PA9 |title=Sanskrit Drama in Performance |first1=Rachel Van M. |last1=Baumer |first2=James R. |last2=Brandon |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1993 |orig-year=1981 |isbn=978-81-208-0772-3 |page=9}}</ref>

[[File:GoetheAndSchillerMonumentAtWeimar.jpg|thumb|[[Goethe–Schiller Monument]], Weimar (1857)|alt=Photograph of a large bronze statue of two men standing side by side and facing forward. The statue is on a stone pedestal, which has a plaque that reads "Dem Dichterpaar/Goethe und Schiller/das Vaterland".]]

=== Details of selected works ===
The short [[epistolary novel]] ''Die Leiden des jungen Werthers'', or ''[[The Sorrows of Young Werther]]'', published in 1774, recounts an unhappy romantic infatuation that ends in suicide. Goethe admitted that he "shot his hero to save himself", a reference to Goethe's near-suicidal obsession for a young woman, a passion he quelled through writing. The novel remains in print in dozens of languages and its influence is undeniable; its central hero, an obsessive figure driven to despair and destruction by his unrequited love for the young Lotte, has become a pervasive literary [[archetype]]. The fact that ''Werther'' ends with the protagonist's suicide and funeral—a funeral which "no clergyman attended"—made the book deeply controversial upon its (anonymous) publication, for it appeared to condone and glorify suicide. Suicide is considered sinful by [[Christian doctrine]], suicides were denied [[Christian burial]] with the bodies often mutilated. The suicide's property was often confiscated by the Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pipsproject.com/Understanding%20Suicide.html|publisher=Pips Project|title=The Stigma of Suicide – A history|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006120251/http://pipsproject.com/Understanding%20Suicide.html|archive-date=6 October 2007}} See also: {{cite web|url=http://elsinore.ucsc.edu/burial/burialSuicide.html|title=Ophelia's Burial|access-date=4 August 2007|archive-date=25 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625044131/http://elsinore.ucsc.edu/burial/burialSuicide.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Goethe explained his use of ''Werther'' in his autobiography. He said he "turned reality into poetry but his friends thought poetry should be turned into reality and the poem imitated". He was against this reading of poetry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg00goet|title=The Auto-Biography of Goethe. Truth and Poetry: From My Own Life|first=Johann Wolfgang von|last=Goethe|translator=[[John Oxenford]]|date=1848|location=London|publisher=Henry G. Bohn|via=Internet Archive|page={{page needed|date=May 2021}}}}</ref> Epistolary novels were common during this time, letter-writing being a primary mode of communication. What set Goethe's book apart from other such novels was its expression of unbridled longing for a joy beyond possibility, its sense of defiant rebellion against authority, and of principal importance, its total subjectivity: qualities that trailblazed the Romantic movement.

The next work, his epic [[closet drama]] ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'', was completed in stages. The first part was published in 1808 and created a sensation. Goethe finished ''[[Faust Part Two]]'' in the year of his death, and the work was published posthumously. Goethe's original draft of a Faust play, which probably dates from 1773 to 1774, and is now known as the ''Urfaust'', was also published after his death.<ref>''Goethe's Plays, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe'', translated into English with introductions by Charles E. Passage, Publisher Benn Limited, 1980, {{ISBN|978-0-510-00087-5|978-0-510-00087-5}}</ref>

The first operatic version of Goethe's ''Faust'', by [[Louis Spohr]], appeared in 1814. The work subsequently inspired operas and oratorios by [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]], [[Charles Gounod|Gounod]], [[Arrigo Boito|Boito]], [[Ferruccio Busoni|Busoni]] and [[Alfred Schnittke|Schnittke]], as well as symphonic works by [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]], [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] and [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]]. Faust became the [[wikt:ur-|ur-myth]] of many figures in the 19th century. Later, a facet of its plot, i.e., of selling one's soul to the devil for power over the physical world, took on increasing literary importance and became a view of the victory of technology and of industrialism, along with its dubious human expenses. In 1919, the [[world premiere]] complete production of ''Faust'' was staged at the [[Goetheanum]].

[[File:Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein - Goethe in the Roman Campagna - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[Goethe in the Roman Campagna]]'' (1786) by [[Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein]]]]

Goethe's poetic work served as a model for an entire movement in German poetry termed ''Innerlichkeit'' ("introversion") and represented by, for example, [[Heinrich Heine|Heine]]. Goethe's words inspired a number of compositions by, among others, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] (who idolised Goethe),<ref>{{cite web|last=Wigmore|first=Richard|title=A meeting of genius: Beethoven and Goethe, July 1812|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/focus/a-meeting-of-genius-beethoven-and-goethe-july-1812|work=Gramophone|publisher=Haymarket|access-date=6 July 2012|date=2 July 2012|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221200610/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/focus/a-meeting-of-genius-beethoven-and-goethe-july-1812|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], Berlioz and [[Hugo Wolf|Wolf]]. Perhaps the single most influential piece is "Mignon's Song" which opens with one of the most famous lines in German poetry, an allusion to Italy: "''{{lang|de|Kennst du das Land, wo die Zitronen blühn}}''?" ("Do you know the land where the lemon trees bloom?").

He is also widely quoted. Epigrams such as "Against criticism a man can neither protest nor defend himself; he must act in spite of it, and then it will gradually yield to him", "[[Divide and rule]], a sound motto; unite and lead, a better one", and "Enjoy when you can, and endure when you must", are still in usage or are often paraphrased. Lines from ''Faust'', such as "{{lang|de|Das also war des Pudels Kern}}", "{{lang|de|Das ist der Weisheit letzter Schluss}}", or "{{lang|de|Grau ist alle Theorie}}" have entered everyday German usage.

Some well-known quotations are often incorrectly attributed to Goethe. These include [[Hippocrates]]' "Art is long, life is short", which is echoed in Goethe's ''Faust'' and ''Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship''.

== Scientific work ==
{{See also|Goethean science}}
{{Blockquote|As to what I have done as a poet,... I take no pride in it... But that in my century I am the only person who knows the truth in the difficult science of colours—of that, I say, I am not a little proud, and here I have a consciousness of a superiority to many.|[[Johann Eckermann]], ''Conversations with Goethe''}}
[[File:Goethe, Kügelgen, 1810.jpg|thumb|Goethe in 1810. [[Gerhard von Kügelgen]]]]
Although his literary work has attracted the most interest, Goethe was also keenly involved in studies of natural science.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natureinstitute.org/about/who/goethe.htm |publisher=[[The Nature Institute]] |title=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008200414/https://www.natureinstitute.org/about/who/goethe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote several works on [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and colour theory. In the 1790s, he undertook Galvanic experiments and studied anatomical issues together with Alexander von Humboldt.<ref name=Daum /> He also had the largest private collection of minerals in all of Europe. By the time of his death, to gain a comprehensive view in geology, he had collected 17,800 rock samples.

His focus on morphology and what was later called [[Homology (biology)|homology]] influenced 19th-century [[natural history|naturalists]], although his ideas of transformation were about the continuous metamorphosis of living things and did not relate to contemporary ideas of "transformisme" or [[transmutation of species]]. Homology, or as [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] called it "analogie", was used by [[Charles Darwin]] as strong evidence of [[common descent]] and of [[Genetic variability|laws of variation]].<ref name="darwin1">{{cite book|last=Darwin|first=C.R.|year=1859|title=On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life|publisher=John Murray|edition=1st|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=165&keywords=goethe|access-date=9 February 2007|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407174703/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=165&keywords=goethe|url-status=live}}</ref> Goethe's studies (notably with an elephant's skull lent to him by [[Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring|Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring]]) led him to independently discover the human [[Incisive bone|intermaxillary bone]], also known as "Goethe's bone", in 1784, which [[Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet|Broussonet]] (1779) and [[Félix Vicq-d'Azyr|Vicq d'Azyr]] (1780) had (using different methods) identified several years earlier.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=K. Barteczko|author2=M. Jacob|title=A re-evaluation of the premaxillary bone in humans |journal=[[Anatomy and Embryology]]|year=1999 |volume=207 |issue=6 |pages=417–437|doi=10.1007/s00429-003-0366-x |pmid=14760532 |s2cid=13069026 }}</ref> While not the only one in his time to question the prevailing view that this bone did not exist in humans, Goethe, who believed ancient anatomists had known about this bone, was the first to prove its existence in all mammals. The elephant's skull that led Goethe to this discovery, and was subsequently named the Goethean Elephant, is displayed in the [[Ottoneum]] in [[Kassel]], Germany.

During his Italian journey, Goethe formulated a theory of plant metamorphosis in which the archetypal form of the plant is to be found in the ''leaf'' – he writes, "from top to bottom a plant is all leaf, united so inseparably with the future bud that one cannot be imagined without the other".<ref>{{cite book |last=Goethe |first=J.W. |title=Italian Journey |publisher=Suhrkamp ed., vol. 6 | others = Robert R Heitner}}</ref> In 1790, he published his ''[[Metamorphosis of Plants]]''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/agr08000317/|title=Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu Erklären|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072705/https://www.loc.gov/item/agr08000317/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fjuaog1_E0C&q=intermaxillary+bone+prove&pg=PA86|title=Metamorphosis of Plants|access-date=28 August 2008|isbn=978-1-4179-4984-7|author1=Magnus, Rudolf|author2=Schmid, Gunther|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger }}</ref> As one of the many precursors in the history of evolutionary thought, Goethe wrote in ''Story of My Botanical Studies'' (1831):

{{blockquote|The ever-changing display of plant forms, which I have followed for so many years, awakens increasingly within me the notion: The plant forms which surround us were not all created at some given point in time and then locked into the given form, they have been given... a felicitous mobility and plasticity that allows them to grow and adapt themselves to many different conditions in many different places.<ref>Frank Teichmann (tr. Jon McAlice) [http://www.waldorfresearchinstitute.org/pdf/BAIdeaEvolTeich.pdf "The Emergence of the Idea of Evolution in the Time of Goethe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423180129/http://www.waldorfresearchinstitute.org/pdf/BAIdeaEvolTeich.pdf |date=23 April 2013 }} first published in ''Interdisciplinary Aspects of Evolution'', Urachhaus (1989)</ref>}}

Goethe's botanical theories were partly based on his gardening in Weimar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Balzer |first=Georg |date=1966 |title=Goethe als Gartenfreund |location=München |publisher=F. Bruckmann KG }}</ref>

Goethe also popularized the [[Goethe barometer]] using a principle established by [[Evangelista Torricelli|Torricelli]]. According to Hegel, "Goethe has occupied himself a good deal with meteorology; barometer readings interested him particularly... What he says is important: the main thing is that he gives a comparative table of barometric readings during the whole month of December 1822, at Weimar, [[Jena]], London, Boston, Vienna, [[Teplá|Töpel]]... He claims to deduce from it that the barometric level varies in the same proportion not only in each zone but that it has the same variation, too, at different altitudes above sea-level".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hegel|first1=Georg Wilhelm Friedrich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQnOQlowPKMC&dq=goethe+meteorological&pg=PA128|title=Hegel's Philosophy of Nature: Being Part Two of the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1830), Translated from Nicolin and Pöggeler's Edition (1959), and from the Zusätze in Michelet's Text (1847)|last2=Miller|first2=Arnold V.|date=2004|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-927267-9|language=en|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404111142/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQnOQlowPKMC&dq=goethe+meteorological&pg=PA128|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Goethe-LightSpectrum.svg|thumb|Light spectrum, from ''[[Theory of Colours]]''. Goethe observed that with a [[Dispersive prism|prism]], colour arises at light-dark edges, and the spectrum occurs where these coloured edges overlap.]]
In 1810, Goethe published his ''[[Theory of Colours]]'', which he considered his most important work. In it, he contentiously characterized colour as arising from the dynamic interplay of light and darkness through the mediation of a turbid medium.<ref>Aristotle wrote that colour is a mixture of light and dark, since white light is always seen as somewhat darkened when it is seen as a colour. (Aristotle, ''On Sense and its Objects'', III, 439b, 20 ff.: "White and black may be juxtaposed in such a way that by the minuteness of the division of its parts each is invisible while their product is visible, and thus colour may be produced.") See {{Cite book|last1=Aristotle|url=http://archive.org/details/aristotledesensu00arisuoft|title=Aristotle De sensu and De memoria; text and translation, with introduction and commentary|last2=Ross|first2=George Robert Thomson|date=1906|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Robarts – University of Toronto}}</ref> In 1816, [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]] went on to develop his own theory in ''[[On Vision and Colors|On Vision and Colours]]'' based on the observations supplied in Goethe's book. After being translated into English by [[Charles Lock Eastlake|Charles Eastlake]] in 1840, his theory became widely adopted by the art world, most notably [[J. M. W. Turner]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bockemuhl |first=M. |title=Turner |publisher=Taschen, Koln |year=1991|isbn=978-3-8228-6325-1}}</ref> Goethe's work also inspired the philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], to write his ''[[Remarks on Colour]]''. Goethe was vehemently opposed to [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]'s analytic treatment of colour, engaging instead in compiling a comprehensive ''rational description'' of a wide variety of colour phenomena. Although Goethe's empirical observations were largely accurate, his aesthetic approach failed to meet the standards of analytic and mathematical analysis used ubiquitously in modern Science. Goethe was, however, the first to systematically study the physiological effects of colour, and his observations on the effect of opposed colours led him to a symmetric arrangement of his colour wheel, "for the colours diametrically opposed to each other ... are those which reciprocally evoke each other in the eye."<ref>{{cite book |last=Goethe |first=Johann |url=http://theoryofcolor.org/Physiological+Colours#par50 |title=Theory of Colours, paragraph No. 50 |year=1810 |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216232435/https://theoryofcolor.org/Physiological+Colours#par50 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In this, he anticipated [[Ewald Hering]]'s [[Opponent process|opponent colour theory]] (1872).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webexhibits.org/colorart/ch.html|title=Goethe's Color Theory|access-date=28 August 2008|archive-date=16 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916130507/http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/ch.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Goethe outlines his method in the essay ''The experiment as mediator between subject and object'' (1772).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Experiment as Mediator between Subject and Object|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110082845/http://pages.slc.edu/~eraymond/bestfoot.html|url=http://pages.slc.edu/~eraymond/bestfoot.html|archive-date=10 November 2011 }}</ref> In the Kurschner edition of Goethe's works, the science editor, [[Rudolf Steiner]], presents Goethe's approach to science as [[phenomenological model|phenomenological]]. Steiner elaborated on that in the books ''The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA002/English/AP1985/GA002_index.html |title=The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World Conception|access-date=28 August 2008|year=1979}}</ref> and ''Goethe's World View'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA006/English/MP1985/GA006_index.html |title=Goethe's World View|access-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> in which he characterizes intuition as the instrument by which one grasps Goethe's biological archetype—''The Typus''.

[[Novalis]], himself a geologist and mining engineer, expressed the opinion that Goethe was the first physicist of his time and "epoch-making in the history of physics", writing that Goethe's studies of light, of the metamorphosis of plants and of insects were indications and proofs "that the perfect educational lecture belongs in the artist's sphere of work"; and that Goethe would be surpassed "but only in the way in which the ancients can be surpassed, in inner content and force, in variety and depth—as an artist actually not, or only very little, for his rightness and intensity are perhaps already more exemplary than it would seem".<ref>'Goethe's Message of Beauty in Our Twentieth Century World', (Friedrich) [[Frederick Hiebel]], RSCP California. {{ISBN|978-0-916786-37-3}}</ref>

== Eroticism ==
Many of Goethe's works, especially ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'', the ''[[Roman Elegies]]'', and the ''Venetian Epigrams'', depict erotic passions and acts. For instance, in ''Faust'', the first use of Faust's power after signing a contract with the Devil is to seduce a teenage girl. Some of the ''Venetian Epigrams'' were held back from publication due to their sexual content. Goethe clearly saw [[human sexuality]] as a topic worthy of poetic and artistic depiction, an idea that was uncommon in a time when the private nature of sexuality was rigorously normative.<ref>''Outing Goethe and His Age''; edited by Alice A. Kuzniar.{{page needed|date=July 2017}}</ref>

In a conversation on 7 April 1830 Goethe stated that [[pederasty]] is an "aberration" that easily leads to "animal, roughly material" behaviour. He continued, "Pederasty is as old as humanity itself, and one can therefore say, that it resides in nature, even if it proceeds against nature....What culture has won from nature will not be surrendered or given up at any price."<ref name="Gedenkausgabe der Werke, Briefe und Gespräche">{{cite book |last1=Goethe |first1=Johann Wolfgang |title=Gedenkausgabe der Werke, Briefe und Gespräche |date=1976 |publisher=Zürich : Artemis Verl. |page=686 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hX_fAAAAMAAJ |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> In one epigram, which are often facetious and satirical, he wrote: "I love boys as well, but girls are even dearer to me. If I tire of her as a girl, she'll serve as a boy for me as well".<ref name="GoetheNotizbuch1790">{{cite book |last1=Goethe |first1=Johann Wolfgang von |editor-last=Zarncke |editor-first=Friedrich |title=Notizbuch von der schlesischen Reise im Jahre 1790 zur Begrüssing der deutsch-romanischen Section der XXXVII Versammlung deutscher Philologen und Schulmänner in Dessau am 1. October 1884 |date=1884 |publisher=Breitkopf & Härtel |location=Leipzig |page=15 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.%24c187297&seq=19 |access-date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013023937/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c187297&seq=19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Stamp Germany 1999 MiNr2073 Goethe.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Goethe on a 1999 German stamp]]

== Religion and politics ==
Goethe was a [[freethinkers|freethinker]] who believed that one could be inwardly Christian without following any of the Christian churches, many of whose central teachings he firmly opposed, sharply distinguishing between Jesus and the tenets of Christian theology and criticizing its history as a "hodgepodge of mistakes and violence".<ref>The phrase Goethe uses is "Mischmasch von Irrtum und Gewalt", in his "Zahme Xenien" IX, ''Goethes Gedichte in Zeitlicher Folge'', Insel Verlag 1982 {{ISBN|978-3-458-14013-9}}, p. 1121</ref><ref>Arnold Bergsträsser, "Goethe's View of Christ", ''[[Modern Philology]]'', vol. 46, no. 3 (February 1949), pp. 172–202; Martin Tetz, "Mischmasch von Irrtum und Gewalt. Zu Goethes Vers auf die Kirchengeschichte", Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche, 88 (1991) pp. 339–363</ref> His own descriptions of his relationship to the Christian faith and even to the Church varied widely and have been interpreted even more widely, so that while Goethe's secretary [[Johann Peter Eckermann|Eckermann]] portrayed him as enthusiastic about Christianity, Jesus, [[Martin Luther]], and the [[Protestant Reformation]], even calling Christianity the "ultimate religion",<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuAIAAAAQAAJ&q=Jesus&pg=PA424 |title=Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret, Vol. II, pp. 423–424 |access-date=17 July 2014|last1=Goethe |first1=Johann Wolfgang von |last2=Eckermann |first2=Johann Peter |last3=Soret |first3=Frédéric Jacob |year=1850}}</ref> on one occasion Goethe described himself as "not [[anti-Christian]], nor un-Christian, but most decidedly non-Christian,"<ref>Boyle 1992, 353{{incomplete short citation|date=May 2020}}</ref> and in his Venetian Epigram 66, Goethe listed the symbol of the cross among the four things that he most disliked.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2ImAAAAMAAJ&q=goethe+%2B+cross+%2B+garlic&pg=PA299 |title=Venetian Epigrams |access-date=17 July 2014|last1=Thompson |first1=James |year=1895}} ''Venetian Epigrams'', 66, ["Wenige sind mir jedoch wie Gift und Schlange zuwider; Viere: Rauch des Tabacks, Wanzen und Knoblauch und †."]. The cross symbol he drew has been variously understood as meaning Christianity, Christ, or death.</ref> According to [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], Goethe had "a kind of almost ''joyous'' and ''trusting fatalism''" that has "faith that only in the totality everything redeems itself and appears good and justified."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, ''[[The Will to Power (manuscript)|The Will to Power]]'', § 95</ref>

[[File:Weimar Anna Amalia Bibliothek@Jagemann JW Goethe.JPG|thumb|Portrait of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe by [[Ferdinand Jagemann]], 1806]]

Born into a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] family, Goethe's early faith was shaken by news of such events as the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] and the [[Seven Years' War]]. A year before his death, in a letter to [[Sulpiz Boisserée]], Goethe wrote that he had the feeling that all his life he had been aspiring to qualify as one of the [[Hypsistarians]], an ancient sect of the [[Black Sea]] region who, in his understanding, sought to reverence, as being close to the Godhead, what came to their knowledge of the best and most perfect.<ref>Letter to Boisserée dated 22 March 1831 quoted in Peter Boerner, ''Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1832/1982: A Biographical Essay''. Bonn: Inter Nationes, 1981 p. 82</ref> Goethe's unorthodox religious beliefs led him to be called "the great heathen" and provoked distrust among the authorities of his time, who opposed the creation of a Goethe monument on account of his offensive religious creed.<ref name="Krimmer">{{cite book |last1=Krimmer |first1=Elisabeth |author1-link=Elisabeth Krimmer |last2=Simpson |first2=Patricia Anne |title=Religion, Reason, and Culture in the Age of Goethe |date=2013 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |page=99}}</ref> [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]] considered Goethe "a heathen who converted to Islam."<ref name="Krimmer" />

Goethe showed interest in other religions, including Islam, although Karic suggests that attempts to claim Goethe for any religion "is a pointless, Sysiphean task".<ref>Karic, Enes, "Goethe, His Era, and Islam". p. 100. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</ref> At age 23, Goethe wrote a poem about a river, originally part of a dramatic dialogue, which he published as a separate work called ''Mahomets Gesang'' ("Muhammad's Song").<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahomets Gesang |url=https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=6507 |website=The LiederNet Archive |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924184608/https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=6507 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Jolle, Jonas (2004). ''The River and its Metaphors: Goethe's "Mahoments Gesang"''.</ref> The poem's depiction of nature and forces within it is consonant with his [[Sturm und Drang]] years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jolle|first=Jonas|date=2004|title=The River and its Metaphors: Goethe's "Mahomets Gesang"|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/169101|journal=MLN|volume=119|issue=3|pages=431–450|doi=10.1353/mln.2004.0111|s2cid=161893614 |issn=1080-6598|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1819, he published his ''[[West–östlicher Divan]]'' to ignite a poetic dialogue between East and West.<ref>Dallmayr, F. (2002). ''Dialogue Among Civilizations''. NY: Macmillan Palgrave. p. 152.</ref>

Politically, Goethe described himself as a "moderate liberal".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eckermann|first1=Johann Peter|title=Conversations with Goethe|date=1901|publisher=M.W. Dunne|page=320|quote='Dumont,' returned Goethe, 'is a moderate liberal, just as all rational people are and ought to be, and as I myself am.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Selth|first1=Jefferson P.|title=Firm Heart and Capacious Mind: The Life and Friends of Etienne Dumont|date=1997|publisher=University Press of America|pages=132–133}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mommsen|first1=Katharina|title=Goethe and the Poets of Arabia|date=2014|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|page=70}}</ref> He was critical of the radicalism of [[Jeremy Bentham]] and expressed sympathy for the liberalism of [[François Guizot]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peter Eckermann|first=Johann|title=Conversations with Goethe|date=1901|publisher=M.W. Dunne|pages=317–319}}</ref> At the time of the [[French Revolution]], he thought the enthusiasm of the students and professors to be a perversion of their energy and remained skeptical of the ability of the masses to govern.<ref name="McCabe, Joseph pp. 343">McCabe, Joseph. 'Goethe: The Man and His Character'. p. 343</ref> Goethe sympathized with the [[American Revolution]] and later wrote a poem in which he declared, "America, you're better off than our continent, the old."{{sfn|Unseld|1996|pp=[https://archive.org/details/goethehispublish0000unse/page/36 36–37]}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gemünden |first1=Gerd |title=Framed Visions: Popular Culture, Americanization, and the Contemporary German and Austrian Imagination |date=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=18–19}}</ref> He did not join in the anti-Napoleonic mood of 1812, and he distrusted the strident nationalism which started to be expressed.{{sfn|Unseld|1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/goethehispublish0000unse/page/212 212]}} The [[medievalism]] of the [[Heidelberg Romantics]] was also repellent to Goethe's eighteenth-century ideal of a supra-national culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=David B. |title=Goethe's Search for the Muse: Translation and Creativity |date=1979 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |page=83}}</ref>

Goethe was a [[Freemason]], joining the lodge Amalia in Weimar in 1780, and frequently alluded to Masonic themes of universal brotherhood in his work.<ref name="Recasting Cosmopolitanism 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Beachy |first1=Robert |title=Recasting Cosmopolitanism: German Freemasonry and Regional Identity in the Early Nineteenth Century |journal=[[Eighteenth-Century Studies]]|date=2000 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=266–274|jstor=30053687 |doi=10.1353/ecs.2000.0002 |s2cid=162003813 }}</ref> He was also attracted to the [[Illuminati]], a Bavarian secret society founded on 1 May 1776.<ref>{{cite book|title=Die Mitglieder des Illuminatenordens, 1776–1787/93|last=Schüttler|first=Hermann|year=1991|publisher=Ars Una|location=Munich|isbn=978-3-89391-018-2|pages=48–49, 62–63, 71, 82}}</ref><ref name="Recasting Cosmopolitanism 2000"/>

Although often requested to write poems arousing nationalist passions, Goethe would always decline. In old age, he explained why this was so to Eckermann:{{Blockquote|How could I write songs of hatred when I felt no hate? And, between ourselves, I never hated the French, although I thanked God when we were rid of them. How could I, to whom the only significant things are civilization [''Kultur''] and barbarism, hate a nation which is among the most cultivated in the world, and to which I owe a great part of my own culture? In any case this business of hatred between nations is a curious thing. You will always find it more powerful and barbarous on the lowest levels of civilization. But there exists a level at which it wholly disappears, and where one stands, so to speak, above the nations, and feels the weal or woe of a neighboring people as though it were one's own.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Story of Civilization Volume 10: Rousseau and Revolution|author=Will Durant|publisher=Simon&Schuster|page=607|year=1967}}</ref>}}

== Influence ==
[[File:2016-05-07 4904x7356 chicago goethe.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Goethe Monument (Chicago)|Statue]] dedicated "To Goethe the Mastermind of the German People" in Chicago's [[Lincoln Park]] (1913)]] In a letter written to Leopold Casper in 1932, Einstein wrote that he admired Goethe as 'a poet without peer, and as one of the smartest and wisest men of all time'. He goes on to say, 'even his scholarly ideas deserve to be held in high esteem, and his faults are those of any great man'.

Goethe had a breadth of influence on the nineteenth century which in many respects has woven itself into the fabric of ideas which have now become widespread. He produced volumes of poetry, essays, criticism, a theory of [[optics|colours]] and early work on [[evolution]] and [[linguistics]]. He was fascinated by [[mineralogy]], and the mineral [[goethite]] ([[iron oxide]]) is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goethite Mineral Data|url=http://webmineral.com/data/Goethite.shtml|access-date=3 January 2023|website=webmineral.com|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131600/http://webmineral.com/data/Goethite.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> His non-fiction writings, most of which are philosophic and [[aphoristic]] in nature, spurred the development of many thinkers, including [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dahlin|first=Bo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXYpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|title=Rudolf Steiner: The Relevance of Waldorf Education|date=22 June 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-58907-7|pages=45|language=en|quote=It is known —but seldom paid much attention to— that Goethe's natural studies had some influence on Hegel's philosophy.}}</ref> [[Arthur Schopenhauer]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rockmore|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkr8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|title=German Idealism as Constructivism|date=3 May 2016|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34990-9|pages=131|language=en|quote=Goethe's view attracted interest at the time; someone else influenced by Goethe is Schopenhauer.}}</ref> [[Søren Kierkegaard]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Assiter|first=Alison|author-link=Alison Assiter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|title=Kierkegaard, Eve and Metaphors of Birth|date=29 April 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-78348-326-6|pages=126|language=en|quote=Carl Linnaeus, the botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundation for modern biological naming, was a major influence on Goethe. The latter, a well-known influence on Kierkegaard, writes of Linnaeus, [...]}}</ref> [[Friedrich Nietzsche]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HiJxDScYSsC&pg=PA53|title=Nietzsche, Metaphor, Religion|date=18 October 2001|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5087-1|pages=53|language=en|quote=No one would deny that Goethe influenced Nietzsche, but it is important to understand that relationship in very specific terms.}}</ref> [[Ernst Cassirer]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Luft|first=Sebastian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zH-ECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT134|title=The Space of Culture: Towards a Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Culture (Cohen, Natorp, and Cassirer)|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-873884-8|pages=124|language=en|quote=Goethe influenced Cassirer in a crucial aspect of his philosophy of the symbolic.}}</ref> and [[Carl Gustav Jung|Carl Jung]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bishop|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxH0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT198|title=Reading Goethe at Midlife: Ancient Wisdom, German Classicism, and Jung|date=13 July 2020|publisher=Chiron Publications|isbn=978-1-63051-860-8|pages=198|language=en|quote=Goethe's influence on Jung was profound and far-reaching.}}</ref> Along with [[Schiller]], he was one of the leading figures of [[Weimar Classicism]]. [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]] cited Goethe's novel ''Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship'' as one of the four greatest novels ever written, along with ''[[The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman|Tristram Shandy]]'', ''[[Julie, or the New Heloise|La Nouvelle Héloïse]]'' and ''[[Don Quixote]]''.<ref name="schopenhauer_art" /> Nietzsche wrote, "Four pairs it was that did not deny themselves to my sacrifice: [[Epicurus]] and [[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]], Goethe and Spinoza, Plato and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]] and Schopenhauer. With these I must come to terms when I have long wandered alone; they may call me right and wrong; to them will I listen when in the process they call each other right and wrong."<ref>Nietzsche, Friedrich: ''The Portable Nietzsche''. (New York: The Viking Press, 1954)</ref>

[[File:Fidus Bruno Wille Wacholderbaum Lorbeerkranz.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Goethe as a classical poet by [[Fidus]] (1901)|alt=Black-and-white illustration of a large stone-like male head, with two nude female figures standing on either side, one crowning it with a laurel wreath.]]

Goethe embodied many of the contending strands in art over the next century: his work could be lushly emotional, and rigorously formal, brief and [[epigram]]matic, and epic. He would argue that [[Classicism]] was the means of controlling art, and that [[Romanticism]] was a sickness, even as he penned poetry rich in memorable images, and rewrote the formal rules of German poetry. His poetry was set to music by almost every major Austrian and German composer from [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] to [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]], and his influence would spread to French drama and opera as well. [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] declared that a "Faust" Symphony would be the greatest thing for art. [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]] and Mahler both created symphonies in whole or in large part inspired by this [[Social influence|seminal]] work, which would give the 19th century one of its most paradigmatic figures: [[Faust|Doctor Faustus]].

[[File:Goetheanum Dornach.jpg|thumb|Second [[Goetheanum]]]] [[File:Mendelssohn plays to Goethe, 1830.jpg|thumb|Mendelssohn plays to Goethe, 1830: painting by [[Moritz Oppenheim]], 1864]]
The ''Faust'' tragedy/drama, often called ''{{lang|de|'''Das''' Drama der Deutschen}}'' ('''the''' drama of the Germans), written in two parts published decades apart, would stand as his most characteristic and famous artistic creation. Followers of the twentieth-century [[Western esotericism|esotericist]] [[Rudolf Steiner]] built a theatre named the [[Goetheanum]] after him—where festival performances of ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'' are still performed.

Goethe was also a cultural force. During his first meeting with [[Napoleon]] in 1808, the latter famously remarked: "{{Lang|fr|Vous êtes un homme|italic=no}} (You are a man)!"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Friedenthal |first1=Richard |title=Goethe: His Life & Times |date=2010 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |page=389}}</ref> The two discussed politics, the writings of [[Voltaire]], and Goethe's ''Sorrows of Young Werther'', which Napoleon had read seven times and ranked among his favorites.<ref name="Broers">{{cite book |last1=Broers |first1=Michael |title=Europe Under Napoleon |date=2014 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Swales |first1=Martin |title=Goethe: The Sorrows of Young Werther |date=1987 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=100}}</ref> Goethe came away from the meeting deeply impressed with Napoleon's enlightened intellect and his efforts to build an alternative to the corrupt old regime.<ref name="Broers" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Merseburger |first1=Peter |title=Mythos Weimar: Zwischen Geist und Macht |date=2013 |publisher=Pantheon |pages=132–133}}</ref> Goethe always spoke of Napoleon with the greatest respect, confessing that "nothing higher and more pleasing could have happened to me in all my life" than to have met Napoleon in person.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferber |first1=Michael |title=A Companion to European Romanticism |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=450}}</ref> Goethe would receive the ''Légion d'honneur'' from Napoleon himself on 14th October 1808. He was also awarded the [[Order of Saint Anna]] by [[Alexander I of Russia|emperor Alexander]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forsgård |first=Nils Erik |title=September 1808 |date=2009 |publisher=Atlantis |isbn=978-91-7353-321-8 |edition=2. uppl |location=Stockholm |pages=68 |language=Sv}}</ref>

[[Germaine de Staël]], in ''[[On Germany|De l'Allemagne]]'' (1813), presented German Classicism and Romanticism as a potential source of spiritual authority for Europe, and identified Goethe as a living classic.<ref name="RPF">{{cite book |last1=Gillespie |first1=Gerald Ernest Paul |last2=Engel |first2=Manfred |title=Romantic Prose Fiction |date=2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |page=44}}</ref> She praised Goethe as possessing "the chief characteristics of the German genius" and uniting "all that distinguishes the German mind."<ref name="RPF" /> Staël's portrayal helped elevate Goethe over his more famous German contemporaries and transformed him into a European cultural hero.<ref name="RPF" /> Goethe met with her and her partner [[Benjamin Constant]], with whom he shared a mutual admiration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Dennis |title=Benjamin Constant: A Biography |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |page=185}}</ref>

In Victorian England, Goethe's great disciple was [[Thomas Carlyle]], who wrote the essays "Faustus" (1822), "Goethe's Helena" (1828), "Goethe" (1828), "Goethe's Works" (1832), "Goethe's Portrait" (1832), and "Death of Goethe" (1832) which introduced Goethe to English readers; translated ''Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship'' (1824) and ''Travels'' (1826), "Faust's Curse" (1830), [[The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily|"The Tale"]] (1832), "Novelle" (1832) and "Symbolum" at a time when few read German; and with whom Goethe corresponded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sorensen |first=David R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Nvdx-4-CzoC |title=The Carlyle Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=2004 |editor-last=Cumming |editor-first=Mark |location=Madison and Teaneck, NJ |pages=200 |chapter=Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von |isbn=9780838637920 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tennyson |first=G. B. |url=https://archive.org/details/victorianprose00davi/mode/2up |title=Victorian Prose: A Guide to Research |publisher=[[Modern Language Association|The Modern Language Association of America]] |year=1973 |editor-last=Clubbe |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Clubbe (academic) |location=New York |pages=65 |chapter=The Carlyles |isbn=9780873522502 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Goethe exerted a profound influence on [[George Eliot]], whose partner [[George Henry Lewes]] wrote a ''Life of Goethe'' (dedicated to Carlyle).<ref name="Gerlinde">{{cite book |last1=Röder-Bolton |first1=Gerlinde |title=George Eliot and Goethe: An Elective Affinity |date=1998 |publisher=Rodopi |pages=3–8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Albert Malte |date=1939 |title=Goethe, Carlyle, Nietzsche and the German Middle Class |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30169550 |journal=Monatshefte für Deutschen Unterricht |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=162 |jstor=30169550 |url-access=registration |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618112238/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30169550 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eliot presented Goethe as "eminently the man who helps us to rise to a lofty point of observation" and praised his "large tolerance", which "quietly follows the stream of fact and of life" without passing moral judgments.<ref name="Gerlinde" /> [[Matthew Arnold]] found in Goethe the "Physician of the Iron Age" and "the clearest, the largest, the most helpful thinker of modern times" with a "large, liberal view of life".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Connell |first1=W.F. |title=The Educational Thought and Influence of Matthew Arnold |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |page=34}}</ref>

[[File:Goeothe Denkmal Leipzig.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Goethe Monument (Leipzig)|Goethe memorial]] in front of the [[Alte Handelsbörse]], Leipzig]]
It was to a considerable degree due to Goethe's reputation that the city of [[Weimar]] was chosen in 1919 as the venue for the [[Weimar National Assembly|national assembly]], convened to draft [[Weimar constitution|a new constitution]] for what would become known as Germany's [[Weimar Republic]]. Goethe became a key reference for [[Thomas Mann]] in his speeches and essays defending the republic.<ref name="Mundt">{{cite book |last1=Mundt |first1=Hannelore |title=Understanding Thomas Mann |date=2004 |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |pages=110–111}}</ref> He emphasized Goethe's "cultural and self-developing individualism", humanism, and cosmopolitanism.<ref name="Mundt" />

The Federal Republic of Germany's cultural institution, the [[Goethe-Institut]], is named after him, and promotes the study of German abroad and fosters knowledge about Germany by providing information on its culture, society and politics.

The literary estate of Goethe in the Goethe and Schiller Archives was inscribed on [[UNESCO]]'s [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World international register]] in 2001 in recognition of its historical significance.<ref name=mow>{{cite web |title=The literary estate of Goethe in the Goethe and Schiller Archives |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/literary-estate-goethe-goethe-and-schiller-archives |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=2025-04-04 }}</ref>

Goethe's influence was dramatic because he understood that there was a transition in European sensibilities, an increasing focus on sense, the indescribable, and the emotional. This is not to say that he was emotionalistic or excessive; on the contrary, he lauded personal restraint and felt that excess was a disease: "There is nothing worse than imagination without taste". Goethe praised [[Francis Bacon]] for his advocacy of science based on experiment and his forceful revolution in thought as one of the greatest strides forward in modern science.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richter |first1=Simon J. |title=Goethe Yearbook 14 |date=2007 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=113–114}}</ref> However, he was critical of Bacon's inductive method and approach based on pure classification.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Amrine |first1=F.R. |last2=Zucker |first2=Francis J. |title=Goethe and the Sciences: A Reappraisal |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=232}}</ref> He said in ''Scientific Studies'':

{{blockquote|We conceive of the individual animal as a small world, existing for its own sake, by its own means. Every creature is its own reason to be. All its parts have a direct effect on one another, a relationship to one another, thereby constantly renewing the circle of life; thus we are justified in considering every animal physiologically perfect. Viewed from within, no part of the animal is a useless or arbitrary product of the formative impulse (as so often thought). Externally, some parts may seem useless because the inner coherence of the animal nature has given them this form without regard to outer circumstance. Thus...[not] the question, What are they for? but rather, Where do they come from?<ref>Scientific Studies, Suhrkamp ed., vol. 12, p. 121; trans. Douglas Miller</ref>}}
[[File:Weimarer Klassik.jpg|thumb|[[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]], [[Alexander von Humboldt|Alexander]] and [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], and Goethe in Jena, {{Circa|1797}}]]
Goethe's scientific and aesthetic ideas have much in common with [[Denis Diderot]], whose work he translated and studied.<ref name="Roach">{{cite book |last1=Roach |first1=Joseph R. |title=The Player's Passion: Studies in the Science of Acting |date=1993 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=165–166}}</ref><ref name="Fellows">{{cite book |last1=Fellows |first1=Otis Edward |title=Diderot Studies |date=1981 |publisher=Librairie Droz |pages=392–394}}</ref> Both Diderot and Goethe exhibited a repugnance towards the mathematical interpretation of nature; both perceived the universe as dynamic and in constant flux; both saw "art and science as compatible disciplines linked by common imaginative processes"; and both grasped "the unconscious impulses underlying mental creation in all forms."<ref name="Roach" /><ref name="Fellows" /> Goethe's ''Naturanschauer'' is in many ways a sequel to Diderot's ''interprète de la nature''.<ref name="Fellows" />

His views make him, along with [[Adam Smith]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], a figure in two worlds: on the one hand, devoted to the sense of taste, order, and finely crafted detail, which is the hallmark of the artistic sense of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Age of Reason]] and the [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] period of architecture; on the other, seeking a personal, intuitive, and personalized form of expression and society, firmly supporting the idea of self-regulating and organic systems. George Henry Lewes celebrated Goethe's revolutionary understanding of the organism.<ref name="Roach" />

Thinkers such as [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] would take up many similar ideas in the 1800s. Goethe's ideas on [[evolution]] would frame the question that [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] and [[Alfred Russel Wallace|Wallace]] would approach within the scientific paradigm. The Serbian inventor and electrical engineer [[Nikola Tesla]] was heavily influenced by [[Goethe's Faust|Goethe's ''Faust'']], his favorite poem, and had actually memorized the entire text. It was while reciting a certain verse that he was struck with the epiphany that would lead to the idea of the [[rotating magnetic field]] and ultimately, [[alternating current]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seifer|first=Marc J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2DTNDFcC14C&q=wizard+tesla|title=Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla: Biography of a Genius|date=1998|publisher=Citadel Press|isbn=978-0-8065-1960-9|language=en|pages=22, 308|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404111138/https://books.google.com/books?id=h2DTNDFcC14C&q=wizard+tesla|url-status=live}}</ref>

The public university in the city of Frankfurt am Main was named after Goethe, the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Goethe University]].

==Books related to Goethe==
* Biermann, Berthold (ed.).''Goethe's World: As Seen in Letters and Memoirs''.
* [[Nicholas Boyle|Boyle, Nicholas]]. ''Goethe: The Poet and the Age'' (2 vols.).
* [[Georg Brandes|Brandes, Georg]]. ''Wolfgang Goethe''. New York: Crown Publishers, 1936.
* [[Johann Peter Eckermann|Eckermann, Johann Peter]]. ''[[Conversations with Goethe]]''.
* [[Kurt R. Eissler|Eissler, Kurt R.]]. ''Goethe: A Psychoanalytic Study''.
* Friedenthal, Richard. ''Goethe: His Life and Times''.
* ''Goethe-Wörterbuch'' (Goethe Dictionary, abbreviated GWb). Stuttgart. [[Kohlhammer Verlag]]; {{ISBN|978-3-17-019121-1}}
* Hammer, Carl Jr. ''Goethe and Rousseau: Resonances of their Mind''.
* Holm-Hadulla, Rainer Matthias. ''Goethe's Path to Creativity: A Psycho-Biography of the Eminent Politician, Scientist and Poet'', New York: Routledge, 2019. {{ISBN|9780429459535}}
* [[George Henry Lewes|Lewes, George Henry]]. ''The Life of Goethe''.
* [[Emil Ludwig|Ludwig, Emil]]. ''Goethe: The History of a Man''.
* [[Thomas Mann|Mann, Thomas]]. ''[[Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns]]''.
* Nicholls, Angus. ''Goethe's Concept of the Daemonic: After the Ancients''.
* Pagel, Louis. ''Doctor Faustus of the Popular Legend: Marlowe, the Puppet-Play, Goethe, and Lenau: Treated Historically and Critically: a Parallel between Goethe and Schiller: an Historic Outline of German Literature''. 1883.
* [[Jim Reed (academic)|Reed, T. J.]]. ''Goethe''.
* [[Albert Schweitzer|Schweitzer, Albert]]. ''Goethe: Four Studies''.
* Unseld, Siegfried. ''Goethe and his Publishers''.
* Wilkinson, E. M. and [[L. A. Willoughby]]. ''Goethe Poet and Thinker''.
* Williams, John. ''The Life of Goethe. A Critical Biography''.

==Works==
{{Main|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe bibliography}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Poetry|Philosophy|Biography}}
* ''[[Young Goethe in Love]]'' (2010)
* [[Dora Stock]] – her encounters with the 16-year-old Goethe.
* [[Goethe Basin]], a large crater on the planet Mercury
* [[Johann-Wolfgang-von-Goethe-Gymnasium]]
* [[W. H. Murray]] – author of misattributed quotation "Until one is committed ..."
* "[[Nature (Tobler essay)|Nature]]", essay often mis-attributed to Goethe
* [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Goethe University]]

'''Awards named after him'''
* [[Goethe Awards]]
* [[Goethe Prize]]
* [[Goethe Medal]]
* [[Hanseatic Goethe Prize]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book|last=Mercer-Taylor|first=Peter|title=The Life of Mendelssohn|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-521-63972-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmendelssoh0000merc}}
* {{cite book|last=Todd|first=R. Larry|title=Mendelssohn – A Life in Music|location=Oxford, England; New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-511043-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Unseld|first=Siegfried|title=Goethe and His Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/goethehispublish0000unse|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226841908}}

==Further reading==
* Bell Matthew. 1994. ''Goethe's Naturalistic Anthropology : Man and Other Plants.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Johann Wolfgang von Goethe |volume= X |last= Browning |first= Oscar |author-link= Oscar Browning | pages = |short=1}}
* Calder, Angus (1983), '"[[Walter Scott|Scott]] & Goethe: Romanticism and Classicism", in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 13, Summer 1983, pp. 25–28, {{issn|0264-0856}}
* [[André von Gronicka|Von Gronicka, André.]] 1968. ''The Russian Image of Goethe. Volume 1 Goethe in Russian Literature of the First Half of the Nineteenth Century.'' Philadelphia Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Von Gronicka, Andrè. 1985 ''The Russian Image of Goethe. Volume 2 Goethe in Russian Literature of the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century.'' Philadelphia Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Hatfield Henry Caraway. 1963. ''Goethe: A Critical Introduction.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* Jane K. n.d. ''Goethe's Allegories of Identity.'' Philadelphia Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Maertz Gregory. 2017. ''Literature and the Cult of Personality: Essays on Goethe and His Influence.'' New York: Columbia University Press.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von | volume= 12 |last1= Robertson |first1= John George |author1-link= John George Robertson |last2=Phillips|first2=Walter Alison |author-link2=Walter Alison Phillips| pages = 182–189 |short= 1}}
* Robertson, Ritchie. 2016. ''Goethe: A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* {{cite book |last1=Santayana |first1=George |title=Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature, Volume 1: Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe, Critical Edition |date=1910 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=139–202 |chapter=Goethe's Faust |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3efjWVdcfeoC |access-date=22 September 2022}}
* Viëtor, Karl 1950. Bayard Quincy Morgan, trans. ''Goethe the Thinker''. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press.

==External links==
{{external links|date=March 2024}}
{{sister project links|d=Q5879|c=Category:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|s=Author:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|n=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|f=no|wikt=Goethesque|b=no|v=no}}
* {{In Our Time|Goethe|p003c1c8|Goethe}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546n1 "Goethe and the Science of the Enlightenment"] ''In Our Time'', [[BBC Radio 4]] discussion with [[Nicholas Boyle]] and [[Simon Schaffer]] (10 February 2000).
* {{Zeno-Autor|Literatur/M/Goethe,+Johann+Wolfgang}}
* At the [[Linda Hall Library]], Goethe's:
** (1810) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/9882 ''Zur Farbenlehre'' (Atlas)]
** (1840) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/10057 ''Goethe's Theory of Colours; translated from the German: with notes by Charles Lock Eastlake'']
* [http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/judaica/search/quick?query=goethe Works by and about Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in University Library JCS Frankfurt am Main: Digital Collections Judaica]
* [http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/search/label/Goethe Goethe in English] at ''Poems Found in Translation''
* [http://goetheglobal.com Goethe Quotes: New English translations and German originals]

===Electronic editions===
* {{Gutenberg author |id=586| name=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von|name=Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|author=yes}}
* {{ChoralWiki|prep=of|comp='s texts}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Goethe}}
* {{Librivox author |id=63}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/j-w-von-goethe}}

{{Goethe|state=expanded}}
{{Romanticism}}
{{Age of Enlightenment}}
{{German literature}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Associated subjects
|list1=
{{Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship}}
{{The Sorrows of Young Werther}}
{{Elective Affinities}}
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[[Category:Pantheists]]
[[Category:People from Weimar]]
[[Category:German philosophers of art]]
[[Category:German philosophers of culture]]
[[Category:German philosophers of education]]
[[Category:German philosophers of history]]
[[Category:German philosophers of language]]
[[Category:Philosophers of linguistics]]
[[Category:Philosophers of literature]]
[[Category:German philosophers of science]]
[[Category:Philosophers of sexuality]]
[[Category:Philosophers of social science]]
[[Category:Philosophy writers]]
[[Category:German political philosophers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Weimar]]
[[Category:Romantic poets]]
[[Category:Sturm und Drang]]
[[Category:Theorists on Western civilization]]
[[Category:University of Strasbourg alumni]]
[[Category:Writers about activism and social change]]
[[Category:Writers from Frankfurt]]
[[Category:Writers from Weimar]]
[[Category:19th-century German historians]]
[[Category:Mythopoeic writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]

Dharma Vardhiny Sabha

2026-03-27T23:29:52Z

Realsouravbiswas: new article

{{Short description|Great ancient council}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{notability|date=January 2026}}
'''Dharma Vardhiny Sabha''' is a great ancient council conducted by the [[emperor]]s of the [[post-Vedic age]] to debate matters of importance for the wellbeing of [[human]]ity and the planet earth. This tradition was observed and upheld by [[Rama|King Rama]] of the [[Solar dynasty]] and by [[Yudhishthira|King Yudhishthira]] of the [[Kuru dynasty]]. The Sabha in [[Gwalior]] sought to spread education among women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Department |first1=Gwalior (India) Publicity |title=Gwalior Today |date=1940 |publisher=Publicity Department, Government of Gwalior |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gwalior_Today/MXme89NuHx8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Dharma%20Vardhini%20Sabha%22 |access-date=27 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==

=== Dharma ===
[[Dharma]] is a concept in the Sanatana Dharma tradition and has multiple meanings. It has been used in ancient [[Vedas|Vedic]] texts and also the epic [[Ramayana]] where the protagonist [[Rama]] is said to [[Dharma]] manifest in human form. It is also said to have slight changes in each of the four [[yuga]]s namely –
# [[Satya Yuga]]
# [[Treta Yuga]]
# [[Dvapara Yuga]] and
# [[Kali Yuga]]

=== Vardhiny ===
Vardhanam is a samskrit word which means to increase or to escalate.

=== Sabha ===
[[Sabhā|Sabha]] is a Sanskrit term which stands for an assembly or a council.

== Definition ==
Dharma Vardhiny Sabha means a council to increase the awareness of the established Dharma. Thus, any council that propagates and increases the awareness among people of the established dharma is known as the Dharma Vardhiny Sabha.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Vedic period]]

Kannivadi, Dindigul

2026-03-26T02:58:27Z

Realsouravbiswas: basic reworked formatting to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kannivadi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.379|N|77.830|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dindigul District|Dindigul]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluk of India|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dindigul west taluk]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10397
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 624705
| registration_plate = TN57
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kannivadi''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Dindigul District]] in madurai Division,

Kannivadi is one of the largest town panchayats in India, Thoni Malai is a ward in Kannivadi panchayat, which is 25 km from Kannivadi.

Kannivadi was one of the largest towns in Madurai district before it was divided into Dindigul district .

Kannivadi the border of Pandiyanadu

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kannivadi had a population of 10,397. Males constituted 50% of the population and females 50%. Kannivadi has an average [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 54%. In Kannivadi, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

{{Dindigul District}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Palayam]]

{{Dindigul-geo-stub}}

Sieges of Tranquebar (1655–1669)

2026-03-19T13:58:16Z

Realsouravbiswas: new new post more to come

{{Short description|Warfare in South India from 1655 to 1669}}
{{For|other sieges on Dansborg|Siege of Dansborg (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sieges of Tranquebar
| place = [[Tranquebar]], (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[india]])
| image = Tranquebars fortifications in 1671.png
| caption = Tranquebar's fortifications in 1671. Assumed to have been built in the 1660s by Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke
| image_size = 290
| date = 1655–1669
| coordinates = {{coord|11|1|45|N|79|50|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| territory = Poreiar, Tillali, and Erikutanchery ceded to the Danes
| result = Danish victory
| combatant1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Tranquebar]]
| combatant2 = [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke|Eskild Andersen]] {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Henrik Eggers]]
| commander2 = [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak|Vijaya Raghava]]
| units1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Dansborg]] garrison {{Flagicon|Danish India}} ''Færø'' {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Topass]]
| units2 = Unknown
| strength1 = 2 Danes Few Portuguese 1 ship (1669)
| strength2 = Unknown; presumably large
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
}}

The '''sieges of Tranquebar''' ({{Langx|da|Belejringerne af Trankebar}}) refer to the warfare between the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]] and the [[Danish East India Company]] from 1655 to 1669. The Thanjavurian [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] besieged the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]] on multiple occasions; however, they were repelled due to the new fortifications being built around the city. A peace agreement was issued in 1669, ceding four Thanjavurian villages to the Danes.

== Background ==
In 1643, the vessel ''Christianshavn'' would arrive in Tranquebar with the proclaimed governor, [[Willem Leyel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sejerø |first=Olav |title=Trankebarmønter med Skibsnavne |url=https://sejeroe.com/artikler/osskibsnavne2.htm |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=sejeroe.com}}</ref>{{Snf|Bredsdorff|2009}} This would be the last ship from Denmark for 26 years,{{Sfn|Sethuraman|2016|p=476}} as the [[List of wars between Denmark and Sweden|Dano-Swedish War]]s hindered Denmark's ability to send any new [[cargo]] to India.{{Snf|Bredsdorff|2009|p=126}} This led to financial difficulties and a general lack of [[manpower]] in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]].''{{Snf|Bredsdorff|2009|p=126}}''

In 1648, [[Tranquebar Rebellion|a mutiny broke out]] in Tranquebar, and Governor Leyel was subsequently arrested.''{{Snf|Bredsdorff|2009|p=169}}'' He was succeeded by [[Poul Hansen Korsør]], who ruled until his death on 7 September 1655.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=foreningen-trankebar.dk |url=https://foreningen-trankebar.dk/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=foreningen-trankebar.dk}}</ref> Furthermore, the first [[Danish East India Company]] was dissolved in 1650, and the number of Danes in the colony remained only a handful.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-14 |title=Eskild alene i Tranquebar |url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/eskild-alene-i-tranquebar/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=videnskab.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref>

Arriving together with the ''Christianshavn'' in 1643,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Den danske tropekoloni i Trankebar |url=https://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.aerenlund.dk}}</ref> [[Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke]] succeeded Korsør and became the new governor of Tranquebar.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Kongsbakke would try to preserve the economy by regularly sending ships to [[Makassar]] and [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]], and by [[Dano-Mughal War|privateering against Mughal Bengal]].<ref name=":3" />

{{Multi image
| image1 = Danish India 1643-1669.png
| caption1 = Danish settlements, factories, and trading routes in India from 1643–1669
| header =
| total_width = 200
| align = left
}}
== Sieges ==
The [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] of the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur kingdom]], [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak|Vijaya Raghava]], had waged war against [[Gingee]] and [[Madurai]] and therefore needed sufficient money to finance his campaigns.<ref name=":4" /> The Thanjavurians subsequently took advantage of a weakened position of Tranquebar and, in 1655, demanded to raise the early [[tribute]] paid by Tranquebar.''{{Sfn|Gregersen|2018|p=}}''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Bogstaver på Frederik den Tredies blymønter |url=https://danskmoent.dk/artikler/osf3bogs.htm |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=danskmoent.dk}}</ref> When the Danes failed to fulfill this demand, Raghava sent a force to besiege the city, however, Kongsbakke managed to defend the city with the help of local Indians and Portuguese [[Mercenary|mercenaries]].<ref name=":3" />

In 1660, a new siege was initiated, which lasted nine months.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> In response, Kongsbakke initiated the construction of a wall around the whole town,{{Sfn|Dahl|1995|p=31}} and made the locals build a [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] around the city, with four additional towers.<ref name=":4" /> Previously, only [[Fort Dansborg]] was fortified, and the Inhabitants of Tranquebar would subsequently seek shelter there.<ref name=":6" />

In May 1669, the 29-year isolation period was over with the arrival of the Danish frigate [[HDMS Færøe|''Færø'']].<ref name=":3" />''{{Sfn|Gregersen|2018|p=}}'' ''Færø'' arrived with soldiers and provisions under the command of [[Henrik Eggers]].<ref name=":0" /> As a result of ''Færø''<nowiki/>'s arrival, peace was concluded with Vijaya Raghava.''{{Sfn|Gregersen|2018|p=}}''

== Aftermath ==
As a result of the peace, the nayak ceded the villages of Poreiar, Tillali, and Erikutanchery to the Danes, which greatly enlarged the Danish settlement. Meanwhile, ''Færø'' would be sent to [[Java]] to reestablish trade connections with [[Ageng Tirtayasa of Banten|the local sultan]].''{{Sfn|Gregersen|2018|p=}}''

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg}}
* {{Annotated link|HDMS Færøe}}
* {{Annotated link|Tillali Massacre}}
* {{Annotated link|Henrik Eggers}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==

* {{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url= |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9788763530231 |edition= |location=Copenhagen}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gregersen |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDZnDwAAQBAJ&dq=tanjore+krog+1756&pg=PT130 |title=Trankebar |publisher=Forlag A/S |year=2018 |isbn=9788711978337 |pages=12–13 |language=Danish |trans-title=Tranquebar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dahl |first=Bjørn Westerbeek |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/921677.pdf |title=Magasin fra Det kongelige Bibliotek |publisher=Viggo Dalls Musikforlag |year=1995 |isbn= |location=Copenhagen |language=da |trans-title=Magazine from the Royal Library}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sethuraman |first=N. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358783029 |title=The Danish East India Company From Establishment To The Epilogue (1616 – 1729) - A Historical Perspective |publisher=Tamil Nadu History Congress Proceedings |year=2016 |isbn= |edition= |location=[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] |language= |trans-title=}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tranquebar 1655-1669}}
[[Category:Sieges involving Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:17th century in Danish India]]
[[Category:Danish colonisation in Asia]]
[[Category:1650s conflicts]]
[[Category:1660s conflicts]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:1650s in India]]
[[Category:1660s in India]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Battles involving Thanjavur Nayaks]]

Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)

2026-03-19T07:44:49Z

Realsouravbiswas:

{{Short description|Chauhan king of Sambhar (c. 1169–1178)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Pratāpalaṃkeśvara
| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
| reign = 1169–1177
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Prithviraja II]]
| successor = [[Prithviraja III]]
| queen = Karpuradevi
| issue = [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], [[Hariraja]]
| father = [[Arnoraja]]
| mother = Kanchana-devi
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Someshvara''' ([[IAST]]: Someśvara, {{reign}} 1169–1177) was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana dynasty]] and ruled parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India. He was brought up at the [[Chaulukya]] court in [[Gujarat]] by his maternal relatives. After death of [[Prithviraja II]], the Chahamana ministers brought him to the capital [[Ajmer]] and appointed him as the new king. He is said to have commissioned several [[Shiva]] temples in Ajmer, and is best known as the father of [[Prithviraja III]] (Prithviraj Chauhan).

== Early life ==

Someshvara was a son of the Chahamana king [[Arnoraja]]. His mother Kanchana-devi was a daughter of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of [[Gujarat]]. According to the legendary chronicle ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'', some astrologers told Jayasimha that Someshvara's son would be an incarnation of [[Rama]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}} Because of this, Jayasimha took Someshvara to Gujarat, where he was brought up. Jayasimha's successor [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] was also very affectionate towards Someshvara, although he was not on good terms with Arnoraja.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=68}} During the reign of Kumarapala, Someshvara married Karpura-devi, the daughter of king Achala or Tejala of Tripuri. The Tripuri king is identified as the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] ruler [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha-deva]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}} [[Prithviraja III]] and [[Hariraja]], the two sons of Someshvara and Karpura, were born in Gujarat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}}

The ''Prithviraja-Vijaya'' states that Someshvara beheaded the king of Kunkuna (Konkana) during Kumarapala's campaign in that region.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=68}} This king is identified with [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]], the [[Shilahara]] ruler of [[Konkan]]. This event can be dated to sometime between 1160 and 1162 CE. ''Kumarapala-Charita'' gives the credit for killing the Konkana ruler to Amrabhata (alias Ambada), a son of the Chaulukya prime minister Udayana. Historians [[Dasharatha Sharma]] and R. B. Singh theorize that Amrabhata was the chief commander of the campaign, while Someshvara was the subordinate general who actually killed Mallikarjuna.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=157}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}}

== Accession to the throne ==

Someshvara had two half-brothers: [[Vigraharaja IV]] and [[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagaddeva]]. His father Arnoraja was succeeded by Jagaddeva and then Vigraharaja IV. The next two rulers were Vigraharaja's son [[Aparagangeya]] and Jagaddeva's son [[Prithviraja II]].{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1976|p=26}} According to ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'', the Chahamana ministers recalled Someshvara from the Chaulukya court after the death of his nephew Prithviraja II. Someshvara came to the Chahamana capital Ajmer with his family, and became the new king.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}}

According to the [[Bijolia]] inscription, he assumed the title ''Pratapalankeshvara''.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}} Two of his ministers, a father-son duo named Skanda and Sodha, were Gujarati [[Nagar Brahmins]]. They probably accompanied him from Gujarat to Ajmer at the time of his ascension.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=70}}

== Reign ==

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Five inscriptions from Someshvara's reign have been discovered so far. These inscriptions are dated between 1169 CE and 1177 CE (1226-1234 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]). They have been found at Amalda (or Anvalda), Bijolia, [[Dhod]], and Rewasa.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=109}}

According to ''Prithviraja-Vijaya'', Someshvara established a town at the place where the palaces of his brother Vigraharaja IV were located. He named this town after his father. Close to the temples commissioned by Vigraharaja IV, he also commissioned a taller temple dedicated to Vaidyanatha (an aspect of [[Shiva]]). The temple also had images of [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]]. This temple housed an effigy of him and his father on horseback.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=159}} He also commissioned four other temples in Ajmer, one of which was dedicated to Tripurusha. Although he was a [[Shaivite]], he was tolerant towards [[Jainism|Jains]], as indicated by his grant of the Revna village to a [[Parshvanatha]] temple.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=69-70}}

He issued [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]]-style copper coins that bear the name ''Shri Someshvara-deva'' with the picture of a horse on one side; and the legend ''Ashavari Shri-Samanta-deva'' with the picture of a humped bull on the other side. His son Prithviraja III also issued similar coins. These coins were inspired by the Tomara bull-and-horseman coins featuring the legend ''Shri Samanta-deva''. The Chahamanas succeeded the Tomaras in [[Delhi]], which resulted in this imitated coinage.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=158-159}}

The historically unreliable ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' claims that Someshvara died in a battle against [[Bhima II]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat. This claim is historically inaccurate, but there is some evidence of a conflict between the Chaulukyas and the Chahamanas during his reign. According to [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] inscription of Bhima II, his ancestor [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]] (the son of Kumarapala) extracted tribute from the ruler of Sapadalaksha (the Chahamana territory). The Chaulukya court poet [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]] (not to be confused with the king), in his ''Kirtikaumudi'', also states that Ajayapala obtained a ''mandapika'' (pavallion) and some elephants from the ruler of the Jangala country (a part of the Chahamana territory). [[Dasharatha Sharma]] identifies Someshvara as the ruler subdued by Ajayapala.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=70}} Historian R. B. Singh, on the other hand, theorizes that the supposed 'tribute' was merely a gift sent by Someshvara to Ajayapala's on latter's ascension to the throne; the event was exaggerated into a claim of victory by the Gujarat poets. To support his theory, Singh argues that the Chaulukya power had weakened considerably after Kumarapala's death, and they could not have subdued the powerful Chahamanas at this time.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=157-158}}

Someshvara appears to have died in 1177 CE (1234 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]), and was succeeded by his elder son [[Prithviraja III]] (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan in the vernacular folk legends). The last inscription from Someshvara's reign and the first inscription from Prithviraja's reign are both dated to this year. Prithviraja, who was a minor at the time, ascended the throne with his mother as the regent.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=72}} The ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' claims that Someshvara himself installed Prithviraja on the throne, and then [[Vanaprastha|retired to the forest]]. But this claim doesn't appear to be historically accurate.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1976|p=38}}

==In popular culture==
* 2006–2009: ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'', broadcast by [[Star Plus]], where he was portrayed by [[Jas Arora]].
* 2025: ''Chakravarti Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan'', broadcast by [[Sony Entertainment Television]], played by [[Ronit Roy]].

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150}}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Ramgarhia Bunga

2026-03-15T08:11:34Z

Realsouravbiswas: refine layout per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Three-storied building situated at entrance of the Golden Temple complex}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Twin towers of Ramgarhia Bunga, Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, India (2013).jpg
| width1 = 240
| image2 = Golden-Temple-Wide-View.jpg
| width2 = 240
| footer = Twin towers of Ramgarhia Bunga, located behind the [[Golden Temple]] on opposite side of [[Akal Takht]]. Designed like a [[minaret]], they are an 18th-century Sikh watchtowers to detect and defend against Afghan Islamic army attacks.
}}

'''Ramgarhia Bunga''' is the three-storeyed red stone [[watchtower]]s complex located near southeastern edge of the [[Golden Temple]], [[Amritsar]].<ref name=pht1/> The two minaret-style Ramgarhia Bunga high towers are visible from the ''parikrama'' (circumambulation) walkway around the Harmandir Sahib Sarovar (water tank).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA435 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=435}}</ref> It is a pre-[[Ranjit Singh]] structure built by [[Sikh]] warrior and [[Ramgarhia]] [[misl]] chief [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] in late 18th-century,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=2532&cat=14|title=sikhchic.com | The Art and Culture of the Diaspora | Restoration of The Bunga Ramgharia|website=www.sikhchic.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/Amritsar/Amritsar.htm|title = Untitled Document}}</ref> after the 1762 destruction and desecration of the Sikh holy temple and site by the Afghan Muslim forces led by Ahmed Shah Abdali.<ref name=pht1/> The Bunga watchtowers-related infrastructure was constructed to station sentinels to watch for any surprise attack, house soldiers to help fortify the area, and to protect the holy complex from desecration.<ref name=pht1>[http://punjabtourism.gov.in/Downloads/Brochures/Golden%20Temple%20Amritsar%20Darbar%20Sahib.pdf The Golden Temple], Punjab Heritage and Tourism Promotion Board, Government of Punjab, India</ref><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p74"/>

The Ramgarhia Bunga houses the granite slab of ''[[Peacock Throne|Takht-e-Taus]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/archive/features/ਜੱਸਾ-ਸਿੰਘ-ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹੀਆ-ਦੀ-ਅਨਮੋਲ-ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨੀ-ਬੁੰਗਾ-ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹੀਆ-956254|title=ਜੱਸਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹੀਆ ਦੀ ਅਨਮੋਲ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨੀ : ਬੁੰਗਾ ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹੀਆ|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> from the [[Red Fort]] on which, according to the [[oral tradition]], all the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] were crowned in [[Delhi]]. This slab was seized by Sikhs from Delhi, during an attack against the Mughal armies, and brought back to [[Amritsar]] as a symbol that the Mughal Empire will end with the removal of their coronation stone.<ref name=pht1/>

==History==
[[Image:Darbar Sahib and Ramgarhia bunga.JPG|250px|thumb|right|Ramgarhia Bunga and [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] illuminated on [[Guru Nanak Dev]] [[Gurpurab]]]]
During the reign of the Muslim [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperors, The Golden Temple was damaged many times, but each time it was rebuilt by the [[Sikh]]s. Sardars of the 12 [[Sikh]] [[Misl]]s decided that some of the [[Khalsa]] leaders must be housed inside it for its protection against their enemies. According to Fenech and McLeod, during the 18th century, Sikh misl chiefs and rich communities built over 70 such ''Bungas'' of different shapes and forms around the Golden Temple to watch the area, house soldiers and defend the temple.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p74"/> Such ''Bungas'' were also built near major Sikh shrines elsewhere on the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 18th-century.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p74"/> The Ramgarhia Bunga was originally constructed in 1755 by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Teja |first=Charanjit Singh |date=7 June 2025 |title=In photos: Echoes of valour & faith resound at grand Sikh structure Ramgarhia Bunga |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/echoes-of-valour-faith-resound-at-ramgarhia-bunga/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=The Tribune |quote=Over time, the building suffered damage, especially during the 1905 earthquake and the 1984 Operation Blue Star.}}</ref>

[[Ramgarhia]] [[misl]] chief [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] had conquered territory as far afield as [[Delhi]], where he removed the slab from the [[Peacock throne|Takht-e-Taus]] on which the Mughal coronation ceremonies were held. He brought the slab to [[Amritsar]] and placed it in the Ramgarhia Bunga where it still lies.

In the 19th century, these served defensive purposes, provided accommodation for Sikh pilgrims and some served as centers of learning.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p74">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=74–75}}</ref> Most of the Bungas were demolished during and after the British colonial era, often to improve the facilities for growing number of pilgrims in the 20th-century. The Ramgarhia Bunga is single surviving example of the Bunga-related historic infrastructure in [[Amritsar]],<ref name="pht1" /> along with [[Akal Takht]] which originally was built as the Akal Bunga on the other side of holy tank.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p74" /> The [[1905 Kangra earthquake]] caused extensive damage to the complex, particularly by destroying the top domes of its two burj watchtowers, which were left unrepaired until 2010–11.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=THEN TOP LOST IN 1905, MORE DAMAGE IN '84 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-bathinda/20140606/281921656105755 |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times (Bathinda) |quote=The old Nanakshahi bricks have been concealed with pink tiles on the outer walls of the two minarets of Ramgarhia Bunga. The top portion of the minarets was demolished after damage in earthquake in 1905. The structure thereafter remained flat on the top; but to give it back its original look the upper portion was rebuilt in 2001-02. It still does not resemble the original structure, particularly the stone used.}}</ref> The complex experienced heavy damage due to [[Operation Blue Star]] in 1984.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 2025, a twenty-year-old restoration project was completed.<ref name=":0" />

==Architecture==
[[Image:Templo dorado-Amritsar-India087.JPG|200px|thumb|Rebuilt top dome of one of the two burj towers. The top domes were only repaired in 2001–02, almost a century after the original domes were destroyed in a 1905 earthquake.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />]]
Ramgarhia Bunga consists of three flat-roofed ranges, each of two principal storeys, arranged round three sides of a courtyard and is constructed almost of small burnt bricks ([[Nanakshahi bricks|Nanakshahi]]) set in lime and mud mortar.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030301/punjab1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> The colonnade and the triple arches are of red sandstone. The undersides of the vaults and all the walls were finished internally and externally with lime plaster and lime wash, much of it decorative with arches. Lower levels are approached by two flights of steps, one from outside and the other from within the courtyard.

The rebuilt top domes of the two burj watchtowers do not resemble the originals due to the differences in material uses, with the original domes consisting of [[Nanakshahi bricks]].<ref name=":1" />

==Ramgarhia misl==
{{main|Ramgarhia Misl}}
Ramgarhia misl chief [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] was a brave Sikh leader. He had redesigned<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/architecture/ram-rauni|title = Ram Rauni| encyclopedia=The Sikh Encyclopedia -ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ |date = 19 December 2000 | last1=Gujral | first1=Maninder S. }}</ref> a mud fortress ''Ram Rauni'' in 1748 about a mile from [[Golden Temple]] which was used to house and keep soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Parm B Singh|title=Golden Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mX_XAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Punjabi University|isbn=978-81-7380-569-1|page=23}}</ref> The place was named so in honour of fourth [[Sikh Guru]] [[Guru Ram Das|Shri Guru Ram Das Ji]], who have founded the [[Amritsar]] city. The place was later known as ''Quila Ramgarh'' due to its fortification by [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]]. The [[Ramgarhia Misl]] derives its name from this place which literally means ''Custodians of the Castle of God''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060330/aplus.htm#1|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Amritsar PLUS}}</ref> The Quila Ramgarh has already lost its very existence and its location is adjacent to Gurudwara Sri Ramsar Sahib and Guru Ramdas Khalsa Senior Secondary School on Ramsar Road, [[Amritsar]].

Ramgarhia bunga remains a symbol of the [[Ramgarhia]] Sikh community's identity, their historic sacrifices and contribution to defending the Golden Temple over the centuries.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Norman Gerald Barrier|title=Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DIN0AAAAMAAJ| year=1999|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-236-2|page=264}}</ref>

==Renovation==
The original domes on the [[minarets]] were damaged and then removed in 1903 because of an earthquake. The minarets were again heavily damaged by Indian artillery fire during [[Operation Blue Star]] in 1984,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep16/punjab.htm|title=tribuneindia... Punjab|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn5IDwAAQBAJ|title=INDIA'S MAJOR MILITARY & RESCUE OPERATIONS|last1=Pandey|first1=Hemant Kumar|last2=Singh|first2=Manish Raj|publisher=Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd)|year=2017|isbn=978-9386369390|pages=154}}</ref> but later renovated by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sgpc.net/bunga.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010192312/http://sgpc.net/bunga.asp|url-status=dead|title=Conservsation of Ramgarhia Bunga|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref> and the [[Ramgarhia]] Society Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia Federation.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/amritsar/news/ramgarhia-bunga-to-be-rescued-for-6-years-073113-4564397.html|title=6 साल से अटके रामगढ़िया बुंगा की मरम्मत शुरू हाेने की उम्मीद|date=16 May 2019|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> Later, some Babas of Kar Sewawale had done colossal damage to the heritage site by converting a portion into their abode.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081118/punjab1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> There are also plans to convert basement of bunga to Sikh museum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bunga-ramgarhia-to-be-converted-into-museum/|title=Bunga Ramgarhia to be converted into museum|date=8 May 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Golden Temple]]
* [[Jallianwala Bagh]]

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
Image:New--Plan-of-Harmandar-rp.jpg|Location of bunga in Darbar sahib complex (no. 17)
Image:Golden Temple 1880.jpg|Golden Temple in year 1880
Image: Entrance to the Golden Temple, Amritsar in 1870.jpg|Bunga visible behind Golden Temple in 1870
Image: 1880 photograph of the Golden Temple, Darbar Sahib, sacred pool and nearby buildings, Amritsar.jpg|Golden temple view from Ramgarhia bunga
Image:Harmindir_Sahib,_Amritsar,_Punjab,_India.jpg|Darbar Sahib night view
Image: Historic stone slab of Mughal throne.jpg|Slab of Mughal throne placed in Bunga<ref>{{Cite web | title=Amritsar - like you have never seen before! | url=https://kunalkhurana.com/amritsar-2018/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015171328/https://kunalkhurana.com/amritsar-2018/ | access-date=2025-02-16 | archive-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>
Image: Amritsar golden temple2.jpg|Bunga as seen from main entrance of Golden Temple
Image:Amritsar golden temple.jpg
Image:I (21).JPG
Image:Harmandir Sahib 2.jpg
Image:Golden Temple 1.jpg
Image:Goldentemple (82).JPG
Image:Bunga Ramgarhia.png
Image:View of the Golden Temple from the main entry gate.jpg
Image:Across the Pool to the Golden Temple of Amritsar by Edwin Lord Weeks.jpg
Image:Weeks Edwin The Golden Temple Amritsar 1890.jpg
Image:Golden Temple 6 (155389985).jpeg
Image:LINE of Golden Tempal.jpg
Image:Golden Temple 1194.jpg
Image:Morning at the Golden Temple, Amritsar.jpg
Image:Golden Temple ,night.view.jpg|Night view of Bunga in Golden Temple complex.

</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100206201529/http://www.vikramasentamritsar.com/amritsar.html Ramgarhia Bunga before 1984 and now renovated bunga]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQrl4I_jJRg A Documentary on Ramgarhia Bunga]

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Amritsar]]

Maharashtra University of Health Sciences

2026-03-15T05:32:04Z

Realsouravbiswas: quick enhance content for clarity

{{short description|Higher education institute in Nashik, India}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Maharashtra University of Health Sciences
| native_name =
| image = Muhs_logo_png.png
| image_size = 150px
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1998|6|3}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Medical University]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Ajay Chandanwale
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| profess =
| city = [[Nashik]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| campus =
| free_label =
| free =
| coordinates =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| fightsong =
| nickname =
| affiliations =
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|www.muhs.ac.in/Default.aspx|muhs.ac.in}}
| publictransit =
| telephone =
| coor =
| logo = File:Maharashtra University of Health Sciences logo(2).svg
}}

'''Maharashtra University of Health Sciences''' ('''MUHS''') is a higher Medical education institution in [[Nashik, Maharashtra]], India.

==History==
The university was established on 3 June 1998 by the state [[Government of Maharashtra]] through an ordinance. The State Legislature passed the ordinance and the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences was declared open by the governor of Maharashtra on June 10, 1998. All colleges and institutions imparting education in health science in the state of Maharashtra have been affiliated to this new university under Section 6(3) of the Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muhsnashik.com/MUHS_Act_1998_English_Version.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007100211/http://www.muhsnashik.com/MUHS_Act_1998_English_Version.htm|title=MUHS Act, 1998|archivedate=October 7, 2008}}</ref>

==Academics==

Postgraduate courses awarded are versatile including [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.) in various areas, [[Master of Surgery]] (M.S.), as well as [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) courses and other PG diplomas.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.muhs.ac.in/upload/List%20_of%20affiliated_%20Colleges%20_141013.pdf | title=Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108175732/https://www.muhs.ac.in/upload/List%20_of%20affiliated_%20Colleges%20_141013.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-08 }}</ref>

==Vice Chancellors==

# Dr. Dayanand G. Dongaonkar
# Dr. Dilip G. R. Mhaisekar
# Lt. Gen. (Dr.) Madhuri Kanitkar
# Dr. Ajay Chandanwale

Dr. Rajendra Bangal, Registrar

==Affiliated medical colleges==

=== Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) ===

Medical colleges affiliated with the university, {{as of|2019|7|lc=yes}}:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muhsnashik.com/academic/Affiliation_Regarding_Status_2011_12_250711.pdf|title=Important Notice Regarding Affiliation Status of Health Sciences Colleges for the Academic Year 2011-12|access-date=2012-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511040016/http://www.muhsnashik.com/academic/Affiliation_Regarding_Status_2011_12_250711.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
# Government Medical College, [[Gadchiroli]]
#[[Grant Medical College]], Mumbai
#[[Hinduhridaysamrat Balasaheb Thackeray Medical College and Dr. R. N. Cooper Municipal General Hospital]], [[Juhu]]
#[[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital]], Sion, Mumbai
#[[Seth G.S. Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital]], Mumbai
#[[Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai]], Mumbai
#[[Armed Forces Medical College]], Pune
#[[Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College, Dhule]]
#[[ACPM Medical College]], Dhule
#[[B. J. Medical College|B. J. Government Medical College, Pune]]
#[[Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College]], [[Nanded]]
#[[Dr. V. M. Government Medical College]], Solapur
#[[Ashwini Rural Medical College]], Solapur
#[[Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon]]
#[[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College]], Amravati
#[[Government Medical College, Akola|Government Medical College]], Akola
#[[Government Medical College, Aurangabad|Government Medical College]], Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar
#[[Government Medical College, Baramati]]
#[[Government Medical College, Chandrapur]]
#[[Government Medical College, Jalgaon]]
#[[Government Medical College, Latur|Government Medical College]], [[Latur District]]
#[[Government Medical College, Miraj]], Sangli
# [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur]]
#[[Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur]]
#[[K J Somaiya medical college]], Mumbai
#[[Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research]], Jalna
#[[Government Medical College, Gondia]]
#MIMER Medical College, Talegaon Dabhade
#[[Maharashtra Institute of Medical Science and Research, Latur]]
#[[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]], Wardha
#[[Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College Hospital and Research Center]], Nashik
#[[N.K.P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences]], Nagpur
#[[Rajiv Gandhi Medical College]], Kalwa, Thane
#[[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha]]
#[[R.C.S.M. Govt Medical College and CPR Hospital, Kolhapur]]
#[[Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College]], Yavatmal
#Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune
#[[Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College]], [[Beed District]]
#[[Terna Medical College]], Navi Mumbai
#B.K.L. Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Sawarde, Ratnagiri<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kalia |first1=Nitisha |title=Top medical colleges in Maharashtra |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/articles/top-medical-colleges-in-maharashtra-110918 |publisher=Medical Dialogues |date=3 May 2023}}</ref>
#[[Prakash Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]], Urun-Islampur, Sangli
#[[Vedantaa Institute Of Medical Sciences]], Dahanu
#Bharatratna Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical College, Pune
#[[S.M.B.T Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre]], Nashik
#[[D.V.V.P.’s Medical College]], A’nagar
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.muhs.ac.in/ Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]

{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}
{{Universities in Maharashtra}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharashtra University Of Health Sciences}}
[[Category:Maharashtra University of Health Sciences| ]]
[[Category:Medical and health sciences universities in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Nashik district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Public medical universities]]
[[Category:Universities in Maharashtra]]

Cambay amber

2026-03-13T22:33:30Z

Realsouravbiswas: new a post

{{Short description|Amber deposits in India}}

The '''Cambay amber''' are deposits of [[amber]] that are located in [[Cambay State|Cambay]], western India that dates back to the early [[Eocene|Eocene epoch]] around 52-50 million years ago. It occurs in [[Lignite|lignitic]] and muddy sediments concentrated by near-shore [[Chenier|chenier systems]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Rust |first1=Jes |last2=Singh |first2=Hukam |last3=Rana |first3=Rajendra S. |last4=McCann |first4=Tom |last5=Singh |first5=Lacham |last6=Anderson |first6=Ken |last7=Sarkar |first7=Nivedita |last8=Nascimbene |first8=Paul C. |last9=Stebner |first9=Frauke |last10=Thomas |first10=Jennifer C. |last11=Solórzano Kraemer |first11=Monica |last12=Williams |first12=Christopher J. |last13=Engel |first13=Michael S. |last14=Sahni |first14=Ashok |last15=Grimaldi |first15=David |date=2010-10-26 |title=Biogeographic and evolutionary implications of a diverse paleobiota in amber from the early Eocene of India |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=43 |pages=18360–18365 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1007407107 |doi-access=free |pmc=2972964 |pmid=20974929 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10718360R }}</ref>
[[File:ZooKeys-148-105-g002 Prostylotermes kamboja.jpg|thumb|Amber from the Cambey Amber deposits preserving [[Prostylotermes]] kamboja]]

The amber was being deposited during an important time in Earth's history as the peak of the [[Early Eocene Climatic Optimum]] (EECO) was occurring. It was also deposited during a geologically and tectonically important time in the history of India. At this time, [[Paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system|India was colliding into the continent]] of Asia undoubtedly causing significant biotic interchange between both landmasses with India acting as a “biotic [[ferry]]”. This means that the Cambrey amber deposits could be helpful in aiding in the understanding of the [[biotic interchange]] between India and Asia during this time.<ref name=":0" />

During India's drift northwards, it triggered [[Deccan Traps|extensive volcanism]] causing extinction events on the subcontinent. This is likely what lead to the disappearance of many lineages originating from [[Gondwana]] and explaining why many species originate from [[Laurasia]].

== Biota ==
[[File:ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Parastylotermes krishnai.jpg|thumb|''[[Parastylotermes|Parastylotermes krishnai]]'']]
The anatomy and chemistry of associated [[Fossil wood|wood fossils]] indicate a definitive source of plants that are part of [[Dipterocarpaceae]] family.<ref name=":0" />

=== Arthropods ===
The amber of this deposit are partially [[Polymerization|polymerized]] and readily dissolves in [[organic solvents]]. This allows for the extraction of whole insects from the amber. There have been fourteen orders, more than 55 families and 100 [[arthropod]] species that have been found here. This diversity also includes many [[Eusociality|eusocial]] species of [[insect]]s including [[Apinae|corbiculate bees]], [[Rhinotermitidae|rhinotermitid termites]], and modern subfamilies of [[ant]]s. This shows that groups of eusocial insects radiated in diversity during the [[Early Eocene Climatic Optimum]] or just prior to it during the [[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum|Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]] (PETM).<ref name=":0" />

==== Isoptera ====
[[File:ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Nanotermes isaacae.jpg|thumb|''[[Nanotermes|Nanotermes isaacae]]'']]
[[File:ZooKeys-148-105-g001 Zophotermes ashoki.jpg|thumb|[[Zophotermes|Zophotermes ashoki]]]]
[[Termite]] species have been described in the amber deposited. They include [[Parastylotermes|''Parastylotermes krishnai'']], ''[[Prostylotermes kamboja]]'', [[Zophotermes|''Zophotermes ashoki'']] and [[Nanotermes|''Nanotermes isaacae'']]. Together these species represent some of the earliest [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] records of termites and the oldest definitive record of [[Termitidae]]. Many of these species show affinities with [[Laurasia]]n lineages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=Michael S. |last2=Grimaldi |first2=David A. |last3=Nascimbene |first3=Paul |last4=Singh |first4=Hukam |date=2011-11-21 |title=The termites of Early Eocene Cambay amber, with the earliest record of the Termitidae (Isoptera) |journal=ZooKeys |language=en |issue=148 |pages=105–123 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.148.1797 |pmid=22287892 |bibcode=2011ZooK..148..105E |doi-access=free |issn=1313-2970|pmc=3264413 }}</ref>

==== Ephemeroptera ====
[[Mayfly|Mayflies]] have also been discovered in the Cambay amber deposits. The first to be discovered was ''[[Aikahika veta]]'' belonging to the family [[Leptophlebiidae]]. ''A. veta'' currently represents the oldest unambiguous occurrence of [[Atalophleboculata]] and is also one of the few Gondwanan survivors from large amounts of [[volcanism]] on the Indian plate.

==== Chironomidae ====
The presence of insects belonging to the fly family [[Chironomidae]] also exist here. They are similar to those found in [[Dominican amber|Dominican Amber]] except [[Podonominae]] is found in the Cambay amber deposits and not in Dominica. Members include [[Chironominae]] (''[[Lauterborniella]]'', ''[[Microtendipes]], [[Parachironomus]], [[Stempellina]], [[Stempellinella]] and [[Tanytarsus]]''), [[Orthocladiinae]] (''[[Corynoneura]]'' and ''[[Pseudosmittia]]'') ''[[Paraboreochlus]]'' and ''[[Prodiamesa]]''. The presence and diversity of Chironomidae in these deposited indicates that there was the presence of freshwater habitats and standing water bodies as well as [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]] in this region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stebner |first=Frauke |last2=Baranov |first2=Viktor |last3=Zakrzewska |first3=Marta |last4=Singh |first4=Hukam |last5=Giłka |first5=Wojciech |date=2017-06-01 |title=The Chironomidae diversity based on records from early Eocene Cambay amber, India, with implications on habitats of fossil Diptera |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217303103 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=475 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.019 |issn=0031-0182|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Amber]]

Mariyammal Balamurugan

2026-03-09T08:36:47Z

Realsouravbiswas:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Tamil name|Balamurugan|Mariyammal}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mariyammal Balamurugan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|4|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| clubnumber = 34
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2023–2024
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| nationalyears1 = 2020
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2018–2021
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 =
| nationalgoals2 =
| nationalyears3 = 2021–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 3
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| medaltemplates =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 24 September 2023
}}
'''Mariyammal Balamurugan''' (born 14 April 2003) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] from Tamil Nadu, who plays as a midfielder for [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] in the [[Indian Women's League]] and the [[India women's national football team]]. She has also played for [[Sethu FC]] and [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]].

== Early life ==
Mariyammal hails from [[Salem district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and hails from a family of farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariyammal Balamurugan |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/103911 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=the-aiff.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Tamil Nadu’s belles of the ball |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/meet-tamil-nadus-belles-of-the-ball/articleshow/88970031.cms |access-date=2022-01-18 |website=The Times of India }}</ref> She started playing football at a young age and was scouted from the 2018 Khelo Indian Games.<ref name="bridge">{{Cite web |last=Bontra |first=Soumya |date=2022-01-20 |title=Meet the 23 players who can create history for Indian football |url=https://thebridge.in/football/asian-cup-2022-indian-womens-football-players-28507 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-09 |title=These TN women footballers dribble past challenges and make it to the national team |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/these-tn-women-footballers-dribble-past-challenges-and-make-it-to-the-national-team/articleshow/90091475.cms |access-date=2023-09-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mariyammal has represented India in the U16 and U19 AFC qualifiers. She made her senior international debut in the [[2021 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus]] against Brazil.<ref name="bridge"/> In January 2022, she was named in the Indian team to play AFC Women's Asian Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=Hosts India name 23-member squad for AFC Women's Asian Cup, recovering Bala Devi misses out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/indfblafc-1.6350283 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours==
'''Kickstart'''
* [[Karnataka Women's League]]: 2023–24

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/103911?type=club Mariyammal Balamurugan] at AIFF
* {{GSA player|b-mariyammal/288424}}

{{India squad 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balamurugan, Mariyammal}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Footballers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:Kickstart FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]

Capture of Gawilghur

2026-03-08T11:51:50Z

Realsouravbiswas: improve section per standard format

{{Short description|1803 battle of the Second Anglo-Maratha War}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{one source|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Capture of Gwalior
| place = [[Gwalior Fort]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| image = Assault of Fort Gawilghur by Jean Duplessis-Bertaux.jpg
| caption = Assault on the [[Gwalior Fort]]
| result = [[British Empire|British]] victory
| partof = [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]
| combatant1 = [[British Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Maratha Empire]]
| date = 15 December 1803
| commander2 = Beni Singh Rajput{{KIA}}
| commander1 = [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Maratha War}}

The '''capture of Gawilghur''' in western [[India]] by [[British East India Company]] forces under the command of Sir [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] on 15 December 1803 during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] was the culminating act in the defeat of the forces of [[Raghoji II Bhonsle]], Rajah of [[Berar Province|Berar]]. [[Gawilghur]]'s garrison of 3000 was commanded by Beni Singh Rajput, assisted by Manoo Bapu, who was the cousin of Raje Bhosale of Nagpur and [[Killedar]] Rana Shivsingh, a [[Rajput]] [[Commander]] of [[Narnala]] and also the Governor of Gawilgad and surrounding forts. Rana Shivsingh Rajput was brother-in-law of Jamadar Beni Singh Rajput.{{efn|In [[Dictionary of National Biography]] '''Gawilghur''' is spelt '''Guzzulgaum''' {{harv|Stephens|1886|p=350}}.}}<ref name=Naravane/>

==Prelude==
At the time, Gawilghur was considered unassailable and the defenders believed they could hold the mountain fortress regardless of whatever the British Army threw at it. The defensive works consisted of two fortresses, one outer and one inner. The Outer Fort was considered more of a decoy, and behind that lay a ravine, across which lay the gate to the Inner Fort. An army could theoretically capture the Outer Fort before realizing that the greater task lay in assaulting the inner. The Inner Fort was protected by several gates, the first of which was the least defensible. After breaking through that first gate, however, an assaulting army would turn sharply to the left and follow a narrow passage up to a second gate, all the while being attacked by the defenders from above.

==Assault==

[[File:Assault of Fort Gawilghur by Jean Duplessis-Bertaux.jpg|thumb|Assault of Fort Gawilghur by Jean Duplessis-Bertaux]]

This was largely the case when Arthur Wellesley's army attacked Gawilghur. Lieutenant Colonel Kenny, of the [[11th Regiment of Foot]] succeeded in taking the Outer Fort, and led the assault on the Inner Fort, supported by [[flank companies]] of the [[94th Regiment of Foot]], and [[sepoy]]s from [[James Stevenson (East India Company officer)|Major General James Stevenson]]'s division. At the same time, the [[74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot|74th]] and [[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Highlanders]] diverted the attention of the defenders by false attacks from the south.

After the bombardment commenced on 12 December, the assault on the 14th might have been doomed to failure in the narrow passageways of the Inner Fort had it not been for the bravery of an officer of the 94th. Captain Campbell and his [[Light infantry|Light Company]] made a "daring ascent ...on the seemingly impossible southern face." They were then able to open the gates of the inner fort for the main force. The British had 132 casualties, while the Maratha's casualties amounted to 1200, including the deaths of Manoo Bapu and the [[Killedar]], Beni Singh.<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=72–73}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
When the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second Anglo-Maratha war]] ended, Gawilghur was returned to the Maratha Empire, although it was never again used as a stronghold.

==Popular culture==
[[Lady Elizabeth Longford]], in her book ''Wellington, the Years of the Sword'', quotes [[Jac Weller]] whose opinion of Gawilghur was that 'three reasonably effective troops of Boy Scouts armed with rocks could have kept out several times their number of professional soldiers'.

The capture of Gawilghur was dramatized in ''[[Sharpe's Fortress]]'' by [[Bernard Cornwell]], although credit for the breakthrough was given to Cornwell's fictional character Richard Sharpe, not Captain Campbell.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite DNB |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |wstitle=Campbell, Colin (1776-1847) |volume=8 |pages=350–351 }}

[[Category:Battles involving British India|Gawilghur 1803]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Gawilghur 1803]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom|Gawilghur 1803]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Anglo-Maratha War|Gawilghur 1803]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1803]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
[[Category:History of the Madras Engineer Group]]
[[Category:December 1803]]
[[Category:1803 in India]]

Observance of Christmas by country

2026-03-07T21:06:08Z

Realsouravbiswas:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{very long|date=October 2025}}
{{copy edit|date=December 2025}}
{{image frame|content={{Photo montage
| photo1a = MRW 9094 (45376149615) (cropped).jpg{{!}}School Children help to decorate a Christmas tree, in Washington DC, United States
| photo1b = Jouets de noël (cropped).jpg{{!}}Children in Cameroon receiving their boxes from Operation Christmas Child
| photo2a = Reyes Magos 2014.jpg{{!}} Three Wise Men procession in Chacas, Peru
| photo2b = Christmas tree in marunouchi (cropped).jpg{{!}}Christmas Tree in Tokyo, Japan
| photo3a = 2018 Christmas in Damascus 13971005 20 (cropped).jpg{{!}} Christmas Carnival in Damascus, Syria
| photo3b = Nativity scene at Government House, Brisbane, Australia, Christmas 2019 (cropped).jpg{{!}} Nativity scene, Brisbane, Australia
| photo5a = Christmas cracker pull (cropped).jpg{{!}} Guests at a Christmas meal, Salford, United Kingdom
| photo5b = Gov. Wolf- Santa’s Reindeer Approved for Flight, Pennsylvanians Can Expect Christmas Eve Deliveries (cropped).jpg{{!}}Santa Claus in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| size = 350
| spacing = 3
| color = #FFFFFF
}}
| width = 365
| caption = [[Christmas]] traditions around the world, From the top left, left to right: decorating a [[Christmas tree]] in [[Washington DC]], receiving gifts in [[Cameroon]], procession of [[Biblical Magi]] in [[Chacas]], [[Christmas decoration]] in [[Tokyo]], Christmas Carnival in [[Damascus]], [[Nativity scene]] in [[Brisbane]], [[Christmas cracker]]s and [[Christmas dinner]] in [[Salford]], [[Santa Claus]] in [[Hershey, Pennsylvania]].
}}
The observance of [[Christmas]] around the world varies by country and by religion. The day of Christmas, and in some cases [[Christmas Eve|the day before]] and [[Boxing Day|the day after]], are recognized by many national [[government]]s and [[culture]]s worldwide, including in areas where [[Christianity]] is a [[minority group|minority]] religion, which are usually found in Africa and Asia. In some non-Christian areas, periods of former [[Colonialism|colonial]] rule introduced the celebration (e.g., [[Hong Kong]]); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday.

[[Christmas traditions]] for many nations include the installation and decoration of [[Christmas tree]]s, the hanging of [[Advent wreath]]s, [[Christmas stocking]]s, [[candy cane]]s, setting out cookies and milk, the creation of [[Nativity scene]]s depicting the birth of [[Jesus Christ]] and giving gifts to others.<ref>{{Cite web |author=|date=2009-10-27 |title=History of Christmas - Origins, Traditions & Facts |url=https://www.history.com/articles/history-of-christmas |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> [[Christmas carol]]s may be sung and stories told about such figures as the [[Baby Jesus]], [[Saint Nicholas]], [[Santa Claus]], [[Father Christmas]], [[Christkind]] or [[Ded Moroz|Grandfather Frost]]. The sending and exchange of [[Christmas card]]s, observance of [[fasting]], and special religious observances such as a Midnight [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Vespers]] on [[Christmas Eve]], the burning of a [[Yule log]], and the [[History of Christmas Gift Giving|giving and receiving of presents]] are also common practices. Along with [[Easter]], Christmas is one of the most important periods on the Christian calendar, and is often closely connected to other holidays at this time of year, such as [[Advent]], the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]], [[Saint Nicholas Day]], [[Saint Stephen's Day]], [[New Year]]'s, and the [[Epiphany (holiday)|Feast of the Epiphany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Christmas.aspx|title=Christmas|publisher=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

[[File:Countries that recognize Christmas as a Public Holiday.svg|thumb|upright=2.0|Map of countries where Christmas is a formal public holiday either on 24/25 December or 6/7 January. Color shading indicates "days of rest". Note: Slovenia does have two days of rest, but the 26th is not a Christmas-related public holiday ([[Independence and Unity Day (Slovenia)|Independence and Unity Day]]).]]

Many national governments recognize Christmas as an official [[public holiday]], while others recognize it in a symbolic way but not as an official legal observance. Countries in which Christmas is not a formal public holiday include Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Cambodia, China (excepting Hong Kong and [[Macau]]), the Comoros, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, the Maldives, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Qatar, the [[Sahrawi Republic]], Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, and Yemen. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is not a public holiday but is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees.

Christmas celebrations around the world can vary markedly in form, reflecting differing cultural and national traditions. Among [[Christian state|countries with a strong Christian tradition]], a variety of Christmas celebrations have developed that incorporate regional and local cultures.

== Africa ==
{{further|Christianity in Africa}}

===Egypt===
Christmas is celebrated by [[Copts|Coptic Christians]] in Egypt. It is largely celebrated on 7 January, which is a public holiday in Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=National Holidays in Egypt in 2025 |url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/egypt/2025 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Office Holidays |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ethiopia and Eritrea ===
{{Further|Ethiopian Christmas}}
Christmas Day, known as Ledet in [[Eritrea]] and Gena in [[Ethiopia]], is celebrated on 7 January (29 Tahsas of the [[Ethiopian calendar]]). Many Christians in Eritrea and Ethiopia observe a 40-day [[Religious fasting|fast]] before the holiday, culminating in dawn church services on Christmas morning. The day features vibrant musical celebrations with priests in ceremonial robes performing rituals, including dancing and drumming. A traditional hockey-like game called [[gena]] is played in the afternoon, with the community leader awarding a prize to the winner. Most Ethiopians wear a traditional ''shamma'', a thin, white cotton wrap with brightly colored stripes across the ends. The celebration is followed by the three-day festival of [[Timkat]], starting on 19 January, which commemorates the baptism of Jesus Christ.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2012 |title=An Ethiopian Christmas |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/travel/2012/01/06/an_ethiopian_christmas.html |work=thestar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leddet (Ethiopian Christmas) |url=https://www.stoneagetour.com/leddet-ethiopian-christmas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730123416/https://www.stoneagetour.com/leddet-ethiopian-christmas/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 July 2019 |accessdate=1 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Nigeria ===
Christmas Day is a [[Public holidays in Nigeria|public holiday in Nigeria]]. Urban Nigerians visit their ancestral villages to be with family and to bless the less fortunate. Nigerians visit markets to buy and transport live chickens, goats, and cows for the Christmas meals.<ref name=afokansi2>[[#Afokansi|Afokansi]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-11-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Afokansi|reason= The anchor (Afokansi) [[Special:Diff/634014573|has been deleted]].}}, "Abundance of food and drinks"</ref>

On Christmas Eve, traditional meals vary regionally. Nigerians tend to prepare various meats in large quantities.<ref name=afokansi2/> In the south, a dish called [[jollof rice]] is served with stews of various meats, along with boiled beans and fried plantains; in the north, rice and stew, as well as ''[[tuwon shinkafa]]'', a rice pudding served with various meat stews, are preferred. In the north, several local desserts are also made.<ref name=afokansi2/> An alternative in both regions is a pepper soup with fish, goat, or beef, often served with [[fufu]] (pounded yams). Alcoholic drinks such as traditional [[palm wine]] or various local and imported beers and wines are consumed; children and women may be served soft drinks instead.<ref name=afokansi2/>

Gift giving in Nigeria often involves money and the flow of gifts from the more fortunate to the less fortunate.<ref name=afokansi6>[[#Afokansi|Afokansi]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-11-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Afokansi|reason= The anchor (Afokansi) [[Special:Diff/634014573|has been deleted]].}}, "Financial donations"</ref> Nigerians assist relatives, often financially, during Christmastide.<ref name=afokansi6/> Cash and elaborately wrapped gifts may be given out at parties; sometimes cash is scattered in the air to be grabbed by others or stuck onto the sweaty foreheads of those dancing.<ref name=afokansi6/>

===Senegal===
Christmas is a popular holiday in the Muslim-majority country of [[Senegal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal, a Muslim Country that Can't Get Enough Christmas |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=VOA |date=24 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-24 |title=Senegal celebrates Christmas, popular holiday in Muslim nation |url=https://www.sfgate.com/world/article/Senegal-celebrates-Christmas-popular-holiday-in-6720122.php |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=SFGATE |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
Christmas in South Africa is a public holiday celebrated on 25 December.<ref name="publicholidays">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/aboutsa/holidays.htm |title=Public holidays |publisher=Government Communication and Information Service |access-date=26 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101165214/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutsa/holidays.htm |archive-date=1 November 2008 }}</ref> Many European traditions are maintained, despite the distance from Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetownmagazine.com/events/public-holidays/Christmas-Day-Public-Holiday/2012-12-25/130_37_2812 |title=Christmas Day (Public Holiday) |work=Cape Town Magazine |access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref>

Christmas trees are set up in homes, and children are given presents in their stockings.<ref name="Christmas in South Africa">{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/south_africa.shtml|title=Christmas in South Africa|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The Christmas meal can include mince pies, turkey, gammon, beef tongue, [[turducken]], corned beef, green salad, roast beef, or a barbecue outdoors. The meal is finished with Christmas pudding, ice cream, or trifle. [[Christmas crackers]] are used to make noise.<ref name="Christmas in South Africa"/>

=== Ghana ===
In [[Ghana]], Christmas, known locally as ''Bronya'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matson |first=J. N. |date=1956 |title=History in Akan Words |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406607 |journal=Transactions of the Gold Coast & Togoland Historical Society |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=63–70 |jstor=41406607 |issn=2026-6707}}</ref> is celebrated on 25 December, with both 25 and 26 December recognized as public holidays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Public Holidays and Commemorative Days in the Republic of Ghana for the Year 2024 |url=https://www.mint.gov.gh/statutory-public-holidays/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Ministry of the Interior│Republic of Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Americas ==
==== Cuba ====
The Communist Regime led by [[Fidel Castro]] abolished the paid Christmas holiday in 1969, citing that workers were needed to continue the sugar harvest. In 1998, the regime declared 25 December a leisure day, as requested by [[Pope John Paul II]] as a condition for him to visit the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/cuba-ends-its-30year-ban-on-christmas-1193525.html|title=Cuba ends its 30-year ban on Christmas|work=The Independent}}</ref>

==== Guatemala ====
On Christmas in Guatemala, people [[Dress-Up|dress up]] in an ornamental hat, called a {{Lang|es|puritina}}, and dance in a line. As with much of the country's culture, the celebration includes Spanish and Mayan elements.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_461513758/christmas_festivities_guatemala.html |title=Christmas Festivities, Guatemala – Picture|encyclopedia=MSN Encarta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030144016/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461513758/Christmas_Festivities_Guatemala.html |archive-date=30 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Canada ====
{{Redirect|Christmas in Canada|the South Park episode|It's Christmas in Canada}}[[File:Rideau Canal, UNESCO World Heritage.jpg|thumb|right|Christmas in [[Ottawa]], Canada]]

Christmas Day is one of five [[Public holidays in Canada|Canadian statutory holidays]] observed nationwide, and [[Boxing Day]] is a federal holiday that is also observed in select provinces. Christmas Eve is not a statutory holiday in any jurisdiction, but many businesses and government entities individually choose to close early or for the entire day on 24 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10931000/toronto-whats-open-closed-christmas-boxing-day/|title=Toronto 2024: What's open, closed on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Boxing Day|last=Rodrigues|first=Gabriella|accessdate=4 January 2025|date=23 December 2024|work=Global News}}</ref> In the Canadian provinces where English is the predominant language, Christmas traditions are largely similar to those of the United States, with some lingering influences from the United Kingdom and newer traditions brought by immigrants from other European countries. [[Mince pie]]s, [[plum pudding]], and [[Christmas cake]] are traditionally served as Christmas dinner desserts, following the traditional meal of roast turkey, stuffing, potatoes, and winter vegetables. [[Christmas cracker|Christmas table crackers]] are not uncommon and, in some parts of [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[Nova Scotia]], Christmas traditions include [[mummers play|mummers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/travel/39050-mummers-fest-just-part-rocking-yuletide|title=Mummers fest just part of rocking Yuletide|work=The Chronicle Herald|date=14 April 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifeasahuman.com/2010/arts-culture/creativity/mummering-in-nova-scotia/|title=Mummering in Nova Scotia|work=LIFE AS A HUMAN|date=24 June 2010 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

North American influences on Christmas are evident in the hanging of stockings on Christmas Eve, to be filled by Santa Claus. Canadian children believe that the home of Santa Claus is located at the North Pole, in Canada,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/santa-claus-a-canadian-immigration-minister-reaffirms|title=Santa Claus a Canadian, Immigration Minister Confirms|author=Kenyon Wallace|date=22 December 2010|work=National Post|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> and, through [[Canada Post]], address thousands of letters to Santa Claus each year, using the [[Postal codes in Canada|postal code]] designation ''[[H0H 0H0]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/12/03/santa-canada-post-20-million_n_1126273.html|title=Canada Post's Santa Mail Expecting 20 Millionth Letter Soon|date=3 December 2011|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042111/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/12/03/santa-canada-post-20-million_n_1126273.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As Canada is a cold, dark country in winter, lights are often put up in public places and on commercial and residential buildings in November and December. Many communities have celebrations that include light events, such as the [[Cavalcade of Lights Festival]] in [[Toronto]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/special_events/cavalcade_lights/2012/index.htm |title=Special Events Office – Festivals and Events – Living In Toronto |publisher=City of Toronto |date=30 November 2013 |access-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312203027/http://www.toronto.ca/special_events/cavalcade_lights/2012/index.htm |archive-date=12 March 2013 }}</ref> the [[Montreal]] Christmas Fireworks, or the Bright Nights in [[Stanley Park]], [[Vancouver]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vancouver.ca/parks-recreation-culture/bright-nights-train.aspx |title=Bright Nights Christmas Train in Stanley Park |publisher=City of Vancouver |access-date=14 December 2013}}</ref> A national program, Christmas Lights Across Canada (later renamed to [[Winter Lights Across Canada]]), illuminates Ottawa, the national capital, and the 13 provincial and territorial capitals.<ref>[http://blogs.ottawacitizen.com/2011/11/26/canadian-christmas-region-by-region/ Canadian Christmas Region by Region] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129001829/http://blogs.ottawacitizen.com/2011/11/26/canadian-christmas-region-by-region/ |date=29 November 2011 }}, Ottawa Citizen, 26 November 2011, Retrieved 18 November 2012</ref>

In the province of [[Quebec]], Christmas traditions include ''[[réveillon]]'', ''[[Père Noël]]'' ('Father Christmas'), and the ''[[bûche de Noël]]'' ([[Yule log]]), among many others.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121231020846/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/christmas-in-canada Christmas in Canada], The Canadian Encyclopedia</ref>

[[File:Boxing Day at the Toronto Eaton Centre (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Boxing Day]] at the [[Toronto Eaton Centre]] in downtown [[Toronto]], Canada]]

==== Mexico ====
{{see also|Christmas in Mexico}}
Since the 1990s, Mexican society has embraced a new concept linking several celebrations around the Christmas season into what is known as the [[Guadalupe-Reyes Marathon]]. At midnight on Christmas, after Midnight Mass, many families place the figure of baby Jesus in their {{Lang|es|nacimientos}} ([[Nativity scene]]s), as the symbolic representation of Christmas as a whole, in homes. In the center and south of Mexico, children receive gifts on Christmas Eve and on 6 January, they celebrate the Feast of the Epiphany, when, according to tradition, the Three Wise Men brought gifts to Bethlehem for Jesus Christ. Santa Claus (or Santa Clos, as he is known in Mexico<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santas.net/mexicanchristmas.htm |title=Christmas in Mexico |work=Santas.net |publisher=Australian Media Pty Ltd. |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>) is who brings the children their gifts, but traditionally on that night the Three Wise Men will fill the children's shoes with candies, oranges, tangerines, nuts, and sugar cane, and sometimes money or gold, symbolizing the very gifts they gave to the Baby Jesus in Bethlehem during his infancy and a reflection of his future destiny as saviour of the world. 6 January is marked by big parties and events.

==== United States ====
[[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - Christmas Eve Candlelight Services.jpg|thumb|U.S. Army Service members celebrating Christmas Eve while stationed abroad at Victory Base Complex, Iraq, 24 December 2008]]
[[File:Xmastreenewyork06.jpg|thumb|upright|Christmas at [[Rockefeller Center]], New York City]]
[[File:Christmas in Dublin, CA.jpg|thumb|Christmas in California]]

Christmas is a widely celebrated festive holiday in the United States,<ref name="thehistoryofchristmas.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/usa.htm|title=Christmas in the U.S.A.|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019223900/http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/usa.htm|archive-date=19 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Christmas Day is officially recognized as a [[federal holiday]] by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]]. In select years, Christmas Eve is declared by the president via [[executive order]] to be a federal holiday as well, the latest such directive having been for 24 December 2024; additionally, any occurrence of Friday 24 December is a federal holiday, under the policy that when the usual date for a federal holiday falls on a weekend-day, the legal holiday is observed on the nearest weekday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govexec.com/management/2024/12/biden-gives-federal-employees-christmas-eve/401795/|last=Cordell|first=Carten|date=19 December 2024|accessdate=4 January 2025|work=Government Executive|title=Biden gives federal employees Christmas Eve off}}</ref> 26 December, popularly referred to as Boxing Day or Saint Stephen's Day elsewhere in the Western world, is only known widely as the "Day after Christmas" in the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/10521426/Why-do-we-celebrate-Boxing-Day.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/10521426/Why-do-we-celebrate-Boxing-Day.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Why do we celebrate Boxing Day?|access-date=27 December 2019|date=26 December 2013|publisher=The Telegraph|last=Kinder|first=Lucy}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and is observed in a number of states under that name, but is not a federal holiday.

The interiors and exteriors of houses are decorated during the weeks leading up to Christmas Eve. Christmas tree farms in the [[Christmas tree cultivation in the United States|United States]] and [[Christmas tree production in Canada|Canada]] provide families with trees for their homes, many opting for [[Artificial Christmas tree|artificial ones]], but some for [[Christmas tree|real ones]]. The Christmas tree usually stands centrally in the home, decorated with ornaments, tinsel, and lights, with an angel or a star symbolizing the [[Star of Bethlehem]] at the top.<ref name="thehistoryofchristmas.com"/>

[[File:Pvt. Evan Allen Dancer, center, smiles as Santa Claus, right, hands gifts to Destiny Hawley and her brother Justin Hawley of Scipio, Ind., during the 3rd Annual Operation Christmas Blessing event at Muscatatuck 111212-A-QU728-005.jpg|thumb|[[Santa Claus]] hands gifts to children.]]

Presents the family will exchange are wrapped and placed near the tree, including presents to be given to pets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contracostatimes.com/business-headlines/ci_16886888?nclick_check=1 |title=A very furry Christmas |publisher=Contracostatimes.com |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref>

The traditional Christmas dinner usually features either roasted [[Turkey (food)|turkey]] with [[Stuffed turkey|stuffing]] (sometimes called dressing), [[ham]], or [[roast beef]]. Potatoes, squash, roasted vegetables and [[cranberry sauce]] are served along with [[Soft drink|tonics]] and [[sherry|sherries]]. A variety of sweet [[pastry|pastries]] and [[egg nog]] sprinkled with [[cinnamon]] and [[nutmeg]] are served in the United States. Certain dishes such as [[casserole]]s and desserts are often prepared with a [[Family cookbooks|family recipe]]. Sometimes, families also partake in a religious tradition, such as the consumption of a [[Christmas wafer]] in Christian families of European ancestry. Fruits, nuts, cheeses and chocolates are enjoyed as snacks.<ref>[http://www.californiamall.com/holidaytraditions/traditions-america.htm Holiday Traditions — United States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711142614/http://www.californiamall.com/holidaytraditions/traditions-america.htm |date=11 July 2006 }}. Retrieved 1 July 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.californiamall.com/holidaytraditions/traditions-england.htm Holiday Traditions — England] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711143144/http://www.californiamall.com/holidaytraditions/traditions-england.htm |date=11 July 2006 }}. Retrieved 1 July 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/christmasfood.html |title=The Food Timeline: Christmas food history |work=[[The Food Timeline]] |first=Lynne |last=Olver |author-link=Lynne Olver |access-date=14 December 2013}}</ref>

Local radio stations may temporarily switch format to play exclusively Christmas music, some going to an all-Christmas format as early as mid-October.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/11304519/1/why-all-christmas-radio-keeps-coming-early.html |title=Why All-Christmas Radio Keeps Coming Early |last=Notte |first=Jason |work=TheStreet.com |date=9 November 2011 |access-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> As of 2008, the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] now schedules five games on Christmas, usually including classic rivalry games as well as a rematch of the previous season's [[NBA Finals]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Release |first1=Official |url=http://www.nba.com/2015/news/08/12/finals-rematch-on-christmas-highlights-2015-16-nba-schedule/ |title=Finals rematch on Christmas highlights 2015–16 schedule |work=NBA.com |access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>

==== Brazil ====
[[File:Ibira at cnight.jpg|thumb|left|[[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]]'s Christmas tree and water fountains at [[Ibirapuera Park]]]]

Many Brazilians decorate their homes with a Christmas Tree. There is no rule, and the parents can decorate it by themselves as a surprise to the kids, or they can do it together. In addition to the Christmas tree, many families set up a {{lang|pt|presépio}} (nativity scene) as the main decoration. Nativity scenes are very popular in Brazil, and can be seen everywhere including churches and popular places around the town. Like many other countries, Christmas dinner in Brazil is normally served late in the evening on Christmas Eve around 10 or 11 p.m. The meal often includes [[farofa]] stuffing, assortments of fruit, fried cod, and roast turkey with a dessert called ''[[rabanada]]''. Along with their meals, Brazilians typically drink champagne, wine, and fruit punch. Typically after they eat, many Brazilians attend a Midnight Mass service or watch the Pope's television broadcast celebration of "Midnight Mass in Rome" with family and friends.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Christmas" /><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1159225.Encyclopedia_Of_Christmas|title=Encyclopedia_Of_Christmas|date=2000 |publisher=www.goodreads.com |isbn=978-0-7808-0387-9 }}</ref>

==== Colombia ====
{{Main|Christmas in Colombia}}
[[File:Christmas2004inMedellín.JPG|thumb|[[Medellín River]] during the [[Christmas lights in Medellín|Lighting of Medellin]]]]

From 16 to 24 December, games called {{Lang|es|aguinaldos}}<ref name="aguinaldos-colombia">{{cite web|url=http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-178186.html|title=Colombia Aprende – A jugar aguinaldos|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084849/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-178186.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> are played after having made a "pinky promise" deciding the prize for the winner and the punishment for the loser. The games include {{Lang|es|Hablar y no contestar}} ('Talk but don't answer'), {{Lang|es|Dé pero no reciben}} ('Give but don't receive'), {{Lang|es|Pajita en boca}} ('Straw in the mouth'), {{Lang|es|Tres pies}} ('Three feet'), {{Lang|es|Beso robado}} ('Stolen kisses'), and {{Lang|es|Si y al no}} ('Yes or no'). Churches offer dawn and nightly masses during the nine days of the novena, culminating with the ''[[Misa de Gallo]]'' ('Rooster's Mass') on Christmas Eve at midnight.

==== Uruguay ====
[[File:Arbol de Navidad en Plaza Fabini.jpg|thumb|A Christmas tree in [[Plaza Fabini]] in [[Montevideo]]]]

Christmas Day, 25 December, is a [[Public holidays in Uruguay|public holiday in Uruguay]] and is officially designated within the public administration as {{Language with name/for|es|Día de la Familia|Family Day}}, a term adopted following the [[separation of church and state]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Palomo |first1=Elvira |date=2013-12-27 |title=En el Uruguay laico, la Navidad es el 'Día de la familia' {{!}} Internacional {{!}} EL PAÍS |url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/12/24/actualidad/1387857811_264222.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227005553/http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/12/24/actualidad/1387857811_264222.html |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=2022-12-09 |newspaper=El País}}</ref> In everyday life, the date is universally known as {{Language with name/for|es|Navidad|Christmas}}.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=Uruguay: el país con menos compromiso religioso |url=https://www.180.com.uy/articulo/52203_Uruguay-el-pais-con-menos-compromiso-religioso |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.180.com.uy |language=es-UY}}</ref> The Christmas and holiday season begins on 8 December, the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]], when the Christmas tree is traditionally set up and festive decorations are placed in homes, shops and public streets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=¿Por qué el arbolito de Navidad se arma cada 8 de diciembre y qué significan sus adornos? |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/eme/lifestyle/por-que-el-arbolito-de-navidad-se-arma-cada-8-de-diciembre-y-que-significan-sus-adornos |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=EL PAIS |language=es-UY}}</ref> Many households also assemble a ''belén'' or ''pesebre'' (nativity scene).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-01 |title=¿Cuando se arma el arbolito de Navidad en Uruguay y por qué? |newspaper=El Observador |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/la-razon-por-la-que-el-arbol-de-navidad-se-arma-cada-8-de-diciembre-20221130224414 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201021036/https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/la-razon-por-la-que-el-arbol-de-navidad-se-arma-cada-8-de-diciembre-20221130224414 |archive-date=2022-12-01 |access-date=2022-12-09 }}</ref> In many cities, [[Christmas market]]s are set up, offering toys, clothing, decorations and food.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=6 December 2019 |title=Una guía para visitar algunas de las ferias navideñas en Montevideo |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/vida-actual/guia-visitar-ferias-navidenas-montevideo.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Diario EL PAIS Uruguay |language=spanish}}</ref>

In addition to traditional Christmas decorations, it is common among Uruguayan Christians to display a balcony banner depicting the Nativity scene and bearing the phrase "Christmas with Jesus".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-25 |title="Navidad con Jesús", el éxito de la campaña de balconeras |url=https://www.subrayado.com.uy/navidad-jesus-el-exito-la-campana-balconeras-n62764 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=subrayado.com.uy |language=es-UY}}</ref> These banners were introduced in 2016 as part of a campaign by the [[Catholic Church in Uruguay]] to "raise awareness about the true meaning of the holiday" in a highly secular country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-24 |title=Laicidad en debate por balconeras |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/laicidad-en-debate-por-balconeras |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref> [[Pope Francis]] welcomed the initiative and was photographed with one in the [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-20 |title=Vázquez tiene una balconera de "Navidad con Jesús" en su casa |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/vazquez-tiene-una-balconera-de-navidad-con-jesus-en-su-casa |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Llegan los Reyes Magos.jpg|left|thumb|Sculptures of the [[Biblical Magi|Three Wise Men]] in [[Montevideo]]]]

The celebrations begin at nightfall on Christmas Eve (24 December), with family gatherings where people traditionally eat [[asado]], [[Picada (Rioplatense cuisine)|picada]], [[Vitello tonnato|vitél toné]], and desserts such as [[turrón]] and [[Panettone|panetone]], which entered Uruguayan culture through [[Immigration to Uruguay|European immigration]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=La historia del vitel toné: el plato navideño que de a poco se olvida en su tierra |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/la-historia-del-vitel-tone-el-plato-navideno-que-de-a-poco-se-olvida-en-su-tierra-202112813558 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129134030/https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/la-historia-del-vitel-tone-el-plato-navideno-que-de-a-poco-se-olvida-en-su-tierra-202112813558 |archive-date=2022-01-29 |access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> At the stroke of midnight, people take to the streets to enjoy fireworks and set off firecrackers, while ''Papá Noel'' (Santa Claus) leaves, beside the Christmas tree, the gifts that children requested in letters they had deposited throughout the month in shopping centres and other places where he appears.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=26 November 2020 |title=Los shoppings aguardan la visita remota de Papá Noel |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/el-empresario/shoppings-aguardan-visita-remota-papa-noel.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Diario EL PAIS Uruguay |language=spanish}}</ref> Gift exchanges among family and friends are also customary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=Uruguay: Una Navidad al aire libre – El Observatorio del laicismo |url=https://laicismo.org/uruguay-una-navidad-al-aire-libre/67649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526110711/https://laicismo.org/uruguay-una-navidad-al-aire-libre/67649 |archive-date=2022-05-26 |access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref>

Because Uruguay lies in the Southern Hemisphere, Christmas is celebrated during the summer. As a result, open-air music festivals are held from midday on 24 December and continue into the early hours of the 25th, particularly in coastal cities such as [[Montevideo]] and [[Punta del Este]], which attract large numbers of tourists from neighbouring countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-21 |title=Navidad veraniega en Uruguay |url=https://www.lasexta.com/viajestic/destinos/navidad-veraniega-uruguay_201911215dd64e920cf2c3867c954ef8.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.lasexta.com |language=es}}</ref> On Christmas Day, the population has the day off to spend with family and friends, and public transport, shopping malls and offices remain closed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transporte, shopping y oficinas públicas: así funcionarán en Nochebuena, Navidad y Año Nuevo |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/transporte-shopping-y-oficinas-publicas-asi-funcionaran-en-nochebuena-navidad-y-ano-nuevo-2021122019023 |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=El Observador}}</ref>

==== Venezuela ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Paradura del niño, Baruta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Different moments of [[Paradura del Niño]], Venezuelan tradition celebrated on February 2]]

The Christmas season starts as early as 1 October,<ref>{{Cite web | title=It's Christmas in Venezuela as Maduro tries to turn page on political and economic crisis {{!}} International {{!}} EL PAÍS English | url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-10-08/its-christmas-in-venezuela-as-maduro-tries-to-turn-page-on-political-and-economic-crisis.html | access-date=2025-07-16 | website=english.elpais.com | date=8 October 2024 }}</ref> and ends in mid-January. Christmas decorations and songs become more prominent as Christmas nears.

== Asia ==
=== Central Asia ===

==== Uzbekistan ====
Christmas is not an official holiday in [[Uzbekistan]]. Out of a population of 35 million, approximately 2.2 percent is Russian Orthodox.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uzbekistan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]], this number has continued to decline as ethnic Russians and other Orthodox Christians emigrate to Russia and other countries. The Christians of Uzbekistan celebrate Christmas on 25 December in the [[Julian calendar]] used by the church, which falls on 7 January in the common [[Gregorian calendar]].tanu rather

Much like in the rest of the Soviet Union, Christmas was largely erased from the calendar during much of the 20th century under the Soviets' anti-religious policies, but many traditions survived having been transplanted to New Year's.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan: To New Year or not to New Year? |url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-to-new-year-or-not-to-new-year |website=Eurasianet |access-date=21 October 2022 |date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

Christmas symbols and decorations similar to those found in Europe or the US can be seen on the streets of larger cities, but for a majority of the population Christmas is simply a part of New Year celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christmas in Tashkent after the wounds of Soviet atheism |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Christmas-in-Tashkent-after-the-wounds-of-Soviet-atheism-2173.html |website=PIME |access-date=21 October 2022 |date=23 December 2004}}</ref> Many people, including Muslims, decorate a Christmas tree, even though they do not celebrate Christmas and call the tree New Year's tree ({{langx|uz|Yangi yil archasi}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=Uzbekistan Country Study Guide: Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments |date=2015 |publisher=International Business Publications |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-4387-8453-3 |page=60}}</ref>

=== East Asia ===

==== China ====
[[File:Dongguan (54226052793).jpg|thumb|upright|Christmas 2024 in [[Dongguan]]]]

In the mainland, the small percentage of Chinese citizens who [[Christianity in China|consider themselves Christians]] unofficially, and usually privately, observe Christmas.<ref name="lovetoknow">{{cite web|url=http://christmas.lovetoknow.com/How_Christmas_Started_in_China |title=How Christmas Started in China – LoveToKnow Christmas |work=LoveToKnow |publisher=Christmas.lovetoknow.com |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=4 December 2009}}</ref> Many other individuals celebrate Christmas-like festivities even though they do not consider themselves Christians. Many customs, including sending cards, exchanging gifts, and hanging stockings are very similar to Western celebrations.<ref name="lovetoknow" /> Commercial Christmas decorations, signs, and other symbolic items have become increasingly prevalent during the month of December in large urban centres of mainland China, reflecting a cultural interest in this Western phenomenon, and, sometimes, retail marketing campaigns as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/china.htm|title=Christmas in China|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008165515/http://thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/china.htm|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===== Hong Kong =====
[[File:Mmexport1609487468923.jpg|thumb|upright|Christmas 2020 in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]]]]

Christmas trees can be seen everywhere, and a giant 15-meter-high Christmas tree is erected in the [[Statue Square]], Central.<ref>{{Cite web|title=中環15米高巨型聖誕樹亮燈把情人心「鎖」在樹下|url=https://www.hk01.com/社會新聞/57757/中環15米高巨型聖誕樹亮燈-把情人心-鎖-在樹下|author=李慧妍|date=2 December 2016|website=香港01|language=zh-HK|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> Many citizens start related activities in early December, such as attending Christmas parties, having Christmas dinners and exchanging Christmas gifts. Protestant and Catholic religious leaders in Hong Kong publish Christmas announcements on [[Christmas Eve]]. Although 24 December, the day before Christmas, is not a holiday, some businesses let employees and bosses off work early, and the [[stock]] market only opens in the morning on that day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=平安夜停北上南下開半日|url=https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20141224/mobile/odn-20141224-1224_00202_002.html|website=東方日報|language=zh-hk|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> Christmas Eve at night is the climax of the festive atmosphere. Tsim Sha Tsui, [[Causeway Bay]] and [[Lan Kwai Fong]] in Central are crowded with people enjoying Christmas lights and carnivals. Churches and chapels hold [[Midnight Mass]] that evening, and some Protestants and Catholics attend religious gatherings. Most shops, restaurants and entertainment venues are still open during Christmas, while public transportation, such as the [[MTR]] and buses, is available overnight on Christmas Eve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=港鐵冬至起增列車服務班次平安夜、除夕通宵行駛|url=https://www.hk01.com/社會新聞/139549/港鐵冬至起增列車服務班次-平安夜-除夕通宵行駛|author=胡家欣|date=7 December 2017|website=香港01|language=zh-HK|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> All primary and secondary schools, kindergartens and tertiary institutions in Hong Kong will have Christmas holidays. Most primary and secondary schools usually hold the Christmas Party on 20 or 21 December, and then Christmas holidays until [[New Year's Day]], so Christmas and Lunar New Year is the longest consecutive holiday throughout the year except summer vacation. The student organizations of colleges and universities will also hold Christmas parties from mid-December. Students at colleges and universities usually do not need to attend classes from Christmas Day to New Year's Day. Hong Kong citizens use the Christmas holidays to meet friends, family or friends for gatherings, shopping and pastimes, while young people like to spend holidays as a couple or find partners during the holiday, like another [[Valentine's Day]]. In addition, people in Hong Kong generally think that Christmas gifts must not be opened until Boxing Day on 26 December.<ref>{{Cite web|title=boxing day=拆禮物錯晒！|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20131226/18567198|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027171619/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20131226/18567198|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some children write to [[Santa Claus]]; the letters are sent to the "Undeliverable mail" department of the [[Hongkong Post|Post Office]], and the staff of the department responds as [[Santa Claus]] to each letter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=無綫新聞 – 專題節目 – 新聞檔案 – 郵政署的聖誕老人|url=https://news.tvb.com/programmes/newsfile/585d629f6db28ca6708b4567/郵政署的聖誕老人|website=news.tvb.com|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426014543/http://news.tvb.com/programmes/newsfile/585d629f6db28ca6708b4567/%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF%E7%BD%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
[[File:Santa Claus kobe.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Santa Claus]] in [[Kobe]], Japan]]

Encouraged by commerce, the secular celebration of Christmas is popular in Japan, though Christmas is not a national holiday. Gifts are sometimes exchanged.<ref name=AboutJapan/> Christmas parties are held around Christmas Day; Japanese [[Christmas cake]], a white sponge cake covered with cream and decorated with strawberries, is often consumed and [[Stollen]] cake, either imported or made locally, is widely available. Christmas lights decorate cities, and Christmas trees adorn living areas and malls.<ref name=AboutJapan>Shizuko Mishima, About.com guide. [http://gojapan.about.com/cs/christmasinjapan/a/chrismasinjapan.htm Christmas in Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075145/http://gojapan.about.com/cs/christmasinjapan/a/chrismasinjapan.htm |date=7 July 2011 }}, Japan travel section of About.com. Retrieved 27 January 2010</ref> Christmas Eve has become a holiday for couples to spend time together<ref name=AboutJapan/> and exchange gifts. A successful advertising campaign in the 1970s made eating at [[KFC in Japan|KFC]] around Christmas a national custom. Its chicken meals are so popular during the season that stores take reservations months in advance.<ref name="whipp20101219">{{cite news|url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/lifestyle/view/the-kfc-christmas-connection-in-japan |title=All Japan wants for Christmas is Kentucky Fried Chicken |author=Whipp, Lindsay |work=Japan Today |date=19 December 2010 |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref>

===== History =====
[[File:ARTELLIGENT CHRISTMAS Roppngi Hills 2006.jpg|thumb|Christmas lights in [[Tokyo]]]]

[[Christianity in Japan]] along with Christmas reemerged in the [[Meiji period]]. Influenced by America, Christmas parties were held and presents were exchanged. The practice slowly spread, but its proximity to the [[Japanese New Year|New Year]]'s celebrations makes it a smaller focus of attention. It became a popular celebration for non-Christians during 1900s after the [[Russo-Japanese War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gendai.ismedia.jp/articles/-/49907 |language=ja |script-title=ja:クリスマスはこうして「日本化」していった〜明治末の脱キリスト |first=Ken'ichiro |last=Horii |publisher=Kodansha |date=10 October 2016 |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

==== Taiwan ====
[[File:Christmasland in New Taipei City 2019.jpg|thumb|Christmasland in New Taipei City, 2019]]

As only around 5% of the population are actually Christian, Christmas is not usually celebrated as a religious event in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/culture/202112230021|title=Global travel agency touts Taiwan hotspots for Christmas photos|date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> Before 2001, 25 December used to be a national holiday, as that was the [[Constitution Day (Taiwan)|Constitution Day]], the day on which the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] was signed in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celebratingchristmas.co.uk/index0f63.html?id=christmas-in-taiwan|title=Christmas in Taiwan|publisher=celebratingchristmas.co.uk |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> In recent years, the secular celebration of Christmas has gained popularity in Taiwan. Christmas parties are held and gifts are sometimes exchanged. Major cities and shopping malls are now decorated with Christmas lights and trees in December to celebrate the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/taiwan.shtml|title=Christmas in Taiwan / Republic of China|publisher=whychristmas.com |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> One of the most popular Christmas events in Taiwan is [[Christmasland in New Taipei City]] organized by the [[New Taipei City Government]], consisting of major Christmas celebration activities and art installations. A series of activities such as the family garden party, Christmas parade carnival and Christmas Eve concert are often held; the programme varies slightly from year to year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://christmasland.ntpc.gov.tw/en/zone.php|title=2021 Christmasland in New Taipei City|publisher=New Taipei City Government|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223163611/https://christmasland.ntpc.gov.tw/en/zone.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== South Asia ===

==== India ====
[[File:Christmas in India - Trinity Christmas.jpg|alt=Christmas tree in India|thumb|upright|Christmas tree in India]]

Christmas is a [[Public holidays in India|state holiday in India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendar{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2023-12 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref> although [[Christianity in India]] is a minority with only 2.3%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx |title=Census of India – India at a Glance: Religious Compositions |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 December 2009}}</ref> of the population. Despite most Indians being [[Hinduism|Hindus]], millions of Indians still celebrate Christmas as a secular holiday.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Christmas Traditions in India - Little Passports | url=https://www.littlepassports.com/blog/world-holidays/christmas-traditions-in-india/ | access-date=2025-07-16 | website=www.littlepassports.com | date=2 November 2014 }}</ref>

Christians, especially Catholics, attend [[Midnight Mass]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trinitychristmas.in/blog/how-christmas-is-celebrated-in-india/|title=How Christmas is Celebrated in India – Trinity Christmas|date=9 March 2019 |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref> Many Christian houses in India decorate with Christmas cribs and Christmas trees and hang brightly lit stars (symbolising the [[Bethlehem star]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Christmas around the corner, Indian cities soak in the festive cheer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/dec/20/with-christmas-around-the-corner-indian-cities-soak-in-the-festive-cheer-101116.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=The New Indian Express|date=20 December 2017 }}</ref> outside their houses. They distribute sweets and cakes to their neighbors. In many schools run by Christian missionaries and in some schools run by other religion trusts (including Hinduism, Islam, etc), the children actively participate in Christmas programs. Many government schools also have a tradition of Christmas celebrations. Christmas is also increasingly celebrated by other religions in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/india.shtml|title=Christmas in India|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Christmas is known as {{Transliteration|hi|Bada Din}} ('Big Day') in North and North-West India and people plant trees on this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/bada-din-movie/7434|title=Badaa Din, Indian Christmas movie|work=gomolo.com|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100520/http://www.gomolo.com/bada-din-movie/7434|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Badaa Din |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-12-25/christmas-kolkata-badaa-din |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214225/http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-12-25/christmas-kolkata-badaa-din |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014 |work=[[Public Radio International]]}}</ref><ref name="merry-christmas-guide">{{cite web |url=http://www.merry-christmas-guide.com/sweet-memories-of-christmas-from-the-heart-of-a-hindu-who-loves-the-joyful-spirit-of-christmas-.html |title=Sweet Memories of Christmas from the heart of a Hindu who loves the joyful spirit of Christmas. |publisher=Merry-Christmas-Guide.com |access-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201175445/http://www.merry-christmas-guide.com/sweet-memories-of-christmas-from-the-heart-of-a-hindu-who-loves-the-joyful-spirit-of-christmas-.html |archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
[[File:Christmas Tree at Pakistan Monument Night view.JPG|thumb|left|Christmas tree at Pakistan Monument]]

[[Christianity in Pakistan]] constitutes the second largest religious minority community in Pakistan after Hindus. The total number of Christians is approximately 2,800,000 in 2008, or 1.6% of the population. Of these, approximately half are Roman Catholic and half Protestant. Christians celebrate Christmas by going from house to house singing carols, and in return the family offers something to the choir.<ref name="Christmas in Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/pakistan.shtml|title=Christmas in Pakistan|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The money collected from such carols is usually used for charity works or is given to the church. Homes are decorated with local Christmas handicrafts while artificial stars signifying the Star of Bethlehem are hung on rooftops. Special foods, such as the [[Allahabadi cake|Allahabadi fruitcake]], are eaten in Pakistan during the Christmas season. Christmas celebrations are also popular with the urban middle class in the country with hotels, cafes, restaurants and theme parks hosting festivities and special events.<ref name="Christmas in Pakistan"/>

=== Southeast Asia ===

==== Brunei ====
As of 22 December 2015, Christmas is completely banned in Brunei,<ref>{{cite web|author=Alexander Sehmer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/brunei-cancels-christmas-sultan-warns-those-celebrating-could-face-up-to-five-years-in-jail-a6782561.html |title=Brunei bans Christmas: Sultan warns those celebrating could face up to five years in jail |work=The Independent |date=22 December 2015 |access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref> but its expatriate and local Christian communities still celebrate it privately amongst themselves.

==== Indonesia ====
{{Main|Christmas in Indonesia}}
[[File:Christmas tree Senayan City.jpg|thumb|upright|Christmas tree in [[Senayan City]], [[Jakarta]], Indonesia]]

[[Christmas]] in Indonesia (locally known as {{Lang|id|Natal}}, from the Portuguese word for 'Christmas'), is one of many [[public holidays in Indonesia]], which approximately 16.5 million [[Protestants]] and 6.9 million [[Roman Catholics]]<ref name="bps">{{in lang|id}} [http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 Sensus Penduduk 2010:Penduduk Indonesia Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut] Badan Pusat Statistik. Accessed 15 December 2014.</ref> celebrate with various traditions throughout the country. In provinces with a majority or significant Christian population (Protestant and Catholic) such as [[North Sumatra]], [[Jakarta]], [[West Kalimantan]], [[Central Kalimantan]], [[North Kalimantan]], [[North Sulawesi]], [[West Sulawesi]], [[Central Sulawesi]], [[East Nusa Tenggara]], [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]], the whole [[New Guinea|Papua Island]], and cities like [[Surabaya]], [[Tangerang]], [[Batam]], [[Bandung]], [[Rantepao]], etc., the Christmas season is filled with ceremonies, festivals, and local foods.<ref name="jp">{{Cite web|title=Christmas celebrations, the Indonesian way|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/30/christmas-celebrations-indonesian-way.html |first1=ID |last1=Nugroho |first2=Anissa S. |last2=Febrina |date=2009-12-30 |access-date=2023-06-11|website=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> In big cities, many shopping centres, offices, some roads, and other commercial places feature decorations such as plastic [[Christmas tree]]s and ''[[Santa Claus|Sinterklas]]'' (derived from the Dutch word ''[[Sinterklaas]]'') and his [[Santa Claus's reindeer|reindeer]]. Most local television channels broadcast Christmas musical concerts as well as annual national Christmas celebrations like concerts and Christmas shows which are held by the government. Like other countries, on Christmas Eve people go to church for [[Mass (liturgy)|''misa'']] and attend again the next morning. Exchanging gifts is a usual tradition for [[Christianity in Indonesia|Christians in Indonesia]]. In addition to traditional foods, Christmas Day generally features cookies, like {{Lang|id|nastar}} ([[pineapple tart]]), {{Lang|id|kastengel}} (from Dutch {{Lang|nl|kasteengel}}), or [[Putri salju cake|''putri salju'']].<ref name="why">{{Cite web |title=Christmas in Indonesia|url=https://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/indonesia|access-date=2023-03-26|website=whychristmas.com}}</ref>

==== Malaysia ====
[[File:Christmas at Straits Quay mall in George Town, Penang 2024.jpg|thumb|Christmas decorations at [[Straits Quay]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Penang]]]]
{{Main|Christianity in Malaysia}}

Although Christmas is a [[Public holidays in Malaysia|public holiday in Malaysia]], much of the public celebration is commercial in nature and has no overt religious overtones. Occasionally, Christian activist groups do buy newspaper advertisements on Christmas but this is largely only allowed in English newspapers and permission is not given every year. The advertisements themselves are usually indirect statements. There has been controversy over whether or not the [[Government of Malaysia|federal government]] has exerted pressure on Malaysian Christians not to use Christian religious symbols and hymns that specifically mention Jesus Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/32072 |title=Rev Lim: Excluding carols with Jesus' name is scandalous |date=11 December 2004 |publisher=Malaysiakini.com |access-date=4 December 2009}}</ref>

In [[East Malaysia]], which covers northern Borneo, Christmas is a huge celebration due to large number of indigenous people who practise Christianity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/15/sabah-promises-grander-xmas-celebration-this-year | title=Sabah promises grander Xmas celebration this year | date=15 December 2022 }}</ref>

Celebrations in Christian majority districts in the states of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] can last until after New Year's Day with families and political leaders hosting Open Houses, namely parties which are open to anyone.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://headtopics.com/my/sabah-leaders-to-host-christmas-open-houses-after-two-years-33254334 | title=Sabah leaders to host Christmas open houses after two years | date=24 December 2022 }}</ref>

Drinking of alcohol is widespread during this period and a call by a Muslim political party to ban alcohol was met with widespread outrage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/06/597392/alcohol-sale-ban-infringement-sabah-sarawaks-cultural-rights|title=Alcohol sale ban: An infringement to Sabah, Sarawak's cultural rights | New Straits Times|date=2 June 2020 |accessdate=1 April 2023}}</ref>

==== Philippines ====
{{Main|Christmas in the Philippines}}
[[File:Parols For Sale.png|thumb|left|[[Parol]]s are an iconic display in the Philippines during its long Christmas season.]]
[[File:Manila Cathedral (Simbang Gabi) (005) 2023-12-20.jpg|thumb|[[Simbang Gabi]] or known as Spanish tradition [[Misa de Gallo]] gathering in [[Manila Cathedral]]]]

Christmas in the Philippines,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/philippines.shtml|title=Christmas in the Philippines|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> one of two predominantly Catholic countries in Asia (the other being East Timor), is one of the biggest holidays on the calendar and is widely celebrated. The country has earned the distinction of celebrating the world's longest Christmas season, with Christmas carols heard as early as 1 September when the "Ber months" season traditionally begins, and [[Filipinos]] count days to Christmas with the countdown to Christmas which gradually begins from September to December (or even earlier). The season is officially ushered in by the nine-day dawn [[Mass (Liturgy)|mass]]es that start on 16 December. Known as the ''[[Misas de Aguinaldo]]'' ('Gift Masses') or ''[[Misa de Gallo]]'' ('Rooster's Mass') in the traditional Spanish, these masses are more popularly known in Tagalog as the {{Lang|tl|Simbang Gabi}}, and are held in Catholic parishes and chapels nationwide. Usually, aside from the already [[Public holidays in the Philippines|legal holidays]] which are [[Rizal Day]] (30 December) and [[New Year's Eve]] (31 December), other days in close proximity such as Christmas Eve (24 December), {{Lang|es|Niños Inocentes}} (28 December), and Epiphany (traditionally, 6 January but now on the first Sunday of January) are also declared non-working days.<ref name="Christmas in the Philippines">{{cite web|url=http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/philippine_articles/longest_christmas.html |title=Christmas in the Philippines |access-date=25 September 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228035950/http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/philippine_articles/longest_christmas.html |archive-date=28 December 2007 }}</ref>

As in many East Asian countries, secular Christmas displays are common both in business establishments and in public, including lights, Christmas trees, depictions of Santa Claus despite the tropical climate, and Christmas greetings in various foreign languages and various [[Philippine languages]]. Occasionally such displays are left in place even in summer, for example the ''[[parol]]'', representing the Star of Bethlehem which led the Three Kings to the newborn Baby Jesus.<ref name="Christmas in the Philippines"/>

[[File:Misamis Oriental Provincial Capitol, Vicente de Lara Park stage night view Christmas (A. Velez Street, Cagayan De Oro City; 12-06-2023).jpg|thumb|Illuminating lights around [[Misamis Oriental]] Capitol Hall, [[Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan de Oro City]]]]
[[File:Christmas tree and light village (12-22-2022).jpg|thumb|Decorated Christmas mall in [[Cebu]]]]

Christmas officially ends on the Feast of the Three Kings ({{Lang|es|Tres Reyes}} in Spanish or {{Lang|tl|Tatlong Hari}} in Tagalog), also known as the [[Feast of the Epiphany]] (Spanish: {{Lang|es|Fiesta de Epifanía}}). The Feast of the Three Kings was traditionally commemorated on 6 January but is now celebrated on the first Sunday after the New Year. Some children leave their shoes out in the belief that the Three Kings will leave gifts like candy or money inside. But the celebrations do not end there, since 2011, as mandated by the Catholic Church, they are on either the second Sunday of January or Monday after Epiphany in honor of the Lord Jesus's baptism in the Jordan (the Solemnity of the Lord's Baptism, or in Spanish {{Lang|es|Solemnidad de Bautismo del Señor}}). The final salvo of these celebrations is marked by the feast of the [[Black Nazarene]] every 9 January in Manila and Cagayan de Oro, but can also, due to the celebrations in honor of the [[Santo Niño de Cebú|''Santo Niño'']] on the third and fourth Sundays of January in some places, even extend till the final weeks of that month.<ref name="Christmas in the Philippines"/>

==== Singapore ====
[[File:The Heeren, Xmas, Dec 06.JPG|thumb|upright|Christmas in Singapore]]

Christmas is a [[Public holidays in Singapore|public holiday in Singapore]] that is widely celebrated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitsingapore.com/festivals-events-singapore/cultural-festivals/christmas/ |title=Christmas in Singapore |publisher=VisitSingapore.com |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref>

==== Vietnam ====
Christmas is not a national holiday but is becoming increasingly popular in Vietnam due to increasing exposure to Western culture and its non-religious glamour and commercial appeal.<ref name="commuvietnam" >{{Cite web|title=Religion Aside, Christmas Gains Popularity in Vietnam|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/religon-aside-christmas-gains-popularity-in-communist-vietnam/2566206.html|date=2014-12-21|access-date=2023-03-26|website=Voice of America|author=Lien Hoang}}</ref> Vietnamese may be more accepting of corporate influence because for many, Christmas was never based on personal values to begin with.<ref name="commuvietnam" /> It is not a time to have dinner at home with family and show thanks for one another. Instead, it is a time to go out on the town, shop, and take pictures with friends in front of colorful displays, especially on 24 December.<ref name="commuvietnam" />

Many Vietnamese Catholic churches put up a nativity scene;<ref name="vietceteracave">{{Cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Patrick |date=December 2021 |title=Why Vietnamese Love To Put Baby Jesus In A Cave At Christmas |url=https://vietcetera.com/en/why-vietnamese-love-to-put-baby-jesus-in-a-cave-at-christmas |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Vietcetera. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Hoàng Nghĩa |date=18 December 2022 |title=Locals build big caves for Christmas in Hà Tĩnh |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/sunday-features/1415292/locals-build-big-caves-for-christmas-in-ha-tinh.html |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Việt Nam News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Nguyễn Hải |date=24 December 2024 |title=Những hang đá đón Giáng sinh ở nơi nhiều nhà thờ nhất Việt Nam |trans-title=Christmas nativity scenes in the place with the most churches in Vietnam |url=https://dantri.com.vn/thoi-su/nhung-hang-da-don-giang-sinh-o-noi-nhieu-nha-tho-nhat-viet-nam-20241224185318197.htm |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Dân trí |language=vi}}</ref> in contrast to Western nativity scenes, the scene is set in a cave instead of a stable.<ref name="vietceteracave" /> Catholic homes and businesses are also decorated with these nativity caves.<ref name="vietceteracave" />

Christmas is reported to be banned in Vietnam's [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]],<ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=Vietnamese authorities prohibit thousands of Kontum Christians from celebrating Christmas |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Vietnamese-authorities-prohibit-thousands-of-Kontum-Christians-from-celebrating-Christmas-36255.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.asianews.it |language=en}}</ref> and in some cases observers have reported harassment by authorities including accusations of "attempting to overthrow" the regime.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2021-12-31 |title=Montagnard Christians' Christmas Celebration Disrupted by the Police |url=https://www.persecution.org/2021/12/31/montagnard-christians-christmas-celebration-disrupted-police/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=International Christian Concern |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== West Asia ===

==== Armenia ====
Armenians usually celebrate Christmas on 6 January. The reason for this unusual date emerges from ancient history. "In the fourth century Roman Catholic Church, officials established the date of Christmas as December 25th."<ref name="Encyclopedia of Christmas">{{cite book|last1=Gulevich|first1=Tanya|title=Encyclopedia of Christmas : nearly 200 alphabetically arranged entries covering all aspects of Christmas, including folk customs, religious observances, history, legends, symbols, and related days from Europe, America, and around the world|date=2000|publisher=Omnigraphics|location=Detroit|isbn=0780803876}}</ref> Before that time, Armenians celebrated Christmas ({{Transliteration|hy|surb tsnunt}}, {{Lang|hy|Սուրբ Ծնունդ}}, meaning 'Holy Birth') on 6 January<ref>Hratch Tchilingirian. ''Why Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6''. Western Diocese, 2008, 2 January</ref> as a [[Public holidays in Armenia|public holiday in Armenia]]. It also coincides with the Epiphany. The Armenians denied the new Roman mandate regarding Christmas, and continued to celebrate both the Nativity and Jesus' baptism on 6 January. When the Gregorian calendar was implemented in 1582, the Armenians rejected the reformed calendar and continued to follow the Julian Calendar. Today, only the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem still uses the Julian Calendar. Since the Julian calendar is thirteen days behind the Gregorian calendar, when the Armenians of Jerusalem celebrate Christmas on 6 January according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar counts the day as 19 January.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Christmas" />

Traditionally, Armenians fast during the week leading up to Christmas, avoiding all meat, eggs, and dairy products.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Christmas" /> Devout Armenians may even refrain from food for the three days leading up to Christmas Eve in order to receive the Eucharist on a "pure" stomach. Christmas Eve is particularly rich in traditions. Families gather for the Christmas Eve dinner ({{Transliteration|hy|khetum}}, {{Lang|hy|Խթում}}), which generally consists of rice, fish, {{Transliteration|hy|nevik}} ({{Lang|hy|նուիկ}}, a vegetable dish of green chard and chick peas), and yogurt/wheat soup ({{Transliteration|hy|tanabur}}, {{Lang|hy|թանապուր}}). Dessert includes dried fruits and nuts, including {{Transliteration|hy|rojik}}, which consists of whole shelled walnuts threaded on a string and encased in grape jelly, {{Transliteration|hy|bastukh}} (a paper-like confection of grape jelly, cornstarch, and flour), etc. This lighter menu is designed to ease the stomach off the week-long fast and prepare it for the rather more substantial Christmas Day dinner. Children take presents of fruits, nuts, and other candies to older relatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/armenia.shtml|title=Christmas in Armenia|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> "On the eve of the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany of The Lord Jesus Christ, the Jrakalouyts Divine Liturgy (the lighting of the lamps service) is celebrated in honor of the manifestation of Jesus as the Son of God (theophany)".<ref>{{cite web|title=Nativity and Theophany of Our Lord "Overview"|url=http://www.armenianchurch-ed.net/feasts/feastschristmas/about/|website=www.armenianchurch-ed.net|publisher=Armenian Church|access-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029105927/http://www.armenianchurch-ed.net/feasts/feastschristmas/about|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Assyrians ====
{{Cleanup lang|section|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh8.JPG|thumb|Traditional ceremony during an Assyrian Christmas celebration in Alqosh, northern Iraq]]

The [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], the indigenous people of northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey that belong to the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], and [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] today celebrate Christmas on 25 December. Assyrians colloquially call Christmas ''Eda Zora'', meaning 'little holiday.' It is officially called ''Eda d'Yalde'' which means 'birthday holiday.' Traditionally, Assyrians fast (''sawma'') from 1 December until Christmas Day. In Iraq, for instance, on Christmas Eve, Assyrian families congregate outside of their house and hold lighted candles while a child reads aloud the nativity story. Then they all sing psalms over a bonfire made of thorn bushes. Folklore says that if the thorns burn to ashes, the family will have good luck. After the fire has been reduced to ashes, the family members will jump three times over the ashes and make a wish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chaldeannews.com/christmas-traditions/|title=Christmas Traditions|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207065201/http://www.chaldeannews.com/christmas-traditions/|archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> The next day, on Christmas, "as another bonfire burns in the churchyard, the bishops lead the service while carrying a figure of the baby Jesus. He blesses one person with a touch. That person touches the next person and the touch passes around until all have felt the touch of peace."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-4WhilzYkQC&q=%22chaldean+Christmas%22&pg=PA271|title=Once Upon a Time in Baghdad|author=Margo Kirtikar|date=2011|publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=9781456853761}}</ref> Many Assyrians will attend the ''Shaharta,'' or midnight vigil before Christmas. On Christmas Day, when families gather together after the ''Shaharta'' or morning mass, ''raza d'mowlada d'maran,'' the fast is broken by eating traditional Assyrian foods such as ''pacha/reesh-aqle'' (meaning 'from the head to the tail'), which is a boiled soup made of sheep or cow intestines, tongue, stomach, legs, and spices or ''harissa'', a porridge made of ground wheat and chicken (both dishes are prepared usually overnight). These two dishes are only made twice a year: on Christmas and Easter. Traditional desserts eaten after the main course include ''killeche'', a date and walnut-stuffed cookie, and ''kadeh'', another stuffed pastry. After the feast is finished, Assyrians will visit the houses of family and friends to exchange Christmas greetings, saying, "''Eedokhon breekha''", meaning "May your feast be blessed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/festivals-ix-assyrian/|title=FESTIVALS ix.Assyrian|publisher=Encyclopedia Iranica|via=Iranica Online|date=2012}}</ref>

==== Lebanon ====
Christmas is an official holiday in Lebanon. The Lebanese celebrate Christmas on 25 December, except for [[Armenians in Lebanon|Armenian Lebanese]] Christians who celebrate Christmas on 6 January (also an official holiday in Lebanon). Lebanese families come together and butcher a sheep for a Christmas Eve feast in honor of the birth of "the shepherd" Jesus Christ. On that night the head of the house passes around a piece of coal representing the sins before Christ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/lebanon|title=Christmas in Lebanon on whychristmas?com|author=|website=www.whychristmas.com|accessdate=1 April 2023}}</ref> After the piece of coal has been passed around it is then set on fire.<ref name="ameinfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/lebanon_public_holidays/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030703104723/http://www.ameinfo.com/lebanon_public_holidays/ |archive-date=3 July 2003 |url-status=dead |title=Lebanon Public Holidays | AME Info Country Guide | AMEinfo.com |access-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> After Dinner, Lebanese Christians attend midnight mass. Santa Claus is known by the French name {{Lang|fr|Papa Noël}}. Gifts are either dropped off at church or ''{{Lang|fr|Papa Noël}}'' makes a personal appearance at the home.<ref name="msichicago.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.msichicago.org/scrapbook/scrapbook_exhibits/catw2004/traditions/countries/lebanon.html |title=Holiday Traditions | Lebanon |publisher=[[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)]] |access-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415090744/http://www.msichicago.org/scrapbook/scrapbook_exhibits/catw2004/traditions/countries/lebanon.html |archive-date=15 April 2013 }}</ref>

==== Jordan ====
[[File:Christmas Tree - Taj Mall Jordan 1.jpg|thumb|A Christmas tree inside a shopping mall in [[Amman]], Jordan]]

Jordanian Christians observe Christmas on 25 December, which is a national holiday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holidays |url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/public-holidays/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=World Travel Guide |language=en-US}}</ref> The Muslim majority of Jordan also take part in Christmas as a holiday, and during this time shops and streets in Jordan are colorfully decorated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rincon |first=Selena |date=2021-12-24 |title=Celebrating Christmas Throughout the Middle East |url=https://insidearabia.com/celebrating-christmas-throughout-the-middle-east/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Inside Arabia |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Iraq ====
Christmas is celebrated by [[Christians in Iraq]], and in 2018 it was declared an official state holiday for the first time. In recent years, an increasing number of Muslims have also started celebrating Christmas as a secular holiday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Christmas is such a big holiday in Iraq – DW – 12/23/2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/in-iraq-christmas-is-many-muslims-favorite-new-holiday/a-60239353 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Palestine ====
{{Main|Christmas in Palestine}}

The main focus of celebrations of the holiday is in [[Bethlehem]] in the Palestinian controlled-West Bank, just kilometers from Jerusalem, where the [[Church of the Nativity]] is located. It is celebrated thrice there:

* 24 and 25 December by Catholics (Latins), who use the [[General Roman Calendar]] ([[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]]), and many Protestants;
* 6 and 7 January by the Greek Orthodox, together with the Syriac Orthodox, Ethiopian and Coptic Orthodox, who use the [[Julian calendar]];
* 18 and 19 January by the Armenian Apostolic Church,<ref name=DW>Tania Kraemer for [[Deutsche Welle]], 23 December 2022. [https://www.dw.com/en/bethlehem-is-ready-for-its-long-christmas-season/a-64109231 ''Bethlehem is ready for its long Christmas season''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225110412/https://www.dw.com/en/bethlehem-is-ready-for-its-long-christmas-season/a-64109231 |date=25 December 2022 }}. Accessed 24 December 2022.</ref> which combines the celebration of the Nativity with that of the [[Baptism of Jesus]] into the Armenian Feast of Theophany on 6 January, according to the early traditions of Eastern Christianity, but follows the rules of the [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] in its calculations (6 January Julian style corresponds to 19 January Gregorian style).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churcharmenia.com/evangelical/evmain3_30_01b.html |title=When Is Easter This Year? |first=Ardem A.|last=Tajerian |work=ChurchArmenia.com |access-date=2014-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311000809/http://www.churcharmenia.com/evangelical/evmain3_30_01b.html |archive-date=2012-03-11 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.cmc-terrasanta.com/en/media/terra-santa-news/19194/armenian-christmas-in-bethlehem ''Armenian Christmas in Bethlehem''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225114003/https://www.cmc-terrasanta.com/en/media/terra-santa-news/19194/armenian-christmas-in-bethlehem |date=25 December 2022 }}. Christian Media Center of the [[Custody of the Holy Land]], 21 January 2020. Accessed 24 December 2022.</ref>

==== Saudi Arabia ====
Christmas is not an official holiday in Saudi Arabia. Until around the early 2010s, Christmas was banned in Saudi Arabia as it was and still is considered [[haram]] by Islamic authorities. A display of decorations can be found in certain indoor markets and malls.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Do Saudis Celebrate Christmas? Quietly, but Less So. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/24/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-christmas.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 December 2021 }}</ref>

==== Syria ====
Most [[Christians in Syria]] celebrate Christmas on 25 December although Armenians generally celebrate on 6 January and some other Orthodox Christians on 7 January. Christmas has been a public holiday in Syria since 1963. In 2024, the new Syrian Government declared 26 December as a holiday in celebration of Christmas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2025 |title=Syrian government declares official holiday for Christmas |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/64522 |work=[[Roya News]] |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

== Europe ==
=== Central Europe ===
[[File:Adventskranz von oben.jpg|thumb|Christmas wreath]]

In many areas of [[Central Europe]], [[Saint Nicholas]] ({{Langx|hu|Mikulás}}, {{Langx|cs|Mikuláš}}, {{Langx|pl|Mikołaj}}, {{Langx|sk|Mikuláš}}, {{Langx|sl|Miklavž}}, {{Langx|uk|Миколай}}), or Santa Claus, does not come for Christmas. He visits families earlier, on the dawn of [[Saint Nicholas Day]] on 6 December, and for the well-behaved children he has presents and candy-bags to put into their well-polished shoes that were set in the windows the previous evening. He neither parks his sleigh on rooftops nor climbs chimneys, and his visits are usually accompanied by a diabolic-looking servant named [[Krampusz]] (in Austria, Slovenia, and [[Croatia]], Krampus; in Czech and Slovak regions he is simply {{Lang|cs|čert}}, i.e., 'devil', without any name) who gives golden coloured birches for so called badly behaved children.{{cn|date=January 2026}} All children get both gifts and golden birches (Hungarian: {{Lang|hu|virgács}}) in their shoes, no matter how they behaved themselves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcu.edu/language/hunghemu/hunghe7g.htm |title=Hungarian Heritage Museum |access-date=18 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815122913/http://www.jcu.edu/language/hunghemu/hunghe7g.htm |archive-date=15 August 2007 }}</ref>

==== Austria and Germany ====
{{Main|Weihnachten}}
[[File:Advent Bowl Rusch.jpg|thumb|right|Austrian Advent bowl]]

In some German-speaking communities, particularly in Catholic regions of western and southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, [[South Tyrol]] and [[Liechtenstein]], as well as in other Catholic regions of Central Europe, the ''[[Christkind]]'' (literally 'Christ child') brings the presents on the evening of 24 December ('Holy Evening' or {{Lang|de|Heiliger Abend}}).<ref name=forbes>Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-520-25104-0}}</ref>{{rp|68–79}}

===== Austria =====
[[File:Wien Rathaus Christkindlmarkt Dez2006B.jpg|thumb|left|Christmas market in front of the town hall in [[Vienna]], Austria]]

In Austria, Christmas trees play a very important part in Christmas celebrations. Every town sets up its own huge tree on the main square all decorated with electric candles, ornaments and various decorations resembling candies or other sweets and frequently there will be an extra one, adorned with breadcrumbs, for the birds. In families the tree is decorated with gold and silver ornaments or stars made out of straw, sweets and candy wrapped in tinfoil, gilded nuts, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austria.info/us/people-and-traditions/christmas-season-in-austria-1084204.html|title=Christmas Season in Austria|work=austria.info|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713062911/http://www.austria.info/us/people-and-traditions/christmas-season-in-austria-1084204.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The feast of [[St Nicholas]] marks the beginning of Christmas in Austria. On Christmas Eve (24 December) the tree is lit for the first time and the whole family gathers to sing [[Christmas carols]] like "{{Lang|de|Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht}}" ("[[Silent Night]]").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/austria.shtml|title=Christmas in Austria|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

===== Germany =====
[[File:Weihnachtssterne. Chemnitz. IMG 7242WI.jpg|thumb|[[Moravian star|Christmas star]]]]
[[File:Bavarian Crib.JPG|thumb|Old Bavarian crib found in [[Magnus of Füssen|St Mang]] Basilica, [[Füssen]], [[Bavaria]]]]
[[File:Christmas tree on the Potsdamer Platz (Sony Center) in Berlin, Germany.jpg|thumb|upright|Christmas tree in [[Berlin]], Germany]]

The [[Sorbs]], a minority in Saxony and parts of Brandenburg with a language similar to Polish, have some specific traditions. In [[Jänschwalde]], the {{Lang|de|Bescherkind}} or ''[[Janšojski bog]]'' ('gift child'), a girl dressed in local costume and veil, visits the neighbors and goes around with two companions the Wednesday before Christmas. Similar to Saint Nicholas, smaller presents like sweets are given and blessings provided, but she remains silent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bern.diplo.de/Vertretung/bern/de/12_20Adventskalender/17-_20sorbische_20Weihnachtsbraeuche.html|title=Deutsche Botschaft Bern|access-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218064944/http://www.bern.diplo.de/Vertretung/bern/de/12_20Adventskalender/17-_20sorbische_20Weihnachtsbraeuche.html|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:2014-12 Engel+Bergmann beleuchtet.jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Traditional [[Miner's figure]]s as Christmas light bearers]]
Currently the actual Christmas gift-giving ({{Langx|de|Bescherung}}) usually takes place on [[Christmas Eve]]. This tradition was introduced by [[Protestant Reformation|Reformer]] [[Martin Luther]], as he was of the opinion that one should put the emphasis on Christ's birth and not on a saint's day and do away with the connotation that gifts have to be earned by good behavior. The gifts should be seen as a symbol for the gift of God's grace in Christ.<ref>Ernst, Eugen: Weihnachten im Wandel der Zeiten, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2. Aufl. Darmstadt 2000, pp. 34 – 35</ref>

The culinary feast either takes place at supper on Christmas Eve or on the first day of Christmas. Traditions vary from region to region; carp is eaten in many parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://german.about.com/library/blcmasvoc.htm |title=German Christmas Vocabulary |publisher=German.about.com |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=22 December 2011 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229231240/http://german.about.com/library/blcmasvoc.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Czech Republic and Slovakia ====
[[File:Christmas in Prague's Old Town Square.jpg|thumb|left|[[Old Town Square]] in Prague, Czech Republic – Christmastime]]

{{Main|Czech Christmas Mass}}

In Catholic Slovakia, the tradition of ''[[Jasličkári]]'' involves young men dressed as shepherds or angels visiting their neighbors and presenting recitations and songs about the story of the birth of Jesus.<ref name="Ball2003">{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Ann|title=Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjI9YQBFDGYC&pg=PA271|access-date=20 November 2015|year=2003|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|isbn=9780879739102|pages=271–}}</ref>

==== Hungary ====
{{Main|Christmas in Hungary}}

Although the role of gift-giver on Christmas Day itself is assigned to the Christ Child, on the night before Saint Nicholas Day Hungarian children traditionally place a boot on their windowsill waiting for Mikulás to come by and fill it with treats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/hungary/ |title=St. Nicholas Around the World: Hungary |access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Budapest-Baumkuchen 6361.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kürtőskalács]] in Budapest]]
{{Clear}}

==== Poland ====
{{Main|Christmas in Poland}}
[[File:Wigilia potrawy 554.jpg|thumb|Traditional Polish ''[[Wigilia]]'' meal]]
[[File:Oplatki.w.koszyczku.jpg|thumb|Polish ''[[opłatki]]'' (Christmas wafer) in a basket]]

In the largely Catholic Poland, Christmas Eve begins with a day of fasting and then a night of feasting. The traditional Christmas meal is known as ''[[Wigilia]]'' ('The [[Vigil]]'), and being invited to attend a {{Lang|pl|Wigilia}} dinner with a family is considered a high honor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/poland.htm |title=Christmas traditions in Poland |publisher=Thehistoryofchristmas.com |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207072601/http://thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/poland.htm |archive-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On the night of Christmas Eve, the appearance of the first star in the sky is watched for, in remembrance of the [[Star of Bethlehem]]; it has been given the affectionate name of "the little star" or {{Lang|pl|Gwiazdka}} (the female counterpart of Saint Nicholas). On that evening, children watch the sky anxiously hoping to be the first to cry out, "The star has come!" After the appearance of the first star is declared, the family sits down at the dinner table.<ref name="pmkamsterdam" />

A traditional {{Lang|pl|Wigilia}} supper in Poland includes fried [[carp]] and ''[[barszcz]]'' (beetroot soup) with ''[[uszka]]'' (translated as 'little ears', also known as meatless ravioli). The most common dishes are fish soup, with potato salad, [[pierogi]], ''[[gołąbki]]'' filled with ''[[kasha|kasza]]'', pickled [[herring]] and fruit [[kompot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/poland.shtml |title=Christmas in Poland |access-date=25 December 2010}}</ref>

Christmas Eve ends with ''[[Pasterka]]'', the Midnight Mass at the local church. The tradition commemorates the arrival of the [[Three Wise Men]] to Bethlehem and their paying of respect and bearing witness to the newborn Messiah. The custom of Christmas night liturgy was introduced in the Christian churches after the second half of the 5th century. In Poland that custom arrived together with the coming of Christianity.<ref name="pmkamsterdam">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmkamsterdam.nl/PL/Czytelnia/BozeNar.htm |title=Boże Narodzenie i polskie tradycje |access-date=25 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107101742/http://www.pmkamsterdam.nl/PL/Czytelnia/BozeNar.htm |archive-date=7 January 2008 }}</ref> The next day (25 December) begins with the early morning mass followed by daytime masses. According to scripture,{{Clarify|date=December 2022}} the Christmas Day masses are interchangeable allowing for greater flexibility in choosing the religious services by individual parishioners.<ref name="Kędzierski">{{cite web |url=http://www.przewodnik-katolicki.pl/nr/ksiadz_odpowiada/pasterka_przed_polnoca.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227000853/http://www.przewodnik-katolicki.pl/nr/ksiadz_odpowiada/pasterka_przed_polnoca.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2012 |title=Pasterka przed północą... (Pasterka before midnight) |author=Rev. Jacek Kędzierski |publisher=Drukarnia i Księgarnia św. Wojciecha |work=Przewodnik Katolicki 02/2009 (Catholic Guide) |language=pl |access-date=19 December 2012 }}</ref>

==== Romania and Moldova ====
{{main|Christmas in Romania}}
[[File:Sibiu Christmas Market opening 2008.JPG|thumb|right|Christmas market in Sibiu, Romania]]

Romanian food served during the holidays is a hearty multi-coursed meal, most of which consists of pork (organs, muscle, and fat). This is mainly a symbolic gesture for [[Ignatius of Antioch|St. Ignatius of Antioch]].<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [https://jurnalul.ro/campaniile-jurnalul/recurs-la-romania/ignat-sarbatoare-insangerata-112680.html Ignat, sărbătoare insăngerată] , 22 December 2007</ref>

=== Eastern Europe ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Alilo 2008.jpg|thumb|left|Children at the Alilo march in the streets of [[Tbilisi]]]]
[[File:Place pres de la gare Moscou.jpg|thumb|New Year decorations in [[Nizhny Novgorod]]]]

==== Ukraine ====
{{Main|Christmas in Ukraine}}
[[File:Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper.jpg|thumb|right|Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper, Ukraine]]

''[[Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper|Sviata Vecheria]]'' or 'Holy Supper' is the central tradition of the Christmas Eve celebrations in Ukrainian homes and takes place in most parts of the country – from many years on 6 January and from 2022 onwards on 24 December. In Western Ukraine, especially in [[Carpathian Ruthenia]], due to historical multi-culturism, until 2023 Christmas can be observed twice—on 25 December and 7 January, often irrespective of whether the family belongs to [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], the [[Latin Church|Roman Catholic Church]], one of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)|Ukrainian Orthodox Churches]], or one of the Protestant denominations. The Western Ukrainian tradition of two Christmas celebrations, since 2017, is also celebrated nationwide as well, but the traditions in the western regions, given the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], were standardized in 2022 for celebrations within the whole of the nation – and with the date finally unified in 2023 the Western Ukrainian form has become the official standard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.digitaljournal.com/news/world/ukraine-seeks-distance-from-moscow-with-new-christmas-holiday/article/507753|title=Ukraine seeks distance from Moscow with new Christmas holiday|website=m.digitaljournal.com|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065016/http://m.digitaljournal.com/news/world/ukraine-seeks-distance-from-moscow-with-new-christmas-holiday/article/507753|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|uk}} {{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-42008437|title=Рада зробила 25 грудня вихідним днем|date=16 November 2017|work=BBC Україна|access-date=16 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Northern Europe ===
==== Denmark ====
{{Main|Jul (Denmark)}}
[[File:Julemiddag.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Traditional [[Danish people|Danish]] Christmas dinner]]

Danes celebrate on 24 December, which is referred to as {{Lang|da|juleaften}} (literally 'Yule evening').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/denmark.htm|title=Traditions in Denmark|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915005111/http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/denmark.htm|archive-date=15 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Adventkalender andrea.JPG|thumb|[[Advent calendar]]]]

Another more recent Danish tradition is the concept of television {{Lang|da|julekalendere}}, special Christmas-themed, advent calendar-type television programmes with a daily episode shown on each of the first 24 days of December, thus culminating on ''{{Lang|da|juleaften}}''. Several television stations produce their own, most, but not all of which are targeted at child viewers. Some of the television advent calendars become extremely popular and go on to be reprised in subsequent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/denmark.shtml|title=Christmas in Denmark|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

==== Estonia ====
[[File:Jõuluvanade XIII konverents.IMG 6103 by Ave Maria Mõistlik.JPG|thumb|left|Christmas Santas]]

==== Finland ====
{{main|Christmas in Finland}}

[[File:Christmas presents and a tree.jpg|thumbnail|Christmas presents and a tree in Finland]]
[[File:Joulukinkku.jpg|thumbnail|Christmas ham]]

Christmas is an extensively prepared celebration centering on the family and home, although it has a religious dimension also. The Christmas season starts from December or even in late November, when shops began advertising potential Christmas gifts. Christmas decorations and songs become more prominent as Christmas nears, and children count days to Christmas with [[Advent calendar]]s. Schools and some other places have the day before Christmas Eve ({{Lang|fi|aatonaatto}}, 23 December) as a holiday, but at the latest on Christmas Eve ({{Lang|fi|jouluaatto}}, 24 December), shops close early and stay closed until 26 December. The main Christmas festivities are held on Christmas Eve on 24 December, while Christmas Day ({{Lang|fi|joulupäivä}}) and the following day ({{Lang|fi|Tapaninpäivä}}, 'St. Stephen's Day') are mandatory [[public holidays in Finland]].<ref name="Christmas in Finland">{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/finland.shtml|title=Christmas in Finland|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Schools continue holidays up to the New Year.

[[File:Hundreds of candles and a Christian Cross at a cemetery on Christmas eve.jpg|thumb|It is traditional in Finland to bring candles to the graves of loved ones on Christmas Eve and [[All Saints Day]].]]

Finnish people clean their homes well before Christmas and prepare special treats for the festive season. A sheaf of grain, nuts and seeds are tied on a pole, which is placed in the garden for the birds to feed on. Spruce trees are cut or bought from a market and taken to homes on or a few days before Christmas Eve and are decorated. Candles are lit on the Christmas tree, which is traditionally decorated using apples and other fruit, candies, paper flags, cotton and tinsel, in addition to [[Christmas ornaments]] such as stars or baubles. Actual candles are no longer used, being replaced by incandescent or LED lamps. A star symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem is placed at the top of the tree. Just before the Christmas festivities begin, people usually take a Christmas [[sauna]]. The tradition is very old; unlike on normal days, when one would go to the sauna in the evening, on Christmas Eve it is done before sunset. This tradition is based on a pre-20th century belief that the spirits of the dead return and have a sauna at the usual sauna hours.<ref name="Christmas in Finland"/>

==== Iceland ====
{{Main|Jól (Iceland)}}

The Christmas or [[Yule]] ([[Jól (Iceland)|''Jól'']] in Icelandic)<ref name="Christmas in Iceland">{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/iceland.shtml|title=Christmas in Iceland|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> celebration in Iceland starts four Sundays before Christmas proper, which begins on 24 December (Advent) and ends thirteen days later on 6 January.

Thirteen days before 24 December, children will leave their shoes by the window so that the [[Yule Lads]] can leave small gifts in their shoes.<ref name="Christmas in Iceland"/> Thirteen days after the 24th Icelanders say goodbye to the Yule Lads and other mystical creatures such as elves and trolls. There are bonfires held throughout the country while the elves, Yule Lads, and Icelanders dance together before saying goodbye until the next Christmas.<ref name="Christmas in Iceland"/>

==== Norway ====
{{Main|Jul (Norway)}}
[[File:Juletræslys.jpg|thumb|Christmas tree with a candle]]
[[File:Gifts xmas.jpg|thumb|Christmas gifts]]

The major day of celebration in Norway, as in most of Northern Europe, is 24 December. Although it is legally a regular workday until 4:00 p.m.,<ref name="Christmas in Norway">{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/norway.shtml|title=Christmas in Norway|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> most stores close early. Church bells chime in the Christmas holiday between 5:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. In some families, the Christmas story from Luke 2 will be read from the old family Bible. The main Christmas meal is served in the evening. Common main dishes include pork rib, ''[[pinnekjøtt]]'' (pieces of lamb rib steamed on a grid of birch wood). Many people also eat [[lutefisk]] or fresh, poached cod. Rice porridge is also popular (but most commonly served as an early lunch rather than for the main Christmas dinner), an almond is often hidden in the porridge, and the person who finds it wins a treat or small gift. In some parts of Norway it is common to place porridge outside (in a barn, outhouse or even in the forest) to please {{Lang|no|nissen}}. In many families, where the parents grew up with different traditions, two different main dishes are served to please everyone. If children are present (and they have behaved well the last year), {{Lang|no|Julenissen}} (Santa Claus) pays a visit, otherwise gifts are stored under the Christmas tree.<ref name="Christmas in Norway"/>

For a lot of Norwegians, especially families, television is an important part of the earlier hours of Christmas Eve. Many Norwegians watch the Czech-German fairy tale ''[[Tři oříšky pro Popelku|Three Wishes for Cinderella]]'' (Norwegian title: {{Lang|no|Tre nøtter til Askepott}}), the Disney Christmas cavalcade ''[[From All of Us to All of You]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvparty.com/xmas-disney.html|title=Christmas in Norway fairytale|author=|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

25 December is a very quiet and relaxed day. Church services are well attended. The old tradition of a very early morning service before breakfast has been replaced in most areas by a service in the later morning. Afterward, many families get together for a large festive meal.<ref name="Christmas in Norway"/>

==== Sweden ====
{{Main|Jul (Sweden)}}
[[File:Privat julbord.JPG|thumb|Traditional ''[[julbord]]'', or Christmas table]]
[[File:Lucia-13.12.06.jpg|thumb|Saint Lucy's Day 2006]]
[[File:Stortorgsbrunnen 2009.jpg|thumb|Christmas market with Christmas tree in [[Stockholm]]]]
[[File:Christmas-Goat.JPG|thumb|{{Lang|sv|Julbock}}, a giant Christmas goat at the [[Gävle]] town market, Sweden]]

The pre-Christian holiday of [[Yule]], or ''jól'', was the most important holiday in Scandinavia and Northern Europe.<ref name="Christmas in Sweden">{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/sweden.shtml|title=Christmas in Sweden|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> [[Saint Lucy's Day]] (locally known as {{Lang|sv|Luciadagen}}) is the first major Christmas celebration before Christmas itself. The eldest daughter arising early and wearing her Lucy garb of white robe, red sash, and a wire crown covered with whortleberry-twigs with nine lighted candles fastened in it awakens the family, singing "Santa Lucia", serving them coffee and [[saffron bun]]s ([[St. Lucia buns]]), thus ushering in the Christmas season.<ref name=Matthews>{{cite web|url=http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Lucy.html|title=Matthews, Jeff. "Everybody Loves Lucy", University of Maryland University College – Italian Studies|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903152016/http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Lucy.html|archive-date=3 September 2012}}</ref>

Christmas is an occasion celebrated with food.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/sweden.htm|title=Traditions in Sweden|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627150923/http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/sweden.htm|archive-date=27 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Television also plays a big role, many families watch the Disney Christmas special {{Lang|sv|Kalle Anka och hans vänner önskar God Jul}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0908282/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv|title=From All of Us to All of You|work=IMDb|access-date=25 September 2014}} {{unreliable?|date=November 2025}}</ref> (''[[From All of Us to All of You]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0908282/|title=From All of Us to All of You|work=IMDb|access-date=25 September 2014}} {{unreliable?|date=November 2025}}</ref> ''[[Karl Bertil Jonssons julafton]]'' (animated short), or a re-run of the ''[[Svensson, Svensson]]'' episode "{{Lang|sv|God Jul!}}" ('Merry Christmas') on the TV channel [[SVT1]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://slate.com/id/2239252/ |title=Nordic Quack: Sweden's bizarre tradition of watching Donald Duck cartoons on Christmas Eve |author=Jeremy Stahl |work=Slate |date=22 December 2009 |quote="At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, you can't to do anything else, because Sweden is closed" |access-date=25 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907100440/http://www.slate.com/id/2239252 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Orange pomander.jpg|thumb|left|Around Christmas, people hang oranges decorated with cloves in the window or place it on the table.]]

Many Swedes still adhere to the tradition that each present should have a rhyme written on the wrapping paper, to hint at the contents without revealing them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/12/22/sweden.christmas/|title=With food, drink and candles, Sweden embraces Christmas|access-date=25 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408012151/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/12/22/sweden.christmas/|archive-date=8 April 2009}}</ref>

After 24 December, the Christmas celebrations have more or less come to an end. Some people attend the [[julottan]], an early morning church service on 25 December. This service was the main service of Christmas historically—nowadays, the [[Midnight Mass]] has become increasingly popular. Others attend a simpler service called ''Christmas Prayer'' in the afternoon of Christmas Eve, but many Swedes do not attend church at all during Christmas as the country is very [[secular]]. Even so, most families do set up a {{Lang|sv|Julkrubba}} ('[[Nativity scene|Christmas Crib]]'). On 13 January (locally known as {{Lang|sv|knutdagen}} or {{Lang|sv|tjugondag knut}} 'twentieth-day Christmas'), 20 days after Christmas, the Christmas celebrations come to an end and all Christmas decorations are removed.<ref name="Christmas in Sweden"/>

=== Southern Europe ===

==== Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia ====
[[File:Bozicna psenica.jpg|thumb|upright|Croatian wheat grass, planted on St. Lucy's, used for Christmas candles]]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, Christmas ({{Langx|hr|Božić}}, {{Langx|sl|Božič}}) is celebrated mainly as a religious holiday. The festivities begin on [[Saint Nicholas]]'s Day on 6 December (in Slovenia) or [[Saint Lucy]]'s on 13 December depending on what region (in Croatia). Saint Lucy or Saint Nicholas brings children presents, and Saint Nicholas is said to be accompanied by [[Krampus]] who steals away the presents of bad children. This "anti-Santa" is said to have one cloven hoof, a handful of heavy chains, and a sack on his back to collect naughty children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardstore.com/christmas-around-the-world |title=How is Christmas Celebrated Around the World |work=CardStore.com |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>

==== Bulgaria ====
[[File:Sofia TZUM night.JPG|thumb|left|TZUM department store at Christmastime, [[Sofia]], Bulgaria]]

In Bulgaria, Christmas ({{langx|bg|Коледа}}, ''[[Koleda]]'' or more formally {{Lang|bg|Рождество Христово}}, {{Transliteration|bg|Rozhdestvo Hristovo}}, 'Nativity of Jesus') is celebrated on 25 December and is preceded by Christmas Eve ({{Lang|bg|Бъдни вечер}}, {{Transliteration|bg|Badni vecher}}). Traditionally, Christmas Eve would be the climax of the [[Nativity Fast]], and thus only an odd number of lenten dishes are presented on that evening.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santas.net/bulgarianchristmas.htm|title=Bulgarian Christmas|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The table is usually not cleared after the dinner and until the next morning, to leave some food for the holy spirits – a custom which probably comes from pagan pre-Christian times. On that day, a [[Bulgarian budnik]] is set alight. On Christmas, meat dishes are already allowed and are typically served.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/bulgariatravel/a/bulgariachristmastraditions.htm|title=Bulgaria's Christmas Traditions|publisher=Aboutcom|access-date=15 May 2014|archive-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202054123/http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/bulgariatravel/a/bulgariachristmastraditions.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Among the Bulgarian Christmas traditions is [[Koledari (Bulgarian)|''koleduvane'']], which involves boy carolers ({{Lang|bg|коледари}}, {{Transliteration|bg|koledari}}) visiting the neighboring houses starting at midnight on Christmas Eve, wishing health, wealth and happiness. Another custom is the baking of a traditional round loaf ({{Lang|bg|пита}}, ''[[pita]]''). The pita is broken into pieces by the head of the family and a piece is given to each family member, a valuable possession, and a piece for God. A coin is hidden inside the pita and whoever gets the coin will have luck, health, and prosperity in the coming year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indobase.com/holidays/christmas/world/christmas-in-bulgaria.html|title=Christmas in bulgaria|publisher=Indobase}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
{{Main|Christmas in Italy}}

[[File:Neve a Verona 17.01.2006 033.jpg|thumb|Christmas lights in [[Verona]], Italy]]
[[File:Duomo Milano Natale.jpeg|thumb|Christmas tree in [[Milan]], in front of the [[Milan Cathedral]], Italy]]
[[File:Presepe naples rome2.jpg|thumb|[[Neapolitan nativity scene]] in [[Rome]], Italy]]
[[File:Meraner Advent- Passerpromenade- Kurhaus- Meran.jpg|thumb|[[Christmas market]] in [[Merano]], Italy]]
[[File:Panettone - Nicolettone 2017 - IMG 7085 (31752542285).jpg|thumb|[[Panettone]]]]
[[File:Sapin Noel Geant Gubbio 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Ingino Christmas Tree]] in [[Gubbio]], Italy, the tallest Christmas tree in the world<ref name="tripsavvy"/>]]

[[Christmas in Italy]] ({{langx|it|Natale}}, {{IPA|it|naˈtaːle|pron}}) begins on 8 December, with the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]], the day on which traditionally the [[Christmas tree]] is mounted and ends on 6 January, of the following year with the [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] ({{Langx|it|Epifania|links=no}}).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=25 November 2013|title=The Best Christmas Traditions in Italy|url=https://www.walksofitaly.com/blog/things-to-do/christmas-traditions-in-italy|access-date=26 January 2021|website=Walks of Italy|language=en-GB}}</ref> The Italian term {{Lang|it|Natale}} derives from the [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|natalis}}, which literally means 'birth',<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=|title=Natale, origine del nome|url=http://www.etimoitaliano.it/2014/12/natale.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081221/http://www.etimoitaliano.it/2014/12/natale.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=26 January 2021|website=Etimo Italiano|language=it}}</ref> and the greetings in Italian are {{lang|it|[[:wikt:buon Natale|buon Natale]]}} ([[Merry Christmas]]) and {{lang|it|felice Natale}} ([[Happy Christmas]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Natale (italienische Weihnachten)|url=http://www.mein-italien.info/wissenswertes/natale.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428194613/http://www.mein-italien.info/wissenswertes/natale.htm|archive-date=28 April 2009|access-date=26 January 2021|website=Mein Italien|language=de}}</ref>

The Feast of the Immaculate Conception ({{Langx|it|Festa dell'Immacolata Concezione}}) on 8 December is a [[Public holidays in Italy|national holiday in Italy]]. Christmas decorations, including the [[nativity scene|''presepe'']] (nativity scene),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/italy.shtml|title=Christmas in Italy|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> as well as the Christmas tree, are usually put up on this day. Some modern takes on this holiday involve them hanging [[vultures]] to symbolize the cleaning of their spirits.

[[Saint Lucy's Day]] ({{Langx|it|Giorno di Santa Lucia|links=no}}) is celebrated as a Catholic holiday in [[Sicily]] and the northern regions of Italy on the supposed [[shortest day]] of the year, which is 13 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/milleldred/donnenocturnal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027042302/http://www.geocities.com/milleldred/donnenocturnal.html |archive-date=27 October 2009 |title= Yahoo | Mail, Weather, Search, Politics, News, Finance, Sports & Videos|date=27 October 2009 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref>

Christmas is celebrated in Italy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/12-23-2004-63380.asp |title=History of Christmas Traditions – Italy |publisher=Buzzle.com |access-date=22 December 2011 }}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> in a similar fashion to other Western European countries, with a strong emphasis given to the Christian meaning of the holiday and its celebration by the [[Catholic Church]], also reinforced by the still widespread tradition of setting up the {{Lang|it|presepe}}, a tradition initiated by [[Saint Francis of Assisi]]. It is quite common to attend Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve and practice the old custom of abstinence from meat on the day.

A popular Christmas Day dish in [[Naples]] and in [[Southern Italy]] is female eel or {{Lang|it|[[capitone]]}}, which is a female eel. A traditional Christmas Day dish from [[Northern Italy]] is [[capon]] (gelded chicken). [[Abbacchio]] is more common in [[Central Italy]].<ref name="lacucinaitaliana">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 December 2020|title=La triade golosa del Natale italiano: cappone, abbacchio e capitone |url=https://www.lacucinaitaliana.it/storie/piatti-tipici/la-triade-golosa-del-natale-italiano-cappone-abbacchio-e-capitone|access-date=26 December 2022|website=lacucinaitaliana.it |language=it}}</ref> The Christmas Day dinner traditionally consists by typical Italian Christmas dishes, such as [[agnolini]], [[Cappelletti (pasta)|cappelletti]], [[Pavese agnolotti]], [[capon]], lamb, [[eel]], [[panettone]], [[pandoro]], [[torrone]], [[panforte]], [[struffoli]], [[mustacciuoli]], [[bisciola]], [[cavallucci]], [[veneziana]], [[pizzelle]], [[zelten]], or others, depending on the regional cuisine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sicilianculture.com/food/xmasfish.htm |title=Food: Italian Christmas Eve Fish Dinner |publisher=Sicilian Culture |date=25 December 2002 |access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911142601/http://www.sicilianculture.com/food/xmasfish.htm |archive-date=11 September 2012 }}</ref>

The ancient Christmas festival called [[Ndocciata]] is celebrated on 8 December and Christmas Eve in [[Agnone]], [[Molise]], with a parade of torches leading up to the "Bonfire of Brotherhood".<ref>Nino Modugno ''Il mondo magico della notte delle streghe. Credenze e rituali che accompagnano il 24 giugno'' Hermes Edizioni, 2005 {{ISBN|88-7938-273-X}}</ref> On Christmas Eve, in the squares of many towns of eastern [[Sicily]], a large bonfire, {{Lang|scn|U Zuccu}}, is lit to warm the [[Baby Jesus]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Monica Cresci|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/viaggi/sicilia-tradizione-fuoco-natale-2097188.html |title=Sicilia: la tradizione del fuoco di Natale|publisher=[[Il Giornale]]|date=20 December 2022|access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref>

Traditions regarding the exchanging of gifts vary from region to region, as this might take place either on Christmas Eve or on Christmas Day. Presents for children are left underneath the Christmas tree either by Santa Claus (called [[:it:Babbo Natale|''Babbo Natale'']]) or, according to older traditions, by Baby Jesus himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/italy.htm|title=Christmas traditions in Italy|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008070557/http://thehistoryofchristmas.com/traditions/italy.htm|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some regions children receive gifts earlier (at Saint Lucy's Day) or later (on Epiphany).

In 1991, the so-called [[Gubbio Christmas Tree]] (a structure in the shape of a tree, set along a mountain slope), 650 meters high and decorated with over 700 lights, entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the tallest Christmas tree in the world.<ref name="tripsavvy">{{Cite web|title=Celebrate Christmas Italian Styles at These City Events|url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/christmas-traditions-things-to-do-italy-4176880|access-date=26 January 2021|website=TripSavvy|language=en}}</ref>

In Italy, Saint Stephen's Day became a public holiday in 1947, where previously it was a normal working day; the Catholic Church also celebrates it as a religious holiday, even if not as a [[Holy day of obligation|precept]], as it is in Germany and other German-speaking countries. The reason for the public holiday in Italy, not required by the Catholic Church despite the fame of the saint, is to be found in the intention of prolonging the Christmas holiday, creating two consecutive public holidays, which also happens in the case of [[Easter Monday]], a non-religious holiday, but which only wants to lengthen Easter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aspettandonatale.it/perche-si-festeggia-santo-stefano/|title=Santo Stefano: perché si festeggia il 26 dicembre?|date=10 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2022|language=it}}</ref> Before 1947 the two days were working days, with banks and offices open.

On 6 January (Epiphany, in Italian {{Lang|it|Epifania}}) decorations are usually taken down, and in some areas female puppets are burned on a pyre (called ''[[Bonfire|falò]]''), to symbolize, along with the end of the Christmas period, the death of the old year and the beginning of a new one.<ref name="trevisoinfo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.trevisoinfo.com/bonfires-veneto.htm |title=Traditional Bonfires of Veneto in winter solstice northeast italy winter solstice fires treviso traditions of veneto |publisher=Trevisoinfo.com |date=5 January 2008 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref>
While gifts are now given at Christmas by an American-style Santa Claus as well, Italy holds fast to its tradition of native gift-givers. On the eve of the 6th, [[la Befana]], the good Epiphany witch, is thought to ride the night skies on broomstick, bringing good children gifts and sweets, and bad ones charcoal or bags of ashes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/read/articles/epiphany-in-europe-sweetness-to-share |title=Rick Steves' Europe: Epiphany in Europe: Sweetness to share |last=Steves |first=Rick |publisher=RickSteves.com |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> In other areas it is the [[Three Wise Men]] who bring gifts, especially oranges symbolizing gold, and chocolate symbolizing their kisses to good children. In some municipalities, most famously in [[Milan]], the custom of the {{Lang|it|Corteo dei Re Magi}} (Three Kings' Procession) is elaborately celebrated with a parade welcoming the Wise Men, and the passing out of sweets.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XixojYgnRtsC&q=Three+Kings+Procession+milan&pg=PA81 |title=Italy |isbn=9781860111136 |date=1 January 2004 |access-date=22 December 2011|last1=Facaros |first1=Dana |last2=Pauls |first2=Michael |publisher=Cadogan Guides }}</ref> In other places such as [[Treviso]], the day is celebrated with bonfires, the sparks of which are said to predict the future of the new year.<ref name="trevisoinfo.com"/>

[[File:Christmas decorations in Braga (6).JPG|thumb|Christmas decorations in Braga]]

==== Serbia and Montenegro ====
[[File:Christmas-Serbian Ortodox Česnica.jpg|thumb|Serbian Orthodox Christmas bread]]
{{Main|Serbian Christmas traditions|Badnjak (Serbian)}}

In Serbia and Montenegro, Christmas ({{Langx|sr|Божић|translit=Božić}}, {{IPA|sh|boʒitɕ|pron}} or more formally {{Langx|sr|Рождество Христово|lit=Nativity of Christ|translit=Rozhdestvo Hristovo|label=none}}) is celebrated for three consecutive days, beginning with Christmas Day. The [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] uses the traditional [[Julian calendar]], per which Christmas Day (25 December) falls on 7 January. This day is called the first day of Christmas, and the following two are accordingly called the second, and the third day of Christmas. During this festive time, one is to greet another person with "Christ is Born" ({{Langx|sr|Христос се роди|Hristos se rodi}}), which should be responded with "Truly He is Born" ({{Langx|sr|Ваистину се роди|Vaistinu se rodi}}). The [[Serbian language|Serbian]] name for Christmas, {{Transliteration|sr|Božić}}, means 'young, little God'.

This holiday surpasses all the others celebrated by [[Serbs]], with respect to the diversity of applied folk customs and rituals. These may vary from region to region, some of them having modern versions adapted to the contemporary way of living. The ideal environment to carry them out fully is the traditional multi-generation country household.

In the morning of Christmas Eve a young, straight [[oak tree]] is selected and felled by the head of the household. A log is cut from it and is referred to as the [[Badnjak (Serbian)|''badnjak'']]. In the evening, the {{Transliteration|sr|badnjak}} is ceremoniously put on the domestic fire that burns in the house's fireplace called {{Transliteration|sr|ognjište}}, whose hearth is without a vertical surround. The burning of the ''{{Transliteration|sr|badnjak}}'' is accompanied by prayers to God so that the coming year may bring much happiness, love, good fortune, riches, and food. Since most houses today have no ''{{Transliteration|sr|ognjište}}'' on which to burn a ''{{Transliteration|sr|badnjak}}'', it is symbolically represented by several leaved oak twigs. For the convenience of city dwellers, they can be bought at marketplaces or received in churches.

The dinner on this day is festive, copious and diverse in food, although it is prepared in accordance with the rules of fasting. Groups of young people go from house to house of their village or neighborhood, congratulating each other, singing, and making performances; this continues through the next three days. The Serbs also take a bundle of straw into the house and spread it over the floor, and then put walnuts on it. Before the table is served for dinner, it is strewn with a thin layer of straw and covered with a white cloth. The head of household makes the [[Sign of the Cross]], lights a candle, and [[Censer|cense]]s the whole house. The family members sit down at the table, but before tucking in they all rise and a man or boy among them says a prayer, or they together sing the [[troparion]] of the Nativity.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Hymns of the Feast
| url = http://www.goarch.org/special/listen_learn_share/nativity
| work = Feast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ
| publisher = [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]]
| year = 2009}}</ref> After the dinner young people visit their friends, a group of whom may gather at the house of one of them. Christmas and other songs are sung, while the elderly narrate stories from the olden times.

On Christmas Day, the celebration is announced at dawn by church bells and by shooting. A big importance is given to the first visit a family receives that day. People expect that it will summon prosperity and well-being for their household in the ensuing year; this visit is often pre-arranged. Christmas dinner is the most celebratory meal a family has during a year. A special, festive loaf of bread is baked for this occasion. The main course is roast pork which is cooked whole by rotating it impaled on a wooden spit close to an open fire. Even though gift-giving is not necessarily a part of the tradition, a [[Santa Claus]]-like character called {{Transliteration|sr|Božić Bata}} (Father Christmas) sometimes takes his part in gift-giving, as Santa Claus is more traditionally connected to New Year's celebrations. Gift-giving is, nevertheless, connected with the celebrations, being traditionally done on the three consecutive Sundays that immediately precede it. Children, mothers, and fathers, respectively, are the set gift-givers on these three days.

Since the early 1990s, the Serbian Orthodox Church has, together with local communities, organized public celebrations on Christmas Eve. The course of these celebrations can be typically divided into three parts: the preparation, the ritual, and the festivity. The preparation consists of going and cutting down the tree to be used as the ''{{Transliteration|sr|badnjak}}'', taking it to the churchyard, and preparing drink and food for the assembled parishioners. The ritual includes [[Vespers]], placing the ''{{Transliteration|sr|badnjak}}'' on the open fire built in the churchyard, blessing or consecrating the ''{{Transliteration|sr|badnjak}}'', and an appropriate program with songs and recitals. In some parishes they build the fire on which to burn the ''{{Transliteration|sr|badnjak}}'' not in the churchyard but at some other suitable location in their town or village. The festivity consists of getting together around the fire and socializing. Each particular celebration has its own specificities which reflect traditions of the local community, and other local factors.

In Serbia, Montenegro and [[North Macedonia]] Christmas is celebrated on 7 January. This is a result of their [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] [[Autocephalous church|Churches]] commemorating Christmas Day based on the [[Julian calendar]], which is now 13 days behind the [[Revised Julian calendar]] (the other calendar used by certain Eastern Orthodox Churches, which is equivalent to the [[Gregorian calendar]] until 2100.)

==== Spain ====
[[File:Spain.Barcelona.Porta.Angel.Navidad.jpg|thumb|Avinguda Portal de l'Àngel, at Christmas time, [[Barcelona]], Spain]]

Christmas is an [[Public holidays in Spain|officially recognized holiday in Spain]]. In most of Spain, the Christmas period ({{Lang|es|Navidad}}) lasts from Christmas Eve ({{Lang|es|Nochebuena}}, that is, 'Good Night') on 24 December to Epiphany on 6 January. Many homes and most churches display a [[Nativity scene]], a [[Christmas tree]], or both. The {{Lang|es|belén}} or {{Lang|es|pesebre}} (Nativity scene) has a long tradition and is present in many homes, schools and stores, while the Christmas tree is not traditional, but it has become very popular. In [[Catalonia]] on the 26th, {{Lang|ca|Sant Esteve}} (Saint Stephen) is celebrated with a family gathering.

In most of Spain (though not in a few areas, such as Catalonia), a large family dinner is celebrated on Christmas Eve ({{Lang|es|nochebuena}}) and can last until late in the night. There is a wide variety of typical foods one might find on plates across Spain on this particular night, and each [[Regional food|region]] has its own distinct specialties. It is particularly common to start the meal with a seafood dish such as prawns or salmon, followed by a bowl of hot, homemade soup. The main meal will often consist of [[Lamb (food)|roast lamb]], or seafood, such as cod or shellfish. For dessert, there is quite a spread of delicacies, among them ''[[turrón]]'', a dessert made of honey, egg and almonds. Special dishes and desserts include shellfish and fish, [[marzipan]], turkey with [[truffles]], and ''[[polvorones]]'' (shortbread made of almonds, flour and sugar).

Even though there is still the traditional ''[[Misa del Gallo]]'' at midnight, few Spaniards continue to follow the old custom of attending.

In most of Spain, Christmas day was not associated with presents for children until recently; instead, the [[Three Magi]] brought the presents on the night of 5 January, as they still do. Now children often receive some presents on Christmas Day or Christmas Eve, brought by {{Lang|es|Papá Noel}} ('Father Noel'), which is a non-traditional version of Santa Claus, as depicted in U.S. media, but in some regions there are other more traditional characters, for example, the [[Olentzero]] in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]].

In the evening of 31 December ({{Lang|es|Nochevieja}}) there is also a large family feast. At 12:00 am on January 1 is very famous in Spain eat the [[Twelve Grapes]] ({{lang|es|las doce uvas de la suerte}}). Young people typically go out to a {{Lang|es|cotillón}}, a very big feast in bars and pubs, and they drink and dance until the next morning, when it is common to have [[Churros|churros with chocolate]] for breakfast.

In the evening of 5 January a huge public parade or cavalcade ({{Lang|es|[[Cavalcade of Magi|cabalgata de reyes]]}}) welcomes the [[Three Magi]] in the major cities of Spain. The parades are often televised. Children put their shoes in a balcony or window on the night of 5 January in the hope that the Three Wise Men will deliver them presents.<ref>"Christmas". ''World Book Encyclopedia'' 2003 edition. Volume Ch. P. 531</ref>

==== Turkey ====
In Turkey, Christmas is observed mainly by the [[Eastern Orthodox Christian]] minority and not the Muslim majority. Though Turkey has no direct link to Christmas, it was home to Saint Nicholas, a 4th-century bishop in [[Anatolia]] (then part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]) and the inspiration for the folklore of [[Santa Claus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/12/06/103484-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-archbishop-of-myra-in-lycia |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.oca.org}}</ref>

=== Western Europe ===

==== France and other French-speaking areas ====
[[File:ChampsElysee.jpg|thumb|left|Christmas decorations along the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris, France]]

[[Christmas in France]] ({{Lang|fr|Noël}} on the [[Public holidays in France|French calendar]])<ref>"Christmas" World Book Encyclopedia 2003 edition. The french word for Christmas is noel Volume "Ch" P. 530</ref> is celebrated mainly in a religious manner, though secular ways of celebrating the occasion also exist, such as Christmas decorations and carols.

In France and in other [[French-speaking]] areas (see also [[#Canada|Canada]] section), a long family dinner, called a ''[[réveillon]]'', is held on Christmas Eve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Noel/angl/reveilon.htm |title=Réveillon |publisher=VirtualMuseum.ca |date=1 December 1995 |access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010523234250/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Noel/angl/reveilon.htm |archive-date=23 May 2001 }}</ref> The name of this dinner is based on the word {{Lang|fr|réveil}} (meaning 'waking'), because participation involves staying awake until midnight and beyond.

In Belgium, the [[Monarchy of Belgium|monarch]] gives a televised speech to the nation on New Year's Eve, in which the year's national and international events are addressed, usually ending with a message of hope.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discours de Sa Majesté le Roi à l'occasion de Noël et du Nouvel An {{!}} La Monarchie belge |url=https://www.monarchie.be/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Belgian Monarchy |language=fr}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
[[File:Trafalgar Square Christmas Carols - Dec 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Christmas tree and carolers at [[Trafalgar Square]] in London]]

[[Mince pie]]s are traditionally sold during the festive season and are a popular food for Christmas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projectbritain.com/Xmas/dinner.html|title=Christmas dinner|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> It is common in many UK households for children and adults to put up advent calendars in their homes, which may either contain chocolates or Christmas scenes behind their doors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Learning English {{!}} News about Britain |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/newsenglish/britain/081216_advent.shtml |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

On Christmas Eve, presents are supposedly delivered in stockings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projectbritain.com/Xmas/day.html|title=Project Britain Christmas|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

The [[Royal family]] open their gifts on Christmas Eve, following German tradition introduced by the [[Hanoverians]]. [[Queen Victoria]] as a child made note of it in her diary for Christmas Eve 1832; the delighted 13-year-old princess wrote, "After dinner ... we then went into the drawing-room near the dining-room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments. All the presents being placed round the trees..".<ref>{{cite book|title=The girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty's diaries|page=61|publisher= Longmans, Green & Co./University of Wisconsin|date= 1912}}</ref> Since the first commercial [[Christmas card]] was produced in London in 1843, cards are sent in the weeks leading up to Christmas, many of which contain the English festive greeting ''[[Merry Christmas#Merry Christmas and Happy Christmas|Merry Christmas]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Buday, György |author2=Buday, George |date=1992|title=The history of the Christmas card|page=8|publisher= Omnigraphics}}</ref>

On Christmas Day, a [[Public holidays in the United Kingdom|public holiday in the United Kingdom]], nearly the whole population has the day off to be with their family and friends, so they can gather round for a traditional [[Christmas dinner]], traditionally comprising a [[domestic turkey|turkey]] with cranberries, brussels sprouts, parsnips, [[Yorkshire pudding]] and roast potatoes, quite like the [[Sunday roast]], and followed by a [[Christmas pudding]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Davis, Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxHN2RKmI3gC&q=Turkey+-+Christmas+16th+century+England&pg=PA54 |title=More than a meal: the turkey in history, myth, ritual, and reality|publisher= Lantern Books|date= 2001|isbn = 9781930051881}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/christmas-pudding-1|title=Christmas pudding: Icons of England|access-date=25 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316042429/http://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/christmas-pudding-1|archive-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> During the meal, [[Christmas crackers]], containing toys, jokes, and a paper hat are pulled.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kimpton, Peter |title=Tom Smith's Christmas crackers: an illustrated history|publisher= Tempus|date= 2005|isbn= 0-7524-3164-1}}</ref> Attendance at a Christmas Day [[church service]] has become less popular in modern times, with fewer than 3 million now attending a Christmas Day Church of England service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinkinganglicans.org.uk/archives/004185.html |title=Church of England statistics |last=Owen |first=Peter |publisher=Thinking Anglicans |date=22 January 2010 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref>

Television is widely watched.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jptv.6.1.81_1 | doi=10.1386/jptv.6.1.81_1 | title=Christmas television | date=2018 | last1=Johnston | first1=Derek | journal=Journal of Popular Television | volume=6 | pages=81–84 }}</ref> The [[List of British monarchs|monarch]] releases a [[Royal Christmas Message|royal message]] on Christmas Day, in the form of a short programme carried on radio and television. The messages typically reflect on topics such as the year's events, the state of the [[British royal family|royal family]], and themes such as unity. The message averages seven million viewers, and is often one of the most-watched programmes of the day on Christmas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46666362|title=Goodwill theme to Queen's Christmas address|date=24 December 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=24 December 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/queen-christmas-message-2017-1.4464365|title=Queen reflects on past year's tragedies, family in Christmas message|website=CBC News|language=en|access-date=24 December 2018|author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42484128 |title=Christmas Day TV: Queen's message wins TV ratings battle |work=BBC News |date=26 December 2017 |access-date=4 February 2018}}</ref> The monarch's speech, writes J.M. Golby and A.W. Purdue, has "come to represent the unity of the nation at Christmas time".<ref>Golby J. & Purdue A. W. (2000). ''The Making of the Modern Christmas''. Sutton. p. 104. {{ISBN|0750921366}}. {{OCLC|59556424}}.</ref>

[[File:Regent Street Christmas Lights - Dec 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Christmas lights on [[Regent Street]], London]]

Top-level [[Association football|football]] competitions such as the [[Premier League]] have traditionally held fixtures on Boxing Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/remembering-the-greatest-boxing-day-in-the-history-of-english-football/|title=Remembering The Greatest Boxing Day In The History Of English Football|last=Magee|first=Will|date=22 December 2016|website=Vice Sports|language=en-US|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>

Public transport and vital transport services are closed-down on [[Christmas Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Mark |date=2024-12-23 |title=More UK buses to run on Christmas Day than at any time in last five years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/dec/23/more-uk-buses-to-run-on-christmas-day-than-at-any-time-in-last-five-years |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The Christmas wind-down starts early, with last trains running out of the major cities as early as 19:00 on 24 December. Bus, night bus, and underground services are also unavailable from about 21:00 hours.<ref>{{cite web|title=Christmas in London 2016: Essential Information|url=http://www.visitlondon.com/things-to-do/whats-on/special-events/christmas/christmas-in-london-essential-information#Rpt3ppOf9WYVP2M0.97|website=visitlondon.com|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> Individual transport companies start making announcements as early as October,<ref name=guardian>{{cite web|last1=Kennedy|first1=Maev|title=Rail passengers face less than merry Christmas with travel disruptions|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/31/rail-passengers-christmas-travel-disruptions-engineering-work-london-manchester-cardiff|website=The Guardian|access-date=12 December 2016|date=30 October 2016}}</ref> and while one [[train operating company]] may choose to run no trains on Boxing Day another may run a limited Saturday service but totally close major stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Christmas and New Year Timetable 2016–2017|url=https://www.southwesttrains.co.uk/globalassets/engineering-timetables/161224/christmas-and-new-year-leaflet-2016---17-web.pdf|website=South West Trains|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221052920/https://www.southwesttrains.co.uk/globalassets/engineering-timetables/161224/christmas-and-new-year-leaflet-2016---17-web.pdf|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Christmas and New Year 2016-7 {{!}} Southeastern|url=https://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/travel-information/live-travel-information/christmas-and-new-year-2016-7|website=www.southeasternrailway.co.uk|access-date=12 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221609/https://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/travel-information/live-travel-information/christmas-and-new-year-2016-7|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>

===== England =====
In England, telling ghost stories, local legends, and other strange, bizarre, and fantastic "winter stories" (as Charles Dickens – author of ''A Christmas Carol'' – termed them) was a centuries-old tradition, to which [[Shakespeare|William Shakespeare]] contributed with ''[[The Winter's Tale]]'' (1623) but which was well known even before Shakespeare's time. (In contrast, Ireland, Scotland, and the USA favor Halloween as a time for telling ghostly tales.)<ref>{{cite news|title=Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve|author=Peterson, Jeffrey |work=Deseret News|date=23 December 2010 |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705363363/Telling-ghost-stories-is-a-lost-tradition-on-Christmas-Eve.html?pg=all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227130351/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705363363/Telling-ghost-stories-is-a-lost-tradition-on-Christmas-Eve.html?pg=all|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Conversation|date=15 December 2014|title=Why ghosts haunt England at Christmas but steer clear of America|url=http://theconversation.com/why-ghosts-haunt-england-at-christmas-but-steer-clear-of-america-34629|author=Johnston, Derek }}</ref> Colin Fleming details other contributors to this tradition in the ''Paris Review''.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Paris Review|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2014/12/19/ghosts-on-the-nog/ |title=Ghosts on the Nog: The great English tradition of Christmas ghost stories|date=19 December 2014 | author=Fleming, Colin }}</ref>

===== Wales =====
Wales has a tradition of singing ''[[Plygain|caneuon plygain]]'', which is done on the week before Christmas day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://allaboutwales.com/welsh-christmas-carols-the-plygain-tradition-2 |title=Welsh Christmas Carols – The Plygain Tradition |website=All About Wales |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014185528/http://allaboutwales.com/welsh-christmas-carols-the-plygain-tradition-2 |archive-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> In addition the tradition of ''Noson Gyflaith'' (Toffee Evening) used to be participated mainly in North Wales. This is where people gathered together to play games, tell stories and create [[toffee]] by taking turns to pull the slabs of the confectionery to make strands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welsh Foods |url=https://museum.wales/collections/welsh-foods/?id=164 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Museum Wales |language=en}}</ref>

===== Scotland =====
{{main|Christmas in Scotland}}
[[File:Christmas decorations at The Dome, George Street, Edinburgh - geograph.org.uk - 6344847.jpg|thumb|right|Christmas lights displayed at [[The Dome, Edinburgh]]]]

Christmas in Scotland was traditionally observed very quietly, because the [[Church of Scotland]] never placed much emphasis on the Christmas festival. In Catholic areas people would attend midnight mass or early morning mass before going to work.<ref name="Scottish Christmas">{{cite web|url=http://www.santas.net/scottishchristmas.htm|title=Scottish Christmas|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> This tradition derives from the Church of Scotland's origins including [[Columba|St Columba]]'s monastic tradition, under which every day is God's day and there is none more special than another; thus Good Friday is not an official public holiday in Scotland.<ref name="Ross">{{cite journal|title=Reformation and Repression |last=Ross |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Ross (rector) |journal=[[The Innes Review]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |volume=10 |issue = 2|pages=338–381 |issn=0020-157X |doi=10.3366/inr.1959.10.2.338 |date=Autumn 1959 }}</ref><ref name="World Book">{{cite book |title=Christmas in Scotland: Christmas Around the World |publisher=World Book |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/christmasinscotl00worl/page/23 23] |isbn=978-0-7166-0860-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/christmasinscotl00worl/page/23 }}</ref>
Christmas Day was commonly a normal working day in Scotland until the 1960s, and even into the 1970s in some areas.<ref name="Houston">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PP8ahdq40P4C&q=Christmas+public+holiday+1958+scotland&pg=PT169 |title=Scotland: a very short introduction |last=Houston |first=Rab |author2=Houston, Robert Allan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |series=Very short introductions |volume=197 |page=172 |isbn=978-0-19-923079-2 |access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref> The New Year's Eve festivity, [[Hogmanay]], was by far the largest celebration in Scotland. The gift-giving, public holidays and feasting associated with mid-winter were traditionally held between 11 December and 6 January. Since the 1980s, the fading of the Church's influence and the increased influences from the rest of the UK and elsewhere mean that Christmas and its related festivities have now surpassed Hogmanay and New Year's Day. The capital city of [[Edinburgh]] now has a traditional German [[Christmas market]] from late November until Christmas Eve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburghschristmas.com/event/Events/2794/ |title=Traditional German Christmas Market |website=Edinburgh's Christmas |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213034644/http://www.edinburghschristmas.com/event/Events/2794 |archive-date=2011-12-13}}</ref> [[Bannock (British food)|Bannock]] cakes made of oatmeal are traditionally eaten at Christmas.<ref name="Scottish Christmas"/>

==== Ireland ====
{{Main|Christmas in Ireland}}

[[File:Christmas Market in Belfast (2) - geograph.org.uk - 633559.jpg|thumb|Christmas market]]
[[File:Christmas High Jinx, Omagh - geograph.org.uk - 1616550.jpg|thumb|Christmas high jinks, Omagh]]
[[File:Belfast Christmas Continental Market (17), December 2009.JPG|thumb|Christmas market]]

In 2006, the total amount spent in Ireland to celebrate Christmas was €16 billion,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/index.php3?ca=43&issue_id=11790 |title=News Ireland | Irish News Paper | Free News Stories Online from The Irish Independent Newspaper – Independent.ie |last=Black |first=Rebecca |publisher=Unison.ie |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020223165835/http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/index.php3?ca=43 |archive-date=23 February 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which averages at approximately €4,000 for every single person in the country.

[[File:Crib Scene, Sacred Heart Church, Omagh - geograph.org.uk - 1093149.jpg|left|thumb|Church nativity scene]]

It is traditional to decorate graves at Christmas with a wreath made of holly and ivy. Even in the most undevout of homes in Ireland the traditional crib takes centre stage along with the Christmas tree as part of the family's decorations. Some people light candles to signify symbolic hospitality for [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]] and [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]]. Therefore, it is usual to see a white candle, or candle set, placed in several windows around people's homes. The candle was a way of saying there was room for [[Jesus]]'s parents in these homes even if there was none in [[Bethlehem]].<ref name="CID">{{cite web |url=http://www.christmasindublin.com/traditions.html |title=Irish Christmas Traditions |publisher=ChristmasinDublin.com |access-date=21 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030810083446/http://christmasindublin.com/Traditions.html |archive-date=10 August 2003 }}</ref>

==== Netherlands and Flanders ====
Christmas traditions in the [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whychristmas.com/cultures/holland.shtml|title=Christmas in Holland / The Netherlands|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> are almost the same as those in Dutch-speaking parts of Belgium ([[Flanders]]). The Dutch recognize two days of Christmas as public holidays in the Netherlands, calling 25 December {{Lang|nl|eerste kerstdag}} ('first Christmas day') and 26 December {{Lang|nl|tweede kerstdag}} ('second Christmas day').

[[File:Biggest Christmas tree in the world - 372m (49274090713) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[Gerbrandy Tower|TV tower]] in the Netherlands as a giant Christmas tree]]

== Oceania ==

=== Australia ===
{{Main|Christmas in Australia}}
[[File:Christmas Belles at Crown - 11366677816.jpg|thumb|The Christmas Belles performing at Melbourne Crown atrium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peninsulakids.com.au/christmas-city/|title=Melbourne Christmas city|work=Mornington Peninsula Kids|date=6 December 2013 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weekendnotes.com/free-christmas-events-melbourne/|title=Christmas events Melbourne|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>]]

There have been depictions of Christmas traditions tailored to Australian iconography, such as Santa partaking in activities such as [[surfing]] (in 2015, a world record was set on [[Bondi Beach]] for the world's largest surf lesson, featuring 320 participants in Santa suits), parodies of traditional carols, and original songs such as [[Rolf Harris]]'s ''Six White Boomers'' (which depicts Santa Claus as using a [[Ute (vehicle)|ute]] pulled by [[kangaroo]]s instead of reindeer and a sleigh).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/surfing-santas-set-new-world-record-in-australia-a6775186.html|title=Surfing Santas set new world record in Australia|date=16 December 2015|website=The Independent|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.australiantimes.co.uk/10-greatest-ever-australian-christmas-songs/|title=10 greatest ever Australian Christmas songs|date=13 December 2018|website=Australian Times News|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/christine-anu-where-is-all-the-australian-christmas-music-20141223-12bxo7.html|title=Christine Anu: Where is all the Australian Christmas music?|last=Vincent|first=Peter|date=21 December 2014|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Pohutukawa flowers.JPG|thumb|upright|The December-flowering [[Metrosideros excelsa|pohutukawa]] (''Metrosideros excelsa''), an often-used Christmas symbol in New Zealand]]

A notable Christmas event in Australia is ''[[Carols by Candlelight]]''—an annual concert and charity appeal benefiting the charity [[Vision Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/m22tvmon-20181213-h193mq.html|title=Monday Picks: Vision Australia's Carols by Candlelight, Donna Hay, and more|last=McManus|first=Bridget|date=22 December 2018|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/outer-east/christmas-2018-peter-casey-prepares-for-final-carols-by-candlelight/news-story/618dcbe188d6fcb4a2cb8557bb9b7572|title=Christmas 2018: Peter Casey prepares for final Carols By Candlelight|website=Herald Sun|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

=== New Zealand ===
{{Main|Christmas in New Zealand}}

Christmas Day and Boxing Day are both [[Public holidays in New Zealand|statutory holidays in New Zealand]]. While Boxing Day is a standard statutory holiday, Christmas Day is one of the three-and-a-half days of the year where all but the most essential businesses and services must close. Many of New Zealand's Christmas traditions are similar to those of Australia in that they are a mix of United Kingdom and North American traditions conducted in summer. New Zealand celebrates Christmas with very little traditional Northern Hemisphere winter imagery. The [[Metrosideros excelsa|pohutukawa]] (''Metrosideros excelsa''), which produces large crimson flowers in December, is an often used symbol for Christmas in New Zealand, and subsequently the pohutukawa has become known as the ''New Zealand Christmas tree''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/pohutukawa-trees |title=Pohutukawa trees |publisher=Ministry of Culture and Heritage (New Zealand) |access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Rae, Simon (1996) ''The Faber Book of Christmas''. London: Faber & Faber {{ISBN|0-571-17440-X}}
* Restad, Penne L. (1995) ''Christmas in America: a history''. New York: Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0-19-509300-3}}
* Tabori, Lena, ed. (1999) ''The Little Big Book of Christmas''. New York: William Morrow {{ISBN|0-688-17414-0}}
* Thomas M Landy, [https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/denmark/feasts "Feasts"], ''Catholics & Cultures'' updated 12 May 2016

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Christmas traditions}}
* Jennifer Eremeeva, [http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/12/15/and_so_is_this_christmas05210.html "And so, is this Christmas?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712044325/http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/12/15/and_so_is_this_christmas05210.html |date=12 July 2012 }} ''Russia Now'', 15 December 2010.
{{Christmas}}

[[Category:Christmas traditions|*]]
[[Category:Human geography]]

Agartala Tejas Rajdhani Express

2026-03-07T16:22:58Z

Realsouravbiswas:

{{short description|Rajdhani Express in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Agartala - Anand Vihar Terminal ''Tejas Rajdhani Express''
| image = Agartala tejas.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = Agartala Tejas Rajdhani Express Arrived At [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Tejas Rajdhani Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|10|28}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Agartala}} (AGTL)
| stops = 15
| end = {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal }} (ANVT)
| distance = {{convert|2423|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 43hrs 40mins
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = First AC, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier.
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Below the seats
| stock = [[Tejas Express|LHB Tejas]] rakes
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20501 / 20502
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, 
{{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = {{Agartala–Anand Vihar Terminal Tejas Rajdhani Express Route}}
| map_state = bcollapsed
}}

The 20501 / 20502 '''Agartala – Anand Vihar Terminal [[Tejas Rajdhani Express]]''' is a flagship Rajdhani-class train operated by [[Indian Railways]]. It connects [[Agartala]], the capital city of state of [[Tripura]] in Northeast India, to [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]] in [[Delhi]], the national capital. Notably, it is the only Rajdhani-class train originating from the eastern part of India that terminates at Anand Vihar Terminal, instead of New Delhi Railway station in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Agartala Rajdhani Express inaugural run tomorrow |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/agartala-rajdhani-express-inaugural-run-tomorrow/articleshow/61264128.cms? |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=Bangalore Mirror }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.northeastindia.com/agartala-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-gears-up-for-debut-run-on-oct-28/ |title=Agartala-New Delhi Rajdhani Express Gears Up For Debut Run On Oct 28 |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028161455/https://www.northeastindia.com/agartala-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-gears-up-for-debut-run-on-oct-28/ |archive-date=28 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Biswendu |title=agartala rajdhani exp: Inaugural run of Agartala Rajdhani Express on Saturday {{!}} Agartala News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/inaugural-run-of-agartala-rajdhani-exp-on-saturday/articleshow/61233578.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |language=en}}</ref>

It became the first Rajdhani express to be rolled out with [[Tejas Express]] Liveried Sleeper [[LHB coach|LHB]] Coaches from 15 February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch {{!}} Agartala Rajdhani Express with new Tejas sleeper coaches rolled out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/watch-agartala-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-sleeper-coaches-rolled-out/article33851712.ece |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=16 February 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
== Running ==
During the time of its introduction, the Agartala Rajdhani Express use to traverse via Katihar- Barauni – Patliputra route to Delhi. However, on 15 January 2024, due to commercial requirements and passenger demand, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Board]] approved its re-routing via Malda Town – Bhagalpur – Jamalpur – Patna route, with commercial stoppages at [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Jamalpur Junction railway station|Jamalpur]] and [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]], on 05 March 2026 due to passengers demand railways provide stoppage at [[Maibang]] on experimental basis<ref>{{Cite web |title=FULFILMENT OF LONG CHERISHED DEMAND: AGARTALA – ANAND VIHAR TEJAS RAJDHANI EXPRESS NOW STOPS AT MALDA TOWN |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1996793 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Routes and halts==
• [[Agartala railway station|Agartala]]

• [[Ambassa]]

• [[Dharmanagar]]

• [[New Karimganj (Gaya)|New Karimganj]]

• [[Badarpur Junction railway station|Badarpur Junction]]

• [[New Haflong]]

• [[Maibang]]

• [[Hojai]]

• [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]]

• [[Rangiya Junction railway station|Rangiya Junction]]

• [[Barpeta Road railway station|Barpeta Road]]

• [[New Cooch Behar Junction railway station|New Cooch Behar]]

• [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]]

• [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]]

• [[Sahibganj Junction railway station|Sahibganj Junction]]

• [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station|Bhagalpur]]

• [[Jamalpur Junction railway station|Jamalpur Junction]]

• [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]]

• [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Junction]]

• [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur central]]

• [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]

==Traction==

This train is hauled by [[WDP-4]], [[WDP-4B]], [[WDP-4D]] of [[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri Loco shed]] From [[Agartala railway station|Agartala]] to [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]].After the Guwahati this train is hauled by the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] of [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad shed.]]
==Coach composition==

At first this train used [[ICF coach|ICF Coaches]] but on 15 February 2021 this train got new [[LHB coach|Lhb tejas coaches.]]

This train consists of

1 AC first tier coaches

4 AC two tier coaches

12 AC three tier coaches

2 EOG coaches

1 High capacity parcel van coach

==Coach positioning==

This coach positioning is for 20501 at [[Agartala railway station|Agartala]]

LOCO-HCP-EOG-A1-A2-A3-A4–H1-PC-B1-B2-B3-B4-B5-B6-B7-B8-B9-B10-B11-B12-EOG

This is vice versa for 20502 at [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal.]]

==See also==

* [[Agartala railway station]]
* [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]]
* [[Tripura Sundari Express]]
* [[Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express]]
* [[Sealdah–Agartala Kanchenjunga Express]]
* [[Deoghar–Agartala Weekly Express]]
* [[Howrah Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Patna Tejas Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Bhubaneshwar Tejas Rajdhani Express]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/70271 20501/Agartala - Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/70360 20502/Anand Vihar Terminal - Agartala Rajdhani Express]
*
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THGHwYqHXmY

{{Rajdhani Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarta la - Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Agartala]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajdhani Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tripura]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Pitampura TV Tower

2026-03-05T03:19:17Z

Realsouravbiswas: small enhance layout for accuracy

{{Short description|Television tower in Delhi, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{infobox building
| name = Pitampura TV Tower
| image = Pitampura_TV_Tower,_Delhi,_India.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| alt = Pitam Pura TV Tower
| caption = Pitampura TV Tower, built in 1988
| status = Completed
| completion_date = 1988
| building_type =
| coordinates =
| antenna_spire = {{convert|235|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
| roof =
| top_floor =
| floor_count =
| elevator_count =
| architect =
| opened_date = 10 April 1992
|
| location = [[Pitampura]], New Delhi, India
}}
'''Pitampura TV Tower''' is a {{convert|235|m|adj=on}}-tall television tower, built in 1988, with an observation deck that is located in [[Pitam Pura]], Delhi, India.

[[Dilli Haat]] Pitampura is also situated near the TV tower.<ref name=Dilli>{{cite web|title=Dilli Haat|url=http://delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/dilli_haat.jsp|work=delhitourism.nic.in|access-date=1 August 2013|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801054248/http://delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/dilli_haat.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> The Tower was dedicated to the Nation as Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] TV Tower 10 April 1992 by the Minister for The State of Information & Broadcasting, Ajeet Kumar Panja.

==History==
The TV tower was built in 1988, in one of the biggest commercial/business districts of New Delhi. Netaji Subhash Place in Pitampura is one of the main local tourist spots of Delhiites.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Delhi's second ''[[Dilli Haat]]'', a traditional food and crafts bazaar, was developed by [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation]] (DTTDC) in Pitampura, was established close to the TV Tower and spread over 7.2 hectares in April 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM inaugurates Pitampura Haat|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/cm-inaugurates-pitampura-haat/296391/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730054519/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/cm-inaugurates-pitampura-haat/296391/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2012|work=The Indian Express|date=14 April 2008}}</ref> Also it has Pitampura Sports Complex by its side.
[[File:Pitampura TV tower as seen from Dilli Haat,Pitampura,New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Pitampura TV tower as seen from Dilli Haat, Pitampura, New Delhi]]
[[File:Pitampura TV Tower.JPG|thumb|Pitampura TV Tower]]
In October 2010, Lt. Col. Satyendra Verma, an officer of the [[Indian Army]] Sports sky diving team, successfully performed India's first [[BASE jump]] on Friday, off the 235-metre-tall Tower.<ref>{{cite news |title= Armyman dares country's first BASE jump |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/30/stories/2010103059620400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421104812/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/30/stories/2010103059620400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date= 30 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fall and rise of India's first BASE jumper |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fall-and-rise-of-indias-first-base-jumper/704754/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date= 30 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pitampura Haat to be opened in November |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/03/stories/2007060306560300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921204229/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/03/stories/2007060306560300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2008 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 June 2007 }}</ref>
On 5 January 2013 a fire broke out within the 200m high tower around 10:30pm and took 15 fire men to control it.

==Public access==
The tower is no longer open for the public, due to security reasons.

==Accessibility==
It is located at [[Netaji Subhash Place (Delhi Metro)|Netaji Subhash Place]] metro station of the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Delhi Metro]]. The tower is named after the [[Pitampura]] area and is near Pitampura [[Dilli Haat]] of New Delhi. It is located just opposite the [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce]].

== Further reading ==
* H.R. Viswanath: ''Television Tower in New Delhi with Revolving Restaurant at Top (India).'' in: [[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering|IABSE]] Structures C-50/89, August 1989, {{ISSN|0377-7286}}, S. 50–51. ([http://retro.seals.ch/digbib/view?rid=bse-pe-002:1989:13::110&id=hitlist&id2=&id3= here online])

== References ==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|28.69721|77.15035|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pitampura Tv Tower}}
[[Category:Towers completed in 1988]]
[[Category:Communication towers in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:North Delhi district]]
[[Category:Observation towers]]
[[Category:B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Station Master (1988 film)

2026-03-03T22:00:25Z

Realsouravbiswas: new first post nd citations

{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Station Master
| image = Station Master (1988 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = [[Ganesh Patro]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = R.J.R. Unit
| screenplay = Kodi Rama Krishna
| producer = S. Ambarish [[Rao Gopal Rao]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| director = [[Kodi Rama Krishna]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] [[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]] [[Jeevitha|Jeevitha Rajasekhar]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = Vijay
| editing = Suresh Tata
| studio = R.J.R. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|3|2}}
| runtime = 131 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Station Master''''' is a 1988 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film, produced by S. Ambarish under the R.J.R. Productions banner, presented by [[Rao Gopal Rao]] and directed by [[Kodi Rama Krishna]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]], [[Jeevitha|Jeevitha Rajasekhar]] and music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} The film was recorded as a ''Super Hit'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/1494?ed=Tolly |title=Station Master (Review) |work=The Cine Bay}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with two besties, Rama Rao & Chaitanya, unemployed youths who hoodwink in their job trials. Indeed, Rama Rao likes a blissful life, whereas Chaitanya aches for a summit of the top level. Since they have nowhere to go, the duo shelters in the railway station's waiting room. Here, they are acquainted with the candid Station Master and extend their stay by handling him. Despite being childless, Master leads a good life with his wife, Lakshmi. Soon, the boys gain the credence & affection of the couple, and they encounter two girls, Pushpa & Rani, and crush on the contrary attitudes: Chaitanya is on Pushpa and wants to run cushy. Plus, her mother is ostracized by society as she does not know her husband's whereabouts. Rama Rao loves Rani lavishly, the daughter of Master's mate Kurmavataram. Once the buddies shield the railways against jeopardy, when the Master's couple adopts them, Chaitanya's alliance with Pushpa is settled. Unfortunately, Rani's matrimony is fixed before he forwards, which collapses Rama Rao. However, the wedlock is called off mid due to the dowry when the Master knits Rani with Rama Rao. Though Rani bows down, she stipulates Rama Rao for a high-level position & luxurious earnings and pauses their maternal life.

Meanwhile, avarice Chaitanya affirms to do business, withdrawing job opportunities. A malicious Bhavavi Shankar Ramlohiya Tilak Hitler & gang proprietor of a lockdown press clutches him, who squanders, deaf earning Pushpa. Rama Rao is vexed in his tracks and becomes a cook by forging as a senior official before Rani. Soon, she conceives the truth comes to light when Rani detests Rama Rao, and a clash arises. Besides, Tilak Hitler backstabs Chaitanya, overwhelming him with debts when he seeks a copious amount from Pushpa. Anyhow, her mother denies it when Chaitanya denounces her, which leads to her demise. Parallelly, Rani walks on with an abortion when shattered Rama Rao quits. Chaitanya, reeling from debt-ridden remorse, escapes. The two again land at the railway waiting room, where Master consoles and boosts their courage. Ergo, Chaitanya acquires a job, regretful before Pushpa, and ceases Tilak Hitler with the aid of Rama Rao & Master. Subsequently, Rani becomes conscious that she has turned into a barren who attempts suicide, being penitent, but Rama Rao secures her. At last, Master declares it's all his play, and the baby is safe. Finally, the movie ends happily with the family's union.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Rama Rao
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Chaitanya
*[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]] as Rani
*[[Jeevitha|Jeevitha Rajasekhar]] as Pushpa
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Station Master
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as Kurmavataram
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Talupulu
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Bhavavi Shankar Ramlohiya Tilak Hitler
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Manager Ranganayakulu
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Menon
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Gandabhirundam
*Chidatala Appa Rao
*Satti Babu
*Juttu Narasimham as Rikshawala
*Mithai Chitti
*Gadiraju Subba Rao as Driver
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Lakshmi
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Pushpa's mother
*Anitha as Doctor
*Chandrika as Gabbala Subbamma
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Pollamma
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Station Master
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1988
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 22:52
| label = AVM Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = Anna Chellelu
| prev_year = 1988
| next_title = Bharyaa Bhartala Bhagotam
| next_year = 1988
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]] was released on AVM Audio Company.<ref name = "Station Master Soundtrack">{{cite web | url = https://indiancine.ma/ADFY/info | website = indiancine.ma | title = Station Master | access-date = 19 October 2024 }}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing<ref name = "Station Master Soundtrack" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:01

| title1 = Sayyaataki Anthaa Ready
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:28

| title2 = Ekkadiko Ee Payanam
| lyrics2 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:10

| title3 = Udukuu Udukuu Mudduu Isthe
| lyrics3 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra3 = P. Susheela, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:14

| title4 = Parugulu Theese Vayasunte
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = P. Susheela, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length4 = 4:16

| title5 = Kottaraa Chappatlu
| lyrics5 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Mano
| length5 = 3:53
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8851840}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]

Thank You (2013 film)

2026-03-03T20:44:31Z

Realsouravbiswas: new initial article w/ infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thank You
| image = ThankYouMalayalamfilm.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
| producer = Shahul Hammeed Marikar
| writer = [[Arunlal Ramachandran]]
| starring = [[Jayasurya]] [[Honey Rose]] [[Sethu (actor)|Sethu]]
| cinematography = [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]]
| editing = Babu Rathnam Uthara
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| studio = [[Marikar Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|14}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Thank You''''' is a 2013 [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] [[Drama film|drama]] [[thriller film]] written by [[Arunlal Ramachandran]] and directed by [[V. K. Prakash]]. The firm stars [[Jayasurya]], [[Honey Rose]] and Sethu and is produced by Shahul Hameed Marikar. ''Thank You'' was produced under the banner of [[Marikar Films]] and features music composed by [[Bijibal]]. The film's cinematography was led by [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] and edited by Babu Rathnam. Although the film earned back its revenue from satellite rights, it did not perform well in theatres.

==Plot==
The film is shown to be a reflection of the current socio-political system, based on the violence against women.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asianetindia.com/v-k-prakash-and-jayasurya-again-in-thank-you/ |title=VK Prakash and Jayasurya again in: Thank You | Kerala Latest News | Kerala Breaking News | Kerala Latest Headlines | Latest Kerala News | Health | Women | Business | NRI | IT | Sports | News Breaks | News |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426035254/http://asianetindia.com/v-k-prakash-and-jayasurya-again-in-thank-you/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It revolves around a person who arrives in [[Trivandrum]] city who takes a ride from place to place in an [[Autorickshaw]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vincent |first=Midhun |url=http://chitralokam123.blogspot.ca/2013/04/thank-you-v-k-prakash-jayasurya-and.html |title=Chitralokam: Thank You: V K Prakash, Jayasurya and Dhwani's next a thriller |publisher=Chitralokam123.blogspot.ca |date=2013-04-17 |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref> His name or whereabouts are not revealed, and he just travels from place to place in the auto rickshaw. The questions about his whereabouts form the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jayasurya]] as Movie Writer
*[[Honey Rose]] as Remya
*[[Sethu (actor)|Sethu]] as Dev Menon
*[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Shankar
*[[Abi (actor)|Abi]]
*[[Tini Tom]] as Sugunan
*[[Jubil Rajan P Dev]]
*[[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]]
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Thief
*[[P. Balachandran]] as Balettan
*[[Aishwarya Devan]] as Sruthi
*Mridul as Gopan
*[[Saiju Kurup]] as Arun
*[[Anuja Krishnan]] as Reporter
*[[Aria (Indian singer)| Gauthami (Aria of X:IN) ]] as Arun's daughter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxHxV6DEGj4&t=244s |title=K Pop Singer Aria |website=YouTube |date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
===Development===
''Thank You'' kicked off a series of eight films by the production firm [[Marikar Films]] that also includes the Mollywood debut of directors [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]. According to Ramachandran, the project took shape quickly. The script writer discussed the idea with actor Jayasurya on the set of ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' and the actor asked him to approach the director V. K. Prakash, who requested a complete script as soon as possible. Jayasurya called it "a gem of a script."<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-02/news-and-interviews/38217601_1_gautham-menon-mollywood-debut-vkp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405095430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-02/news-and-interviews/38217601_1_gautham-menon-mollywood-debut-vkp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-05 |title=V K Prakash, Jayasurya reunite for Thank you |date= |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Jayasurya]] was cast by the script writer first. [[Honey Rose]], who had been in the director's previous film, ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]'', was cast. Jayasurya was cast in the role as a modern wife. [[Remya Nambeesan]] was considered for a prominent role, but was not cast. Actor Sethu who played the role of police officer Bhaskar in the Tamil film ''[[Mynaa]]'' was cast to play one of the lead roles in the film. There were rumours of [[Sunny Wayne|Sunny Wayne being]] cast. He was at the time a rising actor, but was ultimately not cast for a role. [[Tini Tom]] was cast to play a police officer, after being part of the director V. K. Prakash's 2011 film, [[Beautiful (2011 film)|''Beautiful'']]. Other members of the cast that were announced included [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], Mukundan, Balachandran and Aishwarya Devan. The actress Aishwarya was also cast, she made her debut in Tamil Films with ''Yuvan''. Aishwarya Devan plays a reporter in the film.

===Filming===
The [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] of ''Thank You'' and seven other films by Marikar Films was conducted on 9 April 2013. [[Principal photography]] began on 11 April 2013 at [[Trivandrum]] in the residential area Chackai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.ak.fbcdn.net/sphotos-b.ak/hphotos-ak-frc3/378637_498470790201867_1781117191_n.jpg |title=A special start |accessdate=2013-05-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502013307/http://m.ak.fbcdn.net/sphotos-b.ak/hphotos-ak-frc3/378637_498470790201867_1781117191_n.jpg |archivedate=2 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sathyendran |first=Nita |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/role-play/article4650398.ece |title=Role play |work=The Hindu |date=2013-04-24 |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3006076|Thank You}}
* [http://msidb.org/m.php?7379 MMDb]

{{V. K. Prakash}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. K. Prakash]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]

Foreign trade of India

2026-02-24T02:28:10Z

Realsouravbiswas: fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{trade bloc}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

'''Foreign trade in India''' includes all imports and exports to and from India. At the level of the [[Government of India|Central Government]], trade is administered by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Country comparison: Exports|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|work=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427111612/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Foreign trade accounted for 48.8% of India's [[GDP]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2018|publisher=narendhar|access-date=21 March 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Economic history of India|Indo-Roman trade relations}}
Even before [[Indian independence movement|independence]], the [[Government of India]] maintained semi-autonomous diplomatic relations. It had colonies (such as the [[Colony of Aden|Aden Settlement]]), who sent and received full missions,<ref>[http://www.hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html High Commission of India in Australia: India Australia Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013123624/http://hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html |date=13 October 2009 }}. Hcindia-au.org (20 April 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and was a founding member of both the [[League of Nations]]<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm First Assembly, Geneva, 15 November – 18 December 1920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113014630/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm |date=13 January 2020 }}. Indiana.edu (18 December 1920). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United Nations.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml UN list of members by admission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712192515/http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml |date=12 July 2014 }}. Un.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].<ref>[http://old.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20080717.B08] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[partition of India|partition]] and various [[territorial dispute]]s, particularly that over [[Kashmir dispute|Kashmir]], would strain its [[Indo-Pakistani relations|relations with Pakistan]] for years to come. During the [[Cold War]], India adopted a foreign policy of [[neutrality (international relations)|non-alignment policy]] itself with any major [[power (international)|power bloc]]. However, India developed close [[Indo–Russia relations#Soviet Union and India|ties with the Soviet Union]] and [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|received extensive military support]] from it.

===Around 100CE===
The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] is a document written by an anonymous sailor from [[Alexandria]] around 100 CE, describing trade between countries, including India.

===Around 1500===
In 1498, [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Portuguese explorer]] [[Vasco da Gama]] landed in Calicut (modern day [[Kozhikode]] in [[Kerala]]), and was the first European to ever sail to India. The tremendous profit made during this trip made the Portuguese eager for more trade with India and attracted other European [[navigator]]s and [[Tradesperson|tradesmen]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Traditional Exports of India: Performance and Prospects |last=John |first=K. C. |author2=Kevin, S |year=2004 |publisher=New Century Publications |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7708-062-8 |page=59 }}</ref>

[[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] left for India in 1501 and established Portuguese trading posts in Calicut and Cochin (modern day [[Kochi]]), returning to Portugal in 1501 with [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]], [[cardamom]], [[nutmeg]], [[Nutmeg|mace]], and [[clove]]s. The profits made from this trip were substantial.<ref>{{cite book |title=Traditional Exports of India: Performance and Prospects |last=John |first=K. C. |author2=Kevin, S |year=2004 |publisher=New Century Publications |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7708-062-8 |page=59 }}</ref>

===1991 economic reform===
{{main|Economic liberalisation in India}}
Prior to the 1991 [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation]], India was a closed economy due to the average tariffs exceeding 200 percent and the extensive quantitative restrictions on imports. Foreign investment was strictly restricted to only allow Indian ownership of businesses. Since the liberalisation, India's economy has improved mainly due to increased foreign trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.worldbank.org/RJEB2JGTC0 |title=International Economics & Trade - India: Foreign Trade Policy |work=worldbank.org |year=2011 |access-date=20 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Reforms in India in the 1990s and 2000s aimed to increase international competitiveness in various sectors, including auto components, [[Telecommunications in India|telecommunications]], [[software]], [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceuticals]], [[Biotechnology in India|biotechnology]], [[research and development]], and professional services. These reforms included reducing import tariffs, deregulating markets, and lowering taxes, which led to an increase in foreign investment and high economic growth. From 1992 to 2005, foreign investment increased by 316.9%, and India's GDP grew from $266 billion in 1991 to $2.3 trillion in 2018.<ref>Dutta, M. K. and Sarma, Gopal Kumar, Foreign Direct Investment in India Since 1991: Trends, Challenges and Prospects (1 January 2008).</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mudgill |first=Amit |title=Since 1991, Budget size grew 19 times, economy 9 times; your income 5 times |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/since-1991-budget-size-grew-19-times-economy-9-times-your-income-5-times/articleshow/62735382.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=At%20$2.3%20trillion,%20the%20Indian,per%20cent%20of%20the%20economy. |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117111217/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/since-1991-budget-size-grew-19-times-economy-9-times-your-income-5-times/articleshow/62735382.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=At%20$2.3%20trillion,%20the%20Indian,per%20cent%20of%20the%20economy. |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Trade in services==
{{See also|Business process outsourcing to India|Information technology in India|}}
As of 2023, India is the seventh largest exporter of commercial services in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service exports (BoP, current US$) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140633/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false |url-status=live }}</ref> accounting for 4.6% of global [[trade in services]]. India's service exports grew by 27%.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's services exports rise record 27% in FY23, shows RBI data {{!}} IBEF |url=https://www.ibef.org/news/india-s-services-exports-rise-record-27-in-fy23-shows-rbi-data |website=India Brand Equity Foundation |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116152836/https://www.ibef.org/news/india-s-services-exports-rise-record-27-in-fy23-shows-rbi-data |url-status=live }}</ref> In September, India's prominent services industry experienced an acceleration in growth, buoyed by robust demand in the sector. A recent survey also indicated that businesses displayed the highest level of optimism in over nine years. According to S&P Global's India services purchasing managers' index, there was an increase to 61.0 last month from August's figure of 60.1. This surpassed projections in a Reuters poll, which had anticipated a slight dip to 59.5.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandak |first1=Anant |title=India's services sector grew at faster pace in Sept, optimism at 9-year high |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/indias-services-sector-grew-at-faster-pace-in-sept-optimism-at-9-year-high/ar-AA1hIJNF |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=www.msn.com |agency=Reuters |publisher=MSN |date=5 October 2023 |language=English |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331165453/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/indias-services-sector-grew-at-faster-pace-in-sept-optimism-at-9-year-high/ar-AA1hIJNF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhatia |first1=Ruchi |title=India Services Activity Gains on Solid Demand at Home and Abroad |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-05/india-services-activity-gains-on-solid-demand-at-home-and-abroad |website=Bloomberg.com |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=en |date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101094513/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-05/india-services-activity-gains-on-solid-demand-at-home-and-abroad |url-status=live }}</ref>

The spectrum of India's services exports encompasses a diverse array of sectors, ranging from information technology (IT)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Romita |title=Economic Survey 2022: IT exports drive 18.4% growth in India’s services exports between April-Dec |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/economic-survey-2022-it-exports-drive-18-4-growth-in-indias-services-exports-between-april-dec/articleshow/89244915.cms |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=31 January 2022 |language=English |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116152835/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/economic-survey-2022-it-exports-drive-18-4-growth-in-indias-services-exports-between-april-dec/articleshow/89244915.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> to the provision of medical services by professionals overseas. The RBI, while not providing monthly disaggregated data on services exports, periodically releases a classification of such exports as part of its quarterly balance of payment data. This classification encompasses transport, travel, construction, insurance and pensions, financial services,<ref>{{cite web |title=India: value of financial services export by type 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1380483/india-value-of-financial-services-export-by-type/#:~:text=Financial%20service%20exports%20from%20India%20amounted%20to%20over,dollars%2C%20a%20significant%20increase%20from%20the%20previous%20year. |website=Statista |language=en |access-date=6 October 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116152835/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1380483/india-value-of-financial-services-export-by-type/#:~:text=Financial%20service%20exports%20from%20India%20amounted%20to%20over,dollars%2C%20a%20significant%20increase%20from%20the%20previous%20year. |url-status=live }}</ref> telecommunications, computer and information services, as well as personal, cultural, recreational services, among other business services.

Within India's services export landscape, software exports retain a dominant position. However, noteworthy is the recent surge in "other business services" exports, which constituted 24 percent of the total services exports in the initial nine months (April–December) of FY23.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Asit Ranjan |title=India's services exports rise record 27% in FY23, shows RBI data |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-s-services-exports-touch-record-322-billion-in-fy23-rbi-data-123050201151_1.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |publisher=Business Standard |date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006195453/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-s-services-exports-touch-record-322-billion-in-fy23-rbi-data-123050201151_1.html |archive-date=6 October 2023 |location=Wayback Machine |language=English}}</ref> This marks a notable increase from the 19 percent reported in FY14. This category encompasses a range of services including legal services, accounting, auditing, book-keeping, tax consultancy services, management consulting, managerial and public relations services, as well as advertising, market research, and public opinion polling services.

==Exports and imports==
{{main|List of exports of India}}

India exports approximately 7500 commodities to about 190 countries, and imports around 6000 commodities from 140 countries.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvudnXqAPWAC&q=india+export+190+countries&pg=PA358 |title = Macroeconomics and Elementary Statistics|isbn = 9788187140900}}</ref>

=== Pharmaceutical industry ===
{{Excerpt|Pharmaceutical industry in India}}

=== Oil and gas industry ===
{{Excerpt|Oil and gas industry in India|Foreign trade}}

=== Diamond Processing ===
{{Excerpt|Bharat Diamond Bourse|India's diamond industry}}

=== Automotive Industry ===
{{Excerpt|Automotive industry in India|Exports}}

==Trade statistics==
Overall foreign trade data in billion US$<ref name=trade>{{cite web|title=Monitoring dash board|url=https://dashboard.commerce.gov.in/commercedashboard.aspx|publisher=Department of Commerce|access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!FY
!Merchandise Exports
!Merchandise Imports
!Total Merchandise Trade
!Merchandise Trade Balance
!Service Exports
!Service Imports
!Total Service Trade
!Service Trade Balance
!Net Overall Trade
|-
!2024-25
!437.416
!720.243
!1157.659
!-282.827
!387.540
!198.717
!586.257
!+188.823
!style="color:red;"|-94.004
|-
!2023-24
!437.072
!678.215
!1115.287
!-241.143
!341.107
!178.324
!519.431
!+162.783
!style="color:red;"|-78.360
|}

Summary table of recent India foreign trade (in billion $):<ref>{{Cite web|title = India - Imports - Historical Data Graphs per Year|url = http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=89&c=in&l=en|access-date = 27 December 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075352/http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=89&c=in&l=en|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The World Factbook|url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|website = www.cia.gov|access-date = 27 December 2015|archive-date = 18 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Export Import Data|url = http://www.eximatlasindia.com/|website = www.eximatlasindia.com|access-date = 24 March 2018|archive-date = 28 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171028070839/http://www.eximatlasindia.com/|url-status = live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Export
!Import
!Trade Deficit
|-
|1999
|36.3
|50.2
| -13.9
|-
|2000
|43.1
|60.8
| -17.7
|-
|2001
|42.5
|54.5
| -12.0
|-
|2002
|44.5
|53.8
| -9.3
|-
|2003
|48.3
|61.6
| -13.3
|-
|2004
|57.24
|74.15
| -16.91
|-
|2005
|69.18
|89.33
| -20.15
|-
|2006
|76.23
|113.1
| -36.87
|-
|2007
|112.0
|100.9
| 11.1
|-
|2008
|176.4
|305.5
| -129.1
|-
|2009
|168.2
|274.3
| -106.1
|-
|2010
|201.1
|327.0
| -125.9
|-
|2011
|299.4
|461.4
| -162.0
|-
|2012
|298.4
|500.4
| -202.0
|-
|2013
|313.2
|467.5
| -154.3
|-
|2014
|318.2
|462.9
| -144.7
|-
|2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Total Trade|url=http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/default.asp|website=commerce.nic.in|publisher=Department of Commerce|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122004154/http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/default.asp|archive-date=22 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|310.3
|447.9
| -137.6
|-
|2016
|262.3
|381
| -118.7
|-
|2017
|275.8
|384.3
| -108.5
|-
|2018
|303.52
|465.58
| -162.05
|-
|2019
|330.07
|514.07
| -184
|-
|2020
|314.31
|467.19
| -158.88
|-
|2021
|420
|612
| -192
|-
|2022<ref>{{cite web |title=India’s overall exports projected to scale new heights, growing at 13.84 percent during FY 2022-23 over FY 2021-22 to achieve USD 770.18 billion worth of exports. |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1916220 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=7 October 2023 |date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129025620/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1916220 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|676.53
|760.06
| -83.53
|-
|2023
|770.18 <ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Saurav |title=India's overall trade deficit in FY 22-23 jumps to $122 billion, says govt |url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/indias-overall-trade-in-fy-22-23-jumps-to-770-billion-says-govt-11681379553270.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=mint |date=13 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116152836/https://www.livemint.com/economy/indias-overall-trade-in-fy-22-23-jumps-to-770-billion-says-govt-11681379553270.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|892.18
| -122
|-
|2024<ref>{{cite web|title=The cumulative exports (merchandise & services) during FY 2024-25 (April-March) is estimated to grow by 5.50% at US$ 820.93 Billion, as compared to US$ 778.13 Billion in FY 2023-24 (April-March).|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2122016|publisher=Press Information Bureau: Government of India|access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
|820.93
|915.19
| -94.26
|}

==Trading partners of India==
{{excerpt|List of largest trading partners of India}}

==See also==
* [[Economy of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Remittances to India]]
* [[Business process outsourcing to India]]
* [[List of exports of India]]
* [[List of Indian states and union territories by exports]]
* [[List of largest trading partners of India]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[Indianisation]]
* [[Directorate General of Foreign Trade]] (DGFT)
* [[Merchandise Export from India Scheme]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[India Inc.]]
* [[Medical tourism in India]]
* [[Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://dgft.gov.in/ Directorate General of Foreign Trade]
* [http://www.exportersindia.com/blog/6-major-problems-hindering-india-s-export-growth.htm Major Problems Hindering Indias Export Growth]
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/IND/Year/LTST/TradeFlow/EXPIMP/Partner/by-country India Exports and Imports]
{{Economy of India}}
{{Asia topic|prefix=Foreign trade of}}

[[Category:Foreign trade of India| ]]

Parker Intermediate College

2026-02-21T23:45:46Z

Realsouravbiswas: started a details w/ sources

{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
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| website = {{URL|https://parkercollege.in/}}
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}}

'''Parker Intermediate College''' (also known as Parker Inter College or just Parker) is a historical college in the city of [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was founded in 1865–1866. This institution was named after [[Vermont]]-born [[Edwin Wallace Parker]], an American Methodist minister who eventually became the Methodist missionary bishop of southern Asia.

It started in the old church area of the Town Hall of Moradabad. In the year 1920, the college moved to its present building, on land donated by a family of [[zamindar]]s, specifically for educational purposes. The families included the Kunwar family of [[Singh Bhawan]] of [[Chowk Tarikhana]].

Parker Intermediate College follows the [[UP Board|U.P. Board]] curriculum. It started as a High School and was upgraded to [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|Intermediate]] College in 1940s.

Parker College celebrated its centennial in the 1965–66 academic year.

Parker has been known for its high standards of education. In December 2017, a State Level Science Exhibition was organised by the [[State Council of Educational Research and Training, Delhi]] (SCERT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tmu.ac.in/faculty-of-engineering/2017/12/19/45th-jawaharlal-nehru-state-level-science-mathematics-environment-exhibition-children/ |archive-date=2018-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201064942/http://tmu.ac.in/faculty-of-engineering/2017/12/19/45th-jawaharlal-nehru-state-level-science-mathematics-environment-exhibition-children/|date=2018-02-01|title=45th Jawaharlal Nehru State Level Science, Mathematics and Environment Exhibition for Children - Faculty of Engineering|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Teerthanker Mahaveer University }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rugh|first=Donald E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLWPAAAAMAAJ&q=Parker+Intermediate+College|title=Nine Methodist schools for boys in North India : a survey report|date=1968|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|location=Pennsylvania|language=English|oclc=891547534}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1icDfIcZpxIC&q=Parker+Intermediate+College|title=Directory of Christian colleges in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific, Latin America, and the Caribbean|last1=Orr|first1=Clara E|date=1961|publisher=Missionary Research Library|location=New York|language=English|oclc=5377820}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8TmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Parker+Inter+College%22|title=Michigan Christian Advocate|date=1956|publisher=Michigan Christian Advocate Publishing Company|language=en}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://parkercollege.in/}}
*{{Cite web|title=Parker Inter College - Budh Bazar, Moradabad - Reviews, Fee Structure, Admission Form, Address, Contact, Rating - Directory|url=https://directory.edugorilla.com/school/parker-inter-college-budh-bazar-moradabad-fee-structure-syllabus-address-admission-form-contact-number/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=EduGorilla Listings|language=en}}

[[Category:Schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Moradabad]]

{{India-school-stub}}

List of Punjabi films of 2013

2026-02-16T13:10:59Z

Realsouravbiswas: added information further and added references based on references

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Punjabi film list}}
This is a list of [[Punjabi Cinema|Panjabi films]] of 2013.

==List of films==
{| class="wikitable"
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Release date !! Producer !! Audio/video released by
!Ref.
|-
|''Pagri Singh Da Taaj'' ||Balbir Begumpuri, Balwant Singh Suri ||Lakhwinder Singh, Pallawi Sharma, [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5161825/?ref_=nv_sr_1 Parminder Gill] Teji Sandhu, Dharamjeet, Nittu Pander, Bhotu Shah|| Religious || 4 January 2013 ||Paramount Arts || T-Series/DVD not released
|
|-
|''[[Saadi Love Story]]'' || Dheeraj Rattan|| [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Surveen Chawla]], [[Amrinder Gill]], Neetu Singh, Kulbhushan Kharbanda & [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] || Romantic Comedy || 11 January 2013 || [[Eros Entertainment]], [[Jimmy Shergill]] Productions, Aman Khatkar || [[Eros Now]]/EROS DVD
|
|-
|''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'' || Amit Prasher|| [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Mandy Takhar]], WamiQa Gabbi, [[Binnu Dhillon]] || Comedy || 25 January 2013 || Joy Bir Singh Kataria, [[Gunbir Singh Sidhu]], HansRaj Ralhan, Pooja Singh || [[Speed Records (record label)|Speed Records]]/[[Shemaroo]]
|
|-
|''[[Pehchaan 3D]]'' ||Manny Parmar || Manjit Bath, Karamjit Batth, Gurdip Bhullar, Kabir Brar || Criminal drama || 1 February 2013 ||Manny Parmar & Gurpreet Sohi, Inner Karma Films Ltd. ||Daddy Mohan Records/DVD not released
|
|-
|Stupid 7 || [[Pali Bhupinder Singh]] || [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Pukhraj Bhalla]], Jasmeet Kaur Karan Sandhawalia, Millind Gaba, Saibi Sodhi, Jannatpreet Kaur, Gunit Cour, Sukhman Brar, Razia Sukhbir, Ramnik Sidhu, Parmod Pabbi || Social Comedy || 1 February 2013 || Sandeep Kakkar, Naresh Kakkar & Offstage Creations ||[[Goyal Music]]/Shemaroo
|
|-
| ''Sajjan - The Real Friend'' || [[Sunil Taneja]] || [[K.S. Makhan]], Simran Sachdeva, [[Dilip Tahil]], Harry Josh, Sanvi Dhiman || Action/Drama || 8 February 2013 || Kuldeep Singh Takhar, Takhar Productions || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|
|-
|''[[Singh vs Kaur]]'' || Navanait Singh || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Surveen Chawla]], [[Japji Khera]], B.N. Sharma, [[Binnu Dhillon]], Avtar Gill || Comedy/Action || 15 February 2013 || [[D. Rama Naidu]], [[Sippy Grewal]], [[Gurfateh films]], [[Suresh Productions]] || MV Records/Shemaroo
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Singh|first=Navaniat|title=Singh vs. Kaur|date=2013-02-15|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2714664/|accessdate=2016-11-25}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pooja Kiven AA|Pooja... Kiven Aa..???]]'' || Nidhi Sharma || Miss Pooja, Tarun Khanna, B.N. Sharma, Sahil Veedoliya, Raj Singh Jhinger, Manoj Joshi, Sardar Sohi, Anita Shadbeesh, Anshul Sawhney, Gitta Bains, Rakhi Sawant [Guest Appearance] || Comedy || 22 March 2013 || Romo Tahli || Saga Music/Saga Music
|
|-
|''You N Me'' || Vicky J || Varinder Grewal, Jyotika Thakur, Rana Jang Bahadur, Harpal Singh, Razia Sukhbir, Deputy Raja, Sarita Tiwari ||Suspense Romantic Thriller || 29 March 2013 || Varinder Grewal Productions || Daddy Mohan Records/DVD not released/Video on YouTube
|
|-
| ''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]'' || [[Mandeep Benipal]]|| [[Kuljinder Sidhu]], Gaurav Kakkar, Dhriti Sharan, Parmod Moutho, Yaad Grewal, Dev Kharoud, Dinesh Sood || Drama/Historical || 5 April 2013 Punjab- 10 May 2013 || Oxl Studio ||Oxl/Kumar Films
|
|-
|''[[Daddy Cool Munde Fool]]'' || Simerjit Singh || [[Amrinder Gill]], Harish Verma, [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Yuvika Chaudhary]], [[Ihana Dhillon]], [[Amar Noorie]], Upasana Singh, [[Rana Ranbir]], Karamjit Anmol,|| Comedy || 12 April 2013 || KG Productions, Royal Ent. & VR Productions || Speed Records/Speed Records
|
|-
| ''[[Bikkar Bai Sentimental]]'' || Gautam Nagrath || Jassi Jasraj(Karan Jasbir), [[Preeti Jhangiani]], [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]], Bobby Sandhu, [[Rana Ranbir]] || Action || 19 April 2013 || Sandeep Bansal & Kamaljeet Kaur || Sony Music/Sony
|
|-
|''[[Lucky Di Unlucky Story]]'' || [[Smeep Kang]] || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Sameksha|Samiksha Singh]], & [[Binnu Dhillon]] || Comedy || 26 April 2013 || Gurfateh Films & Sippy Grewal Productions || MV Records/Shemaroo
|
|-
| ''[[Rangeelay]]'' || Navaniat Singh || [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Rana Ranbir]], [[Shavinder Mahal]], BN Sharma || Romance/Action || 17 May 2013 || Eros International | Jimmy Sheirgill Productions|| Eros Now/EROS NOW
|
|-
|''[[Jatts In Golmaal]]'' || Ksshitij Chaudhary || [[Arya Babbar]], [[Sameksha|Samiksha Singh]], [[Veena Malik]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], B N Sharma, [[Binnu Dhillon]], Sardar Sohi, Karamjeet Anmol || Comedy ||24 May 2013 || HM Music || Saga Music/Saga Music
|
|-
|''[[Oye Hoye Pyar Ho Gaya]]'' || Aditya Sood || [[Sharry Mann]], Niharika Kareer, Jimmy Sharma, [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Rana Ranbir]], [[Yograj Singh]], Bhotu Shah || Romantic Comedy || 14 June 2013 || Aditya Films Ltd || Speed Records/Speed Records
|
|-
| ''[[Sikander (2013 film)|Sikander]]'' || [[Jatinder Mahaur]] || [[Gul Panag]], Kartar Cheema, [[Manav Vij]], [[Victor John]], [[Nishawn Bhullar]], [[Yaad Garewal]] || Politics || 21 June 2013|| Imaginations Entertainment Pvt Limited:Poonam Pawar ||Catrack/Kumar Films
|
|-
|''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' || Anurag Singh || [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Rana Ranbir]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Bharti Singh]] || || 28 June 2013 || [[Darshan Singh Grewal]], [[Gunbir Singh Sidhu]] || Speed Records/Shemaroo
|
|-
|''[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]'' || Rimpy Prince || Roshan Prince, [[Japji Khaira]], Bhanushree Mehra, Rana Ranbir, B N Sharma ||Romantic Comedy || 12 July 2013 || PTC Punjabi & PTC Motion Pictures || T-Series/T-Series
|
|-
|''[[Best of Luck (Punjabi Film)|Best of Luck]]'' || Sunny Sidhu || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Simran Kaur Mundi]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Puneet Issar]], Sonampreet Bajwa, Karamjit Anmol || Action/Comedy ||26 July 2013 || || Speed Records/Shemaroo
|
|-
|''[[Naughty Jatts]]'' || Pankaj Batra || [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Arya Babbar]], [[Roshan Prince]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], BN Sharma, Karamjit Anmol || || 2 August 2013 || Multiline Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. (Satish Katyal & Sandeep Bhalla) ||Times Music/Saga Music
|
|-
| ''[[Punjab Bolda]]'' || Ravinder Peepat || [[Sarbjit Cheema]], Anisha Pooja, Amarjit Cheema, [[Binnu Dhillon]], Anshu Sawhney, Shavinder Mahal || Action\Historical || 15 August 2013 || Parteek Entertainers & Pix-Ray Entertainment|| Daddy Mohan Records/Kumar Films
|
|-
| ''Jatt Boys Putt Jattan De'' || Simranjit Singh Hundal || Sippy Gill, Aman Dhaliwal, [[Om Puri]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Guggu Gill]], Diljeet Kaur, Sohaj Brar, Razia Sukhbir, Sardar Sohi, [[Mohammad Saddiq]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], Karamjit Anmol || Action || 23 August 2013 || Sukhbir Singh Sandhar || Speed Records/Kumar Films
|
|-
|''Jatt Airways'' || Harjit Singh Ricky || Alfaaz, [[Tulip Joshi]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], B N Sharma, Karamjit Anmol, Manreet Kaur || Comedy/Romance || 30 August 2013 || Vision India Productions Pvt. Ltd. || Shemaroo/Shemaroo
|
|-
| ''[[Haani (film)|Haani]]'' || [[Amitoj Maan]] || [[Harbhajan Mann]], [[Sarbjit Cheema]], Mahreen Kaleka, Sonia Mann, [[Anuj Sachdeva]], Sardar Sohi, [[Rupan Bal]], Manpreet Akhtar || Romance/Action/Cultural || 6 September 2013 || Mannerism Productions || Saga Music/Saga Music
|
|-
| ''Viyah 70 KM'' || Mushtaq Pasha || [[Harish Verma]], Geeta Zaildar, [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Aarti Chhabria]], Razia Sukhbir, [[Sezal Sharma]]. || Romantic/ Darama/ Comedy || 13 September 2013 || Vivek Ohri and Rajan Batra||Speed Records/Kumar Films
|
|-
| ''[[Dil Pardesi Ho Gaya]]'' || Thakur Tapasvi || [[Inderjit Nikku]], [[Sana Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Jaspal Bhatti]], Daljeet Kaur, [[Raza Murad]], [[Akshay Kumar]] sp, [[Sanjay Dutt]] sp || ||20 September 2013 || Raj KumarVerka || Times Music/DVD not released
|
|-
| ''[[Young Malang]]'' || Rajdeep Singh || Balli Riar, Yuvraj Hans, Vinaypal Buttar, Anita Kailey, Neetu Singh, Anjana Sukhani, Yograj Singh, Chacha Raunqi Ram, Kiran Kumar || Comedy || 20 September 2013 || RSG Studios || Saga Music/Saga Music
|
|-
| ''Nabar'' || Rajeev Sharma || [[Nishawn Bhullar]], [[Rana Ranbir]], Hardeep Gill, Harbinder Kaur Babli || Drama/Family/Truth || 27 September 2013 || || Catrack/DVD not released/Video on YouTube
|
|-
| ''Aashiqui Not Allowed'' || || Amaan Sutdhar, B.N Sharma, Gurpreet Kaur, Harinakshi, Gurchet Chitarkar, Jaswant Singh Rathore || || 27 September 2013 || Sikandra Films || Daddy Mohan Records/Shemaroo
|
|-
| ''[[Jatt in Mood]]'' || Sukhjinder Shera || Raj Brar, Harpreet Dhillon, Sukhjinder Shera, Manreet, Manni Boparai, Jaswinder Bhalla, Karamjeet || Comedy || 4 October 2013 || Gobind Arts, Sukhjinder Shera ||Pep Up Entertainment/Mital Films
|
|-
| ''[[Ronde Saare Viah Picho|RSVP - Ronde Saare Viah Picho]]'' || Vijay Kumar Arora || [[Neeru Bajwa]], Harish Verma, Guggu Gill, Charoo Kapoor, Rajpal Yadav, Jaswinder Bhalla, Navneet Nishan, Arvinder Bhatti, Rana Ranbir || Romantic Comedy || 11 October 2013 || Himmat Singh (Himmat Ventures) and Aparna Sood ||Speed Records/DVD not released/Video on YouTube
|
|-
|''[[Heer and Hero]]'' ||Sagar S. Sharma ||Manissha Lamba, Arya Babbar, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Hazel Keech, Preet Bhullar, Manoj Pahwa, Yograj Singh, Mukul Dev || Romantic Comedy || 18 October 2013 ||Harjeet Bhullar, Etch B || Shemaroo/Shemaroo
|
|-
| ''[[Ishq Garaari]]'' || Dheeraj Rattan || [[Sharry Maan]], Gulzar Inder Chahal, [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]], [[Vinaypal Buttar]], [[Mandy Takhar]], [[Miss Pooja]], [[Gunjan Walia]], Prabhleen Sandhu || Romance\Love || 25 October 2013 ||Cosmic Studio & Mirus Motion Pictures ||Shemaroo/Shemaroo
|
|-
|''[[Tere Te Dil Sadda Lutteya Gaya]]'' || || Ashmit Patel, Jividha, Pooja Tandon, Mangi Mahal || || 8 November 2013 || Angad and Nice Heart Production, Sapphire Group || T-Series/DVD not Released
|
|-
|''[[Hay O Rabba Ishaq Na Hove]]'' || Sangeet Kumar ||Masha Ali, Jaswinder Gardner, Shri Kankani, Muskan, Pramod Moutho, Shakti Kapoor, K.K. Goswami, Amritpal, Nitin, Gulshan Chopra, V.K. Rajdan || || 8 November 2013 || Anmol Productions, Hargovind Tripathi ||ACD & DVD not Released
|
|-
| ''[[Bhaji in Problem]]'' || Smeep Kang || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Ragini Khanna]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], B.N. Sharma, Jaswinder Bhalla || Comedy || 15 November 2013 || Viacom 18 Media Pvt. Ltd., Grazing Goat Pictures ||T-Series/T-Series
|
|-
|''[[Just U & Me]]'' || || [[Gitaz Bindrakhia]], Priyal Gor, Chandrachur Singh, Jaswinder Bhalla, Deepshikha || || 6 December 2013 || Sangeet Entertainers || Vvanjhali Records
|
|-
|''[[Love Yoou Soniye]]'' || || [[Karanvir Bohra]], Teejay Sidhu, [[Vindu Dara Singh]], [[Raghu Ram]]|| Romantic Comedy || 6 December 2013|| Firebird Entertainment ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rab Ton Sohna Ishq]]'' || Vicky J || Mandeep mandy, Avantika hundal, Milind gunaji, Rana jung bahadhur, Harpal singh, Deputy raja, Suhki || Action Romantic || 13 December 2013 || Mandeep Mandy Films ||
|
|-
|''[[Risky Mundey]]'' || || Panna Gill, Shiraz Khan, Uday Gill || Murder Mystery || 13 December 2013|| ABG Entertainment Pvt Ltd ||
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?title_type=feature&languages=pa&sort=moviemeter,asc&ref_=tt_dt_dt/ Punjabi films] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of Punjab}}
{{2013 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Films Of 2013}}
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|2013]]
[[Category:Lists of 2013 films by language|Punjabi]]

Asifa Zamani

2026-02-08T18:37:30Z

Realsouravbiswas: cleanup content further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|Indian scholar of Persian language}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Asifa Zamani
| occupation = Professor, writer
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| awards = Padma Shri Award (2004)
Bharat Gaurav award (1999)
}}

'''Asifa Zamani''' (22 March 1945 – 13 June 2025)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-15 |title=Persian scholar Padma Shri Asifa Zamani laid to rest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/persian-scholar-padma-shri-asifa-zamani-laid-to-rest/articleshow/121855047.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> was an Indian scholar of Persian language. She was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2004 by [[Government of India]] for her outstanding work.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060601204655/http://www.arcjmc.com/abutus/founding_members.htm]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020207/nation.htm]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamani, Asifa}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Sussanne Khan

2026-02-07T20:11:56Z

Realsouravbiswas:

{{Short description|Indian fashion and interior designer (born 1978)}}
{{For|Iranian singer|Susan Roshan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sussanne Khan
| image = Sussanne Khan at an event in 2025.jpg
| caption = Khan in 2025
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1978|10|26}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| other_names = Sussanne Roshan Suzzy
| alma_mater = [[Brooks College]]
| occupation = {{hlist | Fashion designer | interior designer}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Hrithik Roshan]]|2000|2014|reason=divorce}}
| children = 2
| partner = Arslan Goni (2022–present)
| father = [[Sanjay Khan]]
| mother = Zarine khan (died 7 November 2025)
| relatives = {{Ubl
| [[Zayed Khan]] (brother)
| [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] (uncle)
| [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] (uncle)
| [[Fardeen Khan]] (cousin)
}}
| website =
}}
'''Sussanne Khan''' (born 26 October 1978) is an Indian interior and [[Fashion design|fashion designer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/editors-picks/business-of-fashion-when-3-is-company |title=Business of Fashion: When 3 is Company |last=Assomull |first=Sujata |website=m.khaleejtimes.com |access-date=2018-05-19 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219114803/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/editors-picks/business-of-fashion-when-3-is-company |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sussanne Khan was born to [[Sanjay Khan]] and Zarine Katrak Khan on 26 October 1978, in [[Bombay]], as the third child in their family.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sussanne Khan shares a sweet kiss with Arslan Goni at her 49th birthday celebration, Hrithik Roshan and Saba Azad attend the bash with sons Hrehaan and Hridhaan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sussanne-khan-shares-a-sweet-kiss-with-arslan-goni-at-her-49th-birthday-celebration-hrithik-roshan-and-saba-azad-attend-the-bash-with-hrehaan-and-hridhaan/articleshow/114627672.cms|access-date=2025-02-17|website=The Times of India|date=26 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Her father, Sanjay, who was a prominent actor in the 1980s and her mother, Zarine Katrak was also an actress as well as an interior designer. Her father is of mixed Afghan and [[Persians|Iranian]] descent<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/922791 |title=Bollywood actor Firoz Khan dies at 70 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011135512/https://www.dawn.com/news/922791 |archivedate=11 October 2020 |date=27 April 2009 |work=Dawn News |accessdate=12 March 2009}}</ref> while her mother came from a [[Parsi]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Malavika |last1=Sangghvi |date=8 June 2012 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/parsis-in-bollywood/166916 |title=Parsis in Bollywood |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025225538/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/parsis-in-bollywood/166916 |archivedate=25 October 2018 |work=midday |accessdate=25 October 2018}}</ref>

Her younger brother, [[Zayed Khan]] is also an actor who works in [[Bollywood]]. Her elder sister, Farah Khan Ali, is a jewelry designer and Sussanne's second sister, Simone Khan, is an interior designer.

She is the niece of actor [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] and director [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] (brothers of Sanjay Khan) and first cousin of Bollywood actor, [[Fardeen Khan]].

== Career ==
After obtaining an Associate of Arts degree in interior designing in 1995 from [[Brooks College]] in the US, Khan started her career as an interior designer in 1996 by following the footsteps of her mother who was also a well-known interior designer during her active career.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-the-original-style-mavens-Gauri-Khan-Sussanne-Khan-Twinkle-Khanna-2574995|title=Meet the original style mavens, Gauri Khan, Sussanne Khan, Twinkle Khanna {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2018-01-13|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-19|language=en-US|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165457/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-the-original-style-mavens-Gauri-Khan-Sussanne-Khan-Twinkle-Khanna-2574995|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/%E2%80%98I-am-enchanted-by-the-world-of-design%E2%80%99/article14617769.ece |title=I am enchanted by the world of design |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=2016-09-01 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-05-19 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613171149/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/%E2%80%98I-am-enchanted-by-the-world-of-design%E2%80%99/article14617769.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2011, she partnered with fellow interior designer and a well recognised film producer, [[Gauri Khan]], to launch and introduce ''The Charcoal Project'' foundation in Mumbai, which is the first interior fashion design store in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.delightfull.eu/inspirations/styles/contemporary/sussanne-khan-interior-designers-india/ |title=WHY SUSSANNE KHAN IS ONE OF THE TOP INTERIOR DESIGNERS IN INDIA |website=www.delightfull.eu |date=11 May 2017 |language=en-US |access-date=2018-05-19 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108155133/http://www.delightfull.eu/inspirations/styles/contemporary/sussanne-khan-interior-designers-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sussanne-khan-gauri-shinde-feted-as-women-achievers-4604761/ |title=Sussanne Khan, Gauri Shinde feted as women achievers |date=2017-04-08 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2018-05-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sussanne-khan-gauri-shinde-feted-as-women-achievers-4604761/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Charcoal Project is also considered as the most popular design store in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/exclusive-sussanne-khan-joins-first-indian-designer-yoo/ |title=Exclusive: Sussanne Khan joins as the first Indian designer for Yoo |date=2015-02-26 |work=Vogue India |access-date=2018-05-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165455/https://www.vogue.in/content/exclusive-sussanne-khan-joins-first-indian-designer-yoo/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/quiet-luxury-115050100906_1.html |title=Quiet luxury |last=Bhatia |first=Ritika |date=2015-05-02 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=2018-05-18 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165849/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/quiet-luxury-115050100906_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

She worked for The Label Life, an [[e-commerce]] fashion lifestyle company established in 2012. She was employed as the first interior fashion designer for the company.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130121-simply-suzzane-roshan-761372-2013-01-09 |title=Simply Suzzane |website=India Today |date=9 January 2013 |language=en |access-date=2018-05-18 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165456/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130121-simply-suzzane-roshan-761372-2013-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, she launched the official branch of [[Pearl Academy]] campus in Mumbai and supporting the students of the academy by handling scholarships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aninews.in/videogallery5/22411-sussanne-roshan-teams-up-with-pearl-academy.html |title=Sussanne Roshan teams up with Pearl Academy |website=/www.aninews.in |access-date=2017-09-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032323/http://www.aninews.in/videogallery5/22411-sussanne-roshan-teams-up-with-pearl-academy.html |archive-date=2014-04-20}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Hrithik Roshan and Sussanne Roshan at Karan Johar's birthday, 30 May, 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|Khan with then-husband [[Hrithik Roshan]] in 2012]]

Khan married [[Hrithik Roshan]] in 2000 after dating for four years. The couple ended their 13-year-old relationship in 2013 and divorced a year later, after having two sons.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/01son.htm |title=Another son for Hrithik and Suzanne |date=1 May 2008 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502090113/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/01son.htm |archive-date=2 May 2008 |access-date=1 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1020810&CatID=1 |title=Hrithik's son to be named Hridhaan |date=29 March 2006 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=29 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427064744/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1020810&CatID=1 |archive-date=27 April 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hrithik-Roshan-and-Sussanne-Khan-granted-divorce-by-family-court/articleshow/45003091.cms |title=Hrithik Roshan and Sussanne Khan granted divorce by family court |last=Deshpande |first=Swati |date=1 November 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110131936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hrithik-Roshan-and-Sussanne-Khan-granted-divorce-by-family-court/articleshow/45003091.cms |archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> However, they still remain close friends and spent the lockdown during 2020 together with their sons. She was involved in the Dragon fly club raid in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hrithik-roshan-forever-and-always-ex-wife-sussanne-khans-birthday-post-1798080 |title=Hrithik Roshan, Forever And Always: Ex-Wife Sussanne Khan's Birthday Post |work=NDTV.com |access-date=2018-05-18 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165456/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hrithik-roshan-forever-and-always-ex-wife-sussanne-khans-birthday-post-1798080 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2022, Khan shared a photo with boyfriend Arslan Goni, confirming their relationship.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Sussanne Khan shares loved up pic with BF Arslan Goni, calls it 'incredible feeling', fans ask 'is it official now?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sussanne-khan-shares-loved-up-pic-with-bf-arslan-goni-calls-it-incredible-feeling-fans-ask-is-it-official-now-101652770636484.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517102324/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sussanne-khan-shares-loved-up-pic-with-bf-arslan-goni-calls-it-incredible-feeling-fans-ask-is-it-official-now-101652770636484.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sussanne Khan}}
* {{Instagram|suzkr}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sussanne}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]

Hari Kishan Pippal

2026-02-07T19:35:25Z

Realsouravbiswas: creating a post

{{short description|Leather exporter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hari Kishan Pippal
| image =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1951}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = Dalit businesses
| notable_works =
}}
'''Hari Kishan Pippal''' is an Indian entrepreneur from [[Agra]], India. He is the managing director of People's Group, a company that owns a hospital, a shoe export factory, an auto dealership, and a publication house. He is noted for creating successful businesses as a member of the [[Dalit]] community, a marginalised community in India, after starting out in extreme poverty, including working as a [[rickshaw puller]] in Agra. He also serves as the president of [[Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry|DICCI]].

== Biography ==
Hari Kishan Pippal was born in [[Jatav]] ([[Dalit]]) community, to Ramsingh Pippal in Agra, India. His father used to run a shoe repair shop where he started working at a young age. When he was in tenth grade, his father died due to a stroke. He was married shortly thereafter, at the age of 12, and worked as a rickshaw puller and later as a daily wage labourer in Agra.<ref name="smepost-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-10 |title=Heritage People's Hospital {{!}} Hari Kishan Pippal's story overcoming barriers |url=https://smepost.com/success-stories/heritage-peoples-hospital-hari-kishan-pippals-story-overcoming-barriers/25216 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=SMEpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From riding rickshaw to running multi-crore business: Hari Kishan Pippal's inspiring story |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=239510 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref>

Pippal got a loan of {{INRConvert|15|k}} from [[Punjab National Bank]] in 1975 to expand his family's shoe shop. He received his first large order from "State Trading Corporation," for ten thousand pairs of shoes. Eventually he launched his own shoe brand known as 'Harrykson.'<ref name="smepost-2017" />

=== Business ===
H. K. Pippal is managing director of People's Exports (P) Limited and People's Heritage Hospital Ltd., one of the largest private medical facilities in [[Braj]]. His leather products consists of Hush Puppies shoes for [[Bata (company)|Bata]] and are traded to Bulgaria, England and other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2013 |title=Growing breed of talented, self-confident Dalits make its presence felt in variety of fields|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19940430-growing-breed-of-talented-self-confident-dalits-make-its-presence-felt-in-variety-of-fields-809066-1994-04-30|access-date=2020-06-07|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-23 |title=Rich Indian can't buy out of lowest caste |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45770579 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

He also owns a [[Honda Cars India|Honda]] dealership, a banquet hall and a publication house in [[Agra]] region. He has a turnover of more than {{INRConvert|100|c}}. He is also the president of [[Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry|DICCI]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-24|title=Why only Tatas, why not give sops to dalit businessman?|url=https://www.governancenow.com/views/interview/why-only-tatas-why-not-give-sops-dalit-businessman|access-date=2020-06-07|website=Governance Now|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2017-12-17|title=Story of A Rickshaw Driver Who Became Millionaire|url=https://www.indiatimemail.com/story-rickshaw-driver-who-became-millionaire/|access-date=2020-06-07|website=India Time Mail|language=en}}</ref>

He even contested in 2012 [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]] elections from [[Agra Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Agra Cantonment]] on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Kishan Pipal (Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- AGRA CANTT. (SC)(AGRA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1597 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Pippal was featured in the books, '''Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs''<nowiki/>' written by [[Devesh Kapur]], D Shyam Babu and [[Chandra Bhan Prasad]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kapur|first1=Devesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSz_AwAAQBAJ&dq=hari+kishan+pippal&pg=PT203|title=Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs|last2=Babu|first2=D. Shyam|last3=Prasad|first3=Chandra Bhan|date=2014-07-18|publisher=Random House India|isbn=978-81-8400-639-1|language=en}}</ref> ''Dalit Millionaires''<nowiki/>' by Milind Khandekar.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=IANS|date=2014-01-20|title=Inspiring accounts of Dalits who became millionaires (Book Review)|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/inspiring-accounts-of-dalits-who-became-millionaires-book-review-114012000158_1.html|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pippal, Hari Kishan}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dalit businesspeople]]

Early Buddhist texts

2026-02-02T03:22:58Z

Realsouravbiswas: new a data!

{{Short description|Parallel texts shared by the Early Buddhist schools}}
{{EarlyBuddhism}}
'''Early Buddhist texts''' ('''EBTs'''), '''early Buddhist literature''' or '''early Buddhist discourses''' are parallel texts shared by the [[early Buddhist schools]]. The most widely studied EBT material are the first four [[Pali]] [[Nikayas]], as well as the corresponding Chinese [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]].<ref>Tse-Fu Kuan. Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature in ''Edo Shonin, William Van Gordon, [[Nirbhay N. Singh]]. Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness, page 267''.</ref><ref name=":3">Mun-Keat Choong (1999). ''The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism,'' Motilal Banarsidass, p. 3.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gethin |first=Rupert |url=http://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe |title=The foundations of Buddhism |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-289223-2 |pages=42–43}}</ref><ref>Shulman, Eviatar. ''Mindful Wisdom: The Sati-paṭṭhāna-sutta on Mindfulness, Memory, and Liberation.'' Vol. 49, No. 4 (May 2010), pp. 393-420</ref> However, some scholars have also pointed out that some [[Vinaya]] material, like the [[Patimokkha]]s of the different Buddhist schools, as well as some material from the earliest [[Abhidharma]] texts could also be quite early.<ref>* {{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=9–10|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Frauwallner |first=Erich |title=Studies in Abhidharma literature and the origins of Buddhist philosophical systems |last2=Kidd |first2=Sophie Francis |last3=Steinkellner |first3=Ernst |date=1995 |publisher=State University of New York |isbn=978-0-7914-2699-9 |series=Suny series in Indian thought |location=Albany, N.Y |pages=18, 100}}</ref>

Besides the large collections in [[Pali]] and Chinese, there are also fragmentary collections of EBT materials in [[Sanskrit]], [[Saka language|Khotanese]], [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]], and [[Gāndhārī language|Gāndhārī]]. The modern study of early [[pre-sectarian Buddhism]] often relies on comparative scholarship using these various early Buddhist sources.<ref>e.g. "''Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism''" and "''Analayo. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies (Volume 1)''"</ref>

Various scholars of [[Buddhist studies]] such as [[Richard Gombrich]], Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne, and [[A. K. Warder]] hold that Early Buddhist texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the historical [[Buddha]] himself or at least to the early years of [[pre-sectarian Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Warder|first=A. K.|author-link=A. K. Warder|year=2004|title=Indian Buddhism, 3rd Revised edition|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gombrich|first=Richard F.|author-link=Richard Gombrich|year=1997|title=How Buddhism Began|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref name=":1">Wynne, Alexander. ''Did the Buddha exist?'' JOCBS. 2019(16): 98–148.</ref> According to the Japanese scholar Akira Hirakawa, "any attempt to ascertain the original teachings of the historical Buddha must be based on this literature."<ref>Hirakawa, Akira (1993) ''[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/23030 A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna],'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 38.</ref>

==Overview==
Different genres comprise the Early Buddhist texts, including prose "[[Sutta Piṭaka|suttas]]" ([[Sanskrit|Skt]]: ''sūtra'', discourses), monastic rules (''[[Vinaya]]''), various forms of verse compositions (such as [[Gatha (Buddhism)|gāthā]] and [[Udana|udāna]]), mixed prose and verse works (''geya''), and also lists (''matika'') of monastic rules or doctrinal topics. A large portion of Early Buddhist literature is part of the "sutta" or "sutra" genre, these are usually placed in different collections (called [[Nikāya|Nikayas]] or [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Agamas]]) and constitute the "Sutta Pitaka" (Skt: Sūtra Pitaka, "Basket of sutras") section of the various early Buddhist Canonical collections called [[Tripiṭaka|Tripitakas]] ("Three Baskets"). The suttas generally contain doctrinal, spiritual, and philosophical content.

There are EBTs from various Buddhist schools, especially from the Theravada and [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] schools, but also from the [[Dharmaguptaka]], [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahāsāṅghika]], [[Mahīśāsaka]], [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]], and other texts of uncertain prominence.<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=39|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref>

According to [[Oskar von Hinüber]] the main purpose for the composition of the EBTs was to "preserve and to defend an orthodox tradition." He adds that this literary effort was influenced by the Vedic prose of the [[Brāhmaṇas]].<ref name=":2">[[Oskar von Hinüber]] (2006). [https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8977/2870 "Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts"], ''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'', 29, (2), 198-206</ref> As noted by [[Oskar von Hinüber|von Hinüber]], these collections also contain the first ever Indian texts to commemorate historical events, such as the ''[[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|Mahāparinibbānasuttanta]],'' which recounts the death of the Buddha. The early suttas also almost always open by introducing the geographical location of the event they depict, including ancient place names, always preceded by the phrase "thus have I heard" (''evaṃ me sutaṃ'').<ref name=":2" />

The textual evidence from various traditions shows that by the 1st century BCE to the fourth century CE, slight differences developed among these parallel documents and that these differences reflected "school affiliation, local traditions, linguistic environment, nonstandardized scripts, or any combination of these factors."<ref>Marcus Bingenheimer, Editor in Chief; Bhikkhu Anālayo and Roderick S. Bucknell, Co-Editors. [https://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T0026_MadhyamaAgama1_2013_0.pdf ''The Madhyama Agama: Middle Length Discourses Vol I (Taishō Volume 1, Number 26)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802211840/http://www.bdkamerica.org/system/files/pdf/dBET_T0026_MadhyamaAgama1_2013_0.pdf |date=2017-08-02 }}. Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai America, Inc. 2013. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series, p. xviii</ref>

=== Orality ===
These texts were initially transmitted through [[oral literature|oral methods]]. According to Marcus Bingenheimer,

{{blockquote|After the death of the founder, Buddhist texts were transmitted orally in Middle Indo-Aryan dialects (Prakrits). While the southern tradition eventually settled on one of these dialects, Pāli, as its canonical language, in India and Central Asia Buddhist texts were successively Sanskritized and/or translated into other languages such as Chinese, Tokharian, Khotanese, Sogdian, and Tibetan. Also, new Buddhist texts in India, from at least the third century onward, were directly composed in standard Sanskrit. Manuscripts from the northern tradition, especially those of Central Asian provenance, are therefore often in Prakrit (especially Gāndhārī) or some nonstandard form of Sanskrit, sometimes called Buddhist Sanskrit, an intermediate stage between some Prakrit and standard Sanskrit.<ref>Marcus Bingenheimer, Editor in Chief; Bhikkhu Anālayo and Roderick S. Bucknell, Co-Editors. ''The Madhyama Agama: Middle Length Discourses Vol I (Taishō Volume 1, Number 26).'' Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai America, Inc. 2013. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series, p. xvi</ref>}}

As noted by Mark Allon there are various reasons why these texts are held to have been transmitted orally by modern scholars. These include internal evidence from the texts themselves which indicates that they were to be memorized and recited, the lack of any evidence (whether archeological or internal to the texts) that writing was being used to preserve these texts, and the stylistic features of the texts themselves.<ref>Allon, Mark (1997), ''The Oral Composition and Transmission of Early Buddhist Texts'', in Indian Insights: Buddhism, Brahmanism and Bhakti, Luzac, pp 39–61</ref>

An important feature that marks the Early Buddhist texts are formal characteristics which reflect their origin as orally transmitted literature such as the use of repetition and rhetorical formulas.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anālayo|author-link=Bhikkhu Analayo|title=Reflections on Comparative Āgama Studies|url=https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/reflect-comp-agama.pdf|journal =Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal|year=2008|volume=21|pages=3–21|publisher=Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies|issn=1017-7132}}</ref> Other stylistic features which betray orality include: the use of multiple synonyms, standardized phrases and passages, verse summaries similies, numbered lists, and standard framing narratives.<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=51|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref>

These stylistic features are in contrast to later works such as [[Mahayana sutras]], which contain more elaborate and complex narratives, that would be more difficult to memorize. Also, the EBTs are always historically situated in ancient Indian locales, unlike many later Mahayana works, which depict themselves as being taught by the Buddha in heavenly realms or other supernatural circumstances.<ref>Reat, Noble Ross. ''“The Historical Buddha and his Teachings”''. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 26-27."</ref>

Early Buddhist texts are believed to have been transmitted by lineages of [[bhāṇaka]], monks who specialized in memorization and recitation of particular collections of texts,<ref>Cousins, L.S. (2013) ''The Early Development of Buddhist Literature and Language in India.'' Journal of the Oxford Center for Buddhist Studies 5:89-135</ref> until they were eventually recorded in writing after the 1st Century BCE. As noted by Alexander Wynne:

{{blockquote|Although there is no evidence for writing before Aśoka, the accuracy of oral transmission should not be underestimated. The Buddhist community was full of [[Brahmin]]s who knew that the Vedic educational system had transmitted a mass of difficult texts, verbatim, in an increasingly archaic language, for more than a thousand years. Since the early Buddhists required a different means of oral transmission, for quite different texts, other [[Mnemonic|mnemonic techniques]] were developed, based on communal chanting (saṅgīti). The texts explicitly state that this method was to be employed, and their actual form shows that it was, on a grand scale.<ref name=":1" />}}

Some scholars such as Wynne and [[Bhikkhu Analayo|Analayo]] generally hold that these texts were memorized in fixed form, to be recited verbatim (in contrast to other forms of oral literature, such as [[epic poetry]]) and that this was affirmed during communal recitations (where there is little room for improvisation), while others argue that they could have been performed in more poetic and improvisational ways ([[L. S. Cousins|L.S. Cousins]], [[Rupert Gethin]]) through the use of basic lists or formulas.<ref>Shulman, E. Forthcoming. 'Orality and Creativity in Early Buddhist Discourses.' In L. Gomez and N. Gummer (eds.), ''The Language of the Sūtras''.</ref>

The EBTs also show the influence of [[Vedas|Vedic texts]], including the adoption of certain Vedic poetic metres, as well as forms of organization (using topic and number). EBTs share similar terminology and ideas with Vedic texts.<ref>Gombrich Richard (2009). ''What the Buddha Thought.'' Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies monographs. Equinox, pp. 28, 43–44, 80–81, 122–128, 133–137, 182, 188, 202–206.</ref> They also share certain metaphors and imagery with texts like the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad]]'', such as the single salty taste of the ocean (AN 8.157 vs. ''Bṛhadāraṇyaka'' 2.4.11).<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=67|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref>

=== Setting and date ===
[[File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png|thumb|250x250px|Gangetic plain during the pre-Nanda era]]
Regarding the setting, the EBTs generally depict the world of the [[Second Urbanisation|second urbanisation period]], which features small scale towns and villages, and small competing states (the [[mahajanapadas]]) with a lower level of urbanisation compared to that of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] era.<ref name=":1" /> As such, the EBTs depict the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]] before the rise of the [[Nanda Empire|Nanda empire]], who unified all these small competing states during the 4th century.<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=13|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref>

They also depict [[Pataliputra]] as the small village of ''Pataligama'', while it would later become the capital of the Mauryan empire and the largest city in India.<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=24|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref> They do not mention [[Ashoka]] but they mention the Jain leader [[Mahavira]] (a.k.a. ''Nātaputta'') as a contemporary of the Buddha.<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=25, 34|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref>

The EBTs also depict a small scale local economy, during a time before the establishment of the long-distance trading networks, as noted by Brahmali and [[Bhante Sujato|Sujato]]:

{{blockquote|King Pasenadi of Kosala is said to have used kāsi sandalwood (MN 87.28), indicating that even the highest social strata used locally produced luxuries. This situation is perhaps to be expected given the political divisions in North India at the time, which may have complicated long-distance trade.<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5|page=23}}</ref>|sign=|source=}}

As noted by [[Oskar von Hinüber|von Hinüber]], the omission of any mention of the Mauryas in EBTs such as the ''Mahāparinibbānasuttanta'', in contrast to other later Buddhist texts which do mention them, is also evidence of its pre-Mauryan date:

{{blockquote|Given the importance of the rise of the Maurya empire even under [[Chandragupta Maurya|Candragupta]], who is better known for his inclination towards Jainism, one might conjecture that the latest date for the composition of the ''Mahāparinibbānasuttanta'', at least for this part of it, is around 350 to 320 BC.<ref name=":2" /> }}According to Alexander Wynne,{{blockquote|The corresponding pieces of textual material found in the canons of the different sects... probably go back to pre-sectarian times. It is unlikely that these correspondences could have been produced by the joint endeavour of different Buddhist sects, for such an undertaking would have required organisation on a scale which was simply inconceivable in the ancient world.<ref>Tse-fu Kuan (2007). ''Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources.'' Routledge. p. 3.</ref>}}

=== Archeology ===
[[File:Bhabru_inscription.jpg|thumb|250px|Ashoka Minor Rock Edict No. 3]]
The [[Edicts of Ashoka]] are some of the earliest Indian historical documents and they agree with the EBTs in some respects.

According to Sujato, the MPE 2 (Sārnāth) edict makes use of various EBT specific terms such as: "bhikhusaṁgha, bhikhuni-saṁgha, sāsana, upāsaka, anuposatha, saṁgha bheta, saṁgha samaga (Sāñcī version), cila-thitīka (Sāñcī)."<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=106|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref>

Sujato also notes that the RE 5 (Kālsī) edict states: “Good deeds are difficult to perform,” “bad acts are easy to commit”, which could be a quote from the [[Udana]] (5:8). Likewise, the RE 9 (Girnār) edict states “there is no gift like the gift of the Dhamma”, which could be a quote from the EBTs (see [[Aṅguttara Nikāya|AN]] 9:5 or [[Dhammapada|Dhp]] 354).<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=103–104|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref>

A. Wynne notes that [[Minor Rock Edicts#Full texts of the Minor Rock Edicts|Minor Rock Edict #3]] mentions some Buddhist texts which have been identified and which might show that at the time of [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE) these were already fixed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wynne|first=Alexander|year=2004|title=The Oral Transmission of the Early Buddhist Literature|url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8945|journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=27|issue=1|pages=97–128}}</ref> These citations include the "''Rāhulāvada''", which could refer to the ''Ambalaṭṭhikā Rāhulovāda Sutta'' (MN 61)''.''<ref>Reat, Noble Ross. ''“The Historical Buddha and his Teachings”''. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 29.</ref>

Some early archeological sites like the [[Bharhut|Bharhut stupa]] (most visible material dates from the 1st or 2nd century BCE) contain many details from the EBTs such as: the mention of Buddha Gotama and all five past Buddhas of the EBTs, as well as kings Ajātasatru and Pasenadi. Major events from the Buddha's life from the EBTs are mentioned such as his awakening, the first teaching and his death.<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=110|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref> According to Lüders “… the visit of Ajātasattu [to the Buddha] is depicted even in details exactly according to the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta|Sāmaññaphala Sutta]]'',” and “… the representation of the visit of Sakka follows the text of the ''Sakkapañha Sutta''.”<ref>Luders, H., Waldschmidt, E., and Mehendale, ''A. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Vol. II Part II Bharhut Inscriptions''. Government epigraphist for India, 1963.</ref>

Other Indian inscriptions from the 1st and 2nd century CE include terms such as ''dhamma-kathika'', ''peṭakin'', and ''suttantika'', indicating the existence of a Buddhist literature during this time.<ref name=":1" />

==Extant material==
[[File:Burmese-Pali Manuscript Wellcome L0067944.jpg|thumb|Burmese-Pali [[Palm-leaf manuscript]]]]

Most modern scholarship has generally focused on the Pāli Nikāyas (which have been fully translated into Western languages) and the Chinese Āgamas (only partially translated). As early as the late 19th century, it was known that the Nikāyas and the Āgamas contain a great number of parallel texts. In 1882, Samuel Beal published his ''Buddhist Literature in China'', where he wrote:

{{blockquote|The [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|Parinibbāna]], the [[Brahmajala Sutta (Theravada)|Brahmajāla]], the [[Sigalovada Sutta|Sigalovada]], the [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|Dhammacakka]], the Kasi-Bhāradvadja, the [[Mangala Sutta|Mahāmangala]]; all these I have found and compared with translations from the Pali, and find that in the main they are identical. I do not say literally the same; they differ in minor points, but are identical in plot and all important details. And when the Vinaya and Āgama collections are thoroughly examined, I can have little doubt we shall find most if not all the Pali suttas in a Chinese form.<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|author-link=Bhante Sujato|title=A History of Mindfulness|publisher=Santipada|year=2012|url=http://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/A_History_of_Mindfulness_Bhikkhu_Sujato.pdf|isbn=978-1-921842-10-8|page=16}}</ref>}}

During the 20th century various scholars including Anesaki Masaharu and [[Chizen Akanuma|Akanuma Chizen]] began critical studies of these correspondences. Probably the most important early works in the comparative study of these two collections are Anesaki's ''The Four Buddhist Āgamas in Chinese – A Concordance of their Parts and of the Corresponding Counterparts in the Pāli Nikāyas'' and Akanuma's ''The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Āgamas and Pāli Nikāyas''.<ref>Akanuma, Chizen 赤沼智善 (1929): ''Kanpa shibu shiagon goshōroku 漢巴四部四阿含互照錄 - The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Āgamas and Pāli Nikāyas.'' Nagoya: Hajinkaku shobō破塵閣書房, 1929. xvi + 424 pp. [Reprinted by Sankinbō Busshorin, 1958. Sri Satguru Publications, 1990 (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica no. 74).]</ref><ref>Anesaki, Masaharu 姉崎正治: ''The Four Buddhist Āgamas in Chinese – A Concordance of their Parts and of the Corresponding Counterparts in the Pāli Nikāyas.'' Yokohama : Kelly & Walsh (The Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan), 1908</ref>

Over time this comparative study of these parallel Buddhist texts became incorporated into modern scholarship on Buddhism, such as in the work of [[Étienne Lamotte|Etienne Lamotte]] (1988), who commented on their close relationship:

{{blockquote|However, with the exception of the Mahāyanist interpolations in the [[Ekottara Agama|Ekottara]], which are easily discernable, the variations in question [between the Nikāyas and Āgamas] affect hardly anything save the method of expression or the arrangement of the subjects. The doctrinal basis common to the Nikāyas and Āgamas is remarkably uniform. Preserved and transmitted by the schools, the sūtras do not, however, constitute scholastic documents, but are the common heritage of all the sects.<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|author-link=Bhante Sujato|title=A History of Mindfulness|publisher=Santipada|year=2012|url=http://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/A_History_of_Mindfulness_Bhikkhu_Sujato.pdf|isbn=978-1-921842-10-8|page=17}}</ref>}}

Bhiksu Thich Minh Chau (1918– 2012) conducted a comparative study (1991) of the contents in the Theravada ''Majjhima Nikaya'' and Sarvastivada ''Madhyama Agama'' and concluded that despite some differences in technical and practical issues, there was a striking agreement in doctrinal matters.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|last=Shulman|first=Eviatar|title=Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Meanings%20of%20Dependent%20Origination_Shulman_JIP_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010114327/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Meanings%20of%20Dependent%20Origination_Shulman_JIP_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2016|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=36|issue=2|pages=297–317|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8|s2cid=59132368}}</ref> A more recent study by [[Bhikkhu Analayo]] also agrees with this position. Analayo argues the Majjhima Nikaya and Madhyama Agama contain mostly the same major doctrines.<ref>Analayo (2011). ''A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya.'' Dharma Drum Academic Publisher. p. 891.</ref>

Recent work has also been done on other more fragmentary materials surviving in Sanskrit, Tibetan, and [[Gandharan Buddhism|Gandhāran]] collections. Andrew Glass has compared a small number of Gandhāran sutras with their Tibetan, Pali, Sanskrit, and Chinese parallels and concludes that there is a unity in their doctrines, despite some technical differences.<ref name=":5" />

According to some Asian scholars like [[Yin Shun]], Mizuno Kogen and Mun-Keat Choong, the common ancestor of the [[Saṃyutta Nikāya|Samyutta Nikaya]] and the Samyukta Agama is the basis for the other EBTs.<ref name=":3" />

=== Pāli EBTs ===
[[File:TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg|thumb|Gold Plates containing fragments of the Pali Tipitaka (5th century) found in Maunggan (a village near the city of [[Sri Ksetra Kingdom|Sriksetra]])]]
The [[Pali Canon|Pāli Canon]] of the [[Theravada]] school contains the most complete fully extant collection of EBTs in an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic language]] which has survived until today.<ref>Crosby, Kate; ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity'', 2013, page 2.</ref> According to the Theravada tradition, after having been passed down orally, it was first written down in the first century BCE in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gethin|first=Rupert|author-link=Rupert Gethin|title=The Foundations of Buddhism|isbn=978-0-19-289223-2|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/42|year=1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/42 42]|publisher=Oxford University Press |url-access=registration}}</ref>

While some scholars such as [[Gregory Schopen]] are skeptical of the antiquity of the Pali texts, Alexander Wynne notes that:

{{blockquote|Canonical fragments are included in the Golden Pāli Text, found in a reliquary from Śrī kṣetra dating to the late 3rd or early 4th century AD; they agree almost exactly with extant Pāli manuscripts. This means that the Pāli Tipiṭaka has been transmitted with a high degree of accuracy for well over 1,500 years. There is no reason why such an accurate transmission should not be projected back a number of centuries, at the least to the period when it was written down in the first century BC, and probably further.<ref name=":1" />}}

The Early Buddhist material in the [[Pali Canon|Pāli Canon]] mainly consists of the first four Pāli [[Nikāya]]s, the [[Patimokkha]] (basic list of monastic rules) and other [[Vinaya]] material as well as some parts of the [[Khuddaka Nikāya]] (mainly [[Sutta Nipata]], [[Itivuttaka]], [[Dhammapada]], [[Therigatha]], [[Theragatha]], and the [[Udana]]).<ref>Abeynayake, oliver. A textual and Historical Analysis of the Khuddaka Nikaya. Colombo, First Edition – 1984, p. 113.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gethin|first=Rupert|author-link=Rupert Gethin |title=The Buddha's Path to Awakening|year=1992|publisher=Leiden: E. J. Brill|page=42}}</ref><ref>*{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5| pages=9–10}}</ref>

These texts have been widely translated into Western languages.

===Chinese EBTs===
The EBTs preserved in the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]] include the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgama]]s, collections of sutras which parallel the Pali Nikāyas in content as well as structure.<ref name="parallels2">{{cite journal|author=Anālayo|author-link=Bhikkhu Analayo|title=Some Pali discourses in light of their Chinese parallels, part two|url=https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/some-pali-dis1.pdf|journal=Buddhist Studies Review|volume=22 |issue=1|year=2005|pages=93–105|doi=10.1558/bsrv.v22i2.14020 |s2cid=247872609 }}</ref> There are also some differences between the discourses and collections as modern comparative studies has shown, such as omissions of material, additions and shifts in the location of phrases.<ref name="parallels2"/> These various Agamas possibly come down to us from the [[Sarvastivada]] (the Samyukta and [[Madhyama Agama]]s), [[Dharmaguptaka]] and [[Kāśyapīya|Kasyayipa]] schools.<ref>Warder, A. K. Indian Buddhism, page 6</ref> The [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasamghika]] Vinaya Pitaka also survives in Chinese translation.<ref>Warder, A. K. Indian Buddhism, page 7</ref> Some of the Agamas have been translated into English by the Āgama Research Group (ARG) at the [[Dharma Drum Mountain|Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agamaresearch.ddbc.edu.tw/ |title=Āgama research group |access-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091035/http://agamaresearch.ddbc.edu.tw/ |archive-date=2018-04-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The language of these texts is a form of [[Classical Chinese|Ancient Chinese]] termed Buddhist Chinese (''fójiào Hànyǔ'' 佛教漢語) or Buddhist Hybrid Chinese (''fójiào hùnhé Hànyǔ'' 佛教混合漢語) which shows considerable [[vernacular]]ity. Buddhist Chinese also shows a significant number of elements which derive from the source language, including [[calque]]s and phonological transcriptions.<ref>Qingzhi ZHU, “Buddhist Chinese (Buddhist Hybrid Chinese)”, in: ''Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics'', General Editor Rint Sybesma. Consulted online on 26 May 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7363_ecll_COM_00000047 First published online: 2015</ref> Scholarly analysis of these texts have shown that they were translated from [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indic]] [[Prakrit]] source languages, with varying degrees of [[sanskritisation]].<ref>Marcus Bingenheimer, Editor in Chief; Bhikkhu Anālayo and Roderick S. Bucknell, Co-Editors. ''The Madhyama Agama: Middle Length Discourses Vol I (Taishō Volume 1, Number 26).'' Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai America, Inc. 2013. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series, p. xix</ref>

While the other Chinese Agamas are mostly doctrinally consistent with the Pali Nikayas, the [[Ekottara Agama]] (EA) has been seen by various scholars such as Johannes Bronkhorst and [[Etienne Lamotte]] as being influenced by later [[Mahayana]] concepts.<ref>Bronkhorst, Johannes. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India, page 14</ref> According to Lamotte, these 'interpolations' are easily discernible.<ref>Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism, From the origins to the Saka era, Institut Orientaliste Louvain-la-neuve, 1988, page 156.</ref> According to Analayo, the most often proposed hypothesis is that the EA derives from the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasamgika]] school.<ref>Analayo, ''Mahāyāna in the Ekottarika-āgama,'' Singaporean Journal of Buddhist Studies, Volume 1, 2013.</ref>

===Gandhari and Bactrian EBTs===
[[File:Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_(1st_C),_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg|thumb|Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments (c. 1st century) from British Library Collection]]
Modern discoveries of various fragmentary manuscript collections (the [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]]) from [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] has contributed significantly to the study of Early Buddhist texts.

Most of these texts are written in the [[Gandhari language|Gandhari Language]] and the [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī script]], but some have also been discovered in [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]].<ref name=":0">Allon, M. (2013). ''Recent Discoveries of Buddhist Manuscripts from Afghanistan and Pakistan and Their Significance''. In Wei Shan and Zhang Xuesong (Eds.), ''Religious Studies 2013'', (pp. 28-46). Beijing: Religious Culture Press (Zongjiao Wenhua Chubanshe).</ref> According to Mark Allon, the [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]] contain several EBTs which parallel those found in other collections "such as the ''Ekottarikāgama'' and ''Vana-saṃyutta'' of the ''Saṃyutta-nikāya''/''Saṃyuktāgama."''<ref>Allon, Mark. ''The Formation of Canons in the Early Indian Nikāyas or Schools in the Light of the New Gāndhārī Manuscript Finds''. Buddhist Studies Review, Vol. 35, No. 1–2 (2018).</ref>

These texts include a parallel to the [[Anattalakkhana Sutta]], possibly belonging to the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school. A few publications have translated some of these texts.<ref>Andrew Glass, Mark Allon. ''Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras'', pp 5, 15.</ref>

According to Mark Allon, the most recent major finds include the following collections:<ref name=":0" />

* "The British Library Kharoṣṭhī Manuscripts", Birch bark scrolls in the Gandhari Language and the Kharoṣṭhī script, possibly belonging to the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school. They include prose sutras and verse works like parts of the [[Dhammapada|Dharmapada]] dating to the 1st century CE, making them the earliest EBT manuscripts discovered.
* "The Senior Kharoṣṭhī Manuscripts", Birch bark scrolls in the Gandhari Language and the Kharoṣṭhī script, possibly belonging to the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school. Most of these preserve "canonical" prose sutras, as well as some biographical material on the Buddha's life associated with the Vinaya.
* "The [[Schøyen Collection|Schøyen]] Manuscripts", discovered in the [[Bamyan|Bamiyan]] caves, a collection which preserves Early Buddhist, Abhidharma, and Mahayana texts in either Sanskrit or Gandhari.

=== Sanskrit EBTs ===
According to Mark Allon, an important recent find is "a substantial portion of a large Sanskrit birch bark manuscript of the [[Dīrghāgama|''Dirghagama'']], the division of the canon containing long discourses, belonging to the (Mula)-Sarvastivada school, which dates to the seventh or eighth centuries AD".<ref name=":0" /> This Gilgit [[Dīrgha Āgama]] contains forty-seven discourses and it includes some sutras not found in Pali at all, like the ''Māyājāla sutra'', the ''Catuṣpariṣat-sūtra,'' and the ''Arthavistara-sūtra''.<ref>Bucknell, Roderick S. ''The Structure of the Sanskrit Dīrgha-āgama from Gilgit vis-à-vis the Pali Dīgha-nikāya.'' in 'Research on the Dīrgha-āgama' (2014) edited by Dhammadinnā.</ref>

The ''[[Arthaviniscaya Sutra|Arthaviniścaya Sūtra]]'' is a composite text that is mainly made up of early Buddhist material organized into an Abhidharma type list.<ref>Sujato, Bhikkhu (2005, 2012). ''A history of mindfulness, How insight worsted tranquillity in the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta'', Santipada</ref>

Sanskrit fragments of different early Buddhist Agamas also survive from various sources, including archaeological finds in the [[Tarim Basin]] and the city of [[Turfan]]. These finds include versions of a Sanskrit ''[[Udanavarga]]''.<ref>Nariman, J. K.; Introduction to the Early Buddhist Texts in Sanskritised Prākit from Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism, Ch 1–6. http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Reference/Early-Buddhist-Texts/02-EBT-Sanskrit-Canon.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514204053/http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Reference/Early-Buddhist-Texts/02-EBT-Sanskrit-Canon.htm |date=2021-05-14 }}</ref> Other Sanskrit Agama texts include the (non-Mahayana) ''Mahāparinirvāṇasutra,'' and the ''Pratītyasamutpādādivibhaṅganirdeśa''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanskrit Āgama Sūtras - SuttaCentral |url=https://suttacentral.net/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=SuttaCentral |language=en}}</ref>

Various Vinaya texts also survive in Sanskrit, including those of the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya and the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]] Vinaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuttaCentral, Vinaya |url=https://suttacentral.net/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=SuttaCentral |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]],'' though including much later additions, also includes some EBT parallel passages, including passages on the first sermon at [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Play in Full - SuttaCentral |url=https://suttacentral.net/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=SuttaCentral |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mahāsāṃghika sources ===
The first schism among the Buddhist community was between the so-called [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthaviras]] ("Elders") and the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] ("Great Community"). Some scholars such as Edward Conze have thus emphasized the importance of EBTs that have parallels in both Sthavira and Mahāsāṅghika sources.<ref>Reat, Noble Ross. ''“The Historical Buddha and his Teachings”''. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 27.</ref> However, fewer Mahāsāṃghika texts have survived in comparison to Sthavira material.

One important source for Mahāsāṃghika EBTs is the ''[[Mahāvastu]]'' ("Great Event"). This is a mythic life of the Buddha which includes many legendary tales but also includes various EBTs parallels.<ref>Rahula, Bhikkhu Telwatte (1978). ''A Critical Study of the Mahāvastu,'' chapter 2''.'' Motilal Banarsidass.</ref>

There are also fragments of the Mahāparinirvāṇa and Caṁgi (Pali: Caṅki) sutras of the Mahāsāṃghika dating to the 3rd–4th century.<ref>Braarvig, Jens et al., eds. ''Buddhist manuscripts of the Schøyen collection vol. I.'' Hermes Academic Publishing, 2000.</ref>

The ''[[Salistamba Sutra|Śālistamba Sūtra]] (rice stalk sūtra)'' is an early Buddhist text which has been tied to the Mahāsāṃghika school, it contains many parallel passages to the Pali suttas. As noted by N. Ross Reat, this text is in general agreement with the basic doctrines of the Sthavira EBTs such as [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent origination]], the "[[Middle Way|middle way]]" between eternalism and annihilationism, the "[[Skandha|five aggregates]]", the "[[Three poisons|three unwholesome roots]]", the [[Four Noble Truths|four noble truths]], and the [[Noble Eightfold Path|noble eightfold path]].<ref>Reat, Noble Ross. ''“The Historical Buddha and his Teachings”''. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48.</ref>

There are also various Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya texts which contain early material, including their ''[[Prātimokṣa]]'' monastic code, which is almost identical with Sthavira pātimokkhas.<ref>{{citation|last1=Sujato|first1=Bhante|title=The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts|url=https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf|pages=45–46|year=2015|publisher=Chroniker Press|last2=Brahmali|first2=Bhikkhu|author-link1=Bhante Sujato|isbn=978-1-312-91150-5}}</ref>

The Chinese ''[[Ekottara Agama|Ekottara Āgama]]'' (增壹阿含經; pinyin: ''zēngyī-ahánjīng'') has been attributed to the Mahāsāṃghikas by various scholars, though this attribution remains uncertain.<ref>G. P. Malalasekera (ed, 2009), ''Encyclopaedia of Buddhism: Volume VIII, fascicle 3.'' p. 822.</ref>

=== Abhidharma ===
The various [[Abhidharma]] texts and collections (''Pitakas'') are considered by scholars to be (mostly) later material (3rd century BCE onwards) and thus are not EBTs.<ref>"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref> In spite of the relative lateness of the Abhidharma works, according to scholars like [[Erich Frauwallner]], there are kernels of early pre-sectarian material in the earliest layer of the Abhidharma literature, such as in the [[Theravada]] ''[[Vibhanga]]'', the ''[[Dharmaskandha]]'' of the [[Sarvastivada]], and the ''[[Śāriputrābhidharma]]'' of the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school. According to Frauwallner's comparative study, these texts were possibly developed and "constructed from the same material", mainly early Buddhist doctrinal lists (Pali: ''mātikā'', Sanskrit: ''mātṛkā'') which forms the "ancient core" of early Abhidharma.<ref name=":4" />

=== Narrative genres ===
Some narrative texts which discuss the past lives of the Buddha and other figures, mainly the [[Jataka tales|Jatakas]] and [[Avadana]]s, could also be considered early Buddhist texts. According to Peter Skilling, the Jataka genre is "one of the oldest classes of Buddhist literature."<ref name=":7">Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' pp. 161-162.</ref> Sarah Shaw writes that the earliest part of the Pali Jātakas, the verse portions, are "considered amongst the very earliest part of the Pali tradition and date from the fifth century BCE."<ref name=":11">Shaw, Sarah (2006). ''The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta'', p. xix. Penguin UK.</ref> "Jataka" appears as part of an ancient schema of Buddhist literature called the nine genres of the Buddha's teaching (''navaṅga-buddhasāsana''), and depictions of them appear in early [[Indian art]] and inscriptions (as early as the second century B.C.E.) seen in sites such as [[Sanchi]] and [[Bharhut]].<ref name=":42">Robert E. Buswell (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1,'' pp. 400-401.</ref><ref>Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' p. 171.</ref><ref name=":15">Bhikkhu Anālayo. ''Canonical Jātaka Tales in Comparative Perspective– The Evolution of Tales of the Buddha's Past Lives.'' Fuyan Buddhist Studies, No. 7, pp. 75-100 (2012), Hsinchu: Fuyan Buddhist Institute, ISSN: 2070-0512.</ref> According to Martin Straube, while these narratives cannot be dated in a precise manner, "the fact that many narratives are passed on in almost identical form within the canons of the different schools shows that they date back to the time before the [[schism]]s between the schools took place."<ref name=":6">Straube, Martin. ''Narratives: South Asia'' in Silk, Jonathan A. (Editor-in-chief) "Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism". Vol. I: Literature and Language. Leiden, Boston 2015</ref> According to [[A. K. Warder]], jātakas are the precursors to the various legendary biographies of the Buddha, which were composed at later dates.<ref name="autogenerated332">Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. pp. 332-333</ref>

===Other sources===
There are various EBTs collected in the Tibetan [[Kangyur]]. Peter Skilling has published English translations of these texts in his two volume "''Mahasutras''" (Pāli Text Society, 1994). According to [http://read.84000.co/section/O1JC114941JC14668.html 84000.co], a site of Tibetan Canon translations, the Degé [[Kangyur]] catalogue states that sutras Toh 287-359 of the General Sutra section are "[[Śrāvakayāna]]" works "probably extracted from the Āgamas of the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]]".

Another important source of early Buddhist material in the Tibetan canon are numerous quotations by Śamathadeva in his ''Abhidharmakośopāyikā-ṭīkā'' (Derge no. 4094 / Peking no. 5595), a commentary to the ''[[Abhidharmakosha]]''. Some of this material is available in English translation by Bhikkhunī Dhammadinnā.<ref>Dhammadinnā. ''The Madhyama-āgama in Śamathadeva’s Abhidharmakośopāyikā-ṭīkā: annotated translation, comparative studies and concordances ''(Dharma Drum Buddhist College Research Series 9), Taiwan: Dharma Drum Publishing Corporation (in preparation).</ref>

[[Mahayana]] treatises also sometimes quote EBTs. According to [[Étienne Lamotte|Etienne Lamotte]], the ''[[Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa|Dà zhìdù lùn]]'' cites "about a hundred sūtras of the [[Lesser Vehicle]]; the majority are borrowed from the Āgama collections."<ref>Lamotte, Etienne; Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron. The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nāgārjuna (Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra) Vol. II Chapters XVI–XXX, pp 494–495</ref> The massive ''[[Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra|Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra]]'' contains a section titled ''Vastusaṃgrahaṇī'' (Compendium of Themes) which includes summaries of key topics found in each sutra of the ''[[Āgama (Buddhism)#Saṃyukta Āgama|Samyukta-āgama]],'' as well as the topics of the ''Vinaya'' and doctrinal lists (Mātṛka).<ref>Kragh, Ulrich Timme, ed. (2013). ''The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist Yogacarabhumi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet'', pp. 54-57. Harvard Oriental Series (Book 75). Harvard University. {{ISBN|0-674-72543-3}}.</ref>

Numerous sutra quotations by authors of [[Sautrantika]] treatises are also a source of EBT fragments. The Sautrantika school was known for focusing on using examples from and references to EBT sutras. These works include Kumaralata's ''Drstantapankti'', the ''Abhidharmamrtara-sasastra'' attributed to Ghosaka, the ''Abhidharmavatara-sastra'' attributed to Skandhila and the ''[[Tattvasiddhi]]'' of Harivarman.<ref>Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (editors) ''Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism'', ''Handbuch Der Orientalistik'', page 108.</ref>

The Tibetan canon also includes a large Mūlasarvāstivāda text called ''The Application of Mindfulness of the Sacred Dharma (Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna,'' Toh 287). This text contains some EBT passages, including a section on mindfulness of the body (ch. 5), a section on the ten paths of wholesome action (ch. 1) and a passage (in ch. 2) which is similar to the Discourse on Distinguishing the Six Elements (''Saddhatuvibhangasutra'', MA 162) according to Daniel Malinowski Stuart. There are also further passages in chapter two describing the contemplation of impurity, loving-kindness and pratityasamutpada.<ref>Stuart, Daniel Malinowski (2012), ''[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nk367zn#article_main A Less Traveled Path:Meditation and Textual Practice in the Saddharmasmrtyupasthana(sutra).]'' PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Buddhist texts]]
* [[Four Noble Truths]]
* [[Noble Eightfold Path]]
* [[Dependent Origination]]
* [[Pāli Canon]]
* [[Buddhavacana]]
* [[Sutta Pitaka]]
* [[Vinaya Pitaka]]
* [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgama]]
* [[Sutta Nipata]]
* [[Itivuttaka]]
* [[Dhammapada]]
* [[Therigatha]]
* [[Theragatha]]
* [[Udana]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://suttacentral.net/ SuttaCentral] [[Public domain]] translations in multiple languages from the Pali [[Tipitaka]] as well as other collections, focusing on Early Buddhist texts.
* [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/index.html Accesstoinsight] Selected Pali Suttas in English translation.
* [http://mbingenheimer.net/tools/bibls/transbibl.html Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon]
* [http://www.palitext.com/ Pali Text Society]
* [https://gandhari.org Gandhari.org] Complete Corpus, Catalog, Bibliography and Dictionary of early Buddhist texts in Gāndhārī
* [https://www.en.gandhara.indologie.uni-muenchen.de/overview/index.html Buddhist Manuscripts from Gandhāra project] at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020818043645/http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/books/series/Seriesbuddhist.html Gandharan Buddhist texts] publications by University of Washington

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[[Category:Early Buddhist texts| ]]

Sanjana Kapoor

2026-01-23T15:11:15Z

Realsouravbiswas: general expanded formatting for consistency for consistency

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Essay-like|date=January 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjana Kapoor
| image = Sanjana Kapoor at Bikaner House, Delhi Sept 2017.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Kapoor in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| spouse = [[Aditya Bhattacharya]] (divorced) [[Valmik Thapar]] (died 2025)
| children = 1
| parents = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Jennifer Kendal]]
| relatives = See [[Kapoor family]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|theatre personality}}
}}

'''Sanjana Kapoor''' (born 27 November 1967<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjana Kapoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjana-kapoor/articleshow/30978120.cms |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2002 |language=en}}</ref>) is an [[Theatre in India|Indian theatre]] personality and former film actress. She is the daughter of actors [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Jennifer Kendal|Jennifer Kapoor]]. She ran the [[Prithvi Theatre]] in [[Mumbai]] from 1993<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2005/12/18/stories/2005121800240500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110153441/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2005/12/18/stories/2005121800240500.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 January 2009|title=High drama in Prithvi Theatre|work=The Hindu|date=18 December 2005}}</ref> to February 2012.<ref name=mint>{{cite news |title=Theatre: A second act of passion|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/11/17212419/Theatre--A-second-act-of-pass.html?h=A3 |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=17 November 2011 }}</ref>

==Biography==
[[Image:ShashiKapoor02.jpg|left|thumb|Sanjana Kapoor with father [[Shashi Kapoor]]]]

Sanjna Kapoor was born in the [[Kapoor family]]. Her paternal grandfather was [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] and her paternal uncles were [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Shammi Kapoor]]. Her brothers [[Kunal Kapoor (Kapoor family)|Kunal Kapoor]] and [[Karan Kapoor]] have also acted in some films. Her maternal grandparents, [[Geoffrey Kendal]] and Laura Kendal, were actors who toured India and Asia with their theatre group, Shakespeareana, performing Shakespeare and [[George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]]. The [[Merchant Ivory Productions|Merchant Ivory]] film, ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'', was loosely based on the family, which starred her father and her aunt, actress [[Felicity Kendal]]. Sanjana attended the Bombay International School in Mumbai.

She made her acting debut in the 1981 film ''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]'' which was produced by her father and starred her mother Jennifer Kendal in the lead. She played the younger version of the character her mother played. She later appeared in ''[[Utsav]]'' (1984), also produced by her father, and played her first leading role in a [[Bollywood]] film titled ''[[Hero Hiralal]]'' (1989), which was successful at the box office.

She then appeared in [[Mira Nair]]'s critically acclaimed film ''[[Salaam Bombay]]'' in 1988 but has since quit acting in films, shifting her focus to theatre in the 1990s. In 1991, she played the role of the Japanese wife in the theatre Production of [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s immortalised film ''[[Rashomon]]'' based on the Broadway play by Fay and Michael Kanin. She has also acted in A.K. Bir's ''[[Aranyaka (film)|Aranyaka]]'' (1994).

She hosted the ''Amul India Show'' on television for three and a half years.

She managed the [[Prithvi Theatre]] in [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]] and ran theatre workshops for children till 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000806/spectrum/main4.htm|title=Sanjna's passion|work=The Tribune|date=6 August 2000 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2011, she announced her decision to leave Prithvi Theatre, and launched ''Junoon Theatre'' in 2012, an arts based organization which would work with traveling groups; staging plays at smaller venues across India.<ref name="mint" />

Sanjna Kapoor was awarded the French honour of Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres' (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters) for her outstanding contribution to theatre in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Theatre artist Sanjna Kapoor receives French honour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/theatre-artist-sanjna-kapoor-receives-french-honour/article30682329.ece |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=29 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sanjana Kapoor has been married twice. Her first husband was actor and director [[Aditya Bhattacharya]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjana Kapoor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sanjana-Kapoor/articleshow/30978120.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2002|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> son of filmmaker [[Basu Bhattacharya]] and [[Rinki Bhattacharya]] (daughter of filmmaker [[Bimal Roy]]).

Kapoor then married the tiger conservationist, [[Valmik Thapar]], son of the journalist [[Romesh Thapar]]. Valmik was the nephew of JNU historian [[Romila Thapar]] (sister of Romesh Thapar). Sanjana and Valmik have a son together, Hamir Thapar born in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Hamir-spells-sonrise-for-Sanjana/articleshow/16379130.cms|title=Hamir spells sonrise for Sanjana|date=18 July 2002|first=Anubha |last=Sawhney|access-date=1 August 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Film !!Role
|-
|1981
|''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]''
|Young Violet
|-
|1984
|''[[Utsav]]''
|A courtesan slave in Vasantsena's house
|-
|1988
|''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''
|Foreign Reporter
|-
|1989
|''[[Hero Hiralal]]''
|Rupa
|-
|1994
|''[[Aranyaka (film)|Aranyaka]]''
|Elina
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0438504}}
* [http://sakshijuneja.com/blog/2007/03/06/interview-sanjna-kapoor-carrying-on-with-family-tradition/ ''Carrying On With Family Tradition'', An Interview]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-moving-stage/920725/0 The Moving Stage]

{{Kapoor family}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Sanjna}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Kapoor family|Sanjana]]
[[Category:Kendal family|Sanjana Kapoor]]
[[Category:Thapar family (Pran Nath Thapar)|Sanjana Kapoor]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Yumlembam Gambhini Devi

2026-01-12T04:26:59Z

Realsouravbiswas: new the bio v1

{{Short description|Indian singer of Nata Sankirtana (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yumlembam Gambhini Devi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Yaiskul Hiruhanba Leikai, [[Manipur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Singer, Dancer
| yearsactive =
| known for = ''Nata Sankirtana'', [[Manipuri dance]]
| spouse = Konsam Thopi Singh
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Y. Gulap Singh
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] Nritya Ratna Award Nat Sangeet Award
}}
'''Yumlembam Gambhini Devi''' is an Indian singer of ''[[Manipuri Sankirtana|Nata Sankirtana]]'' and dancer of [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri Raas]].<ref name="Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - Padmashree Awardee - 2005">{{cite web | url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Donny_Luwang.Yumlembam_Gambhini_Dance | title=Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - Padmashree Awardee - 2005 | publisher=E Pao | date=2015 | access-date=4 December 2015 | author=Donny Luwang Meisnam}}</ref> She is a member of faculty at Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy (JNMDA)<ref name="JNMDA - Present Teaching Staff">{{cite web | url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna_hindi/jnmda-staff-hindi.htm | title=JNMDA - Present Teaching Staff | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2015 | access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> and a recipient of the 1988 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]].<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award winners">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm#MusicforDance | title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award winners | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2015 | access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2005, for her contributions to [[Manipuri dance]] and music.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Gambhini Devi was born on the New Year day of 1945 at Yaiskul Hiruhanba Leikai in the Northeast Indian state of [[Manipur]] to Y. Gulap Singh, a Nata Sankirtana performer, as the fourth of his eight children.<ref name="Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - India Online">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Personalities/Singers/Yumlembam-Gambhini-Devi.html | title=Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - India Online | publisher=India Online | date=2015 | access-date=5 December 2015 | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054114/http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Personalities/Singers/Yumlembam-Gambhini-Devi.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> She started learning music and dance at the age of 5 and, later, joined the Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy (JNMDA) from where she secured a post graduate diploma in ''Raas''. At the Academy, she received training from such notable gurus such as Amudon Sharma, [[Maisnam Amubi Singh]], Khaidem Lokeshor Singh, Kshetritombi Devi, Ngangom Jogendra Singh and Ibopishak Sharma, in [[Manipuri dance]] and from Nongmaithem Tomba Singh, Khanda Moina Dan, Ngangom Jogendra Singh and Thokchom Gopal Singh in music (Monoharsai Kirtan).<ref name="Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - Padmashree Awardee - 2005" /> Her debut performance was when she was 7 years old and has performed on various stages in India and abroad since then.<ref name="Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - India Online" /> Her teaching career started at her alma mater where she worked as a member of faculty till her superannuation in 2005. While continuing as a visiting Senior Guru (Guruhan) at the Academy, she worked for the [[Imphal]] station of the [[All India Radio]] as a Top Grade Artist, reportedly the first female artist from the state to get the top grade.<ref name="Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - Padmashree Awardee - 2005" /> She also founded a music training institute, ''YGR, Nat Sankirtana Sheidam Shang''.<ref name="Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - India Online" /> She is a former member of the selection committee of the [[Rabindra Bharati University]] and the Central Dance Audition Board of the [[Doordarshan]], the Indian national television network. Her songs have been compiled in two albums and she has published a book under the name, ''Basak'', on Basak songs.<ref name="Bāsaka">{{cite book | title=Bāsaka | author=Ẏuṃlembama Gambhinī Debī | year=2012 | pages=135 | oclc=813301482}}</ref>

[[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]] awarded Devi the ''Nritya Ratna Award'' in 1979 and she received the ''Nat Sangeet Award'' from the Manipur State Kala Akademi in 1980.<ref name="Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - India Online" /> [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Nata Sankirtan reached her in 1988,<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award winners" /> the same year as she was selected for the Senior Fellowship by the Department of Culture, under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]].<ref name="Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - Padmashree Awardee - 2005" /> The Government of India honoured her with the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2005.<ref name="Padma Awards" />

== See also ==
* [[Manipuri dance]]
* [[Maisnam Amubi Singh]]
{{Portal|India|Music}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1&src=Arts_Dances/RasLeela/Gambhini2009_1 | title=Yumlembam Gambhini Devi - E-Pao Picture Gallery | publisher=E Pao | work=Web gallery | date=2015 | access-date=5 December 2015}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Bāsaka | author=Ẏuṃlembama Gambhinī Debī | year=2012 | pages=135 | oclc=813301482}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Yumlembam Gambhini}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Manipuri dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:Artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]

Moosa Jatt

2026-01-09T04:31:46Z

Realsouravbiswas: Started initial pg first draft

{{short description|2021 Indian Punjabi-language period film by Tru Makers}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = MoosaJatt
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Movie Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Dilsher Singh & Khushpal Singh
| producer = {{ubl|Rrupaali Gupta}}
| writer = Gurinder Dimpy
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sidhu Moose Wala]]|Sweetaj Brar}}
| music = The Kidd
| cinematography = Soni Singh
| editing = Tarun Chouhan
| production_companies = {{ubl|Friday Russh Pictures|White Hill Studios}}
| distributor = Friday Russh Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|10|1|ref1=<ref name="kiddaan.com">{{Cite web|url=https://kiddaan.com/release-date-of-sidhu-moosewalas-upcoming-movie-moosa-jatt-changed/|title = Release Date of Sidhu Moosewala's Upcoming Movie Moosa Jatt Changed|date = 18 June 2021}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Moosa Jatt|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/moosa-jatt-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzm4oti|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=29 May 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Moosa Jatt''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Punjabi language]] [[action film]] which was written by Gurinder Dimpy, produced by Rrupaali Gupta and directed by Tru Makers.<ref>https://news/bangladesh/english/santabanta+english-epaper-santaen/sidhu+moosewala+s+film+moosa+jatt+goes+on+the+floor+sweetaj+brar+will+feature+in+the+film+opposite+him-newsid-n231510820{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It stars Sidhu Moose Wala and Sweetaj Brar in lead roles. The film was theatrically released on October 8, 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Kajal|title=Moosa Jatt Box Office Collection Day 1 & 2 Worldwide: Sidhu Moosewala Film Earn 1.5 Crores On First Day|url=https://getindianews.com/moosa-jatt-box-office-collection-day-1-2-worldwide-sidhu-moosewala-film-earn-1-5-crores-on-first-day/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=getindianews.com|date=9 October 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220100433/https://getindianews.com/moosa-jatt-box-office-collection-day-1-2-worldwide-sidhu-moosewala-film-earn-1-5-crores-on-first-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sidhu Moose Wala]] as ‘‘Moosa’’<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/moosa-jatt/ET00311458?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1|title=Moosa Jatt (2021) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
* Sweetaj Brar as ‘‘Rani”
* Mahabir Bhullar as “Jang Singh” (Uncle of Moosa)
* Tarsem Paul as “Sangha”
* [[Bhaana Sidhu]] as “Bhau”
* Gurinder Dimpy as “Kahan Singh”
* [[Yaad Grewal]] as
* Sanju Solanki as “Sham Lal”
* Surinder Bath as “Rehmat Taya”
* [[Sameep Ranaut|Sameep Singh Ranaut]] as “Moosa”
* Pardeep Brar as “Inspector Brar”
* Harkirat Singh as “Tochi”
* Sukh Dandiwal as “Pastaul”
* Kulveer Mushkabaad as “Pala Singh”
* Manjinder Makha as “Gela”

== Production ==
On November 12, 2020, Sidhu Moosewala and Whole team announced the film MoosaJatt through Social Media<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Home|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/moosa-jatt-sidhu-moosewala-announces-his-next-film|access-date=2021-08-25|website=PTC Punjabi}}</ref> and filming began from December 2020. Originally intended for a 18 June 2021 release, it was postponed due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. This was [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]'s pentimulate film before his assassination on 29 May 2022.

== Release ==
The film was met with censorship issues in India, ultimately cancelling its release in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sidhu-moosewalas-first-movie-moosa-jatt-will-not-be-releasing-in-india-318232/|title=Sidhu Moosewalas first movie Moosa Jatt will not be releasing in India|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newznew.com/sidhu-moose-walas-first-movie-moosa-jatt-will-no-longer-be-releasing-in-india/|title=Sidhu Moose Wala's first movie " Moosa Jatt" will no longer be releasing in India|date=29 September 2021}}</ref> It was nonetheless released worldwide, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and France. On 1 October 2021, it was granted theatrical distribution in India.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="kiddaan.com"/>

=== Home Media Release ===
The uncut version of the film was released on OTT platform [[Chaupal (streaming)|Chaupal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connect FM - Moosa Jatt on set for an OTT release |url=https://connectfm.ca/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=connectfm.ca}}</ref> on 3 December 2021.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = MoosaJatt
| type = soundtrack
| artist = The Kidd and Desi Routz
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Sept 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:28
| label = Times Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
| audio1 =
}}
On 1 September 2021, The Label Times Music released the first track, "Jailaan", performed by [[Sidhu Moose Wala discography|Sidhu Moose Wala]] itself and produced by The Kidd.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-01|title=Jailaan (Moosa Jatt) Review: The First Song From Sidhu Moosewala's Moosa Jatt Is Finally Out|url=https://kiddaan.com/jailaan-song-moosa-jatt-review/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Kiddaan|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Jailaan: The first song from Sidhu Moose Wala's 'Moosa Jatt' is out - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/jailaan-the-first-song-from-sidhu-moose-walas-moosa-jatt-is-out/articleshow/85858829.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jailaan: Sidhu Moose Wala's Song From His Film 'Moosa Jatt' Is Most Viewed On YouTube Amongst Punjabi Songs|url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-music/jailaan-sidhu-moose-wala-s-song-from-his-film-moosa-jatt-is-most-viewed-on-youtube-amongst-punjabi-songs/61321b47e002610f016787f0|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref> A second single, "Ikk Duje De", was officially released on all platforms on 7 September as a promotion track.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-07|title=Moosa Jatt: Sidhu Moosewala and Sweetaj Brar's song 'Ikk Duje De!' fills hearts with love.|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/moosa-jatt-sidhu-moosewala-and-sweetaj-brars-song-ikk-duje-de-fills-hearts-with-love|access-date=2021-09-10|website=PTC Punjabi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-08|title=Ikk Duje De - Sweetaj Brar-SIDHU MOOSE WALA - Moosa Jatt -|url=https://thetamashah.com/ikk-duje-de-sweetaj-brar-sidhu-moose-wala-moosa-jatt/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=The Tamashah|language=en-US|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910065229/https://thetamashah.com/ikk-duje-de-sweetaj-brar-sidhu-moose-wala-moosa-jatt/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/sidhu-moose-wala-debut-film-moosa-jatt-song-jailaan-released/articleshow/85925360.cms|title=सिद्धू मूसे वालाच्या चित्रपटातील नवीन गाणे 'जेलान' रिलीज|website=Maharashtra Times}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 10:28
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jailaan
| extra1 = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| length1 = 2:58<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiddaan.com/jailaan-song-moosa-jatt-review/|title = Jailaan (Moosa Jatt) Review: The First Song from Sidhu Moosewala's Moosa Jatt is Finally Out|date = September 2021}}</ref>
| title2 = Ikk Duje De
| extra2 = Sweetaj Brar
| length2 = 4:12<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiddaan.com/ikk-duje-de-review-sweetaj-brar-and-sidhu-moosewalas-chemistry-has-left-us-wanting-for-more/|title = Ikk Duje de Review: Sweetaj Brar and Sidhu Moosewala's Chemistry Has Left Us Wanting for More|date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>
| lyrics1 = Sidhu Moose Wala
| lyrics2 = Maninder Kailey
| lyrics3 = Babbu Brar
| music1 = The Kidd
| music2 = Desi Routz
| music3 = The Kidd
| title3 = Thapian
| extra3 = Balkar Ankhila, Manjinder Gulshan
| length3 = 03:58
}}

<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kahlon|first=Sukhpreet|title=Moosa Jatt review: Sidhu Moosewala's debut film is an action thriller with a confused plot|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/moosa-jatt-47543|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009052951/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/moosa-jatt-47543|url-status=live|archive-date=9 October 2021|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt15122330}}

{{Sidhu Moose Wala}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Aniissh Tejeshwar

2025-12-10T18:13:03Z

Realsouravbiswas: Added a stub basic info!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aniissh Tejeshwar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| occupation = Actor Producer Director
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Aniissh Tejeshwar''' (born 12 January 1989) Indian actor, producer, and director who works predominantly in [[Kannada cinema]]. He made his acting debut in 2010 with the Kannada film ''[[Nam Areal Ond Dina]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anish-tejeshwar-meghana-gaonkar-and-rakshit-shetty-complete-a-decade-in-sandalwood/articleshow/77123548.cms|title=Anish Tejeshwar, Meghana Gaonkar and Rakshit Shetty complete a decade in Sandalwood|website=The Times of India|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915235147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anish-tejeshwar-meghana-gaonkar-and-rakshit-shetty-complete-a-decade-in-sandalwood/articleshow/77123548.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and has since appeared in several notable films, including ''[[Police Quarters]]'' (2010), ''[[Akira (2016 Kannada film)|Akira]]'' (2016), ''[[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]'' (2018), and ''[[Ramarjuna]]'' (2021), the latter marking his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anish-tejeshwar-unveils-an-impressive-first-trailer-of-his-directorial-debut-ramarjuna/articleshow/70756679.cms|title=Anish Tejeshwar unveils an impressive teaser of his directorial debut 'Ramarjuna'|work=The Times of India|date=20 August 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aniissh Tejeshwar was born in [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India, into a business family. His father is a businessman, and Aniissh was initially expected to join the family business. However, driven by his passion for acting, he decided to pursue a career in films. In his early days, Aniissh famously “googled how to become an actor,” which led him to create a professional portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Anish-Tejeshwar-I-googled-way-into-Sandalwood/articleshow/31909692.cms|title=I googled my way into Sandalwood: Anish Tejeshwar|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2016-04-15|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915235148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Anish-Tejeshwar-I-googled-way-into-Sandalwood/articleshow/31909692.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> His portfolio was featured on the cover of a Hyderabad-based magazine, which attracted attention from filmmakers. Before entering films, he completed a one-year acting course to understand the craft thoroughly.

==Career==
Aniissh made his acting debut with ''[[Police Quarters]]'' (2010) and in the same year, he appeared in ''[[Nam Areal Ond Dina]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nam-areal-ondina/20100723.htm|title=Review: Impressive lead cast in Nam Areal Ondina|website=Rediff|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915235149/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nam-areal-ondina/20100723.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, he starred in ''[[Coffee With My Wife]]'', a romantic drama.

In 2014, Aniissh featured in ''Nan Life Alli'' as Deepu and ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]'' as Gowtham, both films focusing on urban romance and youth-centric themes. In 2015, he played Krishna in ''[[Neene Bari Neene]]''. Aniissh starred in ''[[Akira (2016 Kannada film)|Akira]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/akira/movie-review/52163621.cms|title=Akira Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Akira by Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Aniissh ventured into production with ''[[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]'' (2018), where he also played the lead role of Vaasu. In 2021, he made his directorial debut with ''[[Ramarjuna]]'', in which he starred as Ram. The film received positive reviews for its action sequences and emotional depth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/ramarjuna-movie-review-turns-out-to-be-a-mass-entertainer-78101|title=Ramarjuna Movie Review: Turns out to be a mass entertainer|website=The Hans India|date=29 January 2021 }}</ref>

Aniissh appeared in ''[[Mayanagari]]'' (2023) and ''[[Aaraam Arvind Swamy]]'' (2024). His 2025 releases include ''[[Forest (2025 film)|Forest]]'' and ''[[Love OTP]]'', the latter also directed by him and shot in Telugu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aniissh-tejeshwar-juggles-love-laughter-and-dual-roles-in-love-otp/articleshow/125297385.cms|title=Aniissh Tejeshwar juggles love, laughter and dual roles in Love OTP|work=The times of India|date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
| ''[[Police Quarters]]''
| Ashwin
|
|-
| ''[[Nam Areal Ond Dina]]''
| Chinna
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Coffee With My Wife]]''
| Charan
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''Nan Life Alli''
| Deepu
|
|-
| ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]''
| Gowtham
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Neene Bari Neene]]''
| Krishna
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Akira (2016 Kannada film)|Akira]]''
| Akhil Raj
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]''
| Vaasu
|Also producer
|-
| 2021
|''[[Ramarjuna]]''
|Ram
|Also director and producer
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Mayanagari]]''
|Shankar
|credited as Aniish
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Aaraam Arvind Swamy]]''
|Arvind
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| ''[[Forest (2025 film)|Forest]]''
|Sathisha
|
|-
|''[[Love OTP]]''
|Akshay
|Also shot in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]; Also director
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6105518}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tejeshwar, Anish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust

2025-11-25T07:12:53Z

Realsouravbiswas: basic correct section based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Registered non-profit institution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
|name=Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust
|logo=Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust Logo.png
|logo_size=220px
|type=[[Non-governmental organization]], [[Indian Trusts Act 1882]]
|founded_date=2002
|founder=[[Sonia Gandhi]], [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Priyanka Gandhi]]
|location=[[Delhi]], India
|key_people=[[Sonia Gandhi]], [[Chairperson]] [[Deep Joshi]], [[chief executive officer|CEO]]
|area_served=[[India]]
|focus=[[Education]], [[Healthcare]], [[Poverty reduction|Poverty Reduction]]
|method=[[Community Mobilization]], [[Empowerment]], [[Capacity Building]], [[Service Delivery]]
|homepage=[http://www.rgct.in/ www.rgct.in] [http://www.rgmvp.org/ www.rgmvp.org] [http://www.igehrc.org/ www.igehrc.org]
}}

The '''Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust''' (RGCT) is a registered [[non-profit]] institution which was established in 2002 by the Indian National Congress. Named after the 6th Prime Minister of India, the trust is headed by the former president of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About RGCT – Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust |url=http://www.rgct.in/about_rgct.asp |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.rgct.in}}</ref>

== Board of Trustees and Management ==
The Board of Trustees as well as the Management of the Rajiv Gandhi Charitable is heavily influenced by the Indian National Congress.

=== Board of trustees ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Post in the Trust
!Trustees
|-
|Chairperson
|[[Sonia Gandhi]]
|-
|
|[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|-
|Business Executive
|Dr Ashok Ganguly
|-
|Charted Accountant
|Bansi Mehta
|-
|
|[[Kanishka Singh]]
|}

=== Management ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Post in the Trust
!Trustees
|-
|CEO
|Dr YSP Thorat
|-
|Deputy CEO
|Gajraj Mahendra
|-
|CEO & Director, IGEHRC
|Dr Sanjay Dhawan
|}

== Initiatives ==
=== Rajiv Gandhi Mahila Vikas Pariyojana ===
[http://www.rgmvp.org/ Rajiv Gandhi Mahila Vikas Pariyojana] (RGMVP) is a flagship program of the Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust (RGCT) which "aims to build and strengthen the [[community]] institutions of the poor".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rgmvp.org/about-vision.asp?lk=ab2 |title=RGMVP |website=www.rgmvp.org |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602102914/http://www.rgmvp.org/about-vision.asp?lk=ab2 |archive-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a rights-based [[Popular initiative|initiative]] that works for [[poverty reduction]], women's [[empowerment]] and [[rural development]] in the backward regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The main activity of RGMVP includes organising poor [[rural]] women into [[community]] institutions in the form of Self Help Groups (SHGs) – each consisting of 10–20 women – that act as [[social]] platforms to address issues of [[financial inclusion]], [[healthcare]], [[livelihood]], [[education]] and [[Environmentalism|environment]]. The organisation has "the belief that the poor have a strong desire and innate ability to overcome [[poverty]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rgmvp.org/about.asp?lk=ab1 |title=RGMVP |website=www.rgmvp.org |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601103341/http://www.rgmvp.org/about.asp?lk=ab1 |archive-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

RGMVP has been designed by RGCT and [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] ([[NABARD]]) with [[technical assistance]] from the [[Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty]] ([[Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty|SERP]]) for promotion, credit linkage and federation of SHGs in select districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nabard.org/microfinance/RGMVP.asp |title=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development |website=nabard.org |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613091321/http://nabard.org/microfinance/RGMVP.asp |archive-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The programme has been visited by the [[Microsoft]] [[Chairman]], [[Bill Gates]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/news/bill-gates-visits-amethi-with-rahul-gandhi-7365/slide/1 |title=Bill Gates visits Amethi with Rahul Gandhi, Photo Gallery |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=2010-05-12 |accessdate=2016-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article427068.ece?homepage=true |title=Gates promises to make Amethi an IT hub |work=The Hindu |date=2010-05-11 |accessdate=2016-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/rahul-takes-bill-gates-to-amethi-73937-2010-05-10 |title=Rahul takes Bill Gates to Amethi : Latest Headlines, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2010-05-11 |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref> and the British ex-Foreign Secretary, [[David Miliband]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/rahuls-selfhelp-groups-fan-out-over-10-districts/504786/ |title=Rahul's self-help groups fan out over 10 districts – Express India |website=www.expressindia.com |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122232944/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/rahuls-selfhelp-groups-fan-out-over-10-districts/504786/ |archive-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Indira Gandhi Eye Hospital and Research Centre ===
[https://archive.today/20130217233722/http://www.igehrc.in/ Indira Gandhi Eye Hospital and Research Centre] (IGEHRC) was established by the Trust (RGCT) in 2006 to address a requirement for quality and affordable [[eye care]] and eliminate curable [[blindness]] in Northern India and Asia. Currently, two hospitals are operating in [[Uttar Pradesh]]: a secondary level facility in [[Amethi]], and a tertiary level hospital in [[Lucknow]]. Two additional centres are operational in [[Gurugram]]. IGEHRC aims "to provide timely and affordable world-class eye care to all segments of society".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igehrc.in/about-igehrc-vms.asp?links=igehrc2 |title=IGEHRC | Quality Eye Care | Affordable Eye Care Hospital | Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust |accessdate=2012-05-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130218060804/http://www.igehrc.in/about-igehrc-vms.asp?links=igehrc2 |archivedate=2013-02-18 }}</ref> Regular community outreach programmes are organised in rural areas to provide quality eye care and to create eye care awareness among the rural population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igehrc.in/about-igehrc-acvieve.asp?links=igehrc6 |title=IGEHRC | Affordable Eye Care Hospital | Community Screening Camps | Eye Screening Camps |website=www.igehrc.in |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827003523/http://www.igehrc.in/about-igehrc-acvieve.asp?links=igehrc6 |archive-date=27 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>



== See also ==
* [[Sonia Gandhi]]
* [[Rahul Gandhi]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Nonprofit organization]]
* [[Charitable trust]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rgct.in RGCT- Official Website]
* [http://www.rgmvp.org RGMVP- Official Website]
* [https://archive.today/20130217233722/http://www.igehrc.in/ IGEHRC- Official Website]
* [http://www.rgfindia.com/ Rajiv Gandhi Foundation] – a sister organisation
* [http://www.rspn.org/publications/PDFs/VISIT%20TO%20RGMVP.pdf A note on RGMVP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407060255/http://www.rspn.org/publications/PDFs/VISIT%20TO%20RGMVP.pdf |date=7 April 2012 }} by Shoaib Sultan Khan
* [http://www.thelivelihoodschool.in%2Ffile-for-pdf%2FRGMVP%2520case%2520study%2520final.pdf A case study on RGMVP]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by the Livelihood School

{{DEFAULTSORT:RGCT}}
[[Category:Organizations established in 2002]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Charitable trusts]]

Sanjay Kumar Pandey

2025-11-14T18:28:12Z

Realsouravbiswas: new some bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Kumar Pandey
| image =
| source =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Narkatiaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narkatiaganj]]
| predecessor = [[Rashmi Varma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| caption =
}}
'''Sanjay Kumar Pandey''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Narkatiaganj Assembly constituency]] seat.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-14 |title=Narkatiaganj Election Result 2025 Live: BJP's Sanjay Kumar Pandey wins Narkatiaganj with 100044 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/narkatiaganj-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2818947-2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-14 |title=Narkatiaganj Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP’s Sanjay Kumar Pandey wins against RJD’s Deepak Yadav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/narkatiaganj-election-results-2025-highlights-rjds-deepak-yadav-bjps-sanjay-kumar-pandey-and-jan-suraajs-md-wasiullah-in-a-high-stakes-contest-for-dominance/articleshow/125303748.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Sanjay Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

World Herbal Encyclopedia

2025-11-07T05:24:14Z

Realsouravbiswas: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Balkrishna]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R from book}}
}}

Folk dance forms of Odisha

2025-10-31T02:12:21Z

Realsouravbiswas: minor updated information for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
Several '''folk dance forms''' evolved in different regions of [[Odisha]], [[Odissi]] and [[Chhau_dance|Chhau]] being some popular forms. Sambalpuri dance is most popular dance of western Odisha and is enjoyed by many.

== Laudi Khela ==
Laudi Khela, also known as Gauda Nacha is a form of dance practiced in some coastal districts of Odisha, including [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Jajapur district|Jajapur]], [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]], [[Puri district|Puri]], [[Khurda district|Khurda]], [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]], [[Baleswar district|Baleswar]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], and [[Angul district|Angul]].<ref name="Nanda 2013">{{cite web | last=Nanda | first=Kanhu | title=Odihsa's folk dance 'Laudi Khela' during Dola fest loses its fame and charm. | website=Odisha Views | date=2013-04-06 | url=https://www.odishaviews.com/odihsas-folk-dance-laudi-khela-during-dola-fest-loses-its-fame-and-charm/ | access-date=2020-08-11}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kalinga.net/ileana/web/KalingaMahotsav.aspx |title=Kalinga Mahotsav |access-date=2020-08-12 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806214557/http://kalinga.net/ileana/web/KalingaMahotsav.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/of-art-and-artists/cid/176679 |title=Of art and artists – Telegraph India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/118858/24/24_appendix%25208.pdf |title=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dhenkanal.nic.in/art-culture/ |title=Art & Culture | Dhenkanal District : Odisha | India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritageodisha.com/traditional_people%27s_theatre.html |title=:: Heritage Odisha :: |access-date=2020-08-12 |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305083840/http://heritageodisha.com/traditional_people%27s_theatre.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Traditionally, the performers are young boys of the '[[Gopal (caste)|Gauda]]' or '[[Gopal (caste)|Gopal]]' castes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dei|first=Taapoi|date=2005|title=A study of ecological economic and society aspects of island communities of the Mahanadi delta Orissa|journal=PhD Thesis|hdl=10603/191646}}</ref> This dance is performed during [[Dol Purnima|Dola Purnima]] ([[Holi]]). The dance is dedicated to [[Krishna]] and his consort [[Radha]]. The dancers wear clothes associated with Krishna, ''ghagudi'' (small bells as girdles), and peacock feathers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orissa (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0S9uAAAAMAAJ&q=gopal+boys|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Puri|date=1966|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Taradatt|title=Odisha District Gazetteers: Cuttack|work=GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA|url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Cuttack_Gazetteer.pdf}}</ref> Each dancer carries two sticks, striking each other's sticks in a rhythmical manner. Singha (buffalo's horn) and flute usually accompany the dance.

== Other folk dances ==
'''[[Ghumura Dance]]''' (or Ghumra Dance) is one of the most sought and leading folk dance form in Odisha. It is classified as folk dance as the dress code of Ghumura resembles more like a tribal dance, but recent researchers argue different mudra and dance form present in Ghumura bear more resemblance with other classical dance form of India. The timeline of Ghumura dance is not clear. Many researchers claim it was a War dance in ancient India and used by Ravana in Ramayana. Ghumura dance is depicted in Sun Temple of Konark confirming this dance form is from the medieval period. In the 'Madhya Parba" of "Sarala Mahabharata" Ghumura has been mentioned as:

''Dhola Madala Gadi je Ghumura Bajai'' 
''Ghumura je Ghumu Ghumu Hoi Garajai''

In Chandi Purana mentions:

''Biratwara Biradhola Daundi Ghumura'' 
''Kadamardala Bajanti Mari Galatura''

Ghumura was also used as a Darbari dance in the princely state of Kalahandi and played by the erstwhile Kalahandi state during war times. The typical mixed sound that comes out of the musical instruments like Ghumura, Nishan, Dhol, Taal, Madal etc. and the expressions and movements of the artists make this dance to be a "Heroic Dance". Since thousands of years Ghumura dance has evolved from a war dance to a dance form for cultural and social activities. The dance is associated with social entertainment, relaxation, love, devotion and friendly brotherhood among all class, creed and religion in the present days. Traditionally this dance is also associated with Nuakhai and Dasahara celebration in Kalahandi and large parts of South Western Odisha. Ghumura dance is still hidden in the village level in South Western Orissa and some parts of bordering Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Kalahandi region has taken a leading rule in popularizing and retaining its unique identity of Ghumura dance. Kalahandi is mainly known as land of Ghumura. Ghumura dance has got the opportunity to represent the nation in various international events in Delhi, Moscow, Kolkata, and various other cities in India. Ghumura dance is also one of the most researched folk dance form in Orissa.
<ref>K.B. Nayak, "Ghumura" Folk Dance-A Glory of Kalahandi, in Tribal Dances of India, Edited by R.D. Tribhuwan, P.R. Tribhuwan, New Delhi, 1999, p. 79–89</ref>

'''Ruk Mar Nacha (& [[Chhau dance]])''' is originated and performed in the [[Mayurbhanj District]] of [[Odisha]] and also in [[Nilagiri]] of [[Baleswar district]]. It has its base in the martial arts tradition. The dance is a stylized mock battle in which two groups of dancers armed with swords and shields, alternatively attack and defend themselves with vigorous movements and elegant stances.
Especially notable is the accompanying music, noted for its rhythmic complexities and vigorous percussion. The instruments include 'Mahuri' – a double reeded instrument, 'Dhola' – a barrel shaped two-sided drum, 'Dhumsa' – a hemispherical drum and 'Chadchadi' – a short cylindrical drum.

'''[[Goti Pua]]: '''
[[File:Gotipua Dance 1.jpg|thumb|Gotipua Dancers perform at Sterling Resort [[Puri]], [[Odisha]]]]
The goti puas are boy dancers who dress up as girls. They are students of the [[Akhara|akhadas]], or gymnasia, established by [[Ramachandra Deva I]] in [[Puri, Orissa|Puri]], in the periphery of the temple. As they were offshoots of the akhada system, goti puas also came to be known as akhada pilas – boys attached to akhadas. Another reason often given to justify the emergence of the goti pua system is that some followers of the Vaishnava religion disapproved of dancing by women as a pretext for worship – they introduced the practice of dancing by boys dressed as girls.
The word goti means 'one', 'single' and pua, 'boy', but the goti puas always dance in pairs. Boys are recruited about the age of six and continue to perform till they are 14, then become teachers of the dance or join drama parties. Goti puas are now part of professional teams, known as dals, each headed by a guru.
The boys are trained for about two years, during which, after having imbibed the basic technique, they learn items of dance, ornamental and expressional. The goti puas, being youngsters in their formative years, can adapt their bodies to the dance in a far more flexible manner as opposed to the maharis.
A goti pua presentation is ably supported by a set of three musicians, who play the pakhawaj, the gini or cymbals and the harmonium. The boys do the singing themselves, though at times the group has an additional singer.

'''[[Baagh Naach|Baagha Naacha]]''' or [[Tiger dance]]
Sambalpuri folk dance is performed in Binka and [[Sonepur, Orissa|Sonepur]] of [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]] district during the month of chaitra. The dancer (only men) paints his bare body with yellow and black stripes like that of a tiger and attaches a suitable tail. One or more dancers move from house to house and after a crowd gathers the dance begins. The dancers are accompanied by a drummer and a bell player who provides the music. The dance is nothing but acrobatic movement in rhythm. They make hissing sounds while dancing. Tiger dance is also performed in [[Berhampur]] during the Thakurani Jatra.

'''[[Dalkhai]]:'''
Mainly dalkhai is named after a goddess "dalkhai Devi".
Though [[Dusserah]] is the occasion of Sambalpuri folk dance Dalkhai, it's the most popular folk-dance of [[Odisha]], its performance is very common on all other festivals such as Bhaijiuntia, Phagun Puni, [[Nuakhai]], etc. This is mostly danced by young women of Binjhal, Kuda, Mirdha, Sama and some other tribes of [[Sambalpur]], [[Balangir]], [[Sundargarh]], [[Bargarh]] and [[Nuapada]] districts. During this dance men join them as drummers and musicians. The dance is accompanied by a rich orchestra of folk music played by a number of instruments known as [[Dhol]], Nisan, Tamki, Tasa and Mahuri. However, the Dhol player controls the tempo while dancing in front of the girls.
It is known as Dalkhai because in the beginning and end of every stanza the word is used as an address to a girl friend. The love story of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]], the episodes from [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], the description of natural scenery are represented through the songs. The song associated with this dance is sung in the Sambalpuri [[Odia language|Odia]].
The young women dance and sing intermittently. The songs are of special variety with the additive 'Dalkhai Go' which is an address to a girlfriend. While dancing to the uncanny rhythms of the Dhol, they place the legs close together and bend the knees. In another movement they move forward and backward in a half-sitting position. Sometimes they make concentric circles clockwise and anti-clockwise.
The women generally dress themselves in colourful Sambalpuri Saris and wear a scarf on the shoulders holding the ends below in both the hands. Bedecked with traditional jewellery, their robust frames sustain the strains of the dance for long hours.
The Dalkhai dance has several adjunctive forms for all ages and groups :

'''Dances performed by female children:''' Chhiollai, Humobauli and Dauligit.

'''Dances Performed by teenagers:''' Sajani, Chhata, Daika and Bhekani.

'''Dances Performed by Youths:''' Rasarkeli, Jaiphul, Maila Jada, Bayamana, Gunchikuta .

The man who worship work, composes "Karma" and "Jhumer" invigorating Lord [[Vishwakarma]] and the Karamashani goddess.

'''Dhap dance: '''This Sambalpuri folk dance is mostly performed by the [[Khonds|Kandha]] tribe of [[Western Odisha]]. Both men and women participate in the dance. Men of one village dance with women of another village. Usually unmarried boys and girls take part. The dance is performed during marriage ceremony and more often for the sake of [[recreation]]. The dance is named so because of the accompanying [[musical instrument|instrument]] called ‘Dhap.’ The dhap is in the shape of a Khanjari made up of wood with one side open and the other side covered with a piece of animal skin. The dhap dancer holds the dhap with his left hand, the sling slung over his left shoulder, and beats with his right as well as left hand.

'''[[Karma Naach]]: '''Karam or Karma literally means 'fate' in [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]. This pastoral Sambalpuri folk dance is performed during the worship of the god or goddess of fate (Karam Devta or Karamsani Devi), whom the people consider the cause of good and bad fortune. It begins from Bhadra Shukla Ekadasi (eleventh day of the brightmoon of the month of Bhadra) and lasts for several days.
This is popular among the scheduled class tribes (e.g. the Binjhal, Kharia, Kisan and Kol tribes) in the districts of [[Balangir]], [[Kalahandi]], [[Sundargarh]], [[Sambalpur]] and Mayurbhanj. This dance is in honour of Karamsani, the deity who bestows children and good crops. After the puja is done it is followed by singing and dancing in accompaniment of [[drum]] (maandal), cymbal etc. The dance performance full of vigour and energy combined with charm of the youth decked with colourful costumes in exuberance of red cloth, set in peacock feathers, skillfully designed ornaments made of small conch shells, brings the onlookers as well as the performers to a mood of trance and ecstasy. In this dance both men and women take part and continue to engross themselves for the whole night. The skillful movement of the young boys with mirror in hand indicates the traditional pattern of love-making in course of dancing and singing. The dance is performed sometimes by boys in group, sometimes by girls in group and sometimes both the sexes together. The subject matter of songs constitutes the description of [[nature]], invocation to Karmasani, desires, aspiration of people, love and humour.

'''[[Jhumair]]:''' Jhumair is a folk dance of North Odhia and Western Odisha. It is performed during harvest season and Festivals.

'''[[Keisabadi]]: '''Only men can take part in this form of the Sambalpuri folk dance. Some of them holding a stick two feet in length. They dance in different forms by striking the sticks according to the rhythms of the song they sing. The leader sings first and others follow him. They sing and in every stanza they shout "Haido". The main theme of the song is derived from the love story of Radha and Krishna.

==See also==
*[[List of Indian folk dances]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odia culture}}
{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Folk dances of Odisha| ]]

Chhattisgarh State Information Commission

2025-10-26T02:29:43Z

Realsouravbiswas: new new article!

{{Short description|Statutory body in Chhattisgarh, India}}{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Chhattisgarh State Information Commission
| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| jurisdiction = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| location = Sector-19, North Block, Nava Raipur Atal Nagar, District - Raipur - 492002 (Chhattisgarh), INDIA.<ref name="cic ref1">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh State Information Commission |url=http://www.siccg.gov.in/contact.html |website=Chhattisgarh State Information Commission |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| website = http://www.siccg.gov.in/
| motto = {{langx|sa|सूचना जनाधिकार:॥}} ''({{transliteration|sa|Soochna Janadhikaraha}}) {{translation}} Information is the right of the people.''
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Shri M. K. Raut, IPS(Retd)
| chiefjudgetitle2 = State Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename2 = Shri Ashok Kumar Agrawal
}}

'''Chhattisgarh Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted by the state government of [[Chhattisgarh]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]].

== History and objective ==

Chhattisgarh State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Chhattisgarh State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.<ref name="cic ref5">{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Nitin |title=Contracts for Coal Blocks Should be Made Public, Orders Chhattisgarh Panel |url=https://thewire.in/government/contracts-for-coal-blocks-should-be-made-public-orders-chhattisgarh-panel |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=thewire.in |date=18 July 2019}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.<ref name="cic ref4">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh info commission notice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-info-commission-notice-to-rajbhawan/articleshow/17775868.cms |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=timesofindia.com |date=27 December 2012}}</ref>

Chhattisgarh Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.

== Tenure and service ==

Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Chhattisgarh Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.

The commission has civil judicial authority for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Chhattisgarh State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> A shortage of available staff has produced a backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has the largest backlog as of October 2014. States like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Chhattisgarh State Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.siccg.gov.in/ Official Website]


[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Khushal Bopche

2025-10-19T11:05:45Z

Realsouravbiswas:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| predecessor = Dilip Bansod
| successor = [[Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale|Vijay Rahangdale]]
| constituency = [[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 1999
| predecessor1 = [[Chunnilal Thakur]]
| successor1 = Khomeshwar Rahangdale
| constituency1 = Goregaon, Bhandara
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1989
| predecessor2 = Girijashankar Singh Nagpure
| successor2 = [[Chunnilal Thakur]]
| constituency2 = Goregaon, Bhandara
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 1989
| term_end3 = 1991
| predecessor3 = Keshavrao Pardhi
| successor3 = [[Praful Patel]]
| constituency3 = [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1951|8|16}}
| birth_place = Hirdamali, [[Bhandara district]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sushila Bopche|1972}}
| children = 2 sons, 3 daughters
| father = Parasram Bopche
| education = Diploma in Homeopathy medicine & Biochemistry
| alma_mater =
| profession = Medical Practitioner, Politician
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3253.htm
}}
'''Khushal Bopche''' (born 16 August 1951) is an Indian politician from the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].

==Political career==

Khushal Bopche is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.

* 1976-1981 He started his political career as vice Sarpanch at Gram panchayat Hirdamali.
* 1980-1985 he was Member of Panchayat Simiti Goregaon .
* 1981-1985 He was President of Bhartiya Janta Yuva morcha Bhandara District.
* 1985-1989 He was MLA from Goregaon in Maharashtra Assembly.
* 1985-1990 He was President of Bhartiya Janta Yuva morcha Maharashtra Pradesh .
* 1989-1991 He was also Member of Parliament representing [[Bhandara (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in 9th Loksabha .
* 1995-1999 He was Member of legislative Assembly from Goregaon.
* 1997-1998 he was chairman of Public accounts Committee .
* 2003 he was chairman of water conservation advisory council .
* He was a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], representing, [[Tirora]]. He defeated Rahangdale Sushilkumar Sukhadev of NCP by 623 votes in the 2009 elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Assembly Election 2009, Constituency: Tirora(64)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=431&cid=64|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328192029/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=431&cid=64|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 March 2019|publisher=Empowering India|accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref>
*

'''Personal life'''

He was born<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=9th Lok Sabha - Members' profile|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/3253.htm|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref> and stays at Hiradamali, Goregaon in [[Gondia]] district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Affidavit Details of Bopache Khushal Parasram|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=220696&p=&cid=64|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041228/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=220696&p=&cid=64|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=Empowering India|accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref>
He is Homoeopathic medicine practitioner and agriculturist by profession. He is married to Mrs Sushila and has two sons and three daughters.<ref name="Lok Sabha" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bopche, Kushal}}
[[Category:People from Gondia district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Bhandara district]]
[[Category:1951 births]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jangipara

2025-09-30T05:10:02Z

Realsouravbiswas: creating details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jangipara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|44|30|N|88|3|5|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,700
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Jangipara''' is a village in [[Jangipara (community development block)|Jangipara]] CD Block in [[Srirampore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|10|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Chanditala I, Chanditala II and Jangipara CD Blocks in Srirampore subdivision in Hooghly district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|17|31|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Dankuni | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Dankuni]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|32|N|88|0|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Rajbalhat| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Rajbalhat]] (CT)| shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|44|10|N|88|3|5|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Jangipara| numbered3=R| mark-title3= Jangipara (R)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|47|0|N|88|2|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Antpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Antpur]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|7|45|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Furfura Sharif| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Furfura Sharif]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|40|N|88|11|30|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Masat| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Masat, Hooghly|Masat]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|43|54|N|88|12|24|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Jangalpara| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Jangalpara]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|13|12|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gangadharpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|45|10|N|88|13|20|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Manirampur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Manirampur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|43|6|N|88|11|57|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dudhkalmi| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Dudhkalmi]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|26|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nababpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nababpur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|42|0|N|88|13|36|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kumirmora| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kumirmora]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|13|8|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ramanathpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Ramanathpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|37|N|88|11|37|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Bhagabatipur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Bhagabatipur]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|41|40|N|88|15|58|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Chanditala| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Chanditala]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|44|40|N|88|14|51|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Kharsarai| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Kharsarai]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|45|14|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Tisa| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Tisa, Hooghly|Tisa]] (CT)| shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Kapashanria| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Kapashanria]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|44|38|N|88|15|44|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Jaykrishnapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Jaykrishnapur]] (CT)| shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|45|7|N|88|15|30|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Purba Tajpur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Purba Tajpur]] (CT)| shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|15|11|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Begampur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Begampur, India]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|43|25|N|88|14|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Baksa| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Baksa, Hooghly]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|8|N|88|16|3|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Panchghara| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Panchghara]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|16|11|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Naiti| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Naiti]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|43|12|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Chikrand| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Chikrand]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|50|N|88|14|33|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Janai| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Janai, Hooghly|Janai]] (CT)| shape-color26=#A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|40|N|88|15|38|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Pairagchha| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Pairagachha]] (CT)| shape-color27=#A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|15|52|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Barijhati| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Barijhati]] (CT)| shape-color28=#A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|40|40|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Garalgachha| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Garalgachha]] (CT)| shape-color29=#A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|39|55|N|88|16|34|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Krishnapur| numbered30=CT| mark-title30= [[Krishnapur, West Bengal|Krishnapur]] (CT)| shape-color30=#A40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|42|6|N|88|5|13|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Kotalpur| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kotalpur, Hooghly]] (R)| shape-color31=#C42222}}

===Location===
Jangipara is located at {{coord|22|44|30|N|88|3|5|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/15784853/Jangipara-Hospital | title= Jangipara Hospital | work= Hooghly district| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref>

===Police station===
Jangipara police station has jurisdiction over the [[Jangipara (community development block)|Jangipara]] CD Block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD Block HQ===
The headquarters of Jangipara CD Block are located at Jangipara.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 June 2017 }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
[[File:JAN HAT PUKUR.jpg|thumb|Jangipara Hat Pukur And Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay's Quarter - Panorama]]
Srirampore subdivision is the most urbanized of the subdivisions in Hooghly district. 73.13% of the population in the subdivision is urban and 26.88% is rural. The subdivision has 6 municipalities and 34 census towns. The municipalities are: [[Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality]], [[Konnagar Municipality]], [[Serampore Municipality]], [[Baidyabati Municipality]], [[Rishra Municipality]] and [[Dankuni Municipality]]. Amongst the CD Blocks in the subdivision, Uttarapara Serampore (census towns shown in a separate map) had 76% urban population, Chanditala I 42%, Chanditala II 69% and Jangipara 7% (census towns shown in the map above).<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 October 2018}}</ref> All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Jangipara had a population of 2,700 of which 1,343 (50%) were males and 1,357 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 241. The total number of literates in Jangipara was 2,019 (82.11% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Education==
[[Mahitosh Nandy Mahavidyalaya]], a general degree college, was established at Jangipara, in 2007. It offers honours courses in Bengali, Arabic, English, Sanskrit, history, philosophy and education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mahitoshnandymv.in/ | title = Mahitosh Nandy Mahavidyalaya | publisher = MNV | access-date = 30 June 2017 | archive-date = 25 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170625112238/http://mahitoshnandymv.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/mahitosh-nandi-mahavidyalaya-hugli | title = Mahitosh Nandy Mahavidyalaya Hughli | publisher = College Search |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Jangipara D.N High School And Ground.jpg|thumb|Jangipara D.N High School - Panorama]]
Jangipara D.N. High School is a coeducational higher secondary school at Jangipara. It has arrangements for teaching Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, philosophy, political science, economics, eco-geography, accountancy, business economics & mathematics. Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay once served here as a teacher. <ref name=ed>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/Hooghly_school_list.php?page=16& | title = Hooghly district exam centre| publisher = West Bengal Council |access-date = 6 October 2018}}</ref>

Jangipara Balika Vidyalaya is a girls only higher secondary school. It has arrangements for teaching Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, philosophy, political science and education.<ref name=ed/>

==Healthcare==
Jangipara Rural Hospital functions with 60 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
===Bus===

====Private Bus====
* 9 [[Haripal railway station]] - [[Udaynarayanpur]]
* 9A [[Haripal railway station]] - [[Bargachia]]
* 31 Jangipara - [[Serampore]]
* CTC

====Bus Route Without Number====
* [[Rajbalhat]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* [[Tarakeswar]] - [[Bargachia]]
* Jangipara - [[Chunchura]] Court
* Dharmatala To Jangipara And Antpur CTC

===Train===
[[Bargachia railway station]] and [[Haripal railway station]] are the nearest railway stations of Jangipara.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]

Salig Ram

2025-09-20T17:58:50Z

Realsouravbiswas: new some bio basic info

{{Short description|Second Sant Satguru of The Radhasoami Faith}}
{{about||the Indian politician|Salig Ram (politician)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Salig Ram
| image = Hazur 4.png
| location = Peepal Mandi, Agra, North-Western Provinces, [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| religion = [[Radha Soami]], [[Sant Mat]]
| period = 1878-1898
| predecessor = [[Shiv Dayal Singh]]
| successor = [[Maharaj Sahab]] (Brahm Shankar Misra), Ajodhya Prasad(Son),
| birth_date = 14 March 1829
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces|Ceded Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 6 December 1898 (aged 69)
| death_place = [[Agra]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]
| influences = [[Shiv Dayal Singh]], [[Tulsi Sahib]]
| influenced = [[Maharaj Sahab]] (Brahm Shankar Misra),Ajodhya Prasad, [[Maharishi Shiv Brat Lal|Shivbratlal]]
}}

[[File:Huzur.png|thumb]]
[[File:Huzur2.png|thumb]]
[[File:Hazur3.png|thumb]]
[[File:Hazur 5.png|thumb]]
[[File:Hazur 6.png|thumb]]
[[File:Hazur8.png|thumb]]

'''Salig Ram''', successor of [[Shiv Dayal Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhasoami Satsang |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810105705944 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref> second Sant Satguru of the [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radhasoami Satsang]] popularly known by the honorific "'''Huzur Maharaj'''" and by the government-conferred title "Rai Bahadur," was born in Peepal Mandi, [[Agra]], on 14 March 1829.<ref>Devotees who worship Salig Rām as God regard it blasphemous to call him by name. Instead, they use the honorific "Huzur Maharaj" ("Our Great King," similar to the English "My Lord") or the government title "[[Rao Bahadur|Rai Bahadur]]" ("Noble Hero").{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}</ref> He served as chief inspector of post offices in [[British India]], and, in 1881, was [[Postmaster]]-General of the [[North-Western Provinces]],<ref name="EHR Pandora's Box">{{cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=Mark R. |title=Pandora's Post Box: Empire and Information in India, 1854–1914 |journal=The English Historical Review |date=29 September 2016 |volume=131 |issue=552 |pages=1043–1073 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cew270 |doi-access=free }}</ref> based in [[Allahabad]]. He was the first Indian to hold the position.

Salig Ram came in contact with his [[guru]], Shiv Dayal Singh, in 1858 in Agra. Salig Ram recognised his guru as the first physical incarnation of the Supreme Being, whom Salig Ram called by the name "Radha Soami." Salig Ram served Shiv Dayal Singh for many years and, after Shiv Dayal Singh's death, Salig Ram retired from his job, and the Radha Soami sect in Agra took up the role of guru. He died on 6 December 1898.

==Satsang Ashram==
Several teaching lineages have descended from Salig Ram. Some of the more prominent are:

===Radha Soami Satsang (Huzuri Bhavan)===
Located at: Huzuri Bhavan (Huzur's Center), Peepal Mandi, Agra city (now in Uttar Pradesh). This is Salig Ram's home, where his direct descendants conduct [[Satsang]] today. The place is also known as Huzuri Samadh which is believed to be a holy place and Satsang takes place every day. The lineage of gurus runs: Salig Ram well known as Hazur Maharaj — Ajudhya Prasad well known as Lalaji Maharaj (son of Saligam)-- Ram Kunwar well known as a — Gurar Psara (elder son of Lalaji Maharaj—Dadaji Maharaj (Grandson of Kunwar Ji Maharaj).

===Radha Soami Central Administrative Council===
Located at: Soami Bagh, Agra. Lineage: Salig Ram — Brahm Shankar Misra — Maheshwari Devi ( Buaji Saheba) — Madhav Prasad Sinha.

===Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh, Agra===
Located at: [[Dayalbagh]], Agra. Lineage: [[Shiv Dayal Singh]] - [[Salig Ram]] — [[Maharaj Sahab|Brahm Shankar Misra]] — [[Kamta Prasad Sinha]] — [[Anand Swarup]] (Founder of Dayalbagh) — [[Gurcharan Das Mehta]] — [[Makund Behari Lal]] — [[Prem Saran Satsangi]]. Dayalbagh was founded by [[Anand Swarup]], Kt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ |title=Home |website=dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> The present Guru<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> [[Prem Saran Satsangi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> is a retired physicist and system scientist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapters - Sysi.org |url=https://www.sysi.org/chapters.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=www.sysi.org}}</ref> of [[IIT Delhi]]. The 200th birth anniversary of Shiv Dayal Singh was celebrated in [[Dayalbagh]] from August 2017 to 24 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/agra-temple-113-years-in-the-making-inches-towards-completion/articleshow/59040687.cms|title=Agra: Agra temple, 113 years in the making, inches towards completion | Agra News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bicentennial Celebration Closing Function August 24, 2018 Flyer |url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/files/events/2017/Bicentennial_Celebration_Closing_Function_August_24_2018_Flyer.pdf |website=www.dei.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Radha Soami ===
Located at: Gopi Ganj, [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Lineage: Salig Ram — [[Maharishi Shiv Brat Lal|Shivbratlal Varman]] (founder).

===Be Man Temple===
Located at: [[Manavta Mandir]], [[Hoshiarpur]], Punjab. Lineage: Salig Ram — Shivbratlal Varman — [[Baba Faqir Chand|Faqir Chand]] (founder) — [[Bhagat Munshi Ram]] and [[Manav Dayal I.C.Sharma|Ishwar Chandra Sharma]].

===Radha Soami Satsang, Dinod===
Located at: [[Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod|Dinod]], Bhiwani, Haryana. Lineage: Salig Rām — [[Maharishi Shiv Brat Lal|Shivbratlal Varman]] — Ram Singh Arman — Tarachand (founder) — Kanwar Singh.

==Holy Books==

Salig Ram published "abstracts" of the talks of Shiv Dayal Singh, as well as his own writings. He wrote following books:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santmat Meditation |url=http://www.santmat-meditation.net/guru/a4.html |website=www.santmat-meditation.net}}</ref>
*''Prem Patra Radha Soami'' (six volumes)
*''Prem Bani Radha Soami''
*''Radha Soami Mat Prakash'' (English)
*''Radha Soami Mat Sandesh''
*''Radha Soami Mat Upadesh''
*''Sar-Upadesh''
*''Nij-Upadesh''
*''Guru-Upadesh''
*''Jugat Prakash''

==See also==
* [[Radha Soami]]
* [[Saligrama (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.radhasoamisatsang.org Radhasoami Faith- Introduction]
*[http://radhasoamidayal.net/GuruIntro.html Guru Intro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011015448/http://radhasoamidayal.net/GuruIntro.html |date=11 October 2017 }}
*[http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf Site Cannot Be Reached]
*[http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ Home]

{{Sant Mat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salig Ram}}
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

Indrashah Mandavi

2025-09-13T21:54:11Z

Realsouravbiswas: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Indrashah Mandavi''' (born 1962)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Mohla-Manpur Assembly constituency|Mohla-Manpur]] Assembly constituency in [[Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohala Manpur (ST) assembly election results 2023: Mohala Manpur (ST) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/mohala-manpur-st-assembly-result-26078 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Mohla-Manpur Election Results {{!}} Mohla-Manpur Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023/mohla-manpur |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mandavi is from [[Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki district|Mohla Manpur]], Mohla Manpur Ambagarh Chowki district, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of late Nilkanth Shah Mandavi. He completed his post graduation in history and also did a diploma in Civil Engineering.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Indrashah Mandavi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MOHLA-MANPUR (ST)(MOHLA-MANPUR-AMBAGARH CHOUKI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://mail.myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=39 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=mail.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mandavi won from [[Mohla-Manpur Assembly constituency|Mohla Manpur Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 77,454 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sanjeev Shah of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 31,741 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohala Manpur (ST) Assembly Election Results 2023: Mohala Manpur (ST) Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} मोहला-मानपुर (एसटी) विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/chhattisgarh/mohala-manpur-st-assembly-result-26078 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrashah Mandavi, INC Candidate from Mohla-Manpur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/indrashah-mandavi-s26aed2008a078e2023c001/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Kanchan Mala Bhuarya of the BJP by a margin of 21,048 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohala-Manpur Constituency Election Results 2023: Mohala-Manpur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/mohala-manpur |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandavi, Indrashah}}

[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chhattisgarh]]

Jhartarbha

2025-08-17T20:56:39Z

Realsouravbiswas: creating a info

{{short description|Village in Odisha, India}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2024}}
{{moresources|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhartarbha
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]<ref name=":1" />
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 767016<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jhartarbha Pin Code|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/odisha/sonapur/jhartarbha |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=India TV|language=en}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jhartarbha''' is a village in [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].

==Transport==
The village will be served by the [[Khurda Road–Bolangir line]] via the [[Jhartarbha railway station]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=PM Modi To Flag Off First Train To Odisha's Sonepur Tomorrow; Know Timings, Stoppages|url=https://odishabytes.com/pm-modi-to-flag-off-first-train-to-odishas-sonepur-district-tomorrow-know-timings-stoppages/|access-date=7 May 2024 |website=odishabytes.com|date=2 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Subarnapur district]]

{{Odisha-stub}}

Ilambazar

2025-08-14T03:03:04Z

Realsouravbiswas: add article based on references and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ilambazar
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|23.63|N|87.53|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1.8648
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 54
| population_total = 7,125
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731214
| area_code = 91 3463
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 843 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.nic.in}}
| footnotes = CD Block
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
}}
'''Ilambazar''' is a [[census town]], with a police station, in [[Ilambazar (community development block)|Ilambazar]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Bolpur subdivision]] of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Ilambazar developed as a trade centre because of its location at the junction of thoroughfares and the river front. It also had the advantage of being near weaving centres.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, ''[[iarchive:dli.bengal.10689.13368/page/n279/mode/2up|The Economic Life of a Bengal District: Birbhum 1770 – 1857]]'', p. 14, The University of Burdwan, 1984.</ref> The [[British East India Company]] had a factory at Ilambazar. The [[Compagnie de Calonne|French East India Company]] also made a foray in the Ilambazar area in the 1780s, which drove prices up to the benefit of the weavers. The English assumed direct administration of [[Birbhum district]] in 1786.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, p. 152</ref>

Birbhum was badly impacted by the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]. Many villages were wiped out entirely, and even in large towns, over three quarters of households perished.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, p. 257</ref> During a peasants' insurrection in June 1789, Ilambazar was sacked, although it recovered and became a magnet for manufacturing and trade.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, pp. 44, 47, 260</ref> When the district was surveyed by Captain W. S. Sherwill from 1848-1852, the town's population was 2,235.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, p. 260</ref>

In the mid 19th century, John Erskine of Ilambazar was one of the leading [[sugar]] manufacturers and exporters in the area.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, p. 189</ref> Ilambazar was once a significant area for indigo cultivation, traces of which can still be found.<ref>Sarkar, Joydeep, Paryatan Boichitre Birbhum Jela, Paschim Banga, Birbhum Special Issue, February 2006, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 199, Information & Cultural Department, Government of West Bengal.</ref> The Erskine family also had [[indigo]] factories.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, p. 191</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|44|0|N|87|40|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Bolpur subdivision of Birbhum district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, U: University. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|23|40|13|N|87|39|5|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Surul | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Surul]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2= {{coord|23|37|45|N|87|32|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Ilambazar | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= Ilambazar (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|46|44|N|87|52|21|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Parota | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Parota, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|49|47|N|87|47|49|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Labhpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Labhpur]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|40|16|N|87|41|19|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bolpur |label-size5=14 | numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Bolpur]] (M)|label-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|41|10|N|87|39|40|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Shantiniketan| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Shantiniketan]] (R)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|42|0|N|87|51|36|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Nanoor| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Nanoor]] (R)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|30|N|87|39|40|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Sriniketan| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Sriniketan]] (R)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|45|47|N|87|52|40|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= Kirnahar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Kirnahar]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|38|12|N|87|38|49|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Raipur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Raipur, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|36|39|N|87|53|49|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Khujutipara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Khujutipara]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|45|38|N|87|32|11|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Khustigiri| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Khustigiri]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|38|40|N|87|25|48|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Jaydev Kenduli| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Jaydev Kenduli]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|42|53|N|87|43|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kankalitala| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Kankalitala]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|41|0|N|87|40|25|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Visva-Bharati University| numbered15=U| mark-title15= [[Visva-Bharati University]] (U) |shape-color15=#967117
|mark-coord16={{coord|23.8882|87.7549}}| label16=Mayurakshi River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16= 16| label-pos16=right| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.7998|87.7254}}| label17=Bakreshwar River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=7| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.7546|87.7528}}| label18=Kopai River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=-45| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|23.5809|87.7668}}| label19=Ajay River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=20| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none}}

===Location===
Ilambazar is located at {{Coord|23.63|N|87.53|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|54|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Ilam_Bazar.html | title = Ilam Bazar, India Page | access-date = 2008-08-19 | work =West Bengal | publisher = Falling Rain Genomics}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Ilambazar is located on the northern bank of [[Ajay River]]. It is on the four-lane [[Panagarh–Morgram Highway]]. The highway has been completed at a cost of $150-million.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=9669&usrsess=1| title = $210 m ADB loan for north-south corridor | access-date = 2007-09-17 | publisher = The Statesman, 28 May 2001 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> A road connects to [[Bolpur]]/[[Santiniketan]] and ( [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]] - [[Kirnahar]] - [[Katwa]] ) Road

Most of the forests in Birbhum district are on laterite soil but the Choupahari sal forests in the Ilambazar area (area 13.9 km2) are on alluvial soil.<ref>Ghosh, Kanailal, Birbhumer Bon Udbhidjo O Banyapran, Paschim Banga, Birbhum Special Issue, February 2006, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 193, Information & Cultural Department, Government of West Bengal.</ref>

===Police station===
Ilambazar police station has jurisdiction over [[Ilambazar (community development block)|Ilambazar]] CD block.<ref name=handbook2008>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf |title = District Statistical Handbook 2008, Birbhum |work = Table 2.1 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | title = Birbhum Police | work = Police Stations | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 30 January 2018 | archive-date = 12 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212131641/http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Ilambazar CD block are located at Ilambazar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Ilambazar had a total population of 7,125 of which 3,632 (51%) were males and 3,493 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 443. The total number of literates in Ilambazar was 5,246 (82.67% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Ilambazar covered an area of 1.8648 km2. There is a railway station at [[Bolpur]] 18 km away. Buses are available in the town. It has 70 km roads and both open and closed drains. The major source of protected water supply is from bore well pumping and over head tank. There are 1,654 domestic electric connections and 100 road light points. Amongst the medical facilities it has 2 hospitals with 280 beds, 4 dispensaries/ health centres and 3 maternity and child welfare centres. Amongst the educational facilities it has are 2 primary schools, 1 secondary school and 1 senior secondary school. Amongst the social, recreational and cultural facilities there is 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall and 1 public library. It has the branches of 3 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank, 1 agricultural credit society and 2 non-agricultural credit societies. Amongst the commodities it produced were rice milling products, bamboo products and kantha stitch products.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1025- 1033 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 16 July 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Kabi Joydeb Mahavidyalaya]] was established at Ilambazar in 2007. Affiliated to the [[University of Burdwan]], it offers honours courses in Bengali and English. Illambazar jatiya Yuva Computer Shaksharta Mission is one of the best Computer Training centre at Illambazar, It is a recognised by Government of India and Government of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://kjmahavidyalaya.co.in/ |title = Kabi Joydeb Mahavidyalaya | publisher= KJM | access-date = 9 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/KabiJoydebMahavidyalaya/Kabi_Joydeb_Mahavidyalaya.shtml#! | title = Kabi Joydeb Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 9 February 2018 | archive-date = 10 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002529/http://www.collegeadmission.in/KabiJoydebMahavidyalaya/Kabi_Joydeb_Mahavidyalaya.shtml#! | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
===Temples===
The Gouranga temple at Ilambazar, and the Shiva temple at Ghurisha are amongst the state protected temples in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/Departments/DeptDetails.asp?DPId=120&LinkId=6&Type=1
| title = List of State Protected Monuments & Sites | access-date = 2007-08-24 | work = District Birbhum | publisher = Deptt of Information and Culture, Government of West Bengal}}</ref> Rameswara Shiva temple is one of the three temples at Ilambazar with exquisite [[terracotta]] work.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indianheritages.blogspot.com/ | title = Indian Heritage | access-date = 2007-09-17 | work = Rameswara Shiva temple | publisher = indianheritages.blogspot.com }}</ref>

During the late 1940s Ilambazar terracotta temples were photo-documented by artist [[Mukul Dey]] of [[Santiniketan]].

[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] mentions several temples in the Ilambazar area: (1) the [[Shiva]] temple at Ilambazar as a standard (small) 19th century 'Birbhum-Bradhaman' type brick built rekha deul with rich [[terracotta]] façade, (2) the four Shiva temples at Uchkaron as standard (small) [[Char-chala|char chalas]], built in 1769, with rich terracotta facades, (3) the 19th century Lakshmi-Janardana temple at Ilambazar, as a standard West Bengal type [[Pancharatna (architecture)|pancharatna]] with ridged rekha turrets and porch on triple archway, (4) the 17-18th century Radha Vinode temple at [[Jaydev Kenduli]] as a low storied West Bengal [[Navaratna (architecture)|navaratna]] with ridged turrets, (5) the 19th century Lakshmi Janardana temple at Ghurisha is a straight corniced navaratna with very large upper tower and tiny clustering corner towers with rich terracotta, and (6) the 19th century temple in the market place at Ilambazar as an octagonal ridged [[Deula|rekha]] with rich terracotta on all sides.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 23, 30, 47, 53, 54, 59 . The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], there are three temples at Ilambazar with beautiful terracotta designs: the hexagonal temple at hattala, the Shiva temple in the village and the pancharatna Narayan temple. There are pictures of British people amongst the terracotta designs. Ghurisa, about 4 miles west of Ilambazar, has rich temple traditions but many of them are in a state of decay. There is a char chala temple, which was constructed in 1555. It is said that there was a golden idol of [[Rama]] in the temple, but the [[Bargi]]s took it away around 1742-48. Moukhira, a village about 3 miles south of Ilambazar, has many early 19th century temples. Benoy Ghosh notes that the portrayal of Europeans in the temple carvings in Birbhum district are more than in other places, perhaps because of the activities of the early European merchants in the area.<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 267-271, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata</ref>

===Temple picture gallery===
<gallery widths="250px" heights="200px">
File:Raghunathjee Temple with Shiva as deity at Ghurisha.jpg|Raghunathji Temple with Shiva deity at Ghurisha
File:Gouranga alias Mahaprabhu Temple at Ilambazar.jpg|Gouranga temple at Ilambazar
File:Four Shiva Temples at Uchkaran.jpg|Four Shiva temples at Uchkaron
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
Ilambazar Rural Hospital at Ilambazar has 30 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 January 2018 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Birbhum District}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]